OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Point of Pittsburgh

The Point of Pittsburgh: Production and Struggle at the Forks of the Ohio is an American history book by Charles McCollester, a labor historian and activist, who argues that Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania was the key to the industrial development that made the United States a world power. He also links the struggle of the region's people for democratic rights and a decent standard of living to the creation of the American middle class.
While many books document the role played by the Pittsburgh industrialists Andrew Carnegie, Andrew Mellon, and Henry Clay Frick, McCollester tells a rarely told people's history of the Indians and the workers in Western Pennsylvania. McCollester describes those who first stood at the Forks of the Ohio, those who dug the coal, tended the furnaces, wrested the iron, steel, glass and aluminum from raw material, who built the boats, the bridges, the rail equipment and the generators, the skyscrapers, the highways, built the homes, and raised the families.
The book was published in November 2008, the 250th anniversary of Pittsburgh's founding.
# Refractory (disambiguation)

A refractory is a heat-resistant material, such as:
* Refractory ceramic, a ceramic that is resistant to heat
* Refractory metals, metals that are resistant to heat and wear
Refractory may also refer to:
* Refractory (astronomy), any material, which condenses at high temperature
* Refractory clergymen: Roman Catholic priests and bishops in France who refused to swear an oath of allegiance to the state during the Civil Constitution of the Clergy
* Refractory disease, one not responsive to common modes of treatment
* Refractory period (disambiguation), a period immediately following a stimulus during which further stimulation has no effect
** Refractory period (physiology), the time after an action potential during which a membrane can not depolarize
** Refractory period (sex), a period after orgasm during which it is impossible to achieve another orgasm
** Psychological refractory period, the delay in response to the second of two closely spaced psychological stimuli
** Postictal state, the period following a series of epileptic seizures during which seizures cannot be induced
# Mushin Olosha

Mushin Olosha is a community within the Mushin Local Government Area of Lagos State, Nigeria. It is recognized for its vibrant markets, cultural heritage, and active economic life. The area is a hub of commercial activities and has a rich cultural tapestry, reflecting the diverse population that resides there.

## History

Mushin Olosha has a historical significance that mirrors the broader history of Lagos State. Over the years, it has developed while maintaining its cultural importance among the Yoruba people and other ethnic groups. The community's evolution is indicative of the dynamic changes that have characterized Lagos State, especially post-independence.

## Economy

The economy of Mushin Olosha is predominantly driven by commerce. The community boasts several vibrant markets. Ojuwoye Market is prominent for its wide range of affordable goods. Other significant markets include Daleko Market, known for foodstuff, and Ladipo Market, which is famous for automotive spare parts . Additionally, Mushin Olosha is home to various privately and publicly owned institutions, including hotels and banks, contributing to its economic vibrancy.

## Education and facilities

Mushin Olosha features numerous educational institutions ranging from primary schools to secondary schools, providing quality education and contributing to the area's intellectual development.

## Cultural and social life

Mushin Olosha is culturally rich, with a mix of various ethnic groups such as the Yoruba, Igbo, and Hausa. This diversity is evident in the cultural events and festivals celebrated in the area, contributing to its rich cultural heritage.
The social life in Mushin Olosha is marked by various cultural activities and a bustling nightlife. Residents and visitors can enjoy several entertainment options, including galleries, restaurants, bars, and nightclubs. The Ovuomaroro Gallery, owned by renowned Nigerian artist Professor Bruce Onobrakpeya, is a prominent cultural spot in the area.

## Notable landmarks

Mushin Olosha features several landmarks that highlight its cultural and historical significance:
* Mushin Olosha Central Mosque: A key place of worship and community gathering.
* Olosha Market Square: The central point for commercial activities and social interactions.
# Luke Livingston Macassey

Luke Livingstone Macassey (1843 – 9 May 1908) was an Irish civil engineer and barrister, notable for his contributions to public health by improving the water supply in the north of Ireland (today Northern Ireland). In 1874 he was appointed consultant hydraulic engineer by the Belfast Water Commissioners in which capacity he was instrumental in finding new sources of water for the expanding city of Belfast. He proposed use of a 9,000-acre (3,600 ha) catchment area in the Mourne Mountains and a three stage project:
* The first stage was to divert water from the Kilkeel and Annalong rivers through the newly constructed Mourne Conduit to a reservoir at Carryduff. These water pipes were capable of supplying 10 million imperial gallons (45,000 m$^3$) of water per day. Work was completed in 1901.
* The second stage was to build a storage reservoir, the Silent Valley Reservoir, across the Kilkeel River. Design work on this phase began in 1910, but procurement of the work was delayed by World War I. A contract was eventually awarded in 1923 to S. Pearson & Son and work continued until 1933.
* The third stage was planned to be another storage reservoir in Annalong to impound the Annalong River. However, after the difficulties encountered in building the Silent Valley dam this second dam was not built.
He also was the first to propose a direct rail link connecting Scotland with Ireland.
Macassey is the subject of an Ulster History Circle blue plaque in Belfast.

## Selected publications

* Report of the proposed Railway Tunnel between Scotland and Ireland. With plan, etc. Belfast, 1868. (With Scott William)
* Hints on the Water Supply of Small Towns and Villages. London & Belfast, 1877.
* The Law relating to Civil Engineers, Architects and Contractors. Primarily intended for their own use. Stevens & Sons, London, 1890. (With James Andrew Strahan)
# Orthoscopy

Orthoscopy used in optics and vision for the condition of normal, distortion-free view, from "ortho", straight, right, correct, and "scope", seeing.
Abbe in 1880 designed an orthoscopic eyepiece for stereoscopic microscopes which minimized distortion. The term was also used in stereoscopy by Heine for the condition when the perceived depth in a stereogram is the same as that in the actual view of the scene. Such a perceptual report by an observer must be distinguished from what Moritz von Rohr called homeomorphic view, in which the depth in a stereoscopic 3D reconstruction is merely geometrically true, see Stereoscopic Depth Rendition. The difference between homeomorphic and orthoscopic is typical of the divide in psychophysics between the world of physical stimuli and the world of subjects' percepts, see Gustav Fechner.
# Thomas Weld

Thomas Weld may refer to:
* Thomas Welde (1594/5–1661), first minister of the First Church of Roxbury, Massachusetts
* Thomas Weld (of Lulworth) (1750–1810), of Lulworth castle, Catholic philanthropist
* Thomas Weld (cardinal) (1773–1837), British Roman Catholic Cardinal
# Jean-Michel David

Jean-Michel David (1947, Paris) is a French historian, a specialist of political, social and cultural history of the Roman Republic.
Jean-Michel David's work particularly focusses on the history of Italy in the last two centuries BC, the study of political staff of the Roman Republic, the history of social behaviors and cultural practices and the construction of the exemplary and collective memory.

## Career

* Assistant at the université de Caen
* Member of the École française de Rome
* Chargé de recherche at the CNRS
* Maître de conférences at the Paris West University Nanterre La Défense
* Professor at the université de Strasbourg
* Professor at the université Paris I Panthéon-Sorbonne

## Principal publications

* 1992: Le Patronat judiciaire au dernier siècle de la République romaine, Rome
* 1997: La Romanisation de l'Italie. Champs (in French). Paris: Flammarion. 1997. ISBN 978-2-0808-1381-7.
* 1997: (éd.) Die späte römische Republik, la fin de la République romaine. Un débat franco-allemand d'histoire et d'historiographie, Rome, (in collaboration with H. Bruhns and Wilfried Nippel [de]).
* 1998: (dir.) Valeurs et Mémoire à Rome, Valère Maxime ou la vertu recomposée, Paris
* 2000: La République romaine, de la deuxième guerre punique à la bataille d'Actium (218-31);Crise d'une aristocratie. Nouvelle Histoire de l'Antiquité (in French). Paris: Le Seuil. 2000. ISBN 2-02-023959-0.
# Tomati

Tomati may refer to:
* Giovanni Dominico Tomati (1636-1711), Roman Catholic prelate who served as Titular Bishop of Cyrene
* Marco Antonio Tomati (bishop of Asti) (1593-1683), Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Asti
* Marco Antonio Tomati (bishop of Bitetto) (1591-1665), a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Bitetto
# Leyser

Leyser is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Polykarp Leyser (disambiguation), multiple people
* Ottoline Leyser (born 1965), British plant biologist
* Henrietta Leyser (born 1941), English historian
* Karl Leyser (1920–1992), German-born British historian, husband of Henrietta and father of Ottoline
# The Right to Read

The Right to Read is a short story by Richard Stallman, the founder of the Free Software Foundation, which was first published in 1997 in Communications of the ACM. It is a cautionary tale set in the year 2047, when copy protection technologies are employed to restrict the readership of books, and the sharing of books and written material is a crime punishable by imprisonment.
In particular, the story touches on the impact of such a system on university students, due to their need for materials, one (Dan Halbert) of whom is forced into a dilemma in which he must decide whether to loan his computer to a fellow student (Lissa Lenz), who would then have the ability to illegally access his purchased documents.
It is notable for being written before the use of Digital Rights Management (DRM) technology was widespread (although DVD video discs which used DRM had appeared the year before, and various proprietary software since the 1970s had made use of some form of copy protection), and for predicting later hardware-based attempts to restrict how users could use content, such as Trusted Computing.
# Music for a French Elevator and Other Short Format Oddities by the Books

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Pitchfork Media | (7.2/10) |
Music for a French Elevator and Other Short Format Oddities by The Books (often referred to as simply Music for a French Elevator) is a 2006 release by the Books. It is a compendium on mini CD of four pieces created for the "1%" art and sound installation in the Ministry of Culture in Paris, France in 2004. The pieces were created to be played in the elevator of the Ministry, giving the release its title. Following the initial four tracks (those designed for the elevator) are "several 'classic' spoken word tracks" taken from The Books' sample libraries.
This release was distributed on tour in 2006 and is available from The Books online store.
The tracks on this limited release are generally very short. The first four tracks (designed for the aforementioned French elevator) feature many samples of French language phrases.
# Ventura Lambrate

Ventura Lambrate is an international design show, held annually in April in Milan, Italy. Its sister shows, Ventura Interieur, is held biennial in October, in Courtray, Belgium, during Courtray Design Biennale Interieur and Ventura Berlin took place in October 2011 during Qubique in Berlin.
The show began in 2010 with Ventura Lambrate, and was declared an instant success, resulting that the show expanded into Germany and Belgium, and was renamed Ventura Projects. All shows run parallel to large design events.
# Volac: Book of Angels Volume 8

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings | |
Volac: Book of Angels Volume 8 is an album by Erik Friedlander performing compositions from John Zorn's second Masada book, "The Book of Angels".

## Track listing

All compositions by John Zorn
* "Harhazial" - 4:36
* "Rachsiel" - 2:39
* "Zumiel" - 1:40
* "Yeruel" - 3:24
* "Sannul" - 1:19
* "Haseha" - 4:36
* "Kadal" - 3:53
* "Ahaniel" - 5:45
* "Ylrng" - 1:37
* "Anahel" - 4:18
* "Sidriel" - 3:03
* "Zawar" - 4:38

## Personnel

* Erik Friedlander – cello
# Vola Hanta Ratsifa Andrihamanana

Vola Hanta Ratsifa Andrihamanana (born 28 September 1970) is a Malagasy swimmer who competed in the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona. She competed in the 50 metre freestyle and the 100 metre breaststroke but did not proceed beyond the first heat in either, with times of 28.22 and 1:17.77, respectively, in the two events.
She is the sister of Olympic swimmer Bako Ratsifa (born 1964), who swam in the 1980 games in Moscow.
# Vopěnka's principle

In mathematics, Vopěnka's principle is a large cardinal axiom. The intuition behind the axiom is that the set-theoretical universe is so large that in every proper class, some members are similar to others, with this similarity formalized through elementary embeddings.
Vopěnka's principle was first introduced by Petr Vopěnka and independently considered by H. Jerome Keisler, and was written up by Solovay, Reinhardt & Kanamori (1978). According to Pudlák (2013, p. 204), Vopěnka's principle was originally intended as a joke: Vopěnka was apparently unenthusiastic about large cardinals and introduced his principle as a bogus large cardinal property, planning to show later that it was not consistent. However, before publishing his inconsistency proof he found a flaw in it.

## Definition

Vopěnka's principle asserts that for every proper class of binary relations (each with set-sized domain), there is one elementarily embeddable into another. This cannot be stated as a single sentence of ZFC as it involves a quantification over classes. A cardinal κ is called a Vopěnka cardinal if it is inaccessible and Vopěnka's principle holds in the rank V$_κ$ (allowing arbitrary S ⊂ V$_κ$ as "classes").
Many equivalent formulations are possible. For example, Vopěnka's principle is equivalent to each of the following statements.
* For every proper class of simple directed graphs, there are two members of the class with a homomorphism between them.
* For any signature Σ and any proper class of Σ-structures, there are two members of the class with an elementary embedding between them.
* For every predicate P and proper class S of ordinals, there is a non-trivial elementary embedding j:(V$_κ$, ∈, P) → (V$_λ$, ∈, P) for some κ and λ in S.
* The category of ordinals cannot be fully embedded in the category of graphs.
* Every subfunctor of an accessible functor is accessible.
* (In a definable classes setting) For every natural number n, there exists a C$^{(n)}$-extendible cardinal.

## Strength

Even when restricted to predicates and proper classes definable in first order set theory, the principle implies existence of Σ$_n$ correct extendible cardinals for every n.
If κ is an almost huge cardinal, then a strong form of Vopěnka's principle holds in V$_κ$:
    There is a κ-complete ultrafilter U such that for every {R$_i$: i < κ} where each R$_i$ is a binary relation and R$_i$ ∈ V$_κ$, there is S ∈ U and a non-trivial elementary embedding j: R$_a$ → R$_b$ for every a < b in S.
# Lygnern

Lygnern (Swedish pronunciation:) is a lake in the municipalities of Kungsbacka and Mark, western Sweden. With an area of 33 km², it is the largest lake in Halland County. Its main outflow is Rolfsån, which in turn empties out into the Kungsbacka Fjord.
The lake serves as a source of drinking water for Kungsbacka. In 2006, it was nominated as the cleanest lake in Sweden, as 98% of the surveyed residents of the municipality were satisfied with the water quality.

## Fishing

Ten fish species have been found in the lake, which is particularly rich in pike, trout and European perch.
# Luke Procter

Luke Anthony Procter (born 24 June 1988) is an English cricketer. He is a left-handed batsman and right-arm medium-fast bowler who captains Northamptonshire in first-class cricket.

## Career

Born in Oldham, Greater Manchester, Procter played for Cumberland in the Minor Counties Trophy in 2007.

### Lancashire

He first represented Lancashire in the Second XI Championship in 2006, made his List A debut in September 2009, against Warwickshire, opening the batting with Tom Smith, Procter scored 2 runs and suffered a broken thumb. Procter graduated from Lancashire's cricket academy, and after impressing for the Second XI in 2009 (the year he was granted a scholarship) he signed his first professional contract with the club.
In March 2010 Lancashire went to the Caribbean to prepare for the upcoming English season. In a friendly match against Yorkshire Procter suffered a broken left hand while fielding, preventing him from playing cricket for several weeks. He went on to make his County Championship debut in May that year against Warwickshire; he scored 13 runs in the first innings and bowled a single over but he was replaced by fast-bowler James Anderson for the second innings. Procter played one further County Championship match that year in September; he made scores of 19 and 32 and took his maiden first-class wicket, that of Nick Compton leg before wicket.
Procter's first County Championship match of 2011 was against Sussex in which he scored his first half-century. His innings of 89 runs from 170 balls included five sixes off the bowling of spinner Monty Panesar. He scored one further first-class fifty in 2011 and that year he played seven matches in the County Championship, which was more than he anticipated. Scoring 366 runs, Procter's average of 40.66 was the best for Lancashire in 2011. In the last match of the season, Lancashire won the County Championship for the first time since 1950 when they shared the title.
He replaced Will Young as captain for the 2023 County Championship and One-Day Cup.
# Léon Fagel

Léon Fagel (1851–1913) was a French sculptor, best known for his busts.
Fagel was born in Valenciennes, won the second Prix de Rome in 1875, and the Prix de Rome in 1879. He exhibited busts of Chevreul, J. Cavelier, and Le Greffeur at the Exposition Universelle (1900), along with two large reliefs for Sacré-Cœur (Faith and Fortitude).

## Selected works

* Paris
** La Loi et La Justice, Cour des Comptes
** La Vierge des Marins, Sacré-Cœur
** Lettres, Sorbonne
** Michel Eugène Chevreul, Jardin des Plantes
** Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, Jardin des Plantes
** Sculpture, Place du Carrousel
** Silvestre, Comédie-Française
* Elsewhere
** Art, École Nationale Supérieure d'Arts et Métiers Centre de Lille, Lille
** Catherine Joséphine de Raffin, Musée des Beaux-Arts, Valenciennes
** Charles-François Daubigny, Auvers
** Joseph-François Dupleix, Landrecies
** Monument to the Battle of Wattignies (1793), Maubeuge
# Vrbica, Osijek-Baranja County

Vrbica is a village near Semeljci, Croatia. In the 2011 census, it had 730 inhabitants.
# Vrbica (Goražde)

Vrbica is a village in the municipality of Goražde, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

## Demographics

According to the 2013 census, its population was 13, all Bosniaks.
# Vriesea silvana

Vriesea silvana is a plant species in the genus Vriesea. This species is endemic to Brazil.
# Vriesea schwackeana

Vriesea schwackeana is a plant species in the genus Vriesea. This species is endemic to Brazil.

## Cultivars

* Vriesea 'Derek's Dilemma'
* Vriesea 'Fire Dance'
* Vriesea 'Forever Amber'
* Vriesea 'Golden Dawn'
* Vriesea 'Karamea Bronze Queen'
* Vriesea 'Lucky 13'
* Vriesea 'Maroon Dream'
* Vriesea 'Peace Maker'
* Vriesea 'Peach Perfection'
* Vriesea 'Plantation Pride'
* Vriesea 'Red Rocket'
* Vriesea 'Southern Belle'
* Vriesea 'Tango'
* Vriesea 'Touch of Gold'
* Vriesea 'Vista Charm'
* Vriesea 'War Bonnet'
* Vriesea 'Yellow Rebel'
* × Vrieslandsia 'Gigant Flame'
# Vulliamy family

The Vulliamy family originated in Switzerland, they were notable as clockmakers in 18th and 19th century Britain, and as architects in the 19th and 20th century. This encyclopedia article does not permit a full genealogy but rather illustrates the family's watchmaking and architectural connections.

## Macartney mission to China

A "Vulliamy clock" was presented to the Chinese emperor by the diplomatic mission of George Macartney to Beijing in 1793.
# Vulkovtsi

Vulkovtsi is a village in Tryavna Municipality, in Gabrovo Province, in northern central Bulgaria.
# Vulnerable

Vulnerable may refer to:

## General

* Vulnerability
* Vulnerability (computing)
* Vulnerable adult
* Vulnerable species

## Music
### Albums

* Vulnerable (Marvin Gaye album), 1997
* Vulnerable (Tricky album), 2003
* Vulnerable (The Used album), 2012

### Songs

* "Vulnerable" (Roxette song), 1994
* "Vulnerable" (Selena Gomez song), 2020
* "Vulnerable", a song by Secondhand Serenade from Awake, 2007
* "Vulnerable", a song by Pet Shop Boys from Yes, 2009
* "Vulnerable", a song by Tinashe from Black Water, 2013
* "Vulnerability", a song by Operation Ivy from Energy, 1989

## Other uses

* Climate change vulnerability, vulnerability to anthropogenic climate change used in discussion of society's response to climate change
* Vulnerable, a scoring feature of the game of contract bridge where larger bonuses and penalties apply; see Glossary of contract bridge terms#Vulnerable