OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Resm-i çift

The Resm-i Çift (Çift Akçesi or Çift resmi) was a tax in the Ottoman Empire. It was a tax on farmland, assessed at a fixed annual rate per çift, and paid by land-owning Muslims. Some Imams and some civil servants were exempted from the resm-i çift.
The tax was collected annually, on 1 March, from the holder of the timar or their tax-farmer. Some exemptions from resm-i çift were granted, but this was less common than exemptions from extraordinary taxes. Some of the sadat were initially considered exempt from taxes such as the resm-i çift, but this exemption ended in the 17th century; there were various exemptions for those involved in salt-making and mining.
The Çift is a measure of land area, derived from the word for "pair"; it is an area of farmland which can be ploughed by a pair of oxen - the equivalent of the Byzantine Zeugarion. It has been argued that the basic land tax in Asia Minor and the Balkans was directly copied from earlier Byzantine tax methods. A nim çift was half of that area (or half a yoke of oxen); a çiftli bennak was an area less than half; these terms match the Byzantine zeugarion, boidaton, and aktemon - and the rates of tax were initially similar.
In the 15th and 16th centuries, most taxpayers in the Ottoman empire paid resm-i çift at a rate somewhere between 22 and 70 akçe; this could have been collected by a sipahi, as either a tax in kind or a cash tax. However, later centralised tax reforms led to cash payments of avâriz and nüzül replacing resm-i çift; this transition had begun by 1640. A typical defter record from the village of Eyucek in Antep shows that çiftliks held 10 çift, taxed at 40 akçe per çift, totalling 400 akçe; this, along with most of the village's other taxes (mostly taxes on individual crops), was paid to the fiefholder. Rates might vary for Muslims and nonmuslims; there are even instances of Muslim converts continuing to pay their "old" rate of tax. Landless peasants might pay Resm-i bennâk instead.
# Resmaa Menakem

Resmaa Menakem (born Chester Mason, Jr.) is an American author and psychotherapist specialising in the effects of trauma on the human body and the relationship between trauma, white body supremacy, and racism in America.
He is the author of My Grandmother’s Hands: Racialized Trauma and the Pathway to Mending our Hearts and Bodies, published in September 2017, which appeared on the New York Times bestseller list in May 2021 and The Quaking of America: An Embodied Guide to Navigating our Nation's Upheaval and Racial Reckoning, published in 2022. He is also the founder of the Cultural Somatics Institute.

## Career

For ten years, Menakem cohosted a radio show with former U.S. Congressman and Minnesota Attorney General Keith Ellison on KMOJ-FM in Minneapolis. He also hosted his own show, “Resmaa in the Morning,” on KMOJ.
Menakem has served as the director of counseling services for Tubman Family Alliance, a domestic violence treatment center in Minneapolis; the behavioral health director for African American Family Services in Minneapolis; a domestic violence counselor for Wilder Foundation; a divorce and family mediator; a social worker for Minneapolis Public Schools; a youth counselor; a community organizer; and a marketing strategist.
From 2011 to 2013, Menakem was a community care counselor for civilian contractors in Afghanistan, managing the wellness and counseling services on 53 U.S. military bases.
He has appeared on American daytime TV shows The Oprah Winfrey Show and Dr. Phil, the On Being podcast with Krista Tippett, late night talk show Tha God's Honest Truth with Charlemagne the God, iHeart radio's The Breakfast Club with DJ Envy, and the Goop podcast, among many media appearances.
# Rex Burns

Rex Burns (born 1935 in San Diego, California), born Raoul Stephen Sehler, is an American author of crime fiction. He has published numerous books, stories, articles, and reviews.

## Personal life

Burns graduated from Stanford University with a degree in English and Creative Writing. He went on to pursue a PhD in American Studies at the University of Minnesota, but his studies were temporarily interrupted by a term in the US Marine Corps, where he rose to the rank of Captain. Until 2000, when he retired, Burns was a professor of American literature at the University of Colorado Denver.

## Career

At the age of 40, Burns began writing novels. His first, The Alvarez Journal, won the Edgar Award for best first novel. The book introduced Gabriel Wager, a hard-drinking Mexican-American detective with the Denver police force. The Wager series lasted for ten more books, one of which (The Avenging Angel) was adapted into the 1988 film Messenger of Death, starring Charles Bronson.
# Reynold Grey, 2nd Baron Grey of Ruthin

Reynold Grey, 2nd Baron Grey of Ruthin (c. 1322 – c. 4 August 1388) was the son of Roger Grey, 1st Baron Grey de Ruthyn and Elizabeth de Hastings. He was summoned to Parliament from 1354 to 1388.

## Marriage and children

He succeeded his father and was succeeded by his son, Reginald. By his wife Alianore he had five children:
* Reynold Grey, 3rd Baron Grey of Ruthin (c. 1362 – 30 September 1440), married firstly, Margaret de Ros, by whom he had six children, and secondly, Joan Ashley, by whom he had another six children.
* Eleanor Grey, married William Lucy.
* John Grey (born 1364, date of death unknown)
* Catherine Grey (born 1366, date of death unknown)
* Ida Grey (c. 1368 – 1 June 1426), married Sir John Cokayne, by whom she had six children.
# Rhopalophora tenuis

Rhopalophora tenuis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Chevrolat in 1855.
# Rhamnus crenulata

Rhamnus crenulata is a species of plant in the family Rhamnaceae. It is endemic to the Canary Islands of Spain. It is threatened by Mediterranean Matorral shrubland habitat loss. In the Canary Islands it is also known as espinero and to the wider community as Canary Buckthorn.
# Ribes amarum

Ribes amarum is a species of currant known by the common name bitter gooseberry. It is endemic to California, where it is known from mountains, foothills, and canyons. Its habitat includes Chaparral.

## Description

Ribes amarum is a shrub growing to one to two meters (40-80 inches) in height. Nodes along the stem each bear three spines up to a centimeter (0.4 inch) in length. The hairy, glandular leaves are 2 to 4 centimeters (0.8-1.6 inches) long and generally rounded in shape, divided into 3 to 5 rounded toothed lobes.
The inflorescence is a solitary flower or raceme of up to three flowers which hang from leaf axils. The showy flower has five pointed sepals in shades of purple-red which are reflexed upward. At the center is a tubular corolla of white or pink-tinged petals around five stamens and two styles. The fruit is a bristly berry up to 2 centimeters wide which is bright red, ripening purple.
# Reçber

Reçber is a Turkish surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Hakan Reçber (born 1999), Turkish taekwondo practitioner
* Rüştü Reçber (born 1973), Turkish football goalkeeper and sports executive
# Rice Rees

Rice Rees (31 March 1804 – 20 May 1839) was a Welsh cleric and historian.

## Life

Rees was born at Ton, near Llandovery, Carmarthenshire, Wales, son of David- of a distinguished Llandovery family- and Sarah Rees, and christened in the local Independent chapel. From 1819, he was educated for a short time at Lampeter grammar school, under Eliezer Williams, before being educated at home and by his uncle, William Jenkins Rees. He matriculated at Jesus College, Oxford in 1822. He was appointed to a college scholarship in 1825 and graduated with a B.A. degree in 1826 and a M.A. degree in 1828. His tutor was Llewelyn Lewellin, who in 1827 was appointed as the first Principal of St David's College, Lampeter (which later became the University of Wales, Lampeter). Rees was appointed as lecturer in Welsh and librarian at St David's College. He was elected to a Fellowship of Jesus College in 1828, retaining this position until his death. He was ordained deacon in 1827 and priest in 1828, becoming rector of Llanddewi Velfrey, Pembrokeshire in 1832, obtaining a B.D. degree in 1837 and being appointed chaplain to the Bishop of St Davids, John Jenkinson, in 1838.
His book, The Welsh Saints, was described by the historian Sir J. E. Lloyd as "full and luminous". It was based on a prize-winning essay Rees wrote for the 1835 Carmarthen eisteddfod and was thereafter expanded, and published by his brother, William Rees, in 1836. He was also a member of the committee appointed to revise the Welsh Book of Common Prayer. He died suddenly, apparently from overwork, at Newbridge-on-Wye on 20 May 1839 when travelling from Cascob to Lampeter, and was buried at Llandingad. His unfinished work on the Liber Landavensis, a Welsh 12th century chronicle of the history of the Diocese of Llandaff, was completed by his uncle.
# Rhotacization

Rhotacization may refer to:
* R-colored vowels
* Rhotacism (sound change), conversion of a consonant into an r sound
# Rhoticism

Rhoticism can refer to:
* Rhotacism (speech impediment), difficulty in pronouncing the /r/ sound
* Rhotacism (sound change), the historical sound change of another sound to /r/
# Rhotia

Rhotia is an administrative ward in the Karatu district of the Arusha Region of Tanzania. According to the 2012 census, the ward has a total population of 24,268. Rhotia is the second most populous ward in Karatu district.
# Richard Bowen

Richard Bowen may refer to:
* Richard Bowen (Royal Navy officer) (1761–1797), British officer
* Richard L. Bowen (born 1933), American university president
* Richard M. Bowen III, American banker
* Richard Bowen (bowls) (born 1957), Welsh lawn bowler
# Richard Boutwell

Richard H. Boutwell is a United States Air Force brigadier general who had served as the vice commander of the Fifteenth Air Force. He previously commanded the 321st Air Expeditionary Wing.
# Richard Abbot

Richard Abbot (1818 – 15 July 1904) was an English poet. He was born in Burton-in-Kendal, Westmorland (now Cumbria). His father worked as a subcontractor on the Lancaster and Kendal Canal, which was then being extended to Tewitfield. His mother died when he was three years old. Abbot's initial education, from the age of four, was undertaken at Dame schools in Shap Fell and Galgate, Lancashire, before he studied at a National school in Ingleton, North Yorkshire. When the family was in Ingleton, Abbot's father began farming on the fells of Ingleborough, and from the age of 11, Abbot assisted him as a shepherd. Around 5 years later, his father suffered a serious accident that affected his sight and brain function, forcing him to end his farming business. Abbot gained new employment as a labourer on the construction of railways in Scotland, and parts of northern England. At the age of 50, he became the manager of a limestone quarry in the parish of Forcett, North Yorkshire. He continued in this position for 32 years. After retiring, he passed the quarry to his son. He also had two daughters. He died at his home in Forcett in 1904, at the age of 86. He is buried in the graveyard of St Cuthbert's Church in Forcett.
Four collections of his poetry were published between 1868 and 1901. In 1884, he became a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society. His 1879 collection The pen, the press, and the sword features a lithograph portrait by Ralph Hedley, and another portrait is included in his 1901 collection The Wanderer. His poetry was also printed in magazines in England and colonial territories. They often appeared in the Teesdale Mercury. Three of his poems appeared in North Country Poets: "The Song of Ingleton Bells", "O, Turn Aside Thy Loving Eyes" and "Fading Beauty".

## Published works

* War!: a descriptive poem on passing events (Bishop Auckland: G. E. Briggs, 1868)
* War, Canto III: Raby, Keverstone, Staindrop, etc.; The railway jubilee; Ode to Ingleborough, and other select poems and songs (London: Simpkin, Marshall & Co., 1876)
* The pen, the press, and the sword, with other poems and balsams for wounded hearts (Darlington: William Dresser, 1879)
* The Wanderer, in special trains of grave thoughts, with other poems and songs (Darlington: William Dresser, 1901)
# Richard Lovett (Seigneur)

Richard Lovett was an Anglo-Norman baron under William the Conqueror. The surname derived from the Anglo-Norman French Lo(u)vet, a nickname which meant 'wolf cub.' Richard Lovett's sons, William and Robert Lovett were rewarded with land grants in England that were listed in the Domesday Book and stayed with the family into the twentieth-century.
Richard de Louvet's tomb is at the cathedral in Rouen, France. His name, and that of his sons' (as Guilliame Louvet) are engraved on the wall of the Notre-Dame Church at Dives-sur-Mer together with other companions of William the Conqueror, Normandy.
# Richard Courtenay (MP)

Richard Courtenay (c. 1655–1696), of Colyton, Devon and Fetcham, Surrey, was an English politician.
He was a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Honiton in 1689.
# Richard Courtney (disambiguation)

Richard Courtney is an academic.
Richard Courtney may also refer to:
* Richard Edmond Courtney
* C. Richard Courtney, character in We're in the Money (film)
# Hoplistocerus lanei

Hoplistocerus lanei is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Zajciw in 1960.
# Matt Hayfield

Matthew Hayfield (born 8 August 1975) is a former professional footballer, who played as a midfielder in The Football League for Bristol Rovers and Shrewsbury Town. He also played non-League football for Yeovil Town, Woking and Basingstoke Town.
Hayfield began his career as an apprentice at Bristol Rovers, where he was promoted to the professional squad in 1994. He went on to make 44 League appearances for The Pirates, and also played in a further ten cup matches, all without scoring. He was loaned out to Football Conference team Yeovil Town early in the 1997–98 season, where he played five league games and scored once.
On his release from Bristol Rovers in 1998, Hayfield joined Shrewsbury Town on a short-term deal, where he played in just two League games, before returning to Yeovil. In his second spell with the Somerset club he played 39 times in the Conference, and scored nine goals, before leaving them in 2000. He spent just over a season with Woking, where he played in 45 league games, followed by a year-long spell with Basingstoke Town, for whom he played 22 times in the Isthmian League before being released in May 2002.
# Pseudepilysta

Pseudepilysta loebli is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae, and the only species in the genus Pseudepilysta. It was described by Hüdepohl in 1996.
# Richard Fowler (chancellor)

Sir Richard Fowler (c.1425-1477) was an English administrator.
He was the son of William Fowler of Preston manor in Buckinghamshire. He inherited the manor after his father's death.
He held several posts including king's solicitor from 1461 to 1470 (the first to hold this post) and Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster from 1462 to 1477, before being appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1469 to 1471 and Under-Treasurer of England in 1471. He was knighted by Edward IV in 1467. Fowler's tenure as Chancellor occurred during the Great Bullion Famine and the Great Slump in England.
Richard Fowler was the nephew of Sybil Quartermain and whilst the Quartermains lived at Rycote, Oxfordshire, Richard Fowler lived at the Quartermain family's ancestral home at North Weston, Somerset. The Quartermains had no surviving children and their estate at Rycote passed to Fowler.
He died on 3 November 1477 and was buried at St Rumwold's church in Buckingham. He had married Joan, the daughter of Henry Danvers, a London mercer. They had issue, including a son and heir Richard and a daughter, Sybil. His brother Thomas (Esquire of the body of King Edward IV) was mentioned in his will. Richard's descendants became the Fowler baronets of Harnage Grange.
He bequeathed money to rebuild St Rumwold's shrine in Buckingham.
# Symphony No. 1 (Popov)

Symphony No. 1 (Op. 7) by Soviet-Russian composer Gavriil Nikolayevich Popov is a composition that was banned from performance in the USSR. Popov had completed a sketch of the first movement by August 1929 and was preparing its last (third) movement by February 1930. The work, still in draft form, won a prize sponsored by the Bolshoi Theatre and the newspaper Komsomolskaya Pravda in September 1932. It received its premiere by the Leningrad Philharmonic Orchestra under conductor Fritz Stiedry on March 22, 1935.
One day after its premiere, Popov's symphony was banned by the Leningrad censorship board for reflecting 'the ideology of classes hostile to us.' Soviet authorities lifted the ban until Popov was denounced as a 'formalist' composer through his association with Dmitri Shostakovich in 1936. Popov's symphony was denied further performance in the USSR and then worldwide until after his death in 1972.

## Musical form

Popov's Symphony No. 1 is in three movements and roughly 50 minutes long, utilizing a large symphonic orchestra. The movements are:
* Allegro energico (about 23 minutes)
* Largo con moto e molto cantabile (about 16 minutes)
* Finale: Scherzo e Coda. Prestissimo (about 9 minutes)

## Legacy

While obscure, Popov's Symphony No. 1 holds a unique place in Soviet musical history and influenced composers such as Dmitri Shostakovich and Alfred Schnittke. The symphony was written during a period of greater Soviet artistic freedom, inspired by avant-gardists such as Igor Stravinsky, Paul Hindemith, Béla Bartók, and composers from the Second Viennese School. Also of influence were the late-romantic symphonies of Gustav Mahler.
Popov's symphony is a highly dynamic work that uses expressionism and freeform styles of composition that were popular in Europe at the time. The symphony is known as a major inspiration for Shostakovich's Symphony No. 4, a similarly themed work in three movements. Ironically, Shostakovich withdrew his symphony from its Leningrad premiere during this stretch of artistic repression and, like Popov's, was not heard in the concert hall until decades later.
After the 1936 debacle, Popov's composition style changed, fearing later condemnation by the Soviet government. While suffering from emotional conflicts and worsening alcoholism, he wrote five other symphonies that are widely viewed as conformist and devoid of his earlier originality. The Symphony No. 1 has experienced a modest revival by orchestras and recording labels such as Telarc, but remains more of a curiosity than a normal part of the repertoire.
# Nô

Nô may refer to:
* Noh, a form of Japanese musical drama
* Nô (film), a 1998 film which uses Noh theatre as a dramatic device
# Shelu

Shelu is a town in Karjat Tehsil, Maharashtra, India. It also has a station on the Mumbai Suburban Railway in Raigad district. The station is on the Mumbai - Karjat route after Vangani. Shelu Local Language is Marathi. Shelu Village Total population is 1374 and number of houses are 286. Female Population is 48.7%. Village literacy rate is 71.4% and the Female Literacy rate is 31.7%. The famous Ulhas River passed through this town and it is a source of fresh water for this area. In the western side of the shelu town Matheran Mountains are there and on the easter side of the Shelu town Ulhas River passes through. The Shelu town has India Post's Branch Post office its PIN Code is 410101.

## Climate

In the Shelu town the rainy season starts in the month of June and it last till October month. The Shelu town is heavy rain area. The winter season starts from the month of November and it last till the month of February. The average temperature during winter is 14-15 degree Celsius. The hot season starts from March to May. During the summer season the average temperature remains 30-35 degree Celsius.

## Shelu Railway Station

Shelu town has a railway station in its name SHELU RAILWAY STATION". On this railway station daily 35 local trains stops which goes towards Mumbai and daily 35 local trains stops which goes towards karjat. This railway station has good rail connectivity with Mumbai & Thane city.

## Road Connectivity

Badlapur - Karjat Highway passed through Shelu Town. The Karjat - Murbad State Highway 79 also accessible from Shelu town.

## Tourism

The Shelu town is full of greenery nature. Its air quality is fresh. Also this place is 4 KM away from Neral - Matheran which is famous tourist destination. Hence, many Holiday resorts are available in Shelu town as well which attracts the tourists specially from Mumbai City.

## Educational Institutes

Many education institutes are having their presence in Shelu. Some of them are:
1) The G.V. Acharya Institute of Engineering & Technology College. 2) The G.V. Acharya Polytechnic College 3) SAV Acharya Institute of Management Studies 4) Namrata Acharya School 5) Omkar Vidyalay (Bandhiwali) 6) RZP School Bandhivali (Government School) 7) ZP School Shelu (Government School) 8) St. Aura E-Techno School

## Chitrapatjanak Dada Saheb Phalke Township, Shelu

A township is being built in Shelu town which is close to Vangani, where Father of Indian cinema Dadasaheb Phalke shot his first film Raja Harishchandra.10,080 (522 1BHK homes in Phase 1) houses will be allocated to first time home buyers. The flats are being built under Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojna. The construction of phase 1 is expected to be completed by 2024.

## Temples

The Shelu town have many temples in region. Some of them are:
1) Sai Mandir 2) Sani Dev Mandir 3) Vitthal Mandir 4) Amba Mata Math, Shelu 5) Aai Bhawani Mandir, Shelu 6) Swami Samarth Sadhaka Ashram 7) Kolamba Mata Mandir.
# Valeria Gagealov

Valeria Gagealov (9 December 1931 – 9 February 2021) was a Romanian film, radio, theater, television and voice actress.

## Biography

She was born in Galați, Romania, and studied at the Caragiale Academy of Theatrical Arts and Cinematography with Irina Răchițeanu-Șirianu [ro], graduating in 1954. She then worked for many years at the National Theatre Bucharest, where she played Curley's wife in Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck, and Sonia in Camera de alături by Paul Everac.
In the early 1950s, she was married to fellow actor Constantin Codrescu, but some strange circumstances involving his mother (who tried to poison Gagealov) led to divorce. Later on she married Andrei Magheru, a diplomat, and then followed him to Paris when he became Romania's ambassador to France in 1990.
In 2004, Gagealov was awarded the Order of Cultural Merit [ro], Commander rank.
She died from COVID-19 at Elias Hospital in Bucharest on 9 February 2021, at the age of 89, during the COVID-19 pandemic in Romania.

## Filmography

Her filmography was the following:
* La Moara cu noroc (1955)
* Momente Caragiale - Tren de plăcere (1958)
* Mutter Courage (1962) - Yvette Pottier
* Columna (1968)
* Castelul condamnaților (1970)
* Mihai Viteazul (1971)
* Serata (1971)
* Puterea și adevărul (1972)
* Un august în flăcări (1973)
* Departe de Tipperary (1973)
* Când trăiești mai adevărat (1974)
* Singurătatea florilor (1976) - Ema
* Mihail, câine de circ (1979) - Mary Emory
* Bietul Ioanide (1980) - Doamna Lascaris
* Întoarcerea lui Vodă Lăpușneanu (1980)
* Ultima noapte de dragoste (1980)
* Promisiuni (1985)
* Inimă de țigan (2007)