OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Federalist No. 22

Federalist No. 22 is an essay by Alexander Hamilton, the twenty-second of The Federalist Papers. It was first published by The New York Packet on December 14, 1787, under the pseudonym "Publius", the name under which all The Federalist papers were published. This essay continues with a theme started in Federalist No. 21. It is titled "The Same Subject Continued: Other Defects of the Present Confederation".
The power to regulate commerce is one of the strongest reasons to switch from the Articles of Confederation to a stronger "federal superintendence." The lack of a general authority "to regulate commerce" "has operated as a bar to the formation of beneficial treaties with foreign powers" and has also led to dissatisfaction between the states. Several States have attempted to create concert "prohibitions, restrictions, and exclusions, to influence the conduct of that kingdom in this particular" area. However, "arising from the lack of a general authority, and from clashing and dissimilar views in the States, has hitherto frustrated every experiment of the kind, and will continue to" hinder the true growth that could be realized under a federal system.
Aside from the regulation of commerce, the power to raise and keep an army, under the powers of the Articles of Confederation, is merely a power of making requisitions upon the states for quotas of men. "This practice in the course of the late war, was found replete with obstructions to a vigorous, and to an economical system of defense." Publius went on to state that this led to a competition between the states, which turned into an auction for men. Having states bid on men for defense, "is not merely unfriendly to economy and vigor, than it is to an equal distribution of the burden."
Also, Publius states, that the right of equal suffrage among the states is "another exceptionable part of the Confederation." And that "The sense of the majority should prevail. However this kind of logical legerdemain will never counteract the plain suggestions of justice and common sense." He then argues that it is entirely possible that there can be a majority - seven - of the States in favor of something, which would then carry the support of Congress, but which would have far less than a majority of the actual population of the Union. And he adds to this argument, "for we can enumerate nine states, which contain less than a majority of the people and it is constitutionally possible, that these nine may give the vote."
The overall gist of Federalist No. 22, is that the current constitutional structure of the Union under the Confederation is weak and unable to support the demands that are required of a modern nation or a continental republic.
# Tillandsia rectangula

Tillandsia rectangula is a species of flowering plant in the Bromeliaceae family. This species is native to Bolivia and Argentina. Tillandsia rectangula was described and the name validly published by John Gilbert Baker in 1878. Tillandsia rectangula is in the genus Tillandsia, which contains between 713 and 777 species. The type species of the genus is Tillandsia utriculata. The perennials prefer a sunny situation on fresh to moist soil. They tolerate temperatures only above at least 1 °C.The plants are suited for cultivation in a temperate house.
# House of Stone: Death I

House of Stone: Death I is the first part in a series of concept albums by singer-songwriter and multi-media artist, SORNE, which is based around the story of Sorne's "House of stone" saga. The album features Sorne's signature musical sound which involves non-conventional instrumentation and occasional, guitar and piano. The album art as well as the art within the liner notes contain visual art created by Sorne, as well as a description of the story of the album.

## Concept and storyline

This is the first album in a concept album series that tells the story of five siblings who serve and the princes and princesses of the "House of stone". It opens with the funeral of their father, the king, who was murdered by the hands of the first born. It is revealed that the first born was manipulated by his brother the second sun into committing the act. After the deed is done they set forth their plan to take back the land that was given away by their father. The oldest sibling of the bunch, the black sister observes the funeral in sadness and loses hope for the well being of the kingdom. It is revealed in the story that she had an incest relationship with her father as a teen which resulted in her giving birth to her brother and son the first born, as it was part of the family custom to bear a purebred son. As she saw her father being cremated she knew right away that her brother the second sun was responsible for her father's death. She then has a premonition of the downfall of their kingdom. The story transitions to the Second sun standing before his people and proclaiming himself as the new king of the house of stone. He reveals his new plan to restore the glory and power of his kingdom and bring back the honor to his family that he feels his father failed to maintain. The first born's back story is then revealed, showing that he has been trained by his father to be warrior. A feared killer, who became mute and emotionless after years of physical and psychological abuse from his father. He is also shown to be a hermaphrodite, as result of his birth from an incest relationship, between his father and the black sister. The first born and the second son prepare to begin their mission to invade and reclaim the vergebian union(The neighboring territory which was given away by their father). The album concludes with the first born leading his army into the first vergebian territory. As he prepares for the invasion he recalls his hand in the murder of his father with mixed emotions and says a prayer to his guiding star.

## Track listing

Music, lyrics and story by Morgan Sorne

## Personnel

* SORNE: Lead and backing vocals, alternative instrumentation
# Journal Star

Journal Star may refer to:
* Lincoln Journal Star, a daily newspaper of Lincoln, Nebraska
* Peoria Journal Star, a daily newspaper of Peoria, Illinois
# Jack Sparling

John Edmond Sparling (June 21, 1916 – February 15, 1997), was a Canadian comics artist.

## Biography

Born in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Sparling moved to the United States as a child. He received his early arts training at the Arts and Crafts Club in New Orleans and later attended the Corcoran School of Art. He worked briefly as a gag cartoonist for the New Orleans Item-Tribune. In 1941, Sparling, along with writer William Laas, created the United Feature Syndicate comic strip Hap Hopper, Washington Correspondent, for which real-life newspaper columnists Drew Pearson and Robert S. Allen were listed as editors. One source lists it as having launched January 29, 1939, but comics historian Don Markstein, noting that that day was a Sunday, says January 29, 1940, is better supported and more likely. Sparling was the artist until 1943, when he was succeeded by Al Plastino.
Sparling's next comic strip was Claire Voyant, which premiered May 10, 1943, in the New York PM. and ran until 1948.
From the 1950s through the 1970s, Sparling provided art for a variety of publishers, including Harvey Comics (the Pirana) and Charlton Comics' adaptations of The Six Million Dollar Man and The Bionic Woman. Sparling also worked for Classics Illustrated, drawing adaptations of Robin Hood and Mark Twain's Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court. Sparling drew biographic comic books featuring Adlai Stevenson II, Lyndon B. Johnson, and Barry Goldwater for Dell Comics. At DC Comics, Sparling drew Secret Six, the "Eclipso" feature in House of Secrets, and the "Unknown Soldier" feature in Star Spangled War Stories. Editor Joe Orlando began a new direction for DC's House of Mystery series with issue #175 (July–August 1968) and the series' host Cain was created by Sparling and Orlando with writer Bob Haney. Sparling worked with writer Dennis O'Neil on The Witching Hour and the Challengers of the Unknown. For Western Publishing's Gold Key Comics, he co-created the superhero Tiger Girl with Jerry Siegel in 1968, drew the toyline tie-in Microbots one-shot, and illustrated comic book adaptations of the television series Family Affair, The Outer Limits, and Adam-12. In 1976, he drew a licensed Welcome Back, Kotter comic book series for DC. For Charlton Comics' satire magazine Sick, he wrote and drew the nudie-cutie feature "Cher D'Flower!"
# Peter Engels

Peter Engels is a professor of physics at the Washington State University, who conducts research in the field of ultracold atomic gases. His group at WSU performs a variety of experiments involving quantum hydrodynamics, spin–orbit coupling (See Spin–orbit interaction), soliton formation, condensed matter physics, and more using Rb-87 (bosonic) and K-40 (fermionic). Recently, in collaboration with the theorists Prof. Michael Forbes, Yongping Zhang, and Thomas Busch, his team published research demonstrating negative mass hydrodynamics in a spin–orbit coupled Bose–Einstein condensate.
# Gymnastics at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Women's vault

The Women's vault gymnastics competition at the 2022 Commonwealth Games in Birmingham, England was held on 1 August 2022 at Arena Birmingham.

## Schedule

The schedule was as follows:
All times are British Summer Time (UTC+1)
| Date | Time | Round |
| Saturday 30 July 2022 | 09:09 | Qualification |
| Monday 1 August 2022 | 14:10 | Final |

## Results
### Qualification

Qualification for this apparatus final was determined within the team final.
The results are as follows:
| Rank | Name | Vault 1 | Vault 2 | Total | Qualification |
| 1 | Shannon Archer (SCO) | 13.900 | 13.100 | 13.500 | Q |
| 2 | Laurie Denommée (CAN) | 13.650 | 12.900 | 13.275 | Q |
| 3 | Pranati Nayak (IND) | 13.600 | 12.950 | 13.275 | Q |
| 4 | Georgia Godwin (AUS) | 13.750 | 12.700 | 13.225 | Q |
| 5 | Emily Whitehead (AUS) | 13.400 | 12.600 | 13.000 | Q |
| 6 | Emma Spence (CAN) | 13.400 | 12.350 | 12.875 | Q |
| 7 | Naveen Daries (RSA) | 12.950 | 12.750 | 12.850 | Q |
| 8 | Cara Kennedy (SCO) | 13.350 | 12.100 | 12.725 | Q |
| 9 | Garcelle Napier (RSA) | 13.000 | 12.000 | 12.500 | R1 |
| 10 | Nadine Joy Nathan (SGP) | 12.700 | 12.150 | 12.425 | R2 |
| 11 | Mali Morgan (WAL) | 13.000 | 11.600 | 12.300 | R3 |
| 12 | Protistha Samanta (IND) | 12.900 | 11.000 | 11.950 | |
| 13 | Tara Donnelly (IOM) | 10.950 | 11.900 | 11.425 | |

### Final

The results are as follows:
| Rank | Name | D Score | E Score | Pen. | Score 1 | D Score | E Score | Pen. | Score 2 | Total |
| Rank | Name | Vault 1 | Vault 1 | Vault 1 | Vault 1 | Vault 2 | Vault 2 | Vault 2 | Vault 2 | | Total |
| | Georgia Godwin (AUS) | 4.800 | 8.900 | | 13.700 | 4.000 | 8.766 | | 12.766 | 13.233 |
| | Laurie Denommée (CAN) | 4.600 | 8.966 | | 13.566 | 4.000 | 8.900 | | 12.900 | 13.233 |
| | Shannon Archer (SCO) | 5.000 | 8.566 | 0.300 | 13.266 | 4.400 | 8.500 | | 12.900 | 13.083 |
| 4 | Emma Spence (CAN) | 4.600 | 8.900 | | 13.500 | 3.800 | 8.800 | | 12.600 | 13.050 |
| 5 | Pranati Nayak (IND) | 5.200 | 8.533 | 0.100 | 13.633 | 4.200 | 7.866 | 0.300 | 11.766 | 12.699 |
| 6 | Cara Kennedy (SCO) | 4.200 | 8.666 | | 12.866 | 3.800 | 8.600 | | 12.400 | 12.633 |
| 7 | Naveen Daries (RSA) | 4.200 | 8.600 | | 12.800 | 3.800 | 8.600 | 0.100 | 12.300 | 12.550 |
| 8 | Emily Whitehead (AUS) | 4.600 | 7.566 | 0.300 | 11.866 | 4.000 | 8.233 | 0.300 | 11.933 | 11.899 |
# Vladimir Volkov

Vladimir Volkov may refer to:
* Vladimir Volkov (athlete) (1921-1986), Russian decathlete
* Vladimir Volkov (politician) (born 1954), Russian politician
* Vladimir Volkov (footballer) (born 1986), Montenegrin footballer
# St Thomas Aquinas School

St Thomas Aquinas School may refer to:
* St. Thomas Aquinas Primary School, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe
* St. Thomas Aquinas School, Witbank, a school in South Africa
# South-Eastern European Digitization Initiative

The South-Eastern European Digitization Initiative (SEEDI) is an effort to develop awareness about digitization of cultural and scientific heritage in the South-Eastern European countries along the Lund Principles of the European Union. It will contribute to gathering and spreading specific and interdisciplinary knowledge from various institutions from the region and the European Union where leading experts in the field work.

## History

The SEEDI arose from the cooperation between researchers from Belgrade (Serbia) and Sofia (Bulgaria) which was formally expressed in the Borovets declaration (2003) where it was argued that:
   ...[the researchers and the heritage institutions from the region] face common problems and share common scientific and cultural heritage. The knowledge and experience of single institutions from our countries should not stay isolated. It is of great importance to take measures for increase of the communication and exchange of technological expertise, standards and practical skills within the region, taking into account the experience of colleagues outside the region.

## Goals

Cultural and scientific heritage collections in the South-Eastern Europe still cannot be widely accessed in electronic form. The idea of the SEEDI is to overcome that by bringing together researches from regional and European centers having similar scientific and practical interest in digitization and to support cooperation between them. The aim is to create core groups of specialists, which would be able to consult, assist, monitor and develop innovative technologies and digitization projects collaborating with the local cultural and scientific heritage institutions.
The SEEDI would be implemented through several measures:
* Conferences and workshops,
* The journal Review of the National Center for Digitization,
* The mailing list
To facilitate communication, dissemination and sharing each other's ideas, concerns, views and experiences in the field of digitization of cultural and scientific heritage.
The SEEDI is an open forum. The owners of ideas are invited to propose them through the SEEDI-communication tools and to find potential collaborators.
# Rothbard (disambiguation)

Murray Rothbard was an economist and political theorist.
Rothbard may also refer to:
# Taft High School

Taft School or Taft High School may refer to:
Schools named after William Howard Taft:
* William Howard Taft High School (Los Angeles)
* William Howard Taft High School (Chicago)
* William Howard Taft High School (New York City)
* William Howard Taft High School (San Antonio)
Other schools:
* Taft Union High School Taft, California
* Robert A. Taft Information Technology High School, also known as Taft High School, Cincinnati, Ohio, named for Robert A. Taft
* Taft High School (Lincoln City, Oregon), named for the former community of Taft, Oregon, which was named for William Howard Taft
* Taft High School (Texas), named after the community of Taft, Texas, which was named after Charles Taft
# Spokesperson of The Greens – The Green Alternative

This is a list of federal spokespersons of The Greens – The Green Alternative, a political party in Austria.
| Name | Took office | Left office |
| Freda Meissner-Blau | 12 February 1987 | 6 December 1988 |
| Johannes Voggenhuber | 6 December 1988 | 1992 |
| Peter Pilz | 1992 | 1994 |
| Madeleine Petrovic | 1994 | March 1996 |
| Christoph Chorherr | March 1996 | December 1997 |
| Alexander Van der Bellen | 13 December 1997 | 3 October 2008 |
| Eva Glawischnig | 3 October 2008 | 18 May 2017 |
| Ingrid Felipe | 26 June 2017 | 17 October 2017 |
| Werner Kogler | 17 October 2017 | Present |
# Jackson Township, Sullivan County, Missouri

Jackson Township is a township in Sullivan County, in the U.S. state of Missouri.
Jackson Township was erected in 1872, most likely taking its name from Andrew Jackson.
# Peter Fish

Peter Fish may refer to:
* Tilapia, also known as St Peter's fish
* Peter Fish (lawyer)
* Peter Fish (composer)
* Peter Fish (painter)
# Lungi, Sierra Leone

Lungi is a coastal town in Port Loko District in the Northern Province of Sierra Leone. The town lies approximately 40 miles (64 km) north of the district capital Port Loko and had a population of 4,185 in the 2004 census.
Lungi is best known for being home to the Lungi International Airport, the international airport that serves Sierra Leone. The sea separates Lungi from Sierra Leone's capital Freetown. Some of the most luxurious hotels and restaurants in Sierra Leone are based in Lungi.
There are frequent commercial helicopter, hovercraft, buses and ferry services to Freetown and other parts of Sierra Leone from Lungi.

## History

Dala Modu Dumbuya, a Susu trader from Wonkafong, Sumbuya settled here in 1806 after being based in Freetown for over ten years. However, he was accused of slave trading. The town was previously called Madina, but that name is now used for Madina, Port Loko District, a small settlement to the south. Under Dala Modu the location became an important trading centre between Freetown and the rivers further north. It was also the major Muslim centre along this stretch of the coast.

## Climate

Climate data for Lungi (1961–1990) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 30.8 (87.4) | 30.7 (87.3) | 31.0 (87.8) | 31.4 (88.5) | 30.9 (87.6) | 29.5 (85.1) | 28.1 (82.6) | 27.7 (81.9) | 28.7 (83.7) | 29.7 (85.5) | 30.4 (86.7) | 30.5 (86.9) | 30.0 (85.9) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 26.3 (79.3) | 26.8 (80.2) | 27.2 (81.0) | 27.7 (81.9) | 27.4 (81.3) | 26.3 (79.3) | 25.3 (77.5) | 25.1 (77.2) | 25.5 (77.9) | 26.0 (78.8) | 26.7 (80.1) | 26.4 (79.5) | 26.4 (79.5) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 22.2 (72.0) | 23.3 (73.9) | 24.1 (75.4) | 24.6 (76.3) | 23.8 (74.8) | 23.0 (73.4) | 22.8 (73.0) | 22.8 (73.0) | 22.8 (73.0) | 22.6 (72.7) | 23.1 (73.6) | 22.6 (72.7) | 23.1 (73.7) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 2.3 (0.09) | 4.1 (0.16) | 8.1 (0.32) | 47.8 (1.88) | 192.4 (7.57) | 349.4 (13.76) | 690.1 (27.17) | 788.8 (31.06) | 501.2 (19.73) | 299.6 (11.80) | 110.2 (4.34) | 23.0 (0.91) | 3,017 (118.79) |
| Average rainy days | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 14 | 22 | 27 | 27 | 24 | 21 | 10 | 2 | 152 |
| Average afternoon relative humidity (%) (at 15:00 LST) | 59 | 62 | 63 | 66 | 71 | 78 | 82 | 84 | 80 | 76 | 73 | 63 | 71 |
| Average dew point °C (°F) | 21.4 (70.5) | 22.1 (71.8) | 22.3 (72.1) | 23.0 (73.4) | 23.6 (74.5) | 23.5 (74.3) | 23.0 (73.4) | 23.0 (73.4) | 23.2 (73.8) | 23.3 (73.9) | 23.6 (74.5) | 22.1 (71.8) | 22.8 (73.1) |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 235.6 | 221.2 | 235.6 | 213.0 | 195.3 | 162.0 | 108.5 | 89.9 | 132.0 | 186.0 | 201.0 | 213.9 | 2,194 |
| Mean daily sunshine hours | 7.6 | 7.9 | 7.6 | 7.1 | 6.3 | 5.4 | 3.5 | 2.9 | 4.4 | 6.0 | 6.7 | 6.9 | 6.0 |
| Source: NOAA ||||||||||||||
# St Thomas Aquinas Church, Springwood

St Thomas Aquinas Church is a Roman Catholic church building located in Springwood, New South Wales, Australia. The church shares its grounds with the St Thomas Aquinas Primary School.

## History

Whilst no physical building stood then, the Catholic Church at Springwood dates back to 1839, when it was part of the Penrith parish. At this time, Mass was offered by Fr. Charles Sumner at the Springwood Inn owned by Thomas Boland, and later offered at the Boland family home. During the period from 1890 to 1907 the church became a part of the Blue Mountains parish, under the parish priest Fr. James McGough.
In 1892 the church was given a building of its own thanks to donations of land and money by the Boland family. This was the first church of St Thomas Aquinas (Springwood), and was located at what is now Rest Park, on Macquarie Road.
The church later relocated to Hawkesbury Road, to what is now the site of a retirement villa, Aquinas Court. In 1920 a primary school was opened in the old church building. In November 1981 the first stage of the new St Thomas Aquinas Primary School opened at its current site within the St Columba's grounds, Hawkesbury Road. In 1986 the church relocated again, this time to the former seminary, and current co-educational St Columba's Catholic College site.
In February 1996, the current St Thomas Aquinas Catholic Church opened within the grounds of the St Thomas Aquinas Primary School, on Hawkesbury Road, Springwood.

## Priests past and present

* Fr. Charles Sumner
* Fr. James McGough
* Fr. James Sheridan
* Fr. P. C. Cregan
* Fr. Daniel Galvin (first resident priest)
* Fr. Thomas Leen
* Fr. Canavan
* Fr. Leslie Bagot
* Fr. James O'Meara
* Fr. Michael McGloin
* Fr. Renato Paras
* Fr. Peter Connelly
* Fr. Alan Layt
* Fr. Edward Tyler
* Fr. Paul Slyney

## St Thomas Aquinas Primary School

In December 2006, St Thomas Aquinas Primary School celebrated its 85th anniversary with the unveiling of the old school bell following its relocation, a dress-up for the students, a barbecue, and a bushdance.
The school opened in 1921 on the corner of Macquarie Road and Hawkesbury Road with 24 students. The school consisted of one building, the old church. At the time the school was staffed by Sisters Kevin and Catherine, and continued to be staffed by the Sisters of St Joseph until the late 1970s - early 1980s. In September 1939 a new school building was opened by Monsignor Phelan in the same location. In June 1962, with an enrolment of 187 students, an ]other school building was opened by Cardinal Gilroy. In 1969 a second storey was added to the 1939 building. In 1981–82 the school relocated to its current site on Hawkesbury Road.
The school serves the communities of Springwood, Faulconbridge, Hawkesbury Heights, Valley Heights, Warrimoo, Winmalee, and Yellow Rock.
The school's motto is: Love One Another. The school principal is currently Marina Hardy.
# Ross Atoll

Ross Atoll is a small atoll in the Admiralty Chart with an almost round lagoon. It is located at about five miles from the Northeast point of Ari Atoll and is one of the natural atolls of the Maldives.
The northern and western sides form one continuous barrier reef, and the eastern side is another barrier reef. The four mile wide lagoon has soundings from 15 to 20 fathoms (27 to 37 m) and abounds in detached coral patches.
This natural atoll was named Ross Atoll by Captain Robert Moresby during his survey of the Maldive Islands. It was named after Captain Daniel Ross of the Bombay Navy, one of the first surveyors of the area. Captain Ross later became the East India Company's Marine Surveyor General in Calcutta.
The main island is Rasdhoo. Kuramathi Tourist Resort is also located in this small atoll.
# Lücken

Lücken is a surname of German origin, originating as a patronymic from the personal name Lück. Notable people with the surname include:
* Iwar von Lücken (1874-1935), German poet
* J. Henry Lucken (1896-1984), American farmer and politician
* Robert Lücken (born 1985), Dutch rower
# Journal of Financial Economics

The Journal of Financial Economics is a peer-reviewed academic journal published by Elsevier, covering the field of finance. It is considered to be one of the premier finance journals. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 6.988. The journal was founded by Michael C. Jensen, Eugene Fama, and Robert C. Merton in 1974.

## Editors

The following persons are or have been editors-in-chief of the journal:
* Eugene Fama, 1974-1977
* Michael C. Jensen, 1974-1996
* Robert C. Merton, 1974-1977
* G. William Schwert, 1979–1986, 1989-2020
* John B. Long, 1983–1987, 1988-1996
* Clifford W. Smith, 1983-1996
* René M. Stulz, 1983-1987
* Jerold B. Warner, 1987-1996
* Richard S. Ruback, 1988-1996
* Wayne Mikkelson, 1993-1996
* Ron Kaniel, 2017-2020
* David Hirshleifer, 2020-2021
* Toni Whited, 2021–present

## Awards

The journal issues two annual prizes for economics research, Jensen Prize and Fama–DFA Prize.