OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Echelle grating

An echelle grating (from French échelle, meaning "ladder") is a type of diffraction grating characterised by a relatively low groove density, but a groove shape which is optimized for use at high incidence angles and therefore in high diffraction orders. Higher diffraction orders allow for increased dispersion (spacing) of spectral features at the detector, enabling increased differentiation of these features. Echelle gratings are, like other types of diffraction gratings, used in spectrometers and similar instruments. They are most useful in cross-dispersed high resolution spectrographs, such as HARPS, PARAS, and numerous other astronomical instruments.

## History

The concept of a coarsely-ruled grating used at grazing angles was discovered by Albert Michelson in 1898, where he referred to it as an "echelon". However, it was not until 1923 that echelle spectrometers began to take on their characteristic form, in which the high-resolution grating is used in tandem with a crossed low-dispersion grating. This configuration was invented by Nagaoka and Mishima and has been used in a similar layout ever since.

## Principle

As with other diffraction gratings, the echelle grating conceptually consists of a number of slits with widths close to the wavelength of the diffracted light. The light of a single wavelength in a standard grating at normal incidence is diffracted to the central zero order and successive higher orders at specific angles, defined by the grating density/wavelength ratio and the selected order. The angular spacing between higher orders monotonically decreases and higher orders can get very close to each other, while lower ones are well separated. The intensity of the diffraction pattern can be altered by tilting the grating. With reflective gratings (where the holes are replaced by a highly reflective surface), the reflective portion can be tilted (blazed) to scatter a majority of the light into the preferred direction of interest (and into a specific diffraction order). For multiple wavelengths the same is true; however, in that case it is possible for longer wavelengths of a higher order to overlap with the next order(s) of a shorter wavelength, which is usually an unwanted side effect.
In echelle gratings, however, this behavior is deliberately used and the blaze is optimized for multiple overlapping higher orders. Since this overlap is not directly useful, a second, perpendicularly mounted dispersive element (grating or prism) is inserted as an "order separator" or "cross disperser" into the beam path. Hence the spectrum consists of stripes with different, but slightly overlapping, wavelength ranges that run across the imaging plane in an oblique pattern. It is exactly this behavior that helps to overcome imaging problems with broadband, high-resolution spectroscopic devices, as in the utilisation of extremely long, linear detection arrays, or strong defocus or other aberrations, and makes the use of readily available 2D-detection arrays feasible, which reduces measurement times and improves efficiency.
# Echelon (1987 video game)

Echelon is a video game published in 1987 by Access Software.

## Gameplay

Echelon is a game in which the player pilots a C-104 Combat Exploration Vehicle to find a base that has been used by pirates on the planet Isis in the year 2096. The PC version uses Access's RealSound technology.

## Reception

Hosea Battles reviewed the Commodore 64 version for Computer Gaming World, stating that "If you like arcade action, flight simulation, space combat, exploration, mystery, and adventure, this game is for you".

## Reviews

* Zzap! - Jun, 1988
* Your Sinclair - Mar, 1989
* The Games Machine - Jun, 1988
* The Games Machine - Jun, 1989
* ASM (Aktueller Software Markt) - Dec, 1988
* Crash! - Feb, 1989
# Richard Finch (Quaker)

Richard Finch was a merchant in London and a Quaker. In 1746, he wrote a pamphlet entitled The Nature and Duty of Self-Defence: Addressed to the People called Quakers, which argued against Quaker beliefs on pacifism. His opposition to pacifism takes the form of two arguments, one theological and the other not. The theological argument is that man has a right to self-defence which was not abolished by Jesus in the gospels. The second argument draws an analogy between defending against an external aggressor and the right for a government to defend against a civil rebellion or a criminal.
Finch mentions in his pamphlet a number of Quaker soldiers who deserted their duty. Peter Brock supposes that these may have included Joseph Harwood and two of his fellow soldiers. While in hospital, Harwood had slept alongside a soldier who had been raised a Quaker and who lamented his non-adherence to the pacifism of his faith. Harwood and two other soldiers he had influenced were convicted under martial law for laying down his arms during battle. (Harwood and his two companions were later pardoned by King George II.)
Responses to his booklet against pacifism came from a number of Quaker writers including Joseph Besse and from an unknown and anonymous author who wrote a response called A Modest Plea in behalf of the People call'd Quakers.
In 1755, Finch published a second pamphlet recanting his anti-pacifist views titled Second Thoughts concerning War, wherein that great subject is candidly considered, and set in a new light, in answer to, and by the author of a late pamphlet, intitled "The Nature and Duty of Self Defence, addressed to the People called Quakers". In the text, he states that his previous views were due to a period of doubt and unbelief.
The historian Peter Brock draws a parallel between Finch's (albeit later recanted) anti-pacifism and the views of the banker and abolitionist Samuel Hoare Jr who similarly expressed some anti-pacifist beliefs.
# Sandtown

Sandtown may refer to:
* Sandtown, Delaware, an unincorporated community in Kent County, Delaware, USA
* Sandtown, Georgia, a neighborhood in Atlanta, Georgia, USA
* Sandtown, New Jersey, an unincorporated community in Southampton Township, New Jersey, USA
* Sandtown-Winchester, Baltimore, a neighborhood in Baltimore, Maryland, USA
* Sandtown, Ontario, a neighborhood in South Stormont, Ontario, Canada
# Rick Dalzell

Richard Lane Dalzell (born April 7, 1957 in Kentucky) was the chief information officer and senior vice president of Amazon.com from 1997 until November 2007. During his ten years at Amazon.com, he was the driving force behind the growth of technology, software and services. Dalzell had been a corporate officer at Amazon since August 1997, when he was named vice president (VP) and chief information officer (CIO). He was styled a senior VP in October 2000 and was named to senior VP, worldwide architecture and platform software and CIO, in November 2001. He retired from Amazon.com on November 16, 2007.
Prior to joining Amazon.com in 1997, Dalzell was vice president of information systems at Wal-Mart starting in 1990. At Walmart he developed their datawarehouse strategy from the ground up, giving their suppliers direct access to demographic sales information. From 1987 to 1990, Dalzell acted as the business development manager for E-Systems, Inc. Prior to joining E-Systems, Inc. he served seven years in the United States Army as a teleprocessing officer. Dalzell received a B.S. in engineering from the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1979.
# Richards v Murgatroyd

Richards v Murgatroyd is a cited case in New Zealand regarding the enforceability of exclusion clauses.
# Ebrahim baronets

The Ebrahim Baronetcy, of Pabaney Villa, of the City of Bombay, is a title in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 20 July 1910 for the Indian businessman and philanthropist Sir Currimbhoy Ebrahim.
Each baronet assumes on succession the name of the first Baronet.

## Ebrahim baronets, of Bombay (1910)

* Sir Currimbhoy Ebrahim, 1st Baronet (1840–1924)
* Sir (Mahomedbhoy) Currimbhoy Ebrahim, 2nd Baronet (1867–1928)
* Sir (Huseinlali) Currimbhoy Ebrahim, 3rd Baronet (1903–1952)
* Sir (Mahomed) Currimbhoy Ebrahim, 4th Baronet (born 1935)
The heir apparent is the present holder's son Zulfiqar Ali Currimbhoy Ebrahim (born 1960).

## Arms

"Argent, in base on waves of the sea a Chinese junk sailing to the sinister, in chief also on waves two dhows sailing to the dexter all proper, a chief per pale gules and or, thereon a pale azure, between a rose of the first and a lotus-flower also proper, and charged with a mullet issuant from a crescent above five mullets in crescent also of the first.
Mantling: gules and argent.
Crest: On a wreath of the colours, above an Indian lily on water, a mullet radiated or.
Motto: "Deo ducente nil nocet" (When God guides, nothing harms)
Badge: a mullet or, surmounted by a lotus-flower proper".
# Richard Heffner

Richard Douglas Heffner (August 5, 1925 – December 17, 2013) was the creator and host of The Open Mind, a public affairs television show first broadcast in 1956. He was a University Professor of Communications and Public Policy at Rutgers University and also taught an honors seminar at New York University.

## Career

A protégé of Edward R. Murrow, Heffner helped establish what is now WNET (Channel 13) in New York City and was its first general manager, from 1961–63. From 1974–94 Heffner was chairman of the Classification and Rating Administration (CARA) of the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA).
Heffner earned his BA (1946) and MA (1947) degrees in history from Columbia University. He taught two courses at Rutgers University. "Mass Communications and the American Image" is taught through the School of Communication, Information and Library Studies, while "Communication and Human Values" is an honors undergraduate seminar taught through the School of Arts and Sciences. He also taught the same honors undergraduate course, "Communication and Human Values", at New York University. For the 50th anniversary of The Open Mind in Jan. 2006, fellow broadcaster Bill Moyers guest-hosted the show and interviewed Heffner.

### Books

* Documentary History of the United States, a verbatim anthology of important public documents in American history
* Conversations With Elie Wiesel (2001) with Elie Wiesel

## Death

Heffner died of a cerebral hemorrhage on December 17, 2013, aged 88.
# Santa Maria della Neve al Portico

Santa Maria della Neve al Portico is a Roman Catholic church and convent located on a rural site on Via del Podestà #86 in the suburban neighborhood of Galluzzo southeast of the urban center of Florence, Italy. It remains a monastery and is also known as the Convento Il Portico and now houses the Istituti Religiosi Femminili Suore Stimmatine.

## History

The first documentation of the monastery is from 1240, when an eremitic female Augustinian monastery was founded at the site. In 1340, documents confirm that Bishop Francesco da Cingoli, with the posthumous endowment by Benvenuta di Duccio, widow of Francesco Morelli di Candeli, had granted funds to build a proper monastery on this site that was near the Strada Romana. First dedicated to Santa Maria della Disciplina, the convent continued to grow and add decorations over the centuries. In 1529, during the siege of Florence, the nuns were forced to abandon the monastery and take shelter in the city, and returned to a buildings heavily vandalized by the imperial troops.
A new church was begun in 1696 on the west side of the convent. Previously the old church had an enclosed interior second story choir that separated the nuns from the visiting faithful, this was moved to an external loggia. The church was reconsecrated in 1705 as Santa Maria della Neve, in memory of a putatively miraculous summer snowfall that occurred on 15 August 1702. Following the suppression of religious orders in the late 18th-century, the site became a public school and conservatory. In 1852, it was returned to the religious authorities and made the motherhouse of the order of the Suore Stimmatine or also Povere Figlie delle Sacre Stimmate di San Francesco d'Assisi (Stigmatine Sisters or Poor Daughters of the Holy Stigmata of Saint Francis).
The new church has a frescoed ceiling depicting a Glory of St Augustine by Antonio Domenico Bamberini. The main Altarpieces depicts the Madonna and Child granting the belt to St Augustine and St Monica by Pietro Dandini. Above the nave wall is a crucifix (1340-1360) flanked by two frescoes (1700) depicting the Madonna Addolorata and St John Evangelist. The church has a late-gothic style fresco, likely from the old church, depicting the Apparition of the Virgin before a praying St Bernard flanked by the Archangel Raphael and St Nicola di Bari. In the former refectory of the monastery is a fresco depicting the Last Supper (circa 1520) attributed to Ridolfo del Ghirlandaio. The old church, adjacent to the former cemetery of the nuns, has the old church with two small canvases (1470-1471) by Bicci di Lorenzo.
# San Patricio

San Patricio is Spanish for "Saint Patrick". As a name it may have several meanings:

## Places

* San Patricio del Chañar, town in Argentina
* San Patricio, Chile, a village in south-central Chile
* San Patricio, Jalisco, community in Jalisco state, Mexico
* San Patricio, New Mexico, community in Lincoln County, U.S.
* San Patricio, Paraguay
* San Patricio, Ponce, Puerto Rico, barrio
** San Patricio River (Río de San Patricio), Puerto Rico
* San Patricio, Texas, U.S. city
* San Patricio County, Texas, on the Gulf Coast, U.S.
* Avenida San Patricio (San Patricio Avenue), street and neighborhood in Guaynabo, Puerto Rico
** San Patricio Plaza, shopping mall in Guaynabo, Puerto Rico

## Others

* Battle of San Patricio in the Texas Revolution
* Saint Patrick's Battalion (Batallón de San Patricio), mostly-Irish (-American) expatriate unit in the Mexican-American War
** San Patricio (album), a 2010 album by the Chieftains
* SS San Patricio, Chilean (and Liberian) cargo ship, mid-20th century
* San Patricio Church massacre, in Argentina
# Richard Thomas (priest)

Richard Thomas (10 December 1753 – 1780) was a Welsh Anglican priest and antiquarian.

## Life

Thomas, who was the younger brother of the priest and antiquarian John Thomas, was born on 10 December 1753 in Ynyscynhaearn, Caernarfonshire, north Wales. Like his elder brother, he studied at the Friars School and Jesus College, Oxford before being ordained. His brother John died in 1769, bequeathing him his collection of manuscripts; the manuscripts were used by the editors of the Myvyrian Archaiology of Wales. Some of his genealogical manuscripts were sold to the College of Heralds.
Thomas obtained his BA degree in 1775 and was curate in Llanegryn, Merionethshire, in late 1777, where he was also the schoolmaster. From there, he was able to reach the library at Peniarth, which contained a number of important manuscripts; he said in a letter to the antiquarian Owen Jones in 1778 that he had been asked to make a catalogue of the contents of the library. He died in 1780 in Ruthin, having been the curate there since at least 1779.
# Rick Dior

Richard Dior (April 9, 1947 – October 26, 1998) was an American sound engineer. He won an Oscar for Best Sound for the film Apollo 13. He worked on more than 80 films between 1970 and 1998. He died in Marlboro, New Jersey from heart failure.

## Selected filmography

* Dirty Dancing (1987)
* The Accused (1988)
* Bob Roberts (1992)
* The Pelican Brief (1993)
* Dead Man Walking (1994)
* Apollo 13 (1995)
* Ransom (1996)
* Broadway Damage (1997)
# Sang Hyang Kamahayanikan

Sang Hyang Kamahayanikan is part of the prose literature of the Javanese people. This Tantric Buddhist treatise describes Javanese Buddhism, architecture, and iconography.$^{:128–129}$ The back side of this literature contains the name of the Javanese king, i.e. Mpu Sindok, which is throned at East Java from 929 to 947 CE.
In his dissertation, Noehardi Magetsari (2000) mentioned that the structure of Borobudur shows the developmental stages of a yogi's experiences to achieve Buddhahood where feelings and thoughts stop. Borobudur's popular term of Kamadhatu, Rupadhatu, Arupadhatu are also contained in Sanghyang Kamahayanikan.

## History

It was written about 929-947 CE by Mpu Shri Sambhara Surya Warama from East Java, the successor of the Mataram Kingdom which was shifted to East Java. The oldest literature was found on Lombok Island in 1900. Professor Yunboll discussed it in 1908 and then it was translated into Dutch by J. DeKatt in 1940. Later on, it was inspected by Professor Wuff. This literature was translated into Indonesian by I Gusti Bagus Sugriwa. The last process in the translation was done by "Translation Team of Buddhist Scriptures Ditura Buddha, Indonesian Ministry of Religious Affairs."

## Contents

This literature contains Mahayana (especially Vajrayana) Buddhism teachings, mostly about the list of deities found in Mahayana Buddhism- which is often matched with the placement of the Buddhist kings in the Borobudur temple. The literature also contains the procedures for meditation.
According to D.K. Widya, Sanghyang Kamahayanikan teaches how one can attain Buddhahood, i.e. a student must first practice Pāramitā, then describe Paramaguhya and Mahaguhya. In addition, it also explained the philosophy of Adwaya overcoming the dualism of "existence" and "non-existence". In the book, there is a very detailed description of how a tantric yogi prepares himself for a spiritual path, from the start until the implementation of multilevel worships. It is said that the Vajrayana doctrine is meditation towards the Five Tathagata. By worshipping them, a yogi can attain the purity of mind.

## Popular culture

The Sang Hyang Kamahayanikan Award is an award from the Borobudur Writers and Cultural Festival for any individual or group who has been responsible and has contributed greatly to the cultural and historical assessment of Indonesia. The award is mainly conferred to Indonesian or international historians, writers, archaeologists, cultural, and historical background authors, playwrights, puppeteer, clergy, philologist, and so on.
# Santana Productions

Santana Productions was a film production company founded in 1948 by Humphrey Bogart. It was named after his yacht (and the cabin cruiser in Key Largo). The company released its films, known for its film noir through Columbia Pictures, but the majority of its motion pictures lost money at the box office, ultimately forcing the sale of Santana.

## Feature films

| Year | Title | Distributor | Producer | Director | Star(s) | Notes |
| 1949 | Knock on Any Door | Columbia | Robert Lord | Nicholas Ray | Humphrey Bogart & John Derek | |
| 1949 | Tokyo Joe | Columbia | Robert Lord | Stuart Heisler | Humphrey Bogart & Alexander Knox | |
| 1949 | And Baby Makes Three | Columbia | Robert Lord | Henry Levin | Robert Young & Barbara Hale | |
| 1950 | In a Lonely Place | Columbia | Robert Lord | Nicholas Ray | Humphrey Bogart & Gloria Grahame | Added to the National Film Registry in 2007 |
| 1951 | Sirocco | Columbia | Robert Lord | Curtis Bernhardt | Humphrey Bogart & Lee J. Cobb | |
| 1951 | The Family Secret | Columbia | Robert Lord | Henry Levin | John Derek & Lee J. Cobb | |
| 1953 | Beat the Devil | United Artists | John Huston | John Huston | Humphrey Bogart & Jennifer Jones | Co-produced with Romulus Films (UK); Screenplay by Truman Capote |
# Santana River (Mato Grosso do Sul)

The Santana River is a river of Mato Grosso do Sul state in southwestern Brazil.
# Sandra E. Clark

Sandra Eliane Clark is an American diplomat who served as the United States ambassador to Burkina Faso from 2020 to 2023.

## Early life and education

Clark earned her Bachelor of Arts from Swarthmore College and her Juris Doctor from Columbia University School of Law.

## Career

Clark is a career member of the Senior Foreign Service, class of Minister-Counselor. During her diplomatic and State Department career, she has held many positions including Director of the Office of West African Affairs in the Bureau of African Affairs, Senior Fellow at the German Marshall Fund, Deputy Chief of Mission of the United States Embassy Dakar, Senegal, Deputy Coordinator of Assistance to Europe and Eurasia, and as Director of the Office of Economic Policy and Public Diplomacy.
She has also served as the Economic Counselor at the United States Embassy in London, England, Special Assistant to the Under Secretary of State for Economic Growth, Energy, and the Environment, and as Deputy Director in the Office of North Central European Affairs.

### U.S. ambassador to Burkina Faso

On August 6, 2019, President Donald Trump announced his intent to nominate Clark to be the next United States Ambassador to Burkina Faso. On September 9, 2019, her nomination was sent to the United States Senate. On May 13, 2020, a hearing on her nomination was held before the Foreign Relations Committee. Her nomination was confirmed on August 6, 2020 by voice vote. She was sworn in on August 12, 2020. She presented her credentials to President Roch Marc Christian Kaboré on September 25, 2020.

## Personal life

Clark speaks French and Russian.
# Santa Teresa National Park

Santa Teresa National Park is a seaside forested area in Rocha Department which is an important national park of Uruguay. It is operated by the National Army of Uruguay. It is located in the Atlantic coast southeast of Route 9 at the northeast side of Laguna Negra and just north of Punta del Diablo.
Within its limits are sandy beaches, a nature reserve hosting several species of animals, an extended camping area, a greenhouse with a wide variety of plants and the historic Fort of Santa Teresa. The area is supervised and maintained by the armed forces.
On the northwest side of the park, on Route 9, is a two kilometer emergency landing corridor for airplanes.

## Beaches

The beaches along the coast of the resort, from southwest to northeast are Playa de los Pesqueros, Playa del Barco, where there are also some houses that serve as resort of military personnel, Playa Achiras, Playa La Moza. Between the last two is a promontory on which there are cabins to rent. Directly to the northwest of the promontory is the Fort area.
# Santorio

Santorio is an Italian surname that may refer to
* Francesco Antonio Santorio (died 1589), Roman Catholic prelate
* Giovanni Antonio Santorio (died 1628), Roman Catholic prelate
* Giovanni Battista Santorio (died 1592), Roman Catholic prelate
* Giulio Antonio Santorio (1532–1602), Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church
* Santorio Santorio (1561–1636), Italian physiologist and physician