OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Thaw depth

In soil science, the thaw depth or thaw line is the instantaneous level down to which the soil has warmed to zero degrees Celsius. The active layer thickness is the maximum thaw depth over a period of two years.
The layer of soil over the thaw depth is called the active layer, while the soil below is called permafrost.
The term frost front refers to the varying position of the thaw line during the periods of freezing/thawing.
The knowledge of the thaw depth is important for the two major reasons: its influence on the ecology and on construction (buildings, pipelines, roads, etc.). These influences are mediated by the effects of the dynamics biological, pedologic, geomorphologic, biogeochemical, and hydrologic processes in permafrost.
In ecology, roots of plants cannot penetrate beyond the active layer, which places restrictions on which plants can grow in permafrost.
In construction, the thaw depth is a major factor in ensuring the structural integrity of the objects in question.
The primary factor that determines the thaw depth is the maximal air temperature. The soil type is another important factor: coarser textures of the parent material have higher thermal conductivity, and, e.g., sandy soils have much deeper thaw line than clays. Other factors are the vegetation and the percentage of the soil organic matter, which influence the bulk density of the soil, and hence thermal conductivity.
# Mark G. Swenson

Mark G. Swenson (born November 29, 1949) is an American architect and founding principal of Elness Swenson Graham Architects Inc. (ESG Architecture & Design) based in Minneapolis, Minnesota.

## Biography

Swenson was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota on November 29, 1949. He attended Minnehaha Academy, where he graduated in 1967. He won an Evans Scholarship from Western Golf Association, which paid his way through college.
Swenson attended the University of Minnesota where he earned both a Bachelor of Environmental Design degree and a Masters of Architecture degree. Upon graduation he taught at the School of Architecture at the University of Minnesota for nine years while maintaining a full-time architectural position at a local firm, Ellerbe Architects.
He later moved to BRW Architects (ESG, Elness Swenson Graham Architects Inc., since 1997), where he served as its president from 1990 to 2016). In 1984, Swenson and David Graham completed their first project, a 270-room Radisson convention center hotel in Lansing, Michigan.
ESG became one of the largest architectural studios in Minnesota and specializes in hotel design. By 2017, it has designed more than 70 hotels. The firm re-designed several buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Minneapolis: the W Hotel / Foshay Tower (2008), Westin Hotel / Farmers and Mechanics Savings Bank (2007), Midtown Exchange (2006) and Milwaukee Road Depot. These projects earned him Career Achievement Award from the Preservation Alliance of Minnesota.
Swenson held several positions at the American Institute of Architects, serving as a member of the AIA Minnesota Board of Directors from 2001 to 2007 and AIA North Central States Regional Director from 2011 to 2013. In 2008, Swenson was elected a Fellow of the American Institute of Architects (FAIA.) Only 3% of AIA members have received this distinction.

## Awards and recognition

| Year | Recognition | Recognition type | Awarding body |
| 2008 | Fellow of the American Institute of Architects, College of Fellows | Fellowship | American Institute of Architects |
| 2009 | Career Achievement Award | Award | Preservation Alliance of Minnesota |
| 2018 | Albert Nelson Marquis Lifetime Achievement Award | Award | Marquis Who's Who |
# Moorslede

Moorslede (Dutch pronunciation:) is a municipality located in the Belgian province of West Flanders. The municipality comprises the towns of Dadizele, Slypskapelle and Moorslede proper. On 1 January 2006, Moorslede had a total population of 10,618. The total area is 35.34 km$^2$ which gives a population density of 300 inhabitants per km$^2$.

## History

Moorslede was host of the 1950 UCI Road World Championships, won by Briek Schotte.

## Notable inhabitants

* Constant Lievens (1856-1893), the apostle of the Chota Nagpur, was born in Moorslede.
* Emiel Jacques nl:Emiel Jacques (Moorslede 1874 - Michigan, 1937) was a Flemish painter, illustrator and professor, best known for his flax paintings.
* Camille Cools (1874, Moorslede - 1916, Detroit, USA) was the founder, editor and publisher of the Gazette van Detroit.
# Paraíso perdido

Paraíso perdido (English Lost Paradise) is a 2016 Mexican thriller film directed by Humberto Hinojosa Ozcariz and starring Ana Claudia Talancón, Iván Sánchez, Andrés Almeida and Raúl Briones.

## Plot

Sofia, Mateo and Pedro are close friends that decide on a getaway to the exotic and beautiful islands of the Mexican Caribbean. They are unaware that the holiday may be their last.

## Cast

* Ana Claudia Talancón as Sofia
* Iván Sánchez as Mateo
* Andrés Almeida as Pedro
* Raúl Briones as El niño

## Crew

The movie was filmed in the island of Cozumel in Quintana Roo, Mexico
# Microfilmer

A microfilmer is a machine used by the document management industry to create microfilm. These machines are also often called "imagers" in the industry. A microfilmer is a camera that is used to photograph documents to create a more compact and permanent record of the original in the form of roll-film or microfiche. Once the information contained on a paper document has been recorded onto microfilm, the information can be viewed later on a microfilm reader or viewer, or reproduced in paper form on a microfilm reader-printer.
Banking and insurance companies often convert their paper records using microfilmers. Libraries often keep newspapers and magazines which have been converted to roll-film or microfiche form using microfilmers. Microfilmers are often used to preserve government records. Many companies have switched from microfilm to digital imaging systems, which offer more convenient computer retrieval of records.
Microfilmers come in two basic configurations: planetary and rotary. A planetary microfilmer takes a snapshot of a stationary document held on a flat surface. While the picture is being taken, the film and the document do not move. In a rotary microfilmer, both the document and the film are moving in sync with one another while the picture is being taken. This allows for quicker filming of the document. Planetary microfilmers typically offer higher image resolution than rotary filmers, and can more readily film larger documents, as well as odd-shaped documents, such as books.
In the 1951 film When Worlds Collide, a roomful of planetary filmers and their operators are shown as they race against time to preserve crucial books for survivors of a doomed Earth.
# Sigurd Eldegard

Sigurd Eldegard (10 July 1866 – 30 January 1950) was a Norwegian actor, playwright and theatre director.
He was born in Årdal to farmers Sjur Ingebrigtsen Eldegard and Johanne Jørgensdatter Vetti. He made his stage debut at Christiania Theater in 1891, where he continued acting for six years. He then played two years at Fahlstrøms teater and then at Sekondteatret. From 1901 to 1931 he was engaged at the Nationaltheatret, except for two years with Det Norske Teatret. He served as theatre director at Det Norske Teatret from 1918 to 1920. As playwright he is best known for the play Fossegrimen from 1903, which was first staged at Nationaltheatret in 1905, with music by Johan Halvorsen.
# Paulina Mladinic

Paulina Mladinic Zorzano (born c. 1980) is a Chilean model and beauty pageant titleholder who was the Chilean delegate for Miss World in 1997. Paulina is of Croatian and Basque descent.
# Setter Hill

Setter Hill may refer to the following hills:
* Setter Hill, Tingwall, on Mainland, Shetland
* Setter Hill, Whalsay, on Whalsay, Shetland
# Sambandha

The word "sambandha" is a Sanskrit term meaning "relationship". It is a key concept in Sanskrit grammar, and in Gaudiya Vaishnava theology. In the context of this tradition of Hinduism, sambandha-jnana means knowledge of the relationship between Almighty God Krishna, Shakti, jivas, and the world. Accordingly, sambandha-jnana includes knowledge of the three tattvas or truths: Krishna-tattva, Shakti-tattva and jiva-tattva.

## Theology

Sambandha in Gaudiya Vaishnavism is the relationship between Krishna, a jiva, and the material world. All jivas are eternally and inextricably linked with Krishna, who is the true object of all relations. The basic relationship between Krishna and a jiva is the attitude of a servant. By sadhana, which includes a repetition of Names of Lord Krishna (kirtan and japa), people can be freed from Maya and awakens in their heart their attachment as a servant of Krishna.
Vedic literature refers to the eternal relationship of a jiva with Krishna. Understanding of the relationship, and any subsequent action on the basis of this understanding, is called "abhidheya". Reaching Prema, or pure love of Krishna, and returning to the spiritual world in the company of Krishna and his associates, is the ultimate goal of life, which is called "prayojana".
In the Gaudiya Vaishnava tradition Sanatana Goswami is considered to be the Acharya of sambandha-jnana. The deity of Madan Mohan, installed by Sanatana in Vrindavan, is associated with sambandha. It is believed that he helps to overcome the influence of material desires and to focus on devotional service to Krishna.
# Reflections of Rosemary

Reflections of Rosemary is a 2005 album by Debby Boone. It is Boone's first full-length disc recorded for Concord Records. It was released sixteen years after her previous studio album, Home for Christmas (1989).
The album's name, Reflections of Rosemary, refers to American singer and actress Rosemary Clooney, who was Boone's mother-in-law. It is a tribute album for Clooney who died in 2002, intended to be a musical portrait of her, or as Debby Boone put it: "I wanted to select songs that would give an insight into Rosemary from a family perspective".
The album was produced by Allen Sviridoff, who had been Clooney's producer and manager for many years.
Boone said she had chosen songs for the album that Clooney performed or "songs that maybe she recorded that people would never really associate with her".
Boone toured extensively for the album including several nights at New York's famed cabaret, Feinstein's, where Clooney often performed.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
Christopher Loudon of JazzTimes thought that "unlike pedestrian salutes that concentrate on the object of adulation's biggest hits, Boone's homage takes a more personal tack, focusing on tunes that speak to specific familial memories".
Another positive review of the album was that by Ronnie D. Lankford, Jr. from AllMusic, who said "Reflections of Rosemary is well sung and tasteful, and should quickly find its place on mainstream jazz's heavy rotation play lists".
# Leucocoprinus beelianus

Leucocoprinus beelianus is a species of mushroom producing fungus in the family Agaricaceae.

## Taxonomy

It was first described in 1932 by the Belgian mycologist Maurice Beeli and was illustrated in 1936. Beeli had classified the species as Lepiota citrinella apparently without realising that this name had already been used by the Argentinian mycologist Carlo Luigi Spegazzini in 1898. Thus Beeli's classification was illegitimate.
In 1977 the Belgian mycologist Paul Heinemann classified it as Leucocoprinus beelianus and recognised Beeli's Lepiota citrinella as a synonym. Heinemann specifically stated that it was not the same as Spegazzini's Lepiota citrinella, which was ultimately reclassified as Leucocoprinus citrinellus in 1987.

## Description

Leucocoprinus beelianus is a dapperling mushroom with thin white flesh.
Cap: 5-8cm wide, campanulate (bell shaped) and flattening as it expands. The umbo or centre disc is thicker than the rest of the cap and is reddish brown with woolly scales (tomentose). The rest of the cap surface is devoid of scales and pale yellow but white towards the edges where striations are present and run a third of the way up the cap, or less. Stem: 5-11cm long and 3.5-5mm thick with a slightly thicker base of up to 10mm. The exterior surface is light brown and has similar woolly scales to the cap whilst the interior is hollow. The membranous, immobile stem ring is located towards the top of the stem (superior) and is brownish with more pronounced brown edges. Gills: Free with a small collar, crowded and white. Spores: Amygdaliform. 8.4-12.3 x 5.2-7.2 μm. Taste: Bitter. When dry specimens discolour reddish brown colour.

## Habitat and distribution

L. beelianus is scarcely recorded and little known. Beeli's and Heinemann's studies were based on specimens from Zaire, Central Africa (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo) where they were found on the ground and on dead wood in the forest near the town of Binga where they were described as 'abundant'. Specimens of Beeli's Lepiota citrinella were also found in Gabon in Africa. GBIF only contains one recorded observation of L. beelianus.

## Etymology

The specific epithet beelianus is named for the Belgian mycologist Maurice Beeli who originally classified this species but provided an invalid name.
# Maripa

Maripa may refer to:
* Maripa, Venezuela
* Maripa (grasshopper), a genus of grasshoppers in the family Eumastacidae
* Maripa (plant), a genus of plants in the family Convolvulaceae
* The Maripa palm, (Attalea maripa)
or to:
* Maripá, Paraná, Brazil
* Maripá de Minas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
# Morishima Chūryō

Morishima Chūryō (森島 中良, 1756 – December 29, 1810) was an Edo period Japanese author of popular fiction who also wrote a number of works in the field of rangaku (Western studies). He wrote under many pen names, including Manzōtei, Shinra Manzō (or, conventionally, Shinra Banshō), and Tenjiku Rōjin ("old man from India"). The latter constituted an allusion to the pen name Tenjiku Rōnin ("masterless samurai from India"), used by Hiraga Gennai, to whom Chūryō was the principal literary successor. Chūryō co-authored several plays with Gennai early in his career, and went on to write in almost all of the many genres of popular fiction that were collectively known as gesaku. He also wrote kyōka, or comic waka poetry, under the pen name Taketsue no Sugaru. Chūryō was the younger brother of Katsuragawa Hoshū, a shogunal physician and leading scholar of rangaku.
# Paradise Street, Liverpool

Paradise Street is a street in Liverpool, Merseyside, in the Liverpool One shopping area. It lies south of Whitechapel and north of Duke Street.
The street contains many stores and restaurants including McDonald's, Tessuti, Urban Outfitters, Morphe, JD Sports, Footasylum, Starbucks, Hugo Boss and John Lewis.
# Microfilmmaking

Microfilmmaking is the production of ultra-low budget movies. These films generally are made by impassioned filmmakers operating outside the Hollywood mainstream. While a "low budget" Hollywood film can cost millions of dollars, 80% to 90% of all independent films are made on budgets of $30,000 or less.
Without the backing of a major movie studio, microfilmmakers have to be resourceful in raising even their modest budgets. They often hold regular jobs and fund their film projects out of their own pockets. Many begin the filmmaking process by approaching friends and family for donations of money or services.
Microfilmmakers are often the first to adopt new technologies and techniques, economic necessity leading to creative invention. The lack of money leads them to try new ways of doing things, or invent new techniques. Microfilmmakers were among the first to shoot movies on video.

## History

Beginning with the home video revolution in the 1980s, Hollywood and mainstream media companies have undergone a radical transformation. The sheer number of platforms for entertainment product has grown and changed, and continues to evolve driven by the Internet, DVDs, high-definition video technology, video on demand, digital video recorders, mobile devices, and more. The rapid evolution has wreaked havoc with the traditional Hollywood model and has opened the door for new talent.
As the technology for shooting video advanced, became less expensive, more accessible and simpler to operate, it seemingly reached a point where every family in the US had at least one video camera. This proliferation spurred Francis Ford Coppola's famous comment, “The great hope is that...some little fat girl in Ohio is going to be the new Mozart and make a beautiful film.”
The popularity of YouTube and user-generated video further fueled “do-it-yourself” video production, and the micro-budget film was born. Producers and directors began making full-length feature films on budgets as low as several thousand dollars, usually borrowed from friends and family.

## Financing

Stacey Parks, author of The Insider's Guide to Independent Film Distribution, talks about using a wide variety of tools to help micro-filmmakers finance their projects. There are four main ways: private equity, crowd funding, tax incentives, and sponsorship.

## Market Impact

The success of the micro-budget film Paranormal Activity in fall 2009 has given a stamp of legitimacy to micro-filmmaking. Given the contraction of advertising revenues in television, the severe decline in DVD sales of major motion pictures (which generally results in approximately 50% of a film's revenues), the reduced markets for Hollywood products internationally and the skyrocketing production costs of some mainstream films, translates into a reduction in movies made.
# Silver bream

Silver bream is the common name of several species of fish:
* Blicca bjoerkna (white bream), freshwater species of cyprinids from Europe and Western Asia
* Acanthopagrus australis (surf bream), marine and freshwater species of sea bream from eastern Australia
* Acanthopagrus berda (goldsilk seabream), marine species of sea bream from the Indian Ocean
* Acanthopagrus butcheri (southern black bream), marine and freshwater species of sea bream from southern Australia
* Rhabdosargus sarba (goldlined seabream), marine species of sea bream from the Indo-West Pacific
* Bidyanus bidyanus (silver perch), freshwater species of grunters endemic to the Murray–Darling river system in southeastern Australia
* Bidyanus welchi (Welch's grunter), freshwater species of grunters from Australia
* Pseudocaranx dentex (white trevally), marine species of jack widespread in tropical and warm temperate waters of the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans, as well as the Mediterranean Sea
* Nemadactylus macropterus (tarakihi), marine species of morwong found off southern Australia, the Atlantic coast of South America, and New Zealand
# Pavel Geffert

Pavel Geffert (born 7 May 1968) is a Czech ice hockey player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1994 Winter Olympics.

## Career statistics
### Regular season and playoffs

| | | | Regular season | Regular season | Regular season | Regular season | Regular season | Playoffs | Playoffs | Playoffs | Playoffs | Playoffs |
| Season | Team | League | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |
| 1983–84 | TJ Slavia IPS Praha | TCH U18 | 36 | 45 | 22 | 67 | | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1985–86 | TJ Slavia IPS Praha | TCH U20 | 32 | 21 | 15 | 36 | | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1986–87 | TJ Slavia IPS Praha | CZE.2 | | 8 | | | | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1987–88 | TJ Sparta ČKD Praha | TCH | 7 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 2 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1987–88 | TJ Slavia IPS Praha | CZE.2 | 41 | 21 | 13 | 34 | | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1988–89 | TJ Sparta ČKD Praha | TCH | 16 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 8 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1989–90 | TJ Sparta ČKD Praha | TCH | 51 | 10 | 10 | 20 | 16 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1990–91 | HC Sparta Praha | TCH | 47 | 9 | 9 | 18 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1991–92 | HC Sparta Praha | TCH | 38 | 13 | 8 | 21 | | 9 | 3 | 3 | 6 | |
| 1992–93 | HC Sparta Praha | TCH | 52 | 25 | 27 | 52 | | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1993–94 | HC Sparta Praha | ELH | 38 | 23 | 31 | 54 | 16 | 8 | 4 | 3 | 7 | 2 |
| 1994–95 | HC Sparta Praha | ELH | 43 | 18 | 13 | 31 | 4 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1996–97 | HC Sparta Praha | ELH | 24 | 1 | 6 | 7 | 24 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1996–97 | HC ZKZ Plzeň | ELH | 24 | 14 | 15 | 29 | 31 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1997–98 | HC Keramika Plzeň | ELH | 49 | 13 | 24 | 37 | 28 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 |
| 1998–99 | HC Keramika Plzeň | ELH | 47 | 12 | 17 | 29 | 24 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| 1999–2000 | HC Keramika Plzeň | ELH | 11 | 4 | 11 | 15 | 10 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1999–2000 | HC Slavia Praha | ELH | 40 | 6 | 12 | 18 | 34 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2000–01 | HC Vagnerplast Kladno | ELH | 42 | 8 | 11 | 19 | 12 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2000–01 | HC Femax Havířov | ELH | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2001–02 | HC Vagnerplast Kladno | ELH | 47 | 7 | 12 | 19 | 26 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2002–03 | HC Mladá Boleslav | CZE.2 | 12 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 4 | — | — | — | — | — |
| TCH totals | TCH totals | TCH totals | 211 | 61 | 57 | 118 | — | 9 | 3 | 3 | 6 | — |
| ELH totals | ELH totals | ELH totals | 370 | 106 | 152 | 258 | 225 | 18 | 6 | 4 | 10 | 4 |

### International

| Year | Team | Event | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |
| 1985 | Czechoslovakia | EJC | | | | | |
| 1986 | Czechoslovakia | EJC | | | | | |
| 1994 | Czech Republic | OG | 5 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 2 |
| 1995 | Czech Republic | WC | 8 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 |
| Senior totals | Senior totals | Senior totals | 13 | 4 | 3 | 7 | 4 |
"Pavel Geffert". Elite Prospects. Retrieved 27 April 2021.