OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Endere

Endere (Chinese: 安迪尔; pinyin: Āndí'ěr) is an archaeological site in Xinjiang, China, in the southern Taklamakan Desert, a part of the southern route of the ancient Silk Road. It has been tentatively identified with a place called Saca that is mentioned in documents written in Kharoṣṭhī script which have been found in the region.

## Archaeological excavations

In 1901 the fort of Endere was excavated by Sir Mark Aurel Stein. Endere is believed to have been an important military post and a centre for Buddhist worship located about half-way between Charchan and Nina (or Niya). Coins discovered there indicate that the Chinese controlled the area as early as the Han dynasty but fell to the Tibetans during the Tang dynasty. However, the fort was abandoned in the ninth century when the Endere river changed its course.
Stein discovered a number of buildings devoted to Buddhist worship including a shrine filled with textile rags and fragments of Buddhist manuscripts written in Chinese, Tibetan and Sanskrit which suggests it had drawn worshippers from far and wide.
# Changgou, Beijing

Changgou Town (Chinese: 长沟镇; pinyin: Chánggōu Zhèn) is a town in the southern side of Fangshan District, Beijing, China. It is bordering Hangcunhe Town to its north, Baichigan Township to its east and south, and Dashiwo Town to its west. In 2020 it had 22,002 inhabitants within its borders.

## History

History of Changgou Town :
| Time | Status | Part of |
| Ming and Qing dynasty | Huaiyu Township | Fangshan County |
| 1916 - 1949 | 7th District | Fangshan County |
| 1949 - 1950 | 6th District | Fangshan County |
| 1950 - 1954 | 3rd District | Fangshan County |
| 1954 - 1956 | Changgou Township | Fangshan County |
| 1956 - 1958 | Changgou Town | Fangshan County |
| 1958 - 1960 | Changgou Town | Zhoukoudian District |
| 1960 - 1983 | Changgou People's Commune | Fangshan County |
| 1983 - 1986 | Changgou Township | Fangshan County |
| 1986 - 1989 | Changgou Township | Fangshan District |
| 1989–present | Changgou Town | Fangshan District |

## Administrative divisions

In 2021, Changgou Town had direct jurisdiction over 20 subdivisions, which were 2 communities and 18 villages:
| Administrative Division Code | Subdisvision Names | Name Transliteration | Type |
| 110111108001 | 西厢苑 | Xixiangyuan | Community |
| 110111108002 | 长荷苑 | Changheyuan | Community |
| 110111108200 | 南正 | Nanzheng | Village |
| 110111108201 | 北正 | Beizheng | Village |
| 110111108202 | 双磨 | Shuangmo | Village |
| 110111108203 | 南良各庄 | Nan Lianggezhuang | Village |
| 110111108204 | 北良各庄 | Bei Lianggezhuang | Village |
| 110111108205 | 东良各庄 | Dong Lianggezhuang | Village |
| 110111108206 | 东长沟 | Dong Changgou | Village |
| 110111108207 | 西长沟 | Xi Changgou | Village |
| 110111108208 | 太和庄 | Taihezhuang | Village |
| 110111108209 | 沿村 | Yancun | Village |
| 110111108210 | 坟庄 | Fenzhuang | Village |
| 110111108211 | 东甘池 | Dong Ganchi | Village |
| 110111108212 | 南甘池 | Nan Ganchi | Village |
| 110111108213 | 北甘池 | Bei Ganchi | Village |
| 110111108214 | 西甘池 | Xi Ganchi | Village |
| 110111108215 | 六甲房 | Liujiafang | Village |
| 110111108216 | 三座庵 | Sanzuo'ang | Village |
| 110111108217 | 黄元井 | Huangyuanjing | Village |
# Getting Better (Shed Seven song)

"Getting Better" is the second single from the Shed Seven album A Maximum High. The song spent a total of three weeks on the UK Singles Chart, peaking at number 14 on 27 January 1996, while doing better in Scotland, reaching number 10.

## Track listings

7-inch vinyl and cassette
* "Getting Better"
* "Only Dreaming"
CD
* "Getting Better"
* "Only Dreaming"
* "Song Seven"
# Limestone rat

The limestone rat (Niviventer hinpoon) is a species of rodent in the family Muridae found only in the limestone karsts of Saraburi, Lopburi, Nakhon Sawan provinces, central Thailand. It is listed as an endangered species due to its highly fragmented limestone karst habitat that is currently threatened by mining.
# IMSI

IMSI may refer to:
* International mobile subscriber identity
* Intracytoplasmic morphologically selected sperm injection
* Interface Marketing Supplier Integration Institute, standards organization
* Idaho Maximum Security Institution, prison
* International Maple Syrup Institute, see maple syrup
* IMSI/Design, a software company, see List of CAx companies
# Shenandoah-Dives Mill

The Shenandoah-Dives Mill or Mayflower Mill is an intact and functional but inactive historic ore mill 2 miles (3.2 km) east of Silverton, Colorado, United States. The mill was built in 1929 to recover gold, silver, lead, zinc, and copper from ore mined at the Mayflower mine and brought to the mill by an aerial tramway. Regularly active until 1945, it houses still-functional equipment for the separation by flotation of metals from crushed ores. It is the only intact and functional mill of its kind in Colorado. It was included in the expanded Silverton Historic District in 1997, and was declared a National Historic Landmark on its own in 2000. The mill is owned by the San Juan County Historic Society, which staffs an information and gift shop at the mill under the name Mayflower Mill. The mill is open for self-guided tours in the summer months.

## Description and history

The Mayflower Mill stands east of the town center of Silverton, on the north side of County Road 2 in Arrastra Gulch overlooking the Animas River. The principal mill building is a multistory wood-frame structure covered with corrugated metal roofing, its setting in the hillside designed to facilitate the feed of materials by gravitation. Many of its original window openings have been covered by metal. Attached to it are a series of smaller structures, all of which together house the ore processing infrastructure. The process includes equipment for conveying the ore, crushing it, introducing it into a large tank designed to facilitate the separation of metals by weight from the ore slurry. The mill recovered metals from the ore by gravity separation and by selective flotation. The sulfide ore minerals were concentrated by froth flotation, an innovative method in the early twentieth century that allowed processing of ores that would previously have been too difficult for feasibility. The original mill equipment is still in working order. It is the only intact and functional mill of its kind in Colorado.
The mill was built in 1929 for the Shenandoah-Dives Mining Company to process ore from the nearby Mayflower Mine. Ore from the mine was delivered to the mill via an aerial tramway over 9,000 feet (2,700 m) in length. At its peak, the mill processed 1,000 tons of ore per day. It remained in regular operation until 1945, and was largely shut down thereafter to a decrease in government demand for metals occasioned by the end of World War II. It was operated sporadically until 1992 under a variety of owners, and was then taken over by the San Juan County Historical Society as a museum.
# Stream gradient

Stream gradient (or stream slope) is the grade (or slope) of a stream. It is measured by the ratio of drop in elevation and horizontal distance. It is a dimensionless quantity, usually expressed in units of meters per kilometer (m/km) or feet per mile (ft/mi); it may also be expressed in percent (%). The world average river reach slope is 2.6 m/km or 0.26%; a slope smaller than 1% and greater than 4% is considered gentle and steep, respectively.
Stream gradient may change along the stream course. An average gradient can be defined, known as the relief ratio, which gives the average drop in elevation per unit length of river. The calculation is the difference in elevation between the river's source and the river terminus (confluence or mouth) divided by the total length of the river or stream.

## Hydrology and geology

A high gradient indicates a steep slope and rapid flow of water (i.e. more ability to erode); where as a low gradient indicates a more nearly level stream bed and sluggishly moving water, that may be able to carry only small amounts of very fine sediment. High gradient streams tend to have steep, narrow V-shaped valleys, and are referred to as young streams. Low gradient streams have wider and less rugged valleys, with a tendency for the stream to meander. Many rivers involve, to some extent, a flattening of the river gradient as approach the terminus at sea level.

## Fluvial erosion

A stream that flows upon a uniformly erodible substrate will tend to have a steep gradient near its source, and a low gradient nearing zero as it reaches its base level. Of course, a uniform substrate would be rare in nature; hard layers of rock along the way may establish a temporary base level, followed by a high gradient, or even a waterfall, as softer materials are encountered below the hard layer.
Human dams, glaciation, changes in sea level, and many other factors can also change the "normal" or natural gradient pattern.

## Topographic mapping

On topographic maps, stream gradient can be easily approximated if the scale of the map and the contour intervals are known. Contour lines form a V-shape on the map, pointing upstream. By counting the number of lines that cross a certain segment of a stream, multiplying this by the contour interval, and dividing that quantity by the length of the stream segment, one obtains an approximation to the stream gradient.
Because stream gradient is customarily given in feet per 1000 feet, one should then measure the amount a stream segment rises and the length of the stream segment in feet, then multiply feet per foot gradient by 1000. For example, if one measures a scale mile along the stream length, and counts three contour lines crossed on a map with ten-foot contours, the gradient is approximately 5.7 feet per 1000 feet, a fairly steep gradient.
# Habitat/Species Management Area of Cahouane

Habitat/Species Protected Area of Cahouane (French: Aire Protégée Habitat/Especes de la Cahouane) is a mangrove management area located in southwestern Haiti near the village of Cahouane between Les Anglais and Tiburon. It was established in 2013. It is 59.4 square kilometres (22.9 sq mi) in size.
After Hurricane Allan in 1980, the lagoon had been overused and the mangroves cut down, until the area was nearly destroyed in 2015. The lagoon has been reforested, and the mangroves were successfully restored by 2020. Birds and aquatic organisms have returned.
# Enderle

Enderle is a German surname.
Notable people with this surname include:
* August Enderle (1887–1959), German politician
* Dick Enderle (1947–2008), American football player
* Irmgard Enderle (1895–1985), German politician
* Nathan Enderle (born 1988), American football player
* Rob Enderle (born 1954), American technology analyst
* Sebastian Enderle (born 1989), German footballer
# Chaetocladus

Chaetocladus is an extinct non-calcifying genus of unicellular green algae known from the Upper Silurian.

## Morphology

Chaetocladus thalli range from 2–6 cm in height and average 1 cm in diameter. They comprise a parallel-sided, unbranching axis which is surrounded by leaf-like ramifications.

## Fossil record

Chaetocladus is known from upper Silurian konservat lagerstätte, and found in association with other algae, arthropods, and annelid worms. Similar Dasycladean algae are reported from late-Ordovician lagerstatte.

## Classification

Due to its morphological similarity to the extant order Dasycladales, Chaetocladus is considered to be an early cousin of this order. Unlike the majority of Dasycladales, Chaetocladus does not form deposit calcite - therefore it required much rarer taphonomic conditions to be preserved. Some genera now recognised as Chaetocladus were originally described as Graptolites.

## Species

* C. capitatus Loduca, Melchin & Verbruggen 2011
* C. dubius LoDuca 1997
* C. gracilis Kenrick & Vither 2006
* C. hefteri Krausel and Weyland, 1962
* C. plumula Whitfield 1894
* C. ruedemanni LoDuca 1997
# Limnocharis

Limnocharis is a genus of plants in the family Alismataceae, native to Mexico, Central America, the West Indies and South America, but naturalized in China, India, and Southeast Asia as well. Two species are recognized as of May 2014:
* Limnocharis flava (L.) Buchenau - most of generic range
* Limnocharis laforestii Duchass. ex Griseb - from Mexico to Argentina
# Thomas Murray

Thomas Murray may refer to:

## Politicians

* Thomas Murray (Australian politician) (1885–1969), member of the New South Wales Legislative Council
* Thomas Murray (Canadian politician) (1836–1915), former member of the Canadian House of Commons and Legislative Assembly of Ontario
* Thomas B. Murray (1938–1998), Wisconsin State Assemblyman
* Thomas Murray Jr. (1770–1823), United States representative from Pennsylvania
* Tom J. Murray (1894–1971), U.S. representative from Tennessee
* Thomas Patrick Murray (1880–1981), Ontario Legislative Assembly member from Renfrew South, 1929–1945
* Thomas Templeton Murray (1891–1966), New Zealand politician

## Sportspeople

* Tom Murray (American rower) (born 1969), American rower
* Thomas Murray (curler) (1877–1944), Scottish curler
* Tom Murray (New Zealand rower) (born 1994), New Zealand rower
* Thomas Murray (soccer), American soccer player
* Tommy Murray (ice hockey) (1893–1963), American ice hockey goalie
* Thomas Murray (footballer) (1889–1976), English footballer
* Tommy Murray (footballer, born January 1933), Scottish football outside right for Falkirk, Queen of the South, Leeds and Tranmere
* Tommy Murray (footballer, born February 1933), Scottish football inside forward for Darlington, St. Johnstone, Alloa, Albion Rovers and Stranraer
* Tommy Murray (footballer, born 1943), Scottish footballer

## Other

* Thomas Murray (writer) (1792–1872), Scottish printer and biographer
* T. C. Murray (1873–1959), Irish dramatist
* Thomas E. Murray (1860–1929), inventor and entrepreneur
* Thomas Murray (organist) (born 1943), professor of organ at Yale University
* Thomas Murray (artist) (1663–1734), portrait painter
* Thomas Murray (provost of Eton) (1564–1623), Provost of Eton College
* Thomas Murray (Medal of Honor), American Indian Wars soldier and Medal of Honor recipient
* Thomas John Murray (born 1938), Canadian doctor and author
* Thomas Murray (British Army officer, died 1764) (1698–1764), lieutenant-general in the British Army
* Thomas Murray (British Army officer, died 1816) (1749–1816), Lieutenant-Governor of Portsmouth
# Teddy Leighton

John Edward Leighton (26 March 1865 – 15 April 1944) was an English amateur footballer who played on the wing for Nottingham Forest and the Corinthians in the 1880s and made one appearance for England in 1886.

## Football career

Leighton was born in Nottingham and after playing schoolboy and junior football in the town, he joined Nottingham Forest in 1884. He joined Forest prior to the advent of the Football League and was thus restricted to friendly and cup matches. Leighton scored a goal in the 4–1 victory over local rivals, Notts Olympic in the second round of the FA Cup in November 1885; the following year he scored twice against Grimsby Town in the second round, repeating this in November 1887 against Mellors Ltd.
His England call-up came on 13 March 1886 when, along with his Nottingham Forest teammate Tinsley Lindley, he was one of eight new caps selected to play against Ireland at Ballynafeigh Park, Belfast. England "totally dominated" the match as Benjamin Spilsbury scored four goals in a 6–1 victory.
Leighton also played for the Corinthians between 1885 and 1889, during which time he made seven appearances.

## Life outside football

By profession, Leighton was a wholesale stationer and paper merchant in Nottingham. He was a supporter of Nottingham Forest and watched most of their matches at the City Ground at all levels; he collapsed and died at the City Ground on 15 April 1944, aged 79.
# Rex Barber (cartoonist)

Rex Barber (born 1943) is an Australian cartoonist active since the 1960s.

## Cartooning career

His earliest published cartoons were in The Local Scene, a youth magazine first published in Perth, Western Australia on 16 June 1967. Barber contributed all art work and cartooning for The Local Scene, including creating the cartoon group "Pete Primitive and his Prehistoric’s", which lampooned four-member rock bands of the time, such as The Beatles and The Rolling Stones. Other cartoons were political in nature, given the prevailing political climate surrounding compulsory national service in Australia during the Vietnam War.
Following his work with The Local Scene, Barber continued drawing cartoons for several international magazines, in more recent years to do with antique collecting, metal detecting, and bottle collecting.
During the early 1990s, Barber worked in Vietnam with two silk screening shops in Hanoi that produced t-shirts bearing his work. One key design was a political one prepared for nurses in Western Australia undertaking industrial action. In Vietnam, he designed a menu and tickets for the 1993 New Year Ball thrown for embassies in Hanoi.
In 1993, Barber registered the business name Rex Cartoons and provided freelance cartooning services for corporate clients. In more recent years, his cartooning work has been focused on creating designs for 1000-piece jigsaw puzzles which are marketed as "Puzzling Puzzles".
# Thomas Wheeler (MP)

Thomas Wheeler (by 1513 – 1574), of Werrington, Staffordshire was an English politician.
He was a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Ludlow in 1539, 1545, March 1553 and October 1553.
# Straton

Straton or Strato may refer to:

## People (mononym)

* Strato I, Indo-Greek king (reigned 125–110 BC)
* Strato II, Indo-Greek king (reigned 25 BC – 10 AD)
* Strato of Lampsacus (c. 335 – c. 269 BC), Greek philosopher
* Straton of Sardis, Greek poet and anthologist (c. 1st century AD)
* Abdashtart I (Straton I, reigned 365–352 BC), king of Sidon
* Straton of Alexandria, ancient Greek wrestler and pancratiast (fl. c. 68/64 BC)
* Straton of Alexandria, ancient Greek runner (fl. c. 77 AD)

## People (surname)

* John Roach Straton (1875–1929), pastor
* Taya Straton (1960–1996), Australian actress

## Fictional characters

* Straton of Stageira, a fictitious Greek philosopher invented for 2014 video game The Talos Principle
* Strato, character in Shakespeare's 1599 play Julius Caesar
* Straton, character in The Sacred Band of Stepsons novels (1985-2012)

## Science

* Strato is a Latin prefix meaning "layer," used in words like the Stratosphere layer of the Atmosphere of Earth, and the Stratus and Stratocumulus cloud types.

## Companies

* Strato AG, a German hosting provider
# Hacienda Kancabchén (Tunkás)

Hacienda Kancabchén is located in the Tunkás Municipality in the state of Yucatán in southeastern Mexico. It is one of the properties that arose during the nineteenth century henequen boom. There are numerous other properties of this name in the Yucatán including Hacienda Kancabchén in Baca, Hacienda Kancabchén (Halachó), Hacienda Kancabchén (Homún), Hacienda Kancabchén (Motul), Hacienda Kankabchén (Seyé), Hacienda Kankabchén (Tixkokob), Hacienda Kancabchén Ucí and Hacienda Kancabchén de Valencia.

## Toponymy

The name (Kancabchén) is a word from the Mayan language meaning the well of the red ground.

## How to get there

Travel east out of Mérida towards Valladolid on México 180 approximately 90 km. Turn left and head north approximately 2 km to Hacienda Kancabchén.

## Demographics

All of the henequen plantations ceased to exist as autonomous communities with the agrarian land reform implemented by President Lazaro Cardenas in 1937. His decree turned the haciendas into collective ejidos, leaving only 150 hectares to the former landowners for use as private property. Figures before 1937 indicate populations living on the farm. After 1937, figures indicate those living in the community, as the remaining Hacienda Kancabchén houses only the owner's immediate family.
According to the 2005 census conducted by the INEGI, there was no permanent population in the location.
Population of Kancabchén by year :
| Year | 1900 | 1910 | 1921 | 1930 | 1940 | 1950 | 1960 | 1970 | 1980 | 1990 | 1995 | 2000 | 2005 |
| Population | 166 | 207 | 69 | 39 | 31 | 11 | 3 | 33 | 20 | 13 | 10 | ? | 0 |
# Enderby Warren Quarry

Enderby Warren Quarry is a 1.7-hectare (4.2-acre) geological Site of Special Scientific Interest north of Enderby in Leicestershire. It is a Geological Conservation Review site.
This former quarry is described by Natural England as nationally important as it is the only one in Britain where it can be shown that palygorskite clay soil has been formed by the action of groundwater on Triassic and pre-Triassic sediments.
The site is private land with no public access.
# Northern white-breasted hedgehog

The northern white-breasted hedgehog (Erinaceus roumanicus) is a species of hedgehog native to Eurasia.

## Distribution

The range of the species extends in the west as far as Poland, Austria and the former Yugoslavia, and south to Greece and the Adriatic Islands, including populations on Crete, Corfu and Rhodes. It is found eastwards through Russia and Ukraine, as far east as the Ob River in Siberia. It is widespread throughout this range, and there are no signs of a significant population decline.

## Taxonomy

Taxonomically, it was for a time considered to be a subspecies of E. europaeus, and later a subspecies of E. concolor. Since the 1990s, it has been considered a separate species in its own right, following new genetic and morphological studies, with five subspecies - E. roumanicus roumanicus, E. roumanicus bolkayi, E. roumanicus drozdovskii, E. roumanicus nesiotes, and E. roumanicus pallidus.

## Variation

In Europe, the size of the northern white-breasted hedgehog (Erinaceus roumanicus) in southern Europe was greater in comparison to white-breasted hedgehog in northern Europe. The size of the northern white-breasted hedgehog varied based on the temperature and precipitation, the size of the white-breasted hedgehog was larger in higher temperatures. The higher the precipitation, specifically summer precipitation, the smaller the size of the white-breasted hedgehog.(Kryštufek et al.,2009)

## Parasites

The species is a common synanthrope and is known to carry not only the hedgehog tick, Ixodes hexagonus, but also Ixodes ricinus, the most common European tick species. They are known also to host zoonotic Bartonellae species. A large-scale molecular investigation of fleas was performed to the white-breasted hedgehog due to them being a geographically widespread species and being a very urbanized species. The widespreadness and urbanization of the species gives the white-breasted hedgehog a chance to spread their fleas, specifically Archaeopsylla erinacei, to cats and dogs, which could lead to spread to humans (Gilles et al. 2008). In the investigation, all fleas were positive for rickettsiae (Hornok et al., 2014). In this investigation, 759 fleas were studied, there was detection of Rickettsia helvetica (1.5%),Bartonella henselae (0.7%), hemoplasmas of the hemofelis group (5.2%), and rickettsia genotype were identified (10%)(Hornok et al., 2014).
# Sadagolthina

Sadagolthina was a town of ancient Cappadocia, inhabited in Byzantine times. The town is known for being the ancestral place of Ulfilas, missionary to the Goths.
Its site is tentatively located near Karamollausağı, Asiatic Turkey.
# Libertia chilensis

Libertia chilensis, synonym Libertia formosa, called the New Zealand satin flower, snowy mermaid, or Chilean-iris, is a species of flowering plant in the iris family, Iridaceae, native to the Juan Fernández Islands, central and southern Chile, and southern Argentina. It can also be found growing wild in the San Francisco Bay Area and San Bernardino County in California, where it is an introduced species. A rhizomatous evergreen perennial, it has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
The Calle-Calle River in Los Ríos Region owes its name to the Mapuche word for the plant.
# Glipodes dietrichi

Glipodes dietrichi is a beetle in the genus Glipodes of the family Mordellidae. It was described in 1962 by Franciscolo.