OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Polarization controller

A polarization controller is an optical device which allows one to modify the polarization state of light.

## Types and operation

Polarization controllers can be operated without feedback, typically by manual adjustment or by electrical signals from a generator, or with automatic feedback. The latter allows for fast polarization tracking. A polarization controller can have the task of transforming a fixed, known polarization into an arbitrary one. Since polarization states are defined by two degrees of freedom, for example azimuth angle and ellipticity angle of the polarization state, such a polarization controller needs two degrees of freedom. The same holds for the task of transforming an arbitrary polarization into a fixed, known one.
More difficult is the transformation of an arbitrary polarization into another arbitrary polarization. Yet this requires just two degrees of freedom. Such a polarization controller can for example be obtained by placing on the optical path three rotatable waveplates in cascade: a first quarterwave plate, which is oriented to transform the incident elliptical polarization into linear polarization, a halfwave plate, which transforms this linear polarization into another linear polarization, and a second quarterwave plate, which transforms the other linear polarization into the desired elliptical output polarization. While the three rotatable waveplate positions present of course three degrees of freedom, one degree of freedom is consumed in the described case by the choice of linear polarizations before (and hence also behind) the halfwave plate.
Polarization controllers can be implemented with free space optics, through a fiber pigtailed U-bench, for example. In that case, light exits the fiber, passes through the three waveplates, that can be freely rotated to allow polarization adjustment and then enters back into the fiber. Polarization controllers can also be implemented in an all-fiber solution. In that case, the polarization of light is changed through the application of a controlled stress to the fiber itself.
For polarization controllers with automatic feedback, integrated optical lithium niobate (LiNbO$_3$) devices are very suitable. Polarization controllers with tracking speeds of up to 100 krad/s on the Poincaré sphere are commercially available (see external link at the bottom).
If not only an arbitrary polarization is to be transformed into a desired one but also the phase shift between this polarization and its orthogonal is to be controlled then three degrees of freedom are necessary. An implementation with a tracking speed of 20 krad/s is described in. This way the whole normalized Stokes space can be stabilized for implementation of the BB84 or similar quantum cryptography protocol. Another application scenario are phased arrays with coherent optical feeding.
# Podapadu

Podapadu is the small village in Pedakurapadu mandal in Guntur district. It is situated 30 km away from Guntur.

## Demographics

The population of Podapadu is around 1000 in which 40% of the people are Mala/Madiga and 30% are Muslims and 20% are Kummari and rest of the people are from the Reddy community.
# Pogonocherus penicillatus

Pogonocherus penicillatus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by John Lawrence LeConte in Agassizz in 1850. It is known from Canada and the United States.
# Podocarpus elongatus

Podocarpus elongatus, the Breede River yellowwood, is a species of conifer in the family Podocarpaceae. In contrast to other yellowwood species of southern Africa, Podocarpus elongatus often resembles an enormous, round, multi-stemmed bush in its habit. The Breede River yellowwood is a protected tree in South Africa.

## Description

It can be distinguished from the other yellowwood species of Southern Africa by its relatively elongated, grey-blue leaves (hence its species name "elongatus"), and by its round, bushy shape. Note however, that Podocarpus henkelii was not described until after the name Podocarpus elongatus was established, and its leaves are decidedly longer, which might lead to some confusion. Podocarpus elongatus generally grows about as wide as it is tall, and its foliage reaches very low, roughly resembling a hut in habit.

## Range and habit

It occurs only in South Africa, where it is restricted to the Breede River valley in the Western Cape and its range extends as far north as the Cedarberg mountains. It typically grows along rivers and on rocky outcrops in fynbos vegetation. This is the only South African yellowwood species that coppices when the trunk is damaged. It is a riverine species, and its ability to coppice is important to its survival in the event of its being levelled by floods or bushfires.
As a garden tree it is sometimes grown as an ornamental feature and its fruit attracts birds. Climatically it is hardier than other yellowwood species in surrounding regions.

## Gallery

* foliage
* foliage close-up
* foliage with fruit
* fruit with receptacle
# Pogonocephala heteropsis

Pogonocephala heteropsis is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from Queensland, Australia.
# Polycera picta

Polycera picta is a species of sea slug, a nudibranch, a shell-less marine gastropod mollusc in the family Polyceridae.

## Distribution

This species was described from pointe de l'Artillerie, Nouméa, New Caledonia, 22°17′02″S 166°25′57″E﻿ / ﻿22.283965°S 166.432516°E﻿ / -22.283965; 166.432516.
# Polonium tetrabromide

Polonium tetrabromide, is a bromide of polonium, with the chemical formula PoBr$_4$.

## Preparation

Polonium tetrabromide can be formed by the direct reaction of bromine and polonium at 200 °C to 250 °C.
Like polonium tetraiodide, polonium tetrabromide can also be produced by the reaction of polonium dioxide and hydrogen bromide:
    PoO$_2$ + 4 HBr → PoBr$_4$ + 2 H$_2$O

## Properties

Polonium tetrabromide is a light red solid that is easily deliquescent. It crystallizes in the cubic crystal system, with space group Fm3m (No. 225) and lattice parameter a = 5.6 Å.
# Polonium hydride

Polonium hydride (also known as polonium dihydride, hydrogen polonide, or polane) is a chemical compound with the formula PoH$_2$. It is a liquid at room temperature, the second hydrogen chalcogenide with this property after water. It is very unstable chemically and tends to decompose into elemental polonium and hydrogen. It is a volatile and very labile compound, from which many polonides can be derived. Additionally, it is radioactive.

## Preparation

Polonium hydride cannot be produced by direct reaction from the elements upon heating. Other unsuccessful routes to synthesis include the reaction of polonium tetrachloride (PoCl$_4$) with lithium aluminium hydride (LiAlH$_4$), which only produces elemental polonium, and the reaction of hydrochloric acid with magnesium polonide (MgPo). The fact that these synthesis routes do not work may be caused by the radiolysis of polonium hydride upon formation.
Trace quantities of polonium hydride may be prepared by reacting hydrochloric acid with polonium-plated magnesium foil. In addition, the diffusion of trace quantities of polonium in palladium or platinum that is saturated with hydrogen (see palladium hydride) may be due to the formation and migration of polonium hydride.

## Properties

Polonium hydride is a more covalent compound than most metal hydrides because polonium straddles the border between metals and metalloids and has some nonmetallic properties. It is intermediate between a hydrogen halide like hydrogen chloride and a metal hydride like stannane.
It should have properties similar to that of hydrogen selenide and hydrogen telluride, other borderline hydrides. It is expected to be an endothermic compound, like the lighter hydrogen telluride and hydrogen selenide, and therefore would decompose into its constituent elements, releasing heat in the process. The amount of heat given off in the decomposition of polonium hydride is over 100 kJ/mol, the largest of all the hydrogen chalcogenides.
It is predicted that, like the other hydrogen chalcogenides, polonium may form two types of salts: polonide (containing the Po$^{2−}$ anion) and one from polonium hydride (containing –PoH, which would be the polonium analogue of thiol, selenol and tellurol). However, no salts from polonium hydride are known. An example of a polonide is lead polonide (PbPo), which occurs naturally as lead is formed in the alpha decay of polonium.
Polonium hydride is difficult to work with due to the extreme radioactivity of polonium and its compounds and has only been prepared in very dilute tracer quantities. As a result, its physical properties are not definitely known. It is also unknown if polonium hydride forms an acidic solution in water like its lighter homologues, or if it behaves more like a metal hydride (see also hydrogen astatide).
# Pokhari Chauri

Pokhari Chauri is a village development committee in Kavrepalanchok District in the Bagmati Zone of central Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3,879 in 609 individual households. It lies in the border of Ramechhap and kavrepalanchowk district. It is about 80 km away from the capital of Nepal, Kathmandu
# Polanka Wielka

Polanka Wielka is a village in Oświęcim County, Lesser Poland Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Polanka Wielka. It lies approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) south-east of Oświęcim and 46 km (29 mi) west of the regional capital Kraków.

## History

The village was first mentioned in 1326 in the register of Peter's Pence payment among Catholic parishes of Zator deaconry of the Diocese of Kraków as Polenka. Later in the late 14th century a sister settlement was established, Polanka Górna (lit. Upper Polanka) or Polanka Nowa (New), and the older village was then dubbed Polanka Stara (Old) or Polanka Dolna (Lower).
Politically the villages belonged initially to the Duchy of Oświęcim, formed in 1315 in the process of feudal fragmentation of Poland and was ruled by a local branch of Piast dynasty. In 1327 the duchy became a fee of the Kingdom of Bohemia. In 1457 Jan IV of Oświęcim agreed to sell the duchy to the Polish Crown, and in the accompanying document issued on 21 February the villages were mentioned as Polanka Antiqua and Nowa Polanka.
The territory of the Duchy of Oświęcim was eventually incorporated into Poland in 1564 and formed Silesian County of Kraków Voivodeship. Upon the First Partition of Poland in 1772 it became part of the Austrian Kingdom of Galicia. After World War I and fall of Austria-Hungary it became part of Poland. It was annexed by Nazi Germany at the beginning of World War II, and afterwards it was restored to Poland.
# Polymethine

Polymethines are compounds made up from an odd number of methine groups (CH) bound together by alternating single and double bonds. Compounds made up from an even number of methine groups are known as polyenes.

## Polymethine dyes

Cyanines are synthetic dyes belonging to polymethine group. Anthocyanidins are natural plant pigments belonging to the group of the polymethine dyes.
Polymethines are fluorescent dyes that may be attached to nucleic acid probes for different uses, e.g., to accurately count reticulocytes.
# Police (1958 film)

Police is a 1958 Indian Hindi-language action-thriller film directed by Kalidas, produced by Deep Khosla and Pradeep Kumar, and starring Madhubala, Pradeep Kumar and Nadira. The music of the film was composed by Hemant Kumar.

## Plot

When an airplane brings ex dacoit Rangooni (Pradeep Kumar) from Singapore to Bombay, Inspector Mehra (Raj Mehra) looks upon Rangooni's return with well-founded suspicion. His arrival in Bombay disturbs the activities of a gang of jewel-theft specialists, led by man-about-town-Ramesh (Anwar Hussain). Rangooni foils the activities of the gang by forestalling the gangster. Manju (Madhubala), daughter of Bahadur Sunderdas, who has Rai encountered Rangooni many times, is excited by the prospect of getting the dacoit arrested and hopes to get a lot of publicity by so doing.
Ramesh, constantly thwarted by Rangooni, lays a trap for his opponent but in the last smashing chase scene is unmasked for what he is.
But who is Rangooni? What is the motive behind his seemingly incongruous actions?

## Cast

The main cast of the film was:
* Madhubala as Manju
* Pradeep Kumar as Rangooni
* Nadira
* Raj Mehra as Inspector Mehra
* Anwar Hussain as Ramesh
* Dhumal
* Bhagwan

## Soundtrack

The soundtrack of Police was composed by Hemant Kumar and the lyrics were penned by Majrooh Sultanpuri.
| # | Song | Singer |
| 1 | "Chale Ham Kahaan Kaho" | Geeta Dutt, Hemant Kumar |
| 2 | "O O Baby Mudke Zara" | Geeta Dutt, Hemant Kumar |
| 3 | "Mere Tum Ho Phir Kya Hai" | Geeta Dutt, Hemant Kumar |
| 4 | "O Chup Ja Hamare Dil Mein" | Geeta Dutt, Hemant Kumar |
| 5 | "Sunle Piya Dhadke Jiya" | Geeta Dutt, Hemant Kumar |
| 6 | "Dil Lo Lagela Mohabbat Ka Chaska" | Mohammed Rafi |
| 7 | "Dil Pe Kaisa Yeh Tune Khanjar Mara Re" | Geeta Dutt, Hemant Kumar |

## Reception

The film was commercially unsuccessful.
# Polleras

Cerro Polleras is a mountain in the Andes at the border of Argentina and Chile with an elevation of 5,993 metres (19,662 ft) metres. Polleras is within the Principal Cordillera of the Andes. Its territory is within the Argentine protected area of Tupungato Volcano Provincial Park. It is on the border of two provinces: Argentinean province of Mendoza and Chilean province of Cordillera. Its slopes are within the territory of two cities: Argentinean city of Luján de Cuyo and Chilean commune of San José de Maipo.

## First Ascent

Polleras was first climbed by Friedrich Reichert (Germany) in February 05th 1908.

## Elevation

It has an official height of 5993 meters. Other data from available digital elevation models: SRTM yields 5868 metres, ASTER 5975 metres, ALOS 5975 metres. The height of the nearest key col is 4557 meters, leading to a topographic prominence of 1436 meters. Polleras is considered a Mountain Subrange according to the Dominance System and its dominance is 23.96%. Its parent peak is Nevado del Plomo and the Topographic isolation is 21 kilometers.
# Pollert

Pollert may refer to:
* Chet Pollert (born 1955), American politician
* Emil Pollert (1877-1935), Czech opera singer born Emil Popper
* Emil Pollert (canoeist), Czechoslovak slalom canoeist who competed in the 1960s
* Jaroslav Pollert (canoeist born 1943), Czechoslovak slalom canoer who competed in 1960s and 1970s
* Jaroslav Pollert (canoeist born 1971), Czech slalom canoer who competed in 1990s and 2000s
* Lukáš Pollert (born 1970), Czech slalom canoeist who competed from the late 1980s to the early 2000s
# Pomburpa

Pomburpa is a village in North Goa, India.

## Geography

It is located at 15°33′0″N 73°51′0″E﻿ / ﻿15.55000°N 73.85000°E﻿ / 15.55000; 73.85000 at an elevation of 68 m above MSL.

## Places of interest

* Our Lady of Socorro Church
* Church of Our Lady of Miracles
* Pomburpa Spring
* El Cid Farm (Poultry Farm established in 1964)
* Lady De Corla Souza's Bar & Rest
# Pomeau

Pomeau is a French surname. Notable people of the name include:
* René Pomeau (1917–2000), French philologist
* Yves Pomeau (born 1942), French mathematician and physicist
# Polytechnic ATMI Surakarta

Polytechnic ATMI Surakarta, formerly called Academy of Industrial Machine Engineering, Indonesia, is a mechanical engineering academy established in 1968 with support from the Karya Bakti Foundation of the Indonesian Jesuits. It has developed into a higher education institution with a considerable influence on professional education, especially in the mechanical engineering industry (manufacturing engineering). It is owned and managed by the Society of Jesus.

## Program

ATMI Polytechnic Surakarta is an institution of higher education which concentrates on vocational education in manufacturing in Indonesia, having adopted a dual system education model from Germany and Switzerland. The school was first established in 1968 under the name of ATMI (Akademi Tekniknik Mesin Industri) and has always been dedicated to Production Based Education and Training (PBET).
ATMI Polytechnic first received university level ISO quality certification in the education and production field. The ISO 9001: 2000 quality assurance has been obtained since September 21, 2001, and its implementation is audited annually. The standard update to ISO 9001: 2008 was implemented on May 18, 2010.
ATMI Surakarta has 3 study programs, namely: Industrial Machinery Engineering, and Mechatronics Engineering, Mechanical and Machine Design Technique.
# Ponganalu

Ponganalu (పొంగనాలు) is a traditional snack item of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Karnataka. It is a fluffy and smooth food item. It is sometimes stuffed with onions, corn or coriander for taste. It is taken in combination with peanut or pudina chutney. It uses same ingredients as dosa. Some of the famous hotels are found in Hyderabad for these delicious snack, like Anil's Ponganalu point.
# Pontotoc Ridge

Pontotoc Ridge is a ridge in the U.S. state of Mississippi.
Pontotoc is a name derived from the Choctaw language purported to mean "hanging grapes".
# Porto Real do Colégio

Porto Real do Colégio is a municipality located in the Brazilian state of Alagoas.

## Former indigenous languages

The unclassified extinct Wakoná language was formerly spoken in Penedo. Loukotka (1968) reported that the remaining ethnic descendants who speak only Portuguese could be found in the city of Porto Real do Colégio. The Xocó language and Natú language, both language isolates, were also spoken near present-day Porto Real do Colégio.
# Pope (Novi Pazar)

Pope is a village situated in Novi Pazar municipality in Serbia.
# Portrait of a Lady Holding a Fan

Portrait of a Lady Holding a Fan is a painting by the Italian artist Artemisia Gentileschi. Executed in the mid-1620s, it is part of the collection of The Sovereign Military Order of Malta. There is no firm idea who the sitter is, although some historians have wondered if the portrait is indeed a self-portrait. However, given the rich clothing and jewellery of the sitter, this is unlikely.

## Description

The painting depicts a woman in three-quarter view, standing at an angle to the viewer. She is attired in a high-necked black gown in the Genoese fashion, trimmed with gold buttons and lace. Her right hand rests on a long string of pearls that fall to her waist, which her gloved left hand holds an ostrich-feather fan. Her jewelry and pose portray a woman of wealth and status.

## Provenance

Art historians first identified the painting as being by Artemisia's father, Orazio, probably based on descriptions of the painting in eighteenth-century inventories. Others have seen both the hand of father and daughter, but there is now consensus that the painting is solely by Artemisia. The confident pose of the and luxurious black costume evoke the portraits done by Anthony van Dyck and Pieter Paul Rubens in Genoa at the same time, but there is no evidence to suggest Artemisia visited the city. Artemisia did have personal connections in Genoa and this portrait may represent an attempt to secure patronage from its wealthy elite.
The painting was documented as being in the collection of the aristocratic Balbi family by 1682. It passed through the descendants of the Balbi and Spinola families to Admiral Franco Spinola, who along with his property at Villa Pagana, bequeathed it to its present owners in 1959.
# Port Vincent, South Australia

Port Vincent is a small town on the east coast of Yorke Peninsula in South Australia, 194 km from Adelaide by road.

## History

The Narungga Aborigines inhabited the area prior to white settlement. The town was laid out by Adelaide solicitor L.M. Cullen in 1877, originally known as Surveyor's Point.
In its early days it was a port exporting wheat, barley, wool and mallee stumps (firewood). From the first settlement in 1852 until 1877, coastal trading ketches would beach at high tide, and unload directly to farm wagons at low tide. A jetty was built into the bay in 1877, construction of a wharf began in 1901, and the original jetty was removed in 1918. Port Vincent was the main entry point for people and goods to and from the Yorke Peninsula until a good road was built from Port Wakefield in around 1949. Three major fuel companies had storage and distribution depots in the town, supplied by boat or barge from Port Adelaide.

## The town today

A seaside holiday destination for many years, recently it has been the site of a marina development. Port Vincent was named Australia's Tidiest Town in 2004, having won the South Australian award in 2000 and 2003. It has active volunteer organisations including the CFS, Coast Guard, Tidy Towns etc.
In 2003, a large marina was constructed in Port Vincent. It is operated by the Cruising Yacht Club of South Australia. Port Vincent can also cater for schools on camp with various water activities. The town has grown in size over the last few years with the release of land for housing. There is a proposed 'next stage', which will include over 100 domestic building blocks and possibly a retirement village.
2011 saw Port Vincent win the State's Cleanest Beach Award and went on to the National Judging.
VAC swim operates there in the summer holidays.
# Porta Tenaglia

Porta Tenaglia (literally: "Pincer Gate") was one of the gates of the old Spanish walls of Milan, Italy. It owes its name to the so-called "Tenaglia" (pincer), a fortified walls system that embraced the north-west side of the Sforza Castle. The gate was demolished in the 16th century. Today, the phrase "Porta Tenaglia" is still in use to refer to the district ("quartiere") where the gate used to be, including the Piazzale Biancamano square and part of the Simplon Park. The Porta Tenaglia neighbourhood is part of the Zone 1 district (the city centre).
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