OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Scanning thermal microscopy

Scanning thermal microscopy (SThM) is a type of scanning probe microscopy that maps the local temperature and thermal conductivity of an interface. The probe in a scanning thermal microscope is sensitive to local temperatures – providing a nano-scale thermometer. Thermal measurements at the nanometer scale are of both scientific and industrial interest. The technique was invented by Clayton C. Williams and H. Kumar Wickramasinghe in 1986.

## Applications

SThM allows thermal measurements at the nano-scale. These measurements can include: temperature, thermal properties of materials, thermal conductivity, heat capacity, glass transition temperature, latent heat, enthalpy, etc. The applications include:
* Ultra large-scale integration (ULSI) lithography research and cellular diagnostics in biochemistry.
* Detecting such parameters as phase changes in polymer blends.
* Joule heating
* Measuring material variations in semiconductor devices
* Subsurface imaging
* Near-field photo thermal micro-spectroscopy
* Data storage
* Calorimetry applications
* Hot-spots in integrated circuits
* Low temperature scanning thermal microscopy
* Magnetic spectroscopy in combination with the ferromagnetic resonance realized in the SThM-FMR technique
* Other applications

## Technique

SThM requires the use of specialized probes. There are two types of thermal probes: Thermocouple probes where the probe temperature is monitored by a thermocouple junction at the probe tip and resistive or bolometer probes where the probe temperature is monitored by a thin-film resistor at probe tip. These probes are generally made from thin dielectric films on a silicon substrate and use a metal or semiconductor film bolometer to sense the tip temperature. Other approaches, using more involved micro machining methods, have also been reported. In a bolometer probe the resistor is used as a local heater and the fractional change in probe resistance is used to detect the temperature and/or the thermal conductance of the sample. When the tip is placed in contact with the sample, heat flows from the tip to sample. As the probe is scanned, the amount of heat flow changes. By monitoring the heat flow, one can create a thermal map of the sample, revealing spatial variations in thermal conductivity in a sample. Through a calibration process, the SThM can reveal the quantitative values of thermal conductivity. Alternately the sample may be actively heated, for example a powered circuit, to visualize the distribution of temperatures on the sample.
Tip-sample heat transfer can include
* Solid-solid conduction. Probe tip to sample. This is the transfer mechanism which yields the thermal scan.
* Liquid-liquid conduction. When scanning in non-zero humidity, a liquid meniscus forms between the tip and sample. Conduction can occur through this liquid drop.
* Gas conduction. Heat can be transferred through the edges of the probe tip to the sample.
# Padiyathalawa

Padiyathalawa is a small town in Ampara District, Sri Lanka.

## Attractions

* Padiyadora Raja Maha Vihara is an ancient Buddhist temple located close to the Padiyathalawa town. The temple is an archaeologically protected monument.
* Wahawa hot water springs.
* Nawinna Rajamaha Wiharaya is an ancient temple situated 5km away from the town.
# San Vicente

San Vicente is Spanish for Saint Vincent.
San Vicente may also refer to:

## Places
### Argentina

* San Vicente, Buenos Aires
* San Vicente, Misiones
* San Vicente Partido

### Bolivia

* San Vicente Canton, Bolivia and its seat San Vicente

### Chile

* San Vicente de Tagua Tagua

### Colombia

* San Vicente de Chucurí
* San Vicente del Caguán
* San Vicente, Antioquia

### Costa Rica

* San Vicente, Moravia

### Ecuador

* San Vicente, Ecuador
* San Vicente Canton, Ecuador

### El Salvador

* San Vicente, El Salvador
* San Vicente Department
* San Vicente (volcano)

### Mexico

* San Vicente Coatlán, Oaxaca
* San Vicente Lachixio, Oaxaca
* San Vicente Nuñu, Oaxaca
* Misión San Vicente Ferrer, Baja California
* San Vicente Palapa, Guerrero

### Northern Mariana Islands

* San Vicente, Saipan

### Philippines

* San Vicente, Camarines Norte
* San Vicente, Ilocos Sur
* San Vicente, Palawan
* San Vicente, Northern Samar
* San Vicente, San Jose, Camarines Sur
* San Vicente, Ubay, Bohol
* San Vicente, Tubajon, Dinagat Islands

### Spain

* San Vicente del Raspeig
* San Vicente de Oviedo, church in Oviedo
* San Vicente do Mar

### United States

* San Vicente Creek (San Diego County)
* San Vicente Creek (San Mateo County)
* San Vicente Creek (Santa Cruz County)
* San Vicente Boulevard, Los Angeles, California
* San Vicente Boulevard (Santa Monica), California
* San Vicente Mountain Park, Los Angeles, California
# Euvin Naidoo

Euvin Naidoo (born 1971) is a South African banking executive based in Johannesburg.
An alumnus of the management consulting firm McKinsey & Co., Naidoo has been recognized by Forbes as one of the leading advocates for western investment in Africa. He is also the president of the South Africa Chamber of Commerce in America (SACCA).

## Career

In 2003, Naidoo co-authored the Harvard Business School case, "Nelson Mandela, Turnaround Leader", with economist Rosabeth Moss Kanter.
In 2007, as president and CEO of SACCA, Naidoo led the launch of the Africa Entrepreneurship Platform, which was featured at the Clinton Global Initiative's annual gathering and has been acknowledged by New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg as helping to strengthen business ties across borders.
In February 2009, Naidoo was selected as a Young Global Leader by the World Economic Forum.
In 2011, Forbes named him among the 10 Youngest Power Men in Africa.
At the 2012 World Economic Forum on Africa, Naidoo was chosen as one of the five "Rising Stars of Africa".
In August 2012, Naidoo was recruited onto the Global Agenda Council for the World Economic Forum.
In his part-time and personal capacity, Naidoo is the visiting lecturer for private equity and service operations at the University of the Witwatersrand's Business School, the WITS Business School in Johannesburg.
Naidoo joined colleagues to serve on the Admissions Board of the Harvard Business School. He has also served as a judge for several years as part of the Harvard Business School's Annual Business Plan Contest, an event that attracts entrants from around the world.

## Personal life

Naidoo is a graduate of the Harvard Business School. He is married to Roshini Moodley Naidoo, a medical doctor.
# Toti Soler

Jordi Soler i Galí (born 7 June 1949), known by the stage name Toti Soler, is a Spanish guitarist, singer and composer, member of cult groups Pic-Nic in the 1960s and Om in the 1970s. He had a classical training with influences of blues, jazz and flamenco. His compositions are noted for their poetic, sensitive qualities and often use extracts from poetry.

## Early life and studies

Jordi Soler i Galí was born on 7 June 1949 in Vilassar de Dalt, Barcelona. He trained at the Conservatori Municipal de Música de Barcelona from 1965 and the Spanish Guitar Centre in London from 1969. His blues influence was obtained from American blues musician Taj Mahal, whom he met in 1971, and his flamenco influence was obtained from Diego del Gastor during a trip to Andalucia in 1972.

## Works and awards

Soler's work has appeared in several films, such as Ugo Tognazzi's I viaggiatori della sera (1979). In the early 1980s he performed in a duo with flautist Ma Anand Yashu. In the late 1980s he worked with Pedro Javier González. He has worked with Léo Ferré, José Manuel Roldan, Ovidi Montllor, Jordi Sabatés, Cinta Massip, Ester Formosa, Carles Rebassa, Francesc Pi de la Serra, Pascal Comelade, Maria del Mar Bonet and Pau Riba, amongst others.
In 1996, Soler participated in the seventh (VII) Festival de Guitarra de Barcelona performing works of J. S. Bach. Later that year he won the Catalan award for best record (Premi al Millor Disc Català de l'Any), for the anthology Lydda. In 2002, Soler recorded the album Vita Nuova and performed it at the Palau de la Música Catalana. In 2003, he received the Premio Nuevas Músicas award from the Sociedad General de Autores y Editores (SGAE). In 2005, he received the Premi Nacional de Música de Catalunya (National Music Prize of Catalonia), awarded by the Culture Department of the Generalitat of Catalonia, for his albums L'arxiver de Tortosa, Racconto and Guitar cançons i. In 2006 he was awarded the Creu de Sant Jordi.
In 2004, Plays International said of Joan Ollé's production at the Teatre Lliure of Chekhov's Uncle Vanya that "Toti Soler's guitarist, providing a lyrical underscoring to the onstage action, functions both as an observer and commentator. His stark music is poignant and melancholy, and captures beautifully the enigmatic mood of on- and off-stage traumas and passions."
Soler's live cover of Leonard Cohen's "Suzanne" (sung in Catalan and entitled "Susanna") appeared on the 2007 album "Acordes Con Leonard Cohen."
# Udah

Udah is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Azubuko Udah (born 1954), Nigerian police officer
* Raphael Udah (born 1989), Nigerian footballer
# René Schneider (Luxembourgian footballer)

René Schneider (born 20 April 1938) is a Luxembourgish footballer. He played in 29 matches for the Luxembourg national football team from 1959 to 1966 and won 4:2 against Portugal with former football star Eusebio. René Schneider was the captain of the team.
# Roger Evans

Roger Evans may refer to:
* Roger Evans (London politician) (born 1964), member of the London Assembly
* Roger Evans (British Army officer) (1886–1968), British Army officer
* Roger Evans (footballer) (1879–?), Welsh footballer
* Roger Evans (Monmouth MP) (born 1947), British politician, MP for Monmouth
* Roger Evans, a character in the TV series Sister, Sister
# List of museums in Sierra Leone

Below is a list of museums in Sierra Leone.

## List

* Sierra Leone National Museum
* Sierra Leone Peace Museum
* Sierra Leone National Railway Museum
# Sir Charles Hudson, 1st Baronet

Sir Charles Grave Hudson, 1st Baronet FRS (3 April 1730 – 24 October 1813) married well and became the owner of Wanlip Hall in Leicestershire. He was a director of the South Sea Company and became a High Sheriff of Leicestershire in 1783. He became a baronet on 21 June 1791.

## Life

Hudson was born in Tunis in 1730 to Joseph Hudson, a Dutch consul, and Sarah (born Plowman). Charles was the second and last child and only son. His elder sister, Jane Catharine, married in 1769 George Keate, poet, writer, and friend of Voltaire. Their daughter, his niece, was Georgiana Keate Henderson, a painter.
Hudson was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1757 as a ""curious enquirer into natural philosophy"
Hudson married Catherine Susanna Palmer, daughter of Henry Palmer of Wanlip Hall, Leicestershire. Catherine was the eldest of four daughters, all co-heiresses; as part of the marriage settlement, Hudson had to make payments to his wife's sisters to balance the inheritance from his father-in-law. Hudson extended and improved this imposing building, originally constructed about 1750 beside the River Soar. The couple had eight children. Catherine died and Hudson re-married.
Hudson had interest in slave plantations in Surinam. He was also a director of the South Sea Company. He became a High Sheriff of Leicestershire in 1784 and a baronet in 1791.
Hudson died in Wanlip in 1813.

## Legacy

In August 1804, one of Hudson's daughters, Harriet, married Sir John Richardson, a lawyer who became a judge. One of the offspring of this union was Sarah Harriet, who in 1839 married George Selwyn; they spent most of their married life in New Zealand, where he was the first bishop and she helped build up the structures of the Anglican Church there.
Hudson's son Charles Thomas succeeded to the title in 1813, taking the name of his maternal grandfather, Palmer. The 2nd baronet successfully challenged his father's 1812 will; the Master of the Rolls considered that his request that his executors pass on his wealth (2,500 pounds) to the children that were surviving 28 years after his death was too vague and remote. Caroline Harriet Palmer was a daughter of the 2nd baronet. Several years after her cousin, she too emigrated to New Zealand, having married Rev. Charles Abraham, later Bishop of Wellington. There she became a noted artist and defender of the rights of the Maori people.
Wanlip Hall remained in the Palmer family and his baronetcy was passed down via the Palmer line. The hall was demolished in the twentieth century.
# Schizopetalidae

Schizopetalidae is a family of crested millipedes in the order Callipodida. There are more than 10 genera in Schizopetalidae.
The Schizopetalidae subfamily Tynommatinae was recently elevated in rank to family (Tynommatidae), which resulted in the transfer of these 12 genera to the new family: Aspidiophon, Caliactis, Colactis, Colactoides, Diactis, Etiron, Florea, Heptium, Idrionaria, Mexicopetalum, Texophon, and Tynomma.

## Genera

* Acanthopetalum Verhoeff, 1900
* Apfelbeckia Verhoeff, 1896
* Balkanopetalum Verhoeff, 1926
* Callipodella Verhoeff, 1900
* Dischizopetalum Verhoeff, 1900
* Eurygyrus Koch & C.L., 1847
* Euxinopetalum Hoffman, 1973
* Himatiopetalum Verhoeff, 1900
* Micropodella
* Prolysiopetalum Verhoeff, 1909
* Schizopetalum Verhoeff, 1900
# Padiwitawela

Padiwitawela is a village in Sri Lanka. It is located within Central Province.
# Testosterone sulfate

Testosterone sulfate is an endogenous, naturally occurring steroid and minor urinary metabolite of testosterone.
# Euvola raveneli

Euvola raveneli, or Ravenel's scallop, is a species of bivalve mollusc in the family Pectinidae. It can be found along the Atlantic coast of North America, ranging from North Carolina to the West Indies.

## Distribution

Atlantic coast of North America, ranging from North Carolina to the West Indies. Also known from commercial Scallop fisheries at 100 ft. depth, 30 miles offshore N-East Florida.
# Toéghin Department

Toéghin is a department or commune of Kourwéogo Province in central Burkina Faso. Its capital lies at the town of Toéghin. According to the 2019 census the department has a total population of 22,144.

## Towns and villages

* Toéghin (3 958 inhabitants) (capital)
* Bendogo (924 inhabitants)
* Doanghin (689 inhabitants)
* Douré (718 inhabitants)
* Gogsé (538 inhabitants)
* Gourpila (1 469 inhabitants)
* Imkouka (608 inhabitants)
* Kangré (364 inhabitants)
* Listenga (738 inhabitants)
* Moetenga (871 inhabitants)
* Nahartenga (1 591 inhabitants)
* Sandogo (596 inhabitants)
* Sotenga (583 inhabitants)
* Tanghin (672 inhabitants)
* Toussougtenga (497 inhabitants)
* Youbga (359 inhabitants)
* Zeguedeghin (1 462 inhabitants)
* Zipelin (639 inhabitants)
# List of generating stations in Nunavut

This is a list of electrical generating stations in Nunavut, Canada.
Qulliq Energy, a government-owned corporation, is the only electrical power provider that serves the remote communities that demographically comprise Nunavut. Qulliq, has a total of 25 power plants, each containing multiple diesel generators. This arrangement serves a total of 25 communities. The territory is not connected to the North American power grid.

## Diesel

List of all power plants using diesel generators in Nunavut. (Each station consists of a building that contains three or more engine-generator units.)
| Name | Location | Capacity (MW) | Date |
| Arctic Bay | Arctic Bay | 1.07 | 2021 |
| Arviat | Arviat | 2.24 | 1971–1997 |
| Baker Lake | Baker Lake | 2.24 | 1975–1985 |
| Cambridge Bay | Cambridge Bay | 3.11 | 1958 |
| Chesterfield Inlet | Chesterfield Inlet | 0.81 | 1975 |
| Clyde River | Clyde River | 1.35 | 1999 |
| Coral Harbour | Coral Harbour | 1.31 | 1988 |
| Gjoa Haven | Gjoa Haven | 1.65 | 1977 |
| Grise Fiord | Grise Fiord | 0.9 | 2019 |
| Igloolik | Igloolik | 1.74 | 1974 |
| Iqaluit | Iqaluit | 13.6 | 1964–2019 |
| Kimmirut | Kimmirut | 0.93 | 1992 |
| Kinngait | Kinngait | 1.8 | 2018 |
| Kugaaruk | Kugaaruk | 0.835 | 1974 |
| Kugluktuk | Kugluktuk | 2.22 | 1968 |
| Naujaat | Naujaat | 0.99 | 1970 |
| Pangnirtung | Pangnirtung | 2.22 | 2017 |
| Pond Inlet | Pond Inlet | 2.25 | 1992 |
| Qikiqtarjuaq | Qikiqtarjuaq | 1.305 | 2016 |
| Rankin Inlet | Rankin Inlet | 3.55 | 1973 |
| Resolute Bay | Resolute Bay | 2.05 | 1971 |
| Sanikiluaq | Sanikiluaq | 1.2 | 2000 |
| Sanirajak | Sanirajak | 1.345 | 1974 |
| Taloyoak | Taloyoak | 1.5 | 2016 |
| Whale Cove | Whale Cove | 0.75 | 1991 |
# The Book of Chantries

The Book of Chantries is a supplement published by White Wolf Publishing in January 1994 for the fantasy role-playing game Mage: The Ascension.

## Content

The book describes various Chantries (home bases or headquarters for mages). The Chantries range from something as small and temporary as a 1978 Volkswagen microbus to ancient and powerful interdimensional fortresses. Important personalities that inhabit each Chantry are also described, creating a virtual list of the most important mages in the world.
The book shows referees how to allow players to design a Chantry using a construction-point system. A short adventure called "Harvest Time" is also included.

## Publication history

The Book of Chantries is a 182-page softcover book written by Steven C. Brown, Phil Brucato, and Robert Hatch, with interior art by Joshua Gabriel Timbrook, Larry MacDougall, Quinton Hoover, Drew Tucker, Lawrence Allen Williams, Craig Gelmore, Elliott, Andrew Robinson, Jeff Menges, and cover art by Scott Hampton and Michelle Prahler. It was released by White Wolf Publishing in January 1994. A French translation was published in July 1999 by Hexagonal.

## Reception

Fabrice Colin of Casus Belli felt that this supplement provided the raison d'etre of being a mage that had been missing in the original rules. "More than a varied gallery of ready-to-use NPCs, it is above all a precious guide on the lifestyle, the motivations and mentalities of the mages, as many elements were rather lacking in the basic rules." Colin concluded that "A wise Storyteller can hardly do without this."
Allen Varney of Dragon liked the supplement, saying it "provide[s] important campaign resources for skilled Storytellers. The Chantries work not only as headquarters but as rich sources of NPCs and creative story ideas."

## Reviews

* Casus Belli V1 #94 (May 1996) p. 26-29
* Casus Belli V1 #121 (Aug-Sep 1999)
* Rollespilsmagasinet Fønix (Danish) (Issue 2 - May/June 1994)
# Rogóż

Rogóż may refer to the following places in Poland:
* Rogóż, Lidzbark County
* Rogóż, Nidzica County
# Ulrike Henschke

Ulrike Henschke (24 November 1830 – 1 November 1897, Baden-Baden) was a German women's rights activist, advocate of secondary and vocational education for women and founder of the Victoria Continuation School, a technical college for women. She was also an accomplished author, including writing the novel Gertrud von Stein under the pseudonym Clara Ulrici.
# Sir Charles Hotham-Thompson, 8th Baronet

General Sir Charles Hotham-Thompson, 8th Baronet (18 June 1729 – 25 January 1794) was a British Army officer and Member of Parliament.
He was the eldest son of Sir Beaumont Hotham, 7th Bt., of Beverley, in the East Riding of Yorkshire. He was educated at Westminster School (1741–5) and studied law at the Middle Temple (1742). He was commissioned into the Army as an ensign in the 1st Foot Guards in 1746.
He served with the regiment in Flanders, where he took part in the Battle of Lauffeld in 1747 and was appointed aide-de-camp to the Earl of Albemarle, commander of the British forces in the Low Countries. During the Seven Years' War (1754–63) he was firstly aide-de-camp to Lord Ligonier and then adjutant to the British forces fighting on the continent. He was promoted to colonel in 1762 and given the colonelcy of the 63rd (West Suffolk) Regiment of Foot in 1765.
From 1761 to 1768 he was also the Member of Parliament for St Ives and in 1763 was made a Groom of the Bedchamber.
In 1768 he transferred as colonel to the 15th Regiment of Foot and retired to Yorkshire, where he succeeded his father in 1771 to the baronetcy and his estate near Beverley. He took the additional name of Thompson on inheriting the Thompson estates in Yorkshire from his wife's family in 1772 (reverting to Hotham in 1787) and commissioned Thomas Atkinson of York to rebuild Dalton Hall between 1771 and 1775. He was knighted KB in 1772.
Promoted Major-General in 1772, he retired from the Army in 1775, was gazetted full general (as Sir Charles Thompson, Bt) in 1793 and died at Dalton Hall in 1794. He had married Lady Dorothy Hobart, the daughter of John Hobart, 1st Earl of Buckinghamshire, and had one daughter. He was succeeded as baronet by his brother Sir John Hotham, 9th Baronet.
# Schilleriella

Schilleriella may refer to:
* Schilleriella (wasp), a genus of wasps in the family Encyrtidae
* Schilleriella (alga), a genus of algae in the family Pleurochloridaceae
# Cochlefelis burmanicus

Cochlefelis burmanicus is a species of catfish in the family Ariidae. It was described by Francis Day in 1870, originally under the genus Arius. It is known from brackish and freshwaters in Myanmar and Thailand. It reaches a length of 40 cm (16 in).
Cochlefelis burmanicus has been rated as Least Concern by the IUCN redlist.
# Sand Beach Church

Sand Beach Church is a historic Reformed Church church located in the Town of Fleming near Auburn in Cayuga County, New York. It is a vernacular Romanesque Revival style brick structure built in 1854–1855 on the site of an earlier 1807 frame church. The church features a square bell tower that once stood 82 feet high, but was modified to its present form after a fire in 1935. The former church building was purchased by Sean Lattimore on August 3, 2007, for use by the nearby Springside Inn Restaurant. Adjacent to the church is a cemetery with burials dating to the early 19th century. On August 17, 1978; all of the assets of the Owasco Lake Cemetery Association, including both the former Sand Beach Cemetery and adjacent Owasco Lake Cemetery land parcels, were deeded to become owned by the Town of Fleming NY. Noted missionary Samuel Robbins Brown (1810–1880) served as pastor from 1851 to 1859 and in 1867 upon his return from Japan.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.
# Eurybia furcata

Eurybia furcata, commonly called forked aster, is an herbaceous perennial in the family Asteraceae. It is native primarily to the Great Lakes region and the Ozark Mountains in the United States. It is uncommon throughout its range, and occurs in the states of Michigan and Wisconsin in the north, south through Nebraska, Illinois, Iowa, and Indiana, and into Missouri and Arkansas. The species is intolerant of shade and is typically found on rocky, north-facing slopes, especially those composed of limestone, dolomite, or sandstone. It can also be found in seeps on bluffs, in moist woods along streams, and occasionally in disturbed sites. It is included in the Center for Plant Conservation's National Collection of Endangered Plants.
# John Bull Rubber

John Bull Rubber Co. Ltd. was a British tyre manufacturer based in Leicester. It was established 1906 and was originally named Leicester Rubber Company. It was renamed John Bull Rubber in 1934 after its popular product of the same name.

## History

The Leicester Rubber Company was set up in 1906 by two brothers, John Cecil Burton and Hubert Henry Burton, who imported and sold bicycle tyres.
In 1915, a new factory was built in Evington Valley Road, where the company started manufacturing its own cycle and pram tyres.
In 1937, the company formed an offshoot called Metalastic, which specialised in rubber to metal components. The two companies merged in 1955.
In 1958, the company was acquired by Dunlop Rubber.