OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Priestley Medal

The Priestley Medal is the highest honor conferred by the American Chemical Society (ACS) and is awarded for distinguished service in the field of chemistry. Established in 1922, the award is named after Joseph Priestley, one of the discoverers of oxygen, who immigrated to the United States of America in 1794. The ACS formed in 1876, spearheaded by a group of chemists who had met two years previously in Priestley's home.
The Priestley Medal is among the most distinguished awards in the chemical sciences, behind the Wolf Prize in Chemistry and the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Consequently, it is commonly awarded to scientists who are advanced in their fields, as it is intended to commemorate lifetime achievement. When the ACS started presenting the Priestley Medal in 1923, they intended to award it every three years. This continued until 1944, when it became an annual award.

## Recipients
### 1920s

* 1923 Ira Remsen
* 1926 Edgar Fahs Smith
* 1929 Francis P. Garvan

### 1930s

* 1932 Charles L. Parsons
* 1935 William A. Noyes
* 1938 Marston T. Bogert

### 1940s

* 1941 Thomas Midgley Jr.
* 1944 James Bryant Conant
* 1945 Ian Heilbron
* 1946 Roger Adams
* 1947 Warren K. Lewis
* 1948 Edward R. Weidlein
* 1949 Arthur B. Lamb

### 1950s

* 1950 Charles A. Kraus
* 1951 E. J. Crane
* 1952 Samuel C. Lind
* 1953 Sir Robert Robinson
* 1954 W. Albert Noyes Jr. (son of William A. Noyes)
* 1955 Charles A. Thomas
* 1956 Carl S. Marvel
* 1957 Farrington Daniels
* 1958 Ernest H. Volwiler
* 1959 Hermann Irving Schlesinger

### 1960s

* 1960 Wallace R. Brode
* 1961 Louis Plack Hammett
* 1962 Joel H. Hildebrand
* 1963 Peter Debye
* 1964 John C. Bailar Jr.
* 1965 William J. Sparks
* 1966 William O. Baker
* 1967 Ralph Connor
* 1968 William G. Young
* 1969 Kenneth S. Pitzer

### 1970s

* 1970 Max Tishler
* 1971 Frederick D. Rossini
* 1972 George B. Kistiakowsky
* 1973 Harold C. Urey
* 1974 Paul J. Flory
* 1975 Henry Eyring
* 1976 George S. Hammond
* 1977 Henry Gilman
* 1978 Melvin Calvin
* 1979 Glenn T. Seaborg

### 1980s

* 1980 Milton Harris
* 1981 Herbert C. Brown
* 1982 Bryce Crawford
* 1983 Robert S. Mulliken
* 1984 Linus Pauling
* 1985 Henry Taube
* 1986 Karl A. Folkers
* 1987 John D. Roberts
* 1988 Frank H. Westheimer
* 1989 George C. Pimentel

### 1990s

* 1990 Roald Hoffmann
* 1991 Harry B. Gray
* 1992 Carl Djerassi
* 1993 Robert W. Parry
* 1994 Howard E. Simmons
* 1995 Sir Derek H. R. Barton
* 1996 Ernest L. Eliel
* 1997 Mary L. Good
* 1998 F. Albert Cotton
* 1999 Ronald Breslow

### 2000s

* 2000 Darleane C. Hoffman
* 2001 Fred Basolo
* 2002 Allen J. Bard
* 2003 Edwin J. Vandenberg
* 2004 Elias J. Corey
* 2005 George A. Olah
* 2006 Paul S. Anderson
* 2007 George M. Whitesides
* 2008 Gabor A. Somorjai
* 2009 M. Frederick Hawthorne

### 2010s

* 2010 Richard Zare
* 2011 Ahmed H. Zewail
* 2012 Robert S. Langer
* 2013 Peter J. Stang
* 2014 Stephen J. Lippard
* 2015 Jacqueline Barton
* 2016 Mostafa El-Sayed
* 2017 Tobin J. Marks
* 2018 Geraldine L. Richmond
* 2019 Karl Barry Sharpless

### 2020s

* 2020 JoAnne Stubbe
* 2021 A. Paul Alivisatos
* 2022 Peter B. Dervan
* 2023 Cato T. Laurencin
* 2024 Carolyn Bertozzi
# Priestley (lunar crater)

Priestley is a lunar impact crater that is located on the far side of the Moon from the Earth, in the low southern latitudes. It lies to the southeast of the flooded crater Kugler.
This is a worn crater with a rim and inner wall that have been softened and have lost the sharp features of a young crater. The satellite crater Priestley X lies across the northern rim and part of the inner wall. There is a small, relatively fresh crater on the inner wall to the south-southwest. An old crater-like feature is attached to the southwestern outer rim, and shares part of its rim with Priestley. The inner wall is narrower in the southeast than elsewhere. Within the interior is a level, featureless floor.
A depression in the surface to the south of Priestley has been flooded with lava, leaving a level plain with a low albedo. This flooded area stretches to the west and then to the northwest, and is about four times as long as Priestley is wide.

## Satellite craters

By convention, these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Priestley.
| Priestley | Latitude | Longitude | Diameter |
| K | 59.0° S | 110.5° E | 35 km |
| X | 56.5° S | 107.8° E | 14 km |
# Primack

Primack is the surname of:
* Brian A. Primack (born 1969), dean of the College of Health of Oregon State University, medical researcher, author and speaker
* Joel Primack (born 1945), American physicist
* Ryan Primack, lead guitarist of the band Poison the Well
# ProSavin

ProSavin is an experimental drug believed to be of use in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. It is administered to the striatum in the brain, inducing production of dopamine.
It is manufactured by Oxford BioMedica. Results from a Phase I/II clinical trial were published in the Lancet and showed safety, but little efficacy. ProSavin was superseded by AXO-Lenti-PD (OXB-102), an optimized version of the drug.

## Mechanism of action

Prosavin uses Oxford BioMedica's Lentivector delivery system to transfer three genes, aromatic amino acid dopa decarboxylase, tyrosine hydroxylase and GTP-cyclohydrolase 1, to the striatum in the brain, reprogramming transduced cells to secrete dopamine.
# Princess Huisheng

Aisin-Gioro Huisheng (26 February 1938 – 4 December 1957), better known simply as Huisheng or Eisei, was a Manchu-Japanese noblewoman. She was born in the Aisin Gioro clan, the imperial clan of the Qing dynasty. She was the elder daughter of Pujie, the younger brother of Puyi, the last emperor of China. Her mother was Hiro Saga, a Japanese noblewoman who married Pujie in 1937.

## Life

Huisheng was born on 26 February 1938 at Xinjing Special Municipal First Hospital in Xinjing (present-day Changchun, Jilin, China), the capital of Manchukuo to Pujie and Hiro Saga. Her uncle, Puyi, ruled as the puppet emperor of Manchukuo under Japanese control during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945). Her younger sister was Husheng (嫮生; b. 1940). She lived in Manchukuo until 1943, when she was sent to Japan to live with her maternal grandparents. She was educated in various prestigious private schools, including the Gakushūin. She was very interested in Japanese and Chinese literature.
After the end of the war, Huisheng's father was captured by Soviet forces and held in a prison camp for five years before he was extradited to the People's Republic of China in 1950. He was then incarcerated in the Fushun War Criminals Management Centre. Huisheng's mother and younger sister were also captured and imprisoned in Shanghai before they were repatriated to Japan in 1947. However, even though Huisheng had been reunited with her mother and sister, her father was still imprisoned and out of contact with them. During this time, Huisheng wrote in Chinese to Chinese premier Zhou Enlai, requesting that he put her in touch with her father. Zhou was moved by her letter and granted her permission.
In April 1956, Huisheng was enrolled at the Gakushuin University, in June, she began a relationship with her classmate Takemichi Ōkubo (大久保武道, Ōkubo Takemichi), the son of a railway executive. Later, in February 1957, Huisheng's mother strongly opposed her daughter's decision to marry Ōkubo, either because Ōkubo was a commoner, or because Huisheng had been considered as a potential candidate to marry the then-Crown Prince Akihito.

## Death

Huisheng (age 19) and Ōkubo (age 20) disappeared on 4 December 1957 and were later found dead on Mount Amagi in the Izu Peninsula. Huisheng, wearing a golden ring on her finger, lay with her head cradled in Ōkubo's left arm. Ōkubo held a pistol in his right hand. Above their heads was a twisted piece of tissue paper containing snips of their hair and fingernails – an element in the ritual of a Japanese love suicide. This murder-suicide incident was known as the Amagisan shinjū (天城山心中, Love Suicide at Mount Amagi).
At the request of Ōkubo's father, Huisheng and Ōkubo's ashes were interred together first at the Saga family plot in Nison-in, and then at the Aisin-Gioro family plot in Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi.

## Ancestry

Ancestors of Princess Huisheng :
# Prince Louis

Prince Louis may refer to:

## Princes of Condé

* Louis, Prince of Condé (1530–1569), prominent Huguenot leader and general, the founder of the House of Condé
* Louis, Grand Condé (1621–1686), French general
* Louis, Prince of Condé (1668–1710) prince du sang at the French court of Louis XIV
* Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé (1736–1818), Prince du sang
* Louis Henri, Prince of Condé (1756 - 1830), brother-in-law of Philippe Égalité
* Louis Henri, Duke of Bourbon (1692–1740), prime minister to his kinsman Louis XV

## Princes of Conti

* François Louis, Prince of Conti (1664–1709), Prince de Conti
* Louis Armand I, Prince of Conti (1661–1685), son-in-law of Louis XIV
* Louis Armand II, Prince of Conti (1695–1727), Prince of Conti
* Louis François, Prince of Conti (1717–1776), French nobleman
* Louis François Joseph, Prince of Conti (1734–1814), last Prince of Conti

## Others

* Prince Louis, Count of Aquila (1824–1897), member of the House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies
* Prince Louis, Count of Trani (1838–1886), son of Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies
* Prince Louis of Battenberg (1854–1921), British naval officer and German prince
* Louis II, Prince of Monaco (1870–1949), Prince of Monaco
* Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma (1900–1979), born Prince Louis of Battenberg, British naval officer and last Viceroy of India
* Prince Louis of Luxembourg (born 1986), son of Grand Duke Henri
* Prince Louis of Wales (born 2018), son of William, Prince of Wales
# Proamanullin

Promanullin is a cyclic nonribosomal peptide. It is an amatoxin, all of which are found in the mushroom genus Amanita.

## Toxicology

Like other amatoxins, proamanullin is an inhibitor of RNA polymerase II. Promanullin has a specific attraction to the enzyme RNA polymerase II. Upon ingestion, it binds to the RNA polymerase II enzyme, effectively causing cytolysis of hepatocytes (liver cells).
# Priscilla White (physician)

Priscilla White (March 17, 1900 – December 16, 1989) was a pioneer in the treatment of diabetes during pregnancy and type 1 diabetes. She was also a founding member of the Joslin Diabetes Center.

## Biography

White was born in Boston, Massachusetts, but while she was a baby her parents divorced and she was living in Woolaston. She graduated from Quincy High School in Massachiusetts. She attended Radcliffe College before transferring to Tufts University Medical School, where she graduated third in her class in the year 1923. At the time, Harvard Medical School did not accept women. She served her internship at Worcester Memorial Hospital.
In 1924, Dr. Elliott P. Joslin approached her to ask if she would work on testing new medications to treat diabetes at Lahey Clinic. Unbeknown to her, she was working with the earliest forms of insulin. She joined the practice of Joslin the following year in 1924 and was immediately assigned to the challenging task of caring for children with diabetes.
She felt her greatest contribution to the field of diabetes was her work delineating the heredity, stages and treatment of type 1 diabetes, “although the pregnancy work was more spectacular.” White wrote Diabetes in Childhood and Adolescence in 1932, and played an integral role in the establishment and operation of The Clara Barton Birthplace Camp for Diabetic Girls, often driving 65 miles to reach the camp after a full day of work.

## Works

She began her research on pregnancy in about 1928 with Joslin as her mentor in a father-daughter relationship. She showed the importance of strict blood glucose control and early delivery in ensuring the healthy delivery of newborns. In 1949, she introduced the White Classification of Diabetic Pregnancies, which classified patients according to their level of risk and tailored their treatment protocol accordingly. Levels of risk were determined by age at onset, duration, presence of atherosclerotic vascular disease and renal complications. In 1968, she added proliferative retinopathy to the risk factors. This classification was widely adopted and allowed doctors to partially predict the course of a woman with diabetes during pregnancy and the chances of newborn survival.
When White began working at Joslin, the fetal success rate was 54 percent; when she retired in 1974, it would be over 90 percent. During her 50 years of work, White managed the deliveries of over 2200 women with diabetes and the supervision of some 10,000 cases of type 1 diabetes. After her retirement, she kept in touch with colleges and continued to be involved in the wider community of diabetics, chiefly through caring for and working on the emotional problems of young people with diabetes.
She was the first woman to be invited to give the Banting Memorial Lecture and to receive the Banting Medal, the highest scientific award of the American Diabetes Association. Hobart and William Smith College cited her as one of the twelve outstanding women physicians of the world.
White died of a heart attack on December 16, 1989, in Ashland, Massachusetts. She was survived by her five dachshunds.
# Production blocking

People in interactive, brainstorming groups generally produce fewer and less creative ideas than they would have if they were working individually. Production blocking, the tendency for one individual during a group discussion to block or inhibit other people from offering ideas, is a major reason for this.
Production blocking occurs when people are prevented from thinking or participating because they are listening to other people instead. For example, if one person in a six-person group is talking about his or her idea, then the other five people are "blocked" and less able to provide their own creative input. Another factor to consider is that in group discussions, individuals may end up having off-topic conversations with other members. This can lead to production blocking because group members are not contributing to the goal of generating ideas.
Production blocking is a form of distraction. It differs from both evaluation apprehension and social loafing, two other factors that can cause people to produce fewer ideas in real, interactive groups than those in nominal groups. With evaluation apprehension, individuals may be reluctant to share their suggestions, fearing that they may be negatively criticized. With social loafing, they may not share ideas because they believe other group members will do so instead.

## Methods to decrease production blocking

* Writing down thoughts: Taking notes is recommended when group members in brainstorming groups are waiting for their chance to speak. When communication is not available, writing down one's thoughts could be helpful to prevent productivity loss. Although the note taking method may reduce the production blocking problem, research has shown that it does not increase the quantity of ideas produced.
* Nominal Groups: Reviews of research on brainstorming groups and nominal groups suggest that nominal groups surpass brainstorming groups. Unlike traditional brainstorming groups, nominal groups consist of a body of individuals whose ideas can be shared without any interaction with others. Because, individuals in nominal groups do not have to wait to share their thoughts, their ideas will not be forgotten or lost.
* Brainstorming online: Instead of physically interacting with other members of a brainstorming group, electronic brainstorming consists of communication via a computer. Like nominal groups, members of electronic brainstorming groups do not have to worry about waiting their turn to speak. Furthermore, the ideas that group members come up with can easily be stored and saved for later. Ideas may also be shared anonymously, allowing group members to share their thoughts without the potential for embarrassment.
* Increased Competition: When rewards are introduced for ideas, whether for larger individual contributions or credit for one's own ideas, overall group production increases. Group members are more self-focused and likely to share their thoughts regardless of what others may have already said.
# Propristis

Propristis is an extinct genus of sawfish that lived from the Eocene to the Miocene. It contains two valid species, P. schweinfurthi and P. mayumbensis. It has been found in Egypt, Cabinda, Morocco, Qatar, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Isolated rostral denticles are the most common remains, but rostra have also been found.
# Proprioseius

Proprioseius is a genus of mites in the Phytoseiidae family.

## Species

* Proprioseius aculeatus Moraes & Denmark, 1999
* Proprioseius anthurus Denmark & Muma, 1966
* Proprioseius clancyi Chant, 1957
* Proprioseius gibbus Moraes & Denmark, 1999
* Proprioseius kumaonensis Gupta, 1982
* Proprioseius meridionalis Chant, 1957
* Proprioseius mirandai De Leon, 1959
* Proprioseius oudemansi (Chant, 1959)
* Proprioseius retroacuminatus Zacarias & Moraes, 2001
* Proprioseius schichai Corpuz-Raros, 1994
# Princess Sophia

Princess Sophia may refer to:

## People
### Great Britain

* Princess Sophia of the United Kingdom, a daughter of George III of the United Kingdom
* Princess Sophia of Gloucester, a great granddaughter of George II of Great Britain
* Sophia Dorothea of Hanover, a daughter of George I of Great Britain
* Sophia of Hanover, mother of George I of Great Britain, and Electress of Hanover
* Sophia Dorothea of Celle, wife of George I of Great Britain

### Germany

* Sophia of Prussia, wife of Constantine I of Greece, Sister of Wilhelm II, Granddaughter of Queen Victoria

### Russia

* Sophia Alekseyevna, regent of Russia during the early years of Peter the Great

### Spain

* Queen Sofia of Spain, daughter of Paul I of Greece; wife of Juan Carlos I of Spain
* Infanta Sofia of Spain, daughter of the Prince and Princess of Asturias, granddaughter of King Juan Carlos I of Spain and his wife, Queen Sofia

### Sweden

* Princess Sofia, Duchess of Värmland wife of Prince Carl Philip, Duke of Värmland

## Other

* SS Princess Sophia, a steamer which sank off the southwestern coast of Alaska, killing all on board
# Prosoplus bakewellii

Prosoplus bakewellii is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Francis Polkinghorne Pascoe in 1859.
# Prognoz

Prognoz may refer to:
* Prognoz (satellite), a Soviet space science programme
* US-KMO, a series of early warning satellites sometimes mistakenly called Prognoz
# Prognoz mine

The Prognoz mine is one of the largest silver mines in Russia and in the world. The mine is located in Sakha Republic. The mine has estimated reserves of 205 million oz of silver.
# Probreviceps rhodesianus

Probreviceps rhodesianus is a species of frog in the family Brevicipitidae. At present, it is only known from three localities in the Eastern Highlands of Zimbabwe north of Mutare; it is thus endemic to that country. However, it is possible that its range extends to adjacent Mozambique. This species has many common names: forest rain frog, highland primitive rain frog, highland rain frog, and Zimbabwe big-fingered frog.

## Description

Males grow to 35 mm (1.4 in) and females to 49 mm (1.9 in) in snout–vent length. The tympanum is clearly visible. Skin is densely granular but has no ridges nor larger warts. Males have looser gular skin than females. The cloacal opening in both sexes has an unusual, ventrally deflected position and is surrounded by deep skin folds; the functional significance of this remains unknown.

## Habitat and conservation

Its natural habitats are primary montane forests above 1,500 m (4,900 ft). It is a terrestrial species that is usually found under rotten logs or under accumulations of leaf litter, formed, e.g., on the uphill side of logs. Eggs are laid terrestrially (in chamber in humus) and develop directly into froglets.
This species is believed to be reasonably common, although its range is small and there are no recorded sightings since 1985. It is threatened by habitat loss, logging, and trampling. It is present in the Nyanga National Park, but the aforementioned threats are present in the park too.
# Proserpine Cemetery

Proserpine Cemetery is a cemetery located in Proserpine a town in the Whitsunday Region of Queensland, Australia. It opened in the late 1880s and has seen the burials of many of the town's and region's pioneers. It is made up of two sections. The "Old" section was used from the late 1880s up until the 1980s and a "New" section which is the lawn cemetery that opened in the 1980s.

## History

The Proserpine Cemetery commenced being used in the late 1880s and was placed under the control of the Proserpine Shire Council in the early 1900s.
Prior to this, there were many burials in isolated locations, and we have attempted to detail all of these. Regrettably, it will always be the case that some of these "lone graves" will never be located, but at least acknowledging that they did exist is most important.
In the early days of burials within Proserpine Cemetery, there was practically no order used in burials, apart from the segregation of the Catholics and Protestants. The weather apparently dictated the location of many burials. If the burial happened during the rainy season, it was in the northern part of the cemetery. When it was dry, it could be in the southern part.
Originally, the cemetery only contained two major sections. There was the Catholic Section (now detailed on maps known as Sections C-1 to C-8 inclusive), and the Protestant Section (now detailed on maps as Sections OP-1 to OP-11) inclusive.
For a long time, babies went wherever there was a space, and admittedly they didn't take much space, so were often squeezed in between other graves. Later certain sections were allocated for baby burials.It is quite notable that within the list of "Missing Graves" the incidence of children and babies is quite significant.
Regrettably, in the early days there was evidence of colour and racial prejudice when people of certain minority groups were buried "against the fence". The fence referred to here was that which used to be erected on the western side of the old Protestant side.
Unfortunately, this fence was removed when an extension of the cemetery area proved necessary and a road was constructed. This road services the New Protestant area (now detailed on maps as Sections NP-1 to NP-9 inclusive). It is almost certain that there are graves under this road.
In the days when suicides were looked on as shameful, there was pressure for such burials to be made "outside of the gates" and there is strong evidence to suggest that at least one such burial occurred. Certainly, in the list of "Missing Graves" there are several suicides. However, despite lengthy research, it has been impossible to determine which one of these people were buried outside the cemetery, and indeed where the actual burial took place.

## War graves

Proserpine Cemetery contains many war graves of Proserpine people who have served in all major wars.

## Gallery

* The Columbarium
* The "Old" Section
* Grave of Oliver Francis Ruge (d. 1930)
* Grave of Werner Marcus Ruge (d. 1914)
* Grave of Johan Frederick Phaff (d. 1907)
* Grave of Charles & August Hyden (both d. 1911)
* Grave of Metta Sophie (d. 1908)
* Grave of William Greenwood