# The Archaeology of Hindu Ritual

The Archaeology of Hindu Ritual: Temples and the Establishment of the Gods is an archaeological study focusing on the early development of Hinduism within the Gupta Empire between the 4th and 6th centuries CE. It was written by the British archaeologist Michael D. Willis who was the curator of the South Asian and Himalayan collection at the British Museum at the time of the book being published by Cambridge University Press in 2009.
Considered to be the first major archaeological study to deal with the origins of Hinduism, The Archaeology of Hindu Ritual takes an interdisciplinary approach to the subject, making use of epigraphy, iconology and ethnography. The first chapter, "The Archaeology and Politics of Time at Udayagiri", pays particular attention to the ritual site at the Udayagiri Caves in Madhya Pradesh. The second, "Establishment of the Gods", looks at the development of temples and puja in India.
Willis' book was positively reviewed in various peer reviewed academic journals, such as South Asian Studies and the Religious Studies Review, as well as in popular Indian newspaper The Hindu. Critics described it as a groundbreaking study and praised its use of a variety of different forms of evidence, but some argued that it neglected to properly discuss the relationship between Hindu rituals and the religious practices of Buddhist and Jainist communities in Gupta India.

## Background of the author

Willis was born in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, and raised in Kuwait and Saudi Arabia. He obtained a B.A. degree at the University of Victoria where he studied with Siri Gunasinghe and Alan Gowans. He then travelled to the University of Chicago and he studied with J. A. B. van Buitenen and Pramod Chandra. He received his doctoral degree in 1988 after periods in India and Cyprus. He taught at SUNY New Paltz before joining the British Museum in 1994.
Willis is a Fellow of the Royal Asiatic Society and an Honorary Research Fellow at Cardiff University. At the time of the book's publication, Willis was the curator of the early South Asian and Himalayan collections at the British Museum in central London.
Willis had previously published academic papers on the subject of early Hindu ritual and the Udayagiri Caves, including a paper entitled "The Archaeology and Politics of Time" in an anthology entitled The Vākāṭaka Heritage: Indian Culture at the Crossroads (2004), edited by Hans T. Bakker.

## Synopsis

   "I was obliged to draw on a number of fields: epigraphy, iconology, historical astronomy, ethnography, landscape archaeology. I combined these with text-based Indology and religious studies. This approach – eclectic but not, I hope, eccentric – led me to breach disciplinary protocols and to create what I have termed the "archaeology of ritual." Whatever theoretical bells these words might ring, this is not a project in the tradition of Michel Foucault or Ian Hodder. Rather, it represents my own effort to inject a measure of dynamism into the static, desk-bound forms of analysis that have so far governed the study of Indian inscriptions, sculpture, built environment, and landscape."
Michael Willis, 2009.
The book begins with a discussion of the early Hindu ritual site at the Udayagiri Caves, a place that had ancient origins but which was reworked under the administration of the Gupta Emperor Candragupta II. The relationship that Candragupta II had with the Hindu god Viṣṇu is highlighted before moving on to a discussion of his methodology. The author mentions an interdisciplinary approach was used that combines archaeological and historical evidence and critiques earlier text-based historical approaches to studying the development of early Hinduism. The discussion then returns to Udayagiri. Willis closes the introduction by reiterating his belief that in Indian history, it was religion that drove economic and political relationships rather than the other way round.
Chapter one, "The Archaeology and Politics of Time at Udayagiri", goes into depth regarding the archaeological site at the Udayagiri Caves and highlights the fact that it served as a centre for "imperial ritual" during the Gupta period. The author begins by describing the central ridge and passage at the site, before offering a synopsis of astronomical phenomenon and how it pertained to the Udayagiri site. Next discussed are various sculptures at the site, such as that of Narasiṃha and of Varāha, two avatars of Viṣṇu.
The second chapter, entitled "The Establishment of the Gods",
Chapter three, "Ritual Action and Ritual Actors",

## Reception
### Academic reviews

   "The success of his book – inspiring, important, challenging, and at times maddening – lies in its undoubted ability to stimulate discussion, to make us revisit received ideas and to review the primary sources for ourselves. And for this we are indeed indebted to Michael Willis."
Leslie C. Orr, 2010.
The Archaeology of Hindu Ritual was positively reviewed by Leslie C. Orr of Concordia University, Montreal in the journal South Asian Studies. Describing it as "extraordinarily ambitious and exciting", she did however take issue with some of Willis' statements, believing them to be erroneous. In particular, she argues that Willis has painted an incorrect picture with regards to the relationship between Hinduism and the heterodox Jain and Buddhist faiths, neglecting to refer to the many similarities between them. She also takes issue with Willis' trend to pick fights with "straw men", opining that these criticisms of his "seem out of place in a book of such grand scope and reach."
John E. Cort of Denison University, Ohio reviewed the book for the Religious Studies Review. Describing the "densely argued" book, Cort noted that in ignoring Jain and Buddhist iconography and temples, Willis had failed to encompass the same scope which he professes. Ultimately, Cort considered it to be an "essential" study for all of those interested in "medieval Indic temple religion."
In a review published in the Durham Anthropological Review, Vittorio Magnano of Durham University, North East England stated that Willis had provided a "meticulous analysis" of the available evidence in producing his study, ultimately describing it as "inspiring reading". Believing that Willis had followed a "line of reasoning with determination", he noted that his study still left room for the reader to come to their own decisions on certain issues. Concluding his review, Magnano recommended it to anyone with either an interest in Hindu ritual or interdisciplinary research.

### Press reviews

The book was reviewed in The Hindu in an article entitled "Epigraphical study on Hindu rites" by a journalist T. Satyamurthy. Satyamurthy remarked that Willis' scholarship "stands out brilliantly" throughout the text, arguing that on the whole the book represents a "very erudite work". Believing works of this quality were rare, Satyamurthy praised the use of references and footnotes and the "new treatment" of the textual and epigraphic records.