# Rational zeta series

In mathematics, a rational zeta series is the representation of an arbitrary real number in terms of a series consisting of rational numbers and the Riemann zeta function or the Hurwitz zeta function. Specifically, given a real number x, the rational zeta series for x is given by
    $x=\sum _{n=2}^{\infty }q_{n}\zeta (n,m)$
where each q$_n$ is a rational number, the value m is held fixed, and ζ(s, m) is the Hurwitz zeta function. It is not hard to show that any real number x can be expanded in this way.

## Elementary series

For integer m>1, one has
    $x=\sum _{n=2}^{\infty }q_{n}\left[\zeta (n)-\sum _{k=1}^{m-1}k^{-n}\right]$
For m=2, a number of interesting numbers have a simple expression as rational zeta series:
    $1=\sum _{n=2}^{\infty }\left[\zeta (n)-1\right]$
and
    $1-\gamma =\sum _{n=2}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{n}}\left[\zeta (n)-1\right]$
where γ is the Euler–Mascheroni constant. The series
    $\log 2=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{n}}\left[\zeta (2n)-1\right]$
follows by summing the Gauss–Kuzmin distribution. There are also series for π:
    $\log \pi =\sum _{n=2}^{\infty }{\frac {2(3/2)^{n}-3}{n}}\left[\zeta (n)-1\right]$
and
    ${\frac {13}{30}}-{\frac {\pi }{8}}=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {1}{4^{2n}}}\left[\zeta (2n)-1\right]$
being notable because of its fast convergence. This last series follows from the general identity
    $\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }(-1)^{n}t^{2n}\left[\zeta (2n)-1\right]={\frac {t^{2}}{1+t^{2}}}+{\frac {1-\pi t}{2}}-{\frac {\pi t}{e^{2\pi t}-1}}$
which in turn follows from the generating function for the Bernoulli numbers
    ${\frac {t}{e^{t}-1}}=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }B_{n}{\frac {t^{n}}{n!}}$
Adamchik and Srivastava give a similar series
    $\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }{\frac {t^{2n}}{n}}\zeta (2n)=\log \left({\frac {\pi t}{\sin(\pi t)}}\right)$

## Polygamma-related series

A number of additional relationships can be derived from the Taylor series for the polygamma function at z = 1, which is
    $\psi ^{(m)}(z+1)=\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }(-1)^{m+k+1}(m+k)!\;\zeta (m+k+1)\;{\frac {z^{k}}{k!}}$.
The above converges for |z| < 1. A special case is
    $\sum _{n=2}^{\infty }t^{n}\left[\zeta (n)-1\right]=-t\left[\gamma +\psi (1-t)-{\frac {t}{1-t}}\right]$
which holds for |t| < 2. Here, ψ is the digamma function and ψ$^{(m)}$ is the polygamma function. Many series involving the binomial coefficient may be derived:
    $\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{k+\nu +1 \choose k}\left[\zeta (k+\nu +2)-1\right]=\zeta (\nu +2)$
where ν is a complex number. The above follows from the series expansion for the Hurwitz zeta
    $\zeta (s,x+y)=\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{s+k-1 \choose s-1}(-y)^{k}\zeta (s+k,x)$
taken at y = −1. Similar series may be obtained by simple algebra:
    $\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{k+\nu +1 \choose k+1}\left[\zeta (k+\nu +2)-1\right]=1$
and
    $\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }(-1)^{k}{k+\nu +1 \choose k+1}\left[\zeta (k+\nu +2)-1\right]=2^{-(\nu +1)}$
and
    $\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }(-1)^{k}{k+\nu +1 \choose k+2}\left[\zeta (k+\nu +2)-1\right]=\nu \left[\zeta (\nu +1)-1\right]-2^{-\nu }$
and
    $\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }(-1)^{k}{k+\nu +1 \choose k}\left[\zeta (k+\nu +2)-1\right]=\zeta (\nu +2)-1-2^{-(\nu +2)}$
For integer n ≥ 0, the series
    $S_{n}=\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{k+n \choose k}\left[\zeta (k+n+2)-1\right]$
can be written as the finite sum
    $S_{n}=(-1)^{n}\left[1+\sum _{k=1}^{n}\zeta (k+1)\right]$
The above follows from the simple recursion relation S$_n$ + S$_{n+1}$ = ζ(n + 2). Next, the series
    $T_{n}=\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{k+n-1 \choose k}\left[\zeta (k+n+2)-1\right]$
may be written as
    $T_{n}=(-1)^{n+1}\left[n+1-\zeta (2)+\sum _{k=1}^{n-1}(-1)^{k}(n-k)\zeta (k+1)\right]$
for integer n ≥ 1. The above follows from the identity T$_n$ + T$_{n+1}$ = S$_n$. This process may be applied recursively to obtain finite series for general expressions of the form
    $\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{k+n-m \choose k}\left[\zeta (k+n+2)-1\right]$
for positive integers m.

## Half-integer power series

Similar series may be obtained by exploring the Hurwitz zeta function at half-integer values. Thus, for example, one has
    $\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }{\frac {\zeta (k+n+2)-1}{2^{k}}}{{n+k+1} \choose {n+1}}=\left(2^{n+2}-1\right)\left(\zeta (n+2)-1\right)-1$

## Expressions in the form of p-series

Adamchik and Srivastava give
    $\sum _{n=2}^{\infty }n^{m}\left[\zeta (n)-1\right]=1\,+\sum _{k=1}^{m}k!\;S(m+1,k+1)\zeta (k+1)$
and
    $\sum _{n=2}^{\infty }(-1)^{n}n^{m}\left[\zeta (n)-1\right]=-1\,+\,{\frac {1-2^{m+1}}{m+1}}B_{m+1}\,-\sum _{k=1}^{m}(-1)^{k}k!\;S(m+1,k+1)\zeta (k+1)$
where $B_{k}$ are the Bernoulli numbers and $S(m,k)$ are the Stirling numbers of the second kind.

## Other series

Other constants that have notable rational zeta series are:
* Khinchin's constant
* Apéry's constant