OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Lorain

Lorain may refer to:

## Places

* Lorain, Ohio
* Lorain, Pennsylvania
* Lorain, Wisconsin
* Lorain County, Ohio
** Lorain County Community College
* Lorain Township, Minnesota

## People

* René Lorain (born 1900), French athlete
* Sophie Lorain, Canadian actress

## Organizations

* Lorain City School District
* Lorain Correctional Institution
* Lorain County Transit
* Lorain, Ashland & Southern Railroad

## Other uses

* Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co.
* USS Lorain (PF-93)
# Randhe

Randhe is a village in Parner taluka in Ahmednagar district of state of Maharashtra, India.

## Religion

The majority of the population in the village is Hindu. And Minority of the population in the village are Muslim And New Buddhism. The Village Also Popular in District for wakefulness of Randhubai ( Ambika Mata ) Temple.

## Economy

The majority of the population is involved in agriculture as their primary occupation.
# Penalized present value

The Penalized Present Value (PPV) is a method of capital budgeting under risk, where the value of the investment is "penalized" as a function of its risk. It was developed by Fernando Gómez-Bezares in the 1980s.

## Method

PPV is best understood by comparison to two other approaches where a penalty is applied for risk:
* The risk-adjusted rate of return applies a risk-penalty by increasing the discount rate when calculating the Net Present Value (NPV);
* The certainty equivalent approach does this by adjusting the cash-flow numerators of the NPV formula.
Contrasting to both, PPV calculates the average NPV (μ) at the risk-free rate, penalizing it afterwards by subtracting "t" standard deviations of the NPV (tσ): $PPV=\mu -t\sigma$
The PPV has many versions, a particularly pragmatic one can be reached by assuming that: (i) we know, b, the maximum or most optimistic NPV; (ii) the minimum or most pessimistic value, a; (iii) these NPVs are approximately normally distributed, and can be calculated using the risk-free rate. Then, we can approximate: $\mu \ ={\frac {a+b}{2}}$ and $\sigma \ ={\frac {b-a}{6}}$. Assuming a reasonable t of 1.5: $PPV={\frac {a+b}{2}}-1.5{\frac {b-a}{6}}=0.25b+0.75a$
Therefore, given that we are risk-averse, we weight more the worst case than the most favorable one; other weights could be applied. According to this criterion, the decision maker will look for investments with positive PPVs, and if a choice is needed, he or she will choose the investment with the highest PPV.

## Derivation

A reasonable derivation of the PPV is the PIRR (Penalized Internal Rate of Return), which can be useful, among other things, to measure the performance of an investment fund or an investment portfolio. Assuming that μ$_{IRR}$ and σ$_{IRR}$ are, respectively, the mean and the standard deviation of the Internal Rate of Return (IRR), and following the reasoning above we will have:
$PIRR=\mu _{IRR}-t\sigma _{IRR}$
Now calling r$_0$ the risk-free rate, μ* the average return of the market portfolio and σ* its standard deviation, we can do:
$t={\frac {\mu ^{*}-r_{0}}{\sigma ^{*}}}$
which is the value of the Sharpe ratio of the market portfolio (premium per unit of risk σ asked by the market). So we can do:
$PIRR=\mu _{IRR}-\left({\frac {\mu ^{*}-r_{0}}{\sigma ^{*}}}\right)\sigma _{IRR}$
This would be the linear version of the well-known Sharpe ratio.
# Seashore Group

Seashore Group is a Qatari-owned company and one of the largest multidisciplined business enterprises in the State of Qatar. Headquartered in Al Khor, the company was founded in 1989 by a Qatari businessman from Al Khor city Mr Saeed Al-Mohannadi in support with an Indian businessman Mr Mohamed Ali from Thrissur with an initial employee base of three workers. As of 2022, the company had 2,500 workers.
# The Dark (Herbert novel)

The Dark is a 1980 horror novel by James Herbert.

## Plot

Beginning in a small suburban street where an empty house is haunted by a malevolent, sentient darkness, the scope of the story expands as the darkness escapes and begins to engulf the city. The main character is Chris Bishop, a paranormal investigator called in initially to investigate claims that the house is haunted. There he discovers that those engulfed by the darkness are driven to savage and murderous frenzies, in connection with a mysterious cult leader whose spirit inhabits the darkness.

## Analysis

Herbert's seventh book, The Dark is one which explores religious and supernatural themes, part of a trend that began with the author's third novel, The Survivor. His first two books, The Rats and The Fog, fit more into the science fiction horror genre. One thing which connects The Dark with both Herbert's early and later supernatural work is the use of graphic violence and large-scale set pieces, such as, in The Dark, a football stadium ripped apart by insane fans.
# Ljubunčić

Ljubunčić is a village in the city of Livno in Canton 10, the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

## Demographics

According to the 2013 census, its population was 519, all Croats.

## Footnotes

* ↑ Ethnicity/National Affiliation, Religion and Mother Tongue 2019, pp. 522–523.
# Ultimo Tram Depot

Ultimo Tram Depot was part of the Sydney tram network.

## History

Ultimo Tram Depot opened on 8 December 1899 adjacent to the Ultimo Power Station. It was the depot for trams operating services to Pyrmont, Ryde, and Erskineville. It was situated on the eastern side of Harris Street adjacent to the Darling Harbour railway line.
The depot closed on 27 June 1953 following the decision to replace trams with buses on the Drummoyne service. The staff of 250 drivers, conductors, inspectors, and maintenance men, with 21 trams, have been transferred to other depots.
The tram sheds were converted to offices in 1981 as part of the Powerhouse Museum development. The building was listed by the National Trust in 1997.

## Design

* 12 tracks
* Plain front parapet
* Corrugated iron side walls at the roof
* South roof orientation
* The front elevation and roof have been rebuilt.
* Frame removed and entry rebuilt during conversion to offices in 1980s
# Lord George Scott

Lord George William Montagu Douglas Scott, OBE, DL (31 August 1866 – 23 February 1947) was a Scottish cricketer and soldier who was the third son of William Montagu Douglas Scott, 6th Duke of Buccleuch.

## Early life

Scott was born in Bowhill, Selkirkshire, the third son of William Montagu Douglas Scott, 6th Duke of Buccleuch. He was the brother of John Montagu Douglas Scott, 7th Duke of Buccleuch and Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester was his niece.
He was educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford. He played first-class cricket for various teams including Middlesex, Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) and Oxford University from 1884 to 1905. He represented the Gentlemen in the Gentlemen v Players series. He was also Master of the Buccleuch Hunt.

## Military career

Scott was commissioned a second lieutenant in the 10th Hussars on 27 March 1889, was promoted to the rank of lieutenant on 11 June 1890, and to captain on 25 June 1897. He served in the Second Boer War in South Africa, where he was wounded, and left the regular army in August 1902 after his return to the United Kingdom. He later commanded the 2/1st Lothians and Border Horse, a Yeomanry (later Territorial Army) regiment, through World War I until January 1919 when he retired.
He was appointed OBE in the 1919 Birthday Honours. He was a Deputy Lieutenant of Roxburghshire.

## Personal life

In 1903, Scott married Lady Elizabeth Manners (died 1924), the youngest daughter of John Manners, 7th Duke of Rutland and, his second wife, Janetta Manners, Duchess of Rutland. Together they had two sons and three daughters, including:
* Phyllis Anne Montagu Douglas Scott (1904–1978), who married Thomas Cholmondeley, 4th Baron Delamere, son of Hugh Cholmondeley, 3rd Baron Delamere and Lady Florence Anne Cole (a daughter of the 4th Earl of Enniskillen, in 1924.
* Jeanetta Ruth Montagu Douglas Scott (1906–1997), who married Maj. James Stirling-Home-Drummond-Moray, 21st of Abercairny, son of Capt. William Stirling-Home-Drummond-Moray, 20th of Abercairny, and Hon. Gwendolen Edwardes (a daughter of the 4th Baron Kensington), in 1937.
* Marjorie Katherine Montagu Douglas Scott (1906–1994), who married Maj. Thomas Archibald Hacket-Pain, son of Brig.-Gen. Sir William Hacket-Pain, in 1935. After he was killed in action during World War II, she married Adam Bell, son of Frank Bell, in 1943.
* John Henry Montagu Douglas Scott (1911–1991), a Lt.-Col. in the 9th Lancers who married Anne Peace Arabella Mackintosh, daughter of Capt. Angus Alexander Mackintosh of Mackintosh, and Lady Maud Louisa Emma Cavendish (eldest daughter of the 9th Duke of Devonshire), in 1954.
* Claud Everard Walter Montagu Douglas Scott (1915–1994), a Lt.-Col. in the Lothians and Border Horse who married Margaret Frances Philips, daughter of Brig.-Gen. Lewis Francis Philips, in 1941.
Lord George died in Melrose, Scottish Borders.
# Sripurusha

Western Ganga kings (350–999) :
| Konganivarman Madhava | (350–370) |
| Madhava | (370–390) |
| Harivarman | (390–410) |
| Vishnugopa | (410–430) |
| Madhava III Tandangala | (430–469) |
| Avinita | (469–529) |
| Durvinita | (529–579) |
| Mushkara | (579–604) |
| Polavira | (604–629) |
| Srivikrama | (629–654) |
| Bhuvikarma | (654–679) |
| Shivamara I | (679–726) |
| Sripurusha | (726–788) |
| Shivamara II | (788–816) |
| Rachamalla I | (816–843) |
| Ereganga Neetimarga | (843–870) |
| Rachamalla II | (870–907) |
| Ereganga Neetimarga II | (907–921) |
| Narasimha | (921–933) |
| Rachamalla III | (933–938) |
| Butuga II | (938–961) |
| Marulaganga Neetimarga | (961–963) |
| Marasimha II Satyavakya | (963–975) |
| Rachamalla IV Satyavakya | (975–986) |
| Rachamalla V (Rakkasaganga) | (986–999) |
| Neetimarga Permanadi | (999) |
vte :
Sripurusha was a Western Ganga Dynasty king who ruled from 726 – 788 CE. According to the Javali inscription Sripurusha ruled for 62 years. He had marital relations with the Badami Chalukyas and used titles such as Muttarasa, Rajakesari, Bhimakopa and Ranabhajana. An able warrior and a scholar, he authored the Sanskrit work Gajasastra. He is known to have undertaken significant irrigation projects such as the construction of a dam (Katta).

## Politics of the South

The rule of Sripurusha Muttarasa seems to have been filled with conflicts with the Pallavas of Kanchi, Pandyas, later the Rashtrakutas who overthrew the Vatapi Chalukyas. The victory of Sripurusha over the Pallava Paramesvaravarman II and assumed the title Permanadi. He had good relations with Chalukyas and had helped them fight the Pallavas during the rule of Vikramaditya II and later he fought the Pandyas during the rule of Chalukya Kirtivarman II but suffered reversal at Venbai. When the Rashtrakutas rose to power, though betrayed by the Nolambas, Sripurusha had many victories against Krishna I and occupied some Ratta territories. This resistance to Rashtrakutas continued for some time before the Gangas normalised their relationship with martial alliances.
# Monocarpic

Monocarpic plants are those that flower and set seeds only once, and then die.
The term is derived from Greek (mono, "single" + karpos, "fruit" or "grain"), and was first used by Alphonse de Candolle. Other terms with the same meaning are hapaxanth and semelparous. The antonym is polycarpic, a plant that flowers and sets seeds many times during its lifetime; the antonym of semelparous is iteroparous. Plants which flower en masse (gregariously) before dying are known as plietesials. The term hapaxanth is most often in conjunction with describing some of the taxa of Arecaceae (palms) and some species of bamboo, but rarely used otherwise; its antonym is pleonanth. This was first used by Alexander Braun.
Monocarpic plants are not necessarily annuals, because some monocarpic plants can live a number of years before they will flower. In some monocarpic plants, flowering signals senescence, while in others the production of fruits and seeds causes changes within the plants which lead to death. These changes are induced by chemicals that act as hormones, redirecting the resources of the plants from the roots and leaves to the production of fruits and or seeds.
The century plant in the genus Agave, some terrestrial bromeliads of the genus Puya, Tillandsia utriculata, some yuccas, and many bamboos can take 8 to 20 years or in the case of some bamboos even over 100 years to bloom and then die. Hawaiian silverswords and their relatives in the genus Wilkesia may take 10–50 years before flowering.
Monocot plant families that include monocarpic species include Agavaceae, Araceae, Arecaceae, Bromeliaceae, Musaceae, and Poaceae. Dicot plant families that include monocarpic species include Acanthaceae, Apocynaceae, Asteraceae, and Fabaceae. Few dicot shrubs with multiple branching and secondary growth species have been described. Those that have include Strobilanthes species, Cerberiopsis candelabrum, Tachigali versicolor and other Tachigali species.
Some monocarpic plants can be kept alive if the flowers are removed as soon as they have finished blooming before seed formation begins, or if the flower buds are removed before they begin blooming.
# St. Philip's African Orthodox Church

St. Philip's African Orthodox Church is an African Orthodox church in Whitney Pier, a neighbourhood of Sydney, Nova Scotia. The church was designated a Nova Scotian heritage property in 1984.
# Peperomia venusta

Peperomia venusta is a species of subshrub from the genus Peperomia. It grows in wet tropical biomes. It was first described by Truman G. Yuncker in 1957.

## Distribution

Peperomia venusta is native to Venezuela and Colombia. Specimens can be collected at an elevation of 240-1000 meters.

## Description

It is a glabrous herb. The stem lies on the ground and the roots are at the lower nodes. The branches ascend to 10 centimeters or more, it is 1-3 millimeters thick at the base when dry, the internodes are 2 centimeters long above, and lengthen to 10 centimeters or more when downward. Leaves alternate, Broad-lance, gradually narrowed to the blunt tip, peltate are 5-10 millimeters above the rounded base, the lower leaves are 3-4 centimeters wide and 7-8 centimeters long. It is palmately 7-9 nerved, the nerves are conspicuous beneath and obscurely branched upward. The innermost two pairs of lateral nerves gently curve and continue to the tip. It is translucent, glandular-dotted beneath, and lacks ciliolation. The petioles are up to 8 centimeters long on lower leaves and scarcely 1 centimeter long on the smaller upper leaves. Terminal spikes and axillary are 2 millimeters thick and 2-4 centimeters long, and the peduncle to 3 centimeters long.
# Ulpius Limenius

Ulpius Limenius (died 8 April AD 349) was a Roman politician who was appointed consul in AD 349.

## Biography

Presumably a member of the Nobiles and a member of the eastern Senate, Limenius was appointed Proconsul of Constantinople in AD 342. He was an opponent of the rhetorician Libanius, and during his tenure as Proconsul he supported the accusations of Libanius’ rivals, charging him with practicing magic and treason, thereby forcing Libanius to leave Constantinople.
Although he was an eastern provincial, he was assigned the dual role of praetorian prefect of Italy (which the emperor Constans gave to him when he created the new Prefecture, splitting Italy off from the Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum) as well as praefectus urbi of Rome. He held these posts from 12 June 347 to 8 April 349. This unusual appointment not only reflected Constans' upbringing in Constantinople, but was also probably indicative of a long-standing relationship with a trusted subordinate. In AD 348, Limenius, as Urban Prefect, probably celebrated the Secular Games in the emperor's name, as Constans was absent from Rome.
During his time as Praetorian Prefect, he received a number of imperial laws to implement. One, dated 28 March 349, was aimed at the preservation of columns and monuments, as well as preventing the violation of tombs in the city of Rome. Another, dated 12 February 349, directed Limenius to crack down on counterfeiters.
In AD 349, Limenius was appointed consul prior alongside Aconius Catullinus Philomatius.
A pagan, Limenius died on 8 April 349, during his term as consul.

## Sources

* Chenault, Robert R., Rome Without Emperors: The Revival of a Senatorial City in the Fourth Century CE. (2008)
* Martindale, J. R.; Jones, A. H. M, The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, Vol. I AD 260–395, Cambridge University Press (1971)
* Story, Joseph, Commentaries on the Conflict of Laws, Foreign and Domestic, in Regard to Contracts, Rights, and Remedies, and Especially in Regard to Marriages, Divorces, Wills, Successions, and Judgements (1841)
# The Dark (McGahern novel)

The Dark is the second novel by Irish writer John McGahern, published in 1965.

## Plot introduction

The Dark is set in Ireland's rural north-west, and it focuses on an adolescent and his emerging sexuality, as seen through the lens of the strained and complex relationship he has with his father, Mahoney.
# Ljubunci

Ljubunci is a village in the municipality of Prozor-Rama, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

## Demographics

According to the 2013 census, its population was 233.
Ethnicity in 2013 :
| Ethnicity | Number | Percentage |
| Croats | 212 | 91.0% |
| Bosniaks | 20 | 8.6% |
| other/undeclared | 1 | 0.4% |
| Total | 233 | 100% |
# Understand?

Understand? is the fourth studio album by Chicago post-hardcore band Naked Raygun, released in 1989 through Caroline Records. "Hip Swingin'" is about the United States involving itself in the affairs of South American countries.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| Chicago Tribune | |
The Chicago Tribune wrote that "slam-dance rhythms and shout-from-the-rooftops choruses again predominate." Trouser Press called the album "a compelling array of martial chants and supercharged rockers."

## Personnel
### Naked Raygun

* John Haggerty – guitar
* Pierre Kezdy – bass guitar
* Jeff Pezzati – vocals
* Eric Spicer – drums

### Production and additional personnel

* Phil Hale – illustrations
* Marc Harris – photography
* Ellie Hughes – design
* Tom Hughes – design
* Naked Raygun – production
* Larry Sturm – production
# Louis Rosenfeld

Louis B. Rosenfeld (born 1965) is an American information architect, consultant, author and publisher, known as co-author of Information Architecture for the World Wide Web.

## Biography

Rosenfeld earned his B.A. in history from the University of Michigan in 1987, and his Master's in library science from the University of Michigan School of Information in 1990.
Along with Peter Morville, he was the co-founder of Argus Associates, one of the first firms devoted exclusively to the practice of information architecture. With Christina Wodtke and several others, Rosenfeld founded the Information Architecture Institute in 2002 and was a member of its advisory board, where he helped start the Information Architecture Summit (now IAC) He was also co-founder of the User Experience Network (UXnet).
In 2005, he founded Rosenfeld Media, a user experience publishing house. Under the auspices of Rosenfeld Media, Rosenfeld has published approximately 60 titles, and curated several conferences, including:
* Enterprise UX conference
* DesignOps Summit
* Advancing Research conference
* Civic Design conference
* Design in Product conference
* Designing with AI conference
* Advancing Service Design conference

## Selected publications

Books:
* Louis Rosenfeld, Morville, Peter, and Jorge Arango. Information architecture for the World Wide Web: For the Web and Beyond. O'Reilly Media, Inc., 2015.
* Louis Rosenfeld. Search Analytics for Your Site: Conversation With Your Consumers. 2011
* Morville, P., Janes, J., Rosenfeld, L., Candido, G. A., Rosenfeld, L. B., & Decandido, G. A. (1999). The Internet Searcher's Handbook: Locating Information, People, and Software. Neal-Schuman Publishers, Inc..
Articles, a selection:
* Rosenfeld, Louis. "Moment Prisons, and How to Escape Them." Medium (2019).
* Rosenfeld, Louis. "Seeing the Elephant: Defragmenting User Research." A List Apart (2013).
* Rosenfeld, Louis. "Information architecture: looking ahead." Journal of the American Society for Information Science and technology 53.10 (2002): 874–876.
* Janes, Joseph W., and Louis B. Rosenfeld. "Networked information retrieval and organization: Issues and questions." Journal of the American Society for Information Science 47.9 (1996): 711–715.
# TVP3 Kraków

TVP3 Kraków (TVP Cracow) is one of the regional branches of the TVP, Poland's public television broadcaster. It serves the entire Lesser Poland Voivodeship.
The flagship of the branch is the news programme Kronika.
The programme is broadcast for free, and can be accessed by internet on the TVP Stream webpage. It can also be watched through the TVP GO app.
# Monte Massone

The Monte Massone, at an elevation of 2,161 m (7,090 ft), is a mountain of the Pennine Alps in North-western Italy.

## Geography

The mountain belongs to the water divide between Strona Valley (South) and Ossola Valley (North). The southern slopes of Monte Massone are mainly grassy, while its North face is rocky, very steep and covered by shrubs. From Ornavasso, located on its North foothill, the summit can't be seen because is hidden by a subsummit named Eyehorn (2,131 m). On Monte Massone stands a metallic cross 4 ms high bearing a bell, which was located there in 1921. Not far from it, on the Northern slopes of the mountain, can be seen some trenches dug before the 1st World War and belonging to the Linea Cadorna. At 1,900 m, on the Valle Strona side of Monte Massone, there is a small plateau which hosts three tiny lakes called Laghetti, where in the past local farmers tried to implement a project of land reclamation.

### SOIUSA classification

According to the SOIUSA (International Standardized Mountain Subdivision of the Alps) the mountain can be classified in the following way:
* main part = Western Alps
* major sector = North Western Alps
* section = Pennine Alps
* subsection = Eastern Aosta and Northern Valsesia Alps
* supergroup = Contrafforti valsesiani del Monte Rosa
* group = Costiera Punta Grober-Tagliaferro-Montevecchio
* subgroup = Contrafforte Montevecchio-Quarazzola-Capezzone
* code = I/B-9.III-C.7.b/b

## Geology

Inside the mountain lay some marble veins and gold, iron and copper deposits.

## Access to the summit

The Monte Massone is one of the most popular hiking destinations of the low Ossola Valley. Its summit can be reached by footpath from the Valle Strona starting from Alpe Loccia (close to the village of Chesio, in the comune of Loreglia), or from Val d'Ossola starting from Cortevecchio (Ornavasso), or even from the Alpe Quaggione (Germagno).

## Mountain huts

* Rifugio Oliva - Brusa Perona Renato, managed by the Club Alpino Italiano section of Gravellona Toce.
# Tyrissa multilinea

Tyrissa multilinea is a species of moth in the family Erebidae. It was first described by William Barnes and James Halliday McDunnough in 1913 and it is found in North America.
The MONA or Hodges number for Tyrissa multilinea is 8650.
# Ranova pictipes

Ranova pictipes is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Thomson in 1864. It is found in Madagascar, and is a light brown colour.
# Perilampsis diademata

Perilampsis diademata is a species of tephritid or fruit flies in the genus Perilampsis of the family Tephritidae.
# Sebacinaceae

The Sebacinaceae are a family of fungi in the order Sebacinales. Species produce basidiocarps (fruit bodies} that are gelatinous or cartilaginous and variously corticioid, clavarioid, bracket-like, or jelly-like. Microscopically, all have septate basidia and hyphae lacking clamp connections. Many but not all species are mycorrhizal, forming associations with a wide range of plants.