OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Subsurface flow

Subsurface flow, in hydrology, is the flow of water beneath Earth's surface as part of the water cycle.
In the water cycle, when precipitation falls on the Earth's land, some of the water flows on the surface forming streams and rivers. The remaining water, through infiltration, penetrates the soil traveling underground, hydrating the vadose zone soil, recharging aquifers, with the excess flowing in subsurface runoff. In hydrogeology it is measured by the Groundwater flow equation.

## Runoff

Water flows from areas where the water table is higher to areas where it is lower. This flow can be either surface runoff in rivers and streams, or subsurface runoff infiltrating rocks and soil. The amount of runoff reaching surface and groundwater can vary significantly, depending on rainfall, soil moisture, permeability, groundwater storage, evaporation, upstream use, and whether or not the ground is frozen. The movement of subsurface water is determined largely by the water gradient, type of substrate, and any barriers to flow. The groundwater flow may be through either confined or phreatic aquifers, with smaller flow systems overlying or within. The residence time generally ranges from several decades to many centuries, implying the establishment of a complete chemical equilibrium with the aquifer. Mapping scales are between 1:250,000 and 1:2,000,000. (see, for example, Engelen et al. 1988).

## Surface return

Subsurface water may return to the surface in groundwater flow, such as from a spring, seep, or a water well, or subsurface return to streams, rivers, and oceans. Water returns to the land surface at a lower elevation than where infiltration occurred, under the force of gravity or gravity induced pressures. Groundwater tends to move slowly, and is replenished slowly, so it can remain in aquifers for thousands of years. Mainly, water flows through the ground which leads to the ocean where the cycle begins again.

## Subsurface flow

Flow within the soil body may take place under unsaturated conditions, but faster subsurface flow is associated with localized soil saturation.
# Nano guitar

The nano guitar is a microscopically small carved guitar. It was developed by Dustin W. Carr in 1997, under the direction of Professor Harold G. Craighead, in the Cornell Nanofabrication Facility. The idea came about as a fun way to illustrate nanotechnology, and captured popular attention. It is disputed as to whether the nano guitar should be classified as a guitar, but it is the common opinion that it is in fact a guitar.

## Explanation

Nanotechnology miniaturizes normal objects, in this case, a guitar. It can be used to create tiny cameras, scales, and covert listening devices. An example of this is smart dust, which can be either a camera or a listening device smaller than a grain of sand. A nanometer is one-billionth of a meter. For comparison, a human hair is about 200,000 nanometers thick. The nano guitar is about as long as one-twentieth of the diameter of a human hair, 10 micrometers or 10,000 nanometers long. Each of the six 'strings' is 50 nanometers wide. The entire guitar is the size of an average red blood cell. The guitar is carved from a grain of crystalline silicon by scanning a laser over a film called a 'resist'. This technique is known as electron-beam lithography.
The guitar strings can be made to vibrate by tiny lasers using an atomic force microscope, in the same way, a guitar player might use a plectrum. The strings vibrate at around 40 000 000 Hz, roughly 15 octaves higher than a normal guitar, which can typically reach up to 1318.510 Hz. Even if its sound were amplified, it could not be detected by the human ear.

## Implications

The nano guitar illustrates inaudible technology that is not meant for musical entertainment. The application of frequencies generated by nano-objects is called sonification. Such objects can represent numerical data and provide support for information processing activities of many different kinds that produce synthetic non-verbal sounds. Since the manufacture of the nano-guitar, researchers in the lab headed by Dr. Craighead have built even tinier devices. One thought is that they may be useful as tiny scales to measure tinier particles, such as bacteria, which may aid in diagnosis.
# Review of the role and effectiveness of non-executive directors

Review of the role and effectiveness of non-executive directors (or the "Higgs review") was a report chaired by Derek Higgs on corporate governance commissioned by the UK government, published on 20 January 2003. It reviewed the role and effectiveness of non-executive directors and of the audit committee, aiming at improving and strengthening the existing Combined Code.
There was widespread unrest after the scandals in the US, involving Enron, WorldCom, and Tyco. The US opted for legislation under the Sarbanes–Oxley Act.
Higgs strongly backed the existing non-prescriptive approach to corporate governance: "comply or explain". Yet he advocated more provisions with more stringent criteria for the board composition and evaluation of independent directors. He wanted to remove some of the discretion that the Code allowed.
Higgs viewed the earlier scandals, which led to the Cadbury Report could have been avoided had a Code been in place. The Robert Maxwell debacle could have been avoided in his view because many firms already refused to deal with him, and disclosure of his company's governance practices would have led to more pressure for change.
In December 2009, the Financial Reporting Council commissioned the Institute of Chartered Secretaries and Administrators to update the Higgs guidance with the assistance of a Steering Group. In July 2010, ICSA launched draft guidance ['Improving board effectiveness'] as part of this process. The Financial Reporting Council published the final guidance in March 2011, and it is available here: http://www.frc.org.uk/getattachment/c9ce2814-2806-4bca-a179-e390ecbed841/Guidance-on-Board-Effectiveness.aspx
# Washington Gardens

Washington Gardens may refer to:

## Places
### In the United States

* Washington Gardens (Davenport, Iowa), listed on the National Register of Historic Places
* Washington Gardens (Boston), a former entertainment space
* Washington Gardens, a neighborhood in Detroit, Michigan
* Washington Gardens, a neighborhood in Hampton, Virginia

### In Jamaica

* Washington Gardens, a neighborhood in Kingston
# Institute of Ukrainian Archeography

The Institute of Ukrainian Archeography and Source Studies of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine is a historical institute based in Kyiv, Ukraine, and part of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. It was established in 1990, and publishes a number of research studies focused on historical topics, such as Upokorennya holodom, a collection of sources on the Ukrainian famine. It is named after Mykhailo Hrushevsky.
# Spilosoma sumatrana

Spilosoma sumatrana is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by Charles Swinhoe in 1905. It is found on Sumatra, Java and in Malaysia.

## Description

The male moth is dull reddish brown; its antennae are whitish; the palpi and frons are darker brown; abdomen with very faint crimson tinge, dorsal and lateral series of obscure black spots. Forewing with anteromedial series of indistinct small dark spots, very oblique from costa to median nervure, then inwardly oblique; small indistinct spots at angles of cell and a series from lower angle to inner margin; traces of a subterminal series of dark points placed in pairs on each side of the veins; some slight points on termen. Hindwing with a very faint crimson tinge; an indistinct diffused dark discoidal patch and maculate subterminal band.
Its wingspan 36 mm.
# Rainforest toad

Rainforest toad may refer to:
* Campbell's rainforest toad (Incilius campbelli), a frog in the family Bufonidae found in Belize, Guatemala, and Honduras
* Siegfried's rainforest toad (Albericus siegfriedi), a frog in the family Microhylidae endemic to Papua New Guinea
# Goswamiparshotam Gir Chela Goswami Nihal Gir

The Shiv Mandir, Hyderabad or Shiv Shanker Mahadev temple or Goswamiparshotam Gir Chela Goswami Nihal Gir temple is a Hindu temple located in the Tando Wali Muhammad area in the Hyderabad District in the Sindh province of Pakistan. It is a century old temple.

## History

The temple was built in 1895. Later it was rebuilt in 1945. After the formation of Pakistan the temple had not been operational for a long time and its surrounding areas were encroached. In 2021, the temple was renovated.
# P. Gururaja Bhat

Paduru Gururaja Bhat (1924 – 27 August, 1978) was a teacher, historian and archaeologist of Tulu Nadu and of Barkur, the ancient capital of the Tulu kingdom.

## Career

Born in 1924 in the village of Paduru in Karnataka's Udupi district, Bhat graduated from the University of Madras in 1952. He received a master's degree in history from the Banaras Hindu University in 1956 and a PhD from the University of Mysore in 1968. His thesis was entitled A Political and Cultural History of Tulu-nadu from the earliest times up to AD 1600.
Bhat taught at the Mahatma Gandhi Memorial College in Udupi, and was the founder-principal of Milagres College, Kallianpur, from 1967 to 1976.

## Books

* Tulunadu
* Antiquities of South Kanara (1969), Prabhakara Press.
* Tulunadina Nagamandala (1977), Kannada language.
* Studies in Tuluva history and culture: From the pre-historic times upto [sic] the modern (1975).
* Tulunadina Itihasadalli Sthanikaru - Devesthana Adaliteya Ithihasika Adhyayana (written in Kannada)/ Sthanikas in the History of Tulunadu - A Historical study on temple management, 1966
* Dakshina Kannadada Tuluvaru Tulwa Samskritiyu (IBH Prakashana, Bangalore, 1972) –Kannada
* Udupiya Itihasa (IBH Prakashana, Bangalore, 1972) –Kannada
* Barakuru (IBH Prakasana, Bangalore, 1972) –Kannada
* Mandartiya Samikshe (Published by the Executive officer of the Durga-Parameshvari Temple, Mandarti, 1971) – Kannada language
* Ambalpadiya Ithihasa (Published by the Janardhana-Mahakali Temple, Ambalapadi, Udupi, 1967) –Kannada
* Kadri Sri-Manjunatha Devalaya (Published by the Manager, Sri Manjunatha Temple, Kadri, Mangalore, 1974) –Kannada
Another book, Temples of Dakshina Kannada, was started by P Gururaj Bhat, but was suspended for a long time after his death. The project was later completed by Prof. Muralidhara Upadhya and Dr. P N Narasimhamurthy.
# Soenting Melajoe

Soenting Melajoe (EYD: Sunting Melayu) was a Malay language newspaper published in Padang, Sumatra's Westkust Regency, Dutch East Indies from 1912 to 1921. Its full title was Soenting Melajoe: soerat chabar perempoean di Alam Minang Kabau (Malay Sunting: Newspaper for women in the Minangkabau land). It was edited by Ruhana Kuddus, an early women's education activist, and was the first newspaper for women published in West Sumatra.

## History

The newspaper was launched on July 10, 1912, by Mahyuddin Datuk Sutan Maharadja, a Minangkabau intellectual and editor of the newspaper Oetoesan Melajoe who thought that there should be a reformist newspaper aimed at a female audience in Padang. At that point there had only been a handful of Indies newspapers edited by Indonesians and aimed at a female audience, such as Lim Titie Nio's Tiong Hoa Wi Sien Po launched in 1906, or Tirto Adhi Soerjo's Poetri Hindia, launched in 1908; both papers were from Buitenzorg, Java. Maharadja had already heard about the educational activities of Ruhana Kuddus, who ran a successful and modern school for girls in Koto Gadang (near Bukittinggi), and when she corresponded with him he agreed to create the newspaper with her as the editor-in-chief. (According to some accounts, it was Maharadja who had first contacted her.) In this editorial role she was assisted by Soetan Maharadja's daughter Zoebaidah Ratna Djoewita; the two of them would remain co-editors for the following decade, although Ruhana was more prominent. When launching the paper, Ruhana stated that it would aim to improve the education level of Indonesian women, especially as few of them could read Dutch and relatively few modern educational materials were available in the Malay language.
During its nine-year run, the newspaper discussed the social issues of the day, including traditionalism, polygamy, divorce, and girls' education. It was fairly unique in its time in that most of its contributors were women; it created a fairly open and honest forum to discuss the issues they faced. Many of the contributors were wives of government officials or aristocrats. Eventually the continued publication of the newspaper inspired the creation of more educational societies like the one Ruhana had created in 1911, and students from those more remote schools and clubs became the younger generation of contributors of poetry and letters to the newspaper. Over time its readership also expanded beyond West Sumatra to Bandung, Medan, Bengkulu and other parts of the Indies. Because this, they hired some of their contributors from other cities as editors-at-large, including Sitti Noermah from Padang and Amna bint Abdul Karim from Bengkulu in 1917, and Sitti Djatiah Pasar Djohar from Kayu Tanam in 1919.
Despite its decade of popularity, Soenting Melajoe encountered difficulties in 1921 due to being tied to the support of Soetan Maharadja and his other newspaper Oetoesan Melajoe. In January 1921 Roehana left as editor and Soetan Maharadja appointed his daughter Retna Tenoen as the new editor. However, both Oetoesan Melajoe and Soenting Melajoe ceased publication in January 1921.
# Nambu-Shijō Station

Nambu-Shijō Station (南部市場駅, Nanbu-Shijō-eki) is a station on the Kanazawa Seaside Line, located in Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Japan.

## History

The station opened on 5 July 1989, coinciding with the start of service on the Kanazawa Seaside Line between Shin-Sugita Station and Kanazawa-hakkei Station.

## Adjacent stations

| Preceding station | Yokohama Seaside Line | Yokohama Seaside Line | Yokohama Seaside Line | Following station |
| Torihamatoward Kanazawa-Hakkei | | Kanazawa Seaside Line | | Shin-SugitaTerminus |
# ELF1

E74-like factor 1 (ets domain transcription factor) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ELF1 gene.

## Function

This gene encodes an E26 transformation-specific related transcription factor. The encoded protein is primarily expressed in lymphoid cells and can act as both an enhancer and a repressor to regulate transcription of various genes. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants.
# Waterloo Sunset: The Very Best of The Kinks & Ray Davies

Waterloo Sunset: The Very Best of The Kinks & Ray Davies is a compilation album containing recordings by The Kinks and Ray Davies, released on 13 August 2012.

## Reception

Financial Times reviewer Ludovic Hunter-Tilney gave the collection three stars, noting that it is one of more than 30 Kinks greatest-hit collections that have been released during the band's long history. The review found the first CD to be similar to others, but the second CD "more distinctive" in its assortment of Kinks and Davies recordings about London. Neil McCormick of The Daily Telegraph criticized the collection for lacking or providing lower quality versions of some of the greatest Kinks hits, such as "Victoria", "I Go to Sleep", and "Stop Your Sobbing", but overall he found the release to be "an extraordinary album none the less", praising the second disc's collection of London songs and awarding an overall rating of four stars out of five.

## Track listing

CD 1
* "Waterloo Sunset"
* "You Really Got Me"
* "Tired of Waiting for You"
* "Sunny Afternoon"
* "All Day and All of the Night"
* "Till the End of the Day"
* "Autumn Almanac"
* "Days"
* "Lola"
* "Set Me Free"
* "See My Friends" (choral version)
* "Death of a Clown"
* "Apeman"
* "Dead End Street"
* "This Time Tomorrow"
* "Strangers"
* "You Don't Know My Name"
* "Wonderboy"
* "Plastic Man"
* "Supersonic Rocket Ship"
* "Better Things"
* "Don't Forget to Dance"
* "David Watts" (live in New York, 1980)
CD 2
* "Dedicated Follower of Fashion"
* "Come Dancing"
* "Where Have All the Good Times Gone" (live in Massachusetts, 1979)
* "Victoria" (live in Switzerland, 1979)
* "Big Black Smoke"
* "Yours Truly, Confused N10"
* "Working Man's Cafe"
* "London Song"
* "Fortis Green"
* "Postcard from London"
* "Muswell Hillbilly"
* "Denmark Street"
* "Berkeley Mews"
* "Holloway Jail"
* "Lavender Hill"
* "Willesden Green"
* "Life On the Road"
* "End of the Season"
* "Next Door Neighbour"
* "Did Ya"
* "Most Exclusive Residence for Sale"
* "Waterloo Sunset" (choral version)
# Wedell-Williams Aviation & Cypress Sawmill Museum

The Wedell-Williams Aviation & Cypress Sawmill Museum – Patterson is a branch of the Louisiana State Museum located at 118 Cotten Road, Patterson, Louisiana, United States. It covers the aviation and industrial history of Louisiana

## Wedell-Williams Aviation Collection

This collection is named after Jimmie Wedell and Harry Williams from the interwar period. It has a number of early racing airplanes and memorabilia.
A replica Wedell-Williams Model 22 was unveiled in 2014.

## Patterson Cypress Sawmill Collection

The industrial history of the Patterson lumberyards is illustrated by the items in this collection.
# Saturday Fiction

Saturday Fiction (Chinese: 兰心大剧院) is a 2019 Chinese drama film directed by Lou Ye. Written by Yingli Ma and starring Gong Li, Mark Chao, and Joe Odagiri, it was selected to compete for the Golden Lion at the 76th Venice International Film Festival. The film had its premiere on 4 September 2019 at the festival. It was released theatrically on October 15, 2021 in China.

## Cast

* Gong Li as Yu Jin
* Mark Chao
* Joe Odagiri
* Pascal Greggory as Frédéric Hubert
* Tom Wlaschiha as Saul Speyer
* Huang Xiangli
* Wang Chuanjun
* Ayumu Nakajima
* Zhang Songwen

## Release

The film was selected to compete for the Golden Lion at the 76th Venice International Film Festival, where it had premiered on 4 September 2019. Later that month the film played at the 57th New York Film Festival It was also selected as closing film of 11th Beijing International Film Festival to be screened on 29 September 2021.
# Spilosoma virgulae

Spilosoma virgulae is a moth in the family Erebidae. It was described by Karel Černý in 2011. It is found in the Philippines.
# Rainforth

Rainforth is an English-language surname, a variation of the toponymic surname Rainford from the village Rainford, Lancashire. Notable people with the surname include:
* Elizabeth Rainforth (1814–1877), British opera singer and music arranger
* John Rainforth (born 1934), British bobsledder
* Janine Rainforth, British singer-songwriter
# Goswin

Goswin is a Germanic male given name originally meaning "friend (win) of the Goths (gos)" As Gosewijn, Goswijn or Gozewijn (with short forms Goos, Goes, Gosse and Geus) it was quite common in the Middle Ages in the Low Countries. Latinized versions include Gos(s)uinus, Gosvinus, and Goswinus, while in French the name has been rendered Gosvin and Gossuin (e.g. fr:Gossuin d'Anchin).
People with this name include:
* Gosse Ludigman (died 1000), possibly fictitious governor of Western Frisia
* Goswin I of Heinsberg (ca. 1060–1128), Limburg count, lord of Valkenburg
* Goswin of Anchin (c. 1085–1165), Flemish Benedictine abbot and saint
* Goswin (bishop of Poznań), 12th-century Polish Bishop
* Goswin of Bossut (fl. 1230s), Cistercian writer
* Gozewijn van Randerath (fl. 1250), Bishop of Utrecht
* Goswin von Herike [de; et; lt; lv; ru] (died 1359), ruler of Livonia
* Goswin Haex van Loenhout (died 1475), Auxiliary Bishop of Utrecht
* Goswin van der Weyden (1455–1543), Flemish painter
* Goswin Nickel (1582–1664), German Jesuit priest
* Goswin de Fierlant (ca. 1735—1804), Flemish councillor
* Goswin de Stassart (1780–1854), Dutch-Belgian politician
* Gozewijn Jan Loncq [de] (1810–1887), Dutch physician and University Dean
* Goswin Karl Uphues(1841–1916), German philosopher
* Goswin von der Ropp [de; no; sv] (1850–1919), German historian
* Goos Meeuwsen (born 1982), Dutch circus performer
# Pa un par

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| The Recorded A Capella Review Board (RARB) | 4.3 |
Pa un par (On and About) is an album by the Latvian A cappella vocal group Cosmos, that was released on the UPE record label in 2005. The album features original and cover songs in Latvian and English. The recording is entirely vocal, with no instruments used in any of the arrangements.

## Reception

The review by Elie Landau in The Recorded A Capella Review Board (RARB) states: "On a sound/performance level, these guys are top-notch, reminding me a lot of baSix and/or perhaps a hipper version of The King's Singers (the similarity to KS goes beyond the six man, two countertenor makeup of both groups — Cosmos covers the KS version of Blackbird on this album)."

## Track listing

* "Pirms" (Jānis Šipkēvics, Andris Sējāns, Reinis Sējāns) – 2:25
* "Blackbird" (John Lennon, Paul McCartney, arr. Daryl Runswick) – 3:25
* "Mmm Mmm Mmm Mmm" (Brad Roberts, arr. Andris Sējāns) – 4:19
* "Change the World" (Tommy Sims, Gordon Kennedy, Wayne Kirkpatrick, arr. Kristaps Šoriņš, Andris Sējāns) – 3:53
* "Pa un par" (Kārlis Lācis, Andris Sējāns, arr. Kārlis Lācis, Andris Sējāns) – 4:06
* "Mezs" (Uldis Stabulnieks, arr. Jānis Šipkēvics) – 3:09
* "Sena dziesma" (Jānis Logins, Arvīds Skalbe, arr. Andris Sējāns) – 3:50
* "Saullēkts" (Jānis Šipkēvics, Andris Sējāns, Reinis Sējāns) – 4:05
* "Intermission" – 0:44
* "I Can't Dance" (Tony Banks, Phil Collins, Mike Rutherford, arr. Reinis Sējāns) – 3:47
* "Virtual Insanity" (Jason Kay, Toby Smith, arr. Britt Quentin) – 5:07
* "Got to Get You into My Life" (John Lennon, Paul McCartney, arr. Britt Quentin) – 3:59
* "Billie Jean" (Michael Jackson, arr. Jānis Šipkēvics) – 3:54
* "Dear Friends" (Brian May, arr. Jānis Ozols) – 2:02
* "Saulriets" (Kārlis Lācis, arr. Andris Sējāns) – 6:35
* "Latvijas Radio Muzikālās Popurijs 2003" (medley arr. Andris Sējāns) – 10:08
** "Muzikants" (Tomass Fomins, Guntars Račs)
** "I Feel Good" (Ivar Must, Ojārs Kalniņš)
** "Es neesmu naprātigs" (Lauris Reiniks, Mārtiņš Freimanis)
** "Tu savilnoji mani" (Ainars Melavs, Gints Sola)
** "Tā es milu" (Zigmars Liepiņš, Kaspars Dimiters)
** "Plaukstas lieluma pavasaris" (Renārs Kaupers)
** "Just for You" (Arturs Šingirejs)
** "Melanholiskais valsis" (Emīls Dārziņš)
** "Paliec tepat" (Jānis Stībelis)
** "Tu tuvojies sev" (Andris Kivičs)
   * Recorded August 2004 to April 2005

## Personnel

* Jānis Šipkēvics – countertenor
* Andris Sējāns – countertenor
* Juris Lisenko – tenor
* Jānis Ozols – baritone
* Jānis Strazdiņš – bass
* Reinis Sējāns – beatbox
# Rockeye

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
Rockeye is the fifth album by the British band the Outfield. It was the band's second album to be released under the MCA label. "Going Back" became a hit single in South Africa on Adult Contemporary radio. The opening track, "Winning It All", was used as the ending song for NBC's broadcasts of the NBA Finals from 1992 to 1996; it was also featured during footage of the Dallas Stars' Stanley Cup championship parade in 1999 and during the end credits of the 1992 film The Mighty Ducks.

## Track listing

* All songs written by John Spinks, except where noted.

## Personnel
### The Outfield

* Tony T Lewis - vocals, bass
* John Frederick Spinks - electric & acoustic guitar, keyboards; lead vocals on "Under a Stone", "Jane" and "On the Line", backing vocals

### Additional personnel

* Simon Dawson - drums, percussion
* David Fitzgerald - saxophone
* Alvin Lee - lead guitar
* Stephen Marcussen, Ian Thomas - programming
* Reg Webb - piano

## Production

** Adapted from AllMusic.
* Arranged by the Outfield
* Produced by John Spinks
* Engineered by Graham Meek & Nigel "Chopper" Palmer
* Mixed by Nigel Green
* Mastered by Stephen Marcussen