OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Scharführer

Scharführer (, lit. 'Squad leader') was a title or rank used in early 20th century German military terminology. In German, Schar was one term for the smallest sub-unit, equivalent to (for example) a "troop", "squad", or "section". The word führer simply meant "leader".
The term Scharführer can be traced to World War I, when it was referred to a NCO in charge of several shock troopers, or other special forces soldiers.
It was, however, used far more widely by Nazi Party paramilitary organizations, such as the Schutzstaffel, National Socialist Flyers' Corps, National Socialist Motor Corps, and the Sturmabteilung, between 1925 and 1945 and became strongly associated with them.

## Nazi usage

Scharführer is most recognizable as a rank of the SS and title of the SA. Scharführer was first used as a title in the Sturmabteilung (SA) as early as 1921 and became an actual rank in 1928. Scharführer was the first non-commissioned officer rank of the SA, and was denoted by a single pip centered on a collar patch. In 1930, veteran Scharführer were appointed to the new rank of SA-Oberscharführer, denoted by an additional silver stripe to the Scharführer collar patch.
The Schutzstaffel (SS) used the same insignia for Scharführer as the SA, but the level of rank changed in 1934 with a reorganization of the SS rank structure. At that time, the old rank of SS-Scharführer became known as SS-Unterscharführer with the title of SS-Scharführer becoming equivalent to an SA-Oberscharführer. The rank of SS-Truppführer was removed from the SS, to be replaced by SS-Oberscharführer and the new rank of SS-Hauptscharführer. The early Waffen-SS created an even higher rank, known as SS-Sturmscharführer.
Within the SA, Scharführer was senior to the rank of SA-Rottenführer while in the SS, a Scharführer was senior to that of SS-Unterscharführer. The rank of Scharführer was also used by other Nazi Party organizations; among them the National Socialist Flyers Corps (NSFK), National Socialist Motorist Corps (NSKK) and the Hitler Youth (HJ).

## Insignia

* Shoulder strap SS-Scharführer (SS-Oberjunker)
* HJ Shoulder strap
* NSFK Gorget patches
* NSKK Gorget patch
* SA Gorget patch
* SS Gorget patches
* SS smock insignia
# Scharfrichter

The term Scharfrichter (German for executioner, literally: "sharp judge") refers specifically to a tradition of executioners in the German states. Using a sword of execution, they had the responsibility of actually executing prisoners; his assistant, the "Löwe" (lion), would carry out tasks such as forcibly conveying prisoners to the presence of a judge (while roaring, hence the name), "rubbish clearance", burying unwanted bodies, and carrying out brandings. The Scharfrichter was a well-known figure nicknamed the "Mate of Death" and instantly recognizable in their traditional black frock coat and silk top hat.
The word "Scharfrichter" is composed of the words "scharf" (sharp/edged), and "Richter" (judge), because he had to do justice (richten) with the sword.
# Tyrosine phenol-lyase

The enzyme tyrosine phenol-lyase (EC 4.1.99.2) catalyzes the chemical reaction
    L-tyrosine + H$_2$O $\rightleftharpoons$ phenol + pyruvate + NH$_3$
This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically in the "catch-all" class of carbon-carbon lyases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is L-tyrosine phenol-lyase (deaminating; pyruvate-forming). Other names in common use include beta-tyrosinase, and L-tyrosine phenol-lyase (deaminating). This enzyme participates in tyrosine metabolism and nitrogen metabolism. It employs one cofactor, pyridoxal phosphate.

## Structural studies

As of late 2007, five structures have been solved for this class of enzyme, with PDB accession codes 1C7G, 1TPL, 2EZ1, 2EZ2, and 2TPL.
# Schaueriopsis

Schaueriopsis variabilis is a species of flowering plant in the family Acanthaceae. It is the only species in the genus Schaueriopsis. It is a subshrub or shrub native to the east-central and eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo.
# Tzavalas Karousos

Tzavalas Karousos (Greek: Τζαβαλάς Καρούσος; 8 September 1904 – 3 January 1969) was a Greek actor.

## Career

He was born in Lefkada and first acted in the theatre participating in the Veakis-Nezer (Nesser) theatrical company. With theatrical studies in France and other European countries, he played at the National Theatre during the golden period of Fotos Politis. After the war he took part at the theatrical company and with the Greek Folklore Theatre with Manos Katrakis.
He first acted in the National Theatre and succeeded Aimilios Veakis. He switched to the modern Greek work and first starred in many Greek movies (I zavoliara, Orgi, Antigone, Anthropos yia oles tis doulies, Faidra, etc.) The role which made him famous was Shylock in The Merchant of Venice by Shakespeare. He later finished his acting career due to the dictatorship. He last appeared at the Piraeus Public Theatre. He left for Paris, where he remained until his death at age 64 in 1969.

## Filmography

| Year | Film | Transliteration and translation | Role |
| 1933 | Despinis dikigoros | Δεσποινίς δικηγόρος (Lady Judge) | - |
| 1943 | I foni tis kardias | Η φωνή της καρδιάς (Voice of the Heart) | - |
| 1954 | To koritsi tis yitonias | Το κορίτσι της γειτονιάς (Girl From The Neighbourhood) | Petros |
| 1959 | I zavoliara | Η ζαβολιάρα | Konstantis |
| 1959 | Sarakatsanissa | Σαρακατσάνισσα | - |
| 1959 | Navagia tis zois | Ναυάγια της ζωής | - |
| 1959 | Matomeno iliovasilemma | Bloody Twilight | |
| 1961 | Irthes arga | Ήρθες αργά (You Came Late) | Petros |
| 1961 | Epikindini apostoli | Επικίνδυνη αποστολή | Captain Mihalis |
| 1961 | Antigone | Αντιγόνη (Antigoni or Andigoni) | Tiresias |
| 1962 | Orgy | Οργή (Oryi) | - |
| 1962 | Phaedra | Φαίδρα (Fedra or Faidra) | - |
| 1062 | Otan i mira kiverna | Όταν (When My Fate Governs) | - |
| 1963 | Tereza | Τερέζα | - |
| 1963 | Kourastika na s'apoktiso | Κουράστηκα να σ' αποκτήσω (I Am Tired To Acquisit) | - |
| 1964 | Rigameno spiti | Ρημαγμένο σπίτι (Shooken House) | - |
| 1964 | Ta dakria mou ine kafta | Τα δάκρυά μου είναι καυτά | - |
| 1965 | Vana | Βάνα | - |
| 1965 | Me idrota ke dakria | Με ιδρώτα και δάκρυα (With Sweat And Tears) | - |
| 1965 | To lathos | Το λάθος (Wrong) | - |
| 1965 | Ta dihtya tis dropis | Τα δίχτυα της ντροπής | Vrassidas |
| 1965 | Afiste me na ziso | Αφήστε με να ζήσω (Leave Me Alone To Live) | Georgios Vranas |
| 1966 | I parastratimeni | Η παραστρατημένη | - |
| 1966 | Anthropos yia oles tis doulies | Άνθρωπος για όλες τις δουλειές (A Person For All These Works) | Captain Manolis |
| 1967 | I voskoi | Οι βοσκοί | Vlahopoulos |
| 1967 | Kolonaki diagogi miden | Κολωνάκι: διαγωγή μηδέν | Stefanos Kotsomitros |
# Schaereria parasemella

Schaereria parasemella is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Schaereriaceae. It is lichenicolous, meaning it grows on other lichens; its host species is Biatora vernalis. It has been recorded from Alaska, Greenland, Scandinavia, France, and Russia.
The species was first scientifically described in 1868 by the Finnish lichenologist William Nylander, as a species of Lecidea. Helge Thorsten Lumbsch transferred it to the genus Schaereria in 1997.
# Schaereria xerophila

Schaereria xerophila is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Schaereriaceae. Found in Australia, it was formally described as a new species in 1989 by lichenologists Gerhard Rambold and Helmut Mayrhofer. The type specimen was found growing on lowland, inland siliceous rock in Queensland, but its range has been expanded to include Tasmania. It is one of five species of Schaereria to occur in Australia. Some diagnostic characteristics of Schaereria xerophila include its crustose, areolate thallus, semi-immersed apothecia, and roughly spherical, non-halonate spores.
# USS Champion (AM-314)

The third USS Champion (BAM-1/AM-314/MSF-314) was an Auk-class minesweeper of the United States Navy.
The ship was the first of 32 vessels of the Auk class ordered for transfer to Great Britain under Lend-Lease, and designated British Minesweeper HMS Akbar (BAM-1). Twelve of these ships were retained for service in the U.S. Navy.
Launched on 12 December 1942 by General Engineering & Dry Dock Company, Alameda, California; redesignated USS Champion (AM-314) on 23 January 1943, and commissioned on 8 September 1943.

## World War II Pacific operations

Clearing San Diego, California, 7 December 1943, Champion arrived at Pearl Harbor 13 December. Between 8 January and 4 March 1944, she was assigned the task of guarding vital shipping between Pearl Harbor and San Francisco, California. More direct support to frontline operations came from 18 March to 10 April, when she escorted two resupply convoys to Tarawa, after which she screened a convoy to Kwajalein from 19 April to 7 May in support of the Marshalls operation. After a short overhaul, she sailed to Saipan for minesweeping operations and local escort duty in late June, then returned to Pearl Harbor for more extensive overhaul. From 13 September to 17 November, she guarded convoys from Pearl Harbor to Eniwetok and Saipan, before training for the Iwo Jima operation.

## Iwo Jima operations

Champion arrived off Iwo Jima on 16 February 1945, as the preliminary three-day bombardment of the island began. Except for the period 21 February to 4 March, when she sailed escorting unloaded assault shipping to Saipan, from which she returned with resupply echelons, Champion remained off Iwo Jima until 7 March. After provisioning and fueling at Ulithi, she sailed for Kerama Retto and Okinawa. In these dangerous waters she conducted minesweeping operations, and served in screens, from 24 March to 19 June, aside from a convoy escort voyage to Saipan from 25 April to 19 May.

## Damaged by a kamikaze

On 16 April, a kamikaze suicide plane crashed close aboard Champion, spraying debris which slightly damaged her, and wounded four of her men. She returned to Seattle, Washington, 20 July for an overhaul which lasted through the end of the war.

## Final Far East operations

In support of Far Eastern occupation activities, Champion sailed from San Pedro, California on 4 December 1945, called at Pearl Harbor and Eniwetok, and arrived at Sasebo, Japan on 1 February 1946. From this port she swept mines and patrolled in Tsushima Straits until 6 December, when she cleared for the U.S. West Coast.

## Decommissioning

Champion was decommissioned and placed in reserve at San Diego, California on 30 January 1947. She was reclassified MSF-314 on 7 February 1955. She was transferred to Mexico on 19 September 1972 as Mariano Escobedo (C72), reclassified G03, and P103 in 1993. As of 2007, Mariano Escobedo was active in the Mexican Navy.

## Awards

Champion received three battle stars for service in World War II.
# USS Champion

USS Champion may refer to the following ships operated by the United States Navy:
* USS Champion (1777) a Continental xebec commanded by Captain James Josiah on the Delaware River in 1777
* USS Champion (1859) an armed river steamer in service during the American Civil War
* USS Champion (AM-314) a World War II minesweeper
* USS Champion (MCM-4) a mine countermeasures ship commissioned in 1991

## Sources

* This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The entry can be found here.
* This article includes information collected from the Naval Vessel Register, which, as a U.S. government publication, is in the public domain.
# Schlesinger v. Reservists Committee to Stop the War

Schlesinger v. Reservists Committee to Stop the War, 418 U.S. 208 (1974), was a decision by the United States Supreme Court which ruled that citizens do not have the right to challenge the constitutionality of members of Congress holding reserve commissions in the armed forces.

## Background

Article I, Section 6, clause 2 of the U.S. Constitution, the Ineligibility Clause, states that "no Person holding any Office under the United States, shall be a Member of either House during his Continuance in Office." The Reservists Committee and several of its members brought suit to challenge the legality of members of Congress holding officer's commissions in the reserve components of the armed forces. The Committee alleged that such officers might be subject to undue influence by the executive and might not faithfully execute their legislative duties.
The district court found standing to sue, holding that the hypothetical injury at issue was exactly the type of harm that the constitutional provision at issue was designed to address. The United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia affirmed.

## Decision

In a 6–3 decision, the Supreme Court, in an opinion by Chief Justice Warren E. Burger, held that standing to sue may not be predicated upon an interest held in common by all members of the public. Rather, a concrete injury, whether actual or threatened, is necessary. The Court specifically rejected the idea – first embraced by the district court – that the lack of an alternative plaintiff could justify relaxation of the standing requirement. The Court stated: "The assumption that if respondents have no standing to sue, no one would have standing, is not a reason to find standing."
# USS Canonicus (YT-187)

The third USS Canonicus (YT-187) was a United States Navy harbor tug which entered service in 1941 and was discarded in 1947.
It was built in Beaumont, Texas as the Thomas E. Moran for the Moran Towing Co., and purchased from them by the navy on 1 May 1941. Renamed Canonicus, it was placed in service on 3 June 1941. It served in the 1st Naval District and 5th Naval District.
Canonicus was transferred to the Maritime Commission for disposal on 30 April 1947, and was repurchased by Moran Towing, becoming the Mary Moran. It ultimate fate is unknown.
# Schön wie Mona Lisa (Wenn ich ein Maler wär')

"Schön wie Mona Lisa (Wenn ich ein Maler wär')" is a song by Greek singer Demis Roussos. It was first released as a single in 1975 on Philips Records.
Later it was included on Roussos' 1976 German-language album Die Nacht und der Wein.

## Background and writing

The song was written by Klaus Munro, Ralf Arnie, and Leo Leandros. The recording was produced by Leo Leandros.

## Commercial performance

The song reached no. 6 in Germany.

## Track listing

7" single Philips 6009 555 (November 1974, Germany, Austria)
    A. "Schön wie Mona Lisa (Wenn ich ein Maler wär')" (3:59)
    B. "Wind Wind" (3:23)

## Charts

| Chart (1975) | Peak position |
| Germany | 6 |
# USS Deperm

USS Deperm (ADG-10) was a degaussing vessel of the United States Navy, named after the term deperm, a procedure for erasing the permanent magnetism from ships and submarines to camouflage them against magnetic detection vessels and enemy marine mines. Originally planned as a patrol craft escort (PCE-883), she was laid down in 1943, launched in 1944, and commissioned in 1945. She was subsequently redesignated a degaussing vessel, YDG-10, and named Deperm.
Struck from the Naval Register 21 February 1975, Deperm was sunk as a target 22 September 1982 at 32°58′0″N 119°41′0″W﻿ / ﻿32.96667°N 119.68333°W﻿ / 32.96667; -119.68333. According to the available depth data in 2020, at this location the bottom is between 1250m and 1500m along the edge of a basin.

## Citations

* ↑ "OpenSeaMap - Sinking location". map.openseamap.org. Retrieved 2020-06-09.
# Schafmatt

The Schafmatt (1,979 m) is a mountain of the Emmental Alps, located north of Flühli in the canton of Lucerne. It lies north of the Fürstein, where the border with the canton of Obwalden runs.
# Scott High School

Scott High School may refer to:

## United States

* Scott High School (Kentucky), located in Taylor Mill, Kentucky
* Scott High School (Ohio), located in Toledo, Ohio
* Scott High School (West Virginia), located in Madison West Virginia
* Clifford Scott High School, located in East Orange, New Jersey from 1937–2002
* North Braddock Scott High School, located in North Braddock, Pennsylvania

## Cayman Islands

* Layman E. Scott Sr. High School, located in Cayman Brac, Cayman Islands
# USS Farquhar (DD-304)

USS Farquhar (DD-304) was a Clemson-class destroyer built for the United States Navy during World War I.

## Description

The Clemson class was a repeat of the preceding Wickes class although more fuel capacity was added. The ships displaced 1,290 long tons (1,311 t) at standard load and 1,389 long tons (1,411 t) at deep load. They had an overall length of 314 feet 4 inches (95.8 m), a beam of 30 feet 11 inches (9.4 m) and a draught of 10 feet 3 inches (3.1 m). They had a crew of 6 officers and 108 enlisted men.
Performance differed radically between the ships of the class, often due to poor workmanship. The Clemson class was powered by two steam turbines, each driving one propeller shaft, using steam provided by four water-tube boilers. The turbines were designed to produce a total of 27,000 shaft horsepower (20,000 kW) intended to reach a speed of 35 knots (65 km/h; 40 mph). The ships carried a maximum of 371 long tons (377 t) of fuel oil which was intended gave them a range of 2,500 nautical miles (4,600 km; 2,900 mi) at 20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph).
The ships were armed with four 4-inch (102 mm) guns in single mounts and were fitted with two 1-pounder guns for anti-aircraft defense. In many ships a shortage of 1-pounders caused them to be replaced by 3-inch (76 mm) guns. Their primary weapon, though, was their torpedo battery of a dozen 21 inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes in four triple mounts. They also carried a pair of depth charge rails. A "Y-gun" depth charge thrower was added to many ships.

## Construction and career

Farquhar, named for Norman von Heldreich Farquhar, was launched 18 January 1919 by Union Iron Works, San Francisco; sponsored by Mrs. J. Reed; and commissioned 5 August 1920.
From her home port, San Diego, where she first arrived 26 August 1920, Farquhar operated with the Pacific Fleet in training, maneuvers, and war problems along the west coast from the coast of Washington state to the Panama Canal Zone. In August 1921, she rescued 42 passengers of SS San Jose, stranded off the coast of Mexico. In 1924 and 1927, she joined in fleet concentrations in the Caribbean, and during the second cruise, sailed north to visit New York, Newport, Rhode Island and Norfolk, before returning to San Diego.
Farquhar sailed to Hawaii on maneuvers in April 1925, and joined a large force for a cruise to Samoa, Australia, and New Zealand, returning to the west coast in September. April through June 1928 again found her in the Hawaiian Islands for exercises of the complete Battle Fleet. She carried reservists for training in July 1929, and the next month began inactivation at San Diego. Farquhar was decommissioned 20 February 1930, and after temporary service as a barracks ship for submariners, was scrapped in accordance with the London Treaty limiting naval armaments. The scrapped materials were sold 23 April 1932.
# Scolopendra alternans

Scolopendra alternans, commonly known as the Haitian giant centipede, Caribbean giant centipede, and Florida Keys centipede, is a species of large centipede in the subfamily Scolopendrinae. The species was involved in widespread news coverage after an incident in John Pennekamp Coral Reef State Park, in which a specimen of the extremely rare rim rock crown snake (Tantilla oolitica) died of asphyxiation while trying to eat a Scolopendra alternans, which also died.

## Appearance

Scolopendra alternans is a large species of centipede, and can grow up to 17–19 cm in length. Their colouration is generally brownish or reddish, but it varies greatly depending on location. Some American forms are yellow to orange in colour. Morphological features also vary depending on location.

## Distribution

Scolopendra alternans is a species group found in the whole Caribbean island and northern South America, with the Florida population reevaluated as a distinct species Scolopendra longipes. They have also been reported as far north as Georgia.
# Schöntal

Schöntal is a municipality in the district of Hohenlohe in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is principally known as the location of Schöntal Abbey.

## Subdivisions

The munisipality consists of the following districts.
* Aschhausen
* Berlichingen
* Bieringen
* Schöntal Abbey
* Marlach
* Oberkessach
* Sindeldorf
* Westernhausen
* Winzenhofen

## History

Following the dissolution of Schöntal Abbey in 1802, its constituent towns were governed by the Kingdom of Württemberg as they had existed under the monastery. In 1810–11, this district was dissolved and its area given to the Öhringen [de], Neckarsulm [de], and Künzelsau districts [de]. In 1938, these were all given to the Künzelsau district of the Free People's State of Württemberg. With the 1973 Baden-Württemberg district reform [de], Schöntal and its old Ortsteile have been assigned to the Hohenlohe district. The Bundesautobahn 81, running through Schöntal, began operation in 1974.

## Geography

The municipality (Gemeinde) of Schöntal comprises 8,165 hectares (20,180 acres) of the Hohenlohe district, within the state of Baden-Württemberg and the Federal Republic of Germany. Schöntal is physically located on the Kocher-Jagst plain [de] and Kessach plateau [de]. It is bisected by the Jagst river, which also marks the lowest elevation in the municipality at 199.29 meters (653.8 ft) above sea level NN. The highest elevation, 399.51 meters (1,310.7 ft), is found in the east of the municipal area.

## Coat of arms

The municipal coat of arms for Schöntal displays an armored fist in silver and a crosier in gold crossed diagonally over a green field but behind the Zisterzienserbalken, a checkerboard-pattern red-and-white bar associated with the Cistercian Order. This pattern was issued by the Hohenlohe district government on 19 September 1978, but evolved from renditions of a pattern in 1972 that omitted the armored hand, a reference to Götz von Berlichingen, who is buried in Schöntal. The crosier and the bar references the Cistercians, whose iconography, most prominently Schöntal Abbey's church, had been used to identify Schöntal in postage stamps in the past.