OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# List of Islamic scholars described as father or founder of a field

The following is a list of internationally recognized Muslim scholars of medieval Islamic civilization who have been described as the father or the founder of a field by some modern scholars:
* Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi: Father of Modern Surgery and the Father of Operative Surgery.
* Ibn al-Nafis: Father of Circulatory Physiology and Anatomy.
* Abbas ibn Firnas: Father of Medieval Aviation.
* Alhazen: Father of Modern Optics.
* Jabir ibn Hayyan: Father of Chemistry
* Ibn Khaldun: Father of Sociology, Historiography and Modern Economics. He is best known for his Muqaddimah.
* Ibn Sina(Avicenna): Widely regarded as the Father of Early Modern Medicine as well as the Father of Clinical Pharmacology. His most famous work is the Canon of Medicine.
* 'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi: Also known as Haly Abbas is called Father of Anatomic Physiology. In addition, the section on dermatology in his Kamil as-Sina'ah at-Tibbiyah (Royal book-Liber Regius) has one scholar to regard him as the Father of Arabic Dermatology.
* Al-Biruni: Father of Indology, Father of Comparative Religion and Father of Geodesy for his remarkable description of early 11th-century India under Muslim rule. Georg Morgenstierne regarded him as the " founder of comparative studies in human culture." Al-Biruni is also known as the Father of Islamic Pharmacy.
* Al-Khwarizmi: Most renowned as the Father of Algebra Al-Khwarizmi had such huge influence on the field of mathematics that it is attributed to him the eponymous word 'algorithm' as well as 'algebra'.
* Ibn Hazm: Father of Comparative Religion and "honoured in the West as that of the founder of the science of comparative religion." Alfred Guillaume refers to him the composer of "the first systematic higher critical study of the Old and New Testaments." However, William Montgomery Watt disputes the claim, stating that Ibn Hazm's work was preceded by earlier works in Arabic and that "the aim was polemical and not descriptive."
* Al-Farabi: Regarded as founder of Islamic Neoplatonism and by some as the Father of Logic in the Islamic World.
* Ibn Rushd (Averroes) (1126-1198): Known in west as The Commentator has been described by some as the Father of Rationalism and the Father of Free Thought in Western Europe. Ernest Renan called Averroes the absolute rationalist, and regarded him as the father of freethought and dissent.
* Rhazes: His Diseases in Children has led many to consider him the Father of Pediatrics. He has also been praised as the "real founder of clinical medicine in Islam."
* Muhammad al-Shaybani: Father of Muslim International Law.
* Ismail al-Jazari: Father of Automaton and Robotics.
* Suhrawardi: Founder of the Illuminationist school of Islamic philosophy.
* Al-Tusi: Father of Trigonometry as a mathematical discipline in its own right.
* Seyyed Hossein Nasr: Father of Islamic ecotheology.
* Ahmed Zewail: Father of Femtochemistry.
# Tynæs

Tynæs is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Egil Tynæs (1941–2004), Norwegian anthroposophical doctor
* Martha Tynæs (1870–1930), Norwegian feminist
# Mary Otto

Mary Otto is an American medical journalist who is the topic leader on oral health for the Association of Health Care Journalists. She is also the author of the book Teeth: The Story of Beauty, Inequality, and the Struggle for Oral Health in America, published in 2017 by the New Press. She previously worked at the Washington Post for eight years, where she reported on health care and poverty. She first began reporting on oral health in 2007 while working at the Post. She was a Knight Science Journalism Fellow from 2009 to 2010, and she received the Gies Award from the American Dental Education Association in 2010. In 2019, she received the Art of Healing Award from the Cambridge Health Alliance.
# Pelagibacteraceae

The Pelagibacteraceae are a family in the Alphaproteobacteria composed of free-living marine bacteria.
Alphaproteobacteria is a type of proteobacteria, and it can be divided into several different orders, including Rhodobacterales, Rhodospirillales, and Caulobacterales. Although there are numerous orders of Alphaproteobacteria, there are over 100 families of bacteria within the class. Among these, the most abundant is the Pelagibacteraceae. According to FEMS Microbiology Ecology, "The Alphaproteobacteria family Pelagibacteraceae, or the SAR11 clade, is one of the most abundant bacterial clades in the world's oceans” (Ortmann & Santos, 2016). OpenStax Biology 2e defines clades as “groups of organisms that descended from a single ancestor” (Clark, Douglas, & Choi 2018).
The class of Proteobacteria was identified around 1980, with the discovery of Pelagibacteraceae following later. FEMS Microbiology Ecology notes that “SAR11 was first observed in the Sargasso Sea, and subsequent findings show that the clade is widespread in both marine and freshwater environments” (Ortmann & Santos, 2016). The prevalence of this bacterium across diverse habitats underscores its resilience. Despite its abundance, the factors that enable its thriving remain under investigation. Ocean-dwelling organisms often rely on specific nutrient levels, such as phosphate and nitrate, for survival. “One reason for the success of Pelagibacteraceae might be its ability to thrive under nutrient-limited conditions, like those in the open ocean, possibly due to adaptive genome streamlining” (Ortmann & Santos, 2016).
# Vohiboreka

Vohiboreka is a town and commune in Madagascar. It belongs to the district of Vondrozo, which is a part of Atsimo-Atsinanana Region. The population of the commune was estimated to be approximately 4,000 in 2001 commune census.
Only primary schooling is available. The majority 99.5% of the population of the commune are farmers. The most important crops are coffee and cassava, while other important agricultural products are sugarcane and rice. Services provide employment for 0.5% of the population.

## References and notes

* ↑ Estimated based on DEM data from Shuttle Radar Topography Mission
* 1 2 3 "ILO census data". Cornell University. 2002. Retrieved 2008-05-10.
22°19′S 47°17′E﻿ / ﻿22.317°S 47.283°E﻿ / -22.317; 47.283
* This Atsimo-Atsinanana location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Torchitorio of Gallura

Torchitorio de Zori (also spelled Torcotor(e)(io) or (T)(D)orgodorio, and also de Thori; died before 1113) is the earliest Judge of Gallura known with certainty and attested by contemporary sources. He lived in the late 11th century at a time when Sardinia was entering the wider Western European scene for the first time in centuries. Like his contemporary judges, he patronised Western monasticism.

## Works

His most enduring work was the building of a new church in Civita (modern Olbia), where he made his capital, in honour of Saint Simplicius, a sixth-century bishop and martyr of the city. Torchitorio also invited monks from Saint-Victor at Marseilles to come to Gallura in 1089, in imitation of his contemporary Torchitorio I of Cagliari. He granted the new monks four churches and they in turn opened up new lines of intellectual and economic interchange with Provence.
Sometime after 1092, however, Torchitorio fell out with the church. Dagobert, Archbishop of Pisa and papal legate to the island, convoked a provincial synod at Porto Torres and declared Torthictorio excommunicate. The purpose of the anathema may have been less the result of the judge's vices, but more of his political support for the Emperor Henry IV and the Antipope Guibert. Evidence for this is suggested by the anathema pronounced on the entire province. Torchitorio's retainers reportedly denied him the kiss of peace and the brotherly salute.
He was dead by 1113, when his widow, Paulesa (Padulesa) de Gunale, made a donation to S. Maria di Pisa. The evidence after his death is that Ittocorre de Gunale usurped the throne from his son Saltaro. The Gunale and Thori families were ancient enemies only kept at peace during the marriage of Torchitorio and Padulesa. He probably also left a daughter who married Constantine Spanu.
# Structural change

In economics, structural change is a shift or change in the basic ways a market or economy functions or operates.
Such change can be caused by such factors as economic development, global shifts in capital and labor, changes in resource availability due to war or natural disaster or discovery or depletion of natural resources, or a change in political system. For example, a subsistence economy may be transformed into a manufacturing economy, or a regulated mixed economy may be liberalized. A current driver of structural change in the world economy is globalization. Structural change is possible because of the dynamic nature of the economic system.
Patterns and changes in sectoral employment drive demand shifts through the income elasticity. Shifting demand for both locally sourced goods and for imported products is a fundamental part of development. The structural changes that move countries through the development process are often viewed in terms of shifts from primary, to secondary and finally, to tertiary production. Technical progress is seen as crucial in the process of structural change as it involves the obsolescence of skills, vocations, and permanent changes in spending and production resulting in structural unemployment.

## Examples

Historically, structural change has not always been strictly for the better. The division of Korea and the separate paths of development taken by each state exemplifies this. Korea under Japanese rule was relatively uniform in economic structure, but after World War II, the two countries underwent drastically different structural changes due to drastically different political structures.
South Korea's economy before the 1950s mostly consisted of agriculture. During the 1960s and 1970s, Korea began to change their structure to IT, micro systems technology, and also services. More than 50% of the world uses a Samsung smartphone, whose headquarters are located there. Today, South Korea's economy is the 15th strongest economy system.
In the Ruhr Area (Ruhrgebiet) in Germany, the economy was mostly marked by coal and steel industry. During and after the coal crisis began in the 1960s and 1970s, this area started to change its economic structures to services, IT and logistics. The city Dortmund opened the first technology center named "Technologiepark Dortmund" in the 1980s. Companies including Signal Iduna and Wilo are based there.
Structural change can be initiated by policy decisions or permanent changes in resources, population or the society. The downfall of communism, for example, is a political change that has had far-reaching economic implications.

## Structural changes in employment

Economic structural changes impact also on employment. A developing economy typically reveals a high share of employment in the primary sector, while the share of employment in the tertiary sector is high in an advanced/developed economy.

## Testing econometric models for structural change

Structural change tests are a type of econometric hypothesis test. They are used to verify the equality of coefficients across separate subsamples of a data set.
# Tjejer & snubbar

Tjejer & snubbar, also known as Tjejer & snubbar, kärringar & gubbar, was released in March 1999 and is a studio album from Swedish dansband Lotta Engbergs. The album peaked at #50 at the Swedish album chart.
The song Tjejer & snubbar, kärringar & gubbar, which is on this album and was written by Bo Fransson, entered the Swedish hitlist Svensktoppen on 8 May 1999, with the third place in the first round as best result. On 26 June 1999 the song was "knocked out" from Svensktoppen after seven rounds. The song Tjejer & snubbar, kärringar & gubbar uses a "humorist" and "happy" way to talk about getting older. A children's choir was used in the refrains of that song. The album reached the 50th place at the Swedish album chart.

## Track listing

| # | Title | Songwriter | Length |
| 1. | "Tjejer & snubbar, kärringar & gubbar" | Ulf Georgsson, Bo Fransson | ? |
| 2. | "Stanna en stund" | Torbjörn Karlström | ? |
| 3. | "Inget mera regn" | Tommy Kaså | ? |
| 4. | "Vi grälar och vi älskar" ("I Hate You then I Love You") | Tony Renis, Manuel De Falla, Alberto Testa, Fabio Testa, Norman Newell, Peter Åhs | ? |
| 5. | "Börja dagen med en sång" | Gert Lengstrand, Lasse Holm | ? |
| 6. | "Ingen jag älskar som dig" | Thomas G:son | ? |
| 7. | "Undrar du som jag" | Jaana Vähämäki, Henrik Sethsson | ? |
| 8. | "Allt och lite till" | Jörgen Persson, Jörgen Andersson | ? |
| 9. | "Som gjorda för varann" | Jörgen Persson, Jörgen Andersson | ? |
| 10. | "Vad dom än säger (No Matter What)" | Andrew Lloyd Webber, Jim Steinman, Lars Sahlin | ? |
| 11. | "Allt man kan önska sig" | Mårten Eriksson | ? |
| 12. | "Du är min stjärna" | Pär Renevall, Anders Löfgren, Lars Sandberg | ? |
| 13. | "Caroline" | Per-Anders Forsén | ? |
| 14. | "Så Solen tittar fram igen" | Pernilla Emme | ? |

## Charts

| Chart (1999) | Peak position |
| Sweden (Sverigetopplistan) | 50 |
# Nita Patel

Nita K. Patel (born 1965) is an Indian-American vaccinologist who leads vaccine development at Novavax. She oversaw the development of the Novavax COVID-19 vaccine.

## Early life and education

Patel was born in Sojitra, a farming village in Gujarat. When she was four years old her father contracted tuberculosis, and came close to death. This experience motivated Patel to become a physician and attempt to find a cure for tuberculosis. She went on to earn a master's degree in microbiology at Sardar Patel University and a master's degree in biotechnology at Johns Hopkins University.

## Research and career

After graduating from Johns Hopkins, Patel moved to Gaithersburg, Maryland where she worked for MedImmune, a company that looked to create vaccinations for tuberculosis, respiratory syncytial virus and Lyme disease. She was the sixteenth member of the MedImmune team. Later the company eventually acquired by AstraZeneca.
In 2015, Patel left AstraZeneca to join Novavax, a biotechnology start-up in Maryland. Her research considers antibody discovery and vaccine development. She oversaw the development of the Novavax COVID-19 vaccine, and led an all-woman team. After Patel received the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in February 2020, she designed and characterized over twenty variants of the protein. This involved identifying the locations where antibodies bind to the protein, and developing tests to check whether the spike is consistent between manufacturing plant. The vaccines developed by Patel and Novavax make use of recombinant DNA. In an interview with Science Magazine, Patel said that she had worked eighteen hour days to develop the vaccine, but didn't get tired. They were awarded a $1.6 billion contract to run clinical trials. In 2021, the vaccine was shown to be 89% effective in large trials in the United Kingdom.

## Selected publications

* Cheryl Keech; Gary Albert; Iksung Cho; et al. (2 September 2020). "Phase 1-2 Trial of a SARS-CoV-2 Recombinant Spike Protein Nanoparticle Vaccine". The New England Journal of Medicine. doi:10.1056/NEJMOA2026920. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 32877576. Wikidata Q98902656.
* Bryce D Smith; Rebecca L Morgan; Geoff A Beckett; et al. (1 August 2012). "Recommendations for the identification of chronic hepatitis C virus infection among persons born during 1945-1965". Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report: Recommendations and Reports. 61 (RR-4): 1–32. ISSN 1057-5987. PMID 22895429. Wikidata Q34294185.
* William F Dall'Acqua; Robert M Woods; E. Sally Ward; et al. (1 November 2002). "Increasing the affinity of a human IgG1 for the neonatal Fc receptor: biological consequences". Journal of Immunology. 169 (9): 5171–5180. doi:10.4049/JIMMUNOL.169.9.5171. ISSN 0022-1767. PMID 12391234. Wikidata Q33184928.

## Personal life

Patel is married to an American biochemist.
# Tynyshpayev Regional Museum of Local History

The Tynyshpayev Regional Museum of Local History is situated in the Republic of Kazakhstan, Jetisu Region, Taldykorgan. The museum opened on 1 March 1974. The museum is named after Mukhamedzhan Tynyshpayev, a prominent Kazakh public figure, Prime Minister of the Turkestan autonomy and a Deputy.

## Description

The total area of the Museum is 1457 square meters, the exposition occupies 1091 square meters. Among the exhibits are archaeological finds of the Jetisu region, musical instruments, and utensils, manuscripts etc. The Museum's collection contains 24,636 items of Museum significance, of which 10,919 items belong to the main Fund and 13,717 items to the auxiliary. The purpose of the Museum is to research, collect, store, and enlighten with archaeological items.
The Museum consists of five halls and six exhibitions:
* The Nature Of Zhetysu region
* The Ancient and medieval history of the region
* The Life and culture of the Kazakh people
* The Zhetysu in the Soviet period
* The Independent Kazakhstan
The expositions display local flora and fauna; landscape zones; dioramas of lakes ; items from the stone, bronze, iron and medieval eras; diorama display "Zhailau"; life and activities of M. Tynyshpayev; December events of 1986, which became the first step towards the establishment of independent Kazakhstan; maps of reserves and hunting farms.

## Source and links

* Алматинский областной историко-краеведческий музей им. М.Тынышпаева - Экспозиции музея
* Управление культуры, архивов и документации Алматинской области - Областной историко-краеведческий музей им.М.Тынышпаева
* Музей Танышпаева
45°0′58.8″N 78°23′4.2″E﻿ / ﻿45.016333°N 78.384500°E﻿ / 45.016333; 78.384500
# Martin Saar

Martin Saar (born 30 April 1980) is an Estonian artist who currently lives and works between New York City and Tallinn, Estonia.

## Life and work

Saar was born in Tallinn, Estonia.
He gained his MA in drawing at the New York Academy of Art in 2014 after studying at Kevade Street Art School and in 2002 graduating from Estonian Academy of Arts.
Saar's work encompasses mosaics, paintings and watercolors as well as digital collages and videos. His work is informed by his love for music, which is translated into radical colors and expressive gestures. Saar's tile series is an example of his evocative use of brushstroke condensed onto a small scale while his large-scale monochromatic paintings reflect on memories of his family life before Estonia's independence in 1991.
Saar gained recognition as an artist for his mosaic paintings of New York celebrities, which were featured in The New York Times.

## General references

* Fashionweekdaily, April 10, 2007
* Postimees, Arter, May 6, 2006
* Sirp, May 5, 2006
* * WWD, April 10, 2006
* New York Times, Sunday Style section, March 12, 2006
* Absolute New York Magazine summer 2005 issue
* A&F Magazine summer 2005 issue
* Stiil Magazine, April 2005 issue
* Dan's Papers, December 3, 2004
* The East Hampton Star, December 2, 2004
* Eesti Ekspress, October 28, 2004
# Voices in Public

Voices in Public (VIP for short) was a Canadian a capella boy band from Barrie, Ontario, consisting of Marty Beecroft, Glenn Coulson, Joe Heslip, and Peter Luciano.

## History

Voices in Public was formed in the late 1990s by Beecroft, Coulson and Heslip, three friends who attended high school in Barrie. They practised, wrote and arranged songs, and performed occasionally while completing their undergraduate degrees, and added Luciano to form a quartet.
V.I.P. were featured heavily in Disney's The Music Man (2002), alongside Matthew Broderick.
The four recorded their first album Do You Think You're Ready?, which led to a hit single, "It's Just My Luck". and two cross-Canada tours.
The band won the Best New Group Award at the 1999 Canadian Radio Music Awards, and a Genie Award for Best Original Song in 2000 for "One Thing to Say", their contribution to the film Jacob Two Two Meets the Hooded Fang. The band released several music videos in the late 1990s, and sang "O Canada" for various major league sporting events.
V.I.P. released a Christmas album entitled Let it Snow in 2004.

## After break-up

After Voices in Public disbanded, Coulson, Beecroft and Heslip went on to release a country album entitled After Tuesday in 2006. Heslip and Beecroft composed the original score for Universal Vivendi feature film Dark Rising in 2007. Heslip worked as a music teacher, counsellor, District Principal in British Columbia. Luciano became a lawyer in Toronto. Coulson co-hosted Rogers Local TV's "Daytime" in Barrie until 2012. Beecroft and Coulson continue to work on music / film projects. Beecroft worked at Microsoft for a number of years. Coulson is a Financial Advisor and man about town. Luciano is a member of 4Skor, a Toronto based vocal group.
# Tottempudi

Tottempudi is an Indian surname. Notable people with this surname include:
* Tottempudi Gopichand, known as Gopichand (born 1979), Telugu film actor
* Tottempudi Krishna, known as T. Krishna (1927–1987), Telugu editor and director
* Venu Thottempudi (born 1976), an Indian actor in Telugu films
# Toei 12-600 series

The Toei 12-600 series (都営12-600形, Toei 12-600-gata) is an electric multiple unit (EMU) train type operated by the Tokyo subway operator Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation (Toei) on the Toei Oedo Line in Tokyo, Japan. The first 12-600 series first entered service in 2012. A total of 22 eight-car sets were built from 2011 by Kawasaki and Nippon Sharyo.

## Overview

The 12-600 series sets were delivered from fiscal 2011. Broadly based on the earlier 12-000 series design (sets 16 to 53), these sets included a number of design improvements. The latest batch of sets entered service on 15 February 2019 and use a different headlamp setup, with a dual headlamp-taillamp fixture; as opposed to shield-beam headlamps as used on the first eight sets, these use LED fixtures.
As of 2018, ten sets are in service and are all based at Kiba Depot.

### Formation

The 12-600 sets are formed as shown below, with all cars motored.
| Car No. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
| Designation | M2c | M1 | M2 | M1 | M1 | M2 | M1 | M2c |
| Numbering | 12-6x1 | 12-6x2 | 12-6x3 | 12-6x4 | 12-6x5 | 12-6x6 | 12-6x7 | 12-6x8 |
| Weight (t) | 25.5 | 25.9 | 25.8 | 25.9 | 25.9 | 25.8 | 25.9 | 25.7 |
| Capacity (total/seated) | 90/36 | 100/44 | 100/44 | 100/40 | 100/40 | 100/44 | 100/44 | 90/36 |
* Each M1 car is fitted with a single-arm pantograph.
* Car 5 is designated as a mildly-air-conditioned car.

### Interior

* Interior of a 12-600 series set
* A wheelchair space at the end of a car
* Priority seating

### Build history

The 12-600 series fleet details are as shown below.
| Set No. | Manufacturer | Date delivered |
| 12-611 | Kawasaki | 20 November 2011 |
| 12-621 | Kawasaki | 9 April 2012 |
| 12-631 | Nippon Sharyo | February 2015 |
| 12-641 | Nippon Sharyo | March 2015 |
| 12-651 | Nippon Sharyo | November 2015 |
| 12-661 | Nippon Sharyo | November 2015 |
| 12-671 | Nippon Sharyo | May 2016 |
| 12-681 | Nippon Sharyo | June 2016 |
| 12-691 | Kawasaki | 18 May 2018 |
| 12-701 | Kawasaki | |
| 12-711 | Kawasaki | |
| 12-721 | Kawasaki | |
| 12-731 | Kawasaki | |
| 12-741 | Kawasaki | |
| 12-751 | Kawasaki | |
| 12-761 | Kawasaki | |
| 12-771 | Kawasaki | |
| 12-781 | Kawasaki | |
| 12-791 | Kawasaki | |
| 12-801 | Kawasaki | 22 September 2021 |
| 12-811 | Kawasaki | 20 January 2022 |
| 12-821 | Kawasaki | 29 July 2022 |

## History

The first 12-600 series set (cars 12-611 to 12-618) was delivered from the Kawasaki factory in Hyōgo Prefecture in August 2011. It entered service on 23 February 2012. On 30 March 2015, Toei Subway announced it had ordered a second batch of 12-600 series trains. On these trains, the magenta stripe is located at the height of the windows so it can be seen above the platform edge doors installed at every station. LCD information displays are provided above the doors. The trains entered service on 6 April 2015, with six units to be delivered by June 2016, replacing older 12-000 series trains.
11 additional 12-600 series trainsets (88 cars) were ordered from Kawasaki Heavy Industries in 2016. The first of these trains entered service in 2018, with four additional trainsets entering service per year until 2021.