OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Staphyloxanthin

Staphyloxanthin is a carotenoid pigment that is produced by some strains of Staphylococcus aureus, and is responsible for the characteristic golden color that gives S. aureus its species name. Staphyloxanthin also acts as a virulence factor. It has an antioxidant action that helps the microbe evade death by reactive oxygen species produced by the host immune system.
When comparing a normal strain of S. aureus with a strain modified to lack staphyloxanthin, the wildtype pigmented strain was more likely to survive incubation with an oxidizing chemical such as hydrogen peroxide than the mutant strain was. Colonies of the two strains were also exposed to human neutrophils. The mutant colonies quickly succumbed while many of the pigmented colonies survived. Wounds on mice were inoculated with the two strains. The pigmented strains created lingering abscesses. Wounds with the unpigmented strains healed quickly. These tests suggest that the staphyloxanthin may be key to the ability of S. aureus to survive immune system attacks.
Drugs designed to inhibit the bacterium's production of the staphyloxanthin may weaken it and renew its susceptibility to antibiotics. In fact, because of similarities in the pathways for biosynthesis of staphyloxanthin and human cholesterol, a drug developed in the context of cholesterol-lowering therapy was shown to block S. aureus pigmentation and disease progression in a mouse infection model.
# Stapledon

Stapledon may refer to:

## People

* George Stapledon, Grassland scientist and environmentalist
* Olaf Stapledon, British philosopher and author of several works of science fiction.
* Walter Stapledon, English bishop, brother of Richard
* Richard Stapledon, English judge, brother of Walter

## Places

* Stapledon, Ontario, Canada, a small rural village west of Richmond
# Tasmanian Electoral Commission

The Tasmanian Electoral Commission (TEC) in Tasmania, Australia, established in 2005, is an independent office which conducts parliamentary and local government elections in Tasmania. Elections for the House of Assembly take place every four years, and for the Legislative Council every year on a rotational basis.
The next election for the House of Assembly will be held on 23 March 2024. The next elections for the Legislative Council, for the divisions of Launceston, Murchison and Rumney, will be held in 2023. The next elections for local government councils will be held during September and October 2022.
# Saint-Germain-de-Longue-Chaume

Saint-Germain-de-Longue-Chaume (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.
# Stanley E. Bogdan

Stanley E. Bogdan (December 16, 1918 – March 27, 2011) was the founder of S.E. Custom Built, a company dedicated to the handmade construction of fly reels.

## Early life

Bogdan was born on December 16, 1918, in Nashua, New Hampshire, and lived there throughout his entire life. He became interested in fly fishing at an early age when he began receiving outdated copies of a hunting and fishing magazine from a local sports retailer. At age 13, Bogdan was tying his own flies and would then become immersed in the sport.

## Career

Upon graduating high school, Bogdan began work at Rollins Engine Company, a local engines manufacturer in Nashua. Later on, while working as a machinist, he began constructing some of the first prototypes for his reels.
Bogdan sold his first set of reels in 1955. At the New England Sportsmen's Show, he received $150 from Julian Crandall for a set of 10 reels. That same year Bogdan would make a deal with Abercrombie & Fitch, one of the day's leading marketers of sport's goods, for a set of 40 reels.
At this time, Bogdan would retire work at the factories and begin working entirely on his reel making company, S.E. Custom Built.
Bogdan's son, Stephen, joined him in the company in September 1973. Stephen later purchased the company and became the sole owner in 1996.

## Personal life

Bogdan married Phyllis and had two children, Cheryl Doughty and Stephen. His wife, Phyllis, died in 1995. Bogdan died on March 27, 2011.
# Stanley E. Whitcomb

Stanley Ernest Whitcomb (born January 23, 1951, in Denver) is an American physicist and was the chief scientist at the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) project when the first direct detection of gravitational waves was made in September 2015.

## Education and career

In 1973 Whitcomb graduated with a bachelor's degree physics from Caltech. After a year at the University of Cambridge, he became a physics graduate student at the University of Chicago, where he graduated with a Ph.D. in 1980. His dissertation, supervised by Roger Hildebrand, dealt with astronomy in the far infrared and sub-millimeter wavelengths. In the autumn of 1980 Whitcomb became an assistant professor at Caltech.
   Whitcomb joined the gravitational wave effort in 1980 and participated in the early experimental work that proved the feasibility of making such precise measurements. He led the team within the LIGO Laboratory that designed and commissioned the first generation full-scale LIGO detectors. At one point or another, he was involved in virtually every aspect of LIGO’s work.
Kip Thorne and Ronald Drever were the earliest leaders of Caltech's pioneering gravitational wave program. Whitcomb, Siu Au Lee, Robert E. Spero, and Mark Hereld were among the program's first five recruits. In 1985 Whitcomb moved to Northrop Corporation as a research engineer in the electronics division and then became a project manager. From 1989 to 1991 he was a senior system specialist at Loral Electro-Optical Systems. In 1991 he returned to LIGO as deputy director under Director Rochus "Robbie" Vogt, who in 1987 had taken charge of the joint LIGO Project between MIT (where Rainer Weiss worked on laser interferometers) and Caltech. In September 2015 Whitcomb officially retired from LIGO but continued to make various contributions to the project.
In 2002 Whitcomb was elected a fellow of the American Physical Society (APS). He was elected a Fellow of The Optical Society in 2012. He has received several awards. He received, jointly with Barry Barish, the Henry Draper Medal in 2017. In 2019, he received OSA's C.E.K. Mees Medal.
# Stanley E. Clarke III

Stanley E. Clarke III is a retired United States Air Force lieutenant general and former director of the Air National Guard. In that position, he was the highest-ranking member of the Air National Guard and reported directly to the Chief of the National Guard Bureau.

## Military career

Clarke was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the United States Air Force following his graduation from the University of Georgia with a Bachelor of Science degree in 1981. He is a Command Pilot and has flown over 4,000 hours (including over 100 combat hours) in the A-10 Thunderbolt, F-16 Fighting Falcon, and C-26 Metroliner. He served in a number of leadership positions, including commander of the 160th Fighter Squadron, commander of the 187th Fighter Wing, deputy director of the Air National Guard, Defense Attache in Turkey, assistant adjutant general of the Alabama National Guard, and commander of the First Air Force. In 2007, he completed a Master of Arts degree in military studies at the American Military University.
In May 2013, Clarke was promoted to lieutenant general and became the director of the Air National Guard. He was relieved of this assignment on 18 December 2015, and retired from the United States Air Force on 1 March 2016.
# Saint-Cyr-la-Rivière

Saint-Cyr-la-Rivière (French pronunciation: ) is a commune in the Essonne department in Île-de-France in northern France.
Inhabitants of Saint-Cyr-la-Rivière are known as Saint-Cyriens.

## Geography

The village lies on the left bank of the Éclimont, which forms the commune's northeastern border and flows into the Juine, which flows northeast through the northwestern part of the commune.
# Tarao people

The Taraos are one of the lesser-known tribes of Manipur mostly settled in Chandel district of Manipur. They use Meitei language as their second language (L2) according to the Ethnologue.
# Staphylococcus piscifermentans

Staphylococcus piscifermentans is a Gram-positive, coagulase-negative member of the bacterial genus Staphylococcus consisting of clustered cocci. This species was originally isolated from fermented fish in Thailand. A later study found a strain of S. piscifermentans in dog feces. The species is used in the preparation of fermented foods along with Staphylococcus carnosus; both species reduce nitrate and produce ammonia.
# Staphylococcus saccharolyticus

Staphylococcus saccharolyticus is a Gram-positive, coagulase-negative, anaerobic member of the bacterial genus Staphylococcus consisting of single and clustered cocci. The species was formerly known as Peptococcus saccharolyticus, but was reclassified on the basis of 16S ribosomal RNA and biochemical similarity to other members of Staphylococcus.

## Pathogenicity

Staphylococcus saccharolyticus may be a cause of infective endocarditis. This species is also known to contaminate samples of platelets taken from humans, though these contaminated samples generally do not cause S. saccharolyticus infections during transfusion.
# Staphylococcus muscae

Staphylococcus muscae is a Gram-positive coccoid bacterium belonging to the genus Staphylococcus.

## History

This species was first isolated from flies (Musca domestica and Stomoxys calcitrans) caught in a cow shed in 1992.

## Description

This species consists of small Gram-positive cocci that range from 0.4 to 1.1 pm in diameter and are arranged predominantly in irregular clumps, occasionally in pairs and singly. The spherical or slightly ovoid cells are nonmotile and nonsporeforming.
The G+C content of the genome is 40-41%.
Colonies on P agar (after five days at 37 °C) are only slightly convex with gently raised centers, circular, entire, smooth, faintly glistening, butyrous, opaque, grayish white, and 5–6 mm in diameter.
The species grows well in the presence of NaCl at concentrations up to 10%; no growth occurs at an NaCl concentration of 15%. They grow moderately at 25 °C; no growth occurs at 10 and 45 °C.
They are facultative anaerobes. Better growth occurs under aerobic conditions. Anaerobic growth in a semisolid thioglycolate medium is evident after 24 to 48 hours.
This species produces catalase, phosphatase and heat-labile nuclease. It is positive in the benzidine test and weakly positive in methyl red test. It exhibits clear hemolysis on ovine blood agar medium. It produces lecithinase, splits Tween 20, Tween 40, and Tween 80 and reduces nitrate. On crystal violet agar it may produce white (positive, E type) colonies or blue (negative, D type) colonies.
It does not produce oxidase, coagulase, clumping factor, fibrinolysin, thermostable nuclease, tellurite reductase, gelatinase, protease, urease, arginine dihydrolase, alpha- or beta-haemeolysins, ornithine decarboxylase, acetylmethylcarbinol, or beta-galactosidase. It does not hydrolyze starch or esculin.
The species produces acid aerobically from glucose (without gas), fructose, sucrose, trehalose, turanose, xylose, and glycerol. No acid is produced from adonitol, arabinose, arbutin, cellobiose, dulcitol, fucose, galactose, inositol, inulin, lactose, maltose, mannitol, mannose, melezitose, melibiose, raffinose, rhamnose, ribose, salicin, sorbose, or tagatose. It normally weakly produces acid anaerobically from glucose.
It is resistant to lysozyme (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) >1,000 kg/ml) and susceptible to novobiocin (MIC, 0.06 to 0.1 pg/ml), penicillin (MIC, 0.01 to 0.06 pg/ml), oxacillin (MIC,0.2 pg/ml), ampicillin (MIC, 0.06 to 1.0 pg/ml), cephaloridine(MIC, 0.1 to 0.2 pg/ml), erythromycin (MIC, 0.06 pg/ml), lincomycin (MIC, 0.2 to 0.5 pg/ml), clindamycin (MIC, 0.1 pg/ml), chloramphenicol (MIC, 2.0 pg/ml), tetracycline (MIC, 0.1 to 0.2 pg/ml), gentamicin (MIC, 0.2 pg/ml) and vancomycin (MIC, 1.0 pg/ml). It is resistant to bacitracin (10 U per disc) and susceptible to furadantin (100 pg per disc).
The cell walls contain a glycine-rich peptidoglycan.

## Epidemiology

This species has been isolated from Musca domestica and Stomoxys calcitrans. It is probably a commensal of cattle.

## Clinical

This species is not known to be associated with disease.
# Taoyuan Water Conservancy Composite Tower

The Taoyuan Water Conservancy Composite Tower (Chinese: 桃園水利綜合大樓) is a 23-storey, 117.3 m (385 ft) skyscraper office building completed in 1997 and located in Taoyuan District, Taoyuan, Taiwan. The building serves as the Taoyuan branch of the Water Resources Agency, which will soon move to a new building in Qingpu Special District after its completion in 2021. As of April 2021, it is the fifth tallest building in the city, tied with ChungYuet Global Business Building.
# Starch mogul

A starch mogul is a machine that makes shaped candies or candy centers from syrups or gels, such as gummi candy. These softer candies and centers are made by filling a tray with cornstarch, stamping the desired shape into the starch, and then pouring the filling or gel into the holes made by the stamp. When the candies have set, they are removed from the trays and the starch is recycled.
Starch moguls were invented around 1899 and were in common use within the next two decades. Early designs were built from wood, though were later fabricated in steel.

## Effects

Starch moguls reduced the number of jobs in candy factories and thereby lowered production costs for candies. All of the steps were previously performed by hand.
Starch moguls also improved worker safety. Previously, starch rooms tended to have dangerously high levels of starch in the air. Workers would breathe this and develop respiratory illnesses. By reducing the amount of combustible starch in the air, the machines also significantly reduced the risk of dust explosions and fire.

## Method

The starch mogul system is a method of molding candy that allows for the use of materials that are more runny compared to normal processes. It is used in the manufacture of jelly beans and gummy bears, and was formerly used in the manufacture of marshmallows before the advent of the extrusion process. The starch mogul system uses a machine with trays of starch. Each tray has a mold firmly pushed down in it to create cavities in the starch. The cavities are then filled with the candy material, and allowed to cool or harden as necessary. During this time, the starch helps absorb excess water, making the candy moldings handleable. Finally, the trays are dumped and the candy is separated from the starch, which is then dried and reused by the machine. Hans Arthur Faerber, founder of NID Pty Ltd, created the current form of the starch mogul system in 1952.
Potato starch is considered unsuitable, as it has a tendency to clump when drying. More typical choices are wheat, rice, or corn (maize) starch.
# Stan Coughtrie

Stan Coughtrie (19 July 1935 - July 2022) was a Scottish international rugby union player, who played for Scotland and the Lions.
He also played for Edinburgh Academicals.
He was on the 1959 British Lions tour to Australia and New Zealand.
# Saint-Jean-Bonnefonds

Saint-Jean-Bonnefonds (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Loire department in central France.

## Population

| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1793 | 2,285 | — |
| 1800 | 2,189 | −0.61% |
| 1806 | 2,355 | +1.23% |
| 1821 | 2,572 | +0.59% |
| 1831 | 4,022 | +4.57% |
| 1836 | 4,263 | +1.17% |
| 1841 | 4,808 | +2.44% |
| 1846 | 4,630 | −0.75% |
| 1851 | 6,357 | +6.55% |
| 1856 | 8,617 | +6.27% |
| 1861 | 8,898 | +0.64% |
| 1866 | 4,705 | −11.97% |
| 1872 | 4,440 | −0.96% |
| 1876 | 4,316 | −0.71% |
| 1881 | 3,970 | −1.66% |
| 1886 | 4,029 | +0.30% |
| 1891 | 4,167 | +0.68% |
| 1896 | 4,031 | −0.66% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1901 | 4,147 | +0.57% |
| 1906 | 3,862 | −1.41% |
| 1911 | 3,784 | −0.41% |
| 1921 | 4,017 | +0.60% |
| 1926 | 4,140 | +0.61% |
| 1931 | 4,124 | −0.08% |
| 1936 | 3,978 | −0.72% |
| 1946 | 3,838 | −0.36% |
| 1954 | 4,388 | +1.69% |
| 1962 | 4,585 | +0.55% |
| 1968 | 4,460 | −0.46% |
| 1975 | 4,943 | +1.48% |
| 1982 | 6,285 | +3.49% |
| 1990 | 6,412 | +0.25% |
| 1999 | 6,089 | −0.57% |
| 2007 | 6,030 | −0.12% |
| 2012 | 6,512 | +1.55% |
| 2017 | 6,638 | +0.38% |
Source: EHESS and INSEE (1968-2017) :
# Tirling pin

A tirling pin or risp and ring (chiefly Scottish) is an archaic device that was used to announce a visitor's presence at a door, in lieu of a door-knocker. It consisted of a ring and a serrated rod, along which the ring could be rattled. A visitor using such a device was said to be "tirling the pin".
This sense was referred to by R.O. Heslop in his Northumberland Words (1894): "Doors were formerly provided with a long, notched, iron handle on which a loose iron ring was hung. Instead of rousing the house with a knock, the caller tirled the ring up and down the notches of the ‘tirling pin’, or handle".
Earlier uses of "tirling (at) the pin" may have been slightly different, however. As the Oxford English Dictionary observes, the 'pin' of a door was the latch or handle to be turned or lifted to gain entrance, whereas a fixed serrated bar was known as a 'risp'. Thus, "to tirl at the pin" was to make a noise by moving the latch up and down rapidly. The OED speculates that the 'risp and ring' was a later device that erroneously became associated with the older action of ‘tirling at the pin’.
Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (1898) is consistent with this, noting that "the pin is the door-latch, and before a visitor entered a room it was, in Scotland, thought good manners to fumble at the latch to give notice of your intention to enter".

## References in poetry

Lewis Carroll's poem "The Lang Coortin" published in Phantasmagoria and Other Poems (1869) has a comic reference:
   Sadly, sadly he crossed the floor And tirlëd at the pin: Sadly went he through the door Where sadly he cam' in.
The act of "tirling at the window" appears in the first verse of the original Scottish version of Wee Willie Winkie (1841).
# Platte River Crossing

The Platte River Crossing, also known as Bennett's Crossing, is the point at which the Overland Trail crossed the North Platte River in Carbon County, Wyoming. The site is a natural ford created by an island in the middle of the river with a firm river bottom on either side. The location was used as a ford by Native Americans before the arrival of Europeans in the West. The first Europeans to use the site were members of the William Henry Ashley fur-trading expedition of 1825, followed by John C. Frémont in 1843. In 1850, Howard Stansbury camped at the site, noting the presence of remnant Native American encampments around the site. By the time the Overland Stage Line was established in 1861, the crossing had been used by emigrants for several years. In later years, a ferry was operated at the site by Ed Bennett, leading to the site becoming known as Bennett's Crossing. When the Union Pacific Railway laid tracks through the region in 1868, the crossing fell out of use.
The site is marked by a stone monument on a small parcel of land deeded to the State of Wyoming in 1933. A small cemetery is nearby with eight known graves from the 1860s. The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on August 12, 1971.
# Vic Pratt

Victor Alfred Cornelius Eustace Beltane Diggory Penrith Prattellewzowskiey, more commonly known as Vic Pratt, is an artist, writer, musician and actor born in Hounslow in 1971. He now currently lives in Muswell Hill, North East London.
Pratt printed two issues of his own British small press comics Flea Circus in the mid-1990s. His comic strips are mostly autobiographical similar to Robert Crumb or Chester Brown. His art influences are David Law and Hergé. He drew a comic strip "Bad Feedback" in which he remembers his time in university having his comics rejected.
He wrote reviews in the 1990s small press zine Zum! He also wrote for Story Paper Collectors' Digest, a magazine about British boys' story paper fiction. He wrote reports on "The Old Boys' Bookclub". Pratt is a historian on British comics and wrote reviews and drew comics in Psychopia the zine of British comics. He drew many multi artist "jam strips" in the zine including "Martian Jam" and "Stranded on the M25".
As the British Film Institute fiction film curator he brought the first screening of Stanley Long's Primitive London film. He brought to the National Film Theatre the first screening of the live-action The Adventures of Tintin film Tintin and the Golden Treasure. As National Film Archive curator he introduces Rupert Bear Night with special guests Mary Turner creator of the puppet show and Terry Jones (Monty Python).
In his spare time he plays and sings in country-folk-pop group Monogram with Stephen McConnachie and Corinna Reicher. They first performed live at The Drill Hall, London in October 2004 and they recorded their first album for the Irregular Records subsidiary label for new bands, Unlabelled. He also played and sang in humorous music hall novelty-pop group Dylan Rabbit.
He has also played the leading roles in the Hounslow films of director Jan Manthey. He has acted in films such as Teenagecstasy.
He sent a drawing of himself to Robert Crumb asking him to draw himself shaking Vic's hand. The art can be seen in the 1974 comic book Odds & Ends.
# The Bucktown Five

The Bucktown Five was a jazz group active in the early 1920s in the Chicago area of the United States. The group played a New Orleans style of collective improvisational jazz and were forerunners of the Chicago style which developed in later years. About eighteen months after breaking up, many of the same players recorded in Chicago as the Stomp Six. The Bucktown Five also recorded with Bix Beiderbecke.
The band's name is linked with New Orleans, as Bucktown is a Chicago neighborhood, but also the name of the settlement that grew up on the shore of Lake Pontchartrain after the close of Storyville. It became a smaller version of that district.

## Members

* Guy Carey - trombone
* Volly De Faut - clarinet, alto saxophone
* Marvin Saxbe - banjo, guitar, cymbal
* Bill Shelby - banjo
* Muggsy Spanier - cornet
* Mel Stitzel - piano

## Discography

The group recorded on the Claxtonola and other labels. Recordings include:
* The Bucktown Five - Chicago Blues, 1924
* The Bucktown Five - Hot Mittens, 1924
* The Bucktown Five - Mobile Blues, 1924
* The Bucktown Five - Really A Pain, 1924
* The Bucktown Five, Bix Beiderbecke - Buddy's Habits, 1924
* The Bucktown Five, Bix Beiderbecke - Chicago Blues, 1924
* The Bucktown Five, Bix Beiderbecke - Someday Sweetheart, 1924
* The Bucktown Five, Bix Beiderbecke - Steady Roll Blues, 1924
# Perreault

Perreault is a surname of French origin, and may refer to:

## In sport
### Hockey

* Bob Perreault (1931–1980), Canadian professional ice hockey player
* Gabe Perreault (born 2005), Canadian ice hockey player
* Gilbert Perreault (born 1950), Canadian professional ice hockey player
* Jacob Perreault (born 2002), Canadian professional ice hockey player
* Mathieu Perreault (born 1988), Canadian professional ice hockey player
* Yanic Perreault (born 1971), Canadian professional ice hockey player

### Other sports

* Annie Perreault (born 1971), Canadian short track speed skater
* Dominique Perreault (born 1984), Canadian water polo player
* Pete Perreault (1939–2001), American football guard

## Other

* Guillaume Perreault (born 1985), Canadian writer, illustrator
* Melanie Perreault, American historian and academic administrator
* Robert Perreault (born 1947), Canadian politician
# Ōizumi-Chūō Park

Ōizumi-Chūō Park (大泉中央公園, Ōizumi-Chūō Kōen) is a public park in Nerima Ward, Tokyo, Japan.

## Facilities

* Water square
* Sun plaza
* Square of the four seasons
* Fountain
* Athletics stadium (400m all-weather track; free of charge for individuals)
* Baseball field (with night equipment; there is a charge for use)

## Access

By train:
* 44 minutes’ walk from Ōizumi-gakuen Station on the Seibu Ikebukuro Line