OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Saudi Patent Office

The Saudi Patent Office is a government entity in Saudi Arabia responsible for implementing of the law of patents including the processing of patents applications and granting and issuance related rights. It is part of the Saudi Authority for Intellectual Property (SAIP).

## History

In 1989, the first law of patents was issued to protect rights in Saudi Arabia. Later, in 2004 the law was amended to include the implementation of the law regulations.

## Statistics

In 2016, Saudi Arabia filed 1064 patents applications with the office, ranking the first among the top five countries. In the same year, the kingdom also ranked the first in deposing industrial design applications with 386, ranking the first among the top five countries. In 2017, Saudi Arabia ranked 23rd among 92 countries in number of patents granted by the United States Patent and Trademark Office. The Kingdom was granted 664 patents, which is double that of all Arab countries combined during the same period.
# Savalou-Agbado

Savalou-Agbado is an arrondissement in the Collines department of Benin. It is an administrative division under the jurisdiction of the commune of Savalou. According to the population census conducted by the Institut National de la Statistique Benin on February 15, 2002, the arrondissement had a total population of 9,575.
# Savalyapuram

Savalyapuram is a village in Guntur district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh.
# Scattering from rough surfaces

Surface roughness scattering or interface roughness scattering is the elastic scattering of particles against a rough solid surface or imperfect interface between two different materials. This effect has been observed in classical systems, such as microparticle scattering, as well as quantum systems, where it arises electronic devices, such as field effect transistors and quantum cascade lasers.

## Classical description

In the classical mechanics framework, a rough surface, such as a machined metal surface, randomizes the probability distribution function governing the incoming particles, leading to net momentum loss of the particle flux.

## Quantum description

In the quantum mechanical framework, this scattering is most noticeable in confined systems, in which the energies for charge carriers are determined by the locations of interfaces. An example of such a system is a quantum well, which may be constructed from a sandwich of different layers of semiconductor. Variations in the thickness of these layers therefore causes the energy of particles to be dependent on their in-plane location in the layer. Classification of the roughness at a given position, $\Delta _{z}(\mathbf {r} )$, is complex, but as in the classical models, it has been modeled as a Gaussian distribution by some researchers This assumption may be formulated in terms of the ensemble average for some given characteristic height, $\Delta$, and correlation length, $\Lambda$, such that
    $\langle \Delta _{z}(\mathbf {r} )\Delta _{z}(\mathbf {r'} )\rangle =\Delta ^{2}\exp \left(-{\frac {|\mathbf {r} -\mathbf {r'} |^{2}}{\Lambda ^{2}}}\right)$

## Types of Scattering

Selective Scattering : In selective Scattering scattering depends upon the wavelength of light.
Mie scattering : Mie theory can describe how electromagnetic waves interact with homogeneously spherical particles. However, a theory for homogeneous spheres will completely fail to predict polarization effects. When the size of the molecules is greater than the wavelength of light, the result is a non-uniform scattering of light.
Lambertian Scattering: This type of scattering occurs when a surface has microscopic irregularities that scatter light perfectly uniformly in all directions, causing it to appear equally bright from all viewing angles.
Subsurface Scattering: This type of scattering occurs when light scatters within a material before exiting the surface at a different point.
Isotropic crystal scattering (aka powder diffraction): This type of scattering occurs when every crystalline orientation is represented equally in a powdered sample. Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) operates under the assumption that the sample is randomly arranged such that each plane will be represented in the signal.
# Schistura nilgiriensis

Schistura nilgiriensis is a species of ray-finned fish in the genus Schistura.

## Footnotes

* Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Nemacheilus nilgiriensis". FishBase.
* ↑ Kottelat, M. (2012): Conspectus cobitidum: an inventory of the loaches of the world (Teleostei: Cypriniformes: Cobitoidei). The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, Suppl. No. 26: 1-199.
* This Nemacheilidae article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Schauenstein

Schauenstein is a town in the district of Hof, in Bavaria, Germany. It is situated 13 km west of Hof.
# Tzavela

Tzavela is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Moscho Tzavela (1760–1803), Greek heroine
* Photini Tzavela (1809/11–1890), Greek lady-in-waiting
* Niki Tzavela (born 1947), Greek politician
# Schlesinger Building

The Schlesinger Building, also known as Wesbank Centre or Sanlam Centre, is a skyscraper in Braamfontein, Johannesburg, South Africa. It was built in 1965 to a height of 110 metres (360 ft). It has 21 floors. The building is named for John Schlesinger, a Johannesburg businessman who was also one of the first major art collectors in the city.
Doreen E. Greig, who was the first female president-in-chief of the South African Institute of Architects, described the building in her book as 'an immense building' with a 'sombre and monumental' aspect, which derived from the reflection of grey-green glass sheathing. Its facade are swollen and its vertical aluminium mullions are balanced by the horizontal glass spandrels, which also less obscure than the fenestration.
# USS Champion (1859)

USS Champion was a small gunboat originally built as the commercial vessel Champion No. 4 in Cincinnati, Ohio in 1859. She was purchased for the Union Navy in 1863 during the American Civil War, serving until July 1865, when she was sold back to civilian service.

## Service history

Champion, an armed river steamer, was built in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1859 as Champion No. 4; purchased there on 14 March 1863; fitted out at Cairo, Illinois; and commissioned on 26 April 1863, Acting Master Alfred Phelps, Jr., in command. Operating almost continuously from 27 April 1863 – 9 June 1865, Champion patrolled the Mississippi River, Tennessee River, and the Red River. She transported troops, prisoners, supplies, and cotton; towed and convoyed ships; and delivered dispatches. Her yeoman service ended at Mound City, Illinois, where she was decommissioned on 1 July. Champion was sold 29 November 1865.
# USS Chicolar

USS Chicolar has been the name of one United States Navy ship, and may refer to:
# USS Halcyon (SP-1658)

The United States Navy patrol vessel USS Halcyon, was built by the Defoe Shipbuilding Company, in Bay City, Michigan, in 1912. She was taken over by the US Navy from her owner, G. G. Barnum, at Duluth, Minnesota, on 16 June 1917. After serving briefly on section patrol in the Great Lakes, 9th Naval District, Halcyon was returned to her owner on 5 November 1917.
# Scarlet dwarf

Nannophya pygmaea, known variously as the scarlet dwarf, northern pygmyfly, or tiny dragonfly, is a dragonfly of the family Libellulidae, native from Southeast Asia to China and Japan, occasionally found south to Australia.

## Description

This species has the distinction of being the smallest of the dragonflies, with a wingspan of only 20 mm (0.79 in).
# Scarlet fever (disambiguation)

Scarlet fever is a relatively common disease.
Scarlet Fever may also refer to:
* Scarlet Fever (band)
* "Scarlet Fever" (song)
# Scarlet dragonfly

The scarlet dragonfly (Crocothemis erythraea) is a species of dragonfly in the family Libellulidae. Its common names include broad scarlet, common scarlet-darter, and scarlet darter.

## Status and distribution

The scarlet dragonfly is a common species in southern Europe and throughout Africa. It also occurs across western Asia as far as southern China. It is a very rare vagrant in Britain. Its first record in the country was at Hayle Kimbro Pool, The Lizard, Cornwall, on 7 August 1995. Since then there have been a few further records at scattered locations throughout Britain.

## Habitat

A wide range of both running and standing waters, except those that are shaded. Adults may be found some distance from water in habitats ranging from desert to open woodland; absent from dense forest.

## Description

Crocothemis erythraea can reach a length of 33–44 millimetres (1.3–1.7 in). These dragonflies haves a flattened and rather broad abdomen. The adult male scarlet dragonfly has a bright scarlet red, widened abdomen, with small amber patches at the bases of the hindwings. Also the veins on the leading edges of the wings are red. Females and immatures are yellow-brown and have a conspicuous pale stripe along the top of the thorax.
* male
* red female
* female
* Clip
# USS Canopus

Three ships of the United States Navy have been named Canopus after the first magnitude star Canopus in the constellation Argo.
* USS Canopus (AS-9) was launched in 1919 by the New York Shipbuilding Company as the Santa Leonora.
* USS Canopus (AD-33) (ordered as AS-27, but reclassified before keel-laying) was a destroyer tender, but construction was canceled in 1945 prior to launching.
* USS Canopus (AS-34) was launched on 12 February 1965.

## Sources

* This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The entry can be found here.
# Schiffsverkehr

Schiffsverkehr is the 13th full-length album by German singer Herbert Grönemeyer, released in March 2011. It was recorded in Berlin, Stockholm, London and New York City and was produced by Alex Silva and Herbert Grönemeyer, like the previous album 12. and every album since Bleibt alles anders in 1998.
The album reached the top spot in the German, Austrian, and Swiss charts, as well as #34 in the Netherlands. The title track also became the lead single; it peaked at #10 in Germany, #33 in Austria and #45 in Switzerland.
# Schönebürgstadion

Schönebürgstadion is an arena in Crailsheim, Germany. It is primarily used for football, and is the home to the TSV Crailsheim of the Bezirksliga Hohenlohe. It opened in 1976 and holds 5,000 spectators.
# USS Ebert

USS Ebert may refer to the following ships of the United States Navy:
* The name Ebert was assigned to DE-74 which was transferred under lend lease to the United Kingdom 13 October 1943 before commissioning. After service as HMS Bentley, she was returned to the United States after the war and sold 20 June 1947.
* USS Ebert (DE-768), was a Cannon-class destroyer escort commissioned 12 July 1944, escorted convoys in the Atlantic and Pacific during World War II and was transferred to Greece on 1 March 1951.
# USS Ameera

USS Ameera (SP-453) was a United States Navy Section patrol vessel in commission from 1917 to 1919.
Ameera was built as an express cruiser in 1917 by the Mathis Yacht Building Company at Camden, New Jersey from Bowes and Mower designs for Alexander Sellers of Ardmore, Pennsylvania. The cruiser was Mathis hull number 63 and, upon registration, was assigned official number 214866 and signal letters LGTM.
Contemporary Navy data shows the vessel had a 1,000 gallon fuel capacity for a cruising range of 400 nautical miles at a cruising speed of 25 knots (29 mph; 46 km/h) powered by two Dusenberg six cylinder engines driving two propellers.
On 23 July 1917, the U.S. Navy purchased Ameera for $31,000 for use as a section patrol vessel during World War I. She was commissioned as USS Ameera (SP-453) on 11 August 1917
Assigned to the 4th Naval District, Ameera carried out patrol duties there for the remainder of World War I. After the war ended on 11 November 1918, she performed dispatch boat and port duties at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, until she was placed in reduced commission at the Philadelphia Navy Yard in June 1919. On 24 July 1919, Ameera was ordered to be sold. She was decommissioned in September 1919 and sold at auction on 27 April 1920 to Mr. T. E. Mitten.
On the night of 28 May 1920 a major fire at the Essington Shipbuilding Company lying just south of Philadelphia destroyed buildings and numerous boats, including almost total destruction of Ameera.

## Footnotes

* ↑ Ships' Data U.S. Naval Vessels has 13 August.
# USS Faribault

USS Faribault (AK-179) was an Alamosa-class cargo ship acquired by the U.S. Navy during the final months of World War II. Faribault served US military forces in the Pacific Ocean until shortly after the war when she was deactivated. During the Korean War, she was reactivated and served with distinction, having been awarded two battle stars before final decommissioning.

## Construction

Faribault was launched 24 February 1945 by Kaiser Cargo, Inc., Richmond, California, under a Maritime Commission contract, MC hull 2375; sponsored by Mrs. L. J. Morand; acquired by the Navy 20 April 1945; and commissioned the same day.

## Service history
### World War II-related service

Between 16 June and 1 September 1945, Faribault voyaged from San Francisco, California, to Leyte and Eniwetok with cargo, then sailed again 29 September with cargo for use in the occupation of Japan.
She remained in the western Pacific Ocean, carrying cargo to and from Yokosuka, Guam, Saipan, Okinawa, Luzon, Samar, and Manus Island, until returning to San Francisco 23 April 1946. Faribault was decommissioned at Seattle, Washington, 10 July 1946, and returned to the US Maritime Commission the following day.

### Korean War reactivation

Reacquired 16 May 1947, Faribault was recommissioned 26 June 1947 at Bremerton, Washington, and assigned to duty in the Service Force, Pacific Fleet, based on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.
She ranged among the islands of the Hawaiian, Marshall, Caroline, and Philippine groups, as well as other isolated islands such as Johnston Island. Between 7 November 1952 and 22 July 1953, she carried cargo from Pearl Harbor to Japan and Korea for support of the troops in Korea, then returned to duty in the Central Pacific.
Faribault served in the Far East once more between 11 August 1954 and 3 April 1955, and during September, October, and November 1954, lay at Tourane and Haiphong, Indochina, acting as fleet issue ship to the force carrying out Operation Passage to Freedom, the evacuation of civilian refugees from Communist-held North Vietnam. From April 1955 through the remainder of the year, she carried cargo from Pearl Harbor to Midway Islands and the Marshall Islands.

### Final decommissioning

On 13 April 1956 she arrived at San Diego, California, where she was placed out of commission in reserve 20 July 1956, in the San Diego Group of the Pacific Reserve Fleet.
Ultimately, following the rejection of two bids, both for a scrap sale in the United States, the Learner Company won the bid opened on 21 September 1960, to scrap the vessel in Japan. The Maritime Administration awarded the contract on 17 October 1960. The vessel was removed from government custody on 14 December 1960.CITEREFMARAD

## Honors and awards

Faribault received two battle stars for Korean War service.
# USS Fargo

USS Fargo has been the name of two ships of United States Navy, the first of which was not completed as originally planned. Hence, there has been only one commissioned ship named for the city of Fargo, North Dakota.
* USS Fargo (CL-85) was originally laid down as a Cleveland-class light cruiser; it was completed as USS Langley (CVL-27), an Independence-class light aircraft carrier
* USS Fargo (CL-106) was the lead ship of her class of light cruisers
# USS Mount Hood (AE-29)

USS Mount Hood (AE-29) was a Kilauea-class ammunition ship in the United States Navy. She was the second Navy munitions ship to be named after Mount Hood, a volcano in the Cascade Range in Oregon.
Mount Hood was laid down 8 May 1967 by Bethlehem Steel Corporation, Sparrows Point, Maryland; launched 17 July 1968; sponsored by Mrs. Robert A. Frosch, wife of the Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Research and Development; and commissioned on 1 May 1971. She was homeported in Concord, California.
Unlike her seven sister ships of the Kilauea class, she was never transferred to the Military Sealift Command. She was decommissioned in August 1999 and held in reserve at Bremerton, Washington, before being moved in October 1999 to Suisun Bay, California.
She was sold for scrapping on 21 August 2013 and placed under tow 5 September 2013 to Brownsville, Texas, to be dismantled.
# Scrobipalpa felixi

Scrobipalpa felixi is a moth in the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Povolný in 1978. It is found in Mongolia.
# Schüpbach

Schüpbach is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Gertrud Schüpbach (born 1950), Swiss-American molecular biologist
* Hannes Schüpbach (born 1965), Swiss artist
# USS PC-1168

USS PC-1168 was a PC-461-class submarine chaser built for the United States Navy during World War II. PC-1168 is notable for being the ship on which the film You're in the Navy Now, which starred Gary Cooper, was filmed in 1950. The ship was later transferred to the Republic of China Navy, serving from 1954 to 1970 as ROCS Ching Kiang (PC-116).

## Career

PC-1168 was laid down on 3 April 1943 at the Sullivan Drydock and Repair Corporation in Brooklyn, New York. She was launched on 3 July and commissioned 3 December 1943, one of 403 members of her class of 173-foot steel-hulled submarine chasers. These ships were of a flush-deck design similar to that of World War I "four-piper" destroyers, but were half the size and complement of their big sisters.
On 19 May 1954 she was decommissioned and transferred to the Republic of China as PC-116.
# Schradera campii

Schradera campii is a species of flowering plant in the family Rubiaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador.
# Scutellastra tucopiana

Scutellastra tucopiana is a species of sea snail, a true limpet, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Patellidae, one of the families of true limpets.
# USS Kemah

USS Kemah (SP-415) was a United States Navy patrol vessel in commission from 1918 to 1919.
Kemah was laid down as a private motor yacht of the same name in 1917 by the Luders Marine Construction Company at Stamford, Connecticut. While she was still under construction, the U.S. Navy acquired her from her owner, F. E. Lewis II of New York City, on 7 October 1917 for use as a section patrol vessel during World War I. She was completed in 1918, brought to the New York Navy Yard in April 1918, and commissioned there as USS Kemah (SP-415) on 16 July 1918.
Initially assigned to the 6th Naval District, Kemah was reassigned to the 3rd Naval District at New York City upon commissioning. Restricted to protected waters, Kemah served as a guard ship in New York Harbor's coastal waters until she was removed from active service on 3 September 1919.
Kemah was decommissioned on 18 September 1919. She was sold to R. T. Robinson of San Diego, California, on 22 September 1919.
# Scoring (industrial process)

Scoring is a process in which one cuts a groove into rigid material. This groove is used to either break the material along the slit, for decoration, or act as a guideline for other processes such as painting.

## Etymology

From Middle English score, skore, schore, from Old English scoru (“notch; tally; score”), from Old Norse skor, from Proto-Germanic *skurō (“incision; tear; rift”), which is related to *skeraną (“to cut”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“cut”). Cognate with Icelandic skora, Swedish skåra, Danish skår. Related to shear.

## Advantages and disadvantages

It can also be used to allow materials to expand and contract under varying thermal conditions. Scoring is used in place of cutting through the material all the way because you can obtain relatively the same results with less time and labor. However, when breaking along the score line the material may deviate from the set guideline, the back side of the break line often has a jagged edge to it from the shear fracture, and scoring offers very little use to metallic materials due to their malleability.

## Industries that use scoring

Due to their hardness, tile, stone, glass, and ceramics respond well to scoring, and so the practice finds use in tile setting, stoneworking, glassblowing, and ceramics work respectively.
Scoring is most commonly used in concrete work for decoration by making the grooves appear to be grout lines from tile work.
Confectioners often score hard candy such as butterscotch when batching it in sheets, in part because it avoids damaging the underlying baking tray.
# Seaca

Seaca may refer to several places in Romania:
* Seaca, Olt, a commune in Olt County
* Seaca, Teleorman, a commune in Teleorman County
* Seaca, a village in Dofteana Commune, Bacău County
* Seaca, a village in Logrești Commune, Gorj County
* Seaca, a village in Poboru Commune, Olt County
* Seaca, a village in Sălătrucel Commune, Vâlcea County
* Seaca, a district in the town of Călimănești, Vâlcea County
* Seaca (Moldova), a tributary of the Moldova in Suceava County
* Seaca, a tributary of the Tărlung in Brașov County
# Seachange (band)

Seachange were a band from Nottingham, England, that played a mixture of melodic folk and pop with a strong influence of alternative rock.

## History

Seachange formed in Nottingham in 1999. They were the first British band to be taken on the roster of American indie-label Matador Records within five years. In Europe they were signed to Glitterhouse Records.
In late March 2007, the band announced their decision to split, citing external pressures and increasing involvement with other projects. Also mentioned was the fact that several members where working on a new project(a band called Dearest) together.

## Post breakup

Daniel, David, Neil and Simon went on to form Dearest in 2007. A final collection of Seachange songs, The Stars Whiteout, was released digitally in August 2008.

## Critical reception

Pitchfork, reviewing the 2004 album Lay of the Land, found the album mixed and gave it a rating of 5.6. AllMusic gave the album 3 out of 5 stars, saying it was interesting and powerful, but could do with more focus and refinement. Drowned in Sound had a higher opinion, rating it 7, saying its songs 'inspire the imagination'.

## Line-up

* Dan Eastop (vocals)
* Adam Cormack (guitar)
* Dave Gray (guitar)
* James Vyner (bass)
* Neil Wells (multiple instruments)
* Simon Aldcroft (drums)
Alumni:
* Johanna Woodnutt (violin)

## Discography
### Studio albums

* Lay of the Land (2004, Matador)
* On Fire, With Love (2006, for Europe: Glitterhouse)
* The Stars Whiteout (2008, A Is For Artist) digital

### Live albums

* Disband in Bonn 2007 (2007, Glitterhouse)

### Singles

* "A vs. Co10" (2004, Gringo Records)
* "Superfuck" (2004, Radiate)
* "News from Nowhere" (2004, Matador)

### EPs

* Glitterball EP (2003, Matador)
* Fields, Chaos and Brown (2006, A is for Artist)
# Schwartziella abacocubensis

Schwartziella abacocubensis is a species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Zebinidae.

## Distribution

This species occurs in the Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean Sea off Cuba and the Atlantic Ocean off the Bahamas.

## Description

The maximum recorded shell length is 4 mm.

## Habitat

Minimum recorded depth is 0 m. Maximum recorded depth is 18 m.
# Rupert Perry

Rupert Perry CBE is a high-ranking member of the EMI Record Corporation. After joining EMI Music in 1971, he was given various promotions. 1976 earned him a title as Vice President of Artist and repertoire for Capitol Records in the US. 1982 landed him a position as President of EMI America. From 1986-1995, Perry served as President of EMI Records UK, followed by a promotion to President of EMI Europe until 1999, when he became Senior Worldwide Vice President of EMI Music. He has received various awards for serving the world's music industry including a CBE in the Queen's Honour List and the IFPI Medal for international service to the industry.