OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Stephania tetrandra

Stephania tetrandra is a herbaceous perennial vine of the family Menispermaceae native to China and Taiwan. It grows from a short, woody caudex, climbing to a height of around three meters. The leaves are arranged spirally on the stem, and are peltate, i.e. with the leaf petiole attached near the centre of the leaf. Its root is used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM).

## Distribution and habitat

Stephania tetrandra occurs in shrublands at village margins, open fields, and roadsides in South Central and East China in Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, and Zhejiang provinces, and in Taiwan.

## Etymology in Chinese medicine

Stephania tetrandra is among the 50 fundamental herbs used in TCM. The standard pinyin according to the Chinese [Herbal] Pharmacopia of the People's Republic of China (Chinese: 中华人民共和国药典; pinyin: Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo Yao Dian) is: fen fang ji (Chinese: 粉防己; pinyin: fěn fáng jǐ), but it is more commonly known as Han Fang ji (Chinese: 漢防己; pinyin: hàn fáng jǐ).

## Traditional medicine

Fen fang ji is used in traditional Chinese medicine to dispel wind and dampness to relieve pain and to promote diuresis. It is classified as acrid, bitter and cold. The part used is the root.

## Chemistry

Stephania contains tetrandrine, a potent smooth muscle relaxant. Stephania alkaloids have curare-like action, and can selectively inhibit T-cell-dependent immune reactions. The root contains many isoquinoline alkaloids: tetrandrine (0.6-0.9%), fangchinoline (0.5%), cyclanoline (0.1%) and dimethyltetrandrine iodide (muscle relaxant). The root also contains flavanoids. The main active alkaloids are: tetrandrine (12 to 23 grams/kg) and fangchinoline (0.3–3 mg/kg). Also present are: dimethyltetradine iodide, cyclanoline, menisine, menisidine, oxofangchirine, stephenanthrine, stepholidine and bisbenzylisoquinoline. Fenfangjines F, G, H, and I.

## Other herbs sometimes used as Fang Ji

Other plants named fang ji (Chinese: 防己, roughly "snakebite remedy") are sometimes substituted for it. Notable among these is guang fang ji (Chinese: 廣防己; pinyin: guǎng fáng jǐ), Aristolochia fanchi, whose main toxic component is aristolochic acid, a potent carcinogen and nephrotoxin. Other herbs sometimes used as Fang Ji include Cocculus trilobus, C. orbiculatus, Aristolochia fangchi, and Sinomenium acutum (Japanese Han Fang Ji or Qinfengteng).

## Warnings, contraindications for substituted herbs

When Aristolochia fanghi is substituted for Stephania tetrandra, the resultant guang fang ji preparations can contain toxic amounts of aristolochic acid Ingestion can lead to renal failure and even death; Aristolochia is used in TCM only with great caution. In May, 2000, the FDA began detaining any plants or medicines suspected of containing aristolochic acid, unless laboratory testing indicated they were negative for aristolochic acid. The traditional route of ingestion of guang fang ji is via water decoction. Since aristolochic acid has low water solubility, water decoction is believed to be a safer route than taking guang fang ji as an uncooked powder.
# Lemyra pseudoflammeoida

Lemyra pseudoflammeoida is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by Cheng-Lai Fang in 1983. It is found in Jiangxi, China.
# Ōsawa

Ōsawa, Osawa or Oosawa (written: 大沢 or 大澤 lit. "big swamp") is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Chiho Osawa (大澤 ちほ, born 1992), Japanese ice hockey player
* Eiji Osawa (born 1935), Japanese chemist
* Itsumi Osawa (born 1966), Japanese actress, writer and singer
* Kenji Osawa (born 1976), Japanese mixed martial artist
* Kisaburo Osawa (1910–1991), Japanese aikidoka
* Masaaki Ōsawa (born 1946), Japanese politician and governor of Gunma Prefecture
* Masayo Ōsawa (1913–1945), Japanese diver
* Masayuki Osawa (大沢 正行, born 1946), Japanese swimmer
* Reiko Ōsawa (born 1915), Japanese diver
* Shigeki Osawa (born 1986), Japanese mixed martial artist
* Shinichi Osawa (born 1967), Japanese musician better known as Mondo Grosso
* Takao Osawa (born 1968), Japanese actor
# Ramka District

Ramka District is a district of Relizane Province, Algeria.
The district is further divided into 2 municipalities:
* Ramka
* Souk El Had
* This article about a location in Relizane Province is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
35°51′20″N 1°19′56″E﻿ / ﻿35.85556°N 1.33222°E﻿ / 35.85556; 1.33222
# Telegraph process

In probability theory, the telegraph process is a memoryless continuous-time stochastic process that shows two distinct values. It models burst noise (also called popcorn noise or random telegraph signal). If the two possible values that a random variable can take are $c_{1}$ and $c_{2}$, then the process can be described by the following master equations:
    $\partial _{t}P(c_{1},t|x,t_{0})=-\lambda _{1}P(c_{1},t|x,t_{0})+\lambda _{2}P(c_{2},t|x,t_{0})$
and
    $\partial _{t}P(c_{2},t|x,t_{0})=\lambda _{1}P(c_{1},t|x,t_{0})-\lambda _{2}P(c_{2},t|x,t_{0}).$
where $\lambda _{1}$ is the transition rate for going from state $c_{1}$ to state $c_{2}$ and $\lambda _{2}$ is the transition rate for going from going from state $c_{2}$ to state $c_{1}$. The process is also known under the names Kac process (after mathematician Mark Kac), and dichotomous random process.

## Solution

The master equation is compactly written in a matrix form by introducing a vector $\mathbf {P} =[P(c_{1},t|x,t_{0}),P(c_{2},t|x,t_{0})]$,
    ${\frac {d\mathbf {P} }{dt}}=W\mathbf {P}$
where
    $W={\begin{pmatrix}-\lambda _{1}&\lambda _{2}\\\lambda _{1}&-\lambda _{2}\end{pmatrix}}$
is the transition rate matrix. The formal solution is constructed from the initial condition $\mathbf {P} (0)$ (that defines that at $t=t_{0}$, the state is $x$) by
    $\mathbf {P} (t)=e^{Wt}\mathbf {P} (0)$.
It can be shown that
    $e^{Wt}=I+W{\frac {(1-e^{-2\lambda t})}{2\lambda }}$
where $I$ is the identity matrix and $\lambda =(\lambda _{1}+\lambda _{2})/2$ is the average transition rate. As $t\rightarrow \infty$, the solution approaches a stationary distribution $\mathbf {P} (t\rightarrow \infty )=\mathbf {P} _{s}$ given by
    $\mathbf {P} _{s}={\frac {1}{2\lambda }}{\begin{pmatrix}\lambda _{2}\\\lambda _{1}\end{pmatrix}}$

## Properties

Knowledge of an initial state decays exponentially. Therefore, for a time $t\gg (2\lambda )^{-1}$, the process will reach the following stationary values, denoted by subscript s:
Mean:
    $\langle X\rangle _{s}={\frac {c_{1}\lambda _{2}+c_{2}\lambda _{1}}{\lambda _{1}+\lambda _{2}}}.$
Variance:
    $\operatorname {var} \{X\}_{s}={\frac {(c_{1}-c_{2})^{2}\lambda _{1}\lambda _{2}}{(\lambda _{1}+\lambda _{2})^{2}}}.$
One can also calculate a correlation function:
    $\langle X(t),X(u)\rangle _{s}=e^{-2\lambda |t-u|}\operatorname {var} \{X\}_{s}.$

## Application

This random process finds wide application in model building:
* In physics, spin systems and fluorescence intermittency show dichotomous properties. But especially in single molecule experiments probability distributions featuring algebraic tails are used instead of the exponential distribution implied in all formulas above.
* In finance for describing stock prices
* In biology for describing transcription factor binding and unbinding.
# Peter Wright (ceramicist)

Peter Wright (30 December 1919 – 20 June 2003) was a British potter and sculptor.

## Biography

Wright was born in Hitchin, Hertfordshire in 1919 and was brought up in Enfield Town, north London. After army service in World War Two, he attended Hornsey College of Art from 1946 to 1950, learning graphics but developing his interest in clay. After Hornsey, he was appointed as a teacher of art at Sutton Coldfield College of Further Education. In 1954 he opened his own studio in Monkton Combe, just outside Bath, before relocating to Gloucester Street in the city. His pottery marks dating from 1953 include his initials, his name and the outline of a fish. As an avant-garde ceramic artist and clay sculptor he began teaching at Bath Academy of Art in 1957, the same year in which his work was shown at the Victoria and Albert Museum.
Wright's work has been acquired by several museums around the world.
He died on 20 June 2003 in Bath, Somerset, aged 83.

## Personal life

He was married to Sheila and they had one son. The marriage ended in separation in the 1960s.

## Legacy

A retrospective exhibition of his work was held at the Bristol Guild of Applied Art Gallery in 2003.
# I Wonder What They're Doing To-Night (Your Girl and Mine)

"I Wonder What They’re Doing Tonight (Your Girl and Mine)" is a 1918 song by composer John C. Egan and lyricists Lew Brown and Al Harriman. It was published by the Broadway Music Corp. A version of the song was recorded by Arthur Fields.
# Psychotomimetism

A drug with psychotomimetic (also known as psychotogenic) actions mimics the symptoms of psychosis, including delusions and/or delirium, as opposed to only hallucinations. Psychotomimesis is the onset of psychotic symptoms following the administration of such a drug.
Some rarely used drugs of the opioid class have psychotomimetic effects. Particularly, mixed kappa receptor agonist mu receptor antagonist opioid analgesics can cause dose-related psychotomimesis. This adverse effect, incidence 1–2%, limits their use. Pentazocine and butorphanol fall under this opioid class.
There is evidence that cannabinoids are psychotomimetic, especially delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ$^9$-THC). D'Souza et al. (2004) found that intravenous THC produced effects that resemble schizophrenia in both the positive symptoms (hallucinations, delusions, paranoia, and disorganized thinking) and negative symptoms (avolition, asociality, apathy, alogia, and anhedonia). Certain strains of cannabis may be more psychotomimetic than others, probably due to the action of cannabidiol (CBD), which inhibits P450 3A11's metabolic conversion of THC to 11-Hydroxy-THC, which is four times more psychoactive.$^{p.39}$
Carl Sagan used the word "psychotomimetic" in his anonymous article "Mr.X" to describe the effects of cannabis, writing that "I smile, or sometimes even laugh out loud at the pictures on the insides of my eyelids. In this sense, I suppose cannabis is psychotomimetic, but I find none of the panic or terror that accompanies some psychoses."
Psychostimulants, such as cocaine, amphetamines, and synthetic cathinones (including bath salts) are known to produce psychotic symptoms similar to paranoid schizophrenia and manic-depressive psychosis.
Dissociative drugs (NMDA receptor antagonists) such as PCP also elicit psychotic behavior in its users which may result in medical intervention.
Deliriant drugs (muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists) such as BZ (QNB) also fall into the class of psychotomimetics.

## List of psychotomimetic drugs

Substances that can induce psychotomimetic effects include:
# Western Journal of Nursing Research

The Western Journal of Nursing Research is a peer-reviewed nursing journal that covers clinical research in the field of nursing. It was established as a quarterly in 1979 by founding editor-in-chief Pamela Brink, working with the Western Council on Higher Education in Nursing and KNI Publishing, which was acquired by SAGE Publications in 1984. In 2003, it became the official journal of Midwest Nursing Research Society. Brink was succeeded by Vicki Conn in 2007.

## Abstracting and indexing

The Western Journal of Nursing Research is abstracted and indexed in Scopus and the Social Sciences Citation Index. According to the Journal Citation Reports, its 2012 impact factor is 1.217.
# Social Psychological and Personality Science

Social Psychological and Personality Science is a peer-reviewed academic journal that covers research in social and personality psychology. Its editor-in-chief is Margo Monteith (Purdue University). It was established in 2010 and is published by SAGE Publications. The journal is jointly owned by four different societies: the Association for Research in Personality, European Association of Social Psychology, Society of Experimental Social Psychology, and Society for Personality and Social Psychology.

## Abstracting and indexing

The journal is abstracted and indexed in PsycINFO and Scopus. According to the Journal Citation Reports, its 2018 impact factor is 3.605, ranking it 6 out of 63 journals in the category "Psychology, Social".
# Joan Fujimura

Joan Hideko Fujimura is an American sociologist and the Martindale-Bascom Professor Emerita of Sociology at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. She is the president of the Society for the Social Studies of Science. She was a fellow of the Institute for Advanced Study from 1999 to 2001 and of the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Stanford University from 2014 to 2015.
# West Bank (disambiguation)

The West Bank is a landlocked territory east of Israel and west of Jordan, forming the bulk of the State of Palestine.
West Bank or Westbank may also refer to:

## Administrative areas

* Judea and Samaria Area, the Israeli administrative district covering most of Area C of the West Bank
* Luxor § West bank, the site of many ancient Egyptian monuments, temples and tombs

## Iraq

* West Bank of Mosul

## Canada

* West Kelowna, a city in British Columbia, colloquially known as Westbank
** Westbank, British Columbia, a municipality in British Columbia, Canada
** Westbank First Nation, a First Nations government in Canada

## United States

* Westbank, an area of the New Orleans metropolitan area; refers to the west side of the Mississippi River
** Westbank Expressway, a portion of U.S. Route 90 Business in this area
* West Bank, an area of the University of Minnesota
** West Bank station, a light rail station serving the West Bank campus
* Cedar-Riverside, referred to as West Bank, an area of Minneapolis
* West Bank Light, Staten Island, New York

## Europe

* West Bank (Rhine), the western side of the river Rhine, a region claimed either by France or Germany in the modern era
* West Bank, an area of Widnes, Cheshire, England
* West Bank House, a boarding house in Uppingham School in Rutland, England

## Other uses

* West Bank, a clone of the arcade game Bank Panic
# Şanlı, Silvan

Şanlı is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Silvan, Diyarbakır Province in Turkey. Its population is 391 (2022).
# Peter Conradi

Peter Conradi is a British author and journalist who is the Europe Editor of The Sunday Times of London.

## Biography

Conradi is the author of The Red Ripper: Inside the Mind of Russia's Most Brutal Serial Killer (about Andrei Chikatilo); Mad Vlad: Vladimir Zhirinovsky and the New Russian Nationalism (about Vladimir Zhirinovsky) and Hitler's Piano Player (about Ernst Hanfstaengl a.k.a. Putzi). The Independent called Hitler's Piano Player "an exemplary piece of biographical writing".
He is co-author with Mark Logue of the best-selling book The King's Speech: How One Man Saved the British Monarchy, which tells the story of the friendship between King George VI and his Australian speech therapist, Lionel Logue, that inspired the highly acclaimed film of the same name. He is also author of Royale Europe, a book about Europe's reigning royal families, which was published initially in French in May 2011.
A graduate of the University of Oxford (Brasenose College), Conradi also studied at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. He was a foreign correspondent based in Brussels, Zurich, and Moscow, and became deputy foreign editor of The Sunday Times of London in 1998. He was appointed editor of Home, the newspaper's property supplement, in April 2006 and subsequently Focus editor. He was appointed as the newspaper's foreign editor, succeeding Sean Ryan, in July 2013. In September 2018 he was named European editor for the Sunday Times and Times.
His book about politics between Russia and the United States, Who Lost Russia?, was described by Owen Matthews in the Literary Review as 'fast-paced, comprehensive, solidly researched and, most importantly, essential reading for anyone who wants to understand one of the great crises of our times.'
He has three children and lives in Paris.
# Ida D. Bailey

Ida D. Bailey (1866–1908) was an American teacher and civil rights activist in Washington, D.C.. She was active in the Niagara Movement, an African-American civil rights organization.

## Biography

She was born on August 13, 1866 in Roxboro, North Carolina. When she was 11 years old she started at Scotia Seminary in Concord, North Carolina. She later studied at Shaw University. She taught in schools in Virginia and North Carolina. In 1891 she married to physician Henry L. Bailey, and moved to Washington, D.C..
She was involved in the Niagara Movement's 1906 Niagara Movement Conference at Harpers Ferry, West Virginia; and was photographed at it with other participants which is now part of the 'F. H. M. Murray Papers' at Howard University. William Henry Ferris lauded her work for civil rights and educational opportunities for African Americans. She was one of the founders of the Colored Woman's League. In 1892 she was one of the founders of the National Colored Women's League, an organization in Washington, D.C. with the goals of improving racial and social progress. She was president of the Dunbar Circle of the Niagara Movement, which operated as a club in Washington D.C.
Bailey was a popular speaker who was described as an "earnest and convincing speaker", and spoke in venues such as the Bethel Literary and Historical Society. She felt blacks should be able to attend gatherings at the White House without embarrassment. She defended African Americans who attended events at the White House against critics who promoted segregation and white supremacy.
# Pseudosimnia

Pseudosimnia is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the subfamily Eocypraeinae of the family Ovulidae.

## Species

Species within the genus Pseudosimnia include:
* Pseudosimnia adriatica (Sowerby, 1828)
* Pseudosimnia alisonae Lorenz & Rosenberg, 2020
* Pseudosimnia angusta Celzard, 2017
* Pseudosimnia carnea (Poiret, 1789)
* Pseudosimnia diaphana (Liltved, 1987)
* Pseudosimnia flava Fehse, 2003
* Pseudosimnia jeanae (Cate, 1973)
* Pseudosimnia juanjosensii (Perez & Gomez, 1987)
* Pseudosimnia lacrima Simone & Cunha, 2012
* Pseudosimnia minima (Talavera, 1975)
* Pseudosimnia nudelmani Lorenz & Fehse, 2009
* Pseudosimnia pyrulina (A. Adams, 1854)
* Pseudosimnia shikamai (Cate, 1973)
* Pseudosimnia vanhyningi (M. Smith, 1940)
* Pseudosimnia wieseorum Lorenz, 1985

### Species brought into synonymy

* Subgenus Pseudosimnia (Diminovula) Iredale, 1930: synonym of Diminovula Iredale, 1930
* Pseudosimnia (Diminovula) fruticum (Reeve, 1865): synonym of Prionovolva brevis (Sowerby, 1828)
* Pseudosimnia adriatica Schilder, 1941: synonym of Pseudosimnia adriatica (Sowerby, 1828)
* Pseudosimnia alabaster (Reeve, 1865): synonym of Diminovula alabaster (Reeve, 1865)
* Pseudosimnia aurantiomacula Cate & Azuma, 1973: synonym of Diminovula aurantiomacula (Cate & Azuma, 1973)
* Pseudosimnia bilineata Bozzetti, 2009: synonym of Diminovula bilineata (Bozzetti, 2009) (original combination)
* Pseudosimnia caledonica (Crosse, 1872): synonym of Diminovula caledonica (Crosse, 1872)
* Pseudosimnia coroniola Cate, 1973: synonym of Diminovula coroniola (Cate, 1973)
* Pseudosimnia culmen Cate, 1973: synonym of Diminovula culmen (Cate, 1973)
* Pseudosimnia emilyreidae Cate, 1973: synonym of Diminovula kosugei (Cate, 1973)
* Pseudosimnia filia Azuma, 1974: synonym of Primovula rosewateri (Cate, 1973)
* Pseudosimnia florida Kuroda, 1958: synonym of Primovula roseomaculata (Schepman, 1909)
* Pseudosimnia fulguris Azuma & Cate, 1971: synonym of Primovula fulguris (Azuma & Cate, 1971)
* Pseudosimnia incisa Azuma & Cate, 1971: synonym of Diminovula incisa Azuma & Cate, 1971
* Pseudosimnia kandai Cate & Azuma in Cate, 1973: synonym of Testudovolva nipponensis (Pilsbry, 1913)
* Pseudosimnia marginata Sowerby, 1828: synonym of Margovula marginata (Sowerby, 1828)
* Pseudosimnia nubila Cate & Azuma in Cate, 1973: synonym of Diminovula whitworthi Cate, 1973
* Pseudosimnia perilla Cate, 1973: synonym of Diminovula dautzenbergi (Schilder, 1931)
* Pseudosimnia pyrifera Cate, 1973: synonym of Pseudosimnia vanhyningi (M. Smith, 1940)
* Pseudosimnia pyriformis Schilder, 1941: synonym of Diminovula alabaster (Reeve, 1865)
* Pseudosimnia pyriformis Kuroda, 1958: synonym of Diminovula alabaster (Reeve, 1865)
* Pseudosimnia sphoni Cate, 1973: synonym of Pseudosimnia vanhyningi (M. Smith, 1940)
* Pseudosimnia striola Cate, 1973: synonym of Diminovula dautzenbergi (Schilder, 1931)
* Pseudosimnia translineata Cate, 1973: synonym of Margovula translineata (Cate, 1973)
* Pseudosimnia verepunctata Iredale, 1930: synonym of Diminovula alabaster (Reeve, 1865)
* Pseudosimnia whitworthi Cate, 1973: synonym of Diminovula whitworthi Cate, 1973
# Whitehorse (album)

Whitehorse is the self-titled album from Whitehorse, a band consisting of Melissa McClelland and Luke Doucet. The album was released on August 30, 2011 in Canada by Six Shooter Records. It was made available for digital download on August 9, 2011.

## Personnel

* Melissa McClelland: vocals, acoustic guitar
* Luke Doucet: vocals, White Falcon (and some other electric guitars), acoustic guitar, bass, pedal steel, piano, organ, banjo
* Barry Mirochnick: drums, B3 bass and vocals on "Killing Time is Murder", drums on "Emerald Isle" and "Passenger 24"
* Pat Steward: drums on "Broken" and "I'm On Fire"
* Doug Elliott: bass on "Broken" and "I'm On Fire"

## Track listing

* "Eulogy for Whiskers, Part I"
* "Killing Time is Murder"
* "Emerald Isle"
* "Passenger 24"
* "Broken"
* "I'm On Fire"
* "Night Owls"
* "Eulogy for Whiskers, Part II"
* All songs written by Luke Doucet & Melissa McClellend, except "Broken" was written by Luke Doucet, Melissa McClellend & Sean MacDonald; and "I'm On Fire" was written by Bruce Springsteen
# Happy Caldwell

Albert W. "Happy" Caldwell (sometimes incorrectly spelled Cauldwell) (July 25, 1903 in Chicago – December 29, 1978 in New York City) was an American jazz clarinetist and tenor saxophonist.
Caldwell began on clarinet at age 16, playing in the Eighth Illinois Regimental Band and soon after in an Army band. He studied to be a pharmacist but eventually gave up his medicinal studies for jazz.
He worked with Bernie Young early in the 1920s in Chicago, where he recorded for the first time in 1923. Around this time he also began doubling on tenor saxophone. In the middle of the 1920s he played with Mamie Smith's Jazz Hounds, Bobby Brown's Syncopaters, Elmer Snowden, Billy Fowler, Thomas Morris, Willie Gant, and Cliff Jackson. In 1929, he recorded with Louis Armstrong.
In the 1930s, Caldwell played with Vernon Andrade, Tiny Bradshaw, and Louis Metcalfe, and led his own band, the Happy Pals, in the middle of the decade. He played at Minton's in New York City for a short time, then moved to Philadelphia, where he played with Eugene Slappy and Charlie Gaines. He returned to New York and put together a new ensemble in the 1940s, continuing to work in small settings for several decades. In the 1970s, he played with Jimmy Rushing, including on international tours.
# Joans Mohar

Joans Mohar is a village in the Amritsar district of Punjab, India. It is about 20 km away from the holy city of Amritsar, and 7 km away from Ajnala tehsil. Joans Mohar’s leader’s name is Whelben Kozkan, an Indian politician known for his knowledge in the medical field.
# Mindfulness Day

Mindfulness Day is an emerging annual event, celebrated on September 12, on which day a variety of workshops and meditation groups are held with the intent to raise awareness to the general public about the profound value and benefit of mindfulness. In 2011, Mindfulness Day was designated to be September 12 by Wisdom Publications. In 2022, an online event to celebrate Mindfulness Day was organised by a mindfulness author.