OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Lidgate Castle

Lidgate Castle is a medieval motte and bailey castle in the village of Lidgate, Suffolk, England, built to an unusual quadrangular design.

## Details

Lidgate Castle was built in the village of Lidgate, Suffolk, probably around 1143, during the years of the civil war known as the Anarchy. At this time King Stephen of England was engaged in a campaign against the rebel baron Geoffrey de Mandeville, and the castle may have been built as part of the campaign to contain his advances in the region.
The castle was built on a natural rise, and takes the form of an unusual, quadrangular motte and bailey design. The motte is square, 20 m across and is today around 2 m high, with two adjacent protective platforms alongside it; the main bailey to the south is protected by a protective ditch, 20 m wide and 5 m deep, and a 3.2 m high outer bank.
The castle was probably abandoned in the 1260s, and at some point in the 13th or 14th century, St Mary's Church was built inside the bailey, against the earthworks. The church's nave was probably the original castle chapel – the south side of the castle was largely destroyed to make way for the growth of the village and agriculture. Today the castle is a scheduled monument.
# Thomas Whatmough

Thomas Whatmough (26 March 1844 – 19 March 1911) was an English cricketer active in 1871 who played for Lancashire. He was born and died in Manchester. He appeared in two first-class matches as a righthanded batsman who bowled right arm fast with a roundarm action. He scored 42 runs with a highest score of 28* and held one catch. He took three wickets with a best analysis of two for 52.
# Liability insurance crisis

The liability insurance crisis in the United States of America refers to a volatile economic period during the mid-1980s. During these years, until about 1990, rising insurance premiums and an unavailability of coverage for several types of liability insurance led to a crisis that has been attributed, among others, to the expansion of tort doctrines for insurer liability and the McCarran-Ferguson exemption from antitrust laws.

## Impact

During the period from 1984 to 1987, premiums for general liability increased from about $6.5 billion to approximately $19.5 billion. In addition to increases in premium, many insurers took the following measures to limit the number and cost of claims: 1) changed policy coverage from an occurrence to a claims-made basis; 2) expanded exclusions; 3) raised deductibles; and 4) lowered policy limits on a per-claim basis, and 5) introduced the notion of aggregate total exposure.
The resulting crisis adversely affected a diverse range of organizations, including municipalities, social service providers and pharmaceutical, aircraft, sports equipment, and medical device companies. Many organizations in the nonprofit and government sector could no longer offer social, medical or recreational services due to the prohibitive cost or unavailability of liability coverage.
Reaction to the crisis was widespread in the public media. Public policy advocates expressed concern about the impact on human services. In California, for example, testimony was given before the California Assembly regarding the significant loss of human service programs such as foster care, group homes, and health services caused by soaring premiums and widespread policy cancellation.

## Causes

Various theories among academics, government, insurers, consumers, and regulators have been put forth regarding the causes of the crisis.
* Collusion: the argument that the crisis was engineered by insurance companies themselves, through price-fixing and/or manipulation of insurance reserve accounts.
* Losses: Decrease in interest rates and investment returns forced insurance companies to raise premiums in order to make up for the loss of profitability.
* Litigation: Proliferation of tort litigation and large settlements drove the cost of liability insurance premiums to excessive levels.
* Reinsurance: Disruption of supply in reinsurance markets cited as a contributing factor.

## Tort reform and alternative insurance

As a result of widespread economic disruption, a large number of states adopted tort reforms to limit the dramatic surge in insurance losses and premiums. Congress enacted legislation that expanded the ability of companies prone to similar risks to join together and either form their own insurance risk pool or purchase insurance collectively. Some states, such as Vermont and Hawaii, enacted laws to encourage the development of alternative methods to manage risk, such as captive insurance or risk retention groups.
# Liability waiver

A liability waiver is a legal document that a person who participates in an activity may sign to acknowledge the risks involved in their participation. By doing so, the company attempts to remove legal liability from the business or person responsible for the activity.

## In the United States

In the United States, the enforceability of such a waiver depends on state law, a jury, and the language of the waiver. A signed liability waiver is not a blanket exemption from liability for operators of a dangerous activity. Under the law of tort, prior to injury, the specific risk must have been known to and appreciated by the plaintiff in order for primary assumption of risk to apply. Courts may refuse to enforce a general liability waiver if it fails to inform the signer of the specific risk that caused the injury.
Liability waivers include pre-accident releases and model releases (for pictures). Reckless or intentional actions can never be disclaimed and liability resulting from a faulty product cannot be waived in the state of California.
# Tianguá

Tianguá is a municipality in the state of Ceará in the Northeast region of Brazil.
The municipality contains part of the 1,592,550 hectares (3,935,300 acres) Serra da Ibiapaba Environmental Protection Area, created in 1996. Currently is governed by Mayor Luiz Menezes de Lima.

## Toponymy

The toponym "Tianguá", according to the book "Tianguá ... Roots of its history and culture", page 99, is a Portuguese term from the Tupi words "Tyanha" (hook) and "Guaba" (water), which that is to say: the hook that holds the waters, alluding to the Tianguá River (a stream that runs south of the city) and its tributaries.

## History

The town of Tianguá was elevated to the category of city in 1938, through Decree-Law No. 448 of September 20 of that year.

## Geography

The municipality of Tianguá is divided into three distinct areas: cuesta, carrasco and sertão.
# Tianhe

Tianhe or Tian He, may refer to:

## Locations in China

* Tianhe District (天河区), in Guangzhou, Guangdong
* Wuhan Tianhe International Airport (武汉天河国际机场), Hubei
* Tianhe, Guangxi (天河镇), a town in Luocheng Mulao Autonomous County, Guangxi

### Subdistricts

* Tianhe Subdistrict, Weihai (田和街道), in Huancui District, Weihai, Shandong
* Tianhe Subdistrict, Chaohu, Anhui
* Tianhe Subdistrict, Wuhan, in Huangpi District, Wuhan, Hubei
* Tianhe Subdistrict, Wenzhou, in Longwan District, Wenzhou, Zhejiang

## Other uses

* Tianhe core module (天和, "Harmony of heaven"), the core module of the Chinese Tiangong Space Station
* Tianhe-1 and Tianhe-2, supercomputers built by China
* Duke Tai of Tian Qi (died 384 BC), personal name Tian He, ruler of Qi during the Warring States period
* The Galaxy on Earth, a 2014 Chinese film
* HE Tian (Tian He), a fictional character from Unruly Qiao
* Tianhe (天河, "heavenly river"), an archaic Chinese name for the Milky Way Galaxy
# Tianhai

Tianhai may refer to:
* Tianjin Tianhai Investment (Chinese: 天津天海投资发展), former name of HNA Technology Co., Ltd., a Chinese listed company
* Tianjin Tianhai F.C. (Chinese: 天津天海足球俱乐部; pinyin: Tiānjīn Tiānhǎi Zúqiú Jùlèbù), a Chinese football club
* Wang Tianhai (Chinese: 王田海; pinyin: Wáng Tiánhǎi), member of the 11th National People's Congress of China
# Libertatea (disambiguation)

Libertatea (Romanian for "Liberty") may refer to:

## Media

* Libertatea, a Romanian daily tabloid established in 1989
* Libertatea (Serbia), a Romanian-language Serbian weekly based in Pančevo

## Places

* Libertatea, a village in Călăraşi commune in Romania
* Libertatea, a village in Dichiseni commune in Romania
# Lifupa Airport

Lifupa Airport (ICAO: FWLP) is an airport serving the village of Lifupa, Republic of Malawi.
# LigD

LigD is a multifunctional ligase/polymerase/nuclease (3'-phosphoesterase) found in bacterial non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) DNA repair systems. It is much more error-prone than the more complex eukaryotic system of NHEJ, which uses multiple enzymes to fill its role. The polymerase preferentially use rNTPs (RNA nucleotides), possibly advantageous in dormant cells.
The actual architecture of LigD is variable.
* The LigD homolog in Bacillus subtilis does not have the nuclease domain.
* LigD with its ligase domain artificially removed can perform its function (with loss of fidelity) with a separate LigC acting as the ligase.
* The LigD homolog in the archaeon Methanocella paludicola is broken into three single-domain proteins sharing an operon.
# Thuhumathu

Thuhumathu is a 1993 Maldivian film directed by Hussain Rameez. Produced by Television Maldives in collaboration with Mapa, the film stars Asad Shareef, Waleedha Waleed and Reeko Moosa Manik in pivotal roles.

## Premise

Shareef (Asad Shareef), a hardworking teacher and headmaster of the school, has to visit Male' for an urgent work. Before returning to his island, he attends a music gig, invited by his friend, where the stage welcomes to a leading musician, Shifa Waleedha Waleed, much to his surprise. In a flashback, it is revealed that, years back, Shareef and Shifa bond at her musical concert. Few days later, Shareef proposes to Shifa while his friend, Nihadh (Reeko Moosa Manik) practices his lines to deliver his affections towards the same woman. Nihadh becomes heart-broken when he discovers that Shifa intends to marry Shareef, though he hides his tears with a smile on his face. Shareef gets a job as a headmaster from a nearby island, and he relocates to the island with Shifa after marrying her.
Few years later to their marriage, the couple is blessed with a daughter, Shifnan. Shifa retires as a musician and stays home as a housewife. One day, Nihadh visits them and convinces Shifa to continue her stage performance in the atoll in private to Shareef, to surprise him. She agrees to his terms, hoping it would prosper the couple with financial stability needed for Shareef to begin a business of his own. Their moments and gatherings were captured by a paparazzi, Joarey (Dhon Annaaru Rasheed), who brainwashes Shareef with half-baked narratives and pictures. His suspicions are confirmed as Shareef secretly follows his wife and friend to a guest house; allegedly planning their next music show. In rage, he throws her out of his house and forbids her from meeting their child. Minutes later, he gets an invitation to honor Shifa's next music show which proves him wrong but realizes that he has lost his love due to a false accusation.
Ten years later, in the present, Shareef apologizes to Shifa for his action and behavior. Shifa initially refuses to be with him though she later is unable to control her emotions as he brings forth their daughter's sentiments. Realizing that their daughter believes her mother is dead, they finally come to a mutual understanding and he brings her home as Shifnan's step-mother.

## Cast

* Asad Shareef as Shareef
* Waleedha Waleed as Shifa
* Reeko Moosa Manik as Nihadh
* Aishath Shiranee as Shareef's sister
* Yumna Yoosuf
* Ahamed Manik
* Dhon Annaaru Rasheed as Ali "Joarey" Jaufar
* Zaki
* Yoosuf Moosa
* Abdul Ghafoor
* Ibrahim Fazeel
* N.B Disanayaka
* Baby Inaya

## Reception

Upon release, the film received mixed reviews from critics, where the efforts of the actors were praised for attempting to deliver the emotion and sentiments with their characters, though the weak screenplay limits their scope.
# Ellis Paxson Oberholtzer

Ellis Paxson Oberholtzer (born Cambria Station, Chester County, Pennsylvania, October 5, 1868; died December 8, 1936, Philadelphia, age 68) was an American biographer and historical writer.

## Biography

He was the son of John Oberholtzer, a former schoolteacher who during Ellis' lifetime ran Willowdale Mills (now The Mill at Anselma in Chester Springs, Pennsylvania) and later became a successful grain merchant. Ellis' mother, Sara Louisa Vickers Oberholtzer, was a respected poet and social activist known for her work in abolition, post-Civil War social reform, and equal rights. Ellis had one brother named Vickers Oberholtzer.
Ellis was educated at the University of Pennsylvania (Ph. D., 1893), at German universities (Berlin and Heidelberg), and in Paris. He was on the editorial staff of the Philadelphia Evening Telegraph (1889–96), editor of The Manufacturer (1896-1900), and literary and dramatic editor of the Philadelphia Public Ledger (1902–08). He edited the American Crisis Biographies (20 volumes) and in 1908 and 1912 directed historical pageants at Philadelphia. His wife, Winona McBride Oberholtzer, was the sister of publisher Robert M. McBride.
He died in 1936 and was interred at West Laurel Hill Cemetery in Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania.

## Works

* The Referendum in America (1893; new edition, 1900; 3rd ed., 1908; revised, 1911)
* Die Beziehungen zwischen dem Staat und der Zeitungspresse im deutschen Reich (1895)
* The New Man (1897)
* Robert Morris, Patriot and Financier (1903)
* Abraham Lincoln (1904)
* The Literary History of Philadelphia (1906)
* Jay Cooke: Financier of the Civil War, Vols. & I and II. Philadelphia: George W. Jacobs & Company. 1907. {{cite book}}: External link in |title= (help)
* Henry Clay (1909), with T. H. Clay
* Philadelphia: A History of the City and its People (four volumes, 1912).
* A History of the United States since the Civil War (1917).
* The Morals of the Movie (1922).
# David Bauzá

David Bauzá Francés (born 29 May 1976) is a Spanish former footballer who played as a defensive midfielder, currently manager of CF La Nucía B.

## Club career

Bauzá was born in Alicante, Valencian Community. He appeared in 354 Segunda División matches and scored 16 goals over 12 seasons, representing five clubs in that tier, mainly Sporting de Gijón and Albacete Balompié (three years apiece).
Late into his career, during his spell with SD Huesca, Bauzá suffered two nearly-consecutive anterior cruciate ligament injuries – right and left knees – which sidelined him for a period of almost two years. He retired at the end of the 2011–12 campaign whilst at the service of that team, aged 36.
# F. T. B. Young

Frederick Temple Blackwood Young (August 26, 1873 – April 19, 1940) was a businessman and politician from Caraquet, New Brunswick, Canada.
Young was born in Caraquet, New Brunswick, the son of Robert Young and Sarah Hubbard. In 1895, Young married Helen W. Carman who was a descendant of United Empire Loyalists and a cousin of Bliss Carman.
Young succeeded his father in the canning and fishing business founded by his grandfather, James Young. The firm was one of New Brunswick's largest exporters of dried fish and they also canned fish, lobster, and blueberries. Young also was active in the lumber industry.
Young had been defeated in 1917, 1920, and 1931 before winning election to represent Gloucester County in the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick in 1935. He was re-elected to the seat in 1939. Young was a Liberal Party member.
In 1940, Young died in Fredericton while attending a session of the assembly. His death was attributed to apoplexy. Young was widowed twice and had only been married to his third wife for six months before his death. He was survived by seven children. His daughter Marjorie B. Young married J. Harold Kent, the son of Bathurst mayor and businessman W.J. Kent, and his son Frederick C. Young worked in the family firm and also served in the New Brunswick assembly.
He died April 19, 1940, of apoplexy.
# Oxygen Express

Oxygen Express was a series of long- and short-haul train services jointly operated by the Ministry of Railways and Indian Railways to overcome a severe shortage of medical-grade oxygen by supplying to various hospitals in different parts of India and Bangladesh during the second-wave of COVID-19 pandemic in India.

## Background

Oxygen Express trains were operated in two formats: by using cryogenic ISO tanks which can carry 16 metric-tonnes of liquid medical oxygen each; using fixed tankers on semis such as Tata Motors 1618s, which are then further loaded on to the trains at the roll-on/roll-off discharge facilities of the Indian Railways and Indian Army.
At the peak of pandemic, the trains ran on signal-free "Green Corridor" routes, transporting oxygen from various steel plants to various parts of the country.
In July 2021, 200 metric-tonnes of liquid medical oxygen were transported to the Benapole Border Crossing in Bangladesh, from the Tatanagar Junction railway station.

## Gallery

* Western Railways' Oxygen Express Train with LMO tanker truck, 23 May 2021
* Western Railways' Oxygen Express Train with LMO tanker trucks from Hapa to Delhi, 23 May 2021
* Oxygen Express carrying Reliance Foundation's tankers at Kalamboli in Maharastra, 26 April 2021
* Linde plc's Tata Motors 1618 road tanker is being loaded with Liquid Medical Oxygen at Visakhapatnam Steel Plant, 22 April 2021
* Empty LMO tankers of Inox Air Products departing from Kalamboli goods yard for the Visakhapatnam Steel Plant, 19 April 2021
* Taiyo Nippon Sanso's Empty LMO Tankers at Kalamboli, Maharastra, 19 April 2021
# Removal Units

A Removal Unit (RMU) was a tradable carbon credit or 'Kyoto unit' representing an allowance to emit one tonne of greenhouse gases absorbed by a removal or carbon sink activity in an Annex I country.
Removal Units were generated and issued by Kyoto Protocol Annex I Parties for carbon absorption by land use, land-use change, and forestry (LULUCF) activities such as reforestation.

## Application

Under Article 3.3 of the Kyoto Protocol, Annex I Parties could recognise the biosequestration, the removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by carbon sinks, created by direct human-induced afforestation, reforestation and deforestation since 1990, in determining whether they met their emission reduction commitments under the Protocol. When sinks resulted in the net removal of greenhouse gases from the atmosphere, Annex I Parties could issue removal units (RMUs).
# Shaheed Shrine

A Shaheed Shrine is a building constructed to commemorate and show respect to a saint and forms part of Punjabi folk religion in the Punjab region.

## Punjabi Folk Cosmology

In Punjabi folk cosmology, the universe is divided into three realms:
| English | Punjabi | Inhabitants |
| Sky | Akash | Dev Lok (Angels) |
| Earth | Dharti | Matlok (Humans) |
| Underworld | Naglok | Nagas (Serpents) |
Devlok is the realm of the gods, saints and ancestors, existing in akash, the sky.
A Shaheed can be martyred and hence achieve sainthood or can become a saint in the afterlife.
Although not part of organised religion, Shaheed Shrines only form part of Sikh and Muslim folk religion. However, such shrines are respected by all faiths.
Sikhs prefer to use the term Shaheed "jaggah" (but sometimes also use the term "smadh") whereas Muslims also use the term dargah or mazaar for such shrines if the shrine is near a grave. Muslim Shaheed Shrines typically represent Sufi saints.
The Hindus equivalent of Shaheeds are Siddhs of the Siddha tradition. Siddha shrines are either referred to as Mandirs or Samadhs.

## Worship

Saint worship in shrines is common in the Punjab region. People of all faiths attend and venerate shrines in honour of saints.
These shrines represent sources of power (barkat) to the common people and are open to people from all religious persuasions. The shrines can be at the final resting places of the saints (dargahs) or ‘memorial shrines’. These memorial shrines have evolved into a distinct form of ‘saint worship’. These shrines represent inter-communal dialogue and a distinct form of cultural practice of saint veneration.

## Shrines

Shrines can be local, such as the shrine of Bhagat Baba Kalu and Baba Nihal Singh Ji, or they can be popular across a larger area forming part of folklore, such as the shrines of Sakhi Sarwar, also known as Baba Lakhadata whose larger central shrine is in Sakhi Sarwar of Dera Ghazi Khan District, Pakistan and the smaller shrine in Una, Himachal Pradesh, India. Other popular shrines include those of Gugga Ji and Khawaja Khizr.

## Photo gallery

* Shah Bilwal's Tomb, Muzzafargarh, Punjab, Pakistan
* Tapa Singh Shaheed
* Shrine Baba Budda Ji Nakodar
* Gurudwara Sahib & Baba Bala ji Smadh Ghuriana
* prayer flags Hindu shrine and red flag
* Bhagat Baba Kalu Ji Panchhat
# Sfera Politicii

Sfera Politicii ((in Romanian) for "The Political Sphere") is a monthly political science magazine, published in Romania since 1991.

## History and profile

Sfera Politicii was first published in December 1991. The magazine is based in Bucharest. Its articles, written in both English and Romanian, deal with diverse issues in local and international politics.
Sfera Politicii was established by Stelian Tănase around the Civic Society Foundation (Fundaţia "Societatea Civilă", which was headed by Alexandru Paleologu until his death in 2005) and the Institute for Economic and Political Research (Institutul de Cercetări Economice şi Politice).
# Puliyankulam

Puliyankulam is a town in Vavuniya District, Sri Lanka. A road going through this town connects Mankulam to Vavuniya. Another road going through Puliyankulam connects Nedunkerny, Oddusuddan and Mullaitivu to Vavuniya.

## Transport

* Puliyankulam railway station
# Samuel F. Reynolds

Samuel F. Reynolds (died 1877) was a Los Angeles City Attorney and a judge in 19th century California. He was also active in the International Order of Odd Fellows.
Reynolds was admitted as a lawyer before the U.S. District Court in Los Angeles in September 1850 and before the California Supreme Court in February 1856.
He was elected to the board of directors of the Los Angeles Library Association in July 1859, and in 1861 he became Los Angeles city attorney, a position he held for two years.
In 1863 Reynolds was judge of the 4th District Court at a salary of $5,000 a year for a period of six years and then resume private practice. In 1870-71 he was a member of a committee of the Odd Fellows lodge that was tasked with the duty of researching and recommending whether an Odd Fellows College and Home should be established.
Reynolds died on February 12, 1877, at the age of 68 after an attack of apoplexy. He was buried in the Masonic Cemetery in San Francisco. Pallbearers included John Currey, past chief justice of California.
His widow, Rachel Ann, died on October 10, 1901, at the age of 81. She was the mother of Charles F. and Mary E. Reynolds and Leonard and Benjamin A. Reynolds.
# Samuel F. Rogers

Samuel F. Rogers (July 23, 1834 – November 1, 1905) was a United States Navy Quartermaster received the Medal of Honor for actions during the Korean Expedition. He was awarded the medal for his rescue of the mortally wounded Lieutenant Hugh McKee.
Rogers was born in Rawdon, Quebec in 1834 (his citation erroneously gives a different birthplace & date), as the son of Irish immigrants. He joined the US Navy in 1856, serving in the American Civil War and the Korean Expedition. He left the navy in 1883, and later worked as a lighthouse keeper.
Rogers was buried at Forest Home Cemetery, in Forest Park, Illinois.

## Medal of Honor citation

Rank and organization: Quartermaster, U.S. Navy. Born: 1845, Buffalo, N.Y. Accredited to: New York. G.O. No.: 169, 8 February 1872.
Citation:
   On board the U.S.S. Colorado during the attack and capture of the Korean forts, 11 June 1871. Fighting courageously at the side of Lt. McKee during this action, Rogers was wounded by the enemy.