OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# General Finance Acceptance Ltd v Melrose

General Finance Acceptance Ltd v Melrose [1988] 1 NZLR 465 is an often cited case regarding whether a contract term for calculating damages in the future are what is called liquidated damages (i.e. is a genuine pre estimate of damages), or is otherwise deemed a penalty clause, which the courts do not uphold as legally enforceable.

## Background

General Finance Acceptance (GFA) leased a computer to Melrose on a five-year term, with the leasing contract having the term that upon default, that Melrose would pay all the remaining lease payments less the cost of the computer at the date of cancellation, plus interest on top of al this at 32% per annum.
Melrose cancelled the contract early, and was billed by GFA for this default as per the default clause in the lease agreement, even though these damages were far higher than Melrose would have paid had the lease gone the whole five-year term, and they disputed liability for these damages.

## Held

The court held that as the damages claimed by GFA were in excess of what they would have received from the lease had it gone the full five years, and ruled that the default clause was not liquidated damages, but instead were penal in nature, and accordingly GFA’s damages claim here was not legally enforceable. As GFA were effectively claiming 2 lots of interest for the same period, one lot of interest contained in the remaining lease payments, and a second a default interest of 32%, meant that the default interest was not enforceable in the first place, not requiring the court to consider whether the rate of 32% was excessive.
# Swargate

Swargate is an area of Pune, Maharashtra, India. This is one of the busiest areas in Pune. The Swargate connects Pune to various areas like Hadapsar, Fursungi, Dhankawadi, Bibwewadi, etc. The areas under Swargate include Guru Nanak Nagar, Mukund Nagar, and Municipal Colony. The old city of Pune ends here.

## Geography

Swargate has a Major bus stand for Pune. It serves as a BRTS terminal for Katraj – Swargate, and Hadapsar – Swargate bus routes. It is a commercial area with important buildings like Income Tax office, PMC branch (Swargate), and other commercial buildings. Swargate will also serve as a major head for the Pune Metro project. It is well connected to the city and nearby villages by PMPML buses. Swargate also accommodates a large number of auto-rickshaws which ply their trade from the Swargate bus terminus. These auto-rickshaws provide an important cheap alternative transport to the residents of Pune. These three-wheeled transport alternatives are available in both prepaid and postpaid payment terms at the Swargate bus terminal.

## History and tourism

Swargate has a rich history dating back to the pre-independence era. The first bus service from Swargate was started in the year 1940. At that time, the Tongawalas or horse-drawn carriage owners opposed the move. In 1941, the first public bus rolled out of Swargate. There are many places for tourist places and entertainment places in the area of Swargate Those include Ganesh Kalakrida Mandir, Nehru Stadium, Saras Baug, Sanas Maidan, and Laxminarayan cinema hall, Parvati, Raja Kelkar Museum, etc. The famous Mahalaxmi temple of Pune is located near Sarasbaug near this area.

## Road connectivity

The Pune – Satara road originates from here. Shankar Sheth road which originates from this area serves as a link between Poolgate and Swargate. Tilak road links Swargate to Deccan Gymkhana while Shivajinagar is linked to Swagate by Shivaji road. Sinhagad road or Narvir Tanaji Malusure road originates from the southern side of Sarasbaug near the Swargate area. Jedhe square which is an important road junction marks the origin of five roads. The location of Swargate PMPML depot and MSRTC stand is in the Jedhe square.

## Nearby places

* Nehru Cricket Stadium
* Ganesh Kala Krida Manch
* Saras Baug
* Heera Baug
* Mahalaxmi Temple

## Swargate Bus Station

Swargate is one of the major hubs of the Maharashtra State Transport network. From here buses leave for Mumbai, Satara, Baramati, Kolhapur, Belgaum, and other places around Pune. Buses operate from 4 a.m. to midnight. Recently due to heavy traffic in the area, Pune municipal government has decided to make the major roads in this area one-way only. It is a very crowded place.
# Swimming at the 2024 European Aquatics Championships – Men's 400 metre individual medley

The Men's 400 metre individual medley competition of the 2024 European Aquatics Championships was held on 17 June 2024.

## Records

Prior to the competition, the existing world, European and championship records were as follows.
| | Name | Nation | Time | Location | Date |
| World record | Léon Marchand | France | 4:02.50 | Fukuoka | 23 July 2023 |
| European record | Léon Marchand | France | 4:02.50 | Fukuoka | 23 July 2023 |
| Championship record | László Cseh | Hungary | 4:09.59 | Eindhoven | 24 March 2008 |

## Results
### Heats

The heats were started at 09:30.
| Rank | Heat | Lane | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| 1 | 1 | 4 | Balázs Holló | Hungary | 4:12.46 | Q |
| 2 | 2 | 4 | Gábor Zombori | Hungary | 4:13.75 | Q |
| 3 | 1 | 5 | Dominik Török | Hungary | 4:14.76 | |
| 4 | 2 | 3 | Zalán Sarkany | Hungary | 4:15.16 | |
| 5 | 2 | 5 | Apostolos Papastamos | Greece | 4:15.97 | Q |
| 6 | 2 | 2 | Marius Toscan | Switzerland | 4:18.91 | Q |
| 7 | 2 | 6 | Daniil Giourtzidis | Greece | 4:19.11 | Q |
| 8 | 1 | 7 | Juraj Barcot | Croatia | 4:20.96 | Q |
| 9 | 1 | 3 | Richard Nagy | Slovakia | 4:21.39 | Q |
| 10 | 2 | 8 | Heorhii Lukashev | Ukraine | 4:21.82 | Q |
| 11 | 1 | 6 | Vasileios Sofikitis | Greece | 4:21.89 | |
| 12 | 1 | 8 | Krzysztof Chmielewski | Poland | 4:21.91 | |
| 13 | 2 | 7 | Oleksii Hrabarov | Ukraine | 4:23.03 | |
| 14 | 1 | 0 | Anže Ferš Eržen | Slovenia | 4:23.63 | |
| 15 | 1 | 2 | Michal Judickij | Czech Republic | 4:25.06 | |
| 16 | 2 | 1 | Jakub Bursa | Czech Republic | 4:25.74 | |
| 17 | 1 | 9 | Moritz Baumgartner | Austria | 4:26.36 | |
| 18 | 2 | 0 | Finn Wendland | Germany | 4:27.69 | |
| 19 | 2 | 9 | Noah Zemansky | Austria | 4:28.96 | |
| | 1 | 1 | Eitan Ben Shitrit | Israel | Did not start | Did not start |

### Final

The final was held at 18:46.
| Rank | Lane | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| | 3 | Apostolos Papastamos | Greece | 4:10.83 | NR |
| | 4 | Balázs Holló | Hungary | 4:11.51 | |
| | 5 | Gábor Zombori | Hungary | 4:11.70 | |
| 4 | 2 | Daniil Giourtzidis | Greece | 4:16.64 | |
| 5 | 6 | Marius Toscan | Switzerland | 4:17.51 | |
| 6 | 8 | Heorhii Lukashev | Ukraine | 4:21.20 | |
| 7 | 7 | Juraj Barcot | Croatia | 4:21.52 | |
| 8 | 1 | Richard Nagy | Slovakia | 4:22.14 | |
# Rubus gunnianus

Rubus gunnianus is a species in the genus Rubus of the family Rosaceae. It is a small herb that grows in subalpine and alpine habitats above 900m throughout Tasmania, and bears edible fruit. It is commonly known as the native strawberry or Tasmanian alpine raspberry.

## Taxonomy

The name gunnianus comes from the botanist Ronald Campbell Gunn. Gunn worked closely with Ronald Lawrence; who knew British botanist Joseph Hooker. The authority of this species was named after Hooker. Gunn travelled around Tasmania, collecting specimens and sending them back for Hooker's book "Introduction to Flora Tasmaniae". Over 50 Tasmanian plant species gained Gunn's name, but a number of names would have since been changed over the years.

## Description

Rubus gunnianus is the smallest of all the species in the family Rosaceae. It grows as a small, prostrate herb in alpine habitats throughout Tasmania. When mature, the plant can spread by sending out runners to make the plant larger, as well as by setting seed. Unlike other species of the genus Rubus, this species does not have any thorns or spines. The leaves grow out from the stem as a florette, and are triangular and glossy green. The palmately compound leaves are composed of three pinnatipartite leaflets (one main one flanked by two smaller ones either side), with very long petioles.
Rubus gunnianus is monoecious (having both male and female organs on the same flower), and the flowers are small, white, with five petals. Members of the family Rosaceae are well known for producing edible fruit, which is suitable for bush tucker.

## Distribution and habitat

Rubus gunnianus is found in mountainous areas such as alpine moorlands, and subalpine woodlands across Tasmania, including areas such as the Central Coast, Derwent Valley, Hobart, Huon Valley and the West Coast. It is frost hardy, which is essential to alpine environments, due to the harsh weather and exposed conditions at high altitude. It prefers moist, sheltered areas among mosses and leaf litter, where it can survive the harsh conditions of alpine areas, but it can also survive in semi-exposed areas.

## Uses

The red, raspberry-looking fruit is edible; and is made up of a few drupes. A purple dye can be made from the fruit juice. Members of the genus Rubus are well known for their nutritional benefits of being high in vitamins and nutrients such as vitamin C, potassium, magnesium, iron and copper, while being low in sugar. This species is suitable for domestic cultivation, and R. gunnianus may be a good choice for people with limited space to grow plants, because it is quite small and would take up little room. It can also be grown in pots. R. gunnianus requires well drained moist soils, part shade to full sun, and is suitable in a variety of soil types in alpine and subalpine areas.

## Conservation status

Rubus gunnianus has not yet been assessed for the IUCN Red List, however, it is quite common in alpine habitats throughout Tasmania; therefore no conservation concern is required at present.
# Speed skating at the 1968 Winter Olympics – Women's 500 metres

The women's 500 metres in speed skating at the 1968 Winter Olympics took place on 9 February, at the L'Anneau de Vitesse.

## Records

Prior to this competition, the existing world and Olympic records were as follows:
| World record | Tatyana Sidorova (URS) | 42.5 | Davos, Switzerland | 3 February 1968 |
| Olympic record | Lidia Skoblikova (URS) | 45.0 | Innsbruck, Austria | 30 January 1964 |

## Results

| Rank | Athlete | Country | Time |
| | Lyudmila Titova | Soviet Union | 46.1 |
| | Jenny Fish | United States | 46.3 |
| | Dianne Holum | United States | 46.3 |
| | Mary Meyers | United States | 46.3 |
| 5 | Ellie van den Brom | Netherlands | 46.6 |
| 6 | Kaija Mustonen | Finland | 46.7 |
| 6 | Sigrid Sundby-Dybedahl | Norway | 46.7 |
| 8 | Kirsti Biermann | Norway | 46.8 |
| 9 | Irina Yegorova | Soviet Union | 46.9 |
| 9 | Tatyana Sidorova | Soviet Union | 46.9 |
| 11 | Lisbeth Korsmo-Berg | Norway | 47.0 |
| 12 | Arja Kantola | Finland | 47.4 |
| 12 | Evi Sappl | West Germany | 47.4 |
| 14 | Stien Kaiser | Netherlands | 47.6 |
| 15 | Christina Lindblom-Scherling | Sweden | 47.7 |
| 16 | Wil Burgmeijer | Netherlands | 47.8 |
| 16 | Ruth Schleiermacher | East Germany | 47.8 |
| 18 | Kaija-Liisa Keskivitikka | Finland | 48.1 |
| 19 | Marie-Louise Perrenoud | France | 48.2 |
| 19 | Wendy Thompson | Canada | 48.2 |
| 21 | Hildegard Sellhuber | West Germany | 48.4 |
| 22 | Martine Ivangine | France | 48.5 |
| 23 | Marcia Parsons | Canada | 48.8 |
| 24 | Doreen McCannell | Canada | 49.0 |
| 25 | Misae Takeda | Japan | 49.4 |
| 26 | Ylva Hedlund | Sweden | 49.9 |
| 27 | Kaname Ide | Japan | 50.0 |
| - | Sachiko Saito | Japan | DNF |
# Hobart baronets

There have been two baronetcies created for persons with the surname Hobart, one in England and one in the United Kingdom, with both creations for branches of the same family.
The Hobart Baronetcy, of Intwood in the County of Norfolk, was created in the Baronetage of England in 1611 for Sir Henry Hobart. The fifth Baronet was created Earl of Buckinghamshire in 1746. For more information on this creation, see the latter title.
The Hobart Baronetcy, of Langdown in the County of Southampton, was created in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom in 1914 for Sir Robert Henry Hobart, who had previously served as Liberal MP for New Forest from 1906 to 1910. Hobart was the son of the Very Reverend the Hon. Henry Lewis Hobart, fourth son of the third Earl of Buckinghamshire. The present holder is heir presumptive to the earldom of Buckinghamshire and the 1611 baronetcy.

## Hobart baronets, of Intwood (1611)

* see the Earl of Buckinghamshire

## Hobart baronets, of Langdown (1914)

* Sir Robert Henry Hobart, 1st Baronet (1836–1928)
* Sir Claud Vere Cavendish Hobart, 2nd Baronet (1870–1949)
* Sir Robert Hampden Hobart, 3rd Baronet (1915–1988)
* Sir John Vere Hobart, 4th Baronet (born 1945)
The heir apparent is the present holder's son George Hampden Hobart (born 1982).
# Gbarpolu-2

Gbarpolu-2 is an electoral district for the elections to the House of Representatives of Liberia. The constituency covers Belleh District, Gounwolaila District and six communities of Bokomu District (Mollakwelle, Salayah, Gungbe-ta, Gbarkagborquoita, Zalakai, Porkpa-Ta).

## Elected representatives

| Year | Representative elected | Party |
| 2005 | Armah Sarnor | LP |
| 2011 | Malai G. Gbogar | LP |
| 2017 | A. Kanie Wesso | CDC |
| 2023 | Luther S. Collins | IND |
# Svante Samuel Murbeck

Svante Samuel Murbeck (20 October 1859 - 26 May 1946) was a Swedish professor, botanist, pteridologist and explorer.

## Biography

Murbeck was born in the parish of Hardeberga in Skåne County, Sweden. While studying at Lund University, Murbeck undertook a successful field trip to Bosnia-Herzegovina before receiving his PhD in geology and botany in 1891. That same year he was made a lecturer at the university. He took up a position as curator of the Swedish Museum of Natural History (1882-1883) and from 1897 until 1902 he worked for the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences at Alnarp. Murbeck returned to Lund University to become professor of botany and director of the Botaniska trädgården from 1902-24. Murbeck became a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1907 and the Royal Society of Sciences in Uppsala in 1911. Starting from 1886 he co-edited the exsiccata Violæ Sueciæ exsiccatæ quas adjuvante Carl Areskog ediderunt L. M. Neuman, L. J. Wahlstedt, S. S. Murbeck.
Murbeck also published important studies in morphology, histology and embryology. He made important contributions to knowledge of the flora of North Africa, writing several articles and books, including Contributions a la connaissance de la flore du nord-ouest de I'Afrique et plus specialement de la Tunisie (1897). In 1907, he published the exsiccata Plantae selectae ex Africa boreali.
# Nune Popović

Nune Popović (born 1974 in Belgrade, Serbia) is creator and pioneer of the massive non-violent resistance to the regime of Slobodan Milošević, for which he was abused by the police and banished by the staged court trials in Serbia from 1996 until 2003. Global media have reported about his engaged creative work: CNN, BBC, SKY, AP, Reuters, Corbis and others.
Since 2000 he has been living in Ljubljana, Slovenia, where he works as a concept creator, copywriter, creative director and advisor in the media and announcing sector. His narrow specialty is web production and creative guerrilla marketing.
He has created the overall image and managed the production of The Human Rights Ombudsman of the Republic of Slovenia from 2001 until 2006.
In 2004 he has established the Nune Production, a creative studio for design, web production, media consulting and guerrilla marketing. Tamara Ćetković is co-founder, designer and art director of Nune Production.

## Selected media

* Blog author on the VIP Blog B92 (2006–09)
* Editor of the web portal Media Club of Montenegro (Podgorica, 1999)
* Journalist in the weekly magazine Evropljanin (Belgrade, 1998)
* Journalist and editor in the daily newspaper Dnevni telegraf (Belgrade, 1996–97)
* Founder and editor-in-chief of the magazine Magnet (Belgrade, 1994–95)

### Books

* Anarchy (Cultural Centre of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, 1997); Rusija (Kultura, Belgrade, 1992).

### Exhibitions

* Zoran Djindjic – A Modern Serbia (Center For Cultural Decontamination, Belgrade, 2004);
* Traces of Punk (Student Cultural Centre, Belgrade, 1995);
* Long Live Liberty! (Museum of Contemporary Art of Vojvodina, Novi Sad, 2011).

#### Selected group exhibitions

* The Star And Its Shadow (Museum of Contemporary Art Vojvodina, Novi Sad, 2006);
* On Normality. Art in Serbia 1989–2001 (Museum of Contemporary Art, Belgrade, 2005);
* State of Art (SOS, Wienna, 2005; Ljubljana, 2004);
* Art and Resistance of 90's in Serbia (Gallery Nadezda Petrovic, Cacak, 1998).

## Other

* Author and performer about 25 actions and performances.
* Member of Independent Association of Journalists of Serbia - NUNS and International Federation of Journalists - IFJ
# Vugraph

Vugraph (or Viewgraph) is a method of displaying the bidding and play of bridge hands on a screen for viewing by an audience. The basis of the current computer-generated display was originally developed by Fred Gitelman for the American Contract Bridge League in 1991 under a grant from the estate of Peter Pender, a champion player. Then known as PenderGraph, the software program was first used at the 1991 Summer North American Bridge Championships at Las Vegas. The program was substantially revised in 1993 to work under the Microsoft Windows operating system. Archived Vugraph data can be found from various databases and the most complete collection of bridge data is the Vugraph Project.
The term and practice date back at least to 1959, when its use was reported in The New York Times.
# Steirastoma zischkai

Steirastoma zischkai is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Prosen in 1958.
# Spokes Mashiyane

Johannes "Spokes" Mashiyane (born Vlakfontein (Mamelodi), Pretoria 20 January 1933; died at Baragwanath Hospital of cirrhosis of liver 9 February 1972) was regarded as one of the greatest pennywhistle artists who graced the South African kwela music scene from the 1950s to (approximately) the 1970s. Arriving on the pennywhistle band scene as a juvenile domestic servant from the northern Sotho communities in the Transvaal alongside contemporaries of Alexandra boys such as Lemmy Mabaso, Barney Rachabane, Elias and Jack Lerole. He stated that the pennywhistle's simplicity allowed for greater freedom to bend and blend notes. The success of his recordings provided significant revenue for his recording company, Gallo Record Company, to which he had switched in 1958. His success gained international notice by the 1960s - he played with Bud Shank among others during their visit to South Africa - and in July 1965 he was invited to the Newport Folk Festival. This festival gained notoriety for the Electric Dylan controversy, but Spokes performance at the festival did receive notice and praise from Robert Shelton. Spokes's work also had an influence on the Music of Zimbabwe. He claimed that the inspiration for his songs were from his dreams. He played with other kwela greats of his time and his music is enjoyed by many to this day. He married his wife Mary in 1964, and they had two sons, Frederick and Eugene.
In 1989, South African band Mango Groove released Special Star as a tribute to Mashiyane.

## Discography
### Contributing artist

* The Rough Guide to the Music of South Africa (1998, World Music Network)
# Windrider (glider)

The Windrider walkalong glider is a commercially available toy airplane designed to be flown by controllable slope soaring. The design was first invented, manufactured and sold by Tyler MacCready, son of Paul MacCready. The same design appeared as the Air Surfer from WowWee for a brief period before being produced by the current manufacturer, Windrider Ltd. of Hong Kong. The Windrider is a flying wing design type of fixed-wing aircraft.
# Weltsch

Weltsch is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Felix Weltsch (1884–1964), German-speaking Czech Jewish librarian, philosopher, and author
* Robert Weltsch (1891–1982), Czech-Israeli journalist, editor, and prominent Zionist
# Sehome (disambiguation)

Sehome Hill Arboretum is a park on Sehome Hill in Bellingham, Washington.
Sehome may also refer to:
* Sehome (neighborhood), a neighborhood near the park
* Sehome High School, a high school in Bellingham
# Nune

Nune may refer to:

## People

* Nune Hairapetian (born 1951), Armenian musician
* Nune Popović (born 1974), Serbian activist
* Nune Siravyan (born 1973), Armenian artist
* Nune Tumanyan (born 1963), Armenian artist
* Nune Yesayan, Armenian singer

## Other

* Nune (crater), on Mars
# Koratinga

Koratinga is a village in the Zam Department of Ganzourgou Province in central Burkina Faso. The village has a population of 1951.
# Ulmus minor 'Purpurascens'

The Field Elm cultivar Ulmus minor 'Purpurascens' was listed by Lavallée in Arboretum Segrezianum (1877) as U. campestris var. purpurascens (purpurea), but without description, and later by Schneider in Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde (1904). Krüssmann in Handbuch der Laubgehölze (1962) identified it as a cultivar.
Schneider, Henry, and Green believed the cultivar 'Myrtifolia Purpurea', which was also first listed in 1877, a synonym of U minor 'Purpurascens'.

## Description

The tree has small leaves approximately 25 mm long, rough above, downy beneath, tinged with purple when young, but turning dark green later. The twigs are downy. Green noted that the tree usually remains small.

## Pests and diseases

See under Ulmus minor.

## Cultivation

A grafted tree at Kew Gardens labelled U. campestris var. purpurascens, planted in 1885, was 20 ft tall by 1912. (For specimens supplied by the Späth nursery as U. campestris myrtifolia purpurea, see 'Myrtifolia Purpurea'.)

## Notable trees

Three trees survive in Hove, one of them the UK champion (see 'Accessions'). Until 2018 one was misidentified as the large-leaved purple elm U. × hollandica 'Purpurascens'.

## Synonymy

* Ulmus myrtifolia purpurea (?): Louis de Smet , (Ghent, Belgium), Catalogue 10, p. 59, 1877.

## Accessions
### Europe

* Brighton & Hove City Council, UK, NCCPG Elm Collection. Cottesmore St. Mary School, Hove (1 tree, National Champion, 18 m high, 51 cm d.b.h. in 1993); Brighton & Hove Prep School, Radinden Manor Rd, Hove (1 tree); Davigdor Road, Hove (1 tree).
# Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery

Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery is a peer-reviewed medical journal that covers the field of veterinary medicine as applied to domestic cats. The editors-in-chief are A. H. Sparkes and M. Scherk, both of the International Society of Feline Medicine. The journal is published by SAGE Publications on behalf of the International Society of Feline Medicine and the American Association of Feline Practitioners.

## Scope

Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery is published in two monthly formats. The "classic" editions publish original research papers on aspects of feline medicine and surgery, while the "clinical practice" editions publish commissioned review articles of relevance to feline clinical work, along with other relevant clinical articles such as case reports.

## Abstracting and indexing

Journal of Feline Medicine is abstracted and indexed in Scopus, MEDLINE, and the Science Citation Index. According to the Journal Citation Reports, its 2010 impact factor is 1.681.