OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Rolf Nordhagen (botanist)

Rolf Nordhagen (21 October 1894 – 8 March 1979) was a Norwegian botanist. His greatest scientific efforts were in the area of plant sociology.

## Personal life

Rolf Nordhagen was born in Kristiania as a son of artist Johan Nordhagen (1856–1956) and Christine Magdalene, née Johansen (1858–1933). He was a brother of Olaf Nordhagen and Martha Gladtved-Prahl. In August 1925 in Oslo he married Elisabeth Marie Myhre (1900–1979). He was the father of art historian Per Jonas Nordhagen (born 1929) and computer scientist, Rolf Nordhagen (1927–2013).

## Career

He finished his secondary education at Kristiania Cathedral School in 1912 and took the cand.real. degree in 1918. He worked as an assistant in the Botanical Garden in Kristiania from 1915 to 1920, was a research fellow at the Royal Frederick University from 1920 to 1925 and took the dr.philos. degree in 1922 on the thesis Kalktufstudier i Gudbrandsdalen, about limestone tuff. He was a teacher at the Norwegian College of Agriculture from 1924 to 1925, professor at Bergen Museum from 1925 to 1945 and professor at the University of Oslo from 1946 to 1964. He was the manager of the Botanical Garden in Bergen, and the Botanical Garden and Museum in Oslo.
His professional fields were phytomorphology, phytosociology and phytogeography. He was also known to draw from humanist subjects such as philology, ethnology and history. His first work was Die Vegetation und Flora des Sylenegebietes, about the mountain flora of the Sylane range, released by the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters in 1927–1928. Versuch einer neuen Einteilung der subalpinen-alpinen Vegetation Norwegens came in 1936. His main work was Sikkilsdalen og Norges fjellbeiter (Sikkilsdalen and Norway's mountain pastures). En plantesosiologisk monografi, released in 1943. More popular releases were the text volume of Norsk flora in 1940 and Våre ville planter. The latter book was released in eight volumes between 1950 and 1958 in which he contributed with four other authors: Torstein Lagerberg, Jens Holmboe, Einar Du Rietz and John Axel Nannfeldt.
Nordhagen was a member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters from 1923, of the Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters from 1952, and of academies in København, Helsinki, Uppsala, Stockholm, Göteborg and Lund. He was awarded the Fridtjof Nansen Prize in 1947, an honorary degree at Uppsala University in 1957 and Knighthood of the Order of St. Olav in 1957. He died in March 1979 in Oslo.
# Thomas Summerbell

Thomas Summerbell (10 August 1861 – 10 February 1910) was an early British Labour Party Member of Parliament.
Born at Seaham Harbour in County Durham, Summerball worked from the age of twelve in a variety of jobs before becoming an apprentice printer with the Seaham Weekly News. He was laid off at the end of his apprenticeship, and moved to Felling, Jarrow, South Shields and finally Sunderland to find work. There, he worked for the Daily Post before starting his own printing firm.
Summerbell was active in the Typographical Association and became a supporter of Joseph Cowen. He was also involved with Sunderland Trades Council, of which he was secretary from 1888, and was a founder of the Tyneside and District Labourers Union. Initially a supporter of the Liberal Party, he was elected to Sunderland Borough Council in 1892, remaining a member until his death. In this role, his major achievement was arranging the municipalisation of the tramways and subsequently electrifying the system. Around the mid-1890s, he became a socialist and joined the Independent Labour Party (ILP). He was also the secretary of the National League of the Blind and was active in the Foresters' Friendly Society.
At the 1906 general election, Summerbell was elected for the Labour Representation Committee in Sunderland, with the support of the ILP. Although there were two MPs for the town, he took up the entirety of local issues, and also became known for his interest in reforms to the indentured labour system in the West Indies. Work in Trinidad contributed to his campaign for the renamed Labour Party at the January 1910 general election, but he lost his seat. He died suddenly the following month during a council meeting.
# Thomas Wicksteed

Thomas Wicksteed (26 January 1806 – 15 November 1871) was an English civil engineer. As engineer to the East London Waterworks Company, he was responsible for introducing the Cornish pumping engine.

## Career

Born in Shrewsbury, the fourth son of John Wicksteed, he was educated at Shrewsbury School, and at sixteen years of age he was sent to London, to reside with his father's old friend, Arthur Aikin, Secretary of the Society of Arts. He was articled to a mechanical engineer in Smithfield, and at the end of his apprenticeship, became an assistant to Henry R. Palmer, Engineer to the London Docks, at a time when extensive additions were being made.
In 1829, he became the Engineer to the East London Waterworks Company. In 1835 his attention was directed to the Cornish engine as a replacement for the less economical condensing engine. He visited the Cornish mines, conducted experiments, and prevailed upon the directors of the company to invest in this new technology. In 1837 an engine from Cornwall was installed in the works at Old Ford. He carried out measurements for a year and published his findings in 1841 in a paper entitled "An Experimental Inquiry concerning the relative power of, and useful effect produced by, the Cornish and Boulton and Watt pumping-engines, and cylindrical and waggon-head boilers" read to the Institution of Civil Engineers. Following this, several large engines were installed under his direction by various water companies around London.
He became Engineer to the London Sewage Company in 1847. Plans for a sewer along the North bank of the Thames to a pumping station and reservoir at Barking Creek were prepared to put before Parliament on behalf of the company, but necessary investment was not forthcoming and the company was subsequently dissolved. His plan was similar to that which he had proposed for Berlin in 1841, and he then built a system at Leicester. With the aim of purifying the sewage of towns, and producing manure, he set up the Patent Solid Sewage Manure Company. At this point he resigned as Engineer to the East London Waterworks in 1851 and severed his connections with the other London companies.
He was elected a Member of the Institution of Civil Engineers on 7 February 1837 and contributed several papers on the Cornish engine, for which he received a Telford medal in 1839. He had a seat on the Council from 1840 to 1843, but for many years before his death he had ceased to attend the meetings and to take part in the discussions. In 1863 he was elected also to the Institution of Mechanical Engineers.

## Personal life

On 20 July 1829, he married Eliza, by whom he had six children.
His health was adversely affected by his labours in Leicester, and in 1865, he had what was described at the time as a slight attack of paralysis, and retired. He died at Headingley, near Leeds, on 15 November 1871, aged 65.
# Thomas Marchington

Sir Thomas Marchington (died c.1397) was an English MP for Derbyshire.

## Early history

Thomas was a descendant of the Norman Montgomery family who were sub-lieutenants of Earl Ferrer, Earl of Derby, whose chief domain was Tutbury Castle, on the county border of Derbyshire and Staffordshire from 1080 and 1264. This junior Montgomery branch originates from the Welsh borders branch of Montgomery, who arrived with Duke William in 1066. The Derbyshire Montgomerys held manors around the Tutbury area being; Rolleston, Marston, Cubley, and Marchington and were charged with Forest administration services for the vast Needwood Forest which was overseen by the Ferrers Earls of Derby as a royal forest. They also provided Knight services. Thomas Marchington's family line seems to have died out as no direct trace can be found. Cubley church tower displays armorial arms of the Montgomery family along with one Marchington display; facing the church is the remains of the Montgomery old house.
He sat as the MP for Derbyshire in 1380, 1382 and 1383.
He died c.1397 and was interred in Ashbourne, Derbyshire, however there is no physical grave or memorial for him that exist to this day.

## Armorial arms

    Marchington of Asbourne; Cubley; Rodsley.
Argent a fret sable and a canton gules (as quartered by Curzon, Kedleston church, noted c.1611, local MS 6341). Borne by Sir Thomas de Marchington of Marchington, Staffs., also of Rodsley, Wyaston and Snelston c. 1397 (Willement Roll). An ancestor, Sir Roger son of Ralph de Marchington, was knighted 1281: his father was a Montgomery of Cubley.
# Thomas Marc Parrott

Thomas Marc Parrott (1866–1960) was a prominent twentieth-century American literary scholar, long a member of the faculty of Princeton University in New Jersey.

## Life and work

T. M. Parrott was born and raised in Ohio, the son of Col. Edwin A. Parrott, Civil War veteran, politician (Speaker of the lower house of the Ohio state legislature, 1866–7), and centenarian. The younger Parrott graduated from the College of New Jersey, later known as Princeton, in 1888, and was head of the preparatory department of Miami University from 1888-1890. At Miami, he was considered part of the "dude faculty" of young eastern professors brought to the school upon its reopening after a twelve-year hiatus. He is one of the men credited with bringing football to Miami where intercollegiate play began in 1888 against the University of Cincinnati. He earned his Ph.D. from the University of Leipzig in 1893. His thesis was on the non-dramatic poems of Robert Browning. Parrott became assistant professor of English at Princeton in 1896, and full professor at the same institution in 1902. He remained there for the next three decades.
Parrott wrote and published voluminously on a wide range of subjects in English literature, though his special areas of interest were English Renaissance theatre and Victorian literature; he also published on eighteenth-century figures like Samuel Johnson and Alexander Pope. Parrott wrote many books and journal articles on Shakespeare and other Elizabethans; perhaps his most valuable contribution lies in his work on the canon of George Chapman. Parrott edited the comedies and tragedies of Chapman (1910–14), an edition that is still valuable a century after it was first published.

## Selected works

* The Greater Victorian Poets (1901)
* The World's Great Woman Novelists (1901)
* Samuel Johnson, Philosopher and Autocrat (1903)
* The Authorship of "Sir Giles Goosecappe" (1906)
* The Date of Chapman's "Bussy D'Ambois" (1908)
* William Shakespeare: A Handbook (1934)
* Hamlet on the Stage (1953)
* Shakespearean Comedy (1949)
# Thoracic spinal nerve 12

The thoracic spinal nerve 12 (T12) is a spinal nerve of the thoracic segment.
It originates from the spinal column from below the thoracic vertebra 12 (T12).
It may also be known as the subcostal nerve.
# Thomas Robinson (Medal of Honor)

Thomas Robinson (May 17, 1837 – May 12, 1915) was a United States Navy sailor and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor.
A native of Norway, Robinson immigrated to the United States and joined the Navy from the state of New York. By July 15, 1866, he was serving as captain of the afterguard on the USS Tallapoosa. On that day, while the Tallapoosa was off the coast of New Orleans, Louisiana, he attempted to rescue a shipmate, Landsman Wellington Brocar, from drowning. For this action, he was awarded the Medal of Honor two weeks later, on August 1.
Robinson's official Medal of Honor citation reads:
   For heroic efforts to save from drowning Wellington Brocar, landsman, of the Tallapoosa, off New Orleans, 15 July 1866.
Robinson died at age 77.
# Thomas Wynn

Thomas Wynn may refer to:
* Thomas Wynn, 1st Baron Newborough (1736–1807), British politician
* Thomas Wynn, 2nd Baron Newborough (1802–1832), British peer
* Thomas A. Wynn, immunologist
* Thomas G. Wynn, cognitive archaeologist
* Sir Thomas Wynn, 1st Baronet, Welsh politician
# Micrichnus

Micrichnus is a trace fossil ichnogenus of arthropods. It was once thought to be a trace fossil made by a vertebrate.
# Michael Kergin

Michael Kergin (born 26 April 1942) is a Canadian career diplomat, who has been a member of the foreign service in some capacity since 1967, when he joined the Department of External Affairs.

## Education and career

Kergin graduated from the University of Trinity College in the University of Toronto in 1965, and received a degree from Magdelen College, Oxford University, in 1967. He served as the 19th Canadian ambassador to the United States of America from 26 October 2000 until 28 February 2005. Previously, he had been the Canadian ambassador to Cuba from 1986 to 1989.
Kergin is currently a senior fellow at the University of Ottawa’s Graduate School of Public and International Affairs. Previously, he served as an advisor to Ontario Premier Dalton McGuinty on international affairs.
# Himmat Rai

Himmat Singh Rai (born 18 May 1987) is an Indian professional golfer who won the 2011 ISPS Handa Singapore Classic.

## Professional wins (4)
### Asian Tour wins (1)

| No. | Date | Tournament | Winning score | Margin of victory | Runners-up |
| 1 | 11 Sep 2011 | ISPS Handa Singapore Classic | −9 (68-66-66-71=271) | Playoff | Adilson da Silva, Elmer Salvador, Guido van der Valk, Tjaart van der Walt |
Asian Tour playoff record (1–1)
| No. | Year | Tournament | Opponents | Result |
| 1 | 2011 | ISPS Handa Singapore Classic | Adilson da Silva, Elmer Salvador, Guido van der Valk, Tjaart van der Walt | Won with birdie on sixth extra hole da Silva, van der Valk and van der Walt eliminated by birdie on second hole |
| 2 | 2015 | Ho Tram Open | Sergio García, Lin Wen-tang, Thaworn Wiratchant | García won with par on second extra hole Lin and Wiratchant eliminated by birdie on first hole |

### Professional Golf Tour of India wins (2)

| No. | Date | Tournament | Winning score | Margin of victory | Runner-up |
| 1 | 6 Feb 2009 | PGTI Players Championship (Tollygunge) | −9 (65-70-67-69=271) | 2 strokes | Sanjay Kumar |
| 2 | 1 Oct 2011 | DLF Masters | −4 (72-69-71-72=284) | 1 stroke | Rashid Khan |

### Jamega Pro Golf Tour wins (1)

| No. | Date | Tournament | Winning score | Margin of victory | Runner-up |
| 1 | 13 Aug 2013 | The Players Club | −3 (66-71=137) | 1 stroke | James Ruth |
# Ramsey station (Ontario)

Ramsey railway station is a sign post station stop on Via Rail's Sudbury – White River train, located in Ramsey, Ontario, Canada.
# Susanna Larsson

Susanna C. Larsson is a Swedish epidemiologist. She is associate professor at the Institute of Environmental Medicine at the Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. She is currently also associated with the Neurology Unit, University of Cambridge, where she is part of a group engaged in a study on the effect of diet on stroke risk.

## Life

She graduated from Stockholm University, and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. She did post-doctoral work at National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland. She has been lead author for a number of major meta-analyses and reviews.

## Selected works

* Larsson, Susanna C.; Giovannucci, Edward; Wolk, Alicja (2006-11-21). "Dietary Carbohydrate, Glycemic Index, and Glycemic Load in Relation to Risk of Colorectal Cancer in Women". American Journal of Epidemiology. 165 (3): 256–261. doi:10.1093/aje/kwk012. ISSN 0002-9262. PMID 17118965.
* Larsson, Susanna C.; Virtamo, Jarmo; Wolk, Alicja (2012-01-01). "Chocolate consumption and risk of stroke: A prospective cohort of men and meta-analysis". Neurology. 79 (12): 1223–1229. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e31826aacfa. ISSN 0028-3878. PMID 22933736. S2CID 42426441.
* Larsson, Susanna C.; Virtamo, Jarmo; Wolk, Alicja (2013-03-01). "Black tea consumption and risk of stroke in women and men". Annals of Epidemiology. 23 (3): 157–160. doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2012.12.006. ISSN 1047-2797. PMID 23295000.
* Larsson, Susanna C; Drca, Nikola; Björck, Martin; Bäck, Magnus; Wolk, Alicja (2018-03-21). "Nut consumption and incidence of seven cardiovascular diseases". Heart. 104 (19): 1615–1620. doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2017-312819. ISSN 1355-6037. PMC 6161661. PMID 29661934.
# Venues of the 2022 Asian Para Games

The 2022 Asian Para Games will be held in 19 venues in Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.

## Sporting venues

| Venue | Sports | Capacity |
| Hangzhou Sports Park Stadium | Ceremonies | 80,000 |
| Zhejiang Tangxi Goalball Base | Goalball | |
| Hangzhou Wenhui School Lawn Bowls Green | Lawn Bowls | 1,000 |
| Fuyang Yinhu Sports Center | Archery and Shooting | 10,531 |
| Gongshu Canal Sports Park Gymnasium | Table Tennis | 6,930 |
| Hangzhou Qi Yuan Chess Hall | Board Games | ____ |
| Xiaoshan Sports Center Gymnasium | Powerlifting | 1,901 |
| Xiaoshan Linpu Gymnasium | Judo | 2,700 |
| Xiaoshan Guali Sports Centre | Taekwondo | 4,600 |
| Hangzhou Dianzi University Gymnasium | Wheelchair fencing | 4,599 |
| Hangzhou Gymnasium | Boccia | 4,300 |
| Gongshu Canal Sports Park Stadium | Blind Football | 4,870 |
| Huanglong Sports Center Stadium | Athletics | 51,971 |
| Binjiang Gymnasium | Badminton | 3,900 |
| Hangzhou Olympic Sports Center - Tennis Center | Wheelchair tennis | 10,000 (centre court) |
| Hangzhou Sports Center - Aquatics Arena | Swimming | 6,000 |
| Chun'an Jieshou Sports Center Velodrome | Cycling | |
| Fuyang Water Sports Center | Canoeing and Rowing | 3,000 |
| Hangzhou Olympic Sports Centre Gymnasium | wheelchair basketball | 18,000 |
| Linping Sports Centre Gymnasium | Sitting volleyball | 4,200 |
# Shreya Guhathakurta

Shreya Guhathakurta (শ্রেয়া গুহঠাকুরতা) (3 February 1975) is an Indian Rabindra Sangeet singer.

## Early life

Shreya Guhathakurta was born into a family of renowned musicians. Her orientation with music started at the age of four. She is the daughter of film and television actress, Saswati Guhathakurta and Bhishma Guhathakurta. She lent her voice as a playback artist at the age of six for the film, "Deepar Prem", directed by late Arundhuti Devi. Shreya also acted in this film.
Later at the age of 15, she lent her voice as a playback singer for the National Award-winning film ‘Antardhan’ directed by late Tapan Sinha. Shreya is the granddaughter of late Suvo Guhathakurta, founder of two of the Rabindrasangeet institutions in Kolkata - Gitabitan & Dakshinee. She received formal training and diploma from Dakshinee, graduating in 1994.
Shreya passed out with distinction and continued her learning process from her paternal uncle, Sudeb Guhatkurta. From a very early age, Shreya also received ‘Talim’ from Late Kanika Bandyopadhyay who frequented their Kolkata residence. She considers "Mohor– dida" to be her biggest inspiration. She is also the niece of recently deceased Rabindrasangeet exponent, Smt Ritu Guha.

## Career

Shreya has performed all over the world. Her recent shows were held is Singapore, Canada, Bangladesh, U.K, Paris, Australia, Berlin and U.S.A. Shreya is a regulars artist on popular T.V channels like ‘‘Tara Muzik’’ "Channel I" .
She has completed recording 12 songs for Bengal Foundation, Dhaka. Her album titled Baje Koruno Shure is slated for release in 2012. Shreya has several CD's to her credit. Some of these are titled ‘Bimlo Anande’, ‘Shurer Doriyay’, released last year from Bangladesh. HMV Saregama has so far released 3 of her CD's ‘Mon Bhulay Re’, ’Antabiheen Poth’, and ‘Anandadhara’, her new upcoming CD will be released in April this year titled ‘Khanchar Pakhi’. She has been listed in numerous Song Sites.
Shreya has recording over 800 songs for ‘Tara music’ and also recorded several songs for Gitabitan Archive released last year by "Saregama". Shreya has won critical acclaim for her performance in Tagore's dance dramas like Shyama, Chandalika. Chitrangada – with which she recently toured several cities in India like Delhi, Baroda, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Ranchi & Jamshedpur.
Shreya Guhathakurta does online Rabindrasangeet workshops over Skype for Bengali students settled in London and Paris.

## Awards

Shreya was recently awarded with the ’Shyamal Sen Smrriti Puroshkar’ for her outstanding contribution to the field of music and culture. Shreya was awarded by Radio Big FM in Kolkata as the best singer in Rabindrasangeet category for the year 2011.

## Musical style

She is notably one of the most popular Rabindrasangeet singers belonging to this generation. In particular, her musical style has often been compared with that of Kanika Bandyopadhyay. Shreya's rendition is melodious yet melancholy, plaintive yet soul-stirring as it was with Kanika Bandyopadhyay. One of the biggest reasons for her popularity is her ability to bridge the gap between classical old style ‘gharana’ and new age presentation.
# Shōnen Big Comic

Shōnen Big Comic (少年ビッグコミック, Shōnen Biggu Komikku) was a bi-weekly manga magazine published by Shogakukan in Japan from 1979 to 1987. From 1976 to 1979, the magazine was titled Manga-kun (マンガくん) before being renamed Shōnen Big Comics in 1979. In 1987, the magazine changed format and was renamed Weekly Young Sunday. Several of the series appearing in Shōnen Big Comic have been adapted into anime, including Esper Mami, Area 88, and Miyuki.

## Works
### Manga-kun era

Series marked with a ♣ appeared in the first issue.
* Bīdama Shachō by Kimio Yanagisawa ♣
* Burai the Kid by Go Nagai ♣
* Esper Mami by Fujiko F. Fujio ♣
* Kokoroman by George Akiyama ♣
* Kuru Kuru Pa! X by Yuki Hijiri
* Kyūdo-kun by Shinji Mizushima ♣
* Manga Kenkyūkai by Shōtarō Ishinomori ♣
* Otoko Konbē by Mikio Yoshimori ♣
* Propeller 7 by Leiji Matsumoto
* Rabbit-kun by Tatsuhiko Yamagami
* Saibō Ushi Usshī by Tatsuo Oda
* Susume! Jets by Yuki Hijiri
* Tatoru-kun by Fujio Akatsuka ♣
* Teppengaki Taishō by Hiroshi Motomiya ♣
* Uchūsen Magellan by Mitsuteru Yokoyama
* Washi to Taka by Yū Koyama
* Zero Racer by Jōya Kagemaru
The magazine also featured a non-manga column titled Moving Toys Craft (ムービング・トイズ・クラフト, Mūbingu Toizu Kurafuto), which discussed construction of motorized toys such as radio controlled cars. The column was sponsored by Mabuchi Motor and Tamiya Corporation.

### Shōnen Big Comic era

* Ai ga Yuku by Yū Koyama
* Area 88 by Kaoru Shintani
* Cyborg 009 by Shōtarō Ishinomori
* George-kun no Ningen Zukan by George Tokoro
* Hadashi no Kabe by Motoka Murakami
* Hatsukoi Scandal by Akira Oze
* Henkīn Tamaidā by Go Nagai
* Ichigekiden by Yasuichi Ōshima
* Jūki Kōhei Xenon by Masaomi Kanzaki
* Kaze no Saburō by Yū Koyama
* Miyuki by Mitsuru Adachi
* Nekketsu! Spectrum Gakuen by Yuki Hijiri
* Ningen o Koerumono Ein by Kōichi Iimori
* Seito Donmai by Hideo Hijiri
* Short Program (some chapters) by Mitsuru Adachi
* Sorairo Miina by Taku Kitazaki
* Tōi Itadaki by Motoka Murakami
* Tokyo Tanteidan by Fujihiko Hosono
* War Cry by Ryūji Ryūzaki
* Xenon by Masaomi Kanzaki
* Yon-chōme Big League by Yoshimi Kurata
# Shrillness

Shrillness is a word used to describe the quality of sounds that have a high-pitched, strident, raucous, screeching or harsh character, such as those produced by a trumpet or piccolo, but it can also be used to describe a widely recognised and puzzling phenomenon whereby certain sounds are perceived as psychologically painful or aversive to a degree that cannot be accounted for simply in terms of frequency content or loudness. Such sounds include the sound of fingernails scraping a chalkboard, the sound of chalk on a blackboard, the sound of glass being scratched, and possibly the sound of a baby crying. There have been attempts to explain the phenomenon, often in terms of frequency content, or evolutionary advantage, but so far no complete explanation or mechanism has been found.

## Research

A 2011 study by musicologists Michael Oehler and Christoph Reuter has led its authors to hypothesize that the unpleasantness of the sound is caused by acoustic resonance, as the shape of the human ear canal amplifies certain frequencies, especially those in the range of 2000 to 4000 Hz (the median pitches), at such a level that the sound triggers pain in our ears.