OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Jet erosion test

The jet erosion test (JET), or jet index test, is a method used in geotechnical engineering to quantify the resistance of a soil to erosion. The test can be applied in-situ after preparing a field site, or it can be applied in a laboratory on either an intact or a remolded soil sample. A quantitative measure of erodibility allows for the prediction of erosion, assisting with the design of structures such as vegetated channels, road embankments, dams, levees, and spillways.

## Procedure

The test consists of mounting a jet tube inside of an enclosed cylinder and releasing a turbulent downpour of water onto a soil specimen at a constant hydraulic head. If the shear stress applied by the jet stream exceeds the critical shear stress for erosion of the soil, the jet will erode soil particles, causing a scour hole to form. The depth of the scour hole is then measured at specified time intervals.
Fitting the measured erosion rate (E$_r$) to the following equation allows the estimation of the erodibility of the soil (k$_d$) and the critical shear stress (τ$_c$), provided that the applied shear stress (τ) is estimated precisely:
$E_{r}=k_{d}(\tau -\tau _{c})$
As of 2017, there is no universally accepted methodology to determine the erodibility of a soil. While the jet erosion test provides one estimate for the erodibility, the underlying assumptions of the test have been criticized for various reasons. Other erosion testing methods may produce values for erodibility and critical shear stress inconsistent with this method. Additionally, depending on the method used to fit the results to the above equation, the predicted values of k$_d$ for a given τ$_c$ can be up to 100 times smaller or larger due to predictive uncertainty.

### The jet erosion index

One of the results of the test is the jet erosion index (J$_i$), which can be correlated with the soil erodibility. Typically, the jet erosion index ranges from 0 to 0.03.
Typical values of the jet erosion index :
| Erosion resistance | Jet erosion index (J$_i$) |
| High | ≤ 0.001 |
| Medium | ~0.01 |
| Low | ≥ 0.02 |

## Related tests

* Hole erosion test (HET)
* Contact erosion test (CET)
# Middle East Business Aviation Association

The Middle East Business Aviation Association, or MEBAA, is a non-profit corporation based in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. The Association was established in 2006 and, as of this writing, represents 185 members. The Association is set up to provide effective communication between Middle East business aviation operators and suppliers, the governments of the region, business leaders, and the media on matters concerning and affecting business aviation. Key objectives of the Association are to enhance safety, security, efficiency, and acceptance of business aviation in the region through communication and ongoing dialogue. Membership groups include operators, suppliers, and affiliates.
# Prytanis (mythology)

In Greek mythology, Prytanis (Ancient Greek: Πρύτανίν means 'ruler, lord') was a Lycian soldier who followed their leader, Sarpedon, to fight in the Trojan War. He was slain by the Greek hero Odysseus during the siege of Troy.
# Yugntruf

Yugntruf – Youth for Yiddish (יוגנטרוף — יוגנט פֿאַר ייִדיש) is an organization of young Yiddish-speaking adults that is dedicated to the spread of the Yiddish language through various programs and events. It was founded by David Roskies and Gavi Trunk under the guidance of the late Dr. Mordkhe Schaechter in 1964.

## Name

Yugntruf (יוגנטרוף) means “call of [the] youth” and “call to youth”.
It combines the words yugnt (יוגנט, “youth; the young”) and ruf (רוף, “call”, cognate of German Ruf).

## Activities

It hosts events such as
* the Yidish-Tog (“Yiddish Day”), a day in New York in which programs are run in Yiddish.
* the Svive Project, in which groups of Yiddish speakers come together to read and discuss in Yiddish. Svive (סבֿיבֿה) means “environment”.
* the week-long Yidish-Vokh (“Yiddish Week”) retreat, held in Copake, New York, in which participants spend an entire week conversing completely in Yiddish.
In addition, Yugntruf sponsors a literary magazine as well as the publishing of books for children in Yiddish. Many members of Yugntruf have decided to raise their children as Yiddish speakers.
# Tanzania Democratic Alliance

The Tanzania Democratic Alliance (TADEA) is a political party in Tanzania. The party was registered on 28 August 1992 formerly known as Tanzania Democratic Alliance and currently as African Democratic Alliance Party. It is predominant in semi-autonomous islands of Zanzibar, Tanzania.
John D. Lifa Chipaka was its previous long served president.
* This article about a Tanzanian political party is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Parham railway station

Parham railway station was a station located in Parham, Suffolk.
The station opened in 1859 and closed for passenger services in November 1952.
| Preceding station | Disused railways | Following station |
| Framlingham | Framlingham Branch | Hacheston |
# Piallamore, New South Wales

Piallamore is a small outer suburb of Tamworth located about 15 km South-East of the city. It is located within the Parry County Cadastral division of New South Wales in the New England region. At the 2016 census, Piallamore had a population of 261 people.
Piallamore was first settled on the gently sloping hills at the base of the Moonbi Range and spread out to the fertile Peel River flats.

## Facilities/Services

* Anglican Church
* Tennis courts
* Bus service to Tamworth Primary and Secondary schools
* NSW Rural Fire Service brigade
* Public roads
# Sanghunadam

Sanghunadam (transl. Sound of Conch Shell) is a 1988 Indian Malayalam-language drama film, directed by T. S. Suresh Babu, written by Pappanamkodu Lakshmanan and produced by Harinarayanan under the banner of Ragasudha Films in their debut production. The film stars Mammootty in the lead role, alongside Ratheesh, Nalini, Suresh Gopi, Nedumudi Venu, and Rohini in supporting roles. The film features original songs composed by Jerry Amaldev. This is one of the few films where Innocent plays a negative role.

## Plot

Sudhakaran is a well known public prosecutor, who lives with his family consisting of his wife Sulochana, his brother Rajeevan and his daughter. DySP Mohandas is a trusted friend of Sudhakaran. Thampi is a rich businessman who has a lot of connections at the top. Sudhakaran goes to thank Thampi who was responsible for Rajeev to get a job. Thampi lives with his son Vinod and daughter-in-law, Renuka, who is Mohandas' sister. Thampi also has a trusted friend, Dr. Issac John.
One day, when Sudhakaran and Sulochana were out shopping, they saw Rajeevan in a bike along with a girl. It is revealed that the girl is Thulasi, his lover. Sulochana goes to meet Thulasi's family for fixing Rajeevan's marriage. There it is revealed that Thulasi has a brother, Chandran who is jailed for killing a person. This is not a problem for Rajeevan's family and their marriage is fixed. However, it is revealed that the person Chandran killed was non other than Thampi's son. But, they are still ready for the marriage despite threats from Thampi.
Chandran escapes from jail to request Sudhakaran to continue with the marriage proposal. However, that night Thampi's son, Vinod and daughter-in-law, Renuka is found dead under mysterious circumstances. All the evidences point to Chandran as the murderer. The film then revolves around bringing the real perpetuators to justice.

## Cast

* Mammootty as Chandran
* Ratheesh as Sudhakaran
* Nalini as Sulochana
* Suresh Gopi as Rajeevan
* Nedumudi Venu as DYSP Mohandas
* Rohini as Thulasi
* K. P. Ummer as Thampi
* Mala Aravindan as Danger Thankapan
* Ramu as Rameshan
* Innocent as Dr Issac John
* Maniyanpilla Raju as Vinod
* Adoor Bhavani as Thulasi's and Chandran's mother
* Jagathy Sreekumar as Sankaran Nair
* Jagadish as SI Rajappan Achari
* Jagannatha Varma as Judge
* KPAC Sunny as Adv Balachandran
* Kollam Ajith as Gunda
* Uma as Renuka
* Vettoor Purushan as Jail inmate

## Soundtrack

The music was composed by Jerry Amaldev and the lyrics were written by Rappal Sukumara Menon.
# Waterproof High School

Waterproof High School, in Waterproof, Louisiana, in Tensas Parish is a high school whose former building was built in 1926. The former high school is located on Main St. between Church Lane and Mississippi Street.
The building was designed by W.E. Stephens and W.E. Spink and features a Classical Revival central pavilion. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.

## Athletics

Waterproof High athletics competes in the LHSAA.

### Championships

Football Championships
* (1) State Championship: 1943

## Notable alumni

* J. C. Seaman (1898–1964), member of the Louisiana House of Representatives
# Sirindhornia chaipattana

Sirindhornia chaipattana is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Thailand. The habitat consist of secondary forests.
The length of the forewings is about 5.2 mm for males and 4.9–5.3 mm for females.
# The Wikipedia Plays

The Wikipedia Plays, first performed in August 2007, is a performance comprising seventeen plays, each ten minutes long, by the Off-Broadway New York theatre company Ars Nova.: 7 The play was created and staged by the company's then associate producer, Kim Rosenstock. Each is based on the title of an entry in Wikipedia: Rosenstock selected these by following wikilinks from one article to another.
The complete sequence runs: "The Defenestration of Prague" → "Bohemia" → "Prokop the Great" → "Democracy" → "Yale Law School" → "Bill Clinton" → "Global Warming" → "Uncertainties" (see Uncertainty) → "Weather Forecasting" → "Troposphere" → "Turbulent" (see Turbulence) → "Golf Ball" → "Wooden" (see Wood) → "Particle Board" → "Stiletto Heels" → "Fetish" → "Castration Anxiety."
The play has been seen as belonging to a movement in contemporary theatre favouring long performances of sequential short plays, being compared with the Neo-Futurists' Too Much Light Makes the Baby Go Blind (1988), the work of the Reduced Shakespeare Company, and 365 Days/365 Plays by Suzan-Lori Parks (2006).$^{:7–8}$
# Michel Bourgeau

Michel Bourgeau (born June 28, 1960) is a former Canadian football defensive lineman who played ten seasons in the Canadian Football League (CFL) for the Ottawa Rough Riders and the Edmonton Eskimos.
Born in Montreal, Quebec, Bourgeau played college football in the western United States at Boise State University (1980–1983). In his freshman year, the Broncos won the Big Sky title and the Division I-AA national championship. He was selected in the eleventh round of the 1984 NFL draft by the New Orleans Saints.
Bourgeau was also selected in the CFL Draft, fifth in the territorial exemption portion, by Ottawa, and played with the Rough Riders for five seasons. He spent his last five seasons in Edmonton and retired after the 1993 season, after winning the Grey Cup.
# Proszynellus nasalis

Proszynellus nasalis is a jumping spider species in the genus Proszynellus. The male was first identified in 2015 by Barbara Maria Patoleta and Marek Michał Żabka.

## Distribution

Proszynellus nasalis is found in Western Australia.
# Young Rival

Young Rival is a Canadian indie rock band from Hamilton, Ontario. It consists of singer-guitarist Aron D'Alesio, bassist John Smith, and drummer Noah Fralick.

## History

In the early 2000s, the group was called The Ride Theory, and released two full-length albums under that name. They changed both the band's name and its musical style in 2007, and it became Young Rival. Guitarist Kyle Kuchmey left the band at the end of 2009.
Young Rival signed to Sonic Unyon. After releasing an EP, the band toured as opening act for The Sadies and for Born Ruffians.
The self-titled debut album was recorded partly in Toronto at HallaMusic Recording Studios and partly in New York City. The band enlisted the talents of American artist James Kuhn to provide face paint art and lip synching talent for the video for the track "Two Reasons" from their October 2012 release, Stay Young.
In 2015 Young Rival released an album of 60s-style pop music, Interior Light, through Paper Bag Records. This album appeared on the !earshot National Top 50 Chart in December that year. Five additional tracks were released as an EP, Strange Light, in 2016.

## Members

* Aron D'Alesio – vocals, guitar
* John Smith – bass
* Noah Fralick – drums

## Discography
### Albums

* 2010: Young Rival
* 2012: Stay Young
* 2015: Interior Light
* 2016: Strange Light

### EPs

* 2008: Young Rival EP

### Singles

| Year | Song | Chart peak | Album |
| Year | Song | CAN Alt | Album |
| 2012 | "Two Reasons" | 39 | Stay Young |
| "—" denotes a release that did not chart. ||||
# Pas de deux (disambiguation)

Pas de deux is a ballet duet in which steps are performed together.
Pas de deux may also refer to:

## Ballet

* Pas de Deux (d'Amboise), a ballet by Christopher d'Amboise
* Pas de Deux (Robbins) or Andantino, a ballet by Jerome Robbins
* Tschaikovsky Pas de Deux, a ballet by George Balanchine

## Other uses

* Pas de Deux (band), a Belgian band which represented Belgium in the Eurovision Song Contest 1983
* Pas de deux (dressage), a performance with two horses
* Pas de deux (film), a 1968 film directed by Norman McLaren
* Pas de deux (Horner), a 2014 double concerto by James Horner
* "Pas de Deux" (Law & Order: Criminal Intent), a television episode
* Pas de Deux (solitaire), a card game
# Pierrefitte, Deux-Sèvres

Pierrefitte (French pronunciation: ) is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.
# San Giuseppe Jato

San Giuseppe Jato (Sicilian: San Giuseppi; Latin: Iaetia) is a village in the Metropolitan City of Palermo in Sicily, southern Italy.
The village sits in a hilly region of Palermo's hinterland, 31 kilometres (19 mi) from the Sicilian capital.

## History

The first inhabited centre in the area lies on top of the adjacent Mount Jato, dating back to prehistoric times, with influence of Greek culture from the 6th century BC. Known under the name of Iaitas in Greek sources and Ietas in Latin, this ancient village lived its most flourishing period in its history from the age of Islamic domination of Sicily to the Hohenstaufen one (c. 975–1246), when it was an important stronghold. It is believed that the last remnants of the original Muslim stronghold were demolished in 1246 by the troops of Frederick II of Sicily.
The modern village was founded in 1779 at the foot of Mount Jato. It was known simply as San Giuseppe, until 1864 when the suffix Jato was added to differentiate it from San Giuseppe Vesuviano, near Naples.
San Giuseppe Jato is the birthplace of Giovanni Brusca, a notorious mafioso who, in 1996, was arrested for the assassination of Judge Giovanni Falcone, a prominent Sicilian anti-mafia campaigner.

## Economy

Like many villages and towns in the north of Sicily, its inhabitants rely on the production of corn, olives and grapes for their livelihood. Each September the village holds a Festival of Grapes and Wine where these commodities and other agricultural produce is displayed. The area around San Giuseppe Jato is also known for its beef cattle breeding and as a centre for woodturning and iron works.

## In media

The movie Sicilian Ghost Story tells the real story of 11-year-old Giuseppe Di Mateo's 1993 kidnapping, strangling and disposal in an acid vat after 779 days in captivity on 11 January 1996 in San Giuseppe Jato by Sicilian Mafia boss Giovanni Brusca in retaliation for Giuseppe's father Santino Di Matteo's turning state witness ("pentito") in the case of anti-Mafia Judge Giovanni Falcone's murder.
# Sirine

Sirine can refer to:
* Sirine (Dungeons & Dragons), a fictional monster
* Širine, a settlement in Croatia
* Sirine Jahangir, British musician
# The Weavers of Nishijin

The Weavers of Nishijin (西陣（にし じん）, Nishijin), also known in English simply as Nishijin, is a 1961 Japanese short documentary film directed by Toshio Matsumoto. It starred Hideo Kanze as a Noh player. Film scholar Mitsuyo Wada-Marciano has written that the film's "depiction of a craftsmen's forced life in the traditional textile trade of Kyoto discloses the multiplicity of the Japanese as well as offering an instance to contemplate the role of cinema as the most popular culture at that time."

## Cast

* Hideo Kanze as a Noh player
# Pseudopammene

Pseudopammene is a genus of moths belonging to the family Tortricidae.

## Species

* Pseudopammene fagivora Komai, 1980
# Your Secret Love (song)

"Your Secret Love" is a song by American recording artist Luther Vandross, released in August 1996 as the lead single in support of his tenth studio album, Your Secret Love (1996). The single peaked at No. 5 on the US Billboard Hot R&B Singles chart and No. 14 on the UK Singles Chart.

## Critical reception

Larry Flick from Billboard described the song as "languid", adding that it "serves as a solid reminder that few can brew classic finger-snappin' rhythms and warmly romantic lyrics this well. Vandross' narrative is so precise and vivid that you can almost feel the candlelight as he cruises through the song's plush, quietly unfurling arrangement. Programmers should play this single as a textbook lesson for youngsters on how R&B balladry is done properly." Peter Miro from Cash Box remarked that "Your Secret Love" "has the elements of his patented style: a soothing serenade, emotive backup vocals, sustained notes held over the refrain, a romantic flair. Altogether it's spelled "chartbound"."
British magazine Music Week rated the song three out of five, writing, "This slick, somewhat passionless mid-tempo ballad is definitive Luther, and should please pop radio." An editor, Alan Jones, stated that Vandross "is back on form" on "a slow-burning R&B plodder". He added that it "has a warmly familiar feel, and Luther's honeyed vocals lend it a pedigree few can match." Ralph Tee from the RM Dance Update commented, "Luther's still got one of the best voices in the business, and here he sounds as good as ever on a brand new beat ballad that seems to have been landed on us out of nowhere. The song itself is not the greatest he's ever done, but a crispy urban mix is very agreeable indeed and for more welcome than another cover version."

## Track list

* US, UK CD single
* "Your Secret Love (Single Mix)" - 4:01
* "Your Secret Love (Remix)", produced by Frankie Knuckles - 4:02
* "Power Of Love/Love Power (Power Remix)" - 4:15
* "Please Come Home For Christmas" - 3:37
# Lancashire Parish Register Society

The Lancashire Parish Register Society is a text publication society and registered charity which was founded for the "purpose of printing the registers of the ancient parishes" in Lancashire and has published more than 175 volumes, CDs and CD-Roms since 1898.

## History

The society was formed at a meeting at Chetham's Library, convened by the historian Henry Fishwick, on 26 November 1897, but the year 1898 was fixed as the first year of the society's existence. The society became a registered charity (No. 511396) in 1981.

## Publications

Since 1898, the society has published 175 printed volumes of Lancashire's parish registers, as well as numerous CDs and CD-Roms. The society published its 175th volume in 2012.

## Membership

Membership is open to all individuals and institutions interested in the parish registers of the county.

## Officers
### Presidents

* 1897–1914 Lt-Col. Henry Fishwick
* 1920–38 Col. John William Robinson Parker
* 1938–46 Prof. Ernest Fraser Jacob
* 1946–55 Prof. Christopher Robert Cheney
* 1955–62 Prof. John Michael Wallace-Hadrill
* 1962–84 Prof. John Smith Roskell
* 1984–99 Prof. Jeffrey Howard Denton
* 1999–2003 John Leslie Ogilvie Holden
* 2004–present Thomas Woodcock

### General Editors

* 1976–2008 Dr Colin D. Rogers
* 2008–present Alan A. Kenwright

### Secretaries

* 1897–98 Rev. W. Löwenberg
* 1898–1931 Dr Henry Brierley
* 1931–56 Archibald Sparke
* 1941–82 Dr Frank Taylor
* 1982–86 Jean M. Ayton
* 1986–89 Irene Foster
* 1989–93 R. Neil Hudson
* 1993–99 John Leslie Ogilvie Holden
* 1999–2010 Marnie Mason
* 2010–present R. Neil Hudson

### Treasurers

* 1897–1936 John Rigg Faithwaite
* 1936–48 Dr Ernest Bosdin Leech
* 1948–77 Dr Robert Dickinson
* 1971–77 Florence Dickinson
* 1977–95 J. R. Bulmer
* 1995–2005 T. O’Brien
* 2005–08 Alan A. Kenwright
* 2008–present Jackie Roberts
# Pas de la Dame Sauvage

The Pas de la Dame Sauvage (French: "passage of the wild lady") was a pas d'armes held at Ghent in 1470 by the Burgundian knight Claude de Vauldray [fr] in the presence of Duke Charles the Bold and his court. The "wild lady" (dame sauvage) of the hastilude (a series of jousts defending a certain pass) was allegorical. In the epistle circulated by Claude to announce the games, he describes a romantic tale of a knight who "left the wealthy kingdom of Enfance (Childhood), and came to a wild poor and sterile land called Jeunesse (Youth)." The knight must make a "wild woman" his lady in the land of Youth, just as a young knight must prove himself through feats of arms (the pas d'armes) in order to merit a lady. The wild woman of the allegory is described as naked and covered only by her long blonde hair and a floral garland. In fact, Claude was led into the lists by a fleet of "wild" men and women.
It is possible that the festivities were held to celebrate the duke's subjugation of rebellious Ghent and the destruction of the Grand Privilege of Ghent.
# Pierre-Émile Gounelle

Pierre-Émile Gounelle (Paris, 9 June 1850 – 2 October 1914, Paris) was a French entomologist and naturalist.
Son of engineer, Eugène Gounelle, who installed the first telegraph line from Paris via Rouen to Le Havre, Pierre-Émile also trained first as an engineer. From 1884 he made several scientific expeditions to Brazil. He is chiefly remembered for his investigations of Cerambycidae found in Brazil. He bequeathed his entomological books to the Société Entomologique de France.
In Brazil, he collected plants that later became part of the herbarium at the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle. The botanical species – Barbacenia gounelleana, Leiothrix gounelleana, Pilosocereus gounellei and Pseudopilocereus gounellei are named after him.

## Publications

* Liste des cérambycides de la région de Jatahy, État de Goyaz, Brésil, Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, Paris 80: 1-150 (1911).
# San Giuseppe, Siracusa

San Giuseppe (St Joseph) is a baroque-style, Roman Catholic church located in the piazza of the same name, across the street from the church of San Domenico, on the island of Ortigia, in the historic city center of Siracusa in Sicily, Italy.

## Description

Like many churches in Siracusa, early documentation is sparse. The present church was built in the 18th century, atop the ruins of a church dedicated to San Fantino. That church had followed Greek orthodox rites. To raise the funds to build a new church, the Confraternity of the Falegnami (carpenters), sold their prior church, San Giuseppe il Vecchio, located on vicolo Santa Anna to the Congregation of the Coccieri e Staffieri (coachmen and grooms). That old church was soon demolished.
Construction of San Giuseppe was led by Carmelo Bonaiuto, named Carancino, and completed in 1773. The piazza in past centuries was surrounded by two large monasteries: that of Aracoeli and San Domenico. The latter's church is across the piazza. Also across the piazza is the former Palazzo Midiri, now home to a nautical institute.
The front and lateral portals of the church are approached through stairs. Atop the portal are two heraldic shields, one surmounted by a crown.
The church is badly in need of repairs, both inside and the exterior. The niches in the exterior are bare. The interior once housed a copy of Caravaggio's altarpiece depicting the Burial of St Lucy by his follower Mario Minniti. The church has suffered from vandalism and burglary.
# Waverly Historic District

Waverly Historic District or Waverley Historic District may refer to:
* Waverley Historic District (Enid, Oklahoma), listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP)
* Waverly Historic District (Waverly Township, Pennsylvania), listed on the NRHP
* Waverly Historic District (Columbia, South Carolina), listed on the NRHP