OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Spaceflight osteopenia

Spaceflight osteopenia refers to the characteristic bone loss that occurs during spaceflight. Astronauts lose an average of more than 1% bone mass per month spent in space. There is concern that during long-duration flights, excessive bone loss and the associated increase in serum calcium ion levels will interfere with execution of mission tasks and result in irreversible skeletal damage.

## History

Bone loss has been observed during spaceflight since at least as early as Gemini in the 1960s. Although most early measurements of the amount of bone loss were not reliable, they did show bone loss in Gemini, Soyuz 9, Apollo, Skylab, Salyut 7, Mir, and the International Space Station. William E. Thornton, an astronaut and physician, was one of the biggest proponents of exercise as a way of preventing bone loss.

## Cause

Bone remodels in response to stress in order to maintain constant strain energy per bone mass throughout. To do this, it grows more dense in areas experiencing high stress, while resorbing density in areas experiencing low stress. On Mars, where gravity is about one-third that of earth, the gravitational forces acting on astronauts' bodies would be much lower, causing bones to decrease in mass and density.
Average bone loss of 1–2% was recorded in astronauts on Mir each month. This is in comparison to 1–1.5% bone loss in the elderly per year, and 2–3% in postmenopausal women.

## Countermeasures

Since Gemini, exercise has been tried as a way of preventing bone loss, but it has not been shown to be successful. This may be in part due to lack of adequately designed studies (no controlled study had been done as of 2005, either in space or using bedrest as an attempt to simulate conditions which lead to bone loss). It is not known whether a different exercise regiment (perhaps including larger loads than past ones) would be effective.
Bone is difficult to regain once it is lost. Data from immobilization studies and from patients with spinal cord injuries support this. Spaceflight data suggest this as well. This suggests that bone loss prevention over postflight bone recovery is an important factor in countermeasure success.
Increasing dietary calcium and vitamin D is a standard countermeasure for osteoporosis. Clay is reportedly used by NASA for retaining calcium.
A variety of drug remedies currently used or proposed for osteoporosis may work for spaceflight, including hormone therapy (estrogen or progestin), selective estrogen receptor modulators, bisphosphonates, teriparatide, and others. Whether they can provide the same benefits for spaceflight as they do for osteoporosis is not yet known.
# Sipić

Sipić is a village in the municipality of Rača, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 507 people.
# Ken Ebb

Ken Ebb is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played for Cronulla-Sutherland.
Ebb, an Engadine Dragons junior, played first-grade with Cronulla from 1989 to 1992. In his first two seasons he played off the bench whenever he broke into first-grade, then in 1991 and 1992 he made several appearance as starting lock.
# Queen Elizabeth II Court

Queen Elizabeth II Court may refer to:
* Queen Elizabeth II Court, Regina, the city block containing Regina City Hall in Regina, Saskatchewan
* Queen Elizabeth II Courts of Law, Brisbane, a court building in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
* Queen Elizabeth II Great Court, the covered central quadrangle of the British Museum in London
* Queen Elizabeth II Law Courts, Liverpool, in Derby Square, Liverpool
# Igoudar Mnabha

Igoudar Mnabha is a small town and rural commune in Taroudant Province of the Souss-Massa-Drâa region of Morocco. At the time of the 2004 census, the commune had a total population of 8251 people living in 1443 households.
# Moffett, Texas

Moffett, also spelled Moffitt, is an unincorporated community in Angelina County, in the U.S. state of Texas. According to the Handbook of Texas, the community had a population of 100 in 2000. It is located within the Lufkin, Texas micropolitan area.

## History

The area in what is now known as Moffett today was first settled before 1900. The community had a sawmill, a store, a church, and several houses in the 1930s. Many residents left Moffett after World War II, but it had a church, a store, and a community center and was identified as a dispersed rural community in the early 1990s. It had a population of 100 in 2000.

## Geography

Moffett is located on Farm to Market Road 842, 6 mi (9.7 km) northeast of Lufkin in northern Angelina County.

## Education

Moffett is served by the Lufkin Independent School District.
# Treaty of Alliance (1960)

The 1960 Treaty of Alliance was an international agreement regarding the control and administration of Cyprus. It was signed by the governments of Greece, Turkey and Cyprus in Nicosia in August 1960.

## Terms

Cyprus attained independence from the United Kingdom on 16 August 1960 through the Zürich and London Agreement. The Treaty of Alliance was a simultaneous attempt to defuse the dangerous Cyprus dispute between Greece and Turkey.
A major element of the treaty was its specification of the exact number of Greek and Turkish troops that could remain in the new Republic of Cyprus. Small numbers of troops were permitted to provide local defense: Greece was allowed 950 personnel, and Turkey was allowed 650. The treaty also stipulated the formation of a Cypriot National Guard which would include both Greek and Turkish recruits.
A pledge to form a joint military headquarters among Greek, Turkish and Cypriot armed forces was included in the treaty, but the plan was never realised.
The treaty was augmented by the concomitant Treaty of Guarantee (1960), signed by Greece, Turkey and the United Kingdom. The three powers reserved the right to act unilaterally, but the Treaty of Guarantee committed them to consult one another in any Cyprus-related crisis and to attempt to forge a unified course of action.
# Muraoka, Hyōgo

Muraoka (村岡町, Muraoka-chō) was a town located in Mikata District, Hyōgo, Japan.
As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 6,370 and a density of 38.45 persons per km$^2$. The total area was 165.66 km$^2$.
On April 1, 2005, Muraoka, along with the town of Kasumi (from Kinosaki District), and the town of Mikata (also from Mikata District), was merged to create the town of Kami (in Mikata District), and no longer exists as an independent municipality. The portion of Kami that was Muraoka is now known as Muraoka-ku, or Muraoka Ward.
# I Feel Better (Hot Chip song)

"I Feel Better" is the second single released by Hot Chip from their fourth album, One Life Stand. It was released on 19 April 2010. The song was later remixed with Will Oldham.

## Music video

The video for "I Feel Better", directed by Peter Serafinowicz and starring Ross Lee as the mysterious figure in white, was described by Pitchfork Media as "re-imag[ining] the British dance pop troupe as a well-manicured and highly choreographed group of dudes [...] who get an unexpected visitor or two during a performance before an audience of swooning young ladies."
In the video, Kyng, Mar'Vaine, Octavian, and Popeye are all members of a hypothetical boy band under the name of Hot Chip, in what appears to be a generic boy band music video as a crowd of mostly women scream on (the actual members of Hot Chip can be seen in the crowd). However, the video quickly devolves into chaos, as a brilliantly glowing bald man in a robe, floating weightlessly, shows up to the concert, interrupting the crowd and stupefying the boys. The boy band and the nameless, floating man square off; however, it quickly becomes apparent that the only tactical moves that Hot Chip know are designed to make teenage female audiences swoon, and are no match for laser beams generated from the man's mouth.
He quickly absorbs the souls of Mar'Vaine, Octavian, and Popeye. During his last stand, Kyng pulls out the most powerful move he knows: the removal of his shirt. While it's super effective vis a vis the female audience, the alien stands unfazed. After absorbing Kyng's soul as well, he takes a moment to release the souls, now under his power. A side effect of absorbing their souls has also granted him similar powers to the members of Hot Chip, and now he too can make female audiences swoon.
Sadly, this new power comes at a cost. A disembodied, floating head (played by Antonio Francis), storms into the performance in a jealous rage, and lasers the boys and some of the audience members, including the actual Hot Chip members. The rest of audience runs away, screaming wildly. When the venue is empty, Francis destroys a "Hot Chip" sign, closes his eyes and laughs evilly, thus ending the video.
In February 2011, music video blog Yes, We've Got a Video! ranked the video at number 4 in their top 30 videos of 2010. The video was described as "savage in its humour and just a little goofy for good measure."

## Chart performance

| Chart (2010) | Peak position |
| Israeli Singles Chart | 10 |
| UK Singles Chart | 115 |
| U.S. Billboard Hot Dance Club Play | 21 |
# Karlstadt

Karlstadt may refer to:
* Karlstadt am Main, Germany
* Karlovac, Croatia (German name Karlstadt)
* Karlstad, Sweden
* Karlstad, Minnesota

## People with the surname

* Andreas Karlstadt (1486–1541), German Protestant theologian and reformer
# Villa Fiorito

Villa Fiorito is a city in the Lomas de Zamora Partido of Buenos Aires Province, to the south of central Buenos Aires, Argentina. It forms part of the Greater Buenos Aires urban conurbation. Many Italian and Spanish descendants live there. In recent decades people from other provinces have come to live near central Buenos Aires, creating new slums in the city. Diego Maradona, considered one of the best footballers of all time, was raised in Villa Fiorito.

## Notable residents

* Claudio García, footballer
* Diego Maradona, footballer
* Facundo Medina, footballer
* Héctor Yazalde, footballer
* Natalia Zaracho, cartonera and politician
# Kenneth Marks (jurist)

Kenneth Henry Marks, AM, QC (10 September 1924 – 4 December 2005) was a judge of the Supreme Court of Victoria, royal commissioner and chairman of the Victorian Bar council. Marks led the Easton Royal Commission, leading up to the Easton Affair. Marks was appointed Member of the Order of Australia (AM) in the 2005 Australia Day Honours for "service to the judiciary and to the law, particularly in the area of law reform and through the implementation of innovative changes to court administration".

## Early life and education

Marks was born in Melbourne, Australia and attended Melbourne Grammar School and the University of Melbourne.
# Queen Elizabeth II Court (Regina, Saskatchewan)

Queen Elizabeth II Court is the city block containing Regina City Hall, a 16-storey office tower in Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada. The city hall is built in the International Style.
Opened in 1976, "[t]he construction manager was Poole Construction Limited and the architect, Joseph Pettick. It cost CA$10.1 million." It replaced two previous city halls—built in 1885-86 and 1908—and a temporary one in the old post office on 11th Avenue at Cornwall Street.
By the time the cornerstone was laid in 1906 for the second, the "gingerbread city hall," "[t]he wooden building which had served as Town Hall and as Regina's first City Hall was no longer sufficient for the city's needs. This is not surprising, since the tiny wooden building was used as City Chambers, the police station, the fire hall, a school, a public meeting hall and a banquet hall."
The 1908 building "was grand in scope and size, emphasizing the confidence city fathers saw in the future of the city. Built on 11th Avenue between Hamilton and Rose Streets (where the Alvin Hamilton Building housing Service Canada now stands), the new building was ornately decorated. It was often known as 'The Gingerbread Palace.' Constructed between 1906 -1908, it came into use in 1908 as a city hall, centre of arts, music and literature, and a banquet hall. Like its wooden predecessor, the massive stone structure was used for everything from lectures to dances – even boxing matches were held within its hallowed walls. However, by 1963, the revered old hall was showing its age and all civic offices were moved to the Old Post Office building. The building sat vacant for two years until it was demolished in 1965 to make room for the Galleria Shopping Centre (renamed the Alvin Hamilton Building)."
The temporary city hall in the old post office (the "Prince Edward Building"), was used as a substitute from 1963 to 1975 for the city hall on 11th Avenue between Hamilton and Rose Streets, which had been closed and demolished without plans for any long-term replacement. It is most substantially used as theatre by Globe Theatre, Regina. The current City Hall does not contain or provide facilities for public social and ceremonial activities as its 1910 predecessor did, they not being available elsewhere in Regina then but now are. The current building is far more largely for office work.
The City of Regina in 2002 undertook an energy efficiency audit and environmental upgrade to the building.
* Original city hall on corner of Scarth Street and 11th Avenue. It was built in 1885-1886 and demolished after the "Gingerbread Hall" replaced it. That can be seen in the background, right.
* The 1908 "Gingerbread" City Hall, circa 1915. The now also-demolished Medical-Dental Building at 11th Avenue and Rose Street is visible to the right.
* Looking west down 11th Avenue past the old Regina City Hall to the old post office, 1912.
* Inauguration of the Regina Municipal Railway in front of the City Hall on 11th Avenue, July 28, 1911.
* Old post office temporarily used as city hall from closure and demolition of "Gingerbread Hall" until building of current one
# Ika language

There are two unrelated languages named Ika:
* Ika language (Colombia), also known as Arhuaco
* Ika language (Nigeria), a language in Delta State, Nigeria, spoken by the Ika people
# Nepali Reformed Churches

The Nepali Reformed Churches (NRC) form a Continental Reformed denomination in Nepal. It was founded in 2005 by Rev. Arbin Pokharel, a native Nepalese convert to Christianity who returned to the country as a missionary. In 2020, the denomination already consisted of 32 churches.

## History

Arbin Pokharel was born in Nepal, and at the age of 4, he went to live in a Christian orphanage. He later received an offer of study in the United States, where he was baptized and became a member of Christian Reformed Church of North America.
In 2004, Rev. Arbin Pokhrel decided to return to Nepal to begin planting Reformed churches in the country.
In 2005, the missionary founded a church in Kathmandu. Later, as the number of members grew, other churches were started in other parts of the country. Together these churches organized the Nepali Reformed Churches (NRC). In 2020, the denomination already reached 32 churches.

## Interchurch Relations

The NRC were formerly members of the World Reformed Fellowship.
# Trevor Fisher Jnr

Trevor Henry Fisher Jnr (born 8 June 1979) is a South African professional golfer who plays on the Sunshine Tour, where he is a nine-time winner.
Fisher was born in Johannesburg, South Africa but currently resides in Modderfontein, in Johannesburg. He played the South African Open in 1999 and was the low amateur. He had won more than five amateur events when he turned professional in 2002, winning his first professional title the following year on the Sunshine Tour.
In March 2015, Fisher Jnr won the Africa Open, a co-sanctioned event on the Sunshine Tour and European Tour.

## Amateur highlights

* 1999 Modderfontein U23 (Captain)
* 2000 Modderfontein U23
* 2001 Kwazulu Natal Amateur, North West Amateur, Northern Province
* 2002 Champion of Champion

## Professional wins (10)
### European Tour wins (1)

| No. | Date | Tournament | Winning score | Margin of victory | Runner-up |
| 1 | 8 Mar 2015 | Africa Open$^1$ | −24 (69-68-63-64=264) | 5 strokes | Matt Ford |
$^1$Co-sanctioned by the Sunshine Tour

### Sunshine Tour wins (9)

| No. | Date | Tournament | Winning score | Margin of victory | Runner(s)-up |
| 1 | 27 Mar 2003 | FNB Botswana Open | −15 (67-68-66=201) | 2 strokes | Des Terblanche |
| 2 | 31 Aug 2006 | Eskom Power Cup | −11 (66-67-69=202) | 3 strokes | Thomas Aiken |
| 3 | 2 Oct 2008 | Seekers Travel Pro-Am | −10 (68-67-71=206) | Playoff | Desvonde Botes |
| 4 | 3 Apr 2009 | Vodacom Origins of Golf at Bloemfontein | −15 (69-67-65=201) | 1 stroke | Jean Hugo, Willie van der Merwe |
| 5 | 31 Aug 2012 | Wild Waves Golf Challenge | −13 (64-67-66=197) | 2 strokes | Ross Wellington |
| 6 | 7 Sep 2012 | Vodacom Origins of Golf (2) at Sishen | −14 (67-69-66=202) | Playoff | Christiaan Basson |
| 7 | 8 Nov 2012 | Nedbank Affinity Cup | −9 (69-67-71=207) | 1 stroke | Desvonde Botes, Bradford Vaughan |
| 8 | 23 Mar 2014 | Investec Cup | −16 (69-70-67-66=272) | 1 stroke | Jacques Blaauw |
| 9 | 8 Mar 2015 | Africa Open$^1$ | −24 (69-68-63-64=264) | 5 strokes | Matt Ford |
$^1$Co-sanctioned by the European Tour
Sunshine Tour playoff record (2–3)
| No. | Year | Tournament | Opponent | Result |
| 1 | 2008 | Seekers Travel Pro-Am | Desvonde Botes | |
| 2 | 2012 | Golden Pilsener Zimbabwe Open | Chris Swanepoel | Lost to par on second extra hole |
| 3 | 2012 | Vodacom Origins of Golf at Sishen | Christiaan Basson | Won with birdie on first extra hole |
| 4 | 2017 | Zimbabwe Open | J. C. Ritchie | Lost to birdie on second extra hole |
| 5 | 2019 | Eye of Africa PGA Championship | Louis de Jager | Lost to par on first extra hole |

### Other wins (1)

* 2008 Klipdrift Premium Sun International Touring Pro-Am @ Sun City

## Results in World Golf Championships

| Tournament | 2015 |
| Championship | |
| Match Play | |
| Invitational | |
| Champions | T58 |
"T" = Tied
# Munster Senior League

Munster Senior League may refer to:
* Munster Senior League (rugby union)
* Munster Senior League (association football)
* Munster Senior Hurling League
# T-Squared Trail

The T-Squared Trail is a 5.7-mile (9.2 km) linear hiking trail in north-central Pennsylvania, through portions of Sproul State Forest and Tiadaghton State Forest. For most hikers, the T-Squared Trail serves as a connection between two long-distance backpacking routes: the Donut Hole Trail and the Black Forest Trail.

## History and route

The T-Squared Trail was constructed in the early 2000s as a route between the Donut Hole Trail and the Black Forest Trail, both long-distance backpacking routes in north-central Pennsylvania that pass near each other but do not meet. The T-Squared Trail was named after longtime Pennsylvania hiking historian and trail builder Tom Thwaites, who was largely responsible for the state's longest continuous backpacking route: the Mid State Trail. The T-Squared Trail was formed from several short trails in the area, with a few new connectors and two very short walks along dirt roads. Neither end of the trail is near parking or paved road access, though informal parking is available at the trail's encounter with Dry Run Road.
The T-Squared Trail begins at a junction with the Donut Hole Trail, along Cougar Run in Sproul State Forest and about five miles north of Hyner Run State Park. The T-Squared Trail heads to the north and immediately climbs very steeply to the top of the Allegheny Plateau and then briefly traverses a high hilltop area. It then plunges steeply to Mill Run at 1.5 miles and again climbs steeply back to the top of the plateau. This time the trail remains on relatively high ground and walks briefly on Dry Run Road at 3.0 miles, near the border into Tiadaghton State Forest. The trail continues northbound and jogs briefly on Benson Road at 4.6 miles. At 4.8 miles the T-Squared Trail reaches a junction with the Baldwin Point Trail, an older path that leads from Pennsylvania Route 44 to a significant vista, and the two trails are concurrent for the next half of a mile. When the trails split at 5.3 miles, the T-Squared Trail heads east and plunges very steeply into the hollow formed by an upper tributary of Baldwin Branch. At 5.7 miles, the T-Squared Trail ends at the Black Forest Trail, about eight-tenths of a mile west of PA Route 44.
# Neocollyris hiekei

Neocollyris hiekei is a species in the tiger beetle family Cicindelidae. It was described by Naviaux in 1994.
# Mohammad Qahraman

Mohammad Qahramān (Persian: محمد قهرمان, sometimes romanized as Mohammad Ghahraman or Ghahreman; born 1 July 1929, died 18 May 2013) was a Persian-language poet, scholar, and editor from Khorasan.

## Biography

Qahraman was born in the village of Amirabad, eight kilometers south of Torbat-e Heydarieh. His great-great grandfather was Hasan Ali Mirza son of Fath Ali Shah Qajar who had married a daughter of Eshaq Khan Qaraei-Torbati. Qahraman's mother died when he was five years old, and at age sixteen he lost his father as well; he was subsequently raised by his older sister. He was a high school classmate of Mehdi Akhavan-Sales in Mashhad, and continued to maintain a friendship with him after Qahraman moved to Tehran and continued his education at Alborz High School, where he studied literature. Qahraman went on to study judicial studies in the Faculty of Law at the University of Tehran. However, he never pursued work in the legal field, concentrating instead on poetry.
He wrote ghazals and was particularly inclined towards the so-called "Indian Style" (sabk-e hendi) of poetry. He knew the local language of Torbat-e Heydarieh well and wrote many poems in this local language in addition to Persian. The literary critic Mohammad-Reza Shafiei-Kadkani claimed that Mohammad Qahraman outshined even the poet-laureate Mohammad-Taqi Bahar when it came to such local poetry. Qahraman played an important role in the compilation and editing of Bahar's divan or collected works after the latter's death.
In 1960, he married Fereshteh Qahraman (his paternal uncle's granddaughter) and settled in Mashhad. From 1961 until his retirement, Qahraman worked as the librarian for the Faculty of Literature at the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. During the same period, he organized a weekly literary society which met in his home. He published several collections of his poetry, and corrected and edited the divans of numerous other poets.
He died of cancer in 2013. After his death, Supreme Leader of Iran Ayatollah Khamenei offered official condolences on Qahraman's passing. A street was named after him in Tehran in 2019.

## Awards

Recipient of the 9th annual Fajr International Poetry Festival award for his book Ru-ye jadeh-ye abrisham-e she'r ("On the Silk Road of Poetry").