OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Roughness (psychophysics)

Roughness is studied by examining how textures are perceived and encoded by an individual's somatosensory system. In an experiment to measure and compare the roughness of different sounds, listeners are presented with different sounds and asked to rate their roughness, for example on a rating scale. Recent research has displayed that there are two different codes, at least, for roughness: a vibrotactile code used for fine surfaces, and a spatial code used for coarse to medium surfaces.

## Details

According to psychophysical theory, the roughness of a complex sound (a sound comprising many partials or pure tone components) depends on the distance between the partials measured in critical bandwidths. Any simultaneous pair of partials of about the same amplitude that is less than a critical bandwidth apart produces roughness associated with the inability of the basilar membrane to separate them clearly.
Roughness is physiologically determined and therefore universal, but it is appraised differently in different musical styles. Some musical styles deliberately create large amounts of roughness for aesthetic effect (for example some polyphonic styles in the Balkans in which singers favor simultaneous second intervals) while others try to avoid roughness as much as possible or treat rough sounds in special ways (for example most tonal western music).
In terms of psychophysics, several studies have been done involving a person’s ability to detect the differences between the weight and roughness of objects. A syndrome called Verger-Dejerine syndrome has been known to affect these somatosensory abilities. Patients with this somatosensory cortical loss syndrome commonly display damage to their parietal lobe and it was eventually concluded that it may be that the brain has some form of an asymmetrical organization, as performance in a normal subject shows oblique differences depending on their hand use. However, these patients still exhibit normal or minimally reduced peripheral sensitivity to cold, heat, pain, touch and deep pressure.
Roughness perception is one of the multidimensional scaling of texture perception, which is the judgment of the substance and quality of an object. The studies of roughness perception demonstrate that it is unidimensional, it depends on element height, diameter, shape, compliance, and density; and that the relationship between roughness perception and the physical properties of a surface is complex and nonlinear. Also, there were early observations stated that scanning velocity and contact force between the finger and a surface have minor or no effect on roughness magnitude judgments. The physical determinants of roughness perception are complex, but the evidence is that the neural mechanisms are simple. Furthermore, research performed at the University of North Carolina revealed that scanning velocity did not have an effect on relative roughness because the roughness for all surfaces increase by the same amount as scanning velocity increases in accordance with Weber's Law.
# Hilbert's eleventh problem

Hilbert's eleventh problem is one of David Hilbert's list of open mathematical problems posed at the Second International Congress of Mathematicians in Paris in 1900. A furthering of the theory of quadratic forms, he stated the problem as follows:
    Our present knowledge of the theory of quadratic number fields puts us in a position to attack successfully the theory of quadratic forms with any number of variables and with any algebraic numerical coefficients. This leads in particular to the interesting problem: to solve a given quadratic equation with algebraic numerical coefficients in any number of variables by integral or fractional numbers belonging to the algebraic realm of rationality determined by the coefficients.
As stated by Kaplansky, "The 11th Problem is simply this: classify quadratic forms over algebraic number fields." This is exactly what Minkowski did for quadratic form with fractional coefficients. A quadratic form (not quadratic equation) is any polynomial in which each term has variables appearing exactly twice. The general form of such an equation is ax$^2$ + bxy + cy$^2$. (All coefficients must be whole numbers.)
A given quadratic form is said to represent a natural number if substituting specific numbers for the variables gives the number. Gauss and those who followed found that if we change variables in certain ways, the new quadratic form represented the same natural numbers as the old, but in a different, more easily interpreted form. He used this theory of equivalent quadratic forms to prove number theory results. Lagrange, for example, had shown that any natural number can be expressed as the sum of four squares. Gauss proved this using his theory of equivalence relations by showing that the quadratic $w^{2}+x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2}$ represents all natural numbers. As mentioned earlier, Minkowski created and proved a similar theory for quadratic forms that had fractions as coefficients. Hilbert's eleventh problem asks for a similar theory. That is, a mode of classification so we can tell if one form is equivalent to another, but in the case where coefficients can be algebraic numbers. Helmut Hasse's accomplished this in a proof using his local-global principle and the fact that the theory is relatively simple for p-adic systems in October 1920. He published his work in 1923 and 1924. See Hasse principle, Hasse–Minkowski theorem. The local-global principle says that a general result about a rational number or even all rational numbers can often be established by verifying that the result holds true for each of the p-adic number systems.
There is also more recent work on Hilbert's eleventh problem studying when an integer can be represented by a quadratic form. An example is the work of Cogdell, Piatetski-Shapiro and Sarnak.
# Royal Elastics

Royal Elastics is a brand of athletic and leisure shoes that fastens with velcro and elasticated cord instead of laces.

## History

The company was founded in 1996 by Australians Rodney Adler and Tull Price. They realised there was no need for laces in sneakers, and produced shoes fastened using velcro or elasticated cord. It was acquired by American footwear company, K-Swiss in 2001 for an undisclosed amount in an effort to expand its share of the athletic and leisure shoe market. The founders relocated to K-Swiss headquarters at Westlake Village, California. Tull Price left the company in 2002 and went on to form FEIT in 2005.
The brand has collaborated with various artists, such as Gwen Stefani for her L.A.M.B series in 2005.
By 2008, the company had 10 stores in Asia and opened its first store in the United States. K-Swiss later sold Royal Elastics to a management led investment group in 2009, recording a gain of $1.4 million in the second quarter.
Till 2016, Royal Elastics has owned nearly a hundred of physical and on-line stores in Japan, Asia pacific, Australia and North America territories. Royal Elastics also runs an online store that offers worldwide shipping.
# Roy Dennis (conservationist)

Roy Henry Dennis (born 1940) is a British conservationist.
Dennis grew up in the New Forest in the 1940s. After school he spent time at bird observatories on the islands of Lundy and Fair Isle where he met and worked with ornithologist George Waterston, who attempted to reintroduce the white-tailed eagle to Britain in the 1960s.
Dennis has worked in the Highlands and islands of Scotland since 1959, and has been involved in reintroducing white-tailed eagles, red kites and beavers there. He ran a project restoring the osprey population at Strathspey, where he worked as the RSPB's Highland officer, and oversaw the management of nature reserves including Loch Garten. The Highland Foundation for Wildlife was renamed the Roy Dennis Wildlife Foundation in 2017.
Dennis received an MBE in 1992 for services to nature conservation and an OBE in 2024 for services to wildlife.
# Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.9

The Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.9 was a British experimental reconnaissance aircraft of World War I.

## Design

The intention of the designers was to combine the high performance of tractor configuration aircraft with a good field of fire for the observer's machine gun, as provided by pushers. It was therefore decided to modify an example of the B.E.2c by adding a small wooden box (which soon gained the nickname "pulpit") in front of the aircraft's propeller, which would accommodate a gunner armed with a Lewis gun on a trainable mount. The normal observer's cockpit of the B.E.2c was removed, allowing the engine (the standard air-cooled RAF 1a of the B.E.2) to be moved rearwards, while the wingspan was increased, and a larger fin was fitted.
A general layout of this kind had various drawbacks - the most obvious being the perilous situation of the gunner - who was liable to injury by the propeller, or to be crushed by the engine in the mildest of crashes. The type was not developed further by the Royal Aircraft Factory (although the French SPAD S.A, of similar concept, saw service) and was soon rendered superfluous by the availability of synchronization gears.

## Service testing

The single prototype built (serial 1700) first flew at Farnborough on 14 August 1915. Early testing indicated that performance was little different from the B.E.2c upon which it was based, although the "difficulty" (surely an understatement) in communicating between the pilot and observer, separated by both engine and propeller, was reported. and in September that year the B.E.9 was sent for testing in the field in France by a number of units, including No. 6 Squadron, 8 Squadron and 16 Squadron. While the B.E.9 carried out a few operational patrols in France, including one encounter with a German Fokker Eindekker, the opinion of those testing it was generally negative, with Major Hugh Dowding, at the time commander of 16 Squadron, stating that the B.E.9 was "...an extremely dangerous machine from the passenger's point of view", while Hugh Trenchard, head of the RFC in France said that "this type of machine cannot be recommended". It was sent back to the United Kingdom early in 1916. In his memoirs, Lt Duncan Grinnell-Milne recalls his gratitude that initial combat experience with the type proved inconclusive and that it was not ordered into mass production.
Design work had started on the B.E.9a, a more powerful version powered by a 140hp V12 RAF4a engine, but a prototype was never built.

## Operators
### United Kingdom

* Royal Flying Corps
    (prototype tested briefly by:)
   * No. 6 Squadron RFC
   * No. 8 Squadron RFC
   * No. 16 Squadron RFC

## Specifications (BE.9)

Data from
General characteristics
* Crew: 2 (pilot and observer)
* Length: 29 ft 0 in (8.84 m)
* Wingspan: 40 ft 10+1⁄2 in (12.459 m)
* Height: 11 ft 5 in (3.48 m)
* Powerplant: 1 × RAF 1a air-cooled V-8 engine, 90 hp (67 kW)
Performance
* Maximum speed: 82 mph (132 km/h, 71 kn) at sea level
* Time to altitude: 4.5 min to 1,000 ft (300 m)
Armament
* Guns: 1× Lewis gun
# Hinge (surname)

Hinge is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* John Hinge (born 1986), Australian rules footballer
* Mitch Hinge (born 1998), Australian rules footballer
* Mike Hinge (1931–2003), New Zealand-born artist and illustrator
* Neha Hinge, Indian model
* Onkar Hinge, Doctor
# Route 9 (disambiguation)

Route 9 is the name of several highways.
Route 9 may also refer to:
* Route 9 (acapella group), a singing group based at Amherst College, Massachusetts, United States
* Route 9 (public transport), a list of public-transport routes numbered 9
* Route 9 (film), a 1998 American film starring Kyle MacLachlan
# Hirata Station (Shiga)

Hirata Station (平田駅, Hirata-eki) is a passenger railway station in located in the city of Higashiōmi, Shiga Prefecture, Japan, operated by the private railway operator Ohmi Railway.

## Lines

Hirata Station is served by the Ohmi Railway Yōkaichi Line, and is located 5.0 rail kilometers from the terminus of the line at Yōkaichi Station.

## Station layout

The station consists of two unnumbered side platforms connected to the station building by a level crossing. The station is staffed and also serves as the local community center.

## Platforms

| ■ Yōkaichi Line | for Yōkaichi |
| ■ Yōkaichi Line | for Omi-Hachiman |

## Adjacent stations

| « | Service | » |
| Ohmi Railway Yōkaichi Line |||||
| Rapid: Does not stop at this station |||||
| Ichinobe | Local | Musa |

## History

Hirata Station was opened on December 29, 1913. The station building was rebuilt in 2006.

## Passenger statistics

In fiscal 2019, the station was used by an average of 154 passengers daily (boarding passengers only).

## Surroundings

* Shiga Prefectural Yokaichi School for the Disabled
# Hirata Kanetane

Hirata Kanetane (平田 銕胤, 1799-1880) was a Japanese scholar of kokugaku. He studied under Hirata Atsutane, and later became his adopted son and heir.

## Biography

Hirata Kanetane was born under the name Midorikawa Atsuzane (碧川 篤実) as the eldest son of Midorikawa Emonpachi (碧川 衛門八), a retainer of Katō Yasutada, lord of the Niiya Domain. In the summer of 1820, Kanetane came across a number of books by Hirata Atsutane in a bookstore and after reading them decided to devote himself to kokugaku.
In 1822, Kanetane travelled to Edo to enroll in Hirata Atsutane's school of kokugaku, the Ibukinoya. On January 15, 1824, Atsutane formally adopted Kanetane as his heir. Kanetane later married Atsutane's daughter, Chie (千枝).
In 1841, Atsutane was barred from publishing and expelled from Edo back to his native Kubota Domain by the shogunate's censors. Kanetane accompanied him to Kubota. Atsutane died soon after in 1843 and the Ibukinoya fully came under Kanetane's leadership. On December 28, 1850, the injunction against the publication of Atsutane's writings was lifted and the Ibukinoya was able to resume public operation
During the Ansei era, Satake Yoshitaka, lord of the Kubota Domain, commanded Kanetane to use the nationwide network of Hirata disciples to gather and compile information on national affairs. The results of Kanetane's research was compiled under the title Fū'un himitsu tanteiroku [ja]. This project is notable for having been an early political use of the power of the kokugaku movement.
After the Boshin War, Kanetane briefly headed the revived Jingikan before its abolition by the progressivist government. His heir Nobutane died in 1872. Kanetane himself died in 1880.
# Rudolf Geigy

Rudolf Geigy (20 December 1902 – 8 March 1995) was a Swiss biologist and a professor of embryology and genetics at the University of Basel. He established the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute and studied tropical diseases.

## Life and career

Geigy was born in Basel, Switzerland on 20 December 1902. He was the son of Johann Rudolf Geigy-Merian and Helene Schlumberger who belonged to the family that established Geigy, a major pharmaceutical firm. He studied zoology at Basel and Geneva. In 1938 he became an associate professor of embryology and genetics at the University of Basel. In 1943 he established the Swiss Tropical Institute (now Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute) in Basel where he was a director until 1972. He also established the Ifakara Health Institute in Ifakara, Tanzania after a visit in 1949, and a research institute on the Ivory Coast. He studied malaria, sleeping sickness, and river blindness. He specialized in disease-transmitting vectors including tsetse flies, mites, and ticks.
Geigy married three times with three daughters and a son from the second wife. He then married Charlotte Hunziker in 1972. On 8 March 1995, due to health issues, the couple chose to die by assisted suicide through the euthanasia organization Exit (Switzerland), which led to a major debate on euthanasia in Switzerland.
During his life, Geigy helped establish a number of institutions which have since merged. The Rudolf Geigy Foundation continues to give awards named for Geigy to scholars researching tropical and neglected diseases, specifically those who combine field and laboratory work in novel ways, honoring Geigy's legacy of doing so himself.
# Ho Kah Leong

Ho Kah Leong (Chinese: 何家良; pinyin: Hé Jiāliáng; born 1937) is a former Singaporean politician and was a member of the People's Action Party (PAP). He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Jurong Single Member Constituency (SMC) from 1966 to 1997. After retirement from politics in December 1996, he became the principal of Nanyang Academy of Fine Arts (NAFA) from 1997 to 2003, and Executive director of NAFA International Pte Ltd from 2003 to 2005.

## Education

Ho studied at Sin Sheng School and then Chung Cheng High School. He went on to study at NAFA from 1955 to 1956 before obtaining a Bachelor of Science degree from Nanyang University in 1963.

## Career

After graduation, Ho became a teacher and taught at Nan Chiau High School and Chung Hwa Girls' High School.
Ho is additionally an artist and paints oil paintings on nature and serene Malay villages. Ho also does calligraphy. He had also participated in many group exhibitions such as the President’s Charity Art Exhibition in October 1997, and had held 14 solo exhibitions.
Ho frequently donated his paintings and works for charity. His coffee-table book on his works, Beautiful Lion City: The Art of Ho Kah Leong, was sold to raise funds to upgrade PAP Community Foundation kindergartens. He had also produced calendars featuring his paintings to raise funds for others such as building funds for the Basketball Association and the Jurong Town Community Centre.
After retiring from politics in December 1996, Ho joined his alma mater, NAFA, as its principal in 1997. In 2003, he became an Executive director of NAFA International Pte Ltd till 2005.
He is also the president of the Singapore Arts Federation.

### Political career

In November 1966, after then Jurong SMC's MP, Chia Thye Poh of Barisan Sosialis (BS), resigned as part of BS boycott of parliament, a by-election was called and Ho, representing the PAP, took the seat after a walkover.
Ho retained his Jurong SMC seat from 1966 to 1996 for eight terms with one uncontested by-election, four uncontested elections and three contested elections.
Ho was also parliamentary secretary for the Ministry of Education and later served as senior parliamentary secretary for the Ministry of Communications and Information and the Ministry of the Environment.

## Personal life

Ho's wife, Kho Choo Eng, passed in 1996. He then remarried Grace Chan Lai Kiew in 1997. He has one son and three daughters.
# Hoani Te Heuheu Tūkino VI

Hoani Te Heuheu Tūkino VI (1897–1944) was a notable New Zealand tribal leader and trust board chairman. Of Māori descent, he identified with the Ngāti Tūwharetoa iwi. He was born in Waihi, New Zealand in 1897, the younger son of Tūreiti Te Heuheu Tūkino V.
In 1935, he was awarded the King George V Silver Jubilee Medal.
# Rumex spiralis

Rumex spiralis is a flowering plant commonly known as winged dock in the family Polygonaceae. This is a perennial herbaceous plant that is predominantly native to southern Texas. This plant grows between 0–200 m in altitude.

## Description

The stems are a brownish color and grow 50–90 cm high. Connected to the stem are pedicels of simple thin proximal attachments that slightly thicken to 2–8 mm. The light green leaves are arranged alternately on the stem. The common leaf shape of Rumex spiralis is lanceolate. The leaf margins are entire. The leaf venation is pinnate. The leaves are 10–15 cm long and 3–5 cm wide. The flowers are in clusters of 12–20. The cordate sepals are 7–10 mm by 8–10 mm, and have acuminate tips. The sepals also appear distinctly wrinkled and reddish-brown in color.

## Habitat and distribution

Rumex spiralis is endemic to southern Texas. This plant thrives on sandy shorelines.

## Uses

It is typical for species of the genus Rumex to be high in oxalates which could be toxic to humans if consumed in high quantities. There are no recorded uses for this particular species.
# Hochstetterbreen

Hochstetterbreen is a glacier in Olav V Land on Spitsbergen, Svalbard. It debouches into Hinlopen Strait. The glacier is named after Austrian geographer Ferdinand von Hochstetter.
# Holding pond

A holding pond can refer to:
* a detention basin adjacent to rivers to temporarily store water as a protection against flooding
* a pond created to store waste material, such as red mud
See also:
* Retention basin, used to manage stormwater runoff to prevent flooding and downstream erosion, and improve water quality
* Settling basin – for treating agricultural & industrial wastewater
# Ruddock

Ruddock may refer to:
* European robin (Erithacus rubecula), the classic robin bird
* Ruddock House
* Ruddock, Louisiana
* Ruddock (surname)
# Holt, Germany

Holt is a municipality in the district of Schleswig-Flensburg, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.
# Holy Family Catholic High School

Holy Family Catholic High School may refer to:
* Holy Family Catholic High School, Carlton, a secondary school in Carlton, North Yorkshire, England
* Holy Family Catholic High School (Minnesota), a high school in Victoria, Minnesota, United States
* Holy Family Catholic High School, Thornton, a secondary school in Thornton, Merseyside, England
# Holy Family Catholic School

Holy Family Catholic School may refer to:
In Australia:
In the United Kingdom:
* Holy Family Catholic School, Keighley
* Holy Family Catholic School, Walthamstow
In the United States:
* Holy Family Catholic Schools System in Dubuque, Iowa
* Holy Family Catholic School (Austin, Texas)
# Holy Family Catholic School, Walthamstow

Holy Family Catholic School (formerly Holy Family Technology College) is a coeducational Roman Catholic secondary school and sixth form in the Walthamstow area of East London, England.

## Description

The school is based on two sites: the Walthamstow House site and the Wiseman House site. Both sites are located on Shernhall Street. Year 7's to Year 8's attend the Walthamstow House site and Year 9's and higher attend the Wiseman House site.
First established in 1988, it is a voluntary aided school administered by Waltham Forest London Borough Council and the Roman Catholic Diocese of Brentwood. The school celebrated its silver jubilee throughout 2012 and 2013.
Holy Family Catholic School offers GCSEs as programmes of study for pupils, while students in the sixth form have the option to study a range of A Levels and BTECs. The school also has a specialism in Technology, and has dedicated resources to support the specialism.

## Walthamstow House

The school's building Walthamstow House was bought by Sir Robert Wigram, 1st Baronet and he lived there with Lady Eleanor Wigram. She organised the first National School in Walthamstow. They were involved in a number of other organisations. Eleanor was into founding charities and Robert imported medicinal drugs and then, with Eleanor's advice, made some very successful investments. They had a huge family of children with a good number of over achievers.

## Notable former pupils

* Lethal Bizzle - Rapper/ Grime artist
* Lutalo Muhammad - British Taekwondo Athlete (Olympic Bronze and Silver Medalist)
* Stephen Bear - Celebrity Big Brother winner 2016, Ex on the Beach Star
* Fleur East - X Factor, I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!,
# Holly Cottage (Luss)

Holly Cottage is a building in Luss, Argyll and Bute, Scotland. It is a Category B listed structure dating from the early-to-mid 19th century.
The building, a single-storey cottage located on Pier Road, is constructed of rubble with ashlar margins and dressings. It possesses timber sash and case windows and low sandstone chimney stacks with moulded projecting.
The building is shown on the first-edition Ordnance Survey map, surveyed in 1864. Its construction is similar to the neighbouring Alderdale, and it has similar glazing to South Cottage at Low Aldochlay.