OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Pressure jump

Pressure jump is a technique used in the study of chemical kinetics. It involves making rapid changes to the pressure of an experimental system and observing the return to equilibrium or steady state. This allows the study of the shift in equilibrium of reactions that equilibrate in periods between milliseconds to hours (or longer), these changes often being observed using absorption spectroscopy, or fluorescence spectroscopy though other spectroscopic techniques such as CD, FTIR or NMR can also be used.
Historically, pressure jumps were limited to one direction. Most commonly fast drops in pressure were achieved by using a quick release valve or a fast burst membrane. Modern equipment can achieve pressure changes in both directions using either double reservoir arrangements (good for large changes in pressure) or pistons operated by piezoelectric actuators (often faster than valve based approaches). Ultra fast pressure drops can be achieved using electrically disintegrated burst membranes. The ability to automatically repeat measurements and average the results is useful since the reaction amplitudes are often small.
The fractional extent of the reaction (i.e. the percentage change in concentration of a measurable species) depends on the molar volume change (ΔV°) between the reactants and products and the equilibrium position. If K is the equilibrium constant and P is the pressure then the volume change is given by:
    $\Delta V^{o}=-RT\left({\frac {\partial \ln K}{\partial P}}\right)_{T}$
where R is the universal gas constant and T is the absolute temperature. The volume change can thus be understood to be the pressure dependency of the change in Gibbs free energy associated with the reaction.
When a single step in a reaction is perturbed in a pressure jump experiment, the reaction follows a single exponential decay function with the reciprocal time constant (1/τ) equal to the sum of the forward and reverse intrinsic rate constants. In more complex reaction networks, when multiple reaction steps are perturbed, then the reciprocal time constants are given by the eigenvalues of the characteristic rate equations. The ability to observe intermediate steps in a reaction pathway is one of the attractive features of this technology.
# Pressure grouting

Pressure grouting or jet grouting involves injecting a grout material into otherwise inaccessible but interconnected pore or void space of which neither the configuration or volume are known, and is often referred to simply as grouting.
The grout may be a cementitious, resinous, or solution chemical mixture. Some types of injected grout may not penetrate, and may subsequently shrink and pull away even when coarse sediments have been penetrated. Different grout may be needed for fine grained and coarse grained soils in the grouted area. The greatest use of pressure grouting is to improve geomaterials (soil and rock).
The purpose of grouting can be either to strengthen a formation or to reduce water flow through it. It is also used to correct faults in concrete and masonry structures. In 1986 a study conducted by the Hazardous Waste Engineering Research Laboratory of the US Environmental Protection Agency tested acrylate, Portland cement and different compositions of silicate material to see if the grouting techniques of direct injection or jet grouting could be used to bottom seal hazardous waste sites with an "inert, impermeable and continuous" horizontal barrier. When the US government tested the more modern technique of jet grouting for waste control in 1986 they concluded that "the shape and size could not be controlled with sufficient precision in the loess or silt to produce a continuous barrier when the cavities were grouted".
Since first usage in the 19th century, grouting has been performed on the foundation of virtually every one of the world's large dams, in order to reduce the amount of leakage through the rock, and sometimes to strengthen the foundation to support the weight of the overlying structure, be it of concrete, earth, or rock fill. There are four types of grouting methods used in practice: compaction, chemical (permeation), slurry, and jet grouting. Chemical and slurry are low- pressure, jet and compaction are high pressure. Compaction is a technique that was developed in the United States. Compaction grouting was used in the Bolton Hill subway in Baltimore.
Jet grouting can be used in soils that can not be grouted by traditional methods by reducing inhomogeneities in soil. Generally, application of grouting to waste control is complicated by soil conditions at the site, including the durability of the grout with prolonged exposure to wastes.
It is also a key procedure in the creation of post-tensioned prestressed concrete, a material used in many concrete bridge designs, among other places.
# Pressure of Guilt

Pressure of Guilt (白と黒, Shiro to Kuro, transl. "White and Black") is a 1963 drama film directed by Hiromichi Horikawa.

## Release and reception

Pressure of Guilt was released theatrically in Japan by Toho on April 10, 1963. The film was released in the United States by Toho International with English subtitles in January 1964.
In Japan, Keiju Kobayashi won the award for Best Actor at the Mainichi Film Concours for his work in this film and The Elegant Life of Mr. Everyman. In a contemporary review, Tube. of Variety commented on the film, stating that "the story seems somewhat hokey and overly involved, it has been portrayed with force and conviction by a talented cast and directed with considerable cinematic flair".
# Stock Journal

The Stock Journal is a weekly newspaper published in Adelaide, South Australia, and published continuously since 1967. A predecessor publication, the Adelaide Stock and Station Journal, dates back to August 1904. It was later sold to Rural Press, previously owned by Fairfax Media, but now an Australian media company trading as Australian Community Media.

## History

The Stock Journal began on 22 August 1904 as the Adelaide Stock and Station Journal (subtitled: containing reports of the Adelaide and country live stock markets, also the wool, grain and produce markets). Printed in Adelaide by Vardon & Pritchard, it concentrated primarily on market reports and advertising. During the 1920s the journal expanded its coverage to include some political and social comment, as well as agricultural subjects. It was later subtitled: official organ of the Adelaide Woolbrokers' Association, the South Australian Stocksalesmen's Association.
On 1 February 1967, the Journal was renamed to its current title. It was previously owned by Fairfax Media, with its main office on Greenhill Road in Eastwood, South Australia.

### Pastoral Pioneers

An article series within the newspaper, called Pastoral Pioneers and written by Advertiser journalist Rodney Cockburn, was printed in 1927 as a two-volume book, and later re-released in CD format in 2007. According to the book's original foreword:
   This volume represents ... biographical sketches dealing with the achievements of South Australia's Pastoral Pioneers. Publication of the series began in the "Adelaide Stock and Station Journal" on January 10, 1923, and continued weekly until August 10, 1927. During that period a total of 230 articles was published, and the number of pastoralists to receive attention is in the neighbourhood of 300. It may fairly be claimed, therefore, that the two volumes contain the most comprehensive collection of biographies ever produced in Australia in relation to the pastoral industry of any one State. No really representative pioneer sheep-farmer or cattle-breeder who operated in South Australia has been overlooked, and in many cases it has been possible to retrieve from almost complete oblivion the interesting records of lesser lights.

## Distribution

According to the Audit Bureau of Circulations, the weekly circulation is around 9600 copies. Like other Rural Press publications, the newspaper is also available online.

## Digitisation

Australian National Library and State Library of South Australia carry text and microform versions of the older newspaper from August 1906 to January 1967.
# Stock Gaylard House

Stock Gaylard House is a country house near Lydlinch, and about 4 miles (6.4 km) west of Sturminster Newton, in Dorset, England. It is Grade II* listed. The house, dating from the early 18th century, is on an estate of about 1,800 acres (730 ha); this includes a deer park which is thought to have been created in the 13th century.

## History

The Domesday Book of 1086 recorded that the tenant-in-chief of Stock Gaylard was William of Eu, and that the lord of the manor was Hugh Maltravers. There were eleven households in the village. The 1332 subsidy roll recorded that there were five householders who were taxpayers.
From 1585 the property was owned by the Lewys family. The present house is thought to date from the early 18th century. In 1773, on the death of John Farr, brother-in-law of Charles Lewys, his daughter Theophila inherited the estate; in 1779 she married John Berkeley Burland (1754–1804), son of Sir John Burland. His family owned the manor of Steyning, and from 1802 he was MP for Totnes. He had the house remodelled and enlarged westwards.
Owners of the estate during the 19th century included Henry Farr Yeatman, who created a larger estate, and Huyshe Yeatman-Biggs, who became Bishop of Worcester in 1905. There were further additions to the house in the 1880s during his tenure.

## Description

The house has rubble walls, with external rendering. The east front is symmetrical, having a pedimented central pavilion of three bays, flanked on each side by two bays. The central door has stone pilasters supporting a dentilled pediment. There are two storeys, and an attic above.
The estate is about 1,800 acres (730 ha), of which about 300 acres (120 ha) is woodland. Glamping sites are available on the estate.
A license to empark deer was granted in 1268, and it is thought that a herd has been here since that time. The size of the deer park is about 80 acres (32 ha). There are about 120 adult deer, with about thirty fawns being born each year.
# Premios 40 Principales for Chilean Act

The Premio 40 Principales for Best Chilean Act is an honor presented annually at Los Premios 40 Principales from 2007 to 2011. It was then discontinued due to the creation of Los Premios 40 Principales América, reemerging in 2014 as part of them.
| Year | Winner | Other nominees |
| Los Premios 40 Principales España |||
| 2007 | Kudai | Amango Difuntos Correa Sinergia Six Pack |
| 2008 | Shamanes | Kudai Denise Rosenthal De Saloon Nicole Natalino |
| 2009 | Chancho en Piedra | Kata Palacios Sinergia Movimiento Original Zk y Crac MC |
| 2010 | DJ Méndez | Koko Stambuk Zaturno Chico Trujillo Croni K |
| 2011 | Los Vásquez | Mc Billeta Eyci and Cody Francisca Valenzuela Los Bunkers |
| Los Premios 40 Principales América |||
| 2014 | Francisca Valenzuela | Gondwana Gepe Ana Tijoux Javiera Mena |
# Strabena daphne

Strabena daphne is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in central Madagascar. The habitat consists of forests.
# Straton tube

The Straton tube, by Siemens Healthineers (formerly Siemens Medical Solutions), Erlangen, Germany, is the first X-ray tube from the class of rotating envelope tubes (RET) to be used for computed tomography.
With rotating envelope tubes, the entire vacuum tube rotates with respect to the anode axis, versus rotating anode tubes, in which the target disk rotates inside a stationary vacuum tube. The target cools by conduction rather than radiation. Heat storage is less important, and waiting times are eliminated.
# Streatfeild River

The Streatfeild River is a river in Kenora District in Northwestern Ontario, Canada. It is a right tributary of the Attawapiskat River and its source is Streatfeild Lake, adjacent to the headwaters of the neighbouring Kapiskau River. The river lies in the Hudson Bay Lowlands and is part of the James Bay drainage basin.
# Prenyl-diphosphatase

The enzyme prenyl-diphosphatase (EC 3.1.7.1) catalyzes the reaction
    prenyl diphosphate + H$_2$O $\rightleftharpoons$ prenol + diphosphate
This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on diphosphoric monoester bonds. The systematic name is prenyl-diphosphate diphosphohydrolase. Other names in common use include prenyl-pyrophosphatase, prenol pyrophosphatase, and prenylphosphatase.
# Prenylated flavin mononucleotide

Prenylated flavin mononucleotide (prFMN) is a cofactor biosynthesized by the flavin prenyltransferase UbiX and used by UbiD enzymes for reversible decarboxylation reactions. Hence, prFMN is pivotal for catalysis in the ubiquitous microbial UbiD/X system.
prFMN is flavin prenylated at the N5 and C6 positions resulting in the formation of a fourth non-aromatic ring.
prFMN was discovered in 2015 at the University of Manchester by David Leys' group.
    Structure of FMN and prFMN$^{iminium}$. The leftmost structure shows FMN (Flavin mononucleotide), the rightmost structure shows prFMN$^{iminium}$ (prenylated flavin mononucleotide), Note the presence of the quaternary carbon (C3’) in prFMN$^{iminium}$ indicative of cofactor prenylation.
Two studies in 2015 characterized UbiX as a flavin prenyltransferase, supplying prFMN to UbiD/Fdc1 which utilises the cofactor to catalyse a reversible decarboxylation reaction. Ferulic acid decarboxylase (Fdc1) from A. niger co-expressed in E.coli with UbiX from E.coli (AnFdc1$^{UbiX}$) once purified had clear spectral differences to singly expressed AnFdc1, and was capable of in vitro decarboxylation of a range of aromatic carboxylic acids. The atomic resolution of the crystal structure of AnFdc1$^{UbiX}$, allowed elucidation of the structure of the modified FMN cofactor classified as prFMN. The crystal structure revealed an isopentenyl-adduct to the N5-C6 of FMN, with the modifications branched nature and the position of the covalent linkages with flavin suggesting prenylation.
    prFMN$^{iminium}$ in the active site of AnFDC1. PDB file: 4ZA4.

## PrFMN$^{Ox}$

UbiD activation by UbiX/prFMN was found to be dependent on oxygen suggesting that the reduced prFMN product of UbiX is oxidised to the catalytically relevant form. Several variations of the oxidised prFMN (prFMN$^{ox}$) cofactor were observed: prFMN$^{iminium}$, hydroxylated prFMN$^{iminium}$ and prFMN$^{ketimine}$. Determination of the prFMN isomer that was catalytically relevant involved incubation of AnFdc1$^{UbiX}$ with phenylpyruvate (of which a small proportion is α-hydroxycinnamic acid which closely resembles cinnamic acid - a model substrate). Incubation with phenylpyruvate lead to an altered UV-Vis spectrum and reversible enzyme inhibition. The crystal structure of AnFdc1$^{UbiX}$ with phenylpyruvate revealed a bond between C1’ of prFMN$^{iminium}$ and a phenylacetaldehyde adduct – a species that can be formed by decarboxylation of α-hydroxycinnamic acid and tautomerization of the α-hydroxystyrene prFMN$^{iminium}$ adduct.
This observation confirmed that it is the prFMN$^{iminium}$ that is the catalytically relevant cofactor.
# Prenzlau, Queensland

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Prenzlau is a rural locality in the Somerset Region, Queensland, Australia. In the 2021 census, Prenzlau had a population of 408 people.

## Geography

Prenzlau is situated in the Lockyer Valley at the southern end of the Somerset Region LGA in southeastern Queensland, Australia.

## History

The area was settled in the 1860s by German immigrants, including the Ruthenberg and Ruhl families, from the Uckermark near Prenzlau in Brandenburg, Germany. The locality name is presumed to have been taken from the German town.
Prenzlau Provisional School opened on 21 October 1894. On 1 May 1900, it became Prenzlau State School.
There was a post office in the town from 1894 to 1968.

## Demographics

In the 2006 census, Prenzlau had a population of 1,120 people.
In the 2016 census, Prenzlau had a population of 427 people.
In the 2021 census, Prenzlau had a population of 408 people.

## Education

Prenzlau State School is a government primary (Prep-6) school for boys and girls at 357 Prenzlau Road (27°32′02″S 152°31′24″E﻿ / ﻿27.5340°S 152.5232°E﻿ / -27.5340; 152.5232﻿ (Prenzlau State School)). In 2017, the school had an enrolment of 56 students with 4 teachers and 5 non-teaching staff (3 full-time equivalent).
There are no secondary schools in Prenzlau The nearest government secondary schools are Lowood State High School in Lowood to the north-east and Laidley State High School in Laidley to the south-west.

## Heritage listings

Heritage-listed sites in Prenzlau include:
* 357 Prenzlau Road: Prenzlau State School
# Stories and Songs (Franciscus Henri album)

Stories and Songs is a spoken word children's album, released in 1993 by Australian-based artist, Franciscus Henri, under ABC Music's ABC for Kids label on compact disc.

## Track listing

All tracks written by Franciscus Henri
* "Go Wrong Day" / "The Awful Adventures of Andy the Angry Ant" / "Go Wrong Day": – 18:14
* "Long Way to Go" / "Benjamin Snail's Christmas" / "Away in a Manger" / "Long Way to Go": – 17:13
# Stories and Texts for Nothing

Stories and Texts for Nothing is a collection of stories by Samuel Beckett. It gathers three of Beckett's short stories ("The Expelled," "The Calmative," and "The End": all written in 1946) and the thirteen short prose pieces he named "Texts for Nothing" (1950–1952). All of these works are collected in the Grove Press edition of Beckett's complete short prose. They were originally written in French and published in 1955 by Les Éditions de Minuit as Nouvelles et Textes pour rien, with a second edition illustrated edition published by the same publisher in 1958.

## The Stories

All three stories deal with the displacement or expulsion of old men who are forced to leave their modest lives in search of a new niche where they might fit.

### "The Expelled"

Though the story deals with rejection and the forcible ejection of the narrator, it begins with the narrator's complaints regarding the difficulty of counting the stairs down which he had to go once he was expelled. The story follows the narrator as he tries to find a new place for himself, all the while presenting his bitterness and anger towards many things in the world. The resentment in the story is not directed at the injustices of being thrown out of what we assume is the narrator's home, but of the more general injustices of life, such as being born at all, for which the only consolation the narrator finds is in distractions like mathematics.

### "Texts for Nothing"

None of the thirteen "Texts for Nothing" were given titles; they present a variety of voices thrust into the unknown. According to S. E. Gontarski: "What one is left with after the Texts for Nothing is 'nothing,' incorporeal consciousness perhaps, into which Beckett plunged afresh in English in the early 1950s to produce a tale rich in imagery but short on external coherence." Thus these texts, when compared to the three earlier stories, as well as "First Love", may be interpreted as representing a movement in Beckett's writing from modernism to postmodernism. Unlike the earlier stories, these pieces are no longer completed stories but shards - "aperçus of a continuous unfolding narrative, glimpses at a never to be complete being (Narrative)." This idea is voiced in text 4, where the narrator admits stories are not required any more:
   There's my life, why not, it is one, if you like, if you must, I don't say no, this evening. There has to be one, it seems, once there is speech, no need of a story, a story is not compulsory, just a life, that's the mistake I made, one of the mistakes, to have wanted a story for myself, whereas life alone is enough.
# Pregelj

Pregelj is a surname of Slovene origin. Notable people with the surname include:
* Ivan Pregelj (1883–1960), Slovene writer, playwright, poet, and critic
* Jade Pregelj (born 1991), Australian rules footballer
* Marij Pregelj (1913–1967), Slovene painter
* Martin Pregelj (born 1977), Slovene football manager and former player
* Sebastijan Pregelj (born 1970), Slovene writer
# Volleyball at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Women's South American qualification

The 2020 Women's Volleyball South American Olympic Qualification Tournament was a volleyball tournament for women's national teams held in Bogota, Colombia from 7 to 9 January 2020. 4 teams played in the tournament, where the winner qualified to the 2020 women's Olympic volleyball tournament.

## Qualification

The top four teams from the 2019 South American Championship which had not yet qualified to the 2020 Olympic Games qualified for this tournament. Final standings of the 2019 South American Championship are shown in brackets.
* Colombia (2)
* Peru (3)
* Argentina (4)
* Venezuela (5)

## Pool standing procedure

* Number of matches won
* Match points
* Sets ratio
* Points ratio
* Result of the last match between the tied teams
Match won 3–0 or 3–1: 3 match points for the winner, 0 match points for the loser Match won 3–2: 2 match points for the winner, 1 match point for the loser

## Round robin

* All times are Colombia Time (UTC−05:00).
| Pos | Team | Pld | W | L | Pts | SW | SL | SR | SPW | SPL | SPR |
| 1 | Argentina | 3 | 3 | 0 | 9 | 9 | 1 | 9.000 | 242 | 198 | 1.222 |
| 2 | Colombia | 3 | 2 | 1 | 6 | 7 | 3 | 2.333 | 238 | 196 | 1.214 |
| 3 | Venezuela | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 6 | 0.500 | 188 | 216 | 0.870 |
| 4 | Peru | 3 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 0.000 | 168 | 226 | 0.743 |
| Date | Time | | Score | | Set 1 | Set 2 | Set 3 | Set 4 | Total | Report |
| 7 Jan | 18:00 | Argentina | 3–0 | Peru | 26–24 | 25–16 | 25–18 | | 76–58 | P2 Report |
| 7 Jan | 20:30 | Venezuela | 0–3 | Colombia | 26–28 | 18–25 | 14–25 | | 58–78 | P2 Report |
| 8 Jan | 18:00 | Argentina | 3–0 | Venezuela | 25–19 | 25–16 | 25–20 | | 75–55 | P2 Report |
| 8 Jan | 20:30 | Peru | 0–3 | Colombia | 23–25 | 12–25 | 12–25 | | 47–75 | P2 Report |
| 9 Jan | 18:00 | Peru | 0–3 | Venezuela | 18–25 | 22–25 | 23–25 | | 63–75 | P2 Report |
| 9 Jan | 20:30 | Argentina | 3–1 | Colombia | 16–25 | 25–21 | 25–16 | 25–23 | 91–85 | P2 Report |

## Final standing

| Rank | Team |
| 1 | Argentina |
| 2 | Colombia |
| 3 | Venezuela |
| 4 | Peru |
* Qualified for the 2020 Olympic Games
# Hypsometra

Hypsometra is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae.
# Pleasant Hill Township, Cass County, Missouri

Pleasant Hill Township is an inactive township in Cass County, in the U.S. state of Missouri.
Pleasant Hill Township was established in 1872, taking its name from Pleasant Hill, Missouri.
Duncan Branch and Big Creek flow through this township.
# Roubal

Roubal (feminine: Roubalová) is a Czech surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Ivan Roubal (1951–2015), Czech serial killer
* Jan Roubal (1880–1971), Czech entomologist
# John Allison (anthroposophist)

John Allison (born 1950) is a New Zealand poet, musician, and former teacher in Rudolf Steiner (Waldorf) Education.
Allison was born in New Zealand and taught at the Christchurch Waldorf Steiner School for 24 years. He has lectured and written on themes related to poetic imagination and observation, anthroposophy, and Waldorf education., though he is no longer formally associated with anthroposophy.