OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Shearing (physics)

In continuum mechanics, shearing refers to the occurrence of a shear strain, which is a deformation of a material substance in which parallel internal surfaces slide past one another. It is induced by a shear stress in the material. Shear strain is distinguished from volumetric strain. The change in a material's volume in response to stress and change of angle is called the angle of shear.

## Overview

Often, the verb shearing refers more specifically to a mechanical process that causes a plastic shear strain in a material, rather than causing a merely elastic one. A plastic shear strain is a continuous (non-fracturing) deformation that is irreversible, such that the material does not recover its original shape. It occurs when the material is yielding. The process of shearing a material may induce a volumetric strain along with the shear strain. In soil mechanics, the volumetric strain associated with shearing is known as Reynolds' dilation if it increases the volume, or compaction if it decreases the volume.
The shear center (also known as the torsional axis) is an imaginary point on a section, where a shear force can be applied without inducing any torsion. In general, the shear center is not the centroid. For cross-sectional areas having one axis of symmetry, the shear center is located on the axis of symmetry. For those having two axes of symmetry, the shear center lies on the centroid of the cross-section.
In some materials such as metals, plastics, or granular materials like sand or soils, the shearing motion rapidly localizes into a narrow band, known as a shear band. In that case, all the sliding occurs within the band while the blocks of material on either side of the band simply slide past one another without internal deformation. A special case of shear localization occurs in brittle materials when they fracture along a narrow band. Then, all subsequent shearing occurs within the fracture. Plate tectonics, where the plates of the Earth's crust slide along fracture zones, is an example of this.
Shearing in soil mechanics is measured with a triaxial shear test or a direct shear test.
# Sheepy Redeen

John Albert “Al” (“Sheepy”) Redeen (December 7, 1889 – August 1983) was a professional football player for the Minneapolis Marines of the National Football League. He was a member of the Marines going back to 1907, 14 years before the team entered the NFL.
In 1922, Redeen played for the 151st Field Artillery, a minor league professional team and the practice squad for the Minneapolis Marines that season.
# Preis der Stadt Wien für Geisteswissenschaften

Preis der Stadt Wien für Geisteswissenschaften or Prize of the City of Vienna for the Humanities is a prize awarded by the city of Vienna, Austria, awarded annually since 1947 for outstanding contributions in the humanities. It is worth 10,000 Euros to the winner.

## Award winners

The following have won the award:
* 1947: Leopold Wenger
* 1948: Richard Pittioni
* 1949: Friedrich Heer
* 1950: Charles A. Gulick
* 1951: Heinrich Klang
* 1952: Otto Rommel
* 1953: Eduard Castle
* 1954: Robert Reininger
* 1955: Viktor Kraft
* 1956: Fritz Novotny
* 1957: Heinrich Benedikt
* 1958: Kurt Donin
* 1959: Etta Becker-Donner
* 1960: Wilhelm Havers
* 1961: Karl Bühler
* 1962: Josef Keil
* 1963: Rudolf Egger
* 1964: Michael Pfliegler
* 1965: Hugo Hantsch, Karl Popper
* 1966: Otto Erich Deutsch
* 1967: Alfred Verdroß-Droßberg
* 1968: Adolf Merkl
* 1969: Edmund Hlawka
* 1970: Albin Lesky
* 1971: Wilhelm Mrazek
* 1972: Friedrich Nowakowski
* 1973: Eduard März
* 1974: Heinz Politzer
* 1975: Robert A. Kann
* 1976: Renate Wagner-Rieger
* 1977: Hermann Vetters
* 1978: Stephan Verosta
* 1979: Herbert Hunger
* 1980: Kurt Rothschild
* 1981: Eva Frodl-Kraft
* 1982: Karl Stadler
* 1983: Eduard Sekler
* 1984: Adam Wandruszka
* 1985: Wilhelm Weber
* 1986: Ernst Gombrich
* 1987: Erich Heintel
* 1988: Fritz Schwind
* 1989: Walter Kraus
* 1990: Heinrich Appelt
* 1991: Erich Zöllner
* 1992: Werner Hofmann
* 1993: Marie Albu-Jahoda
* 1994: Erika Weinzierl
* 1995: Adolf Holl
* 1996: Michael Mitterauer
* 1997: Wendelin Schmidt-Dengler
* 1998: Leopold Rosenmayr
* 1999: Norbert Leser
* 2000: Erich Streissler
* 2001: Ruth Wodak
* 2002: Helmut Konrad
* 2003: Manfried Welan
* 2004: Gerald Stourzh
* 2005: Anton Pelinka
* 2006: Christiane Spiel
* 2007: Manfred Wagner
* 2008: Helga Nowotny
* 2009: Herta Nagl
* 2010: Alfred Springer
* 2011: Ingrid Cella
* 2012: Oliver Rathkolb
* 2013: Herbert Hausmaninger
* 2014: Konrad Paul Liessmann
* 2015: Andre Gingrich
* 2016: Wolfgang Lutz
* 2017: Herlinde Pauer-Studer
* 2018: Manfred Nowak
* 2019: Verena Winiwarter
* 2020: Gabriella Hauch
* 2021: Clemens Jabloner
# Rush Hour (British TV series)

Rush Hour is a sketch show made by Zeppotron and shown on BBC Three during March and April 2007. The show featured several sketches centred on characters travelling to work, school or otherwise, therefore many of the sketches took place inside a car or bus. Several cult and up and coming comedians and comic actors star in the show, each performing several of the characters. The cast includes Adam Buxton, Sanjeev Kohli, Miranda Hart, Frankie Boyle, David Armand, Marek Larwood, Kerry Godliman, Bruce Mackinnon, Naomi Bentley, Lorna Watson, and Katy Wix.
BBC Three didn't recommission the show for a second series due to bad reviews.
# Shigeto (musician)

Shigeto is the stage name of Zachary Shigeto Saginaw, an American electronic musician originally from Ann Arbor, Michigan. His music has a diverse sound, influenced by jazz, his fellow Ghostly artists, and other sources. His melodic, beat oriented songs are a unique blend of instrumental hip hop and electronic music. He briefly attended School of Jazz at The New School in New York City but dropped out in 2003.

## Discography

Albums
* Full Circle (Ghostly International, 2010)
* Lineage (Ghostly International, 2012)
* No Better Time Than Now (Ghostly International, 2013)
* The New Monday (Ghostly International, 2017)
EPs
* "New Crossings EP" (Moodgadget Records, 2008)
* "What We Held On To EP" (Ghostly International, 2010)
* "Semi Circle EP" (Ghostly International, 2010)
* "2010" (Self-Released, 2015) (with Devonwho)
* "Intermission EP" (Ghostly International, 2015)
* "Weighted" (Ghostly International, 2018)
* "Versions" (Ghostly International, 2019)
Remixes
* "Full Circle Remixes" (Ghostly International, 2011)
With Dave Douglas
* High Risk (Greenleaf, 2015)
* Dark Territory (Greenleaf, 2016)
# Shengavit

Shengavit or Shengavit or Shinkovit or Shingaīt may refer to:
* Shengavit Settlement, 4th- to 2nd-millennium BC ruins of a town located in Yerevan, Armenia
* Shengavit District, part of Yerevan, Armenia
* Nerkin Shengavit, part of Shengavit District
* Verin Shengavit, part of Shengavit District
* Shengavit (Yerevan Metro), a railway station
* Shengavit FC, a defunct football club
* Shengavit Medical Center, a hospital in Yerevan, Armenia
# Equity capital markets

Equity capital markets (ECM) are markets where equity capital is raised, bought and sold by investors and speculators. The major types of equity capital are unlisted equity, listed equity and hybrids, each are traded in different ways. The market consists of venture capital firms, private equity firms, development banks, investment banks and stock exchanges.
Equity capital market practitioners, traditionally advise on a full range of equity, debt equity-linked, hybrid, asset-backed, credit-linked and derivative products that are offered in capital markets.
In an equity capital market (ECM) financial institutions help companies raise funds for growth and development. The financial institutions involved are usually investment banks. Institutions providing ECM services may be involved in initial public offerings (IPO), convertible bonds, and other services involving equity. They may also raise money for a company merge or acquisition of another company. There was a peak in the amount of profits generated through ECM activities in 2006–2007, but profits declined following those years.
In corporate finance, Equity Capital Market is an investment banking activity consisting in advising companies, also referred to as issuers, to raise equity on capital markets. ECM consists in preparing the equity issues, from designing the equity story and marketing materials of the proposed transaction to placing the underlying equity securities to institutional and retail investors through an adequate marketing strategy. Equity securities placed by an ECM desk can range from common shares to convertible bonds into shares, the latter sometimes designed as Equity-Linked Capital Market.
# Récif fossile de Marchon - Christian Gourrat Regional Nature Reserve

The Récif fossile de Marchon - Christian Gourrat Regional Nature Reserve (RNR284) is a Regional Nature Reserve located in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. Established in 2015, it spreads over 0.1 hectares (0.25 acres) and protects a limestone outcrop bearing fossils from the Mesozoic era.

## Localisation

The territory of the natural reserve is located in the Ain department, on the town of Arbent near the city of Oyonnax. Its reduced surface makes it the second smallest natural reserve of France.

## History of the site and reserve

The site was discovered in 1996 by Christian Gourrat, a naturalist from Oyonnax. Initially established as a Voluntary Nature Reserve under the name of Forêt de Marchon Natural Reserve, it is now registered at the regional inventory of geologic sites.

## Ecology (biodiversity, ecological interest, etc.)

The site is reduced to a limestone outcrop in the Marchon forest. It bears fossil animals from the Mesozoic era (140 My), particularly rudists. For several species, the reef represents the locus typicus.
The local forest is mainly composed of beech and spruce.

## Touristic and educational interest

The reserve is open to the public. Any samplings are forbidden.

## Administration, management plan, regulations
### Tools and legal status

The natural reserve was established after a deliberation of the Regional Council of 06 March 2015.
# Eresina bilinea

Eresina bilinea is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in north-western Tanzania, western Kenya, Uganda, the north-eastern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Zambia. Its habitat consists of dense, primary forests.
# Eresina

Eresina is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae. The species of this genus are endemic to the Afrotropical realm.

## Species

* Eresina bergeri Stempffer, 1956
* Eresina bilinea Talbot, 1935
* Eresina conradti Stempffer, 1956
* Eresina corynetes (Grose-Smith & Kirby, 1890)
* Eresina crola Talbot, 1935
* Eresina fontainei Stempffer, 1956
* Eresina fusca (Cator, 1904)
* Eresina jacksoni Stempffer, 1961
* Eresina katangana Stempffer, 1956
* Eresina katera Stempffer, 1962
* Eresina likouala Stempffer, 1962
* Eresina maesseni Stempffer, 1956
* Eresina masaka Stempffer, 1962
* Eresina pseudofusca Stempffer, 1961
* Eresina rougeoti Stempffer, 1956
* Eresina saundersi Stempffer, 1956
* Eresina schmitti Larsen, 2005
* Eresina theodori Stempffer, 1956
* Eresina toroensis Joicey & Talbot, 1921
# Ruth Kaps

Ruth Kaps (born 20 February 1968 in Giessen) is a former German lightweight rower.
She competed at the 1996 Summer Olympics.
# Shi Jingsi

Shi Jingcun (史敬存) (died 11 June 884), known as Shi Jingsi (史敬思) in Chinese historiography likely for naming taboo reasons, was a minor general in imperial China under the Shatuo military leader Li Keyong near the end of the Tang dynasty. He sacrificed his life to help his inebriated lord escape an assassination attempt by Zhu Wen (Zhu Quanzhong) in Zhu's territory.

## Biography

Shi Jingsi was from Yanmen (雁門; around modern Datong, Shanxi) and started his career as an assistant captain (牙校) there. Once the Shatuo leader Li Keyong took over Yanmen, Shi was named the protector-general (都督) of nine districts (府). He was further promoted to an assistant general (裨將) in the major city of Taiyuan (in modern Shanxi), the capital of Li Keyong's administrative territory.
In early 884, Li Keyong led his troops to attack the anti-government rebel force of Huang Chao, and Shi was the vanguard general to assist the besieged cities of Chenzhou (陳州; in modern Zhoukou, Henan) and Xuzhou (許州; in modern Xuchang, Henan). Huang then besieged Bianzhou (汴州; modern Kaifeng, Henan) as Bianzhou's Xuanwu (宣武; headquartered at Bianzhou) military governor Zhu Wen (Zhu Quanzhong) sought emergency aid from Li Keyong. Li soundly defeated Huang near Bianzhou, and Shi chased the enemy until Xuzhou (in modern Jiangsu) and Yanzhou (兗州; around modern Jinxiang County, Shandong). He would often fight at the forefront and was well known for his bravery.
On 11 June 884, Shi accompanied Li as the latter accepted an invitation from Zhu for a feast in Bianzhou to celebrate the victories. At the banquet, Li got very drunk and verbally offended Zhu, although Zhu, an ambitious man in a time of almost nonexistent imperial control, possibly already had unspeakable intentions all along. After Li retreated to the so-called Shangyuan Lodging (上源驛), Zhu dispatched hundreds of soldiers to kill him. The assassins placed felled trees, fences and wagons around the place to prevent anyone from escaping. With Li taking a long time to wake up, Shi, who also consumed much wine, climbed a tower and killed dozens of assassins using arrows. While other guards including Li Siyuan helped Li Keyong escape in the downpour of the night, Shi stayed behind and fended off Zhu's soldiers at a bridge until he was tragically butchered. Li Keyong climbed the city wall to escape to safety, mourned Shi deeply, and began (although not immediately) a warfare with Zhu that would span several decades. Shi Jingsi's son Shi Jiantang (史建瑭) would become a notable general under Li Keyong and Li's successor Li Cunxu.

## Modern reference

Shi Jingsi's heroics were reenacted in the 1970 Hong Kong martial arts film The Heroic Ones, where he was portrayed by Ti Lung. He was portrayed by Wai Tin-chi in the 1982 Hong Kong TV series The Wild Bunch.
# Equestrian Premier League

Equestrian Premier League is the Embassy International Riding School's Equestrian tournament that holds Dressage and Jumping competitions. It is aimed at raising the Equestrian standards in India, providing a platform to riders to increase their fitness and confidence levels, with the ultimate aim of making riders internationally competitive in Equestrian Sports.
EPL was started in 2009 and since then has become one of the best competitions of the equestrian calendar in the country.
# Ryan Millar (footballer)

Ryan Millar is a Scottish professional footballer, who played for Falkirk .

## Career
### Falkirk

A member of Falkirk's Under 19 team Millar made his first team debut as a substitute in Falkirk's 2–1 win over Dundee in the Scottish First Division on 17 September 2011.

## Career statistics

    As of 17 October 2011
Club statistics :
| Club | Season | League | League | Scottish Cup | Scottish Cup | League Cup | League Cup | Other | Other | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | App | Goals | App | Goals | App | Goals | App | Goals | App | Goals |
| Falkirk | 2011-12 season | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Total | | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
# Sherman Williams

Sherman Williams may refer to:
* Sherman Williams (American football) (born 1971), former professional American football running back
* Sherman Williams (boxer) (born 1972), Bahamian heavyweight boxer
# Shi Xiangsheng

Shi Xiangsheng (Chinese: 施祥生; pinyin: Shī Xiángshēng; born 1942) is a Chinese writer. He is best known for his 1997 story "A Sun in the Sky" (Chinese: 天上有个太阳; pinyin: Tiān shàng yǒu ge tàiyáng), which was adapted into Zhang Yimou's 1999 film Not One Less.
During the Cultural Revolution, Shi was sent to Xinjiang province in western China to work as a peasant, after which he became a teacher and a writer. His other works include The Divorce (Chinese: 离婚; pinyin: Líhūn) and The Birthday Present (Chinese: 生日礼物; pinyin: Shēngrì lǐwù).
# Shi Xie (disambiguation)

Shi Xie may refer to:

## Shi Xie (士燮)

* Shi Xie [zh], also known as Fan Xie (范燮) or Fan Wen-zi (范文子), head of the Fan lineage (范氏) of Qi clan (祁姓), one of the six major office-holding families [zh] of the state Jin in Spring–Autumn period.
* Shi Xie, official in late Han dynasty and early Three Kingdoms period.
# Ernest Moore

Ernest Moore may refer to:
* Ernest Moore (painter) (1865–1940), British painter
* Ernest Carroll Moore (1871–1955), American philosophy and education professor, founder of University of California, Los Angeles
* Ernest E. Moore (1881–1962), American attorney and politician in Vermont
* Ernest Robert Moore (1869–1957), American politician and banker
# Ernest H. Van Fossan

Ernest H. Van Fossan (1888 – May 27, 1970) was a judge of the United States Tax Court from 1926 to 1961.

## Early life and education

Born in Lisbon, Ohio, Van Fossan received an A.B. from Oberlin College in 1909, followed by an A.M. and an LL.B. from Columbia University in 1913.

## Career

Van Fossan was admitted to the Ohio bar in 1913 and practiced law in Lisbon until 1917. During World War I, he served in the military as a captain from May 1917 to January 1920. He was promoted to major in the Judge Advocate General's Reserve and performed duties in the Office of the Secretary of War and the Inspector General's Department. In 1919, he participated in an inspection and survey of the Panama Canal Zone Government and became a member of the War Department Claims Board and Chief Counsel and resident member of the War Credits Board.
After his military service, Van Fossan practiced law in Washington, D.C., from 1924 to 1926. He also worked as Assistant Counsel and Director of Claims at the U.S. Shipping Board between 1921 and 1924. On June 8, 1926, he was appointed to the U.S. Board of Tax Appeals, now known as the Tax Court. He was reappointed in 1932 and 1944, officially retiring in 1955. However, he was recalled to perform additional judicial duties the following day and continued to serve.
In 1926, he married Frances Hawthorne Brady, who died September 2, 1958.
# Ryōseibai

Ryōseibai (両成敗, "Both Sides Are at Fault") is Japanese rock band Gesu no Kiwami Otome's second studio album, released on January 13, 2016.

## Promotion and release

"Romance ga Ariamaru" was used as the theme song for the 2015 science action film Strayer's Chronicle.

## Track listing

All tracks were written and composed by vocalist Enon Kawatani.

## Charts

| Charts (2016) | Peak position |
| Japan Oricon daily albums | 1 |
| Japan Oricon weekly albums | 1 |
| Japan Oricon monthly albums | 3 |

## Sales and certifications

| Chart | Amount |
| Oricon physical sales | 102,000 |

## Release history

| Region | Date | Format | Distributing Label | Catalogue codes |
| Japan | January 12, 2016 (2016-01-12) | digital download | Unborde | WPZL-31141/2, WPCL-12297, WPZL31141LH, WPCL12297LH |
| Japan | January 13, 2016 (2016-01-13) | CD | Unborde | WPZL-31141/2, WPCL-12297, WPZL31141LH, WPCL12297LH |
# Ryōnan, Kagawa

Ryōnan (綾南町, Ryōnan-chō) was a town located in Ayauta District, Kagawa Prefecture, Japan.
As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 19,239 and a density of 500.10 persons per km$^2$. The total area was 38.47 km$^2$.
On March 21, 2006, Ryōnan, along with the town of Ayakami (also from Ayauta District), was merged to create the town of Ayagawa.
# S. armatus

S. armatus may refer to:
* Sclerosaurus armatus, an extinct reptile species
* Spermophilus armatus, the Uinta ground squirrel, a mammal species native of the northern Rocky Mountains
* Stegosaurus armatus, a dinosaur species
# S. bakeri

S. bakeri may refer to:
* Sericulus bakeri, the fire-maned bowerbird, a bowerbird
* Spartina bakeri, the sand cordgrass, a plant species in the genus Spartina
# SABA Championship

The SABA Championship is a basketball tournament for national teams organized by the South Asia Basketball Association, a sub-zone of the FIBA Asia. It serves as a qualifier for various FIBA Asia events such as the FIBA Asia Championship and the FIBA Asia Cup.
Starting immediately at the end of the 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup, a new qualification format for 2021 FIBA Asia Cup, and for every continental championships thereafter, has been introduced, wherein home and away games will be done during the pre-qualifiers in order to determine the participants for the main qualifiers that will battle for the 16 berths of the continental championships.

## Summary

| Year | Host | Final | Final | Final | Third-place game | Third-place game | Third-place game |
| Year | Host | Champion | Score | Second Place | Third Place | Score | Fourth Place |
| 2002 Details | Guwahati | India | No playoffs | Bangladesh | | No playoffs | |
| 2013 Details | Dhaka | Bangladesh | No playoffs | Pakistan | Nepal | No playoffs | Maldives |
| 2014 Details | Kathmandu | India | No playoffs | Bangladesh | Sri Lanka | No playoffs | Nepal |
| 2015 Details | Bengaluru | India | No playoffs | Sri Lanka | Nepal | No playoffs | Bangladesh |
| 2016 Details | Bengaluru | India | No playoffs | Maldives | Nepal | No playoffs | Bangladesh |
| 2017 Details | Malé | India | No playoffs | Bangladesh | Sri Lanka | No playoffs | Nepal |
| 2018 Details | Dhaka | Sri Lanka | No playoffs | Bangladesh | Maldives | No playoffs | Bhutan |
| 2021 Details | Dhaka | India | No playoffs | Sri Lanka | Bangladesh | No playoffs | Maldives |

## Medal table

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| 1 | India | 6 | 0 | 0 | 6 |
| 2 | Bangladesh | 1 | 4 | 1 | 6 |
| 3 | Sri Lanka | 1 | 2 | 2 | 5 |
| 4 | Nepal | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| 5 | Maldives | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 6 | Pakistan | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Totals (6 entries) | Totals (6 entries) | 8 | 9 | 6 | 23 |
# Ernestine Friedrichsen

Ernestine Friedrichsen (29 June 1824, Danzig - 21 July 1892, Düsseldorf) was a German genre painter; primarily of family scenes.

## Biography

Little is known about her early life. In the 1850s, she took private art lessons in Düsseldorf with Marie Wiegmann; focusing on portrait painting. Later, she studied with Wilhelm Sohn and learned genre painting from Rudolf Jordan.
She made numerous study trips, to Holland, Belgium, England and Italy, as well as to places within Germany, such as Holstein, Bavaria and Masuria, which she found especially amenable as a source of inspiration. The January Uprising and the Jewish communities in Poland were also recurring motifs in her work.
Her first showing came in 1861 at an academic exhibition in Dresden. After that, she took part in various exhibitions of the Kunstverein für die Rheinlande und Westfalen [de]. She maintained a private studio in Düsseldorf from 1867 until her death.
She was also a member of the Verein der Berliner Künstlerinnen, an association of female artists. In 1884, Kaiser Wilhelm I purchased her painting, "Sommerlust". By that time, her works had become collectors' items outside of Germany. Eventually, she exhibited in Dresden, Berlin, Munich and Hamburg.
# Shere (disambiguation)

Shere is a village in Surrey, England.
Shere may also refer to:

## People

* Charles Shere (1935–2020), American composer
* Dennis Shere, American author, journalist and lawyer
* Shere Hite (1942–2020), American-born German sex educator and feminist
* Shere Lekgothoane (born 1979), South African footballer

## Places

* Shere, British Columbia, a former station on the Canadian National Railway
* Shere, Plateau State, a village in Nigeria
* Shere, Pretoria, a residential area in South Africa

## Other uses

* Shere (Dune), a fictional substance
* Shere Hills, a range of rock formations on the Jos Plateau, Nigeria
* Shere Khan, a fictional tiger in Rudyard Kipling's Jungle Book
* Shere SMART, a railway ticket issuing system
* Shere Thursday or Maundy Thursday, a day in Holy Week