OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Gray ramus communicans

Each spinal nerve receives a branch called a gray ramus communicans (pl.: rami communicantes) from the adjacent paravertebral ganglion of the sympathetic trunk. The gray rami communicantes contain postganglionic nerve fibers of the sympathetic nervous system and are composed of largely unmyelinated neurons. This is in contrast to the white rami communicantes, in which heavily myelinated neurons give the rami their white appearance.

## Function

Preganglionic sympathetic fibers from the intermediolateral nucleus in the lateral grey column of the spinal cord are carried in the white ramus communicans to the paravertebral ganglia of the sympathetic trunk. Once the preganglionic nerve has traversed a white ramus communicans, it can do one of three things.
* The preganglionic neuron can synapse with a postganglionic sympathetic neuron in the sympathetic paravertebral ganglion at that level. From here, the postganglionic sympathetic neuron can travel back out the grey ramus communicans of that level to the mixed spinal nerve and onto the effector organ.
* The preganglionic neuron can travel superiorly or inferiorly to a sympathetic paravertebral ganglion of a higher or lower level where it can synapse with a postganglionic sympathetic neuron. From here, the postganglionic sympathetic neuron can travel back out the grey ramus communicans of that level to the mixed spinal nerve and on to an effector organ.
* The preganglionic neuron can pass through the paravertebral ganglion without synapsing, and therefore continue as a preganglionic nerve fiber (Splanchnic nerves) until it reaches a distant collateral ganglion anterior to the vertebral column (Prevertebral ganglia). Once inside the prevertebral ganglia, the individual neurons comprising the nerve synapse with their postganglionic neuron. The postganglionic nerve then proceeds to innervate its targets (pelvic visceral organs) It will generally be responsible for the innervation of the pelvic viscera.
Ganglionic influence can be specifically targeted to end organs as well as becoming part of a summating systemic response. If the response is the whole body response, as in sympathetic fight or flight, the signals are distributed to other spinal nerves by way of gray rami communicantes which serve as conduits between the spinal nerves.

### Specific Functions in the ANS

    Some cervical ganglia and thoracic ganglia send gray rami communicantes directly to the heart.
    Thoracic ganglia send grey rami communicantes to their adjacent body wall. They supply blood vessels, sweat glands, and arrectores pilorum muscles.
    Lumbar ganglia have grey rami communicantes that rejoin the appropriate spinal nerves to supply the abdominal wall and lower limbs.
    The pelvic ganglia form grey rami communicantes whose lateral (postganglionic) branches supply the pelvic wall and lower limb.
# William Brassington

William Brassington (1837 or 1841 – 3 March 1905) was a stonemason, sculptor and builder practising in Christchurch, New Zealand in the late 19th century. His sculptured carving on many of the city's unique Gothic revival public buildings is regarded as some of the finest in the Southern Hemisphere. His work is celebrated around New Zealand and he died when he was around 65

## Biography

Brassington was born in Nottingham, England, and trained, like his father, to be a stonemason. In 1863 he and his wife Ellen and two daughters emigrated to New Zealand aboard the ship Brother's Pride. His youngest child died on the voyage. On arrival in New Zealand he set up business in a Christchurch cemetery as a monumental mason. The quality of his work was noticed by the official Provincial Architect Benjamin Mountfort who was working on the provincial council chamber in Christchurch. Mountfort immediately employed Brassington to carve the decorated stonework. The work Brassington executed at the council chamber is considered to be his best. He decorated the corbels, capitals and arches with carvings of flora and fauna indigenous to the province of Canterbury. In addition was statuary depicting Queen Victoria, her consort and other great statesmen and popular heroes of the day. It was also rumoured that depicted amongst the great and the good was Brassington's favourite barmaid and an image of himself.
Brassington's work at the council chamber established him as a sought after craftsman in the rapidly developing city of Christchurch; he carved the pulpit at the church of St. John the Baptist in Latimer Square on 1866, and the font at Flaxton Church on 1867. He was commissioned to work on Christchurch Cathedral. However, when the project ran out of funds and came to a temporary halt, Brassington turned to building as a source of income, and worked on Lyttelton Harbour and many other projects at Teddington and Allendale.
One of his buildings was the Church of The Holy Innocents, Christchurch, which was completed in 1869. The acclaim with which this building was greeted led him to be chosen to work again with Mountfort completing the last stage of the Canterbury Museum in the 1870s, and again at the museum to build the great portico in 1876.
Brassington's partnership with John Kennington won the duo the prestigious commission of building the castle-like Lyttelton Timeball Station, built of volcanic red stone, and which was completed in 1876. Following this construction he was again employed by Mountfort on the restarted Christchurch cathedral, although here his work is not documented.
In 1889 Brassington emigrated again, this time to Melbourne, Australia, where he seems to have abandoned his masonry career in favour of the Warrandyte goldfield. He died of an oral tumour in 1905 and was buried at Footscray cemetery, Australia.
# Montia

Montia is a genus of plants in the family Montiaceae. Species in this genus are known generally as miner's lettuce or water chickweed. All of the species in the genus have edible leaves. It is found worldwide, except in Asia.
Montias are known from fossilized seeds recovered from sediments of the Pleistocene Tomales Formation and from a small paleoflora at San Bruno. Further, Daniel Axelrod discussed Montia howellii as one of the biogeographically significant species comprising the Millerton paleoflora at Tomales.
The genus name of Montia is in honour of Giuseppe Monti (1682–1760), an Italian chemist and botanist. It was first described and published in Sp. Pl. on page 87 in 1753.
Montia perfoliata, now Claytonia perfoliata, the species for which the term miner's lettuce was coined, is distributed throughout the Mountain West of North America in moist soils and prefers areas which have been recently disturbed. The species got its name due to its use as a fresh salad green by miners in the 1849 California Gold Rush.
Selected species:
* Montia australasica - white purslane
* Montia bostockii - Bostock's miner's lettuce
* Montia chamissoi - water miner's lettuce, toadlily
* Montia dichotoma - dwarf miner's lettuce
* Montia diffusa - spreading miner's lettuce, branching montia
* Montia fontana - annual water miner's lettuce, water-blinks
* Montia howellii - Howell's miner's lettuce
* Montia linearis - narrowleaf miner's lettuce
* Montia parvifolia - littleleaf miner's lettuce
* Montia fontana
* Montia chamissoi
# Tupiza Municipality

Tupiza Municipality is the first municipal section of the Sud Chichas Province in the Potosí Department in Bolivia. Its seat is Tupiza which is the capital of the province as well.

## Subdivision

The municipality consists of the following cantons:
* Chillco
* Concepcion
* Esmoraca
* Oploca
* Oro Ingenio
* Quiriza
* Rufino Carrasco
* Soracaya
* Suipacha
* Talina
* Tupiza
* Villa Pacheco

## The people

The people are predominantly indigenous citizens of Quechua descent.
| Ethnic group | % |
| Quechua | 57.0 |
| Aymara | 1.7 |
| Guaraní, Chiquitos, Moxos | 0.2 |
| Not indigenous | 38.5 |
| Other indigenous groups | 2.5 |
# Vincent Diderot

Vincent Diderot (born 28 October 1980, Toulouse, France) is a French film director.

## Biography

After graduating in visual and performing Arts, he devoted himself to short film directing. Influenced by the painters Jackson Pollock, Jean-Michel Basquiat and Francis Bacon, as well as by the film directors David Lynch, Stanley Kubrick, Tim Burton, Terry Gilliam, his first short films, Louise and Sirène, are experimental.
Diderot is especially known for his short film La Révélation (The Revelation) distributed by ADASTRA Films and broadcast on Canal+ in the TV show Mickrociné in 2009. It was selected for more than 50 festivals, amongst which were the Fantasia Festival, Utopiales, Fantastisk Filmfestival, Ankara International Film Festival, and Off-courts. It won 'The Best Short Science Fiction Award' at the Cinefantasy Film Festival, as well as 'The Jury Special Mention' at The Festival Video of Orléans.
The film is also part of the DVD, Destination Mars, edited by Artus Films.

## Filmography

* Louise (2005)
* Sirène (2006)
* La Révélation (2008)
* Jour 0 (2010)
# Mountain lettuce

Mountain lettuce is a common name for several plants and may refer to:
* Lactuca perennis, native to Europe
* Podolepis robusta, native to Australia
# Red Kirkman

Roger Randolph "Red" Kirkman (October 17, 1905 – November 30, 1973) was a professional American football player for the Philadelphia Eagles of the National Football League.
Kirkman attended Central High School in Akron, Ohio. He began his career at Western Reserve, where he played running back. He left the school prior to the 1925 season and enrolled at Washington & Jefferson College in time for the 1926 season. He was the starting quarterback for the undefeated 1927 Washington & Jefferson Presidents football team, sharing a backfield with Bill Amos, Bob Heisel, and Cleve Cook. He also played forward for the Washington & Jefferson Presidents men's basketball team and was team captain during the 1927–28 season.
After graduating from W&J, Kirkman spent two years as the athletic director at Scottdale High School in Scottdale, Pennsylvania. In 1930, he became the freshman football coach and head men's basketball coach at John Carroll University.
From 1933 to 1935, Kirkman was a reserve back for the Philadelphia Eagles. He started sixteen games over those three seasons and completed 30 of 97 passes for 393 yards, 4 touchdowns, and 15 interceptions. He also rushed for 55 yards and caught 12 passes for 198 and two touchdowns. He also played for the Reading Keys in 1935.
# Wrexham Built-up area

The Wrexham Built-up area (also known as the Wrexham Urban Area) is an area of land defined by the United Kingdom Office for National Statistics (ONS) for population monitoring purposes. It is an urban conurbation fully within Wrexham County Borough and consists of the urban area centred on the city of Wrexham. Until the 2021 census, it also included the historically industrial settlements to the west including Gwersyllt, Rhostyllen, Brymbo, Bradley and New Broughton.

## Description
### 2011 census

The detailed methodology of the process used across the UK by ONS in 2011 is set out in 2011 Built-up Areas - Methodology and Guidance, published in June 2013. It is summarised as "..a ‘bricks and mortar’ approach, with areas defined as built-up land with a minimum area of 20 hectares (0.2 km$^2$ / 0.077 mile$^2$), while settlements within 200 metres of each other are linked. Built-up area sub-divisions are also identified to provide greater detail in the data, especially in the larger conurbations."
The total population of the built-up area defined on this basis in 2011 was 65,692 at the 2011 census making Wrexham the fourth largest built-up area in Wales, and largest in North Wales at the time. This accounts for almost half (48%) of the entire country borough's population of 136,055 residents, with the remainder living in Rhosllanerchrugog's built-up area of 25,362 residents (2011 census) or in various villages and towns in rural parts of the county borough.

### 2021 census

For the 2021 census, the "Wrexham built-up area" was reduced to 44,785 residents, with other areas formerly considered part of the BUA split into separate ones.

## Subdivisions (2011 census)

The ONS provides sub-division statistics for the Wrexham built-up area for the 2011 census.
| Rank | Urban sub-area name | Population | Area | Population density (per km$^2$) |
| - | Wrexham (built-up area) | 65,692 | 17.3625 km$^2$ (6.7037 sq mi) | 3,783.56/km$^2$ (9,799.37/sq mi) |
| 1 | Wrexham (subdivision) | 61,603 | 16.22 km$^2$ (6.26 sq mi) | 3,798.0/km$^2$ (9,836.7/sq mi) |
| 2 | Rhostyllen | 2,766 | 0.8575 km$^2$ (0.3311 sq mi) | 3,225.7/km$^2$ (8,354.4/sq mi) |
| 3 | Bradley | 1,323 | 0.285 km$^2$ (0.110 sq mi) | 4,642/km$^2$ (12,023/sq mi) |
# I. Jonathan Amster

Ives Jonathan Amster (born 1955) is an American chemist. He is a professor and head of the department of chemistry in the Franklin College of Arts and Sciences of the University of Georgia. His research focuses upon the use of mass spectrometry in analytical and biological chemistry. He was named a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 2010, "for distinguished contributions to the fields of analytical chemistry and mass spectrometry".

## Education

At Cornell University, Amster completed a bachelor of arts in 1977, master of science in 1983, and doctor of philosophy in 1986. His doctoral advisor was Fred McLafferty. After completing his Ph.D., he did postdoctoral research at the University of California, Irvine with Robert T. McIver.
# Phaea flavovittata

Phaea flavovittata is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Henry Walter Bates in 1881. It is known from Mexico to Costa Rica.
# Green Fields, South Australia

Green Fields is a suburb of Adelaide, the capital of South Australia. It is around 13 km north of the city centre, and mostly consists of industrial warehouses and light industry.

## Transport

It is served by Greenfields railway station on the Gawler railway line which is located adjacent to Parafield Airport. It is located 15.5 km by railway from the Adelaide railway station. The station was opened in 1969 and was originally referred to as 'Green Fields' in passenger timetables. Greenfields is one of only two stations on the Gawler line to have a pedestrian underpass (the other is Parafield Gardens). The other stations have had theirs closed due to concerns with safety and vandalism.
34°47′45″S 138°36′16″E﻿ / ﻿34.79575°S 138.60437°E﻿ / -34.79575; 138.60437
* This article about a place in Adelaide is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
* ↑ Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). "Green Fields (suburb and locality)". Australian Census 2021 QuickStats. Retrieved 28 June 2022.
# Monterissa

Monterissa is a genus of minute cave snails with an operculum, gastropod mollusks in the family Hydrocenidae.

## Species

Species within the genus Monterissa include:
* Monterissa gowerensis
# Tutti defunti... tranne i morti

Tutti defunti... tranne i morti (transl. All Deceased...Except the Dead) is a 1977 film directed by Pupi Avati.

## Production

Following the release of The House with Laughing Windows, director Pupi Avati became anxious of his reputation as a director, stating that he was being described as the "Polanski of Po Valley'" which he did not like. Do this Avati developed his next film Tutti defunti...tranne i morti, which Italian film historian and critic Roberto Curti described as a combination of old dark house gothic, elements of Agatha Christie's Ten Little Indians, and tongue-in-cheek parodies of giallo. The story and screenwriting credits in the film are credited to Pupi Avati, his brother Antonio Avati, Gianni Cavina, and Maurizio Costanzo, Pupi Avati stated that "most ideas were mine" and that the screenwriters "did not follow a real method: we were trying to out do each other on who managed to reach the most absurd territory.
While casting for the film, the role of Buster played by Michele Mirabella was originally planned for Luigi Montefiori. Curti described the film as having a low budget with a small crew. The film was shot in the hills near Bologna and Modena in late 1976.

## Release

Tutti defunti...tranne i morti was distributed in Italy by Euro International film on 10 March 1977. The film grossed a total of 279,708,450 Italian lire on its domestic release.
# TajAir

TajAir is an air charter company owned by the Tata Group which, through J. R. D. Tata (the first licensed pilot of India), pioneered aviation in India over 80 years ago. It is registered with the Directorate General of Civil Aviation as a non-scheduled operator. It was founded as Megapode Airlines Ltd. on 11 November 1993 and started operations as TajAir on 9 August 2002.
It owns and operates a hangar and an exclusive passenger lounge at the General Aviation (GA) Terminal of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport, Mumbai.

## Fleet

The TajAir fleet as of March 2016 includes:
* 3 Dassault Falcon 2000
# Mp Creek, Queensland

Mp Creek is a rural locality in the South Burnett Region, Queensland, Australia. In the 2021 census, Mp Creek had a population of 29 people.

## Demographics

In the 2016 census, Mp Creek had a population of 38 people.
In the 2021 census, Mp Creek had a population of 29 people.
# Texan (disambiguation)

A Texan is a person associated with Texas, United States. See list of people from Texas.
Texan may also refer to:

## Aircraft

* T-6 Texan, World War II era training plane
* T-6 Texan II, airplane used by the United States Air Force for basic pilot training
* Fly Synthesis Texan, an Italian ultralight aircraft

## Entertainment

* The Texan (fictional character), a character in Catch-22
* The Texans, 1938 film starring Joan Bennett and Randolph Scott
* The Texan (TV series), CBS TV series from 1958–1960 starring Rory Calhoun
* TexANS, a band featuring Maynard James Keenan

## Sports
### Current sports teams

* Houston Texans, National Football League (NFL) team based in Houston, Texas
* Tarleton State Texans, NCAA Division I athletic program representing Tarleton State University in Stephenville, Texas

### Former sports teams and former names of sports teams

* Houston Texans, a 1974 World Football League team that became the Shreveport Steamer
* Dallas Texans (Arena), an Arena Football League team that played from 1990 to 1993
* Dallas Texans (NFL), an NFL team in 1952
* The Dallas Texans, an American Football League team of 1960–1962 that became the Kansas City Chiefs
* San Antonio Texans, a Canadian Football League team that played during the 1995 season
* Dallas Texans (AHA), 1941–1942 team in the American Hockey Association
* Dallas Texans (USHL), 1945–1949 team in the United States Hockey League (1945–1951)

## Transportation

* Texan, Frisco Railway long distance train (St. Louis-Tulsa-Dallas)
* Texan, Missouri Pacific long distance train (St. Louis-Little Rock-Dallas-Fort Worth)
* Texan, Santa Fe long distance train (Los Angeles-Houston)

## Other uses

* Texan (chocolate bar)
* Texan English
* USS Texan (ID-1354), a US ship
* The Daily Texan, the student newspaper of the University of Texas at Austin
# World Football Challenge

The World Football Challenge was an international club association football exhibition competition featuring club teams from Europe and North America, that was held from 2009 until 2012, when it was replaced by the International Champions Cup.

## History

The 2009 World Football Challenge was the first World Football Challenge event, featuring Chelsea from the Premier League in England, América from the Primera División de México in Mexico, and Internazionale and AC Milan from Serie A in Italy. Chelsea were the 2009 champions.
The 2011 World Football Challenge was held in July and August 2011. It featured thirteen different squads meeting up in fourteen matches across the United States and Canada. The tournament format was very different from the 2009 event, due to the increase in number of teams, including five MLS teams. Four of the MLS teams played one match at home while L.A. Galaxy played one match on their home pitch and one at the larger Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum. Real Madrid emerged as the World Football Challenge winners for 2011 with 17 points, narrowly edging-out Manchester United on goal differential. The only European clubs to play against each other in this tournament were Juventus and Sporting CP. This was Sporting CP's only match in the exhibition.
The 2012 World Football Challenge was held in seven American and one Canadian stadium in July and August 2012. Eleven clubs competed from UEFA and CONCACAF. Real Madrid played the most matches and went undefeated.
On April 15, 2013, it was announced that the International Champions Cup would be replacing the World Football Challenge.

## Winners

| Tournament | Winner | Nation | Runner-up | Nation | Third | Nation |
| 2009 | Chelsea | England | América | Mexico | Internazionale | Italy |
| 2011 | Real Madrid | Spain | Manchester United | England | Manchester City | England |
| 2012 | Real Madrid | Spain | n/a (changed to unbalanced format) | n/a (changed to unbalanced format) | n/a (changed to unbalanced format) | n/a (changed to unbalanced format) |
# I. J. Kapstein

Israel James "IJ" Kapstein (1904–1983) was a novelist, professor, and Hebrew scholar at Brown University.

## Early life

Israel James Kapstein was born in Fall River, Massachusetts, and grew up in Providence, Rhode Island. With a childhood friend, S. J. Perelman, he attended Classical High School and Brown University. In college he wrote for the literary supplement of the Brown Daily Herald, contributed to the book review page of The Brown Jug, and was editor of Casements.

## Career

He published a novella, The Song the Summer Evening Sings, in 1937, and his short stories appeared in such magazines as Good Housekeeping and Collier's. In 1941, his novel Something of a Hero was a best seller. He was a Guggenheim Fellow for the academic year 1944–1945. As a professor, he collaborated with Rabbi William Braude (1907–1988) on translating ancient Hebrew texts. Their translation of the classical Hebrew and Aramaic work, Pesikta De- Rab Kahana: R. Kahana's Compilation of Discourses for Sabbaths and Festal Days, won the 1976 National Jewish Book Award. An endowed Chair in Brown's English Department now exists in his name.
# Phaea elegantula

Phaea elegantula is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Melzer in 1933. It is known from Costa Rica.