OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Joseph Ames (naval commander)

Joseph Ames (5 March 1619 – December 1695) was an English naval commander under the Commonwealth.
Ames was born in Great Yarmouth on 5 March 1619. Brought up as a sailor from his youth, he was one of the commanders of a small Channel fleet watching the Dutch coast in 1641. In January 1653 he returned to Plymouth from Barbados, with a large consignment of sugar, which had only recently been planted in the island, and in July of the same year he was present at the engagement with the Dutch off the Texel in which Maarten Tromp was killed. "For eminent service in saving ye triumph fired in fight with the Dutch" on that occasion, a gold medal was awarded him by parliament. In succeeding years Ames was in command of several ships of war, and made repeated voyages to America and the West Indies. Under his care many royalist prisoners were transported to the colonies, and on 8 October 1655 he was the bearer of a young deer as a present to Cromwell from the president of the Providence Plantation in New England. He withdrew from active service, according to his grandson, the bibliographer, about 1673, and retired to Yarmouth, where he died in December 1695. He was a member of the Presbyterian congregation of his native town. Several of his letters, addressed to the Admiralty commissioners under the Commonwealth, are preserved among the State papers of the time.
# Lord Lieutenant of Westmorland

This is a list of people who have served as Lord-Lieutenant of Westmorland. The office was abolished on 31 March 1974 and replaced by the Lord Lieutenant of Cumbria. From 1751 to 1974, all Lord Lieutenants were also Custos Rotulorum of Westmorland.
* Henry Clifford, 2nd Earl of Cumberland 1553–1559
* Henry Hastings, 3rd Earl of Huntingdon 20 August 1586 – 14 December 1595
* vacant?
* George Clifford, 3rd Earl of Cumberland 1603–1605
* vacant?
* Francis Clifford, 4th Earl of Cumberland 27 October 1607 – 4 January 1641 jointly with
* George Home, 1st Earl of Dunbar 27 October 1607 – 20 January 1611 and
* Theophilus Howard, 2nd Earl of Suffolk 27 October 1607 – 31 August 1639 and
* Henry Clifford, 1st Baron Clifford 27 October 1607 – 1642 and
* Algernon Percy, 10th Earl of Northumberland 13 November 1626 – 31 August 1639 and
* Thomas Howard, 21st Earl of Arundel 23 July 1632 – 31 August 1639 and
* Henry Howard, Lord Maltravers 23 July 1632 – 31 August 1639
* Interregnum
* Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Carlisle 1 October 1660 – 24 February 1685
* Thomas Tufton, 6th Earl of Thanet 3 March 1685 – 1687
* Richard Graham, 1st Viscount Preston 29 August 1687 – 1688
* Sir John Lowther, 2nd Baronet 8 April 1689 – 1694
* Charles Howard, 3rd Earl of Carlisle 28 June 1694 – 1 May 1738
* Henry Lowther, 3rd Viscount Lonsdale 1 June 1738 – 7 March 1751
* vacant
* Sir William Lowther, 3rd Baronet 6 February 1753 – 15 April 1756
* Sir John Pennington, 3rd Baronet 29 April 1756 – 1758
* James Lowther, 1st Earl of Lonsdale 13 December 1759 – 24 May 1802
* William Lowther, 1st Earl of Lonsdale 26 June 1802 – 19 March 1844
* William Lowther, 2nd Earl of Lonsdale 3 May 1844 – 1868
* Henry Lowther, 3rd Earl of Lonsdale 14 December 1868 – 15 August 1876
* Sir Richard Musgrave, 11th Baronet 3 October 1876 – 13 February 1881
* Henry Tufton, 1st Baron Hothfield 15 March 1881 – 29 October 1926
* Lord Henry Cavendish-Bentinck 8 December 1926 – 6 October 1931
* Stanley Hughes le Fleming 7 December 1931 – 1939
* Anthony Lowther, Viscount Lowther 1 December 1939 – 1945
* James Winstanley Cropper 26 April 1945 – 10 November 1956
* Henry Hornyold-Strickland 6 May 1957 – 1965
* Lieutenant-Commander Paul Norman Wilson 12 November 1965 – 31 March 1974
# Michael Rubinstein

Michael Bernard Rubinstein (6 November 1920 – 12 January 2001) was a solicitor who specialised in representing authors and publisher. He acted for Penguin Books in the obscenity trial in 1960, R v Penguin Books Ltd., following publication of an uncensored edition of D.H. Lawrence's novel Lady Chatterley's Lover.

## Early life

Rubinstein was born in Kensington. His father Harold Rubinstein (1891–1975) was a solicitor with expertise in publishing matters; he acted on the unsuccessful defence of Radclyffe Hall's novel, The Well of Loneliness on obscenity charges in 1928. His mother, Lina Naomi Rubinstein, née Lowy (died 1939) was the sister of Ruth, wife of publisher Victor Gollancz. His father also wrote several plays, which were published by his brother-in-law. His younger brother Hilary Rubinstein became a publisher and literary agent.
Rubinstein was educated at St Paul's School, London. In the Second World War, he served in the Royal Engineers and then the Royal Artillery, being demobilized as a captain. He then studied law.
He married Edna Joy Smith Douthwaite in July 1955. She was a ballet dancer, better known under her stage name Joy Boulter. They had two daughters, Imogen and Polly and two sons, Adam and Zachary.

## Career

In 1948 Rubinstein joined his father as a lawyer at the family law firm Rubinstein, Nash & Co, founded by his grandfather Joseph Samuel Rubinstein in 1889. He specialised in representing publishers and authors, including Chatto & Windus, Sidgwick & Jackson, Hodder & Stoughton, Jonathan Cape, Victor Gollancz, and Penguin Books. He acted for Penguin Books in its successful defence on charges of obscenity in 1960 following publication of an uncensored edition of D.H. Lawrence's novel Lady Chatterley's Lover, marshalling 35 witnesses to testify to the book's literary merit.
He also represented several publishers in a Restrictive Practices Court case in 1962, which retained the Net Book Agreement that maintained minimum retail prices for books. The Net Book Agreement survived until 1997, when it was declared illegal by the same court.
Rubinstein acted for publishers in libel cases, including defending Leon Uris and William Kimber against a libel claim brought by Dr Wladislaw Dering in 1964 for passages in Uris's novel Exodus describing medical experiments conducted by Dering on prisoners at Auschwitz. Dering was awarded was a derisory half penny in damages, but faced substantial legal costs. Rubinstein was also a member of the Lord Chancellor's committee on defamation from 1971 to 1974, which made suggestions included in the Defamation Act 1996. His book Wicked, Wicked Libels was published in 1972.
He retired in 1994 and died at the Lister Hospital in Stevenage. He was survived by his wife, Joy, and their four children.

## Other

Rubinstein's hearing was damaged in the Second World War, but he still enjoyed music. He was a director of Youth and Music and a governor of the Purcell School. He also served the Society for the Promotion of New Music as trustee, chairman, and then vice-president. He published a book about music, Music to my Ear, in 1985.
# USS Halfbeak

USS Halfbeak (SS-352), a Balao-class submarine, was a ship of the United States Navy named for the halfbeak.

## Construction and commissioning

Halfbeak was launched 19 February 1946 by the Electric Boat Company at Groton, Connecticut, sponsored by Mrs. William Craig, and commissioned on 22 July 1946.

## Service history

After shakedown in the Caribbean and along the Latin American coast to the Canal Zone, Ecuador, and Colombia, Halfbeak spent the next 3 years in training operations and fleet exercises out of New London, Conn., where she was part of SubRon 8. Entering the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard 12 September 1949, Halfbeak was converted to a GUPPY II type submarine. Fitted with a snorkel to enable her to stay submerged for long periods of time and distinguished by a greatly streamlined superstructure, Halfbeak left Portsmouth 13 January 1950 to work with the Research and Development Group at New London. While conducting tests on special underwater sound equipment, she made a cruise to English waters, operating off Jan Mayen Island, in the winter of 1951.
Halfbeak was engaged in further Caribbean exercises until 10 November 1954, when she sailed for her first Mediterranean cruise. Having visited Gibraltar, Naples, Marseilles, Lisbon, and Valencia, Spain, the submarine returned to New London 2 February 1955. A similar cruise in 1956 was punctuated by the Suez Crisis, and Halfbeak remained in the eastern Med operating with the 6th Fleet until January 1957 helping to maintain the peace in that crucial region.
Her duties took another turn as 28 July 1958 she departed for the Arctic, where with the nuclear submarine Skate she operated under and around the polar ice pack to gather information in connection with the International Geophysical Year. During these operations, Skate sailed under the Arctic ice pack to reach the North Pole 11 August and continued to cruise freely there repeating the visit 6 days later.
Local operations and exercises, primarily submarine and fleet maneuvers in the Caribbean but also NATO maneuvers, occupied Halfbeak until 1963, when she resumed her role testing and evaluating sonar and other underwater sound equipment out of New London.
James Bamford in Body of Secrets claims that around September 1965, Halfbeak conducted for the NSA a classified SIGINT mission off the Kola Peninsula . She was detected by Soviet forces, and had to hide for many hours below its maximum permissible depth before escaping. These events were omitted from the official ship's history.
Halfbeak was awarded the Battle Efficiency "E" for 1966 and 1967 and held the "E" for Submarine Division 102 for 1968. Halfbeak was decommissioned and simultaneously struck from the Naval Register, 1 July 1971. She was sold for scrapping, 13 July 1972.
# Mary Carruthers

Mary J. Carruthers (born January 15, 1941) is Remarque Professor Emeritus of English at New York University. She also teaches at New York University Abu Dhabi. She is formerly a professor at Smith College, University of Illinois, and Case Western Reserve University.
She has written widely on medieval literature and rhetoric, memory and mnemonic techniques, and the history of spirituality.
She holds a Ph.D. in English from Yale University (1965), and a B.A. in English from Wellesley College (1961).
In 2012, Carruthers was elected to the British Academy.
She gave the A.S.W. Rosenbach Lectures in Bibliography in 2017: "Cognitive Geometries: Using Diagrams in the Middle Ages."
She was elected fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2020 and to the American Philosophical Society in 2022.

## Publications

* Rhetoric Beyond Words: Delight and Persuasion in the Arts of the Middle Ages. ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2010.
* 'Ars oblivionalis, ars inveniendi: The Cherub Figure and the Arts of Memory.' Gesta 48 (2009): 1–19.
* 'Varietas: a word of many colours.' Poetica: Zeitschrift für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft (Munich, Germany), Fall 2009: 33–54.
* 'Mechanisms for the transmission of culture: the role of 'place' in the arts of memory.' In Translatio, the Transmission of Culture in the Middle Ages. ed Laura Hollengreen. Arizona Studies in the Middle Ages and Renaissance (Turnhout: Brepols), 2008: 1–26.
* 'Sweetness.' Speculum 81 (2006): 999–1013.
* 'On affliction and reading, weeping and argument: Chaucer's lachrymose Troilus in context.' Representations 93 (2006): 1–21.
* The Medieval Craft of Memory: An Anthology of Texts and Pictures. ed. with J. M. Ziolkowski. University of Pennsylvania Press. 2002.
* The Craft of Thought: Meditation, Rhetoric. and the Making of Images. 400–1200. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1998.
* The Book of Memory: A Study of Memory in Medieval Culture. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1990. (Second Ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2008.)
* Acts of Interpretation: The Text in Its Contexts. 700–1600. ed. with Elizabeth D. Kirk. Norman, OK: Pilgrim Books. 1982.
* The Search for St. Truth: A Study of Meaning in Piers Plowman. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press. 1973.
* 'The Wife of Bath and the Painting of Lions' (essay)
# Manasse (surname)

Manasse is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Jon Manasse (born 1965), American clarinetist
* Joseph S. Manasse (1831–1897), Prussian American merchant
* Maegan Manasse (born 1995), American tennis player
* Nabot Manasse (died 1958), Namibian Lutheran priest
* Paul Manasse (1866–1927), German physician
# Klaus Immer

Klaus Immer (9 March 1924 – 8 February 2022) was a German politician who served as a member of the Bundestag. He was born in the village of Manslagt in the region of East Frisia, in present-day Lower Saxony state (since November 1946). At the time of Immer's birth, however, the village was part of the State of Hanover. He died in Altenkirchen on 8 February 2022, at the age of 97.
# Thomas Dunstan (water polo)

Thomas Dunstan (born September 29, 1997) is an American water polo player. He was a member of the United States men's national water polo team at the 2016 Summer Olympics. USA Men's National team selected Dunstan as an alternate for the 2022 FINA World Championship.
# Peter Andrej

Peter Andrej (born 13 August 1959 in Maribor) is a Slovenian poet, musician, guitar player, studio producer, and the producer of the biggest Slovenian festival of singer-songwriters, KantFest.
Beside his own songs, Andrej has put to music poems by: Paul Éluard, Federico García Lorca, Bertolt Brecht, Oton Župančič, E. Vouk, B. A. Novak, B. Namestnik, and Aleš Šteger. He has also been an invited guest in many performance festivals – Festival Lent, Cankar Hall, the Borštnik meeting, KUD France Prešeren, and international stages in Trieste, Macedonia, etc.
In 2008, he was working with "varieté Rože za F" (Flowers for F), which had many successful performances and was also seen and heard in that year's Festival Lent. After rediscovering his original artistic roots, Andrej was also preparing a rock album, Libero, in cooperation with Drago Mlinarec, Ciril Sem on percussion instruments, Matjaž Krivec on contra bass, Dejan Berden on piano and harmonica, and Peter Jan on solo guitar.
Andrej is also a composer of music and creator of shows for children. The puppet show, "Jezernik, povodni mož iz Črnega jezera" (Lakey, the aqua man from the Black Lake) is the latest of his creations for children. It is presented in partnership with the storyteller, Jasna Branka Staman. Another album for children "Kaj ima sonce najraje" (What Sun loves the most) contains songs by Niko Grafenauer, Boris A. Novak, and folk songs, accompanied by his music.
# Joseph Amiel

Joseph Amiel (born June 3, 1937, New York City) is an American attorney, novelist and screenwriter. He attended the Fieldston School in New York City and graduated from Amherst College in 1959; he received an LL.B. degree from Yale Law School in 1962.
The Archives and Special Collections at Amherst College holds his papers.

## Works
### Screenplays

* Daughters of Darkness (1971)
* The Hunted (1974)

### Novels

* Hawks. Putnam. 1979. ISBN 0-399-12312-1.
* Birthright. Atheneum. 1985. ISBN 0-241-11507-8.
* Deeds. Hamish Hamilton. 1988. ISBN 0-241-12471-9.
* Star Time. Crown. 1991. ISBN 0-517-57519-1.
* A Question of Proof. Random House. 1993. ISBN 0-517-15705-5.
# Lord Lieutenant of Wexford

This is a list of people who have served as Lord-Lieutenant of Wexford.
There were lieutenants of counties in Ireland until the reign of James II, when they were renamed governors. The office of Lord Lieutenant was recreated on 23 August 1831.
* The Hon. Edward FitzGerald Villiers: 1691–ca.1693 † ca.1693 Villiers family
* Arthur Gore, 2nd Earl of Arran: 1760–1768
* Arthur Annesley, 1st Earl of Mountnorris: 1768–1816 (died 1816)
* George Ogle: 1784–1814 (died 1814)
* Charles Loftus, 1st Marquess of Ely: –1806 (died 1806)
* John Loftus, 2nd Marquess of Ely: 1805–1831
* George Annesley, 2nd Earl of Mountnorris: –1831
* Charles Tottenham: 1815–1831
* James Stopford, 3rd Earl of Courtown: 1813–1831

## Lord Lieutenants

* Robert Carew, 1st Baron Carew, 7 October 1831 – 2 June 1856
* Robert Carew, 2nd Baron Carew, 5 July 1856 – 8 September 1881
* Lord Maurice FitzGerald, 2 November 1881 – 14 April 1901
* James Stopford, 6th Earl of Courtown, 27 July 1901 – 1922
# Microfilter

Microfilter may refer to:
* DSL filter, used to prevent interference between analog devices and a DSL service on a telephone line
* A type of filter used in the microfiltration process
# Schünemann

Schünemann is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Bernd Schünemann (born 1944), German jurist
* Otto Schünemann (1891–1944) German General lieutenant
* Uwe Schünemann (born 1964) German politician
* Werner Schünemann (born 1959) Brazilian actor and film director
# María Pérez Balteira

María Pérez (fl. 13th-century), called La Balteira ("the Balteira"), was a Galician trobairitz and soldadeira.

## Life

María Pérez was a composer and singer who wrote sacred plainsong, performed in the courts of Europe, and was somewhat of an adventurer.
She was popular at the courts of Ferdinand III of Castile and Alfonso X of Castile, and the latter dedicated a song to her.
# Mandelbox

In mathematics, the mandelbox is a fractal with a boxlike shape found by Tom Lowe in 2010. It is defined in a similar way to the famous Mandelbrot set as the values of a parameter such that the origin does not escape to infinity under iteration of certain geometrical transformations. The mandelbox is defined as a map of continuous Julia sets, but, unlike the Mandelbrot set, can be defined in any number of dimensions. It is typically drawn in three dimensions for illustrative purposes.

## Simple definition

The simple definition of the mandelbox is this: repeatedly transform a vector z, according to the following rules:
* First, for each component c of z (which corresponds to a dimension), if c is greater than 1, subtract it from 2; or if c is less than -1, subtract it from −2.
* Then, depending on the magnitude of the vector, change its magnitude using some fixed values and a specified scale factor.

## Generation

The iteration applies to vector z as follows:
Here, c is the constant being tested, and scale is a real number.

## Properties

A notable property of the mandelbox, particularly for scale −1.5, is that it contains approximations of many well known fractals within it.
For $1<|{\text{scale}}|<2$ the mandelbox contains a solid core. Consequently, its fractal dimension is 3, or n when generalised to n dimensions.
For ${\text{scale}}<-1$ the mandelbox sides have length 4 and for $1<{\text{scale}}\leq 4{\sqrt {n}}+1$ they have length $4\cdot {\frac {{\text{scale}}+1}{{\text{scale}}-1}}$.
# Klaus Ihlenfeld

Klaus Ihlenfeld (born 1934) is a German-born artist resident in the United States.

## Life

A native of Berlin, he studied at the Academy of Fine Arts, Berlin, in 1950. He studied with Hans Uhlmann.
In 1957, he showed at the North Carolina Museum of Art. He immigrated to Barto, Pennsylvania, and was a studio assistant to Harry Bertoia, and Bertoia's style informs much of his own work.
He is best known for his abstract works in bronze, although he has also produced paintings and graphic art. One of his pieces is in the collection of the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden.
# Thomas Durant

Thomas Durant may refer to:
* Thomas C. Durant (1820–1885), American financier and railroad promoter
* Thomas Durant (15th-century politician) (fl. 1401–1406), MP for Bedfordshire (UK Parliament constituency)
* Thomas Durant (teller), Teller of the Receipt of the Exchequer, c. 1362–98
# Pete Woolley

Peter Allan Woolley (July 12, 1929 – April 21, 2024) was a Canadian football player who played for the Hamilton Tiger-Cats. He won the Grey Cup with them in 1953. Woolley died on April 21, 2024, at the age of 94.
# Hope Olson

Hope Olson may refer to:
* Hope A. Olson, a library scholar known for her critical analyses of classification systems
* Hope Olson (born April 4, 1956), an American model
# Lord Lieutenant of Wigtown

This is a list of people who have served as Lord Lieutenant of Wigtown, part of the Dumfries and Galloway council area of south-west Scotland. Prior to 1975 the lieutenancy area corresponded to the historic county of Wigtownshire. Since 1975 the lieutenancy area has been the slightly larger Wigtown Area, covering the historic county plus the two parishes of Kirkmabreck and Minnigaff from Kirkcudbrightshire.

## Title

The current title of the Lord Lieutenant is His Majesty's Lord-Lieutenant for Wigtown, or the Lord Lieutenant for the Area of Wigtown. The area of Wigtown, the name of the relevant lieutenancy area of the Lord Lieutenant, corresponds to the local government district of Wigtown established in 1975 and abolished in 1996. The district was named after the town of Wigtown, and covered the historic county of Wigtownshire plus the two parishes of Kirkmabreck and Minnigaff from the historic county of Kirkcudbrightshire.
Between 1794 and 1975, the official title of the office was His or Her Majesty's Lieutenant in the County of Wigtown. From 1975, the title became Lord-Lieutenant in Dumfries and Galloway Region (District of Wigtown), altering in 1996 to its present form described above.

## List of office-holders

* John Stewart, 7th Earl of Galloway 17 March 1794 – 13 November 1806
* George Stewart, 8th Earl of Galloway 24 March 1807 – 1828
* Randolph Stewart, 9th Earl of Galloway 9 July 1828 – 1851
* John Dalrymple, 10th Earl of Stair 16 May 1851 – 3 December 1903
* Sir Herbert Maxwell, 7th Baronet 26 December 1903 – 1935
* John James Dalrymple, 12th Earl of Stair 17 April 1935 – 4 November 1961
* John Aymer Dalrymple, 13th Earl of Stair 8 January 1962 – 1981
* Maj. Henry John Brewis 18 September 1981 – 25 May 1989
* Maj. Edward Stuart Orr-Ewing 1 November 1989 – 2006
* Marion Teresa Brewis 14 August 2006 – 31 December 2014
* John Alexander Ross 25 Sep 2015 – 19 Feb 2020
* Aileen Brewis 20 Feb 2020 to present
# Schraeder

Schraeder or Von Schraeder is a German surname, a variant of Schröder. Notable people with the surname include:
* Eric Schraeder
* Fred J. Schraeder
* Jeanna Schraeder
* Ryan Schraeder

## Fictional characters

* Baroness Elsa Schraeder from The Sound of Music (film)
* Griffin Schraeder from Movie 43
* Helmut Von Schraeder, the protagonist from Twist of Fate (1989 TV series)
* Joseph von Schraeder from Working Girls (1931 film)
* Kurt Schraeder from Teen Idol (novel)
* Martin Schraeder from Night Watch (1995 film)
# Mary Gay House

The Mary Gay House is a historic house at 716 West Trinity Place in downtown Decatur, Georgia. It was the home of Mary Ann Harris Gay, who moved there with her mother and sister about 1850. She and her sister lived there during the American Civil War and afterwards. The house was built approximately 1850 (though the Junior League of Decatur claims it was built about 1820) and is one of the few extant pre-Civil War buildings in the area. The house was entered into the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) on May 6, 1975. It is now named "716 West" and is used as a wedding/event venue.

## History

The house has been moved at least twice. In the early twentieth century, it was moved eastward and oriented to face Marshall Street. While still at this location (524 Marshall St.), it was listed on the NRHP.
In the late 1970s development in Decatur threatened the structure. While it originally was located on "several acres" of land, by 1979 the house was on a 100 foot by 200 foot (1,800 square meters) lot, bordered mostly by businesses and accessible only by a narrow street with no nearby parking.
The Junior League of DeKalb County preserved the structure by arranging to have it moved to its current location at 716 West Trinity Place. This location was less than a mile away in Adair Park and immediately adjacent to the historic Swanton House (which had also been moved). The group also successfully petitioned the NRHP for the Gay house to retain its historic status after the move.
Since restoration, the basement of the house has been used as the headquarters for the Junior League. The house is operated as an event facility for receptions, parties, weddings, and similar events. In 2022, because Mary Gay is considered a "Confederate heroine" the Junior League voted to rename their headquarters and wedding venue "716 West".