OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Seed crystal

A seed crystal is a small piece of single crystal or polycrystal material from which a large crystal of typically the same material is grown in a laboratory. Used to replicate material, the use of seed crystal to promote growth avoids the otherwise slow randomness of natural crystal growth, and allows manufacture on a scale suitable for industry.

## Crystal enlargement

The large crystal can be grown by dipping the seed into a supersaturated solution, into molten material that is then cooled, or by growth on the seed face by passing vapor of the material to be grown over it.

## Theory

The theory behind this effect is thought to derive from the physical intermolecular interaction that occurs between compounds in a supersaturated solution (or possibly vapor). In solution, liberated (soluble) molecules (solute) are free to move about in random flow. This random flow permits for the possibility of two or more molecular compounds to interact. This interaction can potentiate intermolecular forces between the separate molecules and form a basis for a crystal lattice. The placement of a seed crystal into solution allows the recrystallization process to expedite by eliminating the need for random molecular collision or interaction. By introducing an already pre-formed basis of the target crystal to act upon, the intermolecular interactions are formed much more easily or readily, than relying on random flow. Often, this phase transition from solute in a solution to a crystal lattice will be referred to as nucleation. Seeding is therefore said to decrease the necessary amount of time needed for nucleation to occur in a recrystallization process.

## Uses

One example where a seed crystal is used to grow large boules or ingots of a single crystal is the semiconductor industry where methods such as the Czochralski process or Bridgman technique are employed.
Also during the process of tempering chocolate, seed crystals can be used to promote the growth of favorable type V crystals
# Seed enhancement

Seed enhancement is a range of treatments of seeds that improves their performance after harvesting and conditioned, but before they are sown. They include priming, steeping, hardening, pregermination, pelleting, encrusting, film-coating, tagging and others, but excludes treatments for control of seed born pathogens.
They are used to improve seed sowing, germination and seedling growth by altering seed vigor and/or the physiological state of the seed. The alteration may improve vigor or the physiological state of the seed by enhancing uniformity of germination.
Treatments may include hydration treatments, such as priming, steeping, hardening, and pre-germination. Other treatment include the use of chemicals that trigger systemic acquired resistance or improve stress tolerance. The use of antioxidants. Enhancements like pelleting, coating and encrusting improve seed handling and planting. Some treatments enhance nutrient availability or provide inoculates by delivering materials (other than pesticides) needed during sowing, germination and seedling establishment.
# Senator Farley

Senator Farley may refer to:
* Bruce A. Farley (born 1943), Illinois State Senate
* E. Wilder Farley (1817–1880), Maine State Senate
* Frances Farley (1923–2004), Utah State Senate
* Frank S. Farley (1901–1977), New Jersey State Senate
* Hugh Farley (born 1932), New York State Senate
* James T. Farley (1829–1886), U.S. Senator from California
* Patricia Farley (born 1974), Nevada State Senate
* Reginald Farley (born 1961), Senate of Barbados
* Steve Farley (born 1962), Arizona State Senate
# Semialdehyde

In organic chemistry, a semialdehyde is a compound containing an aldehyde and a carboxylic acid functional groups. Semialdehydes are common in biochemistry. The simplest semialdehydes have the formula HO$_2$C(CH$_2$)$_n$CHO. As illustrated by the behavior of the smallest member, glyoxylic acid, semialdehydes often exist as hydrates (geminal diols) HO$_2$C(CH$_2$)$_n$CH(OH)$_2$.
Some of semialdehydes and their parent dicarboxylic acids are listed below.
Selected Semialdehydes and their parent diacid :
| Semialdehyde | Dicarboxylic acid |
| malonic semialdehyde | malonic acid |
| tartronic semialdehyde | tartronic acid |
| succinic semialdehyde | succinic acid |
| methylmalonic semialdehyde | methylmalonic acid |
| aspartic-4-semialdehyde | aspartic acid |
| glutamic-1-semialdehyde | glutamic acid |
| glutamic-5-semialdehyde | glutamic acid |
| 4-hydroxymuconic-semialdehyde | 4-Hydroxymuconic acid |
| 2-amino-3-carboxymuconic semialdehyde | 2-hydroxy-4-carboxymuconic acid |
| alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde | alpha-aminoadipic acid |
Although structurally related to semialdehydes, dicarboxylic acids are rarely biochemical precursors to them.
# HMS Helena (1778)

HMS Helena was a 14-gun sloop of the Royal Navy and briefly of the French Navy. Captured by the French Navy in August 1778 and recommissioned as the Hélene, she was recaptured for Great Britain by HMS Ambuscade on 22 June 1779. She ran aground on the Dutch coast on 3 November 1796 with the loss of all hands.

## Service

Helena was purchased by the Royal Navy in 1778. (She may originally have been a French vessel named Hélene.) The French captured her in September 1778, and took her into service under her existing name, or perhaps as Helene. HMS Ambuscade recaptured her for the British on 22 June 1779. A storm drove her ashore on the Dutch coast on 3 November 1796; there were no survivors.
# Seeing is Believing (novel)

Seeing is Believing (also published as Cross of Murder) is a mystery novel by the American writer John Dickson Carr, who published it under the name of Carter Dickson. It is a whodunnit and features the series detective Sir Henry Merrivale and his associate, Scotland Yard's Chief Inspector Humphrey Masters. The novel was originally published in 1941.

## Plot summary

Arthur Fane arranges an unusual entertainment for his uncle, a long-term guest, and a few other witnesses—he hires Dr. Rich to hypnotise his wife Victoria. The guests, but not Victoria, have been shown that a gun in the room is actually harmless; everyone, including Victoria, is aware that a dagger provided is made of rubber. The hypnotised Victoria is invited to shoot her husband, and refuses; when told to stab him, though, she agrees. Unfortunately, someone has substituted a real dagger for the rubber one, even though everyone in the room agrees that it would have been impossible to make the substitution.
Although Sir Henry Merrivale is busily engaged in dictating his scandalous and slanderous memoirs to a ghost writer, he takes a hand to solve the murder with his friend Chief Inspector Masters, and brings things to a head just as another death occurs.
* This article about a mystery novel of the 1940s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.See guidelines for writing about novels. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page.
* v
* t
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# The Song Remains the Same

The Song Remains the Same is the name of several works by rock band Led Zeppelin. It may refer to:
* "The Song Remains the Same" (song), the opening track from their 1973 album Houses of the Holy
* The Song Remains the Same (film), a concert film taking place during three nights of concerts at Madison Square Garden during the band's 1973 North American Tour
* The Song Remains the Same (album), the soundtrack album of the concert film
# HMS Reindeer

Four ships of the Royal Navy have borne the name HMS Reindeer or Rein Deer, after the Reindeer:
* HMS Reindeer (1804) was an 18-gun Cruizer-class brig-sloop, launched in 1804, captured by USS Wasp in 1814, and subsequently burnt.
* HMS Reindeer (1829) was an 8-gun packet brig launched in 1829, on harbour service from 1841 and sold in 1847. Despite this, she remained on the Navy lists until 1856.
* HMS Reindeer (1866) was a Camelion-class wood screw sloop launched in 1866. Work had been suspended in 1865 but was subsequently restarted. She was broken up in 1876.
* HMS Reindeer (1883) was a Mariner-class screw sloop launched in 1883. She was used as a boom defence vessel from 1904, and a salvage vessel from 1917. She was sold in 1929.
There was also a requisitioned trawler launched in 1902 and named Reindeer.
# HMS Reliance (1793)

HMS Reliance was a discovery vessel of the Royal Navy. She became famous as one of the ships with the early explorations of the Australian coast and other the southern Pacific islands.
Reliance was at Plymouth on 20 January 1795 and so shared in the proceeds of the detention of the Dutch naval vessels, East Indiamen, and other merchant vessels that were in port on the outbreak of war between Britain and the Netherlands.
Commanded by Henry Waterhouse sailed Reliance to New South Wales, arriving in Sydney on 7 September 1795. Among her crew and passengers were midshipman Matthew Flinders, the ship's doctor George Bass, the new Governor John Hunter, and the Aboriginal Bennelong. She later returned to Sydney, arriving on 26 June 1797 from the Cape of Good Hope, carrying stores ordered by Governor Hunter and merino sheep purchased at the Cape by Henry Waterhouse. Henry Waterhouse the captain of the Reliance and Lt. William Kent, nephew of Governor John Hunter, bought 26 merinos from the widow of the widow of Colonel Gordon, who had imported Spanish sheep to the Cape. She offered the flock for sale, but the Commissary John Palmer had refused them. Waterhouse and Lieutenant William Kent then bought twenty-six and although the return voyage was very stormy and slow, more than half of Waterhouse's stock survived to reach Sydney in June 1797. These were the first merino sheep imported into the colony, and Waterhouse supplied lambs to many of the settlers including John Macarthur and Samuel Marsden. Waterhouse had bought a property on the bank of the Parramatta River, the Vineyard, and the sheep lived there until he left the colony in March 1800 when most of the flock was sold to William Cox.
Reliance was the first ship to chart the Antipodes Islands, in March 1800. Reliance was relegated to harbour service that year, surviving for another 15 years before being sold on 12 October 1815.
# Izgrev Airfield

Izgrev/Kalimantsi Airport is a public use airport located 1 nm south-southeast of Izgrev, Varna, Bulgaria.
# The Secret Rapture

The Secret Rapture may refer to:
* The Secret Rapture (play), a 1988 play by David Hare
* The Secret Rapture (film), a 1993 film adapted from the above play
* The first stage of the Rapture in Christian eschatology, before the rise of the Antichrist
# Senaux

Senaux is a commune in the Tarn department in southern France.
# Işıklı, Aydın

Işıklı is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Efeler, Aydın Province, Turkey. Its population is 4,830 (2022).
# Işıklı, Enez

Işıklı is a village in the Enez District of Edirne Province in Turkey. The village had a population of 295 in 2022.
# JSP

JSP may refer to:

## Computing

* Jackson structured programming
* JavaServer Pages, server-side Java
* Java stored procedure (SQL/JRT)

## Organisations

* The Japanese School in Perth
* Jewish Settlement Police, an organization established in Mandatory Palestine in 1936
* JSP Records, a record label

### Politics

* Japan Socialist Party, a political party existed from 1945 to 1996 in Japan
* Jai Samaikyandhra Party, a political party in India
* Jana Sena Party, a political party in India

## Other uses

* Japanese Surrendered Personnel
* Jacketed, soft point, a soft-point bullet
* Jesup station (Amtrak station code), a train station in Georgia, US
* Joint Schools Project, a 1960s "New Maths" project for schools in West Africa and later in the British Caribbean
* Joint Service Publication, a UK MoD document
* The Joseph Smith Papers, the published volumes of all of Joseph Smith's writings
* Joseph Smith Papyri, Egyptian papyrus fragments
# Senna Comasco

Senna Comasco is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Como in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 35 kilometres (22 mi) north of Milan and about 6 kilometres (4 mi) south of Como. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 2,995 and an area of 2.7 square kilometres (1.0 sq mi).
The municipality of Senna Comasco contains the frazione (subdivision) Navedano.
Senna Comasco borders the following municipalities: Cantù, Capiago Intimiano, Casnate con Bernate, Como, Cucciago.
# Senna pleurocarpa

Senna pleurocarpa, commonly known as fire bush or chocolate bush, is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae and is endemic to Australia. It is a spreading shrub with pinnate leaves with five to seven pairs of broadly elliptic to egg-shaped leaflets, and groups of five to twelve yellow flowers arranged in dense groups of twenty to sixty on the ends of branches and in upper leaf axils.

## Description

Senna planitiicola is a spreading, glabrous shrub that typically grows to a height of 0.2–1.5 m (7.9 in – 4 ft 11.1 in). Its leaves are pinnate, 80–120 mm (3.1–4.7 in) long including a petiole 20–40 mm (0.79–1.57 in) long, with five to twelve pairs of linear to elliptic leaflets, 30–60 mm (1.2–2.4 in) long and 5–15 mm (0.20–0.59 in) wide, spaced 15–20 mm (0.59–0.79 in) apart. There are no glands on the leaves. The flowers are yellow and arranged in groups of twenty to sixty on the ends of branches and in upper leaf axils on a peduncle 20–80 mm (0.79–3.15 in) long, each flower on a pedicel 10–25 mm (0.39–0.98 in) long. The petals are about 15 mm (0.59 in) long and there are seven fertile stamens, the longest anthers about 10 mm (0.39 in) long and the others 3–4 mm (0.12–0.16 in) long, as well as three staminodes. Flowering occurs in from July to December, and the fruit is a straight pod 35–70 mm (1.4–2.8 in) long and 8–12 mm (0.31–0.47 in) wide.

## Taxonomy

This species was first formally described in 1859 by Ferdinand von Mueller who gave it the name Cassia pleurocarpa in Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae, from specimens collected by Augustus Oldfield near the Murchison River. In 1990, Barbara Rae Randell transferred the species to Senna as S. pleurocarpa in the Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Garden. The specific epithet (pleurocarpa) means "rib-fruited".
In the same journal, Randell described three varieties of S. pleurocarpa, and the names are accepted by the Australian Plant Census:
* Senna pleurocarpa var. angustifolia (Symon) Randell has eight or nine pairs of leaflets, the flowers with more or less persistent, pointed bracts up to 15 mm (0.59 in) long.
* Senna pleurocarpa var. longifolia (Symon) Randell has eleven or twelve pairs of leaflets.
* Senna pleurocarpa (F.Muell.) Randell var. pleurocarpa has five to seven pairs of leaflets, the flowers with more or rounded bracts up to 12 mm (0.47 in) long.

## Distribution and habitat

Senna pleurocarpa grows in arid areas of the Northern Territory and all mainland states of Australia, apart from Victoria. Variety angustifolia is widespread in Western Australia, where it grows in subtropical to temperate, semi-arid areas of that state, var. longifolia only occurs in central-western Queensland, and subspecies pleurocarpa occurs in the Northern Territory and in all mainland states except Victoria and grows in semiarid areas, especially in disturbed sites. In New South Wales, var. pleurocarpa grows in inland areas north from Milparinka and near Tibooburra.
# J. D. H. Stewart

Colonel John Donald Hamill Stewart, CMG (15 October 1845 – 26 September 1884) was a British soldier. He accompanied General Gordon to Khartoum in 1884 as his assistant. He died in September 1884 attempting to run the blockade from the besieged city at the hands of the Manasir tribesmen and followers of Muhammad Ahmad Al-Mahdi.

## Military career

Stewart was appointed a Cornet in the British 11th Hussars in 1865. In 1882 Lieutenant Colonel Stewart was instructed to prepare a report on the Sudan where Muhammad Ahmad Al-Mahdi was defying the Egyptian Government with success. After a journey to Khartoum and return to Egypt the "Report on the Soudan" (1883) was finished.
He returned with Gordon as second-in-command on his journey to Khartoum commencing with departure from Victoria station in February 1884. Wounded during the siege, Stewart led an attempt to break the blockade aboard the Steamer Abbas in September 1884, along with the British consul Frank Power (who was also the correspondent from The Times), the French consul Léon Herbin, and other residents of Khartoum. The attempt failed when the Abbas ran aground on a rock near Abu Hamad. All passengers and crew were killed by Arab tribes ashore. Gordon learned of this a few weeks later when he received a letter from the Mahdi that quoted from letters that Stewart had been carrying with him on the Abbas.

## Legacy

Richard Johnson portrayed Stewart in the film Khartoum.
# Ixalerpeton

Ixalerpeton (meaning "leaping reptile") is a genus of lagerpetid avemetatarsalian containing one species, I. polesinensis. It lived in the Late Triassic of Brazil alongside the sauropodomorph dinosaur Buriolestes.

## Discovery and naming

The holotype specimen of Ixalerpeton, numbered ULBRA-PVT059, consists of parts from the skull, vertebral column, and all four limbs. The specimen comes from the Carnian Santa Maria Formation of Brazil, and it was found alongside two individuals of Buriolestes as well as a set of femora belonging to second individual of Ixalerpeton. The genus name of Ixalerpeton combines the Greek words ixalos ("leaping") and erpeton ("reptile"), and the species name polesinensis references the town of São João do Polêsine, where the dig site is located.

## Description

Ixalerpeton was similar to other lagerpetids (namely Dromomeron and Lagerpeton) in having long hindlimbs with well-developed muscle attachments on the femur; in particular, its fourth trochanter was quite large and formed a crest (which is unlike Dromomeron). However, the last few dorsal vertebrae of Ixalerpeton do not have the forward-inclining neural spines of Lagerpeton (which were associated with the latter's hopping, or saltatory, lifestyle). In addition to the enlarged fourth trochanter, a suite of other traits differentiate Ixalerpeton from all previously-described lagerpetids; there is an antitrochanter on the ilium; the end of the shaft of the ischium is tall; there is no ambiens process on the pubis; the medial condyle on the femur is relatively flat at the front end but sharply angled at the back end; and the back face of the top end of the tibia has a deep groove.
The head and forelimbs found with Ixalerpeton are the first of these elements that have been found among lagerpetids. Unlike dinosauriforms, the posttemporal fenestra at the back of the skull is large and unreduced; there is an extra bone, the postfrontal, bordering the eye socket; there is no supratemporal fossa, which is an indentation found on the frontal bone in dinosauriforms; and the glenoid cavity on the scapula, where the scapula-humerus joint is located, faces slightly sideways instead of backwards. On the other hand, there is an anterior tympanic recess on the braincase, and the deltopectoral crest on the humerus is long, both of which are common among basal dinosauromorphs.

## Classification

A 2016 phylogenetic analysis found that Ixalerpeton was the closest relative of Dromomeron. The phylogenetic tree recovered is partially reproduced below.

## Paleoecology

Similar to the Ischigualasto and Chinle Formations, the Santa Maria Formation preserves both Ixalerpeton (a non-dinosaur avemetatarsalian) and Buriolestes (a dinosaur). This indicates that dinosaurs did not rapidly replace related groups once they had evolved.
# The Scout Association (disambiguation)

The Scout Association is the largest Scouting organisation in the United Kingdom.
The Scout Association may also refer to:
* World Organization of the Scout Movement
** List of World Organization of the Scout Movement members
* World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts
** List of World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts members
* International Union of Guides and Scouts of Europe
* World Federation of Independent Scouts
* Order of World Scouts
* Confederation of European Scouts
* List of non-aligned Scouting organizations
# The Scout Association of Maldives

Scouting was introduced to the Maldives in 1956, according to the National Centre for Linguistic and Historical Research. Initially, this Scouting was not carried out as a structured organization and very little is known about the history of Scouting of that period. Along with the introduction of English medium education in Malé, various co-curricular activities also had its beginning.
In May 1961, the First Malé Scout Group was formed in Majeediyya School. The Group began with Cub Scouting and later in the same year the junior Scout section began. In 1963, the Scout Group was registered at The Boy Scouts Association Imperial Headquarters by its Commonwealth commissioner, Charles Dymoke Green Jr. In this period, the chief commissioner of Maldives was the late Mr. Ahmed Zaki.
On 26 August 1983, Malé English School started scouting as the 2nd Malé Scout Group and Ahmadhiyya International School started on 3 September as the 3rd Malé Scout Group.
On 1986, the first National Scout Jamboree was held from 20 to 23 September 1986 at Kuda Bandos with 300 Scouts, 250 Cub Scouts, 300 Girl Guides, and Brownies. The first inter-school Scout Competition was held in Malé on 23 June 1988.
Maldivian Scouting was first received recognition from the Maldivian Government on 20 January 1984, the association was registered as the "Maldives Boy Scout Association" under the Ministry of Home Affairs as an NGO. It became a member of the World Organization of the Scout Movement (WOSM) on 23 July 1990. It changed its name to "The Scout Association of Maldives" on 14 January 1994.

## Leadership

The President of the Maldives, Mohamed Muizzu, is the current Chief Scout of Maldives. The association's National Scout Council has twelve members, including its president elected by the National Scout Assembly to govern the association on behalf of the assembly. No more information on the membership and election of the National Scout Assembly is available. An executive committee, led by the Chief Commissioner is appointed by the council to manage day-to-day affairs of the association.

## Programs

* Pre-Cub (aged 5-8)
* Cub Scout (aged 8-12)
* Scout (aged 12-18)
* Rover Scout (aged 18-26)