OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Traquairaspis

Traquairaspis is a genus of extinct heterostracan agnathan fish known from the Silurian and Early Devonian periods. It is predominantly known from Late Silurian fluvial deposits from Wales and England: some species were also found in shallow water marine environment in Canada and North America.
The head-shield and body armor of most species form an almond shape. Plates have a distinctive ornamentation of tubercles: this ornamentation is very similar to the plate ornamentation of the heterostracan Weigeltaspis. This similarity of ornamentation creates much confusion over the taxonomical placement of Weigeltaspis, in addition to confusion over whether or not an isolated plate is of Traquairaspis, or of Weigeltaspis.
The generic name honors Ramsay Heatley Traquair.
# Taxable income

Taxable income refers to the base upon which an income tax system imposes tax. In other words, the income over which the government imposed tax. Generally, it includes some or all items of income and is reduced by expenses and other deductions. The amounts included as income, expenses, and other deductions vary by country or system. Many systems provide that some types of income are not taxable (sometimes called non-assessable income) and some expenditures not deductible in computing taxable income. Some systems base tax on taxable income of the current period, and some on prior periods. Taxable income may refer to the income of any taxpayer, including individuals and corporations, as well as entities that themselves do not pay tax, such as partnerships, in which case it may be called “net profit”.
Most systems require that all income realized (or derived) be included in taxable income. Some systems provide tax exemption for some types of income. Many systems impose tax at different rates for differing types (e.g., capital gains or salaries) or levels of income (e.g., graduated rates). In the United States, gross income includes all income realized from whatever source but excludes particular tax-exempt items, such as municipal bond interest. In 2010, the United Kingdom and the United States both provided reduced rates of tax for capital gains and dividends.
Most systems and jurisdictions allow businesses to reduce taxable income by cost of goods or other property sold, as well as deductions for business expenses. Many systems limit some sorts of business deductions. For example, deductions for automobile expenses are limited in the United Kingdom and the United States.
Some systems allow tax deductions for certain nonbusiness expenses (sometimes called personal or domestic expenses). Such outlays may include personal expenses, such as a home mortgage interest deduction, and vary widely by jurisdiction. In addition, many systems only levy taxes on earnings above an income tax threshold, allow deductions for personal allowances or a minimum deemed amount of personal deductions. The United States federal tax system allows a deduction for personal exemptions, as well as a minimum standard deduction in lieu of other personal deductions. Some states in the United States allow few personal deductions.
# Gary Collier

Gary Collier may refer to:
* Gary Collier (basketball) (born 1971), retired American basketball player
* Gary Collier (footballer) (born 1955), English former footballer
# Sodium tellurite

Sodium tellurite is an inorganic tellurium compound with formula Na$_2$TeO$_3$. It is a water-soluble white solid and a weak reducing agent. Sodium tellurite is an intermediate in the extraction of the element, tellurium; it is a product obtained from anode slimes and is a precursor to tellurium.

## Preparation

The main source of tellurium is from copper anode slimes, which contain precious metals as well as various tellurides. These slimes are roasted with sodium carbonate and oxygen to produce sodium tellurite.
    Ag$_2$Te + Na$_2$CO$_3$ + O$_2$ → 2Ag + Na$_2$TeO$_3$ + CO$_2$ (400–500 °C)
This is a reaction with silver telluride. The telluride is oxidized to tellurite and the silver(I) is reduced to silver.

## Purification

The electrolysis of a tellurite solution yields purified tellurium.
    Anode: 4OH$^−$ → 2H$_2$O + O$_2$ + 4e$^−$
    Cathode: TeO$_3$$^{2−}$ + 3H$_2$O + 4e$^−$ → Te + 6OH$^−$

## Structure and properties

Tellurium has properties similar to sulfur and selenium. In the anhydrous form Na$_2$TeO$_3$ the tellurium atoms are 6 coordinate, three Te-O at 1.87 Å and three at 2.9 Å, with distorted octahedra sharing edges. In the pentahydrate, Na$_2$TeO$_3$.5H$_2$O there are discrete tellurite anions, TeO$_3$$^{2−}$ which are pyramidal. The Te-O distance is 1.85 - 1.86 Å and the O-Te-O angle is close to 99.5°. The tellurite anion is a weak base. Sodium tellurite would be similar to sodium selenite and sodium sulfite. Sodium tellurite is both a weak oxidizing agent and a weak reducing agent.

## Tellurite-related reactions

    H$_2$TeO$_3$ → H$^+$ + HTeO$_3$$^−$ pK 2.48
Telluric acid loses a proton at this pKa.
    HTeO$_3$$^−$ → H$^+$ + TeO$_3$$^{2−}$ pK 7.7
Hydrogen tellurite loses a proton at this pKa to become the tellurite ion. This would happen in the reaction of tellurous acid with sodium hydroxide to make sodium tellurite.
    TeO$_2$ + 2OH$^−$ → TeO$_3$$^{2−}$ + H$_2$O
This is the reaction of tellurium dioxide with a base to make a tellurite salt.

## Applications

Sodium tellurite improves the corrosion resistance of electroplated nickel layers. Solutions of sodium tellurite are used for black or blue-black coatings on iron, steel, aluminum, and copper. In microbiology, sodium tellurite can be added to the growth medium to isolate bacteria with an inherent physiological resistance to its toxicity.
# Sam, Kongoussi

Sam, Kongoussi is a village in the Kongoussi Department of Bam Province in northern Burkina Faso. It has a population of 814.
# Turkanaland

The land of the Turkana people. Turkanaland lies on the north- west corner of Kenya
# Metaphor (disambiguation)

A metaphor is an analogy between two objects or ideas, conveyed by using a word instead of another word.
Metaphor can also refer to:
* Conceptual metaphor, metaphors in cognitive linguistics, understanding one idea or conceptual domain in terms of another
* Interface metaphor, metaphors in computer science, for example an icon of a filing cabinet for "filestore"
* Metaphor: ReFantazio, 2024 video game
* Metaphor: The Tree of Utah, a sculpture
* "Metaphor", a song by In Flames from their album Reroute to Remain
* "Metaphors", a poem by Sylvia Plath
* "The Metaphor", a short story by Budge Wilson
* Metaphor (designers), a London-based design firm founded in 2000
* Metaphor Computer Systems, producer of an advanced combined hardware/software offering
# Onward Muslim Soldiers

Onward Muslim Soldiers: How Jihad Still Threatens America and the West, published in October 2003, is a nonfiction book by Robert Spencer. Spencer described the book as an "in-depth study of the doctrine of jihad and how it is exploited today by terrorists to justify what they’re doing and to recruit and motivate new terrorists".

## Description

In the book, Spencer discusses issues relating to radical Islam, Jihad, and Islamic terrorism, and claims that these are more serious threats to the non-Muslim world than the media and world leaders accept. Examining current events and sources from the Qur'an, he suggests that jihad, in the sense of physical violence against non-Muslims, is an inherent component of Islam and that Islamic tolerance (the tolerance of Muslims for other religions) is exaggerated by the media. He cites this as the reason for what he claims to be lack of support from the more moderate Islamic community for anti-terrorism measures and for what he claims to be their failure to openly or widely criticise Muslim extremists. He asserts that a direct reading of the Koran and texts that interpret it leads to Islamic extremism.
The book makes a number of controversial claims. These include that mosques in the United States should be monitored more closely to protect national security, and that Muslims living in Western Europe are eroding traditions of 'secularism, free enquiry and open societies'. He also makes the assertion that non-Muslims living in Muslim countries suffer legalised oppression that stems from teachings in the Qur'an.

## Reviews and reception

The book was reviewed in a September 2003 article in Human Events. In addition, the book was with eight other books the focus of a January 2004 article in The Middle East Journal entitled: "The Islam Industry and Scholarship", in which the author wrote that the book's author "is very good at finding quotations from the Qur'an or from obscure Muslim clerics to 'prove' the danger of Islam... Spencer states that '[w]hen modern Muslims like Jaffar Umar Thalib [sic] and Usama Bin Ladin declare Jihad, Muslims take them seriously... In present-day studies of Islam, one can easily cite as a source for research 'a writer on a Muslim bulletin board.'
In June 2004, Khalid Hasan wrote in an article in Pakistan's Daily Times that the book was part of the “great Islamic conspiracy.” Hasan says that the book's opinion that Muslims in the United States have failed to “disavow terrorism and condemn the 9/11 attacks with a clear voice” is "not correct by a long shot." Hasan concluded by writing: "How one can fight such ignorance, I am unable to say."
Bat Yeor cites the book approvingly in Eurabia: the Euro-Arab axis, describing it as a "well documented" book that examines what she believes to be calls to Jihad by Muslims in Europe. Sabina Citron says the book provides "deep insights" into the major tenets of political Islam, and says it should be required reading for Western leaders, alongside Hugh Fitzgerald's detailed review of the book, which appeared in Outpost.
It was banned in Malaysia in 2007.
# Union of Writers

Union of Writers may refer to:
* USSR Union of Writers formed in 1932
* Union of Russian Writers, a non-governmental organization formed in 1991
* Moldovan Writers' Union
* Nazi Writers Union
* L'Union des Ecrivains formed in France in 1968
** Members included:
*** Françoise Mallet-Joris (1930–2016)
*** Alain Jouffroy (1928–2015)
*** Jean-Paul Sartre (1905–1980)
*** Eugène Guillevic (1907–1997)
*** Michel Butor (1926–2016)
# Traquair (disambiguation)

Traquair is a village in Scotland.
Traquair may also refer to:
* Isla Traquair (b. 1980), Scottish television host
* Phoebe Anna Traquair (1852–1936), Irish-born artist
* Ramsay Traquair (1840–1912), Scottish palaeontologist
* Ramsay Traquair (architect) (1874–1952), Scottish architect
# Kurchatov Medal

The Kurchatov Medal, or the Gold Medal in honour of Igor Kurchatov is an award given for outstanding achievements in nuclear physics and in the field of nuclear energy. The USSR Academy of Sciences established this award on February 9, 1960 in honour of Igor Kurchatov and in recognition of his lifetime contributions to the fields of nuclear physics, nuclear energy and nuclear engineering.
In the USSR, the Kurchatov Medal award was given every three years starting in 1962. Honorarium was included as part of the award through 1989. Later in Russia, the Kurchatov Gold Medal award has been resumed, and the medal has been given since 1998.

## Soviet award recipients

Source: Russian Academy of Sciences
* 1962: Pyotr Spivak and Yuri Prokoviev
* 1965: Yuriy Prokoshkin, Vladimir Rykalin, Valentin Petruhin and Anatoly Danubians
* 1968: Anatoly Aleksandrov
* 1971: Isaak Kikoin
* 1974: Julii Khariton and Savely Moiseevich Feinberg
* 1977: Yakov Zeldovich and Fyodor Shapiro [ru]
* 1980: Isai Izrailevich Gurevich and Boris Nikolsky
* 1981: William d'Haeseleer
* 1983: Vladimir Mostovoy
* 1986: Venedikt Dzhelepov and Leonid Ponomarev
* 1989: Georgy Flyorov and Yuri Oganessian

## Russian awards

* 1998: Aleksey Ogloblin
* 2000: Nikolay Dollezhal
* 2003: Yuri Trutnev
* 2008: Oleg Gennadievich Filatov
* 2013: Yevgeny Avrorin
* 2018: Nikolay Evgenievich Kukharkin
* 2023: Ramzan Kadyrov, Evgeny Velikhov and Mikhail Kovalchuk
# Rongeur

A rongeur is heavy-duty surgical instrument with a sharp-edged, scoop-shaped tip, used for gouging out bone. Rongeur is a French word meaning rodent or 'gnawer'. A rongeur can be used to open a window in bone, often in the skull, in order to access tissue underneath. They are used in neurosurgery, podiatric surgery, maxillofacial surgery, and orthopedic surgery to expose areas for operation.
A rongeur is used in oral maxillofacial surgery to remove bony fragments or soft tissue. It is also used in hand surgery to cut traumatic amputated bone to allow skin to be closed over the defect. A rongeur can also be used in cadaver dissection lab to break through ribs when removing the anterior chest wall. A common example of a surgical rongeur is the Kerrison rongeur, in which its first design was created by Dr. Robert Masters Kerrison (1776–1847), an English physician, but it took more than 100 years before the Kerrison rongeur was modified and took its current form.
# Sam, Burkina Faso

Sam, Burkina Faso may refer to:
* Sam, Boulkiemdé
* Sam, Bourzanga
* Sam, Kongoussi
# Mesogobius batrachocephalus

Mesogobius batrachocephalus, the knout goby or toad goby, is one of the species of gobiid fish native to the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov basins. It lives in estuaries and brackish water lagoons, occasionally in fresh waters, such as the coastal Lake Siutghiol in Romania. It prefers areas near cliffs with sandy, shelly or rocky substrates at depths of from 20 to 60 metres (66 to 197 ft), sometimes down to 100 metres (330 ft). The knout goby is a piscivore. It can reach a length of 34.5 centimetres (13.6 in) SL and weight of 600 grams (1.3 lb). Maximum known age is eight years.
# Onward Christian Soldiers (film)

Onward Christian Soldiers is a 1918 British silent romance film directed by Rex Wilson and starring Isobel Elsom, Owen Nares and Minna Grey.

## Cast

* Isobel Elsom - The Girl
* Owen Nares - The Soldier
* Minna Grey - The Sister
* Tom Reynolds - The Man
# Saga Prize

The Saga Prize was a literary award for new Black British novelists, which ran from 1995 to 1998.

## History

The actress and writer Marsha Hunt established the Saga Prize in 1995 to recognise the literature emerging from 'indigenous black Britons' experiences. The prize – of £3,000 and a book contract – was for unpublished first novels. To be eligible, entrants needed a black African ancestor and to have been born in the United Kingdom or Republic of Ireland. The prize was sponsored by the travel firm Saga plc. Judges included Andrea Levy and Margaret Busby.
The "afrocentric" nature of the Saga Prize and its restrictive definition of blackness caused controversy. The Commission for Racial Equality objected to its creation, and the Society of Authors refused to support it.
The prize ran for four years and closed in 1998

## Winners and further literary careers
### 1995: Diran Adebayo, Some Kind of Black

Some Kind of Black (1997) centred on the youthful adventures of its British-born Nigerian protagonist, Dele, in London. The book also won the Writers' Guild of Great Britain's New Writer of the Year Award, the Author's Club First Novel Award, and a Betty Trask Award. It was also longlisted for the Booker Prize.Adebayo wrote one further novel and became a Creative Writing Lecturer. Some Kind of Black is now a Virago Modern Classic and was adapted for BBC Radio 4 in 2022.

### * 1996: Joanna Traynor, Sister Josephine

Traynor described her novel as "a semi-autobiographical account of a foster child on a white northern working class council estate and her experience of hospital life as a nurse in Liverpool." In 2008 Traynor won a Churchill fellowship to research the impact of slavery. Traynor wrote two further novels, Divine, 1999 ,and Bitch Money 2000 both published by Bloomsbury.

### 1997: Judith Bryan, Bernard and the Cloth Monkey

Bernard and the Cloth Monkey is a portrayal of family guilt. Bryan became a Creative Writing Lecturer at Roehampton University and wrote for theatre. Her play A Cold Snap was placed second in the 2008 Alfred Fagon Award, and was subsequently produced in 2011 as Keeping Mum, at the Brockley Jack Studio Theatre as part of Write Now 2. Bernard and the Cloth Monkey was republished in 2022 as part of a collection of rediscovered works celebrating Black Britain curated by Bernardine Evaristo.

### * 1998: Ike Eze-Anyika, Canteen Culture

Following this book about the police force, Eze-Anyika did not publish any further works
# Kvinden & Samfundet

Kvinden & Samfundet (Woman & Society) is a Danish feminist magazine and the official publication of the Danish Women's Society. It has been published since 1885.

## History

The Danish Women's Society was founded in 1871 by Matilde Bajer and her husband Fredrik Bajer and the society's official magazine, Kvinden & Samfundet, was established in 1885. Its first editor, Elisabeth Grundtvig, headed the magazine from 1885 to 1886. Initially, the magazine focused on raising awareness of and generating debate about the position of women in Danish society. The first issue of the magazine set out four specific aims: to provide information about the status of Danish women; to publish accounts from "civilised countries" about the status of women and feminist movements abroad; to encourage debate from varied perspectives; and to propose reforms that would allow Danish women the right to vote (which was granted in 1915).
It was published 8–12 times a year until 1899, when its frequency increased to 22 issues per year. In 1899, the editors of Kvinden & Samfundet launched a campaign to increase their readership amongst working-class women by publishing a series of articles about their working and living conditions; over the next 15 years the journal closely followed developments in legislation of women's labour. From 1913 to 1919, the magazine was edited by Gyrithe Lemche, a writer and historian who also served on the executive committee of the Danish Women's Society. During the 1930s, the magazine and society were aligned with the Social Democrats party.
As the Danish Women's Society grew in size, Kvinden & Samfundet functioned as a method for members of the society around the country to stay in contact. Over time, as the feminist movement in Denmark progressed and gender inequality decreased, the magazine shifted its focus; its content now explores issues in gender, politics and culture from a party-neutral feminist perspective. Currently, the magazine is run by a team of volunteer editors. It is published five times yearly, with each issue costing 50 kr.

## Claims

On its website, Kvinden & Samfundet claims to be the oldest women's magazine in the world. In a 2013 book titled The Women's Movement in Protest, Institutions and the Internet, Swedish political scientist Drude Dahlerup wrote that Kvinden & Samfundet is probably the world's oldest feminist magazine.
# Somdiha

Somdiha is a village development committee in Kapilvastu District in the Lumbini Zone of southern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 4069 people living in 665 individual households. Somdiha is near to Khunuwa border india .
# Tradesman's Entrance

Tradesman's Entrance is a 1941 Australian radio serial created by Sumner Locke Elliott for the George Edwards Company. It played three times a week.
Edwards said "It is entirely different fom anything I have ever done before, and should make an instant appeal by its delightful freshness and originality.”
One critic called it "a very interesting serial".

## Premise

According to one account "it is a simple story about the servants in a big home in prewar London—the butler, the cook the footman, the housemaid and all the others who pa-ss through the door marked "Tradesmen's Entrance"."
# Troy Garner

Troy Garner (born February 15, 1978) is a former American soccer player who played for the Raleigh Express in the A-League.

## Career statistics
### Club

| Club | Season | League | League | League | Cup | Cup | Continental | Continental | Other | Other | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Raleigh Express | 2000 | A-League | 23 | 1 | 0 | 0 | – | – | 0 | 0 | 23 | 1 |
| Carolina Dynamo | 2001 | USISL D-3 Pro League | 14 | 2 | 0 | 0 | – | – | 0 | 0 | 14 | 2 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 37 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 37 | 3 |
# Methylglyoxal reductase (NADH-dependent)

In enzymology, a methylglyoxal reductase (NADH-dependent) (EC 1.1.1.78) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
    (R)-lactaldehyde + NAD$^+$ $\rightleftharpoons$ methylglyoxal + NADH + H$^+$
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are (R)-lactaldehyde and NAD$^+$, whereas its 3 products are methylglyoxal, NADH, and H$^+$.
This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD$^+$ or NADP$^+$ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (R)-lactaldehyde:NAD$^+$ oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include methylglyoxal reductase, and D-lactaldehyde dehydrogenase. This enzyme participates in pyruvate metabolism.
# Platidiidae

Platidiidae is a family of brachiopods belonging to the order Terebratulida.

## Genera

Genera:
* Aemula Steinich, 1968
* Amphithyris Thomson, 1918
* Annuloplatidia Zezina, 1981
* Dicrostia Cooper, 1978
* Epacrothyris Hiller & MacKinnon, 2000
* Erihadrosia Hiller & MacKinnon, 2000
* Leptothyrella Muir-Wood, 1965
* Neoaemula MacKinnon, Hiller, Long & Marshall, 2008
* Phaneropora Zezina, 1981
* Platidia, Costa, 1852
* Platidiidae
* Praemagadina MacKinnon, 1993
* Scumulus Steinich, 1968
* Tioriorithyris Hiller & MacKinnon, 2000
# Saga Rail

Saga Rail was a short-lived open access operator in Sweden. It was founded by Mats Nyblom who had previously established Hector Rail. It commenced operations on 23 February 2018 with a twice weekly service from Stockholm to Linköping with intermediate stops at Nyköping and Norrköping.
Four former X10 electric multiple units were acquired from Storstockholms Lokaltrafik and painted in a pink livery.
Operations ceased in June 2018 after Saga Rail lost an appeal with the Swedish Competition Authority over SJ's refusal to sell its tickets on its website.
# Ted Cahill

Ted Cahill may refer to:
* Ted Cahill (Australian footballer) (1902–1968), Australian rules footballer
* Ted Cahill (rugby league), English rugby league footballer of the 1950s
# John D. Schwender

John D. Schwender was an American college football coach. Due to significant injuries to his players during practice, the faculty of his school forced the discontinuation of the football program for one year.

## Carroll College

Schwender was the fifth head football coach at Carroll College in Waukesha, Wisconsin and he held that position for two seasons, from 1899 until 1900 and then returning from 1904 until 1905. His career coaching record at Carroll College was 15–9–2.

## Discontinuation of 1903

Carroll college hired Mark D. Nave as head coach after Schwender stepped down. Due to an abundance of injuries during football practice in 1903, the school started to disband the program. Five students were injured in a ten-day period. The incident was deemed so severe that the school chose to forbid the game. The decision was made after voting first by the football team and then of the students of the college. At first, both the players and students voted to keep playing against the wishes of the faculty. The student body eventually gave in to the faculty demands and the team was forced to disband.
The team reorganized and play picked back up for the next season in 1904 with coach Schwender taking over as head coach.
# Salvatore Esposito

Salvatore Esposito may refer to:
* Salvatore Esposito (actor) (born 1986), Italian actor
* Salvatore Esposito (footballer, born 1948), Italian footballer
* Salvatore Esposito (footballer, born 2000), Italian footballer
* Salvatore Esposito (footballer, born 2001), American soccer player
# List of educational institutions in Karachi

List of educational institutions in Karachi may refer to:
* List of schools in Karachi
* List of colleges in Karachi
* List of universities in Karachi