OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Porta Torre

Porta Torre (also known as Torre di Porta Vittoria) is a main fortified tower located in the town of Como, in Lombardy (northern Italy). It is 40 meters high and it was built in 1192, to defend the main entrance of the city.

## History

At the end of the war between Como and Milan in 1127 the Milanese, that won the conflict, tore down the ancient walls of the town, built during the Roman age. After the defeat Como decided to ally with the German Emperor Frederick I (called Barbarossa) to fight the Milanese supremacy in Lombardy. In 1154 the Emperor moved to Italy for the first time, and gave his consent to rebuild the defensive walls of Como (still visible around the town). Some years later, in 1192, the rulers of the town decided to strengthen the fortifications towards south, adding to the newly built walls three big defensive towers. The most impressive one, that assumed the role of main entrance of the town, was placed in the centre of the walls, right in front of the way to Milan, as a symbol of the independence of the town.
In the 14th century the great tower was reinforced with a small ravelin housing some overhead artillery guns and flanked by two other smaller towers of pentagonal shape, which repeated the same pattern with arches open inwards. In the sixteenth century the tower was further reinforced with a semicircular bastion, but all these buildings are no longer visible nowadays.

## Description

Porta Torre (that literally means Tower Gate) is one of the better preserved romanesque style military buildings in Italy. The large square-shaped fortification has two entrance arches on the external façade, while just one, wider than the external ones, on the inside. The tower has a massive appearance on the outside, while on the side facing the city is lightened by four orders of coupled arches that corresponded to the four internal floors, which were made of wood and destroyed during the years. This probably had a strategic motivation: if the enemies had managed to occupy the tower they would have been exposed to an attack from the friendly troops from the internal side of the fortification, not fully repaired like the external one. The eight arches on the upper floors are off-axis with respect to the one, much larger one, located on the ground floor.
At a short distance from the tower are the ruins of the ancient Roman walls of the town and a gate, probably dating back to the imperial era. These remains are called Porta Pretoria (literally meaning "main gate" in latin) although, traditionally, the door with this name should be on the east side of the walls.
# Portfolio Committee on Justice and Constitutional Development

The Portfolio Committee on Justice and Constitutional Development is a portfolio committee of the National Assembly of South Africa. It is responsible for oversight of the agencies managed by the Minister of Justice and Constitutional Development, including the Department of Justice and Constitutional Development.
The committee was established during the first post-apartheid Parliament as the Portfolio Committee on Justice, chaired for two terms by Johnny de Lange. It was renamed as the Portfolio Committee on Justice and Constitutional Development after the Department of Justice was renamed accordingly. Between 2014 and 2024, it oversaw an enlarged portfolio as the Portfolio Committee on Justice and Correctional Services; the enlarged committee was created in a merger between the justice committee and Portfolio Committee on Correctional Services, precipitated by the corresponding ministerial merger that created the Ministry of Justice and Correctional Services.
In addition to overseeing the Department of Justice and Constitutional Development, the committee oversees a long list of statutory entities related to justice and law enforcement: the Council for Debt Collectors, Legal Aid South Africa, the National Prosecuting Authority, the Office of the Chief Justice, the Public Protector, the Rules Board for Courts of Law, the South African Board for Sheriffs, the South African Human Rights Commission, and the Special Investigating Unit.

## List of chairpersons

To date, all chairpersons of the Committee have been members of the African National Congress (ANC), the national governing party.

### 2024–present: Justice and Constitutional Development

Chairpersons of the Committee on Justice and Constitutional Development :
| Session | Chairperson | Party | Party | Election date | Citation |
| 7th Parliament | Xola Nqola | ANC | | 9 July 2024 | |

### 2014–2024: Justice and Correctional Services

Chairpersons of the Committee on Justice and Correctional Services :
| Session | Chairperson | Party | Election date |
| 6th Parliament | Gratitude Magwanishe | ANC | 2 July 2019 |
| 5th Parliament | Refiloe Mothapo | ANC | 9 October 2018 |
| 5th Parliament | Mathole Motshekga | ANC | 24 June 2014 |

### 1994–2014: Justice and Constitutional Development

Chairpersons of the Committee on Justice :
| Session | Chairperson | Party | Election date |
| 4th Parliament | Luwellyn Landers | ANC | November 2010 |
| 4th Parliament | Ngoako Ramatlhodi | ANC | 1 June 2009 |
| 3rd Parliament | Fatima Chohan-Kota | ANC | 11 May 2004 |
| 2nd Parliament | Johnny de Lange | ANC | 16 August 1999 |
| 1st Parliament | Johnny de Lange | ANC | 1994 |
# Portela (surname)

Portela is a surname of Iberian origin. Notable people with the name include:
* Adrián Portela (born 1986), Argentine handball player
* Ângela Portela (born 1962), Brazilian politician
* Antonio Portela (born 1966), Puerto Rican swimmer
* Carlos García Portela (1921–2011), Puerto Rican lawyer, politician and senator
* Consuelo Portela Audet (1885–1959), Cuban-born Spanish cuplé singer
* Diogo Portela (born 1988), Brazilian darts player
* Eduardo Portela (born 1934), Spanish basketball player, coach, and executive
* Edurne Portela Camino (born 1974), Spanish academic
* Ena Lucía Portela (born 1972), Cuban novelist, essayist, and writer of short stories
* Francisco Portela (1833–1913), Brazilian physician and politician
* Henrique Portela (fl. 1920–1929), Portuguese football midfielder
* José M. Portela (born 1949), officer of the United States Air Force
* Juan Portela (born 1984), Spanish football defender
* Lincoln Portela (born 1953), Brazilian politician, television and radio personality, and pastor
* Manuel Portela Valladares 1868–1952), Spanish political figure
* Maria Portela (born 1988), Brazilian middleweight judoka
* María Carmen Portela (1898-1983), Argentine-born Uruguayan engraver and sculptor
* Miguel Portela (born 1974), Portuguese rugby union player
* Pablo Sebastián Portela (born 1980), Argentine handball player
* Teresa Portela (disambiguation), multiple people, including:
** Teresa Portela (Portuguese canoeist) (born 1987), Portuguese sprint canoeist
** Teresa Portela (Spanish canoeist) (born 1982), Spanish sprint canoeist
# Potassium simplex optimized medium

Potassium Simplex Optimized Medium (KSOM) is a specialized medium primarily used for in vitro culture of mouse preimplantation embryos in research.

## Development

The culture of preimplantation embryos is of paramount importance as it serves as a foundation for exploring embryo development, advancing assisted reproductive technology, and facilitating the generation of genetically modified animals. The primary motivation behind the establishment of KSOM was to address the phenomenon known as the two-cell block, wherein mouse embryos encounter developmental arrest at the two-cell stage. Researchers Lawitts and Biggers, in their groundbreaking work in the early 1990s, employed a sequential simplex optimization strategy to solve this issue. This method involves a systematic approach to optimize multiple variables simultaneously, allowing for the fine-tuning of media components. Their efforts culminated in the formulation of the Simplex Optimized Medium (SOM). Further refinements based on the intracellular K$^+$/Na$^+$ ratio in the two-cell stages led to the evolution of KSOM, potassium-supplemented SOM. Because KSOM uses a bicarbonate buffering mechanism, it is dependent on a CO$_2$ incubator to maintain the right pH. The handling of embryos outside a CO$_2$ incubator necessitates the use of HEPES buffered media, such as M2.

## Applications and advancements

Following the foundational success of KSOM, researchers sought to further enhance the mediums' efficacy. This led to the introduction of amino acid supplementation, resulting in the variant known as KSOM/AA. The availability of amino acids in the medium further aided in the development of mouse embryos and augmented their growth potential. KSOM/AA has ever since become the most widely used medium for the culture of preimplantation mouse embryos in research. Ready-to-use KSOM/AA can be obtained from various commercial vendors but it can also be prepared in-house based on published protocols.
# Portuguese Golden Ball

The Portuguese Golden Ball (known in Portuguese as A Bola de Ouro) is an annual award given, by Portuguese newspaper A Bola, to the player who is adjudged to have been the best of the year in the Primeira Liga. The first winner of the award was Eusébio, in 1991. Initially, it was a career award, but since then, the award was given to the best player in the league.

## Format

The prize is given out by Portuguese newspaper A Bola to the best player in the Portuguese Liga.

## Winners

The award has been presented on 20 occasions as of 2012, with 17 different winners.
| Year | Winner | Country | Club | Position |
| 1991 | Eusébio | Portugal | Retired | Forward |
| 1992 | Vítor Baía | Portugal | Porto | Goalkeeper |
| 1993 | João Pinto | Portugal | Benfica | Forward |
| 1994 | Luís Figo | Portugal | Sporting CP | Midfielder |
| 1995 | Domingos | Portugal | Porto | Forward |
| 1996 | João Pinto | Portugal | Benfica | Forward |
| 1997 | Mário Jardel | Brazil | Porto | Forward |
| 1998 | Mário Jardel | Brazil | Porto | Forward |
| 1999 | - | - | - | - |
| 2000 | Jorge Costa | Portugal | Porto | Defender |
| 2001 | Erwin Sánchez | Bolivia | Boavista | Midfielder |
| 2002 | Mário Jardel | Brazil | Sporting CP | Forward |
| 2003 | Deco | Brazil | Porto | Midfielder |
| 2004 | Adriano Rossato | Brazil | Nacional | Defender |
| 2005 | Simão | Portugal | Benfica | Midfielder |
| 2006 | Petit | Portugal | Benfica | Midfielder |
| 2007 | Ricardo Quaresma | Portugal | Porto | Midfielder |
| 2008 | - | - | - | - |
| 2009 | Lucho González | Argentina | Porto | Midfielder |
| 2010 | Javier Saviola | Argentina | Benfica | Forward |
| 2011 | Radamel Falcao | Colombia | Porto | Forward |
| 2012 | James Rodríguez | Colombia | Porto | Midfielder |
# Portuguese Governor's Mansion

The Portuguese Governor's Mansion in Pondicherry, India is a historic building.
# Pouerua

Pouerua is a 270 m (890 ft) high basaltic scoria cone, in the Kaikohe-Bay of Islands volcanic field in New Zealand. It is in the locality of Pakaraka and was the site of a pā that was studied during a major archeological project in the 1980s. Pouerua is registered with the Historic Places Trust as a traditional site (Registration Number 6711).

## Culture

The last Māori who occupied Pouerua were the Ngāti Rāhiri subtribe of Ngāpuhi. They left in about 1860.
According to the Historic Places Trust, Pouerua is considered the origin and the watershed or pou of the two tribal areas of Ngapuhi, at the Hokianga in the west and Taumarere in the east.
# Portrait of a Man (Rembrandt, New York)

Portrait of a Man is a c. 1657 portrait painting painted by Rembrandt. It is an oil on canvas and is in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art.

## Description

This painting came into the collection via the Henry G. Marquand bequest.
This painting was documented by Hofstede de Groot in 1914, who wrote:
   753. A PALE MAN WITH LONG DARK HAIR. Bode 222; Dut. 339; Wb. 209; B.-HdG. 495. About forty. Half-length with one hand; life size. He stands, seen almost in full face, looking straight before him. His left hand is in his black cloak, which envelopes the figure. He wears a large, smooth, close-fitting collar with tassels and a high broad-brimmed black hat. He has a slight moustache, is partly shaven, and has dark eyes. The light falls from the left on the right side of the face and the collar. The background is illumined to the left. Signed in full, and dated 1664; canvas, 31 1/2 inches by 25 inches. Mentioned by Bode, pp. 531, 588; Dutuit, p. 46; Michel, p. 442]. Exhibited at the Hudson-Fulton Celebration, Metropolitan Museum, New York, 1909, No. 107. In the collection of the Marquess of Lansdowne, London, 1883. In the collection of H. G. Marquand, New York; given by him in 1890 to the Museum.
Despite extensive research, the sitter and earlier owners of this painting are unknown. Surface examination has shown that the date Hofstede de Groot saw had disappeared by the 1950s, and the overall condition of the painting is rather abraded. The shading of the eyes under the hat is characteristic of Rembrandt's work in the 1650s.
# Portrait of a Man (Moretto)

Portrait of a Man is an oil on canvas painting by Moretto da Brescia, dated of 1526, now in the National Gallery, London, which acquired it in 1876 from the Fenaroli Avogadro Collection, from Brescia. It is held to be the first surviving standing life-size portrait in art history, predating those of Titian.
# Porto Garibaldi–Agostino gas field

The Porto Garibaldi–Agostino gas field natural gas field located on the continental shelf of the Adriatic Sea. It was discovered in 1951 and developed by Eni. It began production in 1955 and produces natural gas and condensates. The total proven reserves of the Porto Garibaldi—Agostino gas field are around 3500 billion cubic feet (100.6×10$^9$m³), and production is slated to be around 57 million cubic feet/day (1.77×10$^5$m³) in 2010.
# Zero power critical

Zero power critical is a condition of nuclear fission reactors that is useful for characterizing the reactor core. A reactor is in the zero power critical state if it is sustaining a stable fission chain reaction with no significant growth or decay in the reaction rate, and at a low enough level that thermal considerations are not important to the reaction. For example, a reactor that can produce gigawatts of heat might be considered zero-power critical when producing 100 watts of heat through a fission chain reaction.
Most nuclear reactors are held at a zero-power critical condition as part of the start-up sequence, to assess the condition of the reactor itself.

## Role of Zero Power Reactors in Nuclear Safety

The Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) has documented a shift in the usage of zero power reactors (ZPRs). Previously used for engineering prototypes, these reactors now serve in validating nuclear data and simulation codes. This shift has occurred against a backdrop of a global decrease in ZPR facilities, affecting the field's experimental capabilities.
The NEA workshop "The Demise of Zero Power Reactors: From Concern to Action," held on June 22–23, 2023, at the Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire in France, addressed these changes. This event brought together international experts to discuss new approaches for reactor physics validation and data preservation, considering the reduced number of ZPR facilities. A report from the NEA's Working Party on Scientific Issues and Uncertainty Analysis of Reactor Systems Task Force on Zero Power Reactors, due in early 2024, will summarize these discussions. It is expected to offer guidance on ZPRs' future role in nuclear safety and regulation.
# Roberto Guerra Perez

Roberto de Jesús Guerra Pérez (Media Luna, Granma, Cuba, September 19, 1978) is a Cuban independent journalist and blogger. He completed studies only up to 9th grade, as the Cuban authorities sentenced him to a year and six months of forced labor at the age of 14 for criticizing the food rationing system.

## Early life

Guerra Pérez, had a nomadic life with his five brothers and faced extreme poverty. His parents Engracio War (1926–2001) and Consuelo Perez (1956), were both very poor farmers in the eastern part of the country. From age 9, he needed to take several jobs to help his family. At age 14, after leaving school, he worked selling candy, as a farmer, as a security guard and as a livestock business manager in charge of three farms.

## Later life

In 2003, he was living in Havana, where he met several dissidents and human rights activists. His new connections inspired him to join the opposition movement as a way to channel his disenchantment with the Cuban revolution. After his first hunger strike in 2005, he was sentenced to two years' imprisonment for public disorder. It would not be his last hunger strike (8) or its last detention (180).
In 2009, he founded the cihpress.com as an independent news agency to break with government censorship and inform the world about the events official media tried to silence. His goal was to create a system for the collection and dissemination of information and for the training of journalists and collaborators throughout Cuba.
Today, Hablemos Press counts with more than 100 collaborators, its own website, more than 1,000 visitors per day, more than 250 videos on YouTube and 400-600 weekly copies of the Hablemos Press newspaper. They report from and for Cuba on politics, culture, commerce, finance, art, literature, and sports—anything that's news. And they continue to do it despite government repression against their journalists.
He has participated in dozens of events in countries such as Sweden (2 *), Norway, Germany, Lithuania (2), Belarusian border, Czech Republic, Poland (2) United States (3), Mexico (2), Panama (2), Argentina and others, from 2013, the Cuban government allowed citizens to leave the island.
He gave a lecture on the state of press freedom in Cuba, at the Oslo Freedom Forum in Oslo, Norway 2013, at the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, Washington, USA 2014, and at the Forum on Freedom of Expression, parallel to the VII Summit of the Americas 2015.
The Human Rights.Gov (digital portal of the Office of Policy Planning and Public Diplomacy in the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor of the State Department of the United States) in September 2014 highlighted the personality of Guerra Perez for his work in defense of freedom of expression and his effort to share free information in the island
# Uruguay at the Deaflympics

Uruguay competed at the Deaflympics for the first time in 2001, when they sent a delegation consisting of only one athlete in the event. The second time in the deaflympics was in 2022 games in Caxias do Sul, Brazil, with three athletes. Uruguay yet to receive a medal at the Deaflympics.

## Medal tallies
### Summer Deaflympics

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| 2001 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2022 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |

## Medal tallies by sport

| Sport event | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| Athletics | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Tennis | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
# Kellett (surname)

Kellett is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Al Kellett (1901–1960), relief pitcher in US Major League Baseball
* Bob Kellett (1927–2012), English film director, film producer and screenwriter
* Brian Kellett, rugby league footballer of the 1980s (son of Cyril Kellett)
* Cyril Kellett (1937–1993), English rugby league footballer of the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s (father of Brian Kellett)
* Dave Kellett, American cartoonist
* Edward Kellett (New Zealand politician) (1865–1922), New Zealand Member of Parliament for Dunedin North
* Edward Orlando Kellett (died 1943), British Member of Parliament and British Army officer
* Edward Kellett-Bowman (born 1931), British business and management consultant
* Dame Elaine Kellett-Bowman (1923–2014), British Conservative politician
* Gloria Calderon Kellett, American writer and actress
* Sir Henry Kellett (1806–1875), British naval officer and explorer
* Ken Kellett (born 1953), English rugby league footballer of the 1970s and 1980s
* Les Kellett (1915–2002), English professional wrestler
* Red Kellett (1909–1970), President and General Manager of the 'Baltimore Colts' American football team
* Ronald Gustave Kellett (1909–1998), Royal Air Force pilot in the Battle of Britain
# Truncus (mathematics)

In analytic geometry, a truncus is a curve in the Cartesian plane consisting of all points (x,y) satisfying an equation of the form
$f(x)={a \over (x+b)^{2}}+c$
where a, b, and c are given constants. The two asymptotes of a truncus are parallel to the coordinate axes. The basic truncus y = 1 / x$^2$ has asymptotes at x = 0 and y = 0, and every other truncus can be obtained from this one through a combination of translations and dilations.
For the general truncus form above, the constant a dilates the graph by a factor of a from the x-axis; that is, the graph is stretched vertically when a > 1 and compressed vertically when 0 < a < 1. When a < 0 the graph is reflected in the x-axis as well as being stretched vertically. The constant b translates the graph horizontally left b units when b > 0, or right when b < 0. The constant c translates the graph vertically up c units when c > 0 or down when c < 0. The asymptotes of a truncus are found at x = -b (for the vertical asymptote) and y = c (for the horizontal asymptote).
This function is more commonly known as a reciprocal squared function, particularly the basic example $1/x^{2}$.
# Truncus arteriosus

The truncus arteriosus is a structure that is present during embryonic development. It is an arterial trunk that originates from both ventricles of the heart that later divides into the aorta and the pulmonary trunk.

## Structure

The truncus arteriosus and bulbus cordis are divided by the aorticopulmonary septum. The truncus arteriosus gives rise to the ascending aorta and the pulmonary trunk. The caudal end of the bulbus cordis gives rise to the smooth parts (outflow tract) of the left and right ventricles (aortic vestibule & conus arteriosus respectively). The cranial end of the bulbus cordis (also known as the conus cordis) gives rise to the aorta and pulmonary trunk with the truncus arteriosus.
This makes its appearance in three portions.
* Two distal ridge-like thickenings project into the lumen of the tube: the truncal and bulbar ridges. These increase in size, and ultimately meet and fuse to form a septum (aorticopulmonary septum), which takes a spiral course toward the proximal end of the truncus arteriosus. It divides the distal part of the truncus into two vessels, the aorta and pulmonary artery, which lie side by side above, but near the heart the pulmonary artery is in front of the aorta.
* Four endocardial cushions appear in the proximal part of the truncus arteriosus in the region of the future semilunar valves; the manner in which these are related to the aortic septum is described below.
* Two endocardial thickenings—anterior and posterior—develop in the bulbus cordis and unite to form a short septum; this joins above with the aortic septum and below with the ventricular septum. The septum grows down into the ventricle as an oblique partition, which ultimately blends with the ventricular septum in such a way as to bring the bulbus cordis into communication with the pulmonary artery, and through the latter with the sixth pair of aortic arches; while the left ventricle is brought into continuity with the aorta, which communicates with the remaining aortic arches.
* Liver with the septum transversum. Human embryo 3 mm. long.
* Illustration of truncus arteriosus in a fully formed heart

## Clinical significance

Failure of the truncus arteriosus to close results in the condition known as persistent truncus arteriosus, a rare congenital heart defect. This is often just referred to as truncus arteriosus. Echocardiography is used to diagnose this condition. Other pathologies of the truncus arteriosus include transposition of the great vessels (arteries in this case), and tetralogy of Fallot.