# Liang Yusheng

Chen Wentong (5 April 1924 – 22 January 2009), better known by his pen name Liang Yusheng, was a Chinese-born Australian novelist best known for being a pioneer of the "new school" of the wuxia genre in the 20th century. Along with Jin Yong and Gu Long, he was one of the best known wuxia writers in the later half of the 20th century. Throughout his career, he published a total of 35 wuxia novels – the more notable ones include Baifa Monü Zhuan, Yunhai Yugong Yuan, Qijian Xia Tianshan and Pingzong Xiaying Lu – and some have been adapted into films and television series, including The Bride with White Hair (1993) and Seven Swords (2005).

## Pen name

Chen's given name "Wentong" means "literary tradition". He chose Liang as the surname of his pen name to remind himself that he was inheriting the literary tradition of his ancestors in the same way the Chen dynasty (557–589) succeeded the Liang dynasty (502–557) during the Northern and Southern dynasties period (420–589). He chose "Yusheng" as the given name of his pen name to pay homage to Gong Baiyu, one of his favourite wuxia writers and sources of influence, because "Yusheng" means "born from (Gong Bai)yu".

## Early life

Chen was born in 1924 in a scholarly family in Tunzhi Village, Wenyu Town, Mengshan County, Guangxi Province, China. He was well-versed in ancient Chinese classics and duilian and could recite the Three Hundred Tang Poems by the age of eight. While he was attending Guilin High School in Guilin, he enjoyed writing poems.
Following the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, Chen left Guilin and returned to Mengshan County. During this time, he met two scholars from the neighbouring Guangdong Province who had taken shelter in Mengshan County, and studied history and literature under their tutelage: Jian Youwen, who specialised in the history of the Taiping Rebellion; and Rao Zongyi, who was well read in poetry, humanities, art and the history of Dunhuang.
After the war ended, Chen attended Lingnan University in Guangzhou and graduated in 1948, majoring in international economics.

## Career in Hong Kong

In 1949, Chen moved to Hong Kong and, through a recommendation from Lingnan University, became an assistant editor for the newspaper Ta Kung Pao. He was subsequently promoted to editor and also became a member of the newspaper's editorial executive committee. Towards the end of 1950, he was reassigned to New Evening Post, the evening edition of Ta Kung Pao.
On 17 January 1954, two martial arts masters – Chan Hak-fu of the White Crane School and Wu Kung-i of the Tai Chi School – challenged each other to a lei tai match in Macau and attracted much attention in Hong Kong. Luo Fu, the chief editor of New Evening Post, wanted to take advantage of the sensationalism surrounding the lei tai match, so he asked Chen to write a wuxia story based on the match and publish it as a serial in the newspaper. This became Chen's debut wuxia novel – Longhu Dou Jinghua – and marked the start of a "new school" in the wuxia genre. During this time, he met Jin Yong, who was also working at New Evening Post and writing wuxia novels.
From 1954 to 1983, Chen wrote a total of 35 wuxia novels, of which most were originally published as serials in newspapers. Among his works, Baifa Monü Zhuan, Yunhai Yugong Yuan, Qijian Xia Tianshan and Pingzong Xiaying Lu are some of the better known ones and have been adapted into films and television series, including The Bride with White Hair (1993) and Seven Swords (2005). Besides wuxia novels, Chen also wrote columns, critiques and essays under different pen names, including "Liang Hueru" and "Fong Yuning".

## Retirement and death

Chen migrated to Australia with his family in 1987. At the time, he was a member of the China Writers Association and had been offered the position of honorary president of the Yinglian Society of China (YSC) in Shenzhen. He converted to Christianity in September 1994.
On 30 November 2004, Chen received an honorary Doctor of Arts from his alma mater, Lingnan University, which has moved to Hong Kong, for his contributions to the development of literature.
In December 2006, while attending an event in Hong Kong to celebrate Cosmos Books Ltd.'s 30th anniversary, Chen suffered a stroke. After that, he returned to Australia and spent his time recuperating at the Bernard Chan Nursing Home in Burwood, New South Wales. On 22 January 2009, he died of natural causes at the age of 84 in Sydney. Among those who wrote tributes to Chen were his mentor Rao Zongyi, his former boss Luo Fu, fellow wuxia writer Jin Yong, and professor Chan Yiu-nam.

## Writing style

Chen's novels always open with a poem – indicating his interest in poetry. The protagonists of his novels also tend to be multi-talented, versatile, and well-read. Besides that, he incorporates elements of Chinese history in his novels – a style also adopted by fellow wuxia writer Jin Yong. However, unlike Jin Yong and other wuxia writers, he does not regard the Shaolin and Wudang schools as the major orthodox schools in the jianghu (martial artists' community). Instead, he makes the Mount Heaven School (Tianshan School) the leading school in the jianghu, particularly in the Tianshan series of novels set in the Ming and Qing dynasties.

## Works

| Title | Published | Historical setting | Connection to other works |
| Nüdi Qiying Zhuan 女帝奇英傳 | 1961–1962 | c. late 7th century (Wu Zhou dynasty / Tang dynasty) | |
| Datang Youxia Zhuan 大唐游俠傳 | 1963–1964 | c. 8th century (Tang dynasty) | The first part of the Datang trilogy. |
| Longfeng Baochai Yuan 龍鳳寶釵緣 | 1964–1966 | c. 8th century (Tang dynasty) | The second part of the Datang trilogy. |
| Huijian Xinmo 慧劍心魔 | 1966–1968 | c. 8th century (Tang dynasty) | The third part of the Datang trilogy. |
| Wulin Tianjiao 武林天驕 | 1978–1982 | c. 13th century (Song dynasty) | The first part of the Tianjiao series. |
| Feifeng Qianlong 飛鳳潛龍 | 1966 | c. 13th century (Song dynasty) | The second part of the Tianjiao series. |
| Kuangxia Tianjiao Monü 狂俠·天驕·魔女 | 1964–1968 | c. 13th century (Song dynasty) | The third part of the Tianjiao series. |
| Hanhai Xiongfeng 瀚海雄風 | 1968–1970 | c. 13th century (Song dynasty) | The fourth part of the Tianjiao series. |
| Mingdi Fengyun Lu 鳴鏑風雲錄 | 1968–1972 | c. 13th century (Song dynasty) | The fifth part of the Tianjiao series. |
| Fengyun Leidian 風雲雷電 | 1970–1972 | c. 13th century (Song dynasty) | The sixth part of the Tianjiao series. |
| Huanjian Qiqing Lu 還劍奇情錄 | 1959–1960 | c. 14th century (Ming dynasty) | The first part of the Pingzong series. |
| Pingzong Xiaying Lu 萍蹤俠影錄 | 1959–1960 | c. 15th century (Ming dynasty) | The second part of the Pingzong series. |
| Sanhua Nüxia 散花女俠 | 1960–1961 | c. 15th century (Ming dynasty) | The third part of the Pingzong series. |
| Lianjian Fengyun Lu 聯劍風雲錄 | 1961–1962 | c. 15th century (Ming dynasty) | The fourth part of the Pingzong series. |
| Guangling Jian 廣陵劍 | 1972–1976 | c. 15th century (Ming dynasty) | The fifth part of the Pingzong series. |
| Wulin Sanjue 武林三絕 | 1972–1976 | c. 15th century (Ming dynasty) | |
| Wudang Yijian 武當一劍 | 1980–1983 | c. 17th century (Ming dynasty) | |
| Baifa Monü Zhuan 白髮魔女傳 | 1957–1958 | c. 17th century (Ming dynasty) | The first part of the Tianshan series. |
| Saiwai Qixia Zhuan 塞外奇俠傳 | 1956–1957 | c. 17th century (Qing dynasty) | The second part of the Tianshan series. |
| Qijian Xia Tianshan 七劍下天山 | 1956–1957 | c. 17th century (Qing dynasty) | The third part of the Tianshan series. |
| Jianghu San Nüxia 江湖三女俠 | 1957–1958 | c. 18th century (Qing dynasty) | The fourth part of the Tianshan series. |
| Bingpo Hanguang Jian 冰魄寒光劍 | 1962 | c. 18th century (Qing dynasty) | The fifth part of the Tianshan series. |
| Bingchuan Tiannü Zhuan 冰川天女傳 | 1959–1960 | c. 18th century (Qing dynasty) | The sixth part of the Tianshan series. |
| Yunhai Yugong Yuan 雲海玉弓緣 | 1961–1963 | c. 18th century (Qing dynasty) | The seventh part of the Tianshan series. |
| Binghe Xijian Lu 冰河洗劍錄 | 1963–1965 | c. 18th century (Qing dynasty) | The eighth part of the Tianshan series. |
| Fenglei Zhen Jiuzhou 風雷震九州 | 1965–1967 | c. 18th century (Qing dynasty) | The ninth part of the Tianshan series. |
| Xiagu Danxin 俠骨丹心 | 1967–1969 | c. 18th century (Qing dynasty) | The tenth part of the Tianshan series. |
| Jianwang Chensi 劍網塵絲 | 1976–1980 | c. 18th century (Qing dynasty) | A companion piece to Huanjian Lingqi. |
| Huanjian Lingqi 幻劍靈旗 | 1980–1981 | c. 18th century (Qing dynasty) | A companion piece to Jianwang Chensi. |
| Youjian Jianghu 遊劍江湖 | 1969–1972 | c. 18th century (Qing dynasty) | The first part of the Muye Liuxing tetralogy. |
| Muye Liuxing 牧野流星 | 1972–1975 | c. 19th century (Qing dynasty) | The second part of the Muye Liuxing tetralogy. |
| Tanzhi Jinglei 彈指驚雷 | 1977–1981 | c. 19th century (Qing dynasty) | The third part of the Muye Liuxing tetralogy. |
| Juesai Chuanfeng Lu 絕塞傳烽錄 | 1975–1978 | c. 19th century (Qing dynasty) | The fourth part of the Muye Liuxing tetralogy. |
| Caomang Longshe Zhuan 草莽龍蛇傳 | 1954–1955 | c. 19th century (Qing dynasty) | |
| Longhu Dou Jinghua 龍虎鬥京華 | 1954 | c. 19th century (Qing dynasty) | |

## Adaptations

* Seven Swordsman Leave Tianshan 七劍下天山 (1959)
* The Jade Bow 雲海玉弓緣 (1966)
* The Patriotic Knights 侠骨丹心 (1971)
* Chronicles of the Shadow Swordsman 萍蹤俠影錄 (1977)
* To Kill the Big Villain in Mt. Tai 泰山屠龍 (1980)
* White Hair Devil Lady 白发魔女传 (1980)
* The Spy in the Palace 飛鳳潛龍 (1981)
* Jade Bow Connections 雲海玉弓緣 (1984)
* Chronicles of the Shadow Swordsman 萍蹤俠影錄 (1985)
* The Romance of the White Hair Maiden (1986 TV series)
* Revenge of Swordsmanship 還劍奇情 (1986)
* The Bride with White Hair 白发魔女传(1993)
* The Bride with White Hair 2 白发魔女传2(1993)
* The Romance of the White Hair Maiden (1995 TV series)
* Legend of the White Hair Brides 塞外奇侠 (1996 TV series)
* Romance of the White Haired Maiden (TV series) 白发魔女 (1999)
* Lofty Waters Verdant Bow 雲海玉弓緣 (2002)
* Heroic Legend 萍踪侠影 (2003)
* Seven Swords 七剑 (2005)
* Seven Swordsmen 七剑下天山 (2006)
* Vagabond Vigilante (2006)
* Paladins in Troubled Times 大唐游侠传 (2008)
* The Patriotic Knights 侠骨丹心 (2010)
* Tracking Knights Phantom (2011)
* The Bride with White Hair (TV series) 新白发魔女传 (2012)
* The White Haired Witch of Lunar Kingdom 白发魔女传之明月天国 (2014)
* The Seven Swords (movie trilogies) (2018-2020)
* The White Haired Witch 白发魔女外传 (2020)
* The First Sword of Wudang 武当一剑 (2021)