OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# IEC 60228

IEC 60228 is the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)'s international standard on conductors of insulated cables. As of 2023 the current version is Third Edition 2004-11 Among other things, it defines a set of standard wire cross-sectional areas:
* 0.5 mm$^2$
* 0.75 mm$^2$
* 1 mm$^2$
* 1.5 mm$^2$
* 2.5 mm$^2$
* 4 mm$^2$
* 6 mm$^2$
* 10 mm$^2$
* 16 mm$^2$
* 25 mm$^2$
* 35 mm$^2$
* 50 mm$^2$
* 70 mm$^2$
* 95 mm$^2$
* 120 mm$^2$
* 150 mm$^2$
* 185 mm$^2$
* 240 mm$^2$
* 300 mm$^2$
* 400 mm$^2$
* 500 mm$^2$
* 630 mm$^2$
* 800 mm$^2$
* 1000 mm$^2$
* 1200 mm$^2$
* 1400 mm$^2$
* 1600 mm$^2$
* 1800 mm$^2$
* 2000 mm$^2$
* 2500 mm$^2$
In engineering applications, it is often most convenient to describe a wire in terms of its cross-section area, rather than its diameter, because the cross section is directly proportional to its strength and weight, and inversely proportional to its resistance. The cross-sectional area is also related to the maximum current that a metallic wire can carry safely.
This document is one considered fundamental in that it does not contain reference to any other standard.

## Description

The document describes several aspects of the conductors for electrical cables

### Class

This refers to the flexibility and thermal effects i.e temperature of a conductor.
* Class 1: Solid conductor
* Class 2: Stranded conductor intended for fixed installation
* Class 5: Flexible conductor
* Class 6: Very Flexible conductor

### Size

The nominal (see below) cross-sectional area for standard conductors including the following:
* Class 2: Minimum number of strands required to make particular conductor size
* Class 5 and 6: Maximum diameter of any component strand of the conductor

### Resistance

The maximum permissible resistance per unit length (in ohms per kilometre – Ω/km) of each conductor size, class and type (both plain copper and metal coated)

## Purpose of the document

This document and its precursors were created due to a need for a standard definition of cable conductor size. The main problem being that not all copper has the same resistivity value, so, for example, a 4 mm$^2$ conductor from two different suppliers may have different resistance values. Instead this document describes conductors by their nominal size, determined by resistance rather than physical dimensions. This is a key distinction as it makes a standardized definition of conductors based solely on their electrical characteristics.
Almost all characteristics of conductors, resistance, current carrying capacity etc. are dependent on the physical dimensions of the conductor. However this document allows an easy reference whereby the standard conductor sizes and reference to physical dimensions are maintained but given an exact meaning in terms of the electrical characteristics of a conductor.

## Footnotes

* 1 2 Non-preferred size
# Saquayamycins

Saquayamycins are "aquayamycin-type" antibiotics isolated from Streptomyces nodosus.
# Saquiba Bintay Ali

Saquiba Bintay Ali, best known as Shakiba, is a Bangladeshi actress who has performed in films and television dramas.

## Biography

Shakiba entered into Dhallywood by acting Vondo Neta in 2005 but Jiboner Guarantee Nai was her first released film.
She also acted in television dramas like Kono Ek Godhuli Lagne, Surprise, Gulshan Avenue and Cholo Na Ghure Asi.
She graduated from Independent University in 2016 with an MBA in marketing.

## Selected filmography

* Vondo Neta (2004)
* Jiboner Guarantee Nai (2004)
* Bachao Desh (2004)
* Durdhorsho (2005)
* Premer Badha (2008)
* Takai Joto Gondogol (2008)
* Rupantor (2009) - Shaila
* Golapi Ekhon Bilatey (2010)
* Rickshawalar Chele (2010)
* Nag Naginir Swapno (2010)
* Majhir Chhele Barrister
* Bostir Chhele Kotipoti (2010)
* Ek Joban (2010)
* Dui Purush (2011)
* Matir Thikana (2011)
* Goriber Bhai (2011)
# Rehberg (surname)

Rehberg is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* August Wilhelm Rehberg (1757-1836), German philosopher
* Denny Rehberg (born 1955), American politician
* Eckhardt Rehberg (born 1954), German politician
* Friedrich Rehberg (1758–1835), German painter
* Gretchen Rehberg, American bishop of the Episcopal Church
* Hans-Michael Rehberg, (1938–2017), German actor
* Peter Rehberg (1968–2021), British musician
* Scott Rehberg (born 1973), American football player
* Walter Rehberg (1900–1957), Swiss concert pianist, composer and writer
# Sky Hooks

Sky Hooks is a painted sheet steel sculpture by Alexander Calder, constructed in 1962. It is located at the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden.
# Parish of Meringo (Narromine County)

Meringo is a civil parish of Narromine County in central New South Wales.
The nearest town is Trangie. Meringo is on the Main Western railway line, New South Wales between Cathundral and Myall Mundi railway sidings.
# Palaeoteuthomorpha

Palaeoteuthomorpha is a superorder of primitive coleoid cephalopods, containing the Boletzkyida, characterized by an orthoceroid-like phragmocone early in ontogeny and a teuthid living chamber later in ontogeny. This contrasts with the later Teuthida which have a reduced living chamber (gladius) throughout.
# Tertön Sogyal

Tertön Sogyal Lerab Lingpa (Tibetan: གཏེར་སྟོན་བསོད་རྒྱལ་ལས་རབ་གླིང་པ་, Wylie: gter ston bsod rgyal las rab gling pa, 1856-1926) was a Tibetan Buddhist tertön and a teacher of the Thirteenth Dalai Lama.

## Biography

As a child, Tertön Sogyal was taught by Nyala Pema Duddul, Patrul Rinpoche, and Khenpo Pema Vajra at Dzogchen Monastery.
In the later years of his life, he stayed near Dodrupchen Monastery, often exchanging teachings with Dodrupchen Jikmé Tenpé Nyima.
He died on the tenth day of the second lunar month of the year of the Fire Tiger (1926) . which is March 23, 1926 in the Gregorian calendar.

## Disciples

His disciples included the Thirteenth Dalai Lama Thubten Gyatso, Jamgön Kongtrul, the Fifth Dzogchen Rinpoche (Thubten Chökyi Dorje), Dzogchen Khenpo Pema Vajra, Jamgon Ju Mipham Gyatso, Nyoshul Lungtok, Dzahka Choktrul Rinpoche, Tertön Drimé, Kathok Situ, Minyak Khenpo Kunzang Sonam, Dodrupchen Jikmé Tenpé Nyima, Demo Rinpoche, Dorje Drak Rigdzin Nyamnyi Dorje (1886-1932/5), Minling Trichen Rinpoche, Sakya Trichen, the Fifteenth Karmapa Khakhyab Dorje, Amdo Geshe Jampal Rolwe Lodrö and Jamyang Khyentse Chökyi Lodrö.
His disciples also included Tulku Tsultrim Zangpo (aka Tsüllo) of Shukjung Monastery, who composed a biography of Tertön Sogyal which is more than 700 pages long. His lineage also passed on to his sons, such as Rigdzin Namgyal and Chöpel Gyatso, and to his grandson, Tromgé Tulku Dechen Dorjé, who currently lives at the Tromgé encampment in eastern Tibet (Khams).

## Reincarnations

There were three main incarnations of Tertön Sogyal: Khenpo Jigme Phuntsok, Sogyal Rinpoche and Gendün Rinchen (1926-1997), the 69th Je Khenpo of Bhutan.
# Jacob Two Two Meets the Hooded Fang (1999 film)

Jacob Two Two Meets The Hooded Fang is a 1999 film adaptation of the novel of the same name by Mordecai Richler.

## Synopsis

This humorous children's story recounts the adventure of a young boy who strives to be heard. As The Globe and Mail writer James Bradshaw writes, Jacob Two-Two is "two plus two plus two years old, has two brothers and two sisters, and has to say everything twice just to be heard; odd numbers aren't his thing." This quirk gives rise to his nickname "Two-Two". One day, he decides to buy the groceries for his parents, where he says, typically for Two-Two: "I want two pounds of firm, ripe tomatoes. I want two pounds of firm, ripe tomatoes." Misunderstanding Jacob, the clerk threatens to have him arrested for "insulting a grown-up"; Jacob runs from the store and eventually finds himself in court. He is sentenced to two years, two months, two weeks and two minutes by the judge (Ice-T) in the Children's Prison hundreds of miles away from civilization. His place of punishment is a dark, dirty dungeon-like place where the children work and are kept in cells. There are the three head characters, Master Fish, a fish/human, Mistress Fowl, a bird-like woman and the Hooded Fang himself. They also have green henchmen who spray "slime resistors" at the children to prevent them escaping. Two child agents try to help him out, as the children also devise a plan for escape.

## Critical reaction

Writing for Variety, Brendan Kelly suggests that while the opening of the film is funny, at least some of the material may not hold children's attention: "This dark, edgy kids’ fantasy may not have enough light action to keep the grade-schoolers amused. Sophisticated and largely intriguing, modern-day fairy tale centers on a six-year-old boy’s nightmare of life in a prison for kids. Helmer George Bloomfield and scripter Tim Burns have crafted a haunting, funny take on kids’ anxieties. But the acting is uneven, the pacing not fast enough for young attention spans, and the material may simply be too downbeat to click with the under-ten set."
Rotten Tomatoes reviewer Lafe Fredbjornson panned the 1999 film version as being a "not very good" adaptation of the book: "Because of how perfect the 1977 film was, this one's flaws stuck out. The kid playing Jacob Two-Two was pretty generic and lacked character. The Ice-T rap-session in the courtroom didn't seem to fit. Gary Busey as the Hooded Fang was scary for all the wrong reasons. Mark McKinney and Miranda Richardson seemed like standup comics in animal costumes. The prison set didn't feel like the one described in the book. The songs were dreadful."

### Cast

* Gary Busey ... The Hooded Fang
* Mark McKinney ... Mr. Fish
* Miranda Richardson ... Miss Fowl
* Max Morrow ... Jacob Two Two
* Ice-T ... Justice Rough, The Judge
* Maury Chaykin ... Mr. Cooper/Louie Loser
* Joe Dinicol ... O'Toole/Noah
* Alison Pill ... Shapiro/Emma
* Emma Bambrick ... Shelly
* Jake Goldsbie ... Oscar
* Shawn Roberts ... Daniel
* Lauren Harlow... extra
# Leslie Court

Second Lieutenant Leslie Simpson Court (1897 – 10 December 1918) was a British World War I flying ace. He was credited with eight aerial victories, gained while serving as an observer/gunner in No. 25 Squadron, Royal Flying Corps.

## Biography
### Early life

Leslie Simpson Court was born in 1897 at Eyhorne Green Farm, Hollingbourne. His parents were George Robert and Sarah Ann Head Court.

### Military service

In 1916 Air Mechanic 2nd Class (2AM) Court was flying in 25 Squadron's FE.2B's. He began his victory string while piloted by Lancelot Richardson; on 26 June, the duo were credited with destruction of a German Fokker Eindekker. On 15 July, Court was credited with the destruction of a second Eindekker. Five days later, Court was again teamed with Richardson, and at 1830 hours, they destroyed an Eindekker and drove a second one down out of control, for two victories apiece. Richardson having been wounded during this sortie, Court was assigned to a newly arrived pilot, Corporal Thomas Mottershead for familiarization flights and initial combat missions. On 5 August, Court and Second Lieutenant W. H. Rilett, while crewing FE.2b Serial No. 6932, were shot down, crash landing just behind the British lines and then having the wrecked plane shelled by German artillery. Just over a month later, on 9 September, Court was teamed with Noel Webb, when they drove a German two-seater out of control, making Court an ace. He was subsequently promoted to Sergeant. On 27 September, Court flew with Second Lieutenant Victor William Harrison; in that day's dogfight, they shot down, and were shot down by, a German two-seater crew of Albert Dossenbach and Hans Schilling. All survived. Court went on to two final wins while flying as observer for fellow ace James Leith Leith; one the destruction of a German fighter plane on 22 October, the other a Fokker fighter driven down out of control on 9 November. On 1 May 1917 Court received permission to wear the Médaille Militaire, awarded to him by the French government.
On 25 October 1917 Court was commissioned as a probationary second lieutenant, being confirmed in his rank on 30 April 1918. He was serving at the 26th Training Depot Station, when he died at the 1st Scottish General Hospital, Aberdeen, on 10 December 1918. He is buried at All Saints Church, Hollingbourne, Kent, in the northwest angle of the church.
# Sool, Switzerland

Sool is a village, and former municipality, in the municipality of Glarus Süd and canton of Glarus in Switzerland.

## History

Sool is first mentioned between 1303-07 as soler tagwan.
On 1 January 2011, Sool became part of the new municipality of Glarus Süd.

## Geography

The village of Sool is situated at an elevation of 637 m (2,090 ft) on a prehistoric landslide, between the valleys of the Linth and Sernf rivers. The village of Schwanden lies below it, at the confluence of both rivers.
Sool has an area, as defined by the former municipal boundaries in 2006, of 13.3 km$^2$ (5.1 sq mi), covering a considerable area to the north and east of the village. This area reaches up to the peak of the Gufelstock (2,436 m or 7,992 ft). Of this area, 23.6% is used for agricultural purposes, while 42% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 1.2% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (33.2%) is non-productive (rivers, glaciers or mountains).

## Transport

The Sernftalbus operates a bus service linking Sool with Schwanden railway station, with several return journeys a day. At Schwanden railway station, a connecting railway service runs to the capital of the canton of Glarus, the town of Glarus.

## Demographics

Sool has a population (as of 31 December 2020) of 296. As of 2007, 3.5% of the population was made up of foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years the population has grown at a rate of 2.1%. Most of the population (as of 2000) speaks German (98.0%), with Russian being second most common ( 1.0%) and Rhaeto-Romance being third ( 0.3%).
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SPS which received 80% of the vote. Most of the rest of the votes went to the SVP with 14.4% of the vote.
In Sool about 72.9% of the population (between age 25-64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either University or a Fachhochschule).
Sool has an unemployment rate of 1.5%. As of 2005, there were 15 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 9 businesses involved in this sector. 8 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 2 businesses in this sector. 10 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 4 businesses in this sector.
# Štěpánovice (Brno-Country District)

Štěpánovice is a municipality and village in Brno-Country District in the South Moravian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 500 inhabitants. It lies on the Svratka river.
Štěpánovice lies approximately 26 kilometres (16 mi) north-west of Brno and 163 km (101 mi) south-east of Prague.
# El Financiero

El Financiero (, "The Financial") is a Mexican national daily newspaper covering business and the financial markets. It is owned by Grupo Multimedia Lauman, S.A.P.I. de C.V. and has offices in the Miguel Hidalgo borough of Mexico City.

## History

El Financiero began publication on October 15, 1981. It was founded by Rogelio Cárdenas Sarmiento, whose father, Rogelio Cárdenas Pérez Redondo, had also worked in the newspaper business for Últimas Noticias and Excélsior, and originally had a staff of 35. It was the country's first daily financial newspaper. Considered one of just two truly independent dailies in Mexico City in the late 1980s and early 1990s (alongside La Jornada), in the 1988 Mexican general election, it uncovered fraud in the general election and was subject to advertising boycotts by the administration of Carlos Salinas de Gortari; in addition to losing all its advertising from state-owned banks, the newspaper was barred for several years from having a reporter on the presidential press plane, as the administration did not like its reporting on foreign debt negotiations. At one time, French business magazine L'Expansion rated El Financiero the world's fifth-best financial newspaper. By the time of Cárdenas's death of cancer in 2003, the newspaper had a circulation of 140,000 during the week and a staff of 1,200. At that time, his son, Rogelio Cárdenas Estandía, and his widow, María del Pilar Estandía González Luna, took control of the business.
In 2012, the Cárdenas family, having struggled to improve the publication's finances in the years after Rogelio Cárdenas's death, sold El Financiero to Grupo Multimedia Lauman, controlled by Manuel Arroyo, who also owns the audiovisual production business Comtelsat. The sale price was reported as US$5 million. The next year, the newspaper partnered with Bloomberg L.P. to launch a new business news TV channel in Mexico and Central America. Grupo Lauman then purchased the Mexican operation of Fox Sports in 2021.
# Povarov reaction

The Povarov reaction is an organic reaction described as a formal cycloaddition between an aromatic imine and an alkene. The imine in this organic reaction is a condensation reaction product from an aniline type compound and a benzaldehyde type compound. The alkene must be electron rich which means that functional groups attached to the alkene must be able to donate electrons. Such alkenes are enol ethers and enamines. The reaction product in the original Povarov reaction is a quinoline. Because the reactions can be carried out with the three components premixed in one reactor it is an example of a multi-component reaction.

## Reaction mechanism

The reaction mechanism for the Povarov reaction to the quinoline is outlined in Scheme 1. In step one aniline and benzaldehyde react to the Schiff base in a condensation reaction. The Povarov reaction requires a Lewis acid such as boron trifluoride to activate the imine for an electrophilic addition of the activated alkene. This reaction step forms an oxonium ion which then reacts with the aromatic ring in a classical electrophilic aromatic substitution. Two additional elimination reactions create the quinoline ring structure.
The reaction is also classified as a subset of aza Diels-Alder reactions; however, it occurs by a step-wise rather than concerted mechanism.

## Examples

The reaction depicted in Scheme 2 illustrates the Povarov reaction with an imine and an enamine in the presence of yttrium triflate as the Lewis acid. This reaction is regioselective because the iminium ion preferentially attacks the nitro ortho position and not the para position. The nitro group is a meta directing substituent but since this position is blocked, the most electron rich ring position is now ortho and not para. The reaction is also stereoselective because the enamine addition occurs with a diastereomeric preference for trans addition without formation of the cis isomer. This is in contrast to traditional Diels–Alder reactions, which are stereospecific based on the alkene geometry.
In 2013, Doyle and coworkers reported a Povarov-type, formal [4+2]-cycloaddition reaction between donor-acceptor cyclopropenes and imines (Scheme 3). In the first step, a dirhodium catalyst effects diazo decomposition from silyl enol ether diazo compound to yield a donor/acceptor cyclopropene. The donor/acceptor cyclopropene is then reacted with an aryl imine under scandium(III) triflate catalyzed conditions to yield cyclopropane-fused tetrahydroquinolines in good yields and diastereoselectivities. Treatment of these compounds with TBAF invokes a ring-expansion that provides the corresponding benzazepines.

## Variations

One variation of the Povarov reaction is a four component reaction. Whereas in the traditional Povarov reaction the intermediate carbocation gives an intramolecular reaction with the aryl group, this intermediate can also be terminated by an additional nucleophile such as an alcohol. Scheme 4 depicts this 4 component reaction with the ethyl ester of glyoxylic acid, 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran, aniline and ethanol with lewis acid scandium(III) triflate and molecular sieves.
# X0

X0 may refer to:

## Grammar

* X$^0$, denoting a sentence component
** Zero-level projection, in X-bar theory
** Head (linguistics), or nucleus

## Science, technology and mathematics

* SpaceShipOne flight 15P, a 2004 private spaceflight
* X/0, division by zero
* Turner syndrome, a disorder in which all or part of an X chromosome is absent
* X0 sex-determination system, as found in some insects

## Vehicles

* X0, a smaller rigged version of an X1 (dinghy)
* X0, running number for N700 Series Shinkansen prototype from 2014 to 2021
# XHBV-FM

XHBV-FM is a radio station on 95.7 FM in Moroleón, Guanajuato. XHBV carries a full service format known as Radio Alegría.

## History

XHBV began as XEBV-AM 1100, with a concession awarded on September 12, 1979. It operated as a 500-watt daytimer on 1100 kHz and was owned by María del Rosario Valencia de Moreno. By the end of its time on AM, it was operating with 5 kW day and 1 kW night.
# X-linked endothelial corneal dystrophy

X-linked endothelial corneal dystrophy (XECD) is a rare form of corneal dystrophy described first in 2006, based on a 4-generation family of 60 members with 9 affected males and 35 trait carriers, which led to mapping the XECD locus to Xq25. It manifests as severe corneal opacification or clouding, sometimes congenital, in the form of a ground glass, milky corneal tissue, and moon crater-like changes of corneal endothelium. Trait carriers manifest only endothelial alterations resembling moon craters.
As of December 2014, the molecular basis for this disease remained unknown, although 181 genes were known to be within the XECD locus, of which 68 were known to be protein-coding.
# X-linked hypertrichosis

X-linked hypertrichosis, also known as X-linked congenital generalized hypertrichosis, is a hereditary disorders characterized by generalized congenital hypertrichosis and thick eyebrows.

## Signs and symptoms

Hypertrichosis is characterized as excessive hair growth anywhere on the body, in either men or women. X-linked hypertrichosis affects males more than females.

## Causes

X-linked hypertrichosis was first mapped in chromosome Xq24-q27.1 in a Mexican family; however, the underlying genetic facts remain unknown. X-linked hypertrichosis is inherited in an X-linked dominant pattern of inheritance.
# XHETB-FM

XHETB-FM/XETB-AM is a radio station on 89.1 FM and 1350 AM in Gómez Palacio, Durango, Mexico. It is part of Grupo Horizonte Lagunero, a division of Grupo Zócalo, and is known as Hola FM.

## History

XETB came to air on September 24, 1931, making it the first station in the region. Original authorization was given to begin operations on February 14, 1935, with 125 watts. XETB was then on 1310 kHz and owned by Miguel Guangorena Salas. It originally operated from Torreón, Coahuila, and currently has its studios there. Amelio G. Zaragoza acquired XETB in 1935 and sold it to Radio Laguna, S.A., in 1947. XETB later moved to 1350 kHz and increased its power to 5,000 watts.
On October 26, 2022, acting on an 11-year-old application, the Federal Telecommunications Institute (IFT) approved the migration of XETB to FM as XHETB-FM 89.1 in exchange for a one-time payment of 1.72 million pesos. XHETB-FM began broadcasting in October 2023 as part of a newly formed cluster with two of the Comarca Lagunera's three stations created in the IFT-8 radio station auction of 2022, XHCCAS-FM 91.9 and XHCCAW-FM 99.1. The IFT then also approved the transfer of its concession from a Grupo Radio Centro subsidiary to a new Grupo Zócalo subsidiary.
# Xanılı

Xanılı (also, Khanyly and Khanuli) is a village and municipality in the Jalilabad Rayon of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 344.