OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Marshrutka in Novosibirsk

Novosibirsk Marshrutka is a fixed route taxi system in Novosibirsk. This type of transport began operating in the city in the 1970s. In the 2010s, the city authorities began to gradually replace minibuses with buses.

## History
### Soviet period

In the late 1970s, the first rout taxi minibuses (RAF-2203) appeared in Novosibirsk. During the Soviet period, the marshrutka network consisted of 13 routes which mainly went from metro stations to remote areas of the city. One of the first routes was introduced towards Akademgorodok (Sovetsky District). The minibus ride cost 15 kopecks. It was three times more expensive than tram or trolleybus rides, which cost 5 kopecks.
All fixed-route taxis belonged to the city, namely, the Municipal Enterprise of Road Transportation No. 5 (PATP-5).
In 1989, the first cooperative route taxi appeared in the city.

### Post-Soviet period

In the early 1990s, GAZelle minibuses began to replace RAF minibuses. The marshrutka has become more popular than trolleybuses and buses. This type of transport was the second most popular after Novosibirsk Metro.
In the 2000s, in addition to Gazelles, Ford Transit, Iveco Daily, Mercedes-Benz Sprinter, and Peugeot Boxer minibuses also began to work.
In the 2010s, the number of mini buses decreased, route taxi began to be replaced by buses. For example, in 2015, two minibus routes were closed. Also the number of GAZelles and Fords was reduced on 30 routes, route taxi fleet was reduced by 180 vehicles. Instead of these minibuses, 30 buses began to run.

## Current status

There are 56 marshrutkas routes in Novosibirsk: №№ 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 17а, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 24, 25, 28, 29, 29а, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 42, 43, 44, 44а, 45, 46, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 57, 62, 63, 64, 65, 68, 73, 86, 87, 91.
# Martyn Barrett

Martyn David Barrett, FBPsS, FAcSS, FRSA (born 18 June 1951) is a British social scientist. He was educated at the St John's College, Cambridge and the University of Sussex, and originally specialised in developmental psychology. He taught at Roehampton Institute of Higher Education (1978-1987), Royal Holloway and Bedford New College, University of London (1987-1993) and the University of Surrey (1993-2012). Since 2012, he has held the position of Emeritus Professor of Psychology at the University of Surrey.
Barrett conducted his doctoral research on language acquisition, including semantic development, pragmatic development and holophrasis (sentence words), and published several books on the development of language in children. He subsequently worked on the development of children's national identity and ethnic identity, the development of national, ethnic and racial attitudes and prejudice in children and adolescents, and the development of civic engagement and political participation in youth, ethnic minorities and migrants. He led three multinational research projects on these topics funded by the European Commission: Children’s Beliefs and Feelings about their Own and Other National Groups in Europe, The Development of National, Ethnolinguistic and Religious Identity in Children and Adolescents living in the New Independent States of the former Soviet Union, and Processes Influencing Democratic Ownership and Participation (PIDOP).
Since 2006, Barrett has been a consultant for the Council of Europe. In this role, he has participated in a number of intercultural education and citizenship education projects, including: developing the Autobiography of Intercultural Encounters; editing a book examining the similarities and the differences between interculturalism and multiculturalism; co-authoring a statement paper on Developing Intercultural Competence through Education; leading the development of the Reference Framework of Competences for Democratic Culture; and acting as the lead expert on assessment for the Education Policy Advisers Network.
Barrett has also worked for the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), helping to design the global competence assessments for use in PISA 2018.
# Mary Carroll

Mary Carroll may refer to:
* Mary Carroll (netball), Australian netball player
* Mary Carroll (translator), Australian translation specialist
* Mary Ellen Carroll (born 1961), American conceptual artist
* Mary K. Carroll (born 1964), American chemist
# Operation Ratweek

In Occupied Europe during World War II, a co-ordinated assassination offensive against Nazi security forces, codenamed Ratweek, was mounted in January 1944 by the Special Operations Executive (SOE), with the intention of creating confusion and trepidation at the same time as the Allies increased preparations for the Resistance's contribution to the Normandy Landings. Full details have never been released, but it is known that "Ratweek" achieved successes against Nazi personnel and collaborators in Norway, France, Denmark, and the Netherlands. In 2000 it was revealed that the operation had been supervised by Hardy Amies, best known for his official title as dressmaker for Queen Elizabeth II, and at the time head of the SOE's Belgian Section.
# Open de Canarias

Open de Canarias may refer to:
* Turespana Open De Canaria, originally called the Tenerife Open, played between 1989 and 1995
* Abama Open de Canarias, played on just one occasion in 2005, also a Challenge Tour event
* Turespana Masters, Turespana Masters Open de Canarias, the 1997 edition of the Turespana Masters
* Open de España, the 2002 to 2004 Spanish Opens
# Opheusden

Opheusden is a village in the Dutch province of Gelderland. It is a part of the municipality of Neder-Betuwe, and lies some 5 km south-west of Wageningen.
Opheusden (or "Heusden", as it was known then) was a separate municipality until 1818, when it was merged with Kesteren.
The town was devastated in October 1944 during the failed German counterattack against the Nijmegen salient after Operation Market Garden had failed.
The Opheusden statistical area, which includes the village centre, its outskirts, and the surrounding countryside, covers an area of 220 hectares. It had a resident population on 1 January 2018 of 5,630, living in 1,960 households. The built-up area of the village covers 73 hectares.
The municipality of Opheusden and the surrounding region is well known for the about 150 tree nurseries specialised in ornamental trees. The production area in the Opheusden region is about 1500 hectares.

## Transport

* Opheusden is served by a railway station on the Elst to Dordrecht line.

## Gallery

* A view of Dorpsstraat in Opheusden
* Moluccan Pniel Church
* Boats along the river
* Railway station
# Op. 87

In music, Op. 87 stands for Opus number 87. Compositions that are assigned this number include:
* Brahms – Piano Trio No. 2
* Dvořák – Piano Quartet No. 2
* Elgar – The Severn Suite
* Fauré – Le Plus doux chemin
* Mendelssohn – String Quintet No. 2
* Prokofiev – Cinderella
* Rautavaara – String Quartet No. 4
* Ries – Flute Sonata No. 4
* Schumann – Der Handschuh
* Shostakovich – 24 Preludes and Fugues
* Sibelius – Two Humoresques, concertante works for violin and orchestra (1917, revised 1940)
# Operation Flowers are Blooming

Operation Flowers are Blooming was the name of an operation by the Indian Navy to help avert a threatened coup against the government of President France-Albert René in the Seychelles in 1986.
During the 1980s there were several coup attempts against René. In 1981, the South African security services famously organised an attempted coup against René by a group of 44 white mercenaries led by Colonel "Mad" Mike Hoare. Other coups were also planned by elements in René’s regime, among Seychellois exiles in Britain, South Africa and Australia and by anti-communists in Pretoria and Washington. President René turned to India as a security provider, seeking a commitment from Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi to intervene against any coups, but Gandhi declined to give a public commitment to intervene.
In 1986, there was a series of coup attempts against President René led by the Seychelles Minister of Defence, Ogilvy Berlouis. This included a plot in June 1986, codenamed Operation Distant Lash, which involved some 30 mercenaries and 350 Seychellois.
When New Delhi was informed of an impending coup by intelligence sources, Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi personally contacted the Indian Chief of Naval Staff, Admiral Radhakrishna Hariram Tahiliani, with a verbal request to provide assistance to René. Coincidentally, the Indian Navy had already dispatched the frigate INS Vindhyagiri on a scheduled visit to the Seychelles. It was decided that on arrival Vindhyagiri would report an engineering defect requiring an extended stay in Port Victoria. A senior Indian naval officer was then sent to the Seychelles on a commercial airline to command the operation and an "engineering" team of 20 sailors trained in weapons was readied for dispatch to Port Victoria. The extended presence of the Vindhyagiri in Port Victoria averted the planned coup.
Two months later, Berlouis made another attempt to unseat President René which India again helped to quash. The plot was uncovered in late August 1986 while President René was attending a meeting of the Non-Aligned Movement in Harare with Rajiv Gandhi and other leaders of non-aligned states. Gandhi lent René his own plane, called Air India One, to return to the Seychelles early. According to one report on 6 September, René, disguised as an Indian woman wearing a sari, was met at the airport by the Indian High Commissioner and taken to the Commissioner's residence. Berlouis and other plotters were then tracked to the island of Praslin. Berlouis and four other army officers were forced to resign and Berlouis left for London.
# Order of Merit (Bahamas)

The Order of Merit is an honour that can be given by the government of the Bahamas. It was founded in 2016.
# Richard van der Borght

Richard van der Borght (born 18 January 1861 in Potsdam; died 18 April 1926 in Berlin) was a German academic economist and statistician.

## Life

After studying first Theology and then Politics in Halle, Van der Borght in 1884 became syndic of the Chamber of Commerce in Aachen. From 1892 to 1900 he held the Chair of National Economics at the Technischen Hochschule Aachen. For two years (1898-1900) he was a member of the Prussian House of Representatives. In 1901 he became a privy councillor, and from 1904 to 1912 served as Chairman of the Kaiserliches Statistisches Amt (Imperial Office of Statistics) in Berlin.

## Works

* Die wirtschaftliche Bedeutung der Rhein-Seeschiffahrt (Cologne, 1892) Available from the University of Cologne
* Handel und Handelspolitik (Leipzig, 1900). Available on Internet Archive
* "A History of Banking in All the Leading Nations; comprising the United States; Great Britain; Germany; Austro-Hungary; France; Italy; Belgium; Spain; Switzerland; Portugal; Roumania; Russia; Holland; the Scandinavian nations; Canada; China; Japan; by Sumner, William Graham, 1840-1910; Macleod, Henry Dunning, 1821-1902; Horn, Antoine E; Townsend, John Pomeroy, 1832-1898; Des Essars, Pierre; Raffalovich, Arthur, 1853-1921; Walker, Byron Edmund, Sir, 1848-1924; Wirth, Max, 1822-1900; Borght, R. van der (Richard), 1861-1926; Jensen, Adolph Ludwig Otto, 1866-; Soyeda, Juichi; Jernigan, Thomas R." (Internet Archive)

## Sources

* Kürschners Deutscher Gelehrten-Kalender, 1926, p. 168f.
* Friedrich-Wilhelm Henning, "Richard van der Borght (1861–1926)" in Wolfhard Weber (ed.), Rheinische und Westfälische Handelskammersekretäre und -syndici vom 18. bis zum Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts. (Rheinisch-Westfälische Wirtschaftsbiographien 15; 1994), pp. 23–42.
* Friedrich Zahn, "van der Borght, Richard. 1861–1926", Bulletin de l’Institut International de Statistique 23.1 (1928), pp. 327–330. (Gallica)
# Koda language

Koda, also known as Kora, Kaora, Korali, Korati, Kore, Mudi, or Mudikora, is an endangered Munda language of India and Bangladesh spoken by the Kora. The Kora mainly live in West Bengal, in the districts of Paschim Medinipur and Bankura, with a few in neighbouring Odisha and Jharkhand. In 2005, there were 1,300 speakers in the Rajshahi Division of Bangladesh, though many said that Bengali was their best language. Koda is closely related to the Kol language.
Kim et al. (2010) considers Koda and Kol to be Mundari cluster languages. Koda-speaking villages include Kundang and Krishnupur in Rajshahi Division, Bangladesh, while Kol villages include Babudaing village.
Koda verbs are inflected for tense-aspect-mood and person, number, finite/infinite, subject/object, possessor, animacy and transitivity. In recent times Koda is code-mixing with Bangla: including vocabulary replacement and greater adoption of Bengali syntax. These processes are seen more in younger speakers.
Shamim (2021) presents a description of the phonology and morphology of Koda. It also presents a study of Koda in the context of language contact.

## Phonology
### Consonants

Consonants :
| | | | Bilabial | Dental/ Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal |
| Plosive | voiceless | unaspirated | p | t̪ | ʈ | c | k | ʔ |
| Plosive | voiceless | aspirated | (pʰ) | (t̪ʰ) | (ʈʰ) | (cʰ) | (kʰ) | |
| Plosive | voiced | unaspirated | b | d̪ | ɖ | ɟ | g | |
| Plosive | voiced | aspirated | (bʱ) | (d̪ʱ) | (ɖʱ) | (ɟʱ) | (gʱ) | |
| Fricative | Fricative | Fricative | | | | ʃ | | h |
| Nasal | Nasal | Nasal | m | n | | | ŋ | |
| Tap | Tap | Tap | | ɾ | | | | |
| Approximant | Approximant | Approximant | | l | | | | |
* The non-labial aspirated consonants (/t̪ʰ, d̪ʱ, ʈʰ, ɖʱ, cʰ, ɟʱ, kʰ, gʱ/) are found primarily in Bengali loanwords.

### Vowels

Vowels :
| | Front | Back |
| Close | i | u |
| Mid | ɛ | ɔ |
| Open | | ɑ |
* Vowel length and nasalization are not contrastive. Nasal vowels in Bengali loanwords lose their nasality.
* Non-open vowels /ɛ, i, ɔ, u/ become semivowels [ɛ̯, i̯, ɔ̯, u̯] between vowels.
* /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ raise to [e] and [o] when the next syllable contains a close vowel.
# Mathematical theory (disambiguation)

The term mathematical theory may refer to:
* Theory (mathematical logic), a collection of sentences in a formal language.
* Mathematical theory, a branch of mathematics
# Pueraria tuberosa

Pueraria tuberosa, commonly known as kudzu, Indian kudzu, or Nepalese kudzu, Vidarikand, Sanskrit: Bhukushmandi (भूकुशमंडी) is a climber with woody tuberculated stem. It is a climbing, coiling and trailing vine with large tuberous roots. The tubers are globose or pot-like, about 25 centimetres (9.8 in) across and the insides are white, starchy and mildly sweet. Leaves are trifoliate and alternate, while the leaflets are egg-shaped, with round base and unequal sides. They are 18 cm (7.1 in) long and 16 cm (6.3 in) wide and are hairless above. Flowers are bisexual, around 1.5 cm (0.59 in) across and blue or purplish-blue in color. The fruit pods are linear, about 2–5 cm (0.79–1.97 in) long and constricted densely between the seeds. They have silky, bristly reddish-brown hair. Seeds vary from 3 to 6 in number.
It is native to India, Pakistan, and Nepal. In Telugu, Kudzu is termed as Nela Gummadi, Dari Gummadi, Vidari Kanda.

## Conservation Status

Pueraria tuberosa is not yet evaluated as per the IUCN but it is widely distributed in the Indian subcontinent(India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, and Myanmar) and faces no serious threat. However, regional threats exist due to the unethical extraction of wild tubers on a large scale for traditional medicines. Despite this, this geophytic species remains abundant in the lower elevations(Shiwaliks) of the west Himalayas, indicating a stable population in these geographical regions.
# Richard Henry Dana School

Schools named for Richard Henry Dana Jr. include:
* Richard Henry Dana Middle School (Arcadia), Arcadia, California
* Dana Middle School (San Diego), San Diego, California
* Richard Henry Dana Middle School (Hawthorne), Hawthorne, California
* Dana Middle School (San Pedro), San Pedro, California
# Tom Bohman

Tom Bohman is an American mathematician who is a former head of the Department of Mathematical Sciences and is a Alexander M. Knaster Professor at Carnegie Mellon University.
# São João River (Paraná River tributary)

The São João River is a tributary of the Paraná River in Paraná state, southern Brazil.
# Martin Lang

Martin Lang may refer to:
* Martin Lang (canoeist) (born 1968), German slalom canoeist
* Martin Lang (fencer) (born 1949), American fencer
* Martin Lang (rugby league) (born 1975), Australian rugby league footballer
# Marvel Comics: The Untold Story

Marvel Comics: The Untold Story is a 2012 book by Sean Howe, based on the history of Marvel Comics and published by HarperCollins. Howe decided to write the book because the stories comic creators told in fanzine interview always seemed different from the official narrative. It starts with the comics published during the golden age, the characters created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby, and then follows with the later decades. The information presented draws on over 150 interviews conducted by Howe. The books ends the coverage by the time of the creation of the Marvel Cinematic Universe. GQ's Joshua Rivera described the book as "one of the most comprehensive and well-researched accounts" of Marvel.
# Martin Phillips

Martin Phillips may refer to:
* Martin Phillips (footballer) (born 1976), English footballer
* Martin Phillips (darts player) (born 1960), Welsh darts player
* Martin Phillipps, New Zealand musician with The Chills
# María Eugenia Cordovez

María Eugenia Cordovez Pontón (November 11, 1934 – September 30, 2012) served as the former First Lady of Ecuador from 1984 to 1988. She was the ex-wife of the former President of Ecuador León Febres Cordero. As First Lady, Cordovez served as the chairwoman of Ecuador's National Institute for Children and Family (Innfa). She and former President Febres Cordero divorced in 1988 after thirty-four years of marriage. Both later remarried.
Cordovez died from cardiac arrest at her home Guayaquil, Ecuador, on September 30, 2012. She was buried at Cemetery Parque de la Paz in Samborondón.
# María Eugenia Duré

María Eugenia Duré (born 17 March 1980) is an Argentine journalist and politician currently serving as a National Senator for Tierra del Fuego. A member of the Justicialist Party and La Cámpora, Duré was elected in 2019, and currently sits in the Frente de Todos parliamentary bloc.

## Early life

Duré was born on 17 March 1980 in Paraná, Entre Ríos. She moved with her family to Río Gallegos, Santa Cruz, at an early age, later settling in Ushuaia and Río Grande, in Tierra del Fuego.
She studied sports journalism in Buenos Aires, later working in radio and television. She worked for Radio Nacional Buenos Aires from 2004 to 2009, and as the Tierra del Fuego correspondent at the Estudio País 24 segment of Televisión Pública Argentina from 2006 to 2009. She moved back to Río Grande in 2010, and became employed at Radio Nacional Río Grande as a presenter and producer, before being ascended to director.

## Political career

As a member of La Cámpora, a kirchnerist youth organization within the Front for Victory, Duré ran for a seat in the Río Grande City Council in the 2015 local elections. She was elected, and held the seat until 2019. In the 2019 legislative elections, Duré was the second candidate in the Frente de Todos list to the National Senate in Tierra del Fuego, behind Matías David Rodríguez. The list was the most-voted in the province, with 41.12% of the vote, granting both Rodríguez and Duré the two seats for the majority.
As a national senator, she was vice president of the parliamentary commission on Population and Human Development, and secretary of the bicameral commission on Consumer Rights. In addition, she formed part of the commissions on Foreign Affairs, Agriculture, Media and Freedom of Expression, Environment, Tourism, Education and Culture, Sports, Health, Women's Affairs, and the joint parliamentary commission on Argentina–Chile relations. She voted in favour of the legalisation of abortion in Argentina in 2018 and 2020.
In November 2020, she was designated as one of the Senate's two representatives to the Federal Council on Human Trafficking, alongside San Luis senator María Eugenia Catalfamo.
# Mary Chase Perry Stratton

Mary Chase Perry Stratton (March 15, 1867 – April 15, 1961) was an American ceramic artist. She was a co-founder, along with Horace James Caulkins, of Pewabic Pottery, a form of ceramic art used to make architectural tiles.

## Biography

Stratton was born in Hancock, Michigan, in the Upper Peninsula and later moved with her family to Ann Arbor, following the death of her father, and from there to the Detroit area, when she was in her early teens. There she attended her first art classes at the Art School of the Detroit Museum of Art. She followed that up with two years of studies at the Art Academy of Cincinnati, from 1887 to 1889, where she studied with the regionally important sculptor and educator Louis Rebisso.
Returning to Detroit she founded the Pewabic Pottery, named after an old copper mine (or sometimes, the Indian name of a nearby river) in Michigan's Upper Peninsula, with Caulkins in 1903. In 1907 the enterprise flourished and moved from the Carriage House behind the Ransom Gillis House, on John R Street, to a new building designed by Detroit architect William Stratton located on Jefferson Avenue, where the business still thrives. In 1918, she married William Stratton.
She died on April 15, 1961.

## Legacy

Under her leadership, Pewabic Pottery produced architectural tiles, lamps and vessels. The Pewabic Pottery became known far and wide for its iridescent glazes, and was used in churches, libraries, schools, and public buildings. New York architects McKim, Meade & White asked her to create the tiles for the roof garden of the Hotel Pennsylvania. Her work can be seen in Detroit at the Cathedral Church of St. Paul, the crypt church of the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception, the Fisher Building, and Eliel Saarinen's Kingswood School for Girls.
Pewabic Pottery is Michigan's only historic pottery. It is designated a National Historic Landmark.
Stratton established the ceramics department at the University of Michigan and taught there. She taught also at Wayne State University. In 1947, she received the highest award in the American ceramic field, namely the Charles Fergus Binns Medal.
Her art was exhibited at the Detroit Art Club in 1995. She was a charter member of the Detroit Society of Women Painters and Sculptors.
Today Pewabic Pottery offers classes, workshops, lectures, and internships for potters of all ages.
# Mary Chawner

Mary Chawner, née Burwash, was an English silversmith.
Chawner was the daughter, sister, and wife of silversmiths; her father was the watchcase maker William Burwash, and her husband, whom she married in 1816, was the spoonmaker William Chawner II. The couple had a son, William, and a daughter, Mary Ann. The elder William died on 20 March 1834 and his widow registered her own mark on 14 April the same year; five new marks followed on 25 March 1835. Like her husband, Mary was a spoonmaker as well. She gave her address in London as 16 Hosier Lane. Mary was overseeing the firm until the younger William could take over; however, upon finishing his apprenticeship in 1838, he embarked instead on a religious career. Consequently the business was left to George Adams, Mary Ann's husband. He entered partnership with his mother-in-law on 3 August 1840; on 23 November that year he took full leadership of the firm.
Several pieces bearing the hallmark of Mary Chawner are in the collection of the National Museum of Women in the Arts. These include six William IV tablespoons, from 1835; a William IV fish slice, of the same year; a Victorian fish slice, of 1839; and two Victorian dinner forks, also from that year.