OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# SPA 6A

The SPA 6A is an Italian water-cooled inline six-cylinder aero engine of the World War I era. The SPA 6A is mostly known for its use in the Ansaldo SVA high speed reconnaissance aircraft.

## Design and development

The Societa Piemontese Automobili (SPA) of Turin, Italy started building aircraft engines in 1908 and prior to 1916 had built flat, vee and radial engines. In 1916 SPA began manufacturing a straight-six engine known as the 6A.
The SPA 6A was designed with steel cylinders arranged in pairs with a common welded water jacket. The type made use of relatively advanced features such as aluminium pistons and a 6 degree overlap in valve timing.
The engine was ordered into mass production by the Italian Military Aviation Technical Division to equip the Ansaldo SVA aircraft. In addition to production by SPA, the 6A engine was manufactured by Ansaldo, Breda, Talomona and Industrie Mecchaniche e Ferroviarie of Arezzo.
The Ansaldo SVA was one of the fastest aircraft of WW1 with a top speed of 230 km/h (143 mph). During WW1, Anasaldo SVAs made a sensational flight over Vienna to drop propaganda leaflets. Other famous exploits of the Ansaldo SVA included a 1920 Rome-Tokyo flight and a 1919 crossing of the Andes.
Around 3,000 SPA 6A engines were produced in three variants: normal, semi super-compressed and super-compressed. Engines of this type remained in service until the 1930s.

## Variants
### SPA 6A Normal

    Originally rated for 150 hp (112 kW) at 1,600 rpm with a displacement of 14.6 L (891 cu in) and a weight of 240 kg (529 lb). Maximum power 201 hp (150 kW).

### SPA 6A Semi-Super-Compressed

    Identical to the normal 6A, but with the cylinder bore increased to 137 mm (5.39 in), and with a capacity of 15.03 L (917 cu in). Rated for 210 hp (157 kW) but could develop 235 hp (175 kW) at 1,700 rpm.

### SPA 6-2-A Super-Compressed

    Displacement 16.62 L (1,014 cu in) bore increased to 140 mm (5.51 in) bore and 180 mm (7.09 in) stroke, with a weight of 270 kg (595 lb). Rated at 250 hp (186 kW) but could develop 310 hp (231 kW) at 1,850 rpm.

## Applications

* Ansaldo A.1 Balilla
* Ansaldo SVA
* Bartel BM.5
* Breda A.2
* Breda A.3
* Breda A.9 and A.9bis
* CANT 7ter
* Caproni Ca.66
* Gabardini G.9
* SIAI S.50

## Specifications (6A Normal)

Data from Angle

### General characteristics

* Type: Inline six-cylinder piston engine
* Bore: 135 mm (5.31 in)
* Stroke: 170 mm (6.69 in)
* Displacement: 14.57 L (888.9 cu in)
* Dry weight: 255 kg (562 lb)

### Components

* Valvetrain: SOHC, two valves per cylinder
* Fuel system: Twin Zenith carburettors or one Duplex Zenith type 55-DC carburettor
* Oil system: Dry-sump
* Cooling system: Water-cooled
* Reduction gear: Direct-drive
* Twin Marelli ignition magnetos

### Performance

* Power output: 110 kW (150 hp) at 1,600 rpm (rated). 150 kW (200 hp) at 1,600 rpm (maximum).
* Compression ratio: 5.2:1
* Specific fuel consumption: 0.288 kg/kWh (0.473 lb/(hp⋅h))
* Oil consumption: 0.02 kg/kWh (0.033 lb/(hp⋅h))
* Power-to-weight ratio: 0.439 kW/kg (0.267 hp/lb)
# SS Michael James Monohan

SS Michael James Monohan was a Liberty ship built in the United States during World War II. She was named after Michael James Monohan, a Merchant marine killed when U-123 torpedoed SS Gulfamerica, 5 mi (8.0 km) off the coast of Jacksonville, Florida, 11 April 1943.

## Construction

Michael James Monohan was laid down on 22 November 1944, under a Maritime Commission (MARCOM) contract, MC hull 2335, by J.A. Jones Construction, Panama City, Florida; sponsored by Mrs. W.P. Cornelius, the wife of Colonel W.P. Cornelius, US Army, she was launched on 4 January 1945.

## History

She was allocated to Alcoa Steamship Co., Inc., on 17 January 1945. After a number of contracts, on 22 October 1947, she was laid up in the National Defense Reserve Fleet, Wilmington, North Carolina. On 14 April 1967, she was transferred to the US Navy for use as a Disposal Ship. She was scuttled with obsolete rocket motors off the coast of Virginia.
# SS Midnight

SS Midnight may refer to one of two Type C2-S-AJ1 ships built by North Carolina Shipbuilding for the United States Maritime Commission during World War II:
* SS Midnight (1943), launched 10 December 1943; renamed Pacific Bear (1947), Lanikai (1958), Pacific Bear (1960), Panoceanic Faith (1961); foundered 870 nautical miles (1,610 km) southwest of Kodiak Island on 9 October 1967 with the loss of 35
* SS Midnight (1944), launched 14 April 1944; transferred to the United States Navy as Mount Hood-class ammunition ship USS Wrangell (AE-12); scrapped in 1983
# Estadio Lic. Erico Galeano Segovia

Estadio Lic. Erico Galeano Segovia is a football stadium in the city of Capiatá, Paraguay. It is the home venue of Deportivo Capiatá.
# Sa'eu Scanlan

Sa'euteuga Le'au Scanlan (born 21 March 1937) is an educator in American Samoa. Beginning in 1979 she served for over a decade as president of American Samoa Community College, the territory's only institution of higher education, becoming the first Samoan to achieve such a position in the region.

## Early life and education

Sa'euteuga Le'au Scanlan, known as Sa'eu, was born in 1937 in the American Samoan village of Fagatogo. She was the fourth of twelve children born to her parents Saipele S. Le'au and Suluama Lea'ai.
Scanlan traveled to the U.S. mainland to study at San Francisco State College (now San Francisco State University), where she graduated with a bachelor's degree. After teaching in American Samoa for several years, she left again to obtain a master's degree at the University of Hawaiʻi. This was followed by a Ph.D. from Brigham Young University in 1975.

## Career

In 1970, Scanlan helped launch American Samoa Community College, which remains the territory's only tertiary education institution. After obtaining her doctorate, she returned to American Samoa and became a dean at the community college, then the school's vice president in 1978. The following year, she was promoted to president of American Samoa Community College, the third president in the school's history. Not only was she the first Samoan to serve as president of that college, but a 1987 profile also identified her as "the first Samoan to rise to that level in higher education in the Pacific territories." She remained as president throughout a formative period for the community college, until the mid-1990s.
Scanlan also served for a period as president of the American Samoa National Women's Association after its founding in the 1980s.

## Personal life

Sa'eu was married to the businessman High Chief Fanene Morris Scanlan, with whom she had two children, from 1961 until his death in 2018.
# SS Samuel G. Howe

SS Samuel G. Howe was a Liberty ship built in the United States during World War II. She was named after Samuel G. Howe, a nineteenth century American physician, abolitionist, and an advocate of education for the blind.

## Construction

Samuel G. Howe was laid down on 7 September 1944, under a Maritime Commission (MARCOM) contract, MC hull 2324, by J.A. Jones Construction, Panama City, Florida; sponsored by Mrs. Jimmy Mann, wife of plant superintendent, and launched on 17 October 1944.

## History

She was allocated to Isbrandstsen Steamship Co. Inc., 30 October 1944. On 8 September 1948, she was laid up in the National Defense Reserve Fleet, Mobile, Alabama.
She was sold for scrapping, 17 January 1969, to Union Minerals and Alloys Corporation, for $40,125. She was withdrawn from the fleet, 27 January 1969.
# Prokeš

Prokeš (feminine: Prokešová) is a Czech and Slovak family name and may refer to:
* Ladislav Prokeš (1884–1966), Czech chess champion and scholar
* Zdeněk Prokeš (1953–2024), Czech footballer
* Katka Prokešová (born 1976), Slovak trampolinist
* Viera Prokešová (1957–2008), Slovak writer and translator
# Prokash Karmakar

Prokash Karmakar (1933 – 24 February 2014) was a preeminent Indian artist from Kolkata, West Bengal. His work is in the permanent collection of a number of museums and galleries throughout India, including the National Gallery of Modern Art, New Delhi and he is the recipient of numerous awards. Karmakar is best known for his landscapes and nudes, which are generally painted in vibrant colors with bold lines and intricate textures. His paintings reflect his perception and interpretation of nature (both orderly and chaotic), life (both rural and urban), and form (from soft to sharp), without reference to religion. The Founder Member of Society of Contemporary Artist, Kolkata, 1961 and that of the Calcutta Painters group, he has received more than ten prestigious awards between 1957 and 1999, including the Lalit Kala Akademi National Award in 1968 and the Abanindra Puraskar Award in 1999.
Prokash Karmakar's work could be purchased at DAG Modern. and Prokash Karmakar Official Website(https://www.prokashkarmakar.com/)
# Prokhladnaya (river)

Prokhladnaya (Russian Прохладная, German Frisching, Polish Świeża) is a river in Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia. It terminates into the Vistula Lagoon. It is 77 kilometres (48 mi) long, and has a drainage basin of 1,170 square kilometres (450 sq mi).
# Shigeo Fukushima

Shigeo Fukushima (福島 滋雄, Fukushima Shigeo, 2 January 1943 – 1 June 1998) was a Japanese former swimmer who competed in the 1964 Summer Olympics.
# Shigeo Itoh

Shigeo Itoh (伊藤 繁雄, Itō Shigeo, born January 21, 1945) is a male former table tennis player from Japan.

## Table tennis career

From 1967 to 1975 he won eight medals in singles, doubles, and team events in the World Table Tennis Championships and in the Asian Table Tennis Championships.
The eight medals included two gold medals in the men's singles at the 1969 World Table Tennis Championships and men's team event at the 1969 World Table Tennis Championships.
# Esperanza, Belize

Esperanza is a village located along the George Price Highway in Cayo District, Belize. It lies approximately four kilometers northeast of San Ignacio. According to the 2010 census, Esperanza has a population of 1,262 people in 286 households.
# Prokljuvani, Bjelovar

Prokljuvani is a village in Croatia.

## Demographics

According to the 2021 census, its population was 217.
# Shorewood Forest, Indiana

Shorewood Forest is a census-designated place (CDP) in Union Township, Porter County, in the U.S. state of Indiana. The community centers on Lake Louise, an artificial water body. The population of the CDP was 2,708 at the 2010 census.

## Geography

Shorewood Forest is located 6 miles (10 km) west of Valparaiso, the county seat. U.S. Route 30, the Lincoln Highway, forms the northern boundary of the CDP.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 2.2 square miles (5.8 km$^2$), of which 1.9 square miles (4.9 km$^2$) is land and 0.35 square miles (0.9 km$^2$), or 15.13%, is water, consisting of the impoundment known as Lake Louise. The lake is located on a tributary of Salt Creek, which is part of the Little Calumet River watershed.
# Processor sharing

Processor sharing or egalitarian processor sharing is a service policy where the customers, clients or jobs are all served simultaneously, each receiving an equal fraction of the service capacity available. In such a system all jobs start service immediately (there is no queueing).
The processor sharing algorithm "emerged as an idealisation of round-robin scheduling algorithms in time-shared computer systems".

## Queueing theory

A single server queue operating subject to Poisson arrivals (such as an M/M/1 queue or M/G/1 queue) with a processor sharing discipline has a geometric stationary distribution.
The sojourn time jobs experience has no closed form solution, even in an M/M/1 queue.

## Generalized processor sharing

Generalized processor sharing is a multi-class adaptation of the policy which shares service capacity according to positive weight factors to all non-empty job classes at the node, irrespective of the number of jobs of each class present. Often it is assumed that the jobs within a class form a queue and that queue is served on a first-come, first-served basis, but this assumption is not necessary for many GPS applications.
In processor scheduling, generalized processor sharing is "an idealized scheduling algorithm that achieves perfect fairness. All practical schedulers approximate GPS and use it as a reference to measure fairness."

## Multilevel processor sharing

In multilevel processor sharing a finite set of thresholds are defined and jobs partitioned according to how much service they have received. The lowest level (containing jobs which have received the least service) has the highest priority and higher levels monotonically decreasing priorities. Within each level an internal discipline is used.
# Estremenho dialect

Estremenho is a dialect of European Portuguese spoken in the former provinces of Estremadura and Beira Litoral and is part of the central-southern dialects.
The variety of Lisbon, which is used to form the basis for the pattern of European Portuguese, is within this dialect. The Lisbon dialect that serves as the basis of standard European Portuguese is the one used for official and written purposes in Angola, Cape Verde, East Timor, Guinea-Bissau, Macau, Mozambique, and São Tomé and Príncipe.

## Characteristics

The Estremenhan dialects present the following characteristics:
* A generalized monophthongization of the diphthong [ow]. For example, "touro" (bull) and "roupa" (clothes) passes to "tôro" and "rôpa".
* In certain subregions, such as saloia (the outskirts of Lisbon), a monophthongization of the diphthong [ej] occurs. For example, "manêra" instead of "maneira" (manner), although this has evolved into [ɐj] in the Lisbon dialect ("manâira").
* The predorsodental sibilants, that is, /s/ and /z/, are pronounced as in the European pattern and are well distinguished from the lower x and the j, contrary to what happens with the northern dialects.
# Saghir Akhtar

Saghir Akhtar is professor of pharmacology in the College of Medicine, Qatar University, and editor in chief of the Journal of Drug Targeting.

## Early life and education

Akhtar obtained a First Class honours degree in Pharmacy from the Leicester School of Pharmacy and his PhD degree from the University of Bath.

## Academic career

From 1990-1991, he held a post-doctoral fellowship at UNC Medical School at Chapel Hill, North Carolina. He began his independent academic career at Aston University, firstly as lecturer from 1991–1997 and then as Reader in Pharmaceutical Sciences (1997–1999). He led a team studying DNA chip technology with a hope of combatting a form of brain cancer known as glioma. In 1997, he was a visiting fellow with Ed Southern in the Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University. He later became professor of Drug Delivery in the Welsh School of Pharmacy and Director for the Centre for Genome-based Therapeutics, Cardiff University, UK (2002–2006). More recently he was Professor of Pharmacology at Kuwait University Faculty of Medicine (2007-2017) where he also served as Director of the Graduate program.
He is the winner of the Lilly Prize (1996), the Pfizer Academic Award (1997), the British Pharmaceutical Conference Science Medal (1998), the Controlled Release Society (USA) Young Investigator Research Achievement Award (2001) and the Kappa Society Science Award (2005).
His current research interests include studying molecular pharmacology and signal transduction pathways involved in diabetes and/or hypertension-induced cardiovascular dysfunction, and understanding the biological and pharmaceutical challenges associated with the development of gene silencing nucleic acids (RNA interference/ siRNA/ antisense oligonucleotides) as potential therapeutic agents; and c) studying the toxicogenomics of novel drugs and non-viral drug delivery systems. Akhtar has also provided health advice for fasting during Ramadan.
# Sabine Kalter

Sabine Kalter (28 March 1889 in Jarosław – 1 September 1957 in London) was a British mezzo-soprano singer, mostly operatic. She made her professional opera debut at the Vienna Volksoper in 1911. From 1915–34 she was a leading artist at the Hamburg State Opera. She was married to Max Aufrichtig (1879–1950), a banker in Hamburg. Their son, Keith Andrews (1920–1989), was a leading British museum curator. The family fled Nazi Germany in 1934 and settled in London.
She was committed to the Royal Opera House in London from 1935–39. After 1939 she no longer appeared in operas, but still performed in concerts and recitals in London. She taught singing in London during the 1940s and 1950s.
# Espingueira

Espingueira was an abandoned village near the northern coast of the island of Boa Vista. The village is around 4 km (2.5 mi) northeast of the village Bofarreira and 13 km (8.1 mi) east of the island capital of Sal Rei.
The village has been refurbished and is now an eco-lodge, where electricity is provided by a photovoltaic power plant (10 kW).
# Espinho Airfield

Espinho Airfield (ICAO: LPIN) is a recreational aerodrome serving Espinho in northern Portugal.
Originally built for the military, the aerodrome was later reduced in size and handed over to civilian use. After a deadly accident in 2005, a collision between a PA-28 plane and a car on the nearby road, the aerodrome was closed; it has since only been available to ultralight and model aviation.
The main airport and runway are closed/ built-over, however the Aero Clube da Costa Verde (Portuguese language) operates a flying club and school for light aircraft, marking off 420 metres (1,378 ft) of the original runway's south end for use.
# Sage Computer Technology

SAGE Computer Technology was a computer company based in Reno, Nevada, United States. It was founded in 1981 by Rod Coleman, Bill Bonham and Bob Needham; it went through several name changes. The change from Sage computer came about when "Sage Software" in Maryland demanded cessation of use of the name Sage in the computer segment.
       - created the Sage II and Sage IV computers based on the Motorola 68000 microprocessor.
* SAGE Computer
* Stride Micro
** MicroSage Computer Systems (a wholly owned subsidiary, 1987)
       - created the Stride 420, Stride 440, Stride 460 (VME), Stride 660 and Stride 740 computers.

## SAGE IV

The SAGE IV was released in 1983. Hardware:
* Board0: CPU: MC68000 @ 8 MHz, 2× serial RS-232 ports 19.2 kbit/s, Parallel input/output (PIO) for printers, GPIB, Floppy disc controller, 512 KByte DRAM. Same as in SAGE II.
* Board1: 4× serial RS-232 ports 19.2 kbit/s, Hard disk controller, 512 KByte DRAM.
* Memory consisting of 64 Kbit 150 ns memory modules. Parity error protected setup.
* Minimum system memory is 256 KByte.
* Storage: 1× 5¼" 800 KByte F.D. drive. 1× 5 - 40 MByte Winchester harddisk.
* Built-in multi-user BIOS.
* Introduced in November 1982
* Price: $3,600 USD (for the single-floppy entry-level configuration)
The SAGE managed multitasking with six serial ports in real time with 1 MByte of RAM in 1983. It was used by scientists and engineers for more than ten years when it was popular, "running over 10 years with zero admin, and maybe even zero reboot." "13 times faster than the Apple II" (when introduced).
Sage IV computers were used for the development of the Amiga prototype computer system "Lorraine". The Sage system got the nickname "Agony".
Access was through an 80 × 25 serial video terminal. Graphics capability was possible with the addition of a third-party colour graphics system from Robinson Systems which plugged directly into the Sage 68000 bus and provided output compatible with a range of colour monitors (e.g., Cotron Sword, Electrohome 1301).
The included operating system was the UCSD p-System. Many other operating systems were available including CP/M-68K, Idris, PDOS, HyperFORTH Plus, BOS, TRIPOS, Mirage, and MOSYS. Programming languages available included Pascal, Modula-2, C, FORTRAN77, BASIC, 68000 macro assembler, APL, BCPL, LISP and Forth.

## System bus

An "m68k" bus was used up to the Stride series of computers (Sage VI). Later a VME bus was used.

## NOD

NOD is a head-motion operated mouse device that Wilbur Harvey and Rod came up with one afternoon in about 1983. It works by putting a special reflective pencil behind your ear and a quadrature detector that tracks its movement. The point was to be able to use the keyboard while you used the mouse cursor. It had an RS-232C interface and cost US$400. Apple Inc. were presented with a prototype but the project it was intended for got canceled.
# Ethel Sarah Davidson

Ethel Sarah Davidson CBE, RRC (19 June 1872 – 21 April 1939) was an Australian military nurse who was awarded the Royal Red Cross and she became a Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (CBE).

## Life

Davidson was born in 1872 in Tenderton near Adelaide. In May 1877 she became an orphan. Her father who was a master mariner was the captain of the brigantine Emily Smith at Kangaroo Island when it ran aground. Her parents, her three siblings, and about sixteen others drowned when the boat was wrecked. She was daughter of her father's second marriage and she went to live in Adelaide with her elder six half-siblings. She trained as a nurse at Adelaide hospital.
When the First World War started she had been a member of the Australian Army Nursing Service for ten years. She was working as a district nurse, but she one of the first nurses to be sent abroad. She was posted as a sister to Egypt arriving at the end of 1914. In 1916 she was working in Cairo when her service was recognised with a second class Royal Red Cross. In 1917 she was posted from France to Italy as a temporary matron. In the New Years Honours in 1918 she was mentioned in despatches and awarded a first class Royal Red Cross.
On 3 June 1919 Sister Davidson was made a CBE in the King's Birthday Honours before she returned to Australia. From then until 1933 she was the matron of the military hospital at Keswick and in 1924 she became the Principal Matron for the area.
Davidson died in 1939 in Semaphore and she was buried in South Australia's West Terrace Cemetery.
# Estorf

Estorf is a municipality in the district of Nienburg, in Lower Saxony, Germany. Within its borders lie the villages of Estorf, Leeseringen, and Nienburger Bruch.

## History

The village was first mentioned in a document dated February 9th, 1096. Archaeological finds have led to the conclusion that there has been a permanent human settlement since 550 AD.
During the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648), the residents of Estorf built barns hidden in a nearby forest to hide and protect their harvest from marauding soldiers. Some of these barns can still be visited today.

## Landmarks

* Baroque church from 1696 de:Kirche Estorf (Weser)
# Shinkay District

Shinkay District is a district of Zabul province in southern Afghanistan.

## Demographics

Shinkay has a population of about 22,900 as of 2013. It contains the town of Ẕāmi Kalay. The district is mostly populated by the Tokhi tribe of Ghilji Pashtuns.
# Spontaneous Combustion (American band)

Spontaneous Combustion was an American music group founded in 1986. They performed what they called "bluerock", a bluegrass/rock music fusion. The band consisted of Roger Eilts (guitar, vocals), Leo Eilts (bass, vocals), Scott Prowell (mandolin, banjo, dobro, vocals) and Marvin Gruenbaum (violin, vocals). They were often billed as The Spontaneous Combustion Bluegrass Band or when they performed with former members of Total Strangers as Spontaneous Combustion/Total Strangers. They were a popular act at the Santa Fe Trails Bluegrass Festival and the Walnut Valley Festival. Spontaneous Combustion performed for 21 seasons with the four founding members before disbanding in 2006.

## Discography and songs

Their albums included BlueRock, Spontane, Where There's Smoke, Live Embers and Strike Anywhere. Their bluegrass covers of songs like "I Heard It Through the Grapevine", "I Can See For Miles" and the theme song for "Secret Agent Man" are still popular on college radio stations in the American South (for example Nashville Public Radio 7 Mar 2009).