OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Johann Michael Bretschneider

Johann Michael Bretschneider (1680–1729) was a German painter.

## Life

Bretschneider was born at Aussig, in Bohemia. His parents were Wentzel and Ludmilla Bretschneider. His teacher is not assuredly known, but it is believed that he learned from Johann Rudolf Byss (1660–1738) in Prague. On 18 July 1700, he was admitted to the painters' guild in Old Town and got Citizenship on 20 September 1700. He stayed in Prague until 1703. In the years 1717–1721, he can be detected in Vienna, where he painted genre pictures and flowers, then he probably came to Bavaria. Pictures of him are displayed in the Pinakothek in Munich (p.e. Musical Entertainment) and in the Germanisches Nationalmuseum in Nuremberg (p.e. Picture Gallery).
# Skyland, Nevada

Skyland is a census-designated place (CDP) in Douglas County, Nevada, United States. The population was 376 at the 2010 census.

## Geography

Skyland is located on the east shore of Lake Tahoe in far western Nevada. U.S. Route 50 is the main road through the CDP, leading south 5 miles (8 km) to the California state line and northeast 20 miles (32 km) to Carson City. Lakeridge is immediately to the north, and Zephyr Cove borders Skyland to the south.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the Skyland CDP has a total area of 4.4 square miles (11.5 km$^2$), of which 4.4 square miles (11.3 km$^2$) is land and 0.12 square miles (0.3 km$^2$), or 2.26%, is water.
# Toryboy

Toryboy was an Australian bred Thoroughbred racehorse that won the 1865 Melbourne Cup.
Toryboy was an eight-year-old grey gelding when winning the Cup. Overall, he ran in five Melbourne Cups, finishing fifth in 1861, sixth in 1862 and running unplaced in 1866 and 1867. He was not a physically imposing specimen, being described as "a racehorse in miniature" and as "a little old grey pony" at the time he won the Cup.
The 1865 Cup was run in fine weather and attracted a large crowd including the Governor of Victoria (Charles Henry Darling) and visitors from South Australia, New South Wales and Tasmania. The race was run at a very fast pace and most of the runners were struggling with half a mile left to run. The closing stages saw a sustained struggle between Toryboy (carrying 7 stones) and the top weight Panic (10 stones), with the former prevailing by two lengths. After the race a protest was lodged by the connections of the runner up for "crossing" but the result remained unaltered.
The 1865 Melbourne Cup was the first year a trophy was awarded to the winning owner. Toryboy’s owner B Marshall, reportedly sold the trophy, which he considered a monstrosity.
Toryboy ran unplaced in the next two Melbourne Cups. In 1872 the horse was reportedly sold at auction for only £6.
# Johan Richard Danielson-Kalmari

Johan Richard (J.R.) Danielson-Kalmari (born Danielson) (7 May 1853, in Hauho – 23 May 1933, in Helsinki) was a Finnish Senator, professor of history, State Councillor and one of the leaders of the Finnish Party. He was a Senator without portfolio in the Hjelt Senate from 1 August 1908 to 13 November 1909.
Danielson was the son of chaplain Johan Philip Danielson and Amanda Lovisa Palander. He received his Abitur in 1870, gained his undergraduate degree in 1876, Licenciate in 1878 and his Ph.D in 1881 from the Imperial Alexander University in Helsinki. Danielson worked as the editor-in-chief of the periodical Valvoja from 1881 to 1884. He was a teacher of German and History in the university in 1878 and a Docent of General History during 1878–1880, and finally a professor from 1880 to 1913. Danielson was the Deputy Chancellor of the Imperial Alexander University during 1903–1906 and as the Chancellor of the University of Turku from 1921 to 1926.
During the Diet of 1882 Danielson worked as a secretary of the general education committee. He was chosen to the Diet as a member of the clergy estate. He later took part in the Diets of 1885, 1888, 1891, 1894, 1897, 1899, 1900, 1904 and 1905. Danielson was also briefly the chairman of the Finnish Party and represented the party in the Parliament from 1907 to 1916.
Danielson married Jenny Matilda Heurlin in 1878.
Danielson bought a villa called Suviniemi in Vääksy, Asikkala, in 1892 and spent his summer there until his death. The municipality of Asikkala bought the villa from the Danielson-Kalmari's heirloom in 1986. Today, the restored Suviniemi is a historic house museum maintained by the municipality.
# Johann Berger

Johann Nepomuk Berger (11 April 1845, Graz – 17 October 1933) was an Austrian chess master, theorist, endgame study composer, author and editor.
In September 1870, he won the first tournament in the Austro-Hungarian Empire at Graz. In 1875, he won a match against Alexander Wittek (14 : 4) in Graz, and drew a match with Paul Lipke (3½ : 3½) at Eisenach 1896.
He tied for 5–6th at Graz 1880 (Max Weiss, Johannes von Minckwitz and Adolf Schwarz won); tied for 9–10th at Berlin 1881 (second DSB Congress, Joseph Henry Blackburne won); took fourth at Nuremberg 1883 (third DSB–Congress, Simon Winawer won); tied for 11–12th at Hamburg 1885 (fourth DSB–Congress, Isidor Gunsberg won); tied for 5–6th at Frankfurt 1887 (fifth DSB–Congress, George Henry Mackenzie won); took tenth at Breslau 1889 (sixth DSB–Congress, Siegbert Tarrasch won); tied for 4–5th at Graz 1890 (Gyula Makovetz won); tied for 8–9th at Leipzig 1894 (ninth DSB–Congress, Tarrasch won).
He took eighth place at Cologne 1898 (eleventh DSB–Congress, Amos Burn won); tied for 7–10th at Munich 1900 (twelfth DSB–Congress, Géza Maróczy, Carl Schlechter and Harry Pillsbury won); tied for 6–7th at Coburg 1904 (fourteenth DSB–Congress, Curt von Bardeleben, Schlechter and Rudolf Swiderski won); took sixth at Barmen 1905 (Dawid Janowski and Maroczy won); tied for 7–8th at Vienna 1907 (Jacques Mieses won); tied for 16–18th in the Carlsbad 1907 chess tournament (Akiba Rubinstein won), and took fifteenth in the Vienna 1908 chess tournament (Oldřich Duras, Maróczy and Schlechter won).
Berger was the first Austrian to win an important international correspondence tournament the Monde Illustré 1889–1892, and he did so with the result of 45 wins, no losses, and three draws.
He was editor of the Deutsche Schachzeitung and author of Das Schachproblem und dessen Kunstgerechte Darstellung (Leipzig 1884), Theorie und Praxis der Endspiele (Leipzig 1890), Problemen, Studien und Partien (Leipzig 1914).
Berger was a major endgame study composer, having published more than 100 studies, many of which gave notable contributions to endgame theory. His book Theorie und Praxis der Endspiele (Theory and Practice of the Endgame) was published in 1891, revised in 1922, and supplemented in 1933. This was the first modern comprehensive book on practical endgames, and was the standard work on endgames for decades.
Berger discussed the tie-break system now called the Sonneborn–Berger system, but he did not invent it. See Tie-breaking in Swiss system tournaments#Sonneborn–Berger for details.
# Siyaruwa

Siyaruwa is a village in the Jagdishpur block of Bhojpur district in Bihar, India. In 2011 its population was 3,146 in 488 households. It is southeast of the city of Jagdishpur.
# Johann Tobias Krebs (literary scholar)

Johann Tobias Krebs (16 December 1718, Buttstädt – 6 April 1782, Grimma) was a German scholar of classical literature and Hebrew literature. He wrote Decreta Romanorum pro Judaeis facta e Iosepho collecta et commentario historico-grammatico-critico illustrata, based on Josephus. He was also an editor of Hesiod (1746).
He was rector of Grimma. He was a pupil of Johann August Ernesti.
# Slender clarkia

Slender clarkia is a common name for several plants and may refer to:
* Clarkia exilis, endemic to a small area in California northeast of Bakersfield
* Clarkia gracilis, native to California, Oregon, and Washington
# Slender burrowing grasshopper

The slender burrowing grasshopper (Acrotylus patruelis) is a species of bandwing grasshopper found throughout Africa, southern Europe and southwestern Asia. It occurs in many dry open habitats with bare ground, such as savannah, grassland and Mediterranean shrubland.
# Slater Fund

The John F. Slater Fund for the Education of Freedmen was a financial endowment established in 1882 by John Fox Slater for education of African Americans in the Southern United States. It ceased independent operation in 1937, by which time it had disbursed about $4,000,000.

## Establishment

In May 1882 Slater transferred $1,000,000 to a board of trustees incorporated by the State of New York. The fund's stated purpose was "uplifting the lately emancipated population of the Southern States and their posterity by conferring on them the blessings of Christian education." The Peabody Education Fund established in 1867 was restricted to support existing schools in the South (by definition for whites only, as no public schools for freedmen existed before the Civil War and public schools were limited after Reconstruction.) Instead, the Slater Fund contributed to schools which provided the education of colored students. The majority of blacks still lived in rural areas and had to attend segregated public schools, which were typically underfunded by the white Democrat-dominated state legislatures. With an economy chiefly based on agriculture, the South was struggling to recover from losses during the American Civil War, and funds for public services were limited.

## Personnel

Among the original trustees were Rutherford B Hayes, Morrison R Waite, William E Dodge, Phillips Brooks, Daniel Coit Gilman, Morris Ketchum Jesup and the donor's son, William A. Slater; and among members chosen later were Melville W Fuller, William E Dodge, Jr, Henry Codman Potter, Cleveland H Dodge and Seth Low. In 1909 by careful investment the fund had increased, in spite of expenditures, to more than $1,500,000. Atticus Greene Haygood, Jabez Lamar Monroe Curry, Wallace Buttrick, and James H. Dillard were general agents of the fund.

## Work

The fund was of great value in aiding vocational schools in the South, its largest beneficiaries being the Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute of Hampton, Virginia, the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute of Tuskegee, Alabama, Spelman Seminary in Atlanta, Claflin University in Orangeburg, South Carolina, and Fisk University, in Nashville, Tennessee. At Winston-Salem, North Carolina, is the Slater State Normal and Industrial School, founded in 1892 and named after the founder of the fund; it is now part of Winston-Salem State University. Other state normal schools for African Americans received assistance from the fund, as did some Southern urban school boards. The fund was opposed to liberal education for blacks, believing it would foster discontent.
Through its funding of the Hampton Institute the fund also provided for the annual Hampton Negro Conference held there.
About 1915, the Peabody Education Fund was dissolved, with some of its assets transferred to the Slater Fund.In 1937, the Southern Education Foundation was formed by merging the assets and resources of the Slater Fund, the Negro Rural School Fund, and the Virginia Randolph Fund.
# Slater Menswear

Slater Menswear, also referred to as Slaters, is a Scottish menswear retailer with 27 stores across England, Wales and Scotland. It is family-run and was founded in 1904 in Glasgow by Samuel Slater as a tailor's shop. His son Ralph diversified the business into retail in 1973. Its current managing director is his grandson Paul.
The first-ever store was opened on Howard Street in Glasgow, and this is still the brand's biggest store, as well as being home to their head office; this store was named as the world's largest single menswear store by the Guinness World Records.

## History

The business was founded in 1904 by Samuel Slater originally as a tailor's shop in Glasgow. His children joined the business and helped to grow the company. One of his sons, Ralph, established the retail business in 1973 following a fire which nearly closed the company. The first store opened on Howard Street. Further stores opened in Ayr and Manchester in the 1980s with a rapid expansion in the 1990s resulting in a total of 23 stores.
As of 2023, Slater Menswear has a total of 27 stores across Great Britain. The latest being opened in York, Yorkshire in 2023. Its flagship store in Glasgow was listed by the Guinness World Records as the largest single menswear shop in the world.

## Stores

Slater Menswear stores can be found in the following locations:
* England: Basingstoke, Birmingham, Bolton, Bristol, Bromley, Canterbury, Chelmsford, Cheltenham, Hull, Leeds, Liverpool, Manchester, Newcastle, Norwich, Nottingham, Preston, Reading, York
* Scotland: Aberdeen, Ayr, Dundee, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Inverness, Stirling
* Wales: Cardiff, Swansea
# Johann Christian Günther

Johann Christian Günther (8 April 1695 – 15 March 1723) was a German poet from Striegau in Lower Silesia. After attending the gymnasium at Schweidnitz, he was sent in 1715 by his father, a country doctor, to study medicine at Wittenberg; but he was idle and dissipated, had no taste for the profession chosen for him, and came to a complete rupture with his family. In 1717 he went to Leipzig, where he was befriended by Johann Burkhard Mencke (1674–1732), who recognized his genius; and there he published a poem on the peace of Passarowitz (concluded between the German emperor and the Porte in 1718) which acquired him reputation. A recommendation from Mencke to Frederick Augustus II of Saxony, king of Poland, proved worse than useless, as Günther appeared at the audience drunk. From that time he led an unsettled and dissipated life, sinking ever deeper into the slough of misery, until he died at Jena on March 15, 1723, when only in his 28th year. Goethe pronounces Günther to have been a poet in the fullest sense of the term. His lyric poems as a whole give evidence of deep and lively sensibility, fine imagination, clever wit, and a true ear for melody and rhythm; but an air of cynicism is more or less present in most of them, and dull or vulgar witticisms are not infrequently found side by side with the purest inspirations of his genius.

## Works

* Günther's collected poems were published in four volumes (Breslau, 1723–1735).
** They are also included in vol. vi. of Julius Tittmann's Deutsche Dichter des 17ten Jahrh. (Leipzig, 1874), and vol. xxxviii. of Kurschner's Deutsche Nationalliteratur (1883).
* A pretended autobiography of Günther appeared at Schweidnitz in 1732, and a life of him by Siebrand at Leipzig in 1738. See:
** Hoffmann von Fallersleben, J. Gb. Günther (Breslau, 1833)
** O. Roquette, Leben und Dichten J. Ch. Günthers (Stuttgart, 1860)
** M. Kalbeck, Neue Beiträge zur Biographie des Dichters C. Günther (Breslau, 1879).
# Torrubiella

Torrubiella is a genus of fungi in the family Cordycipitaceae. The genus was circumscribed by mycologist Jean Louis Émile Boudier in 1885.
The genus name of Torrubiella is in honour of José Torrubia (1698–1761), who was a Spanish naturalist (Geology and paleontology) and clergyman. He was in 1721 a missionary in the Philippines and then Mexico.

## Species

* Torrubiella alba
* Torrubiella alboglobosa
* Torrubiella albolanata
* Torrubiella albotomentosa
* Torrubiella arachnophila
* Torrubiella aranicida
* Torrubiella aurantia
* Torrubiella barda
* Torrubiella brunnea
* Torrubiella brunneola
* Torrubiella clavata
* Torrubiella colombiana
* Torrubiella cordyceps
* Torrubiella corniformis
* Torrubiella dabieshanensis
* Torrubiella dimorpha
* Torrubiella ellipsoidea
* Torrubiella falklandica
* Torrubiella farinacea
* Torrubiella flava
* Torrubiella flavoviridis
* Torrubiella formicarum
* Torrubiella formosana
* Torrubiella fusiformis
* Torrubiella gibellulae
* Torrubiella globosa
* Torrubiella globosoides
* Torrubiella globosostipitata
* Torrubiella gonylepticida
* Torrubiella hemipterigena
* Torrubiella inegoensis
* Torrubiella iriomoteana
* Torrubiella lecanii
* Torrubiella liberiana
* Torrubiella lloydii
* Torrubiella longissima
* Torrubiella mammillata
* Torrubiella minuta
* Torrubiella minutissima
* Torrubiella miyagiana
* Torrubiella neofusiformis
* Torrubiella oblonga
* Torrubiella ochracea
* Torrubiella ooaniensis
* Torrubiella pallida
* Torrubiella paxillata
* Torrubiella petchii
* Torrubiella piperis
* Torrubiella plana
* Torrubiella pseudogibellulae
* Torrubiella psyllae
* Torrubiella pulvinata
* Torrubiella ratticaudata
* Torrubiella rhynchoticola
* Torrubiella rokkiana
* Torrubiella rosea
* Torrubiella rostrata
* Torrubiella rubra
* Torrubiella ryogamimontana
* Torrubiella ryukyuensis
* Torrubiella sericicola
* Torrubiella siamensis
* Torrubiella sphaerospora
* Torrubiella sublintea
* Torrubiella superficialis
* Torrubiella tomentosa
* Torrubiella wallacei
# Sjøstrand, Asker

Sjøstrand is a fishing village in Asker, Akershus, Norway.
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# Sjøstrand, Nesodden

Sjøstrand is a village in Nesodden, Akershus county, Norway.
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# Touwu

24°35′N 120°51′E﻿ / ﻿24.583°N 120.850°E﻿ / 24.583; 120.850
Touwu Township is a rural township in north-western Miaoli County, Taiwan.

## Geography

* Area: 52.45 square kilometres (20.25 sq mi)
* Population: 9,835 (September 2023)

## Administrative divisions

The township comprises eight villages: Beikeng, Feifeng, Mingde, Mingfeng, Qudong, Shitan, Touwu and Xiangshan.

## Politics

The township is part of Miaoli County Constituency II electoral district for Legislative Yuan.

## Tourist attractions

* Guanyin Temple
* Mingde Reservoir behind Mingde Dam
* Rihsin Island

## Notable natives

* Chang Chiu-hua, Magistrate of Miaoli County (1989–1993)
* Rai Hau-min, President of Judicial Yuan (2010–2016)
# John Bloom

John Bloom may refer to:
* John Bloom (actor) (1944–1999), American actor
* John Bloom (businessman) (1931–2019), English entrepreneur
* John Bloom (film editor) (born 1935), British film editor
# Johannes Pinsk

Johannes Pinsk (4 February 1891 in Szczecin – 21 May 1957 in Berlin-Dahlem) was a German Catholic theologian and professor.
Pinsk studied theology in Breslau and was ordained priest 13th Juni 1915. In 1923 he got his doctorate in theology.
In 1928 he moved to Berlin, where he was busy in the area of pastoral care and spiritual guidance of academics. From 1939 to 1954 he led the parish Mater Dolorosa in Berlin-Lankwitz. After that he became professor at the Free University of Berlin. He wrote hundreds of articles, and several dozen books.
He died during a wedding in Berlin-Dahlem in 1957 by a heart attack.
# Statue of Chester A. Arthur

* This article is part of a series aboutChester A. Arthur
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Home
20th Vice President of the United States
Vice presidency
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Presidency
Inauguration
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An outdoor bronze sculpture of American president Chester A. Arthur by artist George Edwin Bissell and architect James Brown Lord is installed at Madison Square Park in Manhattan, New York. Cast in 1898 and dedicated on June 13, 1899, the statue rests on a Barre Granite pedestal.
# Goweroconcha

Goweroconcha is a genus of three species of pinwheel snails that are endemic to Australia's Lord Howe Island in the Tasman Sea.

## Species

* Goweroconcha waterhousiae (Hedley, 1897) – cinnamon-zigzag pinwheel snail
* Goweroconcha wenda Iredale, 1944 – pale-zigzag pinwheel snail
* Goweroconcha wilsoni Iredale, 1944 – Wilson's pinwheel snail
# Slimeskate

The slimeskate (Dipturus pullopunctatus) is a species of fish in the family Rajidae. It is found on soft bottoms of the outer shelf and upper slope on the coast of South Africa and Namibia.
# Songnen Plain

The Songnen Plain (Chinese: 松嫩平原; pinyin: Sōngnèn Píngyuán) in Northeast China is named after the Songhua and Nenjiang Rivers and is connected to the Sanjiang Plain through the Songhua River Valley; a small plain lies north of Xingkai Lake in the east.

## Salinization

The alkali-saline area of the western Songnen Plain is one of China's most important alkali-saline areas and have been increasing in size by 20,000 square hm per year as a result of natural and anthropogenic factors, which is impeding economic development in the area. Efforts are being made to establish and protect shelterbelt forests, improve the management techniques used in the grasslands, to raise fish and reeds in the lakes of the region, and to improve the conditions of salinized lands.
# Purea

Purea, Tevahine-'ai-roro-atua-i-Ahurai, also called Oborea (floruit 1769), was a queen from the Landward Teva tribe and a self-proclaimed ruler of all Tahiti. Queen Purea is known from the first famous European expeditions to Tahiti. She ruled as chieftainess of her tribe area in 1767–1768, when she was encountered by the expedition of Samuel Wallis.

## Life
### Early life

Purea's mother was the high chieftainess of the Ahurai marae in Fa'a'ā. Purea married Amo, a member of the Teva clan and high chief of Papara. Their marriage ended with the birth of their son Teri'irere, and Tupaia became her lover.

### Wallis expedition

The first European to have visited Tahiti according to existing records was lieutenant Samuel Wallis, who was circumnavigating the globe in HMS Dolphin, and landed on 17 June 1767 in Matavai Bay, situated on the territory of the chiefdom of Pare (Arue/Mahina), governed by the female chieftain "Oberea" (Purea). Wallis named the island King George Island. The first contacts were difficult, since on the 24 and the 26 June 1767, the canoes tried to take the ship and beach it, possibly because they were afraid the English had intentions of staying permanently, or possibly to take possession of the metallic objects from the ship. In retaliation, the English sailors opened fire on the canoes and on the crowds on the hills. In reaction to this powerful counter-attack, the inhabitants of the bay laid down offerings for the English, showing their wish for peace or to submit. Following this episode, Samuel Wallis was able to establish cordial relations with the female chieftain “Oberea “ (Purea) and remained on the island until 27 July 1767.
In 1767–68 Purea and her husband Amo built Mahaiatea, a place intended to be the ritual center of Tahiti.

### Cook's expeditions

James Cook arrived in Tahiti on board HMS Endeavour in April 1769 and remained on the island until August. He set up camp at Matavai Bay along with Charles Green and Daniel Solander. Assisted by the botanist Joseph Banks, and by the artist Sydney Parkinson, Cook gathered valuable information on the fauna and flora, as well as the native society, language and customs. Cook estimated the population to be 200,000 including all the nearby islands in the chain. This estimate was later lowered to 35,000 by anthropologist Douglas L. Oliver, the foremost modern authority on Tahiti, at the time of first European contact in 1767. His crew moreover maintained friendly relations with the cheftainess "Oberea" (Purea), whom they mistakenly took to be the Queen of Tahiti. These exchanges created favorable conditions for the rise of the Pōmare Dynasty.
Cook later returned to Tahiti between 15 August and 1 September 1773, and for the last time between 13 August and 8 December 1777. On these visits Cook made harbour at Tautira Bay, which is sometimes known as Cook's Anchorage. During his final stay he accompanied the chief Tū (nephew of the female chieftain "Oberea" (Purea)) on a warring expedition to Mo'orea ('Aimeo).

## Legacy

Purea entered the European imagination as something between a traditional monarch and a queen of the fairies.