OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Signal-to-quantization-noise ratio

Signal-to-quantization-noise ratio (SQNR or SN$_q$R) is widely used quality measure in analysing digitizing schemes such as pulse-code modulation (PCM). The SQNR reflects the relationship between the maximum nominal signal strength and the quantization error (also known as quantization noise) introduced in the analog-to-digital conversion.
The SQNR formula is derived from the general signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) formula:
    $\mathrm {SNR} ={\frac {3\times 2^{2n}}{1+4P_{e}\times (2^{2n}-1)}}{\frac {m_{m}(t)^{2}}{m_{p}(t)^{2}}}$
where:
    $P_{e}$ is the probability of received bit error
    $m_{p}(t)$ is the peak message signal level
    $m_{m}(t)$ is the mean message signal level
As SQNR applies to quantized signals, the formulae for SQNR refer to discrete-time digital signals. Instead of $m(t)$, the digitized signal $x(n)$ will be used. For $N$ quantization steps, each sample, $x$ requires $\nu =\log _{2}N$ bits. The probability distribution function (PDF) represents the distribution of values in $x$ and can be denoted as $f(x)$. The maximum magnitude value of any $x$ is denoted by $x_{max}$.
As SQNR, like SNR, is a ratio of signal power to some noise power, it can be calculated as:
    $\mathrm {SQNR} ={\frac {P_{signal}}{P_{noise}}}={\frac {E[x^{2}]}{E[{\tilde {x}}^{2}]}}$
The signal power is:
    ${\overline {x^{2}}}=E[x^{2}]=P_{x^{\nu }}=\int _^x^{2}f(x)dx$
The quantization noise power can be expressed as:
    $E[{\tilde {x}}^{2}]={\frac {x_{max}^{2}}{3\times 4^{\nu }}}$
Giving:
    $\mathrm {SQNR} ={\frac {3\times 4^{\nu }\times {\overline {x^{2}}}}{x_{max}^{2}}}$
When the SQNR is desired in terms of decibels (dB), a useful approximation to SQNR is:
    $\mathrm {SQNR} |_{dB}=P_{x^{\nu }}+6.02\nu +4.77$
where $\nu$ is the number of bits in a quantized sample, and $P_{x^{\nu }}$ is the signal power calculated above. Note that for each bit added to a sample, the SQNR goes up by approximately 6 dB ($20\times log_{10}(2)$).
# Coteala

Coteala is a village in Briceni District, Moldova.
# Seo Yeongsuhap

Seo Yeongsuhap (Korean: 서영수합; Hanja: 徐令壽閤; 1753–1823) was a Korean poet.

## Biography

Seo Yeongsuhap was born into a high-ranking family, the Dalseong Seo clan (달성 서씨; 達城 徐氏), as the daughter of the governor of Gangwon Province, Seo Hyeong-su, and Lady Kim of the Andong Kim clan. Through her mother, Lady Seo was a great-great-great-granddaughter of Princess Jeongmyeong and Hong Ju-won. Thus making her be fourth cousins to Lady Hyegyeong, and a fourth cousins once removed to her future husband. Through paternal grandfather, Yeongsuhap and the future Queen Sunwon, King Jeongjo’s daughter-in-law, were third cousins.
She was reportedly known for her abilities in mathematics. She published hundreds of poems in an anthology, and included an appendix to her husband's memoir. In the Korean society of her time, women were not supposed to have any official role, and she was one of very few women published during the Joseon dynasty. Alongside Yi Bingheogak, she is mentioned as one of two female scholars to make a name for themselves within practical learning.
She was later arranged to marry Hong In-mo of the Pungsan Hong clan, a royal official. They had three sons, Hong Seok-ju [ko], Hong Gil-ju, and Hong Hyeon-ju [ko], and two daughters, Hong Won-ju (alternatively known as Hong Yuhandang) and Lady Hong. All four became poets as well, and Gil-ju under the influence of his mother also became a notable mathematician. Her third son, Hong Hyeon-ju, married Princess Sukseon, the only daughter of King Jeongjo of Joseon, who herself is known for inventing Kkakdugi, i.e. the diced radish kimchi.
# Puya coquimbensis

Puya coquimbensis is a species in the family Bromeliaceae. This species is a rare plant found in certain portions of Chile including Punta Teatinos and Cerro La Campana. In La Campana National Park P.coquimbensis is associated with the endangered Chilean Wine Palm, Jubaea chilensis, which palm prehistorically had a much wider distribution.
# Seo Yeong-eun

Seo Yeong-eun (Korean: 서영은; born May 18, 1943) is a South Korean writer.

## Life

Born in Gangneung, Gangwon-do, Seo graduated from Gangneung Teacher Training School in 1961 and entered Konkuk University in 1963 to study English Language and Literature. However she left the university in 1965. In 1968, her short story, "Bridge" (Gyo) was accepted for publication by World of Thoughts (Sasanggye) and the following year, "I and 'I'" (Nawa 'na') was published in Monthly Literature (Wolgan munhak). She also worked as an editor for Literature and Thought (Munhaksasang) and reported for Korean Literature (Hanguk munhak), under the editorship of Lee Mungu. In 1983, she published a novella, The Distant Other, which won the Yi Sang Literary Award.

## Works in translation

* A Walk in the Mountains

## Works in Korean (partial)
### Short story collections

* How To Cross a Desert (1977)
* A Festival of Flesh and Bones (Sal gwa ppyeoui chukje, 1978)
* Tagger, Tagger (1981)
* Golden Feather (Hwanggeum gitteol, 1984)
* The End of the River (Gangmurui kkeut, 1984)
* A Window with a Ladder (Sadariga noin chang, 1990)
* From Road to Oceanside (Gireseo badatkaro, 1992)
* From Dream Road to Dream Road (Kkumgireseo kkeumgillo, 1995).

## Awards

* Yi Sang Literature Prize for her short story "The Distant Other" (1983)
* Yeonam Literary Prize for A Window with a Ladder (1990)
# John Hastings (Ontario politician)

John Edward Hastings (March 16, 1942 – May 15, 2024) was a Canadian politician in Ontario, Canada. He was a Progressive Conservative member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1995 to 2003.

## Background

Hastings earned degrees from the University of Western Ontario (1963) and the University of Toronto (1967). He worked as a political researcher and as a teacher in Ontario's Secondary School system. In 1975, he worked as executive assistant to provincial cabinet minister Lorne Henderson. Hastings was a member of the Worker's Compensation Board from 1977 to 1994 and also served on the advisory board of the Institute of Study of Antisocial Behaviour in Youth before entering public life.

## Politics

Hastings ran for Toronto's Hydro Commission in 1985 and was elected to the second position. He was elected to the Etobicoke City Council in 1988, and held this position until 1995.
Hastings was elected to the Ontario legislature in the 1995 provincial election, defeating long-serving New Democrat Ed Philip by fewer than 1,000 votes in Etobicoke—Rexdale. In 1997, he was appointed a parliamentary assistant to the minister of transportation.
In the 1999 provincial election, Hastings ran for re-election in the redistributed riding of Etobicoke North and retained his seat with less than 40 per cent of the popular vote. Hastings's riding was targeted by both the Liberals and NDP, and many believe that "vote-splitting" among the opposition parties caused his re-election. In 2000, Hastings supported Stockwell Day for the leadership of the Canadian Alliance on the second ballot of the newly formed party's leadership contest.
He supported Ernie Eves to replace Harris as party leader in 2002, even though his riding executive endorsed rival candidate Jim Flaherty. Hastings rarely spoke in the legislature after Harris' retirement as premier and did not seek re-election in 2003.
On November 13, 2006, Hastings was elected to the Toronto District School Board as Trustee for Ward 1 (Etobicoke North), defeating incumbent Stan Nemiroff. Hastings took office in December 2006. He was re-elected in 2010 but was defeated in 2014 by Michael Ford who was fifty-two years his junior, the nephew of then-Mayor Rob Ford and then-councillor Doug Ford. After 17 months, Michael Ford vacated his school board seat to run for the municipal council seat held by Rob Ford at his death. Hastings sought to regain the school board seat in the 2016 by-election but was defeated by business owner Avtar Minhas.
Hastings died on May 15, 2024, at the age of 82.
# Skrautvål

Skrautvål is a village in Nord-Aurdal Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. The village is located about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) north of the town of Fagernes and just northeast of the lake Sæbufjorden. Skrautvål Church is located in the village.
The local sports team is Skrautvål IL, of which Inger Helene Nybråten is the most prominent member. Also, Olav Meisdalshagen grew up just north of Skrautvål.
# Soehrensia vasquezii

Soehrensia vasquezii is a species of Soehrensia found in Bolivia.
# Eresus solitarius

Eresus solitarius is a spider species in the family Eresidae. It is found in the Mediterranean Basin.
# Cote Sans Dessein Township, Callaway County, Missouri

Cote Sans Dessein Township is one of eighteen townships in Callaway County, Missouri, USA. As of the 2010 census, its population was 1,122.

## Geography

Today, Cote Sans Dessein Township covers an area of 48.82 square miles (126.4 km$^2$) and, as of 2018, contains no incorporated settlements, but does include the unincorporated community of Tebbetts and the historic riverbank settlements of Cote Sans Dessein and Barkersville (west of Cote Sans Dessein settlement with a post office and school as of 1876), as well as historic Effie (inland and northeast of Tebbetts), plus rural homes. It contains six cemeteries: Farmer, High Hill, Middle River, Riverview, Thorp and Williams, and The streams of Cason Branch, Gallons Creek, Muddy Creek, Rivaux Creek, Rocky Branch, and Sand Springs Branch.
The township's eastern boundary is formed by the Missouri River tributary of Middle River, and the Missouri River tributary of Little Auxvasse Creek also flows through the township.
A detailed historic map of Callaway County townships in 1930 can be found at http://cdm16795.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/moplatbooks/id/656 . This is useful for historical and genealogical research. Maps and text descriptions of Callaway townships prior to that date can be found under the article for Callaway County, Missouri.

## History

Cote Sans Dessein Township was established in 1821, and named after the community of Cote Sans Dessein, Missouri. The township included nearly all of western Callaway County at the time of its establishment, but within only a few months its size became reduced as a result of the creation of new townships up and down western Callaway (per the Missouri State Library's "History of Callaway County" published in 1884, which gives text descriptions of the boundaries).
# Falculina kasyi

Falculina kasyi is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It was described by W. Donald Duckworth in 1966. It is found in Suriname, French Guiana and Amazonas, Brazil.
The wingspan is 26–28 mm. The antenna, head, legs, thorax, forewings and hindwings are identical to those of Falculina ochricostata.

## Etymology

The species is named in honor of Dr. Fritz Kasy, lepidopterist at the Natural History Museum, Vienna, Austria.
# Skye Gunn

Skye Ambriel Gunn (born June 26, 1997) is an American professional soccer players who plays as a midfielder.

## Early years

Between 2012 and 2015, Gunn played for Weston FC.
She played college soccer at Averett Cougars in 2015 and 2016 at the NCAA Division III level. She appeared in 35 games and scored 12 goals. Between 2017 and 2018, she transferred to Jacksonville University.

## Club career

In the beginning of March 2022, she moved to Turkey and signed a deal with Sivasspor to play in the second half of the 2021–22 Women's Super League. She appeared in nine matches.

## Personal life

Gunn was born to Marc Gunn and Bridgette Hill in Delray Beach, Florida. She is related to former American football player Barry Hill (1953–2010).
She graduated from the American Heritage High School in Delray Beach in 2015.
# Snelling & Minnehaha station

Snelling & Minnehaha is a bus rapid transit station on the Metro A Line in Saint Paul, Minnesota.
The station is located at the intersection of Minnehaha Avenue on Snelling Avenue. Both station platforms are located far-side of Minnehaha Avenue.
The station opened June 11, 2016 with the rest of the A Line.

## Bus connections

* Route 67 - Minnehaha Avenue - Raymond Station - Franklin Avenue
* Route 84 - Snelling Avenue - Highland Village - Sibley Plaza
Connections to local bus Route 67 can be made on Minnehaha Avenue. Route 84 shares platforms with the A Line.

## Notable places nearby

* Hamline-Midway, Saint Paul
# Snelling & Larpenteur station

Snelling & Larpenteur is a bus rapid transit station on the A Line in Falcon Heights, Minnesota, United States. The station is located at the intersection of Larpenteur Avenue on Snelling Avenue. Both station platforms are located far-side of Larpenteur Avenue. The station opened June 11, 2016 with the rest of the A Line.

## Bus connections

Connections to local bus Route 61 can be made on Larpenteur Avenue. Route 84, predecessor to the A Line, stopped at the station until December 1, 2018.

## Notable places nearby

* Minnesota State Fair
# Qingshui railway station

Qingshui (Chinese: 清水車站; Hanyu Pinyin: Qīngshuǐ chēzhàn; Tongyong Pinyin: Cingshuěi Chejhàn; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Chheng-chúi Chhia-chām) is a railway station on the Taiwan Railways Administration West Coast line (Coastal line) located in Qingshui District, Taichung, Taiwan.

## History

The station, called Kiyomizu-eki (Japanese: 清水驛), was opened on 15 December 1920.

## Around the station

* National Qingshui Senior High School
* Niumatou Site
* Wuqi Fishing Port
* Taichung City Seaport Art Center
# Skórka

Skórka may refer to the following villages in Poland:
* Skórka, Łódź Voivodeship (central Poland)
* Skórka, Greater Poland Voivodeship (west-central Poland)
# Small nucleolar RNA Z185

In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA Z185 is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
snoRNA Z185 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
Plant snoRNA Z185 was identified in a screen of Oryza sativa.
# Small nucleolar RNA Z178

In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA Z178 is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
snoRNA Z178 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
Plant snoRNA Z178 was identified in a screen of Oryza sativa.
# Queensland Inland Freight Route

Queensland Inland Freight Route is a proposal to upgrade the existing highways from Charters Towers to Mungindi in Queensland, Australia. It would be a quality two-lane alternative freight route to the Bruce Highway.

## Funding and program status

The estimated total cost in 2020 was $1.0 billion. The project was announced in October 2020 with an initial funding of $400 million from the Federal Government and $200 million from the Queensland Government. In the 2021 Budget the Queensland Government indicated that half of its funding had been allocated to a future priorities funding commitment. The project is at the detailed planning stage. Infrastructure Australia has set the project status as long-term (10 to 20 years).

## Type of work

Works to be undertaken would include pavement straightening, road widening, new alignments, overtaking lanes and new or upgraded bridges.

## Proposed route

The route would follow the Gregory Highway from Charters Towers to Springsure, the Dawson Highway to Rolleston, and the Carnarvon Highway to Mungindi, a distance of almost 1,200 kilometres (750 mi). The section from Charters Towers to St George is part of the Great Inland Way, a State Strategic Touring Route.
# Saperda

Saperda is a genus of flat-faced longhorn beetles belonging to the family Cerambycidae, subfamily Lamiinae. The genus was erected by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1775.

## Species

* Saperda alberti Plavilstshikov, 1916
* Saperda bacillicornis Pesarini & Sabbadini, 1997
* Saperda balsamifera (Motschulsky, 1860)
* Saperda bilineatocollis Pic, 1924
* Saperda calcarata Say, 1824 - poplar borer
* Saperda candida Fabricius, 1787 - roundheaded appletree borer
* Saperda carcharias (Linnaeus, 1758)
* Saperda cretata Newman, 1838
* Saperda discoidea Fabricius, 1798
* Saperda facetula Holzschuh, 1999
* Saperda fayi Bland, 1863
* †Saperda florissantensis Wickham, 1916
* Saperda gilanensis (Shapovalov, 2013)
* Saperda gleneoides Breuning, 1950
* Saperda horni Joutel, 1902
* Saperda hosokawai Hasegawa, 2017
* Saperda imitans Felt & Joutel, 1904
* Saperda inornata Say, 1824
* Saperda internescalaris Pic, 1934
* Saperda interrupta Gebler, 1825
* Saperda kojimai Makihara & Nakamura, 1985
* Saperda lateralis Fabricius, 1775
* Saperda maculosa Ménétriés, 1832
* Saperda mariangelae Pesarini & Sabbadini, 2015
* Saperda messageei Breuning, 1962
* Saperda moesta LeConte, 1850
* Saperda mutica Say, 1824
* Saperda obliqua Say, 1826
* Saperda octomaculata Blessig, 1873
* Saperda octopunctata (Scopoli, 1772)
* Saperda ohbayashii Podany, 1963
* Saperda pallidipennis Gressitt, 1951
* Saperda perforata (Pallas, 1773)
* Saperda populnea (Linnaeus, 1758)
* Saperda punctata (Linnaeus, 1767)
* Saperda puncticollis Say, 1824
* Saperda quercus Charpentier, 1825
* †Saperda robusta (Schmidt, 1967)
* Saperda scalaris (Linnaeus, 1758)
* Saperda similis Laicharting, 1784
* Saperda simulans Gahan, 1888
* Saperda subobliterata Pic, 1910
* Saperda subscalaris Breuning, 1952
* Saperda tetrastigma Bates, 1879
* Saperda tridentata Olivier, 1795 - elm borer
* Saperda vestita Say, 1824 - linden borer
* Saperda viridipennis Gressitt, 1951
# Saprinus lugens

Saprinus lugens is a species of clown beetle in the family Histeridae. It is found in Europe and Northern Asia (excluding China), Central America, and North America.
# Falling Out of Reach

"Falling out of Reach" is a song by Guillemots that appears on the band's second album, Red. It was released as the second single from their second album on 26 May 2008. It has reached #49 on the UK Singles Chart. The B-side, 'Trick Of The Light' was originally recorded for Q (magazine). The band were given the song title 'Seabirds' and 24 hours to write and record the track.
The video for the single features actor Ian McKellen. The band performed the song at Wulfrun Hall in Wolverhampton.

## Reception

Review of the single were generally positive. Digital Spy gave the single four stars out of five, calling it "an epic, gorgeous summer tear-jerker". Amrit Singh of Stereogum described it as a "really lovely song". Clash Music called it a "grandiose affair", and praised its "thoughtful lyrics". A slightly more critical review came from Nick Orton of Gigwise, who called the song "80s radio-friendly MOR".

## Tracks
### CD

* "Falling out of Reach" (Radio Mix)
* "Falling out of Reach" (Album Version)
* "Trick of the Light"

### 7" 1

* "Falling out of Reach" (Radio Mix)
* "Last Kiss" (Instrumental)

### 7" 2

* "Falling out of Reach" (Radio Mix)
* "The Face We Deserve"

## Chart performance

| Chart (2008) | Peak position |
| UK Singles (OCC) | 49 |
# Sleutelstad FM

Sleutelstad FM is a local radio channel in Leiden, Netherlands. The station plays music from the '70s to present day trends. Its programming includes news and music at the local and regional stage.
# Quinault Pass

Quinault Pass is a snow pass trending in a north–south direction lying between the Lully Foothills and the LeMay Range in central portion of Alexander Island, Antarctica. The feature was photographed from the air by Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition (RARE), 1947–48, and mapped from these photographs by D. Searle of Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS), 1960, it was named in association with the nearby Lully Foothills by the United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC), 1977, after the French dramatist Philippe Quinault, (1635-1688).
70°49′S 69°28′W﻿ / ﻿70.817°S 69.467°W﻿ / -70.817; -69.467  This article incorporates public domain material from "Quinault Pass". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
* This Alexander Island location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Puya boliviensis

Puya boliviensis is a species of flowering plant in the Bromeliaceae family. This species is endemic to Chile.
# Rebecca Alleway

Rebecca Alleway is an English set decorator. She was nominated at the 81st Academy Awards in the category of Best Art Direction for her work on the film The Duchess. She shared her nomination with art director Michael Carlin.

## Selected filmography

* What a Girl Wants (2003)
* The Duchess (2008)
* The Eagle (2011)
* Salmon Fishing in the Yemen (2011)
* Cloud Atlas (2012)
* Tulip Fever (2015)
* A United Kingdom (2016)
* Murder on the Orient Express (2017)
# Saint-Loup-sur-Aujon

Saint-Loup-sur-Aujon (French pronunciation:, literally Saint-Loup on Aujon) is a commune in the Haute-Marne department in north-eastern France.

## Geography

The Aujon flows northwestward through the middle of the commune; it crosses the two villages of the commune: Saint-Loup-sur-Aujon and Courcelles-sur-Aujon.
# Game (2003 film)

Game (stylized G@me) is a 2003 Japanese thriller film, based on a novel by Keigo Higashino. It is directed by Satoshi Isaka, and stars Naohito Fujiki, Yukie Nakama, Ryudo Uzaki, Izam and Ryo Ishibashi. It was remade unofficially in India as Sarabham.

## Plot

Advertising executive Shunsuke Sakuma (Naohito Fujiki) is at the top of his game. Winning numerous advertising awards, the cool Shunsuke lives a life most men only dream of. He luckily lands a new massive product campaign for Mikado Beer, Japan's largest conglomerate. Working on the project for almost two years with an estimated three-billion Yen invested, the project would "make" Shunsuke. But in its final stages, the project is suddenly dropped by a single man - Katsutoshi Katsuragi (Ryo Ishibashi), the son of the founder and Vice President of Mikado Beer.
Declared "incompetent" by peers in the world of advertising and replaced by a nobody on the project, Shunsuke gets drunk and drives to Katsuragi's mansion to "tell him off." But instead, he sees a girl climbing out from the house and trails her. The "girl" happens to be Juri Katsuragi (Yukie Nakama), Katsutoshi's daughter by a mistress. Shunsuke approaches Juri, threatening that he would tell her father if she did not come with him. Initially, Shunsuke planned to bring her back to Katsuragi to win his favor, but after thinking things through, he plots a "payback" scheme by kidnapping Juri. Juri, not wanting to stay with her father, goes along with the kidnapping. Scared of the media frenzy that would result if they found out that he had an extramarital affair, Katsutoshi Katsuragi goes along with the kidnapping. . . or does he? In a world of players where everyone is playing a game, who is the one to pull the strings?

## Cast

* Naohito Fujiki as Shunsuke Sakuma
* Yukie Nakama as Juri Katsuragi
* Ryo Ishibashi as Katsutoshi Katsuragi
* Ryudo Uzaki
* IZAM

## Soundtrack and theme songs

* It's All A Game - Zeebra