OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Pulse width

The pulse width is a measure of the elapsed time between the leading and trailing edges of a single pulse of energy. The measure is typically used with electrical signals and is widely used in the fields of radar and power supplies. There are two closely related measures. The pulse repetition interval measures the time between the leading edges of two pulses but is normally expressed as the pulse repetition frequency (PRF), the number of pulses in a given time, typically a second. The duty cycle expresses the pulse width as a fraction or percentage of one complete cycle.
Pulse width is an important measure in radar systems. Radars transmit pulses of radio frequency energy out of an antenna and then listen for their reflection off of target objects. The amount of energy that is returned to the radar receiver is a function of the peak energy of the pulse, the pulse width, and the pulse repetition frequency. Increasing the pulse width increases the amount of energy reflected off the target and thereby increases the range at which an object can be detected. Radars measure range based on the time between transmission and reception, and the resolution of that measurement is a function of the length of the received pulse. This leads to the basic outcome that increasing the pulse width allows the radar to detect objects at longer range but at the cost of decreasing the accuracy of that range measurement. This can be addressed by encoding the pulse with additional information, as is the case in pulse compression systems.
In modern switched-mode power supplies, the voltage of the output electrical power is controlled by rapidly switching a fixed-voltage source on and off and then smoothing the resulting stepped waveform. Increasing the pulse width increases the output power. This allows complex output waveforms to be constructed by rapidly changing the pulse width to produce the desired signal, a concept known as pulse-width modulation.
# James Nelthorpe

James Nelthorpe may refer to:
* James Nelthorpe (MP for Tiverton)
* James Nelthorpe (Parliamentarian), MP for Beverley
* James Tuder Nelthorpe, English local magistrate and landowner
# Yannick Ossok

Yannick Ossok (born 6 June 1986 in Cameroon) is a Cameroonian footballer who plays for Pargas IF in Finland as of 2016.

## Career
### Thailand

Snapped up by Police United mid-season 2012, Ossok was picked for the Thai Premier League foreign all-stars team for a friendly opposing Thailand that year and made the Thai Premier League's Round 18 Team of the Week for his defensive performances which prevented Bangkok United from taking three points.

### Malta

With Mosta for 2011–12, the Cameroonian was Man of the Match by holding Birkirkara 0-0 but slapped with a two-match suspension for gratuitous violence ahead of the Maltese FA Trophy quarter finals. Returning to Mosta in 2014–15, he finished the season with Għajnsielem, wearing the number 15.

### Finland

Examined by Pallo-Iirot in spring 2009, the centre-back came to terms on a deal with them lasting until the end of the year, penciling in an agreement with Salon Palloilijat that December. before heading to Malta and putting a dent in their defensive line.
# Small cleaved cells

Small cleaved cells are a distinctive type of cell that appears in certain types of lymphoma.
When used to uniquely identify a type of lymphoma, they are usually categorized as follicular (C82.0) or diffuse (C83.1) .
The "small cleaved cells" are usually centrocytes that express B-cell markers such as CD20. The disease is strongly correlated with the genetic translocation t(14;18), which results in juxtaposition of the bcl-2 proto-oncogene with the heavy chain JH locus, and thus in overexpression of bcl-2. Bcl-2 is a well known anti-apoptotic gene, and thus its overexpression results in the "failure to die" motif of cancer seen in follicular lymphoma.
Follicular lymphoma must be carefully monitored, as it often progresses into a more aggressive "Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma."
# Nangal Lubana

Nangal Lubana is a village in Bhulath Tehsil in Kapurthala district of Punjab State, India. It is located 11.5 kilometres (7.1 mi) from Bhulath, 34 kilometres (21 mi) away from district headquarter Kapurthala. The village is administrated by a Sarpanch, who is an elected representative of village as per the constitution of India and Panchayati raj (India).

## Demographics

As per 2011 Census of India, Nangal Lubana had 958 number of households and total population was 4,318 persons. There were total of 2,192 males, 2,126 females in 2011 in this village. The total number of children of 6 years or below were 456 in the village. Average Sex Ratio of village was 970 which is higher than Punjab state average of 895.

## List of cities near the village

* Bhulath
* Kapurthala
* Phagwara
* Sultanpur Lodhi

## Air travel connectivity

The closest International airport to the village is Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport.
# Jean-Baptiste Lafrenière

Jean-Baptiste Lafrenière (1874 – January 4, 1912) was a Canadian pianist and composer noted for his work in the ragtime genre.

## Biography

Born in Maskinongé, Quebec in 1874, Lafrenière grew up in Montreal and Louiseville before beginning his musical education at the collège Saint-Joseph in Berthierville. He would go on to study at Université Laval in other disciplines before reorienting back towards music in 1893 at 19 years old.
From 1885 to 1898, he gave piano lessons and served as chapelmaster at the Saint-Charles-Borromée church in Joliette and led the local Ceclian Society. He established himself in Montreal, where he played in cabarets and worked in the Théâtre National and the Théâtre Français.
At the beginning of the 20th century, he began to venture into modern musical genres, taking a particular interest in the rise of ragtime in the United States. Collaborating with Léo-Ernest Ouimet, he began his career at Ouimetoscope, where he worked until becoming an accompanist at the Théâtre des Nouveautés.
He composed many works; for the most part, he published in Le Passe-Temps. He most well-known piece is Raggity-Rag, which was reissued in 1967.
Nicknamed "The Canadian Strauss", despite his talents, Lafrenière lived a life of poverty and died during a bout with tuberculosis on January 4, 1912, aged only 37. Thanks to the work of Canadian pianist Mimi Blais, Lafrenière's music has regained popularity and is now regularly heard on Radio-Classique Montréal.

## Works
### Ragtime

* Hip! Hip! Hourra! (two-step, 1907)
* Raggity-Rag (two-step, 1907)
* Sillyâss (two-step, 1907)
* Ben (two-step for orchestra, 1911)
* Balloon Rag (two-step for piano, 1911)
* Taxi Rag (two-step, 1911)
* John Chow Chow Rag (rag two-step, 1912)

### Waltzes

* Margo (brilliant waltz, 1900)
* Yvette (waltz, 1901)
* Valse-lanciers (waltz for piano, 1903)
* valse-lanciers sur des airs d'opéra (1905)
* Valse miroir (1907)
* Madelon (1907)
* 1909 Lancers' Waltz (1909)
* Jannôt valse (1911)
* National (valse-lanciers, 1911)
* Patria (grand waltz for piano, 1911)
* Fleurs de Neige (1912)
* Aeroplane Waltz (1912)
* Jeannette (1912)
* S'VON (elegant waltz, 1912)
* Bohemian Lager Waltz (1919, posthumous publication)

### Various Pieces for Piano

* Les Cascades (brilliant caprice, 1899)
* Adriano (caprice, 1901)
* Victo (mazurka, 1904)
* Charmeuse (gavotte, 1907)
* À la Québécoise (dance for piano, 1908, issued to commemorate the 300th anniversary of Quebec City)
* Mario (characteristic dance, 1914, posthumous publication)
* Railleuse (gavotte, 1914, posthumous publication)

### Melodies

* Alfred (lost, 1895)
* L'Étoile du Nord (lost, 1896)
* Notre chef (1899)
* Le Couronnement (1902)
* Marche Nationale (1904)
* La Marche des travailleurs (1927, posthumous publication)

### Sacred Pieces

* Messe de Noël (lost, 1894)
* Pace Domine (lost, 1897)
* Ecce Fidelis (lost, 1897)
* Tantum Ergo (lost, 1897)
# Pterolonche inspersa

Pterolonche inspersa, sometimes called the brown-winged knapweed root moth, is a small moth of the family Pterolonchidae.

## Taxonomy

The type specimen was collected in Chiclana de la Frontera, Andalucia, Spain. Pterolonche benesignata was described from Lower Egypt by Hans Rebel in 1914. The taxon P. gracilis, described by Rebel in 1916 from Crete, was synonymised to this species by Antonio Vives Moreno in 1987. In the same publication Vives placed it in his new subgenus Pterolonche.

## Description

The wingspan is about 20 mm, the body length is about 7 mm. Adults are light-brown without distinct markings.
The eggs are oval and black.

## Distribution

Pterolonche inspersa is found in Portugal, Spain, France, Italy, Sardinia, Sicily, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria, Greece, Crete, Turkey, Egypt and Morocco. It has been found throughout most of Spain and Portugal. Introduced populations have been recorded as established in Idaho (United States) and British Columbia (Canada).

## Ecology

In Spain there are usually two generations per year. There is one generation per year in introduced populations in the northwestern United States. Adults, the imagoes, have a lifespan of only 15 to 20 days. In the US the imagoes emerge from their cocoons in June to early September. One or a small group of eggs are laid on the lower surface of the base leaves of the rosette of the host plant.
The larvae feed on Centaurea species, including C. diffusa and C. maculosa. The silken tube studded plants can be recognized as infested in the spring. The roots become spongy and plant rosettes are easily pulled from the ground.
P. inspersa larvae are known to eat the larvae of the bronze knapweed root beetle, Sphenoptera jugoslavica.

## Uses

It was released as a biological control agent for knapweed, Centaurea species, in Colorado, Montana, and Oregon in 1986, or 1988. Although there was no establishment of the species in the United States initially, as of 2011 it was recorded as established in Idaho and British Columbia (Canada), ten years after introduction of the species.

## Gallery

* Eggs
* Larva
* Larva
* Larva
* Adult
# Trypanothione

Trypanothione is an unusual form of glutathione containing two molecules of glutathione joined by a spermidine (polyamine) linker. It is found in parasitic protozoa such as leishmania and trypanosomes. These protozoal parasites are the cause of leishmaniasis, sleeping sickness and Chagas' disease. Trypanothione was discovered by Alan Fairlamb. Its structure was proven by chemical synthesis. It is present mainly in the Kinetoplastida but can be found in other parasitic protozoa such as Entamoeba histolytica. Since this thiol is absent from humans and is essential for the survival of the parasites, the enzymes that make and use this molecule are targets for the development of new drugs to treat these diseases.
Trypanothione-dependent enzymes include reductases, peroxidases, glyoxalases and transferases. Trypanothione-disulfide reductase (TryR) was the first trypanothione-dependent enzyme to be discovered (EC 1.8.1.12). It is an NADPH-dependent flavoenzyme that reduces trypanothione disulfide. TryR is essential for survival of these parasites both in vitro and in the human host.
A major function of trypanothione is in the defence against oxidative stress. Here, trypanothione-dependent enzymes such as tryparedoxin peroxidase (TryP) reduce peroxides using electrons donated either directly from trypanothione, or via the redox intermediate tryparedoxin (TryX). Trypanothione-dependent hydrogen peroxide metabolism is particularly important in these organisms because they lack catalase. Since the trypanosomatids also lack an equivalent of thioredoxin reductase, trypanothione reductase is the sole path that electrons can take from NADPH to these antioxidant enzymes.
# Stage Dolls (album)

Stage Dolls is the third studio album by Norwegian hard rock band Stage Dolls. Like the first two albums, it was also recorded in Trondheim, Norway, using the same producer, Bjørn Nessjø, and engineer, Rune Nordahl.
The album was released in the United States in 1989 by Chrysalis Records, Inc. The single "Love Cries" went to number 46 on the Billboard Singles Charts, and "Wings of Steel" went to number 10 in Norway. The album itself peaked at number 3 on the album charts in Norway. It was certified gold disc in Norway.

## Track listing

All music written by Torstein Flakne, all lyrics written by Flakne/ B. Icon, except where noted.
* "Still in Love" – 4:18
* "Wings of Steel" – 3:28
* "Lorraine" – 3:20
* "Waitin' for You" (T. Flakne, B. Icon) – 3:51
* "Love Cries" – 4:11
* "Mystery" – 3:21
* "Don't Stop Believin'" – 4:22
* "Hanoi Waters" – 3:22
* "Ammunition" – 3:26

## Personnel
### Band

* Torstein Flakne – guitars, vocals
* Steinar Krokstad – drums
* Terje Storli – bass

### Additional personnel

* Kjetil Bjerkestrand – keyboards and Fairlight programming
* Vaneese Thomas - background vocals
* Angela Clemmons - background vocals
* Benny Diggs - background vocals
* Fonzie Thornton - background vocals
* Phil Ballou - background vocals
* Darryl Tookes - background vocals
* Ronni Le Tekrø - Guitar on "Mystery"

## Album credits

* Bjørn Nessjø – producer
* Rune Nordahl – engineer

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| Norway (IFPI Norway) | Gold | 50,000 |
# West Hobart, Tasmania

West Hobart is an inner-city suburb of Hobart, Tasmania, Australia. It is in the hills immediately west of the city centre, and shares the postcode 7000 with that district.

## History

The area was first settled as a farming district, hosting poultry, dairy, hops, orchards and Chinese market gardens. Various industries have also served in the area, including a brickworks at the top of Arthur Street and coal mines below Summerhill Road. The side of Knocklofty Hill served as a sandstone quarry. Knocklofty is now a reserve maintained by the Hobart City Council. The area around Goulburn and Harrington Streets was once a red-light district.
Hobart West Post Office opened on 12 July 1892.
Considered a 'working-class' suburb until the 1960s, West Hobart has become increasingly a popular inner-city suburb. Many of the houses in the area are older federation-era buildings, prized for their views of the Derwent River.

## Today

West Hobart is now considered a bohemian suburb of Hobart, with many artists and musicians living in gentrified Victorian and Federation houses, which abound in the suburb.
Schools in the area include Lansdowne Crescent Primary School, Goulburn Street Primary and the Hobart campus of Guilford Young College on Barrack Street.
# Staincross and Mapplewell railway station

Staincross and Mapplewell railway station was one of three stations built on the Barnsley Coal Railway and opened when that line was completed in 1882. The station was situated adjacent to the main Wakefield road (A61), slightly to the east of Staincross, on the edge of the present day Athersley estate. It was about 1 mile east of Mapplewell. The station was situated between Stairfoot and Notton and Royston.
The railway arrived in the area with the opening of the first section of the Barnsley Coal Railway but the stations were opened, with the completion of the line on 1 September 1882. Staincross and Mapplewell consisted of two flanking platforms with access from the road bridge.
The station was closed on 22 September 1930. It is referred to as Staincross for Mapplewell in the July 1922 issue of Bradshaw's Railway Guide.
# Wendy's Championship for Children

The Wendy's Championship for Children was an annual golf tournament for professional female golfers on the LPGA Tour from 1999 through 2006 in the Columbus, Ohio area. The tournament was played at the New Albany Country Club in New Albany, Ohio from 1999 to 2001. In 2002, it moved to Tartan Fields Golf Club in Dublin, Ohio.
Proceeds from the event benefited pediatric cancer research and treatment at the Columbus Children's Hospital. From 2000 to 2005, over $2.7 million was raised.
On August 31, 2006, corporate sponsor Wendy's announced that its relationship with the tournament had come to an end as a result of a disagreement between the corporation and the LPGA over future dates of the event.
The last tournament was held August 22–27, 2006.
Tournament names through the years:
* 1999-2000: New Albany Golf Classic
* 2001-2006: Wendy's Championship for Children

## Winners

| Year | Champion | Country | Score | Tournament Location | Purse | Winner's Share |
| 2006 | Lorena Ochoa | Mexico | 264 (-24) | Tartan Fields Golf Club | $1,100,000 | $165,000 |
| 2005 | Cristie Kerr | United States | 270 (-18) | Tartan Fields Golf Club | $1,100,000 | $165,000 |
| 2004 | Catriona Matthew | Scotland | 278 (-10) | Tartan Fields Golf Club | $1,100,000 | $165,000 |
| 2003 | Hee-Won Han | South Korea | 199 (-17) | Tartan Fields Golf Club | $1,100,000 | $165,000 |
| 2002 | Mi Hyun Kim | South Korea | 208 (-8) | Tartan Fields Golf Club | $1,000,000 | $150,000 |
| 2001 | Wendy Ward | United States | 195 (-21) | New Albany Country Club | $1,000,000 | $150,000 |
| 2000 | Lorie Kane | Canada | 277 (-11) | New Albany Country Club | $1,000,000 | $150,000 |
| 1999 | Annika Sörenstam | Sweden | 269 (-19) | New Albany Country Club | $1,000,000 | $150,000 |

## Tournament record

| Year | Player | Score | Round | Course |
| 2001 | Wendy Ward | 62 (-10) | 2nd round | New Albany Country Club |
# West Park Bridge

The West Park Bridge across the Sheyenne River in Valley City, North Dakota is a concrete false arch structure that was built in 2007. Together with the corresponding East Park Bridge, it brings Valley City's 4th Street across an oxbow of the Sheyenne River. The bridge is a sympathetic replacement for a historic bridge, built in 1924, that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.
The 1924 bridge was deemed significant as a good example of "early twentieth-century bridge design and construction philosophies in urban North Dakota", including having design emphasis on visual detail, and for its "aesthetic merit", relating to its unusual use of the false arch girder design and to its railings and lamps.
# West Keansburg, New Jersey

West Keansburg is an unincorporated community located within Hazlet Township in Monmouth County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. Its total land area is estimated at 1.667 square miles (4.32 km$^2$) and it includes portions of the township east of Waackaack Creek and some parts north of Route 36, as well as some other parts in northeast Hazlet. As of the 2000 United States Census, West Keansburg had a population of 14,423, which is over half of Hazlet's total population of 21,165.
Notable landmarks or businesses in the area include Helfrich Bus Company, West Keansburg Fire Company Number One, Jacques Caterers, and Eight Street Park.
West Keansburg residents have a different ZIP Code than that of other residents of Hazlet. West Keansburg is served by the 07734 ZIP code, with the remainder of the township served by the 07730 Hazlet post office. In early October 2013, The United States Postal Service officially changed the name of the West Keansburg post office to "Hazlet".
# State information

State information refers to the "information state" of a system, designed or made for using such information.

## Physics

* In classical mechanics, state is a complete description of a system in terms of parameters such as positions and momentums at a particular moment in time
* Quantum state, in physics, the state of a quantum mechanical system given by a vector in the underlying Hilbert space
* Excited state
* Dynamical systems, a concept in mathematics where a fixed rule describes the time dependence of a point in a geometrical space
* Stationary state, an eigenvector of a Hamiltonian
* Thermodynamic state, a set of physical quantities (e.g. temperature, pressure, and composition) describing variable properties of a given thermodynamic system

## Computer science

* State (computer science), a unique configuration of information in a program or machine
# Starmaker (song)

"Starmaker" is a song written by Bruce Roberts and Carole Bayer Sager for Roberts' self-titled album in 1977. It was later popularized in 1982 as the second single by the Kids from "Fame", the recording group of the Fame TV series based on the 1980 film of the same name.
Whilst "Starmaker" was released in the US in March 1982, it was not released in the UK until September 1982. It entered the UK charts at number 38, then stayed on the charts for 10 weeks peaking at number 3, the highest charting of The Kids from "Fame"'s singles. In 1983 the song reached fifth place in the Dutch chart, with nine weeks in total. In the United States, WIFI AM Philadelphia deemed it a Playlist Top Add-on.
According to The Radio Times, the scene has added poignancy due to the fact that actor Michael Thoma was nearing the end of his battle against cancer.
The cast performed the song at the 21 October 1982 episode of Top of the Pops, and included it as the fifth track in their The Kids from Fame Live! concert and album in 1983.
In 2003, some of the cast members were reunited by the BBC for a special programme, in which the group performed "Starmaker" to a piano arrangement by Lee Curreri who played Bruno Martelli in the series.
The song has also been covered in Paul Anka's 1978 album Listen to Your Heart Judy Collins' 1979 album Hard Times for Lovers, and Lindsay Shawn & Maxdown's 2014 album, Vintage Ballads.

## Charts

| Chart (1982) | Peak position |
| Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders) | 8 |
| Ireland (IRMA) | 1 |
| Netherlands (Dutch Top 40) | 5 |
| Netherlands (Single Top 100) | 4 |
| New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ) | 15 |
| UK Singles (OCC) | 3 |
# Starmaker (album)

Starmaker is a compilation album of phonograph records by Tommy Dorsey, featuring collaborations between Dorsey and artists his band had a role in making popular. These include musicians such as Buddy Rich, composers and arrangers such as Sy Oliver, and vocalists like Frank Sinatra and Jo Stafford. It was released as a part of the Victor Musical Smart Set series.

## Reception

The songs in Starmaker were advertised in Billboard magazine as "some of the swellest songs [the big money stars] ever made with Tommy". According to Joel Whitburn, the highest-charting song of the set was "Oh! Look At Me Now", which stayed at number 2 for six weeks and charted for a total of twelve, peaking in March 1941.

## Track listing

These previously issued songs were featured on a 4-disc, 78 rpm album set, Victor P-150.
Disc 1: (20-1576)
* "None But The Lonely Heart", recorded September 12, 1941 – featuring Tommy Dorsey
* "Will You Still Be Mine?", recorded February 7, 1941 – featuring Connie Haines
Disc 2: (20-1577)
* "Everything Happens To Me", recorded February 7, 1941 – featuring Frank Sinatra
* "Swing High", recorded October 16, 1940 – featuring Ziggy Elman
Disc 3: (20-1578)
* "Oh! Look At Me Now", recorded January 6, 1941 – featuring Frank Sinatra, Connie Haines, and The Pied Pipers
* "Little Man With The Candy Cigar", recorded February 7, 1941 – featuring Jo Stafford
Disc 4: (20-1579)
* "Swingin' On Nothin'", recorded July 15, 1941 – featuring Sy Oliver and Jo Stafford
* "Not So Quiet, Please", recorded February 19, 1942 – featuring Buddy Rich
# Wertenbaker

Wertenbaker is a common American surname that may refer to:
* Charles Christian Wertenbaker (1901–1955), was an American journalist Time (magazine) and author.
* Green Peyton Wertenbaker (1907–1968), was an American journalist and SF-writer.
* Thomas Jefferson Wertenbaker (1879–1966) was a leading American historian and Edwards Professor of American History at Princeton University.
* Timberlake Wertenbaker (born 1951), is a British playwright, screenplay writer, and translator.
* William C. "Bill" Wertenbaker (1875–1933) was an American football coach.
# Weltevreden

Weltevreden may refer to:
* Sawah Besar, a subdistrict of Central Jakarta, Indonesia, the core of the larger colonial district of Weltevreden in Batavia, Java
* Weltevreden, Java, a district in the Dutch East Indies, consisting parts of the modern-day subdistricts of Sawah Besar, Gambir, Senen and Menteng in Central Jakarta
* Weltevreden (Berkeley, California), USA, a house designed by A. C. Schweinfurth, also known as Moody House and later as Tellefsen Hall