OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Sodium iodide

Sodium iodide (chemical formula NaI) is an ionic compound formed from the chemical reaction of sodium metal and iodine. Under standard conditions, it is a white, water-soluble solid comprising a 1:1 mix of sodium cations (Na$^+$) and iodide anions (I$^−$) in a crystal lattice. It is used mainly as a nutritional supplement and in organic chemistry. It is produced industrially as the salt formed when acidic iodides react with sodium hydroxide. It is a chaotropic salt.

## Uses
### Food supplement

Sodium iodide, as well as potassium iodide, is commonly used to treat and prevent iodine deficiency. Iodized table salt contains 10 ppm iodide.

### Organic synthesis

Sodium iodide is used for conversion of alkyl chlorides into alkyl iodides. This method, the Finkelstein reaction, relies on the insolubility of sodium chloride in acetone to drive the reaction:
       R–Cl + NaI → R–I + NaCl

### Nuclear medicine

Some radioactive iodide salts of sodium, including Na$^{125}$I and Na$^{131}$I, have radiopharmaceutical uses for thyroid cancer and hyperthyroidism or as radioactive tracer in imaging (see Isotopes of iodine > Radioiodines I-123, I-124, I-125, and I-131 in medicine and biology).

### Thallium-doped NaI(Tl) scintillators

Sodium iodide activated with thallium, NaI(Tl), when subjected to ionizing radiation, emits photons (i.e., scintillate) and is used in scintillation detectors, traditionally in nuclear medicine, geophysics, nuclear physics, and environmental measurements. NaI(Tl) is the most widely used scintillation material. The crystals are usually coupled with a photomultiplier tube, in a hermetically sealed assembly, as sodium iodide is hygroscopic. Fine-tuning of some parameters (i.e., radiation hardness, afterglow, transparency) can be achieved by varying the conditions of the crystal growth. Crystals with a higher level of doping are used in X-ray detectors with high spectrometric quality. Sodium iodide can be used both as single crystals and as polycrystals for this purpose. The wavelength of maximum emission is 415 nm.

### Radiocontrast

António Egas Moniz searched for a radiocontrast agent for cerebral angiography. After experiments on rabbits and dogs he settled upon sodium iodide as the best medium.

## Solubility data

Sodium iodide exhibits high solubility in some organic solvents, unlike sodium chloride or even bromide:

## Stability

Iodides (including sodium iodide) are detectably oxidized by atmospheric oxygen (O$_2$) to molecular iodine (I$_2$). I$_2$ and I$^−$ complex to form the triiodide complex, which has a yellow color, unlike the white color of sodium iodide. Water accelerates the oxidation process, and iodide can also produce I$_2$ by photooxidation, therefore for maximum stability sodium iodide should be stored under dark, low temperature, low humidity conditions.
# Sodium laurate

Sodium laurate is a chemical compound with formula CH$_3$(CH$_2$)$_{10}$CO$_2$Na. As the sodium salt of a fatty acid (lauric acid), it is classified as a soap. It is a white solid.

## Use

Sodium laurate is frequently used in bars of soap as an ingredient. Sodium laurate is also a permitted bleaching, washing and peeling agent.
Sodium Laurate has also been used to induce peripheral arterial disease in rats.
# Fantaterror

Fantaterror is the name given to fantasy and/or horror films produced in Spain, especially in the 1960s and 1970s. As with the names peplum or film noir, the term has spread beyond With a limited range of style and works, the term Fantaterror is used to define the entirety of Spanish fantasy/horror cinema regardless of type and period of production.
Considered a genuine Spanish cinematographic tradition and identity it did not obtain, in general, a positive reception from contemporary critics. However, several of its directors such as Jesús Franco, Narciso Ibáñez Serrador, Paul Naschy, Antonio Gracia José (Pierrot), León Klimovsky and Amando de Ossorio achieved national and international commercial success and some of the titles are considered cult films.
# Sonder Lehrgang Oranienburg

Sonderlehrgang z.b.V. "Oranienburg" (Special training course for special assignments "Oranienburg") was a commando and special forces unit of Nazi Germany's SS. It was assembled in early 1942 on the order of SS-Obergruppenführer Hans Jüttner as a rival to the Heer's Brandenburg Regiment.
Originally based at Oranienburg in Brandenburg, the unit consisted of 100 experienced volunteers from the Waffen-SS under the command of SS-Hauptsturmführer Pieter van Vessem.
Their first operational mission (Operation Osprey) was a proposed deployment to Ireland but this never transpired. In early 1943, five members of the unit were parachuted into Iran to assist guerrilla opposition to the Allied occupation.
Early in the summer of 1943, SS Sonderlehrgang Oranienburg moved to a purpose-built facility in nearby Friedenthal and was re-designated SS Sonderlehrgang zbV Friedenthal - the ‘zbV’ in the unit’s title stood for "zur besonderen Verwendung", i.e. it indicated special duties. At this time, the unit consisted of one full company under the command of SS-Hauptsturmführer van Vessem, as well as part of another company and a transport element. Comprising a total of 300 men, all personnel were members of the Waffen-SS, which included fifty Dutchmen and Flemings, with a few ethnic Germans from Hungary.
Shortly after this, the unit came under the command of Otto Skorzeny and was absorbed into SS-Sonderverband z.b.V. Friedenthal in June 1943. In October/November the unit was renamed 502nd SS Jäger Battalion.

## Development

* Sonderlehrgang z. b. V. „Oranienburg“ (18 April 1943 – 16 June 1943)
* Sonderverband z. b. V. "Friedenthal" (16 June 1943 – 17 April 1944)
* SS-Jäger-Bataillon 502 (17 April 1944 – 10 November 1944)
* SS-Jagdverband Mitte (10 November 1944 – 8 Mai 1945)
** 150. SS-Panzer-Brigade (November 1944 - 25-28 December 1944)
** Division Schwedt Kampfgruppe/Sperrverband Skorzeny (31 January 1945 – 3 March 1945)
# Savannah and Statesboro Railway

The Savannah and Statesboro Railway began in 1897 through a reorganization of the Cuyler and Woodburn Railroad. By 1899, it operated about 33 miles (53 km) of track between Cuyler and Statesboro, Georgia, United States. The S&S also controlled the Savannah, Augusta and Northern Railway from 1911 until 1916 when the SA&N was taken over by the Midland Railway.
The S&S lasted until 1933 when it was abandoned; a stub at Statesboro became the Statesboro Terminal Company, leased by the Georgia and Florida Railroad (through the Statesboro Northern Railway) until its abandonment in about 1950.
# Faris Al-Rawi

Faris Al-Rawi is a Trinidadian and Tobagonian politician. He was the former Attorney General of Trinidad and Tobago from 2015 to 2022. He is also a Member of the House of Representatives for the constituency of San Fernando West.

## Early life

Faris Al-Rawi, was born in San Fernando. He is the son of Husam Al-Rawi and Diane Seukeran. His father is a Muslim Iraqi Arab, while his mother, a Presbyterian Indo-Trinidadian, also represented the San Fernando West constituency in Parliament. His maternal grandfather, Lionel Frank Seukeran, served in Parliament as a member of the Democratic Labour Party, a former opposing party of the People's National Movement and predecessor to the United National Congress. His maternal great-grandfather was Pundit Seukeran Sharma, a Hindu priest, from Tableland, Princes Town, Trinidad and Tobago.
Al-Rawi was educated at Presentation College, San Fernando, the University of the West Indies and completed a master's degree in Law at King's College London.
Al-Rawi claims descent from the Islamic Prophet Muhammad through his Iraqi father, but he is noted for his relaxed religious views and mixed religious background. He has described himself as "the son of an Iraqi Muslim man and a Trinidadian Presbyterian woman and a Hindu [maternal] grandfather". He is married to Mona Nahous who is a Catholic of Arab descent. He has also said he has fasted for Divali, Ramadan, and Lent and calls himself a "child of God" when asked what his religion was. He has said he has never eaten pork and that alcohol is not for him.

## Political career

Al-Rawi entered politics in 1995 as a legal advisor to the Tunapuna – Piarco Regional Corporation. He served as an Alderman in the Port of Spain City Corporation between 2003 and 2006 and was appointed an Opposition Senator in 2010. Al-Rawi contested San Fernando West constituency in the 2015 General Election, beating Raziah Ahmed of the United National Congress. Newly elected Prime Minister Keith Rowley appointed Al-Rawi as Attorney-General and he served from 2015 to 2022.

## Controversy

In October 2016 Al-Rawi's children were photographed in possession of high powered military grade assault rifles. He responded that they were receiving training from the Trinidad and Tobago Defence Force in response to unreported death threats. The fact of their training was confirmed by the Defence Force.
# Radio object with continuous optical spectrum

Radio Objects with Continuous Optical Spectra, (abbr. ROCOS, also referred to as ROCOSes) is a group of about 80 astrophysical objects characterized by optical spectra anomalously devoid of emission or absorption features, which makes it impossible to determine their distances and locations in relation to our galaxy. They are considered to be a subclass of blazars, and are similar in their spectral characteristics to DC-dwarfs and single stellar-mass black holes.

## Discovery and study

Radio Objects with Continuous Optical Spectra, or ROCOSes, were discovered in the 1970s. Among the discoverers was a group of Soviet astrophysicists, who studied them at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory and the Special Astrophysical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Science, using the former's 2.6-meter optical telescope and the latter's 6-meter optical telescope (BTA-6), along with a 1000-channel photon counter and photometers. The group published their findings in a series of articles in the Russian scientific journals Astronomy Letters and Astronomy Reports.

## Criteria

An astronomical radio object is classified as a ROCOS if it possesses (a) an optical image with stellar appearance, which is identified with a radio source, and (b) no emission or absorption features in its optical spectrum, except for those due to galactic interstellar medium, with a signal-to-noise ratio at the level of those observable for quasar candidates. About 8% of the known astronomical radio objects satisfy these two criteria and are considered ROCOSes.

## Properties

The absence of distinct emission or absorption lines in the ROCOSes' spectra makes them very similar in this regard to highly polarized quasars (HPQ), BL Lac objects, and single stellar-mass black holes. The absence of optical spectral features also makes it impossible to use red shift for determining their distances or even ascertaining if they are located within or outside our galaxy.
# Fatima Achimo

Fatima Achimo (1931–2011) was a Malagasy politician. The daughter of a prince from the north of the country, she succeeded in earning her teaching diploma in 1963 and thereafter participated in international conventions on education. She later turned to politics. Representing the Social Democratic Party of Madagascar, she was the first woman to serve as a senator in Madagascar from September 1966. In 1971, she became secretary of state under President Philbert Tsiranana.

## Early life and education

Born in Ambanja on 8 January 1931, Fatima Achimo was the daughter of Prince Saïd Achimo of the Sakalave Bernazava dynasty and political governor of the Ambanja district. Raised in a traditional well-educated family, she was a brilliant pupil. Her father also acted as her instructor and mentor. In 1949, after receiving her Certificat du Second Degré (CSD), she went on to earn the Certificat d’Aptitude à l’Enseignement (Teaching Aptitude Diploma). In 1963, she completed her education at the Colonial School, Paris, where she qualified in Primary School Administration.

## Career

As an educator, she was active in the north covering the region between Nosy Be and Sambava. In 1964, she went to the United States for an internship in child nutrition and women's rights. She was behind the creation of the boarding facilities for girls at the high school in 1969.
Achimo took an interest in politics from the days of the First Republic. Recognized as an effective orator and successful negotiator, she became a supporter of Philibert Tsiranana. In 1960, she was appointed Commissioner General for the Protection of Children. On 5 September 1966, she became the first women to be elected to the Senate, representing the Social Democratic Party. She was appointed Deputy State Secretary of the government elected on 19 February 1071.
Fatima Achimo died in Antananarivo on 13 May 2011. In her honour, a street in Antsiranana was renamed Avenue Princesse Fatima Achimo the following October.
# Farther Away

Farther Away may refer to:
* Farther Away (book), a 2012 essay collection by Jonathan Franzen
* "Farther Way" (song), a song by Evanescence from Anywhere but Home
# Raciborowice

Raciborowice may refer to the following places:
* Raciborowice, Lesser Poland Voivodeship (south Poland)
* Raciborowice, Łódź Voivodeship (central Poland)
* Raciborowice, Lublin Voivodeship (east Poland)
# Racing for Life

Racing for Life is a 1924 American silent action film directed by Henry MacRae and starring Eva Novak, William Fairbanks and Philo McCullough.

## Cast

* Eva Novak as Grace Danton
* William Fairbanks as Jack Grant
* Philo McCullough as Carl Grant
* Wilfred Lucas as Hudford
* Ralph DePalma as The Champion
* Lydia Knott as Mrs. Grant
* Frankie Darro as Jimmy Danton
* Edwin B. Tilton as David Danton
* Frank Whitson as Hudford's partner
* Harley Moore as Murray
* Harry La Verne as Diggett
* George Atkinson as Jackson Heath
* Paul J. Derkum as Race Starter
* Edgar Kennedy as Tom Grady

## Preservation and status

A copy with one reel missing survives at the BFI National Film and Television Article.
# Songs for Justice

"Songs for Justice" is a charity compilation released by the non-profit company Rock For Justice, that fight against global poverty and social injustice, on 7 May 2013.

## Background

The album started to be recorded by the artists in March–April 2012 until the beginning of 2013. The compilation was released with partnering of Speak Up Productions. The projects that benefited from the proceeds were Invisible Children, Inc., the Give a Damn? and The Hunger Project.

## List of bands names

List of the bands included in the compilation
* Brooke Waggoner
* Cara Salimando
* Funeral Party
* Generationals
* Hotel of the Laughing Tree
* Jhameel
* Kindred Fall
* Les Sages
* Savior Adore
* The Dear Hunter
* The Narrative
* Tapioca And The Flea
* Young Statues
* William Beckett

## Track listing

* "Here Comes the Night" - Generationals – 2:22
* "Come Pick Me Up" - William Beckett, Cara Salimando – 5:05
* "God Only Knows" - The Dear Hunter – 3:01
* "Local Joke" - Savoir Adore – 3:04
* "Ooh La La" - Funeral Party – 3:16
* "Who Is It?" - Kindred Fall – 3:52
* "Nowhere Man" - Tapioca & The Flea– 2:33
* "My Girls" - Jhameel– 2:56
* "The Love Cats" - Les Sages– 3:45
* "Crazy Little Thing Called Love" - Hotel Of The Laughing Tree – 2:55
* "Ashes & Fire" - Young Statues – 3:19
* "Heart Of Gold" - The Narrative – 3:36
* "Life On Mars?" - Brooke Waggoner – 3:25
# Songs for My Father

Songs for My Father is an album by composer/bassist Graham Collier recorded in 1970 and originally released on the British Fontana label.

## Reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
| All About Jazz | |
Allmusic said "Songs for My Father is the first evidence listeners have of the maturing Collier, moving jazz aesthetics around in order to more fully articulate his sophisticated palette". On All About Jazz Nic Jones noted "it's the one that offers the greatest insight into Collier's more recent methodology, not least because the numbers of musicians involved are more indicative of his later work with larger ensembles".

## Track listing

All compositions by Graham Collier.
* "Song One (Seven-Four)" – 9:34
* "Song Two (Ballad)" – 5:38
* "Song Three (Nine-Eight Blues)" – 7:52
* "Song Four (Waltz in Four-Four)" – 7:42
* "Song Five (Rubato)" – 4:43
* "Song Six (Dirge)" – 3:37
* "Song Seven (Four-Four Figured)" – 9:13

## Personnel

* Graham Collier – bass
* Harry Beckett – trumpet, flugelhorn
* Alan Wakeman – soprano saxophone, tenor saxophone
* Bob Sydor – alto saxophone, tenor saxophone
* John Taylor – piano
* John Webb – drums
* Derek Wadsworth – trombone (tracks 1–3 & 7)
* Alan Skidmore, Tony Roberts – tenor saxophone (tracks 1, 5 & 7)
* Phil Lee – guitar (tracks 1 & 7)
# Scheidemünze

Scheidemünzen (singular – Scheidemünze) were representative coins or token coins issued alongside Kurantgeld or currency money in Austria and Germany up to start of the First World War in August 1914 whose intrinsic metal value was less than the legal value stamped on them. Like Notgeld ("emergency money") they were a kind of credit money or fiat coin. The term Scheidemünze ("division money") referred to the "division into hellers and pfennigs during the purchase process" ("Scheiden auf Heller und Pfennig beim Kaufvorgang"). It thus applied to the low- to medium-value coins and is often translated as small change coin, small-coin change or just small coin. Since 1915, all coins minted in Germany, including the current euro coins have been Scheidemünzen or fiat money as opposed to currency or commodity money whose nominal value is fully covered by its intrinsic value.
# Scheidler v. National Organization for Women

Scheidler v. National Organization for Women may refer to:
* Scheidler v. National Organization for Women (2003), 537 U.S. 393 (2003)
* Scheidler v. National Organization for Women (2006), 547 U.S. 9 (2006)
# Radio Riverside 98.2 FM

Riverside 98.2 FM is a South African community radio station based in the Northern Cape.

## Coverage Areas & Frequencies

* Upington
* Karos
* Keimoes
* Morning Glory
* Nisikilelo
* Currieskamp

## Broadcast Languages

* English
* Afrikaans
* Xhosa
* Setswana

## Broadcast Time

* 06h00 – 24h00

## Target Audience

* LSM Groups 1 – 7

## Programme Format

* 40% Music
* 60% Talk

## Listenership Figures

Estimated Listenership :
| | 7 Day |
| May 2013 | 87 000 |
| Feb 2013 | 54 000 |
| Dec 2012 | 53 000 |
| Oct 2012 | 54 000 |
| Aug 2012 | 69 000 |
| Jun 2012 | 72 000 |
# Racquetball at the 2019 Pan American Games – Men's team

The Men's Team racquetball competition at the 2019 Pan American Games in Lima, Peru was held between August 7th and 10th, 2019 at the Racquetball courts located at the Villa Deportiva Regional del Callao cluster. Bolivia won the Men’s Team event for the first time in Pan American Games history, as Mexico had won the two previous Men's Team events in Racquetball at the Pan American Games.

## Schedule

All times are Central Standard Time (UTC-6).
| Date | Time | Round |
| August 7, 2019 | 17:30 | First Round |
| August 8, 2019 | 10:00 | Quarterfinals |
| August 9, 2019 | 10:00 | Semifinals |
| August 10, 2019 | 11:00 | Final |

## Playoffs

| First Round | First Round | First Round | First Round | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final | Final | Final |
| | | | | Mexico | 2 | 2 | | | | | | | | |
| Cuba | 2 | 0 | 0 | Ecuador | 0 | 0 | | | | | | | | |
| Ecuador | 0 | 2 | 2 | | | | Mexico | 0 | 2 | 1 | | | | |
| Colombia | 2 | 2 | | | | | Colombia | 2 | 0 | 2 | | | | |
| Peru | 0 | 0 | | Colombia | 2 | 2 | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | Canada | 0 | 1 | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | Colombia | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| | | | | | | | | | | | Bolivia | 2 | 1 | 2 |
| | | | | United States | 2 | 2 | | | | | | | | |
| Argentina | 0 | 0 | | Costa Rica | 0 | 0 | | | | | | | | |
| Costa Rica | 2 | 2 | | | | | United States | 2 | 1 | 1 | | | | |
| Guatemala | 0 | 2 | 2 | | | | Bolivia | 1 | 2 | 2 | | | | |
| Dominican Republic | 2 | 1 | 1 | Guatemala | 0 | 0 | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | Bolivia | 2 | 2 | | | | | | | | |

## Final standings

| Rank | Nation | Athlete |
| | Bolivia | Carlos Keller Roland Keller Conrrado Moscoso |
| | Colombia | Sebastian Franco Mario Mercado |
| | Mexico | Álvaro Beltrán Rodrigo Montoya Javier Mar |
| | United States | Jake Bredenbeck Rocky Carson Charles Pratt |
| 5 | Ecuador | Jose Ugalde Fernando Rios |
| 5 | Canada | Samuel Murray Coby Iwaasa |
| 5 | Costa Rica | Andrés Acuña Felipe Camacho |
| 5 | Guatemala | Edwin Galicia Juan Salvatierra |
| 9 | Cuba | Enier Chacón Maykel Moyet |
| 9 | Peru | Jonathan Luque Erik Mendoza |
| 9 | Argentina | Fernando Kurzbard Shai Manzuri |
| 9 | Dominican Republic | Ramón de León Luis Pérez |
# Scaffold Law (New York)

The Scaffold Law is a New York State law that holds employers and property owners fully liable when an employee becomes injured due to a gravity-related fall while working at high elevations without proper safety equipment. The law was enacted in 19th century and is contained in New York State Labor Law § 240/241. Critics and politicians have blamed the law for driving up public construction costs in New York State. New York State is the only state that imposes an absolute liability penalty in gravity-related injury cases (Illinois repealed their similar law in 1995).

## History

The Scaffold Law was enacted by the New York State Legislature in 1885. The law was enacted at a time in the nation's history when the federal government had not yet enacted widespread worker protection such as the Occupational Safety and Health Administration or workers compensation programs.
In 1995, the state of Illinois repealed its absolute liability standard law for gravity related injuries, leaving New York as the last and only state with such a statute.
There was a lobbying effort in 2013 on behalf of contractors and minority and women owned business enterprises to replace the absolute liability standard with a comparative standard, which would require a jury or arbitrator to determine the amount of negligence cause by an employee.
In 2018, United States Congressman John Faso introduced a federal bill that passed the U.S. Senate but seemingly did not pass in the U.S. House of Representatives in February 2018 that would have denied funding to construction projects that impose an absolute liability standard for gravity-related falls.

## Controversy

Critics have cited the law for increasing public construction costs, increasing insurance costs, and creating barriers to entry for Minority and Women-Owned Business Enterprises. The Rockefeller Institute of Government has blamed the law for costing taxpayers $785 million a year. Habitat for Humanity blamed the law for creating obstacles in rebuilding attempts after Hurricane Sandy. Congressman Faso has blamed the law for adding $200 million to the cost of the new Tappan Zee Bridge. Two state congress members also noted that the law is the last and only absolute liability law in the country for gravity-related construction falls.
# Solyony (disambiguation)

Solyony (Russian: Солёный) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Prikaspiysky Selsoviet, Narimanovsky District, Astrakhan Oblast, Russia
Solyony may also refer to:
* Solyony, Republic of Bashkortostan
* Captain Solyony in Chekhov's play Three Sisters
# Schinia arefacta

Schinia arefacta, commonly known as the arefacta flower moth, is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is endemic to Florida and Georgia.