OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Richard le Breton

Sir Richard le Breton or Richard de Brito (fl. 1170) was one of the four knights who in 1170 murdered Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury.

## Origins

Roger Brito is listed in the Domesday Book of 1086 as holding land under the overlordship of the Church of Long Sutton in Somerset, in which county the family was later seated at Sampford Brett (alias Sandford-Bret). During the reign of King Henry I (1100–1135) Sampford Brett was held by Simon le Bret, from the feudal barony of Dunster by military service of half a knight's fee. He served in the household of Henry II's brother William, Count of Poitou and was a near neighbour of the FitzUrse family of Williton in Somerset, a member of which family was another of the assassins of Thomas Becket. Simon le Bret had two sons: Richard Brito, one of the assassins of Thomas Becket and Edmund le Bret, who adopted the surname de Sandford from his seat. William the Conqueror granted a manor in the eastern part of the parish of Great Stambridge in Essex and another in Sanford in Somerset to a Norman named Auvrai Le Breton following the Norman conquest of England. A later relative, Simon Le Breton, had two sons, Richard and Edmund, who inherited their share of Sanford and Great Master Bridge. Both were part of the royal court of King Henry II; in particular Richard Le Breton was a close friend of the king's brother, Prince William.

## Becket assassination

During the attack on Becket in 1170 by the four knights, Sir Reginald Fitzurse, Sir Hugh de Morville, Brito and Sir William de Tracy, Brito is said to have broken his sword when striking at Becket's head.
According to Edward Grim:
   ... But the third knight inflicted a grave wound on the fallen one; with this blow he shattered the sword on the stone and his crown, which was large, separated from his head so that the blood turned white from the brain yet no less did the brain turn red from the blood; it purpled the appearance of the church with the colours of the lily and the rose, the colours of the Virgin and Mother and the life and death of the confessor and martyr...
He shouted "Take that, for the love of my lord William, the king's brother!" when he delivered the fatal blow. It was believed by William's friends that the count had died of a broken heart after Thomas Becket refused to allow his marriage.

## Aftermath

After the assassination the four knights fled to Scotland and from there to Knaresborough Castle in Yorkshire. All four were excommunicated by the Pope Alexander III at Easter in 1171 and ordered to undertake penitentiary pilgrimages to the Holy Land for 14 years.
Brito eventually retired to the island of Jersey. A ledger stone for one of the le Bretons of Jersey survives in St Thomas's Church in Salisbury. The Brett family of Whitestaunton in Somerset are said by the Duchess of Cleveland to be descended from the Brettes of Sampford Brett, and are the ancestors of the present Brett family, Viscounts Esher.
# Richard le Blehston

Richard le Blehston was the member of Parliament for Gloucester in the Parliament of 1306.
# Friedrichsgabekoog

Friedrichsgabekoog is a municipality in the district of Dithmarschen, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.
# Sidon (disambiguation)

Sidon is an ancient Phoenician city and a major modern city in Lebanon.
Sidon may also refer to:

## Places

* Sidon, Mississippi, U.S.
* Sidon District, an administrative district in Lebanon containing the city of Sidon
* Sidon Eyalet, an administrative division of the Ottoman Empire
* Lordship of Sidon, a fiefdom of the Kingdom of Jerusalem
* Roman Catholic Diocese of Sidon, in the Kingdom of Jerusalem in the 12th/13th centuries
* River Sidon, mentioned in the Book of Mormon

## Other uses

* Sidon (surname), including a list of people with the name, and known as "of Sidon"
* HMS Sidon, two Royal Navy ships
* Sidon sequence, a sequence in number theory with specific properties
* Prince Sidon, a character from The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild
# Burdenski

Burdenski is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Dieter Burdenski (1950-2024), German footballer, father of Fabian and son of Herbert
* Fabian Burdenski (born 1991), German footballer
* Herbert Burdenski (1922–2001), German footballer and manager
# Friedrich Thyssen

Johann Friedrich Thyssen (1 October 1804 in Aachen – 25 May 1877 in Eschweiler) was a German banker and patriarch of the Thyssen family dynasty.

## Family

He was the son of Nikolaus Thyssen and wife Christine Nellessen. His family had settled in rural Aachen in the 18th century. He married in Aachen on 1 October 1838 his cousin Katharina Thyssen.

## Career

He was the initiator of the Thyssen fortune and the father of August Thyssen and Joseph Thyssen, both of whom joined his bank.
# Friedrich Thurau

Friedrich Thurau (1843–1913) was a German entomologist.
He specialised in butterflies. His collection of Palearctic lepidoptera is in Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin.

## Works

partial list
* Colias nastes Bsd. var. werdandi Zett. und ihre Aberratione. Berl. ent. Z. 48, pp. [113-116]
* Neue Rhopaloceren aus Ost Afrika. Ergebnisse der Nyassa-See-un Kenya-Gebirgs-Expedition der Hermann und Elise geb. Heckmann-Wentzel-Stiftung Berl. ent. Z. 48 : 117-143 (1903).
* Neue Lepidopteren aus Ost- und Central-Afrika, im Königl. zoologischen Museum zu Berlin Berl. ent. Z. 48 : 301-314 (1903)
* Berl. ent. Z. online.
# Richard de Souza

Richard de Souza (1 March 1948 – 11 October 2007) was a Trinidadian cricketer who played as a batsman. He played 34 first-class matches for Trinidad and Tobago between 1964/65 and 1972/73.

## Playing career

De Souza featured as a right handed middle order batsman in his cricketing career. Under the captaincy of Joey Carew, he helped Trinidad and Tobago cop consecutive Shell Shield titles in 1970 and 1971. He eventually scored 3 hundreds and 15 half centuries at an average of 43.02 in his first class career.

## Personal life

De Souza died in October 2007 from cancer at the age of 59.
# Sigara virginiensis

Sigara virginiensis is a species of water boatman in the family Corixidae. It is found in North America.
# Sigara selecta

Sigara selecta is a species of water boatman in the family Corixidae in the order Hemiptera.
# Steironepion

Steironepion is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Columbellidae, the dove snails.

## Species

* Steironepion hancocki (Hertlein & Strong, 1939)
* Steironepion maculatum (C. B. Adams, 1850)
* Steironepion minor (Adams, 1845)
* Steironepion minus (C. B. Adams, 1845)
* Steironepion moniliferum (Sowerby I, 1844)
* Steironepion piperatum (E.A. Smith, 1882)
* Steironepion pygmaeum (C. B. Adams, 1850)
* Steironepion tinctum (Carpenter, 1864)
# P. K. Belliappa

Patamada Karambiah "P.K." Belliappa (24 March 1940 – 19 February 2020) was an Indian cricketer. He played in 94 first-class matches for Tamil Nadu from 1959 to 1974, scoring more than 4,000 runs and captaining the side. In January 1963, he scored 104 runs for South Zone against the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC), during England's tour to India.
# W43A

W43A or IRAS 18450-0148 is a late-type star with an envelope of OH/IR type with a magnetically collimated jet (a protoplanetary nebula). The star is in the early stages of becoming a planetary nebula, a process that will take several thousand years.
# Nagayoshi Iwahori

Nagayoshi Iwahori (岩堀 長慶, Iwahori Nagayoshi, 1926 to 29 May 2011) was a Japanese mathematician who worked on algebraic groups over local fields who introduced Iwahori–Hecke algebras and Iwahori subgroups.

## Publications

* Iwahori, N.; Matsumoto, H. (1965), "On some Bruhat decomposition and the structure of the Hecke rings of p-adic Chevalley groups", Publications Mathématiques de l'IHÉS, 25 (25): 5–48, doi:10.1007/BF02684396, ISSN 1618-1913, MR 0185016, S2CID 4591855
# Tower of Unity

The Tower of Unity (German: Turm der Einheit) is a 30-meter-high (98 ft) observation tower on Heldrastein, a rocky mountain belonging to Treffurt in Thuringia. The tower of Unity has an unusual history and is also from unusual design, because it is additionally guyed by anchoring wires, although it is actually free standing. The tower of Unity was built in 1962 as transmitting tower for a radar station. At that time it was an open steel lattice tower additionally guyed with the radar facility on its top. The area of this tower was not accessible for tourists at those days as it laid in the restricted area of the former border between West and East Germany. In 1989, when the border was opened, the area became again accessible for the public and the desire developed to build on Heldrastein again an observation tower, as there was until 1952 an observation tower built of stones, the such called Carl Alexander tower there. In 1996 finally permission for the transformation of the radar tower into an observation tower could be received. In order to do this changes, which cost 205,000 DM, the radome on the top was removed and the tower body was covered with wood. In addition the tower got a stairway with 166 steps and an octagonal shelter at the tower basement.

## Literature

* Interessengemeinschaft Heldrastein (Herausgeber): Der Heldrastein. Ringgau-Datterode, 1997 ISBN 3-930342-06-5, 256 S.
# Tidings of Comfort and Joy

"Tidings of Comfort and Joy" is a fantasy short story by Gael Baudino. It concerns Julianna, a Wiccan living in Denver, and her otherworldly encounter with her friend Paul, who is a priest, and her undead ex-husband Bob.

## Plot summary

Paul contacts Julianna after years of mutual avoidance to tell her that Bob has died, after a fashion. Trauma from intense abuse as a child caused Bob's marriage to Julianna to fall apart, as he needed too much from her. His second wife, however, was able to provide him what he needed. After she dies in a car crash, he gives up on life but is not able to completely abandon living. When his body dies, he remains conscious, stuck in a rotting shell but too afraid to go into the unknown.
Bob being a parishioner of his, Paul is at a loss about what to do, so he contacts Julianna to see if her religion can help. They hatch a plan to dig up his ex-wife and reanimate her corpse so that the two of them can finally die together. Their plan works, and Julianna and Paul have a new, deeper relationship with each other.
# Thermoelastic damping

Thermoelastic damping is a source of intrinsic material damping due to thermoelasticity present in almost all materials. As the name thermoelastic suggests, it describes the coupling between the elastic field in the structure caused by deformation and the temperature field.

## Definition

In any vibrating structure, the strain field causes a change in the internal energy such that compressed region becomes hotter (assuming a positive coefficient of thermal expansion) and extended region becomes cooler. The mechanism responsible for thermoelastic damping is the resulting lack of thermal equilibrium between various parts of the vibrating structure. Energy is dissipated when irreversible heat flow driven by the temperature gradient occurs.
The earliest study of thermoelastic damping can be found in Clarence Zener’s classical work, in 1937, in which he studied thermoelastic damping in beams undergoing flexural vibrations. Flexural vibrations cause alternating tensile and compressive strains to build up on opposite sides of the neutral axis leading to a thermal imbalance. Irreversible heat flow which is driven by the temperature gradient causes vibrational energy to be dissipated.
# Rotherham Main Colliery

Rotherham Main Colliery was situated in Canklow, about 0.5 miles south of Rotherham town centre in the Rother Valley. The area was the site of an ancient crossing of the river set below the crag on which were Canklow Woods, an ancient woodland area.

## History

The first shaft was commenced in 1890 with the pit going into production in 1894. The owners of the colliery and later the coke ovens and by-products plant were Sheffield-based steel makers John Brown and Company who also built houses for their workers and a school for the children of the colliers.
An accident occurred in 1891 when 8 miners fell 60 feet (18 m) from their wooden platform.
The colliery had problems, the area was prone to flooding but prior to the First World War it employed around 2,000 miners. Following the General Strike in 1926 the colliery was virtually closed and needed just 300 employees to maintain it.
The colliery closed in 1954 and nowadays there are no signs of its existence, the last of what did remain being swept away under a road scheme which followed the Rother Valley linking the town's relief road to the M1 via Rother Way to Junction 33.

## The Railway Connection

The colliery was linked to the main railway network by a branch line from the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway at a junction known as "Rotherham Main", situated about 0.75 miles (1.2 km) on the Sheffield side of Rotherham Central.
This branch line was also the subject of an agreement between the Great Central Railway Company and steel makers Steel, Peech and Tozer giving access to the steel company's locomotives and wagons across the main line tracks and to tip furnace waste (slag etc.) on land adjacent to the line.
# Victor Muñoz (biochemist)

Victor Muñoz is a biochemist whose focus has been on protein folding and design. He provided experimental evidence for a mechanism of protein folding called as "downhill folding". He has pioneered various computational and experimental techniques to study this mechanism as well as to gain insights into the general process of protein folding.
Prof. Muñoz has used different standard biophysical techniques, such as Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), to unravel the downhill folding mechanism at an atom-by-atom level, using ultrafast laser temperature jump (T-jump) experiments for studying the kinetics of very fast folding proteins (microsecond timescales), driving Fluorescence Spectroscopy techniques (FRET) at single molecule level to study processes with fast dynamics as well as developing various computational models for quantitative analysis of a multitude of protein folding experimental data from various equilibrium and kinetics experiments. He has also been involved in design and engineering of proteins towards desired properties and functionalities. He has coordinated a consortium of researchers from Spain, "PRODESTECH", for tailoring enzymes, therapeutics and synthetic macromolecular devices from designed proteins.
Dr. Muñoz has been a member of the faculty of the Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry at the University of Maryland since 2000 and has won the Searle Scholar Award, and the David and Lucille Packard Fellowship for Science and Engineering. He moved back to Spain in 2007 as a professor at the Center for Biological Investigations (CIB) of the Spanish Research Council (CSIC) at Madrid. He was elected to the European Molecular Biology Organization in 2009.
# Siddha Natheswarar Temple

Siddha Natheswarar Temple is a Hindu temple located in the village of Thirunarayur in the Thanjavur district of Tamil Nadu, India. The presiding deity is Shiva.

## Location

The temple is located near Nachiyar Koil, a temple dedicated to Vishnu. Thirunarayur is located at a distance of 10 kilometres from Kumbakonam on the road to Tiruvarur.

## Deity

The principal deity is Siddha Nateswarar, a form of Shiva. There are shrines to Ganesha, Soundaranayaki, Dakshinamurthy, Lakshmi, Brahma, Bhairava and the Navagrahas.

## Significance

Hymns in praise of the temple were sung by Sambandar and Sundarar.
# Limnochares aquatica

Limnochares aquatica is a species of arachnid belonging to the family Limnocharidae. It is native to Eurasia and North America.
# Limnaecia loxoscia

Limnaecia loxoscia is a moth of the family Cosmopterigidae. It is known from Australia, where it has been recorded from New South Wales.
# Three Nocturnes

Three Nocturnes can refer to
* Nocturnes, Op. 15 (Chopin)
* Nocturnes, Op. 9 (Chopin)
* Nocturnes (Debussy)
# Lily Monze

Lily Mubitana Monze (born 1936) is a Zambian teacher, politician, former member of parliament, ambassador and writer. She held multiple minsterial roles in the government of Kenneth Kaunda and was a leading figure in the women's rights movement in Zambia.

## Biography

Monze was born in 1936 and was one of the first Zambians to be awarded a university degree. When Zambia gained independence in 1964, she was already working as a teacher. She served on several national educational institutions. In 1967 she participated in her first international feminist conference, in Moscow.
Active in the United National Independence Party (UNIP), she became a designated member of the Zambian National Assembly from 1973 to 1978, and was particularly involved in the issue of the representation of women in Zambian political life, becoming a notable feminist leader and women's rights activist. Appointed Minister of State for Planning and Finance in 1973, she was one of the first women ministers in Zambia; she held that ministry until 1975. In 1976, she was appointed Minister of State in the Prime Minister's Office, serving until 1977 in that role, moving to Minister of State for Economic and Technical Cooperation from 1977 to 1978.
In 1991, Kenneth Kaunda organized a free presidential election; he was defeated in this election by Frederick Chiluba, and left power. Under Chiluba's government, in 1992 she was appointed Ambassador of Zambia to France, and held the post until 1996. She subsequently became a member of the steering committee of the United Nations International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women.
In 2018, she published her first children's book Rain Child.
# Lincoln, Kewaunee County, Wisconsin

Lincoln is a town in Kewaunee County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 948 at the 2010 census. The unincorporated communities of Lincoln, Gregorville, and Euren are in the town. The unincorporated communities of Rio Creek and Rosiere are also partially in the town.

## Geography

Lincoln is in northern Kewaunee County and is bordered to the north by Door County. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 35.7 square miles (92.4 km$^2$), all of it land.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 957 people, 334 households, and 263 families residing in the town. The population density was 26.8 people per square mile (10.4/km$^2$). There were 346 housing units at an average density of 9.7 per square mile (3.7/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the town was 98.96% White, 0.10% African American, 0.10% Native American, 0.21% Asian, 0.10% from other races, and 0.52% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.25% of the population.
There were 334 households, out of which 40.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 69.8% were married couples living together, 5.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.0% were non-families. 17.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.87 and the average family size was 3.23.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 28.5% under the age of 18, 7.6% from 18 to 24, 27.7% from 25 to 44, 23.0% from 45 to 64, and 13.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 105.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 107.3 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $42,188, and the median income for a family was $45,714. Males had a median income of $32,273 versus $20,417 for females. The per capita income for the town was $16,183. About 5.9% of families and 8.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.7% of those under age 18 and 7.7% of those age 65 or over.

## History

Lincoln is the fourth-most Belgian-American community in the United States, by proportion of population. Lincoln was originally named "GrandLez", after the village of Grand-Leez, now a section of the town of Gembloux, Arrondissement of Namur, province of Namur, Belgium (cfr fr:Grand-Leez). Belgians emigrated from there between 1850 and 1860. Prior to March 21, 1862, what is Lincoln today, was part of Ahnapee.

### Most Belgian-American towns

* 1) Union, Door County, Wisconsin : 49%
* 2) Red River, Wisconsin (Kewaunee County) : 47%
* 3) Brussels, Wisconsin (Door County) : 36.4% ( composed of "Brussels community" & "Namur Community")
* 4) Lincoln, Kewaunee County, Wisconsin : 35.4%
* 5) Green Bay (town), Wisconsin (Brown County) : 31.8%
# Thüringenhausen

Thüringenhausen is a village and a former municipality in the district Kyffhäuserkreis, in Thuringia, Germany. Since December 2019, it is part of the town Ebeleben.
# Tignamar

Tignamar is a village in the Arica and Parinacota Region, Chile.
# Lina Murr Nehmé

Lina Murr Nehmé (born 1955) is a French-Lebanese author and professor at the Lebanese University. She has authored various books in several languages on the civilisations of yesterday and today; particularly about modern religious extremism.

## Work and Positions
### Religious Extremism

Over the course of several books (particularly "Fatwas et Caricatures"), Lina Murr Nehme analyzed the fatwas, sermons, and other materials being distributed by Islamic extremists. Using her knowledge of Arabic, she made key texts available to the non-specialist public. Her analyses cover topics such as how extremists justify attacks such as the Montauban shootings, describe the networks of Islamism in the West and their financing, and discuss the human rights records of those who finance extremist clerics, for example the case of Raif Badawi.

### Defence of Cultural Heritage

In 2012, Lina Murr Nehmé took action to defend archeological sites in Beirut scheduled for destruction. After an initial phase of political lobbying, including meeting with the Minister of Culture, she organized a demonstration on 21 April 2012 centered on the situation of Plot 1474, which contains archaeological remains. In statements to the press, she asserted that the profits of private corporations should take second place to the preservation of cultural heritage.

### Hostages

She has also taken stands on the issue of war hostages from the Lebanese War, noting that many families are still in uncertainty about the fate of a loved one. She demands that any hostage still alive be freed, and that information be released on those that are dead. She also took position publicly for the full investigation of a purported mass grave discovered in Chebaniyeh, Lebanon. This followed a 2008 mass graves scandal that started with the publication of an article by journalist Manal Chaaya revealing the location of a purported mass grave at Halate, Lebanon.

### Right to Privacy

In 2011, she took a stand on the right to privacy, noting how significant quantities of data on Lebanese citizens were being collected by the government, and in some cases leaked to external parties.
# Line 3 (Metrovía)

Line 3 of Metrovia was inaugurated on May 4 of 2008. It connects the populous Neighborhood of Bastion Popular at the North of Guayaquil with downtown.