OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dichroism

In optics, a dichroic material is either one which causes visible light to be split up into distinct beams of different wavelengths (colours) (not to be confused with dispersion), or one in which light rays having different polarizations are absorbed by different amounts.

## In beam splitters

The original meaning of dichroic, from the Greek dikhroos, two-coloured, refers to any optical device which can split a beam of light into two beams with differing wavelengths. Such devices include mirrors and filters, usually treated with optical coatings, which are designed to reflect light over a certain range of wavelengths and transmit light which is outside that range. An example is the dichroic prism, used in some camcorders, which uses several coatings to split light into red, green and blue components for recording on separate CCD arrays, however it is now more common to have a Bayer filter to filter individual pixels on a single CCD array. This kind of dichroic device does not usually depend on the polarization of the light. The term dichromatic is also used in this sense.

## With polarized light

The second meaning of dichroic refers to the property of a material, in which light in different polarization states traveling through it experiences a different absorption coefficient; this is also known as diattenuation. When the polarization states in question are right and left-handed circular polarization, it is then known as circular dichroism (CD). Most materials exhibiting CD are chiral, although non-chiral materials showing CD have been recently observed. Since the left- and right-handed circular polarizations represent two spin angular momentum (SAM) states, in this case for a photon, this dichroism can also be thought of as spin angular momentum dichroism and could be modelled using quantum mechanics.
In some crystals,, such as tourmaline, the strength of the dichroic effect varies strongly with the wavelength of the light, making them appear to have different colours when viewed with light having differing polarizations. This is more generally referred to as pleochroism, and the technique can be used in mineralogy to identify minerals. In some materials, such as herapathite (iodoquinine sulfate) or Polaroid sheets, the effect is not strongly dependent on wavelength.

### In liquid crystals

Dichroism, in the second meaning above, occurs in liquid crystals due to either the optical anisotropy of the molecular structure or the presence of impurities or the presence of dichroic dyes. The latter is also called a guest–host effect.
# Misericordia Dei

Misericordia Dei (Mercy of God) is the title of an apostolic letter by Pope John Paul II to foster and reemphasize the importance of the Sacrament of Reconciliation. The letter is subtitled "On Certain Aspects of the Sacrament of Penance" and was promulgated on 7 April 2002 in Rome, issued as Motu proprio and was signed by him.
The letter begins by quoting the Gospel of Matthew 1:21 that Jesus was born to "save his people from their sins" and emphasizes the fervent and energetic summons with which John the Baptist called for repentance. Quoting the Epistle to the Romans 8:21, it states that "Salvation is therefore and above all redemption from sin, which hinders friendship with God."
The letter emphasizes that Jesus himself granted the Apostles, through the power of the Holy Spirit, the authority to reconcile repentant sinners with God and the Church and quotes the Gospel of John 20:22–23: “Receive the Holy Spirit. If you forgive the sins of any, they are forgiven; if you retain the sins of any, they are retained”.
The letter states that the Sacrament of Reconciliation entails not only the action of the minister – only a Bishop or priest, who judges and absolves, tends and heals in the name of Christ – but also the actions of the penitent: contrition, confession and satisfaction. The letter emphasizes the need for penitents to "name their own sins", except when this is not possible.
As in the year 2000 letter Novo Millennio Ineunte John Paul II again asked the clergy for "renewed pastoral courage in ensuring that the day-to-day teaching of Christian communities persuasively and effectively presents the practice of the Sacrament of Reconciliation".
# Sukup

Sukup is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Šimon Sukup (born 2001), Czech AI researcher and electrical engineer.
* Milo Sukup (1917–1983), American football player and coach
* Ondřej Sukup (born 1988), Czech footballer
* Steven Sukup (born 1956), American politician
# Freeway (album)

Freeway is the debut album by Russian pop duo Smash!!. It was released in Eastern Europe in 2003 and Southeast Asia in 2004. It is primarily composed of English songs.

## Track listing
### Original release

* "The Real Thing"
* "Talk to Me"
* "Should Have Loved You More"
* "Freeway"
* "Make a Little Time"
* "The One to Cry"
* "Rich Boy"
* "Don't Look Back"
* "Gonna Be Our Night"
* "Belle"
* "Molitva (Молитва)"
* "Talk to Me" (Energy Mix by That Black)

### Re-release

* "The Real Thing"
* "Talk to Me"
* "Should Have Loved You More"
* "Freeway"
* "Make a Little Time"
* "The One to Cry"
* "Rich Boy"
* "Don't Look Back"
* "Gonna Be Our Night"
* "Belle"
* "Molitva" (New Mix) (Молитва)
* "From Souvenirs to Souvenirs"
* "Zvezda Kak Sleza" (Звезда Как Слеза)
* "Rich Boy" (Remix)

### Asian release (2004)

* "Faith"
* "The Real Thing"
* "Talk to Me"
* "Should Have Loved You More"
* "Freeway" (New Mix)
* "Make a Little Time"
* "Obsession"
* "The One to Cry"
* "Rich Boy"
* "Don't Look Back"
* "Gonna Be Our Night"
* "Belle" (Notre Dame Paris)
* "Freeway"
* "Rich Boy" (Remix)
# Mimozotale

Mimozotale is a genus of longhorn beetles of the subfamily Lamiinae, containing the following species:
subgenus Mimozotale
* Mimozotale flavolineata Breuning, 1951
* Mimozotale javanica Breuning, 1957
* Mimozotale sikkimensis (Breuning, 1940)
* Mimozotale tonkinea Breuning, 1969
subgenus Parazotale
* Mimozotale cylindrica Hayashi, 1981
* Mimozotale longipennis (Pic, 1927)
* Mimozotale minuta (Pic, 1926)
subgenus Trizotale
* Mimozotale flavovittata Breuning, 1975
* Mimozotale trivittata (Pic, 1931)
# Fray Mamerto Esquiú Department

Fray Mamerto Esquiú is a department of Catamarca Province in Argentina. This provincial subdivision has a population of about 11,000 inhabitants in an area of 280 km$^2$ (110 sq mi), and its capital city is San José. The department is named after friar Mamerto Esquiú (1826-1883).

## Districts

* Agua Colorada
* Capilla del Rosario
* Club Caza y Pesca
* Collagasta
* El Hueco
* Fray Mamerto Esquiú
* La Carrera
* La Falda
* La Tercena
* La Tercera
* Las Pirquitas
* Payahuaico
* Pomancillo Este
* Pomancillo Oeste
* Quebrada El Cura
* San Antonio
* San José
# Sani Daura Ahmed

Sani Daura-Ahmed Assistant Inspector General (AIG) was the first Governor of Yobe State, Nigeria after it was split out from Borno State on 27 August 1991, holding office until January 1992 during the military regime of General Ibrahim Babangida. He handed over to the elected governor Bukar Abba Ibrahim at the start of the Nigerian Third Republic.
As Lagos State commissioner of police, speaking of a newspaper report on an incident in 1991 where two students had been killed in a clash with police, Daura said "We are not going to let the press disturb us on what we are doing".
In October 2000, a businessman took Daura to court for alleged threats and intimidation. In May 2002 the court ordered Daura to release the businessman's detained Mercedes Benz car. In 2003 he was a member of the Police Service Commission. He was later appointed to the Katsina State consultant committee on employment generation.
# Jimmy Dack

James Dack is an English professional football coach and manager. Most recently he is chief scout at Wigan Athletic.

## Playing career

Dack began his career as a youth at Brentford. After being released, he played as a midfielder for a number of non-league clubs, including two spells at both Crawley Town and Sutton United, as well as a season with Aldershot Town. He did not however make an appearance for a Football League club.

## Coaching and managerial career

Dack retired from playing in 2003. His first coaching role was at Carshalton Athletic where he was also briefly caretaker manager. In 2005, he was coaching at Stevenage. He joined Justin Edinburgh as assistant manager in 2006 at Fisher Athletic and then followed him to Grays Athletic in 2007. He was sacked from this post in September 2007.
Dack was caretaker manager at Sutton United in 2008 prior to the permanent appointment of Paul Doswell. He was offered the post at the end of the season but turned it down and decided to work instead as assistant manager at Welling United. In 2009, Dack left Welling United to take the assistant manager's role at Woking. He was suspended from this role along with manager Graham Baker in January 2011.
On 4 October 2011, Justin Edinburgh was appointed manager at Newport County in the Conference National league and two days later Dack was named as his assistant manager.
In the 2012–13 season Newport attained a third-place finish, reaching the Conference National playoffs. Newport County won the 2013 Conference Premier play-off final versus Wrexham at Wembley Stadium 2–0 to return to the Football League after a 25-year absence with promotion to Football League Two.
On their return to the Football League in the 2013–14 season, Newport County finished 14th in League Two.
On 7 February 2015, with Newport County in sixth place in League Two, it was confirmed that Edinburgh had been appointed manager at League One Gillingham with Dack stepping up to caretaker manager at Newport County assisted by Wayne Hatswell. Dack's first match in charge was a 2–0 defeat at AFC Wimbledon on the same day. On 24 February Dack was confirmed as team manager until the end of the 2014–15 season. On 29 April, Dack stated he had been offered the manager's job beyond the end of the season but he had decided to move on after the final game of the season. Newport finished the 2014–15 season in ninth place in League Two. Terry Butcher was appointed team manager of Newport County on 30 April 2015.
In June 2015, Dack was appointed assistant manager to Mark Yates at previous club Crawley Town. Yates and Dack were sacked by Crawley on 26 April 2016. In January 2017, Dack was appointed assistant manager to Andy Woodman at National League South side Whitehawk, and succeeded him in the post before the start of the 2017–18 season. On 28 August 2017 with Whitehawk at the bottom of the league after picking up only one point from the first seven games of the 2017–2018 season, Dack resigned.
# Sillimanite

Sillimanite or fibrolite is an aluminosilicate mineral with the chemical formula Al$_2$SiO$_5$. Sillimanite is named after the American chemist Benjamin Silliman (1779–1864). It was first described in 1824 for an occurrence in Chester, Connecticut.

## Occurrence

Sillimanite or fibrolite is one of three aluminosilicate polymorphs, the other two being andalusite and kyanite. A common variety of sillimanite is known as fibrolite, so named because the mineral appears like a bunch of fibres twisted together when viewed in thin section or even by the naked eye. Both the fibrous and traditional forms of sillimanite are common in metamorphosed sedimentary rocks. It is an index mineral indicating high temperature but variable pressure. Example rocks include gneiss and granulite. It occurs with andalusite, kyanite, potassium feldspar, almandine, cordierite, biotite and quartz in schist, gneiss, hornfels and also rarely in pegmatites. Dumortierite and mullite are similar mineral species found in porcelain.
Sillimanite has been found in Brandywine Springs, New Castle County, Delaware. It was named by the State Legislature in 1977 as the state mineral of Delaware by the suggestion of the Delaware Mineralogical Society.

## Uses

Natural sillimanite is used in the manufacture of high alumina refractories or 55–60% alumina bricks. However, it has mostly been replaced by the other aluminosilicate polymorphs, andalusite and kyanite, for this purpose. As of 1998, sillimanite was just 2% of all aluminosilicate mineral production in the western world.

## Gallery

* Silimanite crystal from Sri Lanka
* Fibrolite micrograph
# Silver Lakes, Pretoria

Silver Lakes is an eastern residential area of Pretoria, South Africa. It lies on the northern slopes of the Bronberg, part of the Magaliesberg mountains.
# Victor Cherbuliez

Charles Victor Cherbuliez (German:; 19 July 1829 – 1 or 2 July 1899) was a Swiss, and then (1879) French novelist and author. He was born at Geneva, Switzerland and died at Combs-la-Ville. He was the eleventh member elected to occupy seat 3 of the Académie Française in 1881.

## Biography

Cherbuliez was born at Geneva, where his father, André Cherbuliez (1795–1874), was a classical professor at the Université de Genève. He was descended from a family of Protestant refugees, and many years later Victor Cherbuliez resumed his French nationality, taking advantage of an act passed in the early days of the Revolution. Geneva was the scene of his early education; thence he proceeded to Paris, and afterwards to the universities of Bonn and Berlin.
Cherbuliez returned to his native town and engaged in the profession of teaching. After his resumption of French citizenship he was elected a member of the Académie Française (1881), and having received the Legion of Honour in 1870, he was promoted to be officer of the order in 1892.

## Work

Cherbuliez was a voluminous and successful writer of fiction. His first book, originally published in 1860, reappeared in 1864 under the title of Un Cheval de Phidias: it is a romantic study of art in the golden age of Athens. He went on to produce a series of novels.
Most of these novels first appeared in the Revue des deux mondes, such as Le Comte Kostia (1863). Cherbuliez also contributed a number of political and learned articles to the Revue des deux mondes, usually printed with the pseudonym G Valbert. Many of these have been published in collected form under the titles L'Allemagne politique (1870), L'Espagne politique (1874), Profils étrangers (1889), L'Art et la nature (1892), etc. The volume Etudes de littérature et d'art (1873) includes articles for the most part reprinted from Le Temps.

## Assessment

According to Robert Crewe-Milnes in the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition:
   The earlier novels of Cherbuliez have been said to show marked traces of the influence of George Sand; his method was that of an older school. He did not possess the sombre power or the intensely analytical skill of some of his later contemporaries, but his books are distinguished by a freshness and honesty, fortified by cosmopolitan knowledge and lightened by unobtrusive humour, which fully account for their wide popularity in many countries besides his own. His genius was the reverse of dramatic, and attempts to present two of his stories on the stage have not succeeded. His essays have all the merits due to liberal observation and thoroughness of treatment; their style, like that of the novels, is admirably lucid and correct.
# Victoria Bruce

Victoria Bruce may refer to:
* Vicki Bruce (born 1953), English psychologist
* Vicky Bruce (born 1994), American soccer player
* Victoria Alexandrina Katherine Bruce (1898–1951), British prison governor
# Victoria Bryant State Park

Victoria Bryant State Park is a 502-acre(2.03km2) Georgia state park located near Franklin Springs. Nestled in the rolling hills of Georgia's Piedmont plateau, this park offers facilities ranging from picnic sites and a swimming pool to an 18-hole golf course. The North Fork of the Broad River flows through the park, adding several water hazards to the course. The park also offers a short nature trail plus a long perimeter trail that takes hikers through hardwood forests. In addition, the park is home to many species of birds, plants, and reptiles.

## Facilities

* 35 Tent/Trailer/RV sites
* Pioneer camping
* Golf course
* 3 playgrounds
* Swimming pool
* 5 Picnic shelters
* Nature Center
* 2 Fishing ponds

## Annual events

* Junior-Senior Catfish Rodeo (Memorial Day weekend)
* Father-Son Golf Tournament
* Civil War Enactment (June)

## History

The site was originally owned by Paul Bryant, who donated the land in the early 1950s as a state park, with the condition it be named after his late mother, Victoria Bryant.
# Silver Tongue

A "silver tongue" implies one with a tendency to be eloquent and persuasive in speaking.
Silver tongue may refer to:

## Art and literature

* Silvertongue, the third book in Charlie Fletcher's Stoneheart trilogy
* Silvertongue, the lawyer in Hogarth's prints Marriage à-la-mode
* Silvertongue, a nickname for Mortimer Folchart in Cornelia Funke's Inkheart series
* Silvertongue, the surname earned by Lyra Belacqua in Philip Pullman's His Dark Materials

## Films

* Silver Tongues, a 2011 movie by Simon Arthur

## Music

* Silver Tongue (album), a 2020 album by Torres
* "Silver Tongue", a song by Humble Pie from their 1969 album Town and Country
* "Silver Tongue", a song by Sonata Arctica from their 2003 album Winterheart's Guild
* "Silver Tongue", a song by Deep Purple from their 2003 album Bananas
* "Silvertongue", a song by Young the Giant from their 2016 album Home of the Strange
* "Silver Tongue", a song by Alter Bridge from their 2022 album Pawns & Kings
* "Silver Tongue", a song by Louis Tomlinson from their 2022 album Faith in The Future
# Silver Tower

Silver Tower may refer to:
* Silver Tower (Abu Dhabi)
* Silver Tower, novel by author Dale Brown
* Silver Towers
* Silberturm, also known as Silver Tower
# Singapore at the 2019 Summer Universiade

Singapore competed at the 2019 Summer Universiade in Naples, Italy held from 3 to 14 July 2019. The country won one bronze medal, in sailing.

## Medal summary
### Medal by sports

Medals by sport :
| Sailing | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Total | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |

### Medalists

| Medal | Name | Sport | Event | Date |
| Bronze | Scott Lan Jillian Lee Tan Jen-e Cheryl Teo | Sailing | Match race | July 12 |
# Singapore at the 2018 Asian Para Games

Singapore participated at the 2018 Asian Para Games which was held in Jakarta, Indonesia from 6 to 13 October 2018.
The Singaporean delegation is composed of 44 athletes which participated in 10 out of 18 events in the games namely: Archery, Athletics, Badminton, Boccia, Bowling, cycling, Lawn bowls, Powerlifting, Shooting and swimming. Ali Daud serves as the head of the delegation

## Medalists

The following Singaporean competitors won medals at the Games.
| Medal | Name | Sport | Event | Date |
| Gold | Toh Wei Soong | Swimming | Men's 50m Freestyle S7 | 07 Oct |
| Gold | Yip Pin Xiu | Swimming | Women's 50m Backstroke S4 (1-4) | 08 Oct |
| Gold | Toh Wei Soong | Swimming | Men's 100m Freestyle S7 | 09 Oct |
| Silver | Diane Neo Pei Lin | Bowling | Women's Singles TPB4 | 09 Oct |
| Silver | Nurulasyiqah Taha Toh Sze Ning Faye Lim Yu Fei | Boccia | Mixed Pairs-BC3 | 12 Oct |
| Bronze | Tan Swang Hee | Bowling | Mixed Singles TPB10 | 08 Oct |
| Bronze | Emily Lee Seok Bee (Pilot:Sarah Tan) | Cycling | Women's Road Race (B) | 09 Oct |
| Bronze | Yip Pin Xiu | Swimming | Women's 100m Freestyle S4 (1-4) | 09 Oct |
| Bronze | Toh Wei Soong | Swimming | Men's 100m Backstroke S7 | 10 Oct |
| Bronze | Yip Pin Xiu | Swimming | Women's 50m Freestyle S4 (1-4) | 11 Oct |

## Medals by sport

Medals by sport :
| Sport | | | | Total |
| Boccia | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Bowling | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| Cycling | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Swimming | 3 | 0 | 3 | 6 |
| Total | 3 | 2 | 5 | 10 |

## Medals by day

Medals by day :
| Day | Date | | | | Total |
| 1 | October 7 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 2 | October 8 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| 3 | October 9 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 |
| 4 | October 10 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 5 | October 11 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 6 | October 12 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 7 | October 13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Total | Total | 3 | 2 | 5 | 10 |
# Singapore at the 2019 World Athletics Championships

Singapore competed at the 2019 World Athletics Championships in Doha, Qatar, from 27 September to 6 October 2019.

## Results
### Key

* Q = Qualified for the next round
* q = Qualified for the next round as a fastest loser or, in field events, by position without achieving the qualifying target
* NR = National record
* PB = Personal best
* SB = Season best
* N/A = Round not applicable for the event

### Women
#### Track and road events

| Athlete | Event | Heat | Heat | Semifinal | Semifinal | Final | Final |
| Athlete | Event | Result | Rank | Result | Rank | Result | Rank |
| Shanti Pereira | 200 metres | 24.00 | 43 | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance |
# Simmons Gap, Virginia

Simmons Gap is an unincorporated community in Greene County, Virginia, United States.
Simmons Gap is named after Ephraim Seamonds/Simmons who lived at Simmons Gap on the Blue Ridge Mountain. Simmons Gap Road that runs from Buck Mountain Road just north of Earlysville, Virginia to the park line and picks back up on the west side. In the horse and wagon days Simmons Gap was one of the main mountain crossings. Ephriam Seamonds and his wife Mary Pew Seamonds are buried on the mountain. When it was decided to cut a better crossing, the Spotswood Trail was selected which is now Route 33. Simmons Gap sits between Weaver Mountain and Flattop Mountain.
# Victoria Park (Edmonton)

Victoria Park is a municipal park in Edmonton, Alberta, that is part of the North Saskatchewan River valley parks system. The park features paved cycling and walking paths and several other amenities. Like the other parks in the valley parks system, the park is connected to others via multi-use trails. The park was named in honour of Queen Victoria.

## Activities

* Sports: The Victoria Golf Course is an 18-hole golf course featuring a driving range, open fields, and clubs with coaches in them. Snowshoeing and cross-country skiing is available. There is a 400m Olympic-size track in the park, called the Victoria Park Oval. Skaters can lace up and use the facilities in the Victoria Park Pavilion, opened in 2015. The oval is protected from strong winds by the river valley and tall trees. The rink use is shared between the City of Edmonton and the Edmonton Speed Skating Club, which allows public skating during times not owned by the club.
* Picnicking: The park features several picnic sites, some of them roofed. Picnic tables are dotted around the park.
# Vicia anatolica

Vicia anatolica (syn. Vicia hajastana) is a species of flowering plant in the vetch genus Vicia, family Fabaceae. It is native to Crimea, the Caucasus, Turkey, Iran, Turkmenistan, and Kyrgyzstan. As its synonym Vicia hajastana it is used in studies of cytoskeletal structures and other cellular functions since it is amenable to laboratory media culturing.