OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Rosefuran

Rosefuran (3-methyl-2-prenylfuran) is an organic compound, classified as a terpenoid. It is a minor constituent of the aroma of the rose (Rosa damascene). Rosefuran is a 2,3-disubstituted furan (3-methyl-2-(3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl)furan). It has an odor threshold of 200 ppb and constitutes 0.16% of Bulgarian rose oil. Rosefuran has been established as a female sex pheromone of an acarid mite, Caloglyphus sp. Concentrations of less than 100 ng of synthetic rosefuran caused sexual excitation in males of the species.

## Synthesis

Rosefuran was synthesized in 1968 by George Büchi via the organomercury compound bis(3-methyl-2-furyl)mercury. Rosefuran has been synthesized in many steps from common starting materials starting with prenyl chloride (3-methyl-but-2-en-1-yl chloride). Rosefuran has also been synthesized via cyclization of suitable acyclic precursors, such as, 5-oxogeraniol and 5-hydroxycitral (4-hydoxy-3,7-dimethyl-(E)-2,6-octadienol). Rosefuran has also been prepared via palladium catalyzed cross coupling of the methyl ester of 4-bromo-5-methyl-2-furancarboxylic acid followed by decarboxylation.
Alternatively, rosefuran has been prepared from other furan derivatives. Thus, Wittig reaction of 3-methyl-2-furanacetaldehyde with triphenylphosphonium isopropylide gave rosefuran in 67% yield. The aldehyde was obtained via Claisen rearrangement of 3-(vinyloxymethyl)furan. Similarly, the readily available 3-bromofuran was reacted with 3,3-dimethylallyl bromide and lithium diisopropylamide in THF solution, followed by reaction at with methyl iodide and N-butyllithium in THF, yielding rosefuran.
A patented process for the manufacture of rosefuran via condensation of 3-formylpropionic acid methyl ester with crotonaldehyde has been described. The intermediate ketoaldehyde is cyclized to a furan derivative which is converted to rosefuran in 33% overall yield via Grignard reaction to give 2-methyl-4-(3-methyl-2-furanyl)-2-butanol followed by dehydration.

## Applications

Rosefuran is a desirable component of rose oil, a natural fragrance material. Rosefuran is the major constituent (58% by weight) of the essential oil of Perilla ocimoides, a herbaceous, annual plant cultivated in Bangladesh and used as a component of a common spice. Additionally, synthetic rosefuran is recommended (average recommended level in parentheses) for use as a flavor, fragrance chemical for a wide variety of applications including baked goods (5 ppm), breakfast cereal (2 ppm), cheese (3 ppm), condiments (2 ppm), frozen dairy (3 ppm), soups (2 ppm) and snack foods (5 ppm).
# Jean de Lauson

Jean de Lauzon or de Lauson (French pronunciation:; 2 January 1586 – 16 February 1666) was the governor of New France from 1651 to 1657, one of the most challenging times for the new colony. He also was born into being the lord of Lirec.
As a prominent lawyer in France, in 1613 Lauzon was appointed a counsellor in the Parliament. He served in several government positions, including president of the Grand Conseil, intendant of Provence, then of Guyenne, and of Dauphiné.
Lauzon had been developing interests in the colony of New France. He was a founding member and became the director of the Compagnie des Cent-Associés. Lauzon used his influence within the company to obtain land for himself and his sons in the colony. By 1640, the Lauzons had become the biggest landowners in the colony. Their properties included the Island of Montreal and Île d'Orléans.
Lauzon was appointed as governor in 1651. He moved with his three sons – including François, the eldest, who was a member of Parliament for Bordeaux – to the colony. His wife had apparently earlier died in France. All three sons married into other founding families of the colony after having been set up with various lands and positions within the area. The establishment of Lauzon's family in the colony was probably intended to inspire confidence amongst the settlers and encourage agriculture in addition to the fur trade. He was the first governor to pursue this type of policy.
In 1653, Lauzon negotiated a peace treaty with the Mohawk, an Iroquois nation based in what is now New York. It ended their attacks on French settlers and reduced the threat to the colony for some years. Afterward, he accorded to himself the monopoly on the fur trade; settlers sought to open the trade by petitioning King Louis XIV. The king responded by ordering the fur trade to be reopened to all colonists.
Lauzon returned to France, where he continued his business and political career. He died in 1666 at the age of 80, in Paris. One of his descendants, Marie-Catherine-Antoinette de Lauson, married Roland-Michel Barrin de La Galissonière (1747–1749), who also served as Governor of Canada.
Lauzon, Quebec was named in his honour in 1867.
# Jennett Humphreys

Jennett Humphreys (17 April 1829 – 6 February 1917) was a British author, poet, and contributor to major reference works.
Humphreys was from Cricklewood, a district in North London, to a Scottish father, Griffith Humphreys, and English mother, Sarah Leggett Humphreys. As a reader she supplied numerous quotations and other information for entries in the Oxford English Dictionary, much of which was a by-product of research for an unpublished book on the early history of cooking, and wrote an article on the OED for Fraser's Magazine. She was the author of many articles in the Dictionary of National Biography.
# List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 327

This is a list of all the United States Supreme Court cases from volume 327 of the United States Reports:
| Case name | Citation | Date decided |
| In re Yamashita | 327 U.S. 1 | 1946 |
| Canizio v. New York | 327 U.S. 82 | 1946 |
| Case v. Bowles | 327 U.S. 92 | 1946 |
| Hulbert v. Twin Falls Cnty. | 327 U.S. 103 | 1946 |
| United States v. Johnson (1946) | 327 U.S. 106 | 1946 |
| Estep v. United States | 327 U.S. 114 | 1946 |
| Hannegan v. Esquire, Inc. | 327 U.S. 146 | 1946 |
| Meyer v. Fleming | 327 U.S. 161 | 1946 |
| Martino v. Michigan Window Cleaning Co. | 327 U.S. 173 | 1946 |
| Mabee v. White Plains Publ'g Co. | 327 U.S. 178 | 1946 |
| Oklahoma Press Publ'g Co. v. Walling | 327 U.S. 186 | 1946 |
| Griffin v. Griffin | 327 U.S. 220 | 1946 |
| Bigelow v. RKO Radio Pics., Inc. | 327 U.S. 251 | 1946 |
| American Sur. Co. v. Sampsell | 327 U.S. 269 | 1946 |
| Ashcraft v. Tennessee (1946) | 327 U.S. 274 | 1946 |
| Commissioner v. Tower | 327 U.S. 280 | 1946 |
| Lusthaus v. Commissioner | 327 U.S. 293 | 1946 |
| Duncan v. Kahanamoku | 327 U.S. 304 | 1946 |
| Social Sec. Bd. v. Nierotko | 327 U.S. 358 | 1946 |
| United States v. Petty Motor Co. | 327 U.S. 372 | 1946 |
| NLRB v. Cheney Cal. Lumber Co. | 327 U.S. 385 | 1946 |
| Holmberg v. Armbrecht | 327 U.S. 392 | 1946 |
| Poff v. Pennsylvania R.R. Co. | 327 U.S. 399 | 1946 |
| Commissioner v. Wilcox | 327 U.S. 404 | 1946 |
| Nippert v. Richmond | 327 U.S. 416 | 1946 |
| United States v. American Union Transp., Inc. | 327 U.S. 437 | 1946 |
| Boutell v. Walling | 327 U.S. 463 | 1946 |
| Wilson v. Cook | 327 U.S. 474 | 1946 |
| Duggan v. Sansberry | 327 U.S. 499 | 1946 |
| Commissioner v. Fisher | 327 U.S. 512 | 1946 |
| United States v. Pierce Auto Freight Lines, Inc. | 327 U.S. 515 | 1946 |
| Cherry Cotton Mills, Inc. v. United States | 327 U.S. 536 | 1946 |
| Macauley v. Waterman S.S. Corp. | 327 U.S. 540 | 1946 |
| United States ex rel. TVA v. Welch | 327 U.S. 546 | 1946 |
| S.R.A., Inc. v. Minnesota | 327 U.S. 558 | 1946 |
| Kennecott Copper Corp. v. State Tax Comm'n | 327 U.S. 573 | 1946 |
| AFL v. Watson | 327 U.S. 582 | 1946 |
| Jacob Siegel Co. v. FTC | 327 U.S. 608 | 1946 |
| M. Kraus & Bros., Inc. v. United States | 327 U.S. 614 | 1946 |
| United States v. Carbone | 327 U.S. 633 | 1946 |
| Lavender v. Kurn | 327 U.S. 645 | 1946 |
| McAllister Lighterage Line, Inc. v. United States | 327 U.S. 655 | 1946 |
| Elgin J. & E.R.R. Co. v. Burley | 327 U.S. 661 | 1946 |
| Bell v. Hood | 327 U.S. 678 | 1946 |
| North American Co. v. Securities and Exchange Commission | 327 U.S. 686 | 1946 |
| Williams v. United States | 327 U.S. 711 | 1946 |
| Heiser v. Woodruff | 327 U.S. 726 | 1946 |
| United States v. Rice | 327 U.S. 742 | 1946 |
| United States ex rel. Nitkey v. Dawes | 327 U.S. 788 | 1946 |
# Van Meter

Van Meter, VanMeter, Van Metre, Van Mater and Van Matre are American surnames derived from the Dutch surname Van Meteren. Most are descendants of Jan Joosten van Meteren (1626–1704) who in 1662 settled in Wiltwijck, New Netherlands, now Kingston, New York. The surname is a toponym, meaning "from Meteren" in Gelderland, the Netherlands.

## People

* Anna Van Meter, an American psychologist
* Edwin Van Meter Champion (1890–1970), an American politician from Illinois
* Homer Van Meter (1905–1934), an American criminal and bank robber
* Jen Van Meter, an American comic book writer
* Josh VanMeter (born 1995), American baseball player
* Gregg Van Meter (born 1981), American Sports Agent
* Solomon Lee Van Meter, Jr. (1888–1937), American inventor of the backpack parachute and the ejection seat
* Tom Van Meter (1943–1992), an American politician in Ohio
* Vicki Van Meter (1982–2008), an American pilot
* Laurence B. VanMeter (born 1958), an American judge in Kentucky

### Van Matre

* Joseph Van Matre (1828–1892), Union Army soldier
* Steve Van Matre (born 1941), American environmental activist, author, and educator

## Settlements

* Van Meter, Iowa
** "The Heater from Van Meter", nickname baseball pitcher Bob Feller, native of Van Meter, Iowa
* Van Meter, a settlement in Pennsylvania and site of the 1907 Darr Mine Disaster
* Van Metre, South Dakota

## Buildings named for people with this surname

* Fort Van Meter (Hampshire County, West Virginia), an 18th-century frontier fort in named after Isaac Van Meter
** Fort Pleasant a.k.a. Isaac Van Meter House, a nearby historic home built in the late 18th century.
** Garrett VanMeter House, a nearby 19th century historic home
* Fort Van Meter (disambiguation), various other forts
* Van Meter Hall, a building on the campus of Western Kentucky University

## Other things named for people with this surname

* Van Meter State Park in Missouri named in 1834 after the Vanmeter family who settled there in 1834
* Van Metre Ford Stone Bridge in West Virginia
# Heliophanoides bhutanicus

Heliophanoides bhutanicus is a jumping spider species in the genus Heliophanoides that lives in Bhutan. It was first described in 1992.
# Ragnar Ringstad

Ragnar Ringstad was a Norwegian cross-country skier who competed in the 1930s. He won a silver medal in the 4 × 10 km relay at the 1938 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Lahti.
# Novosad (surname)

Novosad is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Anastasiya Novosad (born 1993), Ukrainian skier
* Hanna Novosad (born 1990), Ukrainian politician
* Lubomír Novosad, Slovak volleyball player
* Lukáš Novosad (born 1976), Czech canoeist
* Petr Novosad (born 1975), Czech footballer
# Wool Industries Research Association

The Wool Industries Research Association was an industrial research organization in the United Kingdom. It later became the Wira Technology Group before being merged with the Shirley Institute in the 1989 to form the British Textile Technology Group. It was funded by a levy raised under powers from the Industrial Organisation and Development Act 1947 through the Wool Textile Research Council, established in 1950.

## Notable employees

* Richard Laurence Millington Synge
* Jim Marshall (UK politician)
* David Cox (statistician)
* Archer J.P. Martin

### Martin and Synge

Archer J.P. Martin and Richard L.M. Synge worked together at the Wool Industries Research Association in Leeds. In 1941 they published a paper entitled ‘A New Form of Chromatogram Employing Two Liquid Phases’ in the Biochemical Journal. Martin and Synge described how they had used columns of silica with water, used as the stationary phase, whilst a second, non-miscible liquid, flowed down the column. The second liquid was the organic solvent chloroform, and they separated acetamino-acids from protein hydrolysates. The components of the mixture separated were distributed between the two phases, depending on their relative affinity for each of the phases. As the components spread, they became separated from each other, and could be collected as they left the column. This is how ‘partition chromatography’ came to be known as a new form of chromatography due to the way that the sample ‘partitioned’ itself between the two liquid phases. Their paper was important because it laid the foundations of all the future work in the field of chromatography. In the first part of the paper they presented the first ever theory of chromatography that attempted to explain the concentration of the solute at any point in the column and also how the resolution of the column was affected by various factors including the column's length. Looking at the figures they present for resolution in terms of Height Equivalent to a Theoretical Plate (HETP), underlying the importance of their work at that time. The HETP is a measure of the resolution that can be obtained by the column. There are several factors that affect HETP.
# Rosegarland, Tasmania

Rosegarland is a rural residential locality in the local government area of Derwent Valley in the South-east region of Tasmania. It is located about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) north-west of the town of New Norfolk. The 2016 census determined a population of 75 for the state suburb of Rosegarland.

## History

Rosegarland was gazetted as a locality in 1959. Rose Garland was the name of property in the district in 1854, and the 'Rosegarland Inn' existed in 1877.

## Geography

The Derwent River forms the southern boundary.

## Road infrastructure

The Lyell Highway (A10) enters from the south-east and runs through to the north-west, where it exits. Route B61 (Gordon River Road) starts at an intersection with A10 on the northern boundary and runs away to the south-west.
# Reinhold (crater)

Reinhold is a prominent lunar impact crater that lies to the south-southwest of the crater Copernicus, on the Mare Insularum. It was named after 16th century German astronomer and mathematician Erasmus Reinhold. To the southwest is the slightly smaller crater Lansberg.
The interior walls are terraced and the irregular outer ramparts are visible against the flat surface of the mare. The interior floor is relatively featureless, with only a few low rises. Just to the northeast is a low, flooded crater designated Reinhold B.
Reinhold is a crater of Eratosthenian age.

## Satellite craters

By convention these features are identified on current lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Reinhold.
| Reinhold | Latitude | Longitude | Diameter |
| main | 3.3° N | 22.8° W | 48 km |
| A | 4.1° N | 21.7° W | 4 km |
| B | 4.3° N | 21.7° W | 26 km |
| C | 4.4° N | 24.5° W | 4 km |
| D | 2.6° N | 24.5° W | 2 km |
| F | 3.4° N | 21.4° W | 5 km |
| G | 4.8° N | 19.8° W | 3 km |
| H | 4.2° N | 20.9° W | 4 km |
| N | 1.6° N | 25.4° W | 4 km |
# Reisköy, Germencik

Reisköy is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Germencik, Aydın Province, Turkey. Its population is 366 (2022).
# Remedial Reading Comprehension

Remedial Reading Comprehension is an experimental short film by Owen Land, produced in 1970.

## Description

Remedial Reading Comprehension takes the form of an ephemeral or educational film. Land combines found colour footage, a mock television commercial about rice, text from a speed-reading manual, and footage of the director running, with the superimposed words, "This Is A Film About You... Not Its Maker." The speed-reading text is taken from "Pupils into Students," an essay written by Jacques Barzun and published in Teacher in America (1945).
Remedial Reading Comprehension forms part of the structural film movement of the 1960s and 70s, in that it considers "film itself as subject matter, its basic structures rather than its actual physical presence." The film opens with a woman dreaming about an auditorium of people, who are sitting down as though about to watch a movie. In this scene, Land's camera assumes the point of view of the movie screen itself.

## Reception

Remedial Reading Comprehension is considered a prominent and important work in the structural film movement. Scholar Fred Camper wrote that the film “does not try to build up an illusion of reality, to combine the images together with the kind of spatial or rhythmic continuity that would suggest that one is watching “real” people or objects. It works rather toward the opposite end, to make one aware of the unreality, the created and mechanical nature, of film.” Wheeler Winston Dixon wrote that "the film acts upon us, addressing us, viewing us as we view it, until the film itself becomes a gaze, rather than an object to be gazed upon.” J.D. Connor considered Remedial Reading Comprehension to be an "odd intervention" in the structural film movement, in that it retains "the Romantic interest in dreams and personae" away from which avant-garde cinema had been moving.
# Rene Ahrens

Rene Ahrens from Queensland is an Australian Paralympic athlete and wheelchair basketballer. At the 1980 Arnhem Paralympics, he won a bronze medal in the Men's Discus 5 event and participated in the Australia men's national wheelchair basketball team. Eight years later, he won a bronze medal at the 1988 Seoul Paralympics in the Men's Discus 6 event.
# Renzo Canestrari

Renzo Antonio Bartolomeo Canestrari (19 August 1924 in Piagge, Italy – 28 January 2017 in Bologna, Italy) was an Italian psychiatrist. A student of Giulio Cesare Pupilli and Cesare Musatti, he was one of the foremost pioneers in the rebirth of Italian psychology after World War II, as well as the founder of the Bologna School of Gestalt Psychology and the guiding force behind it for 40 years.
In 1957 he became professor of general psychology at the University of Salerno, then - from 1960 on - the first full professor of clinical psychology at the University of Bologna. One of his main interests was perception under the Gestalt theoretical point of view and its impact on mental health. Well ahead of his time, he spoke out on the need to include psychology in the medical school curriculum.
Among Canestrari's students were several of Italy's most influential Gestalt psychologists of the following decades, e.g. Anna Arfelli Galli, Giuseppe Galli, Mario Fame, Paolo Bonaiuto, Alberto Ranzi, Pietro Tampieri, Giuliana Giovanelli, Giancarlo Trombini, Vincenzo Faenza, Augusto Palmonari and Gabriella Bartoli. These researchers, experts in a variety of fields of science and research, became known as the Bologna School of Gestalt Psychology.
From 1979 to his death, Canestrari was a member of the Advisory Board of the international multidisciplinary journal Gestalt Theory. In 1991 he founded the Dipartimento della Formazione of the University of the Republic of San Marino.

## Publications (selected)

* 1974 Guida alla psicologia. Firenze.
* 1975 (with Giancarlo Trombini) Psychotherapie als Umstrukturierung des Feldes. In: Ertel u. Kemmler (Hrsg.), Gestalttheorie in der modernen Psychologie, Darmstadt, ISBN 3-7985-0400-8, S. 266–273.
* 1978: Psicologia fuori programma. Bologna.
* 1986 Psicologia generale e dello sviluppo. Bologna, ISBN 88-8091-223-2.
* 1993 Freud e la ricerca psicologica. A cura di Renzo Canestrari e Pio E. Ricci Bitti. Bologna: Il Mulino. ISBN
* 1994 (with Antonio Godino) Manuale di psicologia. Bologna, ISBN 88-8091-584-3.
* 1995 La percezione. Bologna, ISBN 88-8091-239-9.
* 1996 Some reflections on ideology and scientific research. European Review, 4(2), April 1996, pp 97–106.
* 2002 Itinerari del ciclo della vita. Adolescenza, mezza età, vecchiaia, Bologna, ISBN 88-491-1989-5.
* 2010 Gestalt Psychology in my Scientific Training and at the Start of the School of Bologna. Gestalt Theory 32(1), 79–84.
# Renzo Dalmazzo

Lorenzo "Renzo" Dalmazzo (January 23, 1886 – December 12, 1959) was an Italian lieutenant general and corps and army commander during World War II.

## Military career

On 3 June 1918, he received the Knight's Military Order of Italy (5th Class).
He served in the colony of Italian Somaliland in 1925–1926 and in Italian East Africa in 1936, where he led the Italian 2nd Eritrean Division during the Second Italo-Ethiopian War. On 24 May 1937, he received the Officer's Military Order of Italy (4th Class). He returned to Italy and became commander of the 2nd Cavalry Division "Emanuele Filiberto Testa di Ferro".
After the outbreak of World War II he commanded the XXI Corps in the Western Desert Campaign in 1939–1940. He commanded the VI Corps in occupied Yugoslavia in 1940–1942, where he was instrumental in negotiating collaboration agreements with the Chetniks. On 24 December 1942, he received the Commander's Military Order of Italy (3rd Class).
He then served in Albania in 1943 as commander of the 9th Army. In March 1943 he negotiated an agreement with Ali Këlcyra of the Balli Kombëtar for their assistance in suppressing the communist resistance. The Dalmazzo–Këlcyra Agreement has been controversial in Albanian historiography. He was taken prisoner of war by the Germans in 1943 when Italy capitulated to the Allies. He died in 1959.
# Replicator (United States military)

Replicator is the name of a United States Department of Defense program intended to pioneer ways to cheaply produce large amounts of weapons or systems for the U.S. military.
It was announced on Aug. 23, 2023, by Deputy Defense Secretary Kathleen Hicks as a means of quickly producing weapons to deter and counter China. In her announcement, Hicks said the first type of weapons to be produced under Replicator were to be autonomous systems; she did not specify whether these would be, for example, aerial drones or unmanned vessels.
The Replicator program announced its first batch of contracts on May 6, 2024; they included purchases of uncrewed watercraft, aerial drones, and anti-drone defenses "of various sizes and payloads from several traditional and non-traditional vendors." Some other contracts “remain classified, including others in the maritime domain and some in the counter-UAS portfolio”, a Defense Department release said.
On September 30, 2024, Defense Secretary Lloyd Austin III announced a new phase of the program, dubbed Replicator 2, that would focus on anti-drone defensive systems.
# Renfrew/Hurds Lake Water Aerodrome

Renfrew/Hurds Lake Water Aerodrome (TC LID: CNL6) is located 3 nautical miles (5.6 km; 3.5 mi) south of Renfrew, Ontario, Canada.
# Reportedly haunted locations in Washington

Reportedly haunted locations in Washington may refer to:
* Reportedly haunted locations in Washington (state)
* Reportedly haunted locations in Washington, D.C.
# Reradiation

In telecommunications, the term reradiation has the following meanings:
* Electromagnetic radiation, at the same or different wavelengths, i.e., frequencies, of energy received from an incident wave.
* Undesirable radiation of signals locally generated in a radio receiver. This type of radiation might cause interference or reveal the location of the device.
Near-field effects of an AM antenna may extend out two miles (3.2 km) or more. Cellular and microwave towers within this radius can reflect the Medium Wave AM signal out at a phase which cancels the main Medium Wave AM signal. This process results in an interfering signal called reradiation.  This article incorporates public domain material from Federal Standard 1037C. General Services Administration. Archived from the original on 2022-01-22. (in support of MIL-STD-188).
* This article related to radio communications is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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