# Tucanoan languages

Tucanoan (also Tukanoan, Tukánoan) is a language family of Colombia, Brazil, Ecuador, and Peru.

## Language contact

Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Arutani, Paez, Sape, Taruma, Witoto-Okaina, Saliba-Hodi, Tikuna-Yuri, Pano, Barbakoa, Bora-Muinane, and Choko language families due to contact.

## Classification
### Chacon (2014)

There are two dozen Tucanoan languages. There is a clear binary split between Eastern Tucanoan and Western Tucanoan.
* Tucanoan
** Western Tucanoan
*** ?Cueretú (Kueretú) †
*** Napo
**** Orejón (a.k.a. M'áíhɨ̃ki, Maijiki, Coto, Koto, Payoguaje, Payaguá, Payowahe, Payawá)
**** Correguaje–Secoya
***** Correguaje (Koreguaje, Korewahe, a.k.a. Caquetá)
***** Siona–Secoya (Upper Napo, Baicoca–Siecoca)
****** ?Macaguaje (a.k.a. Kakawahe, Piohé) †
****** Siona (Bai Coca, Sioni, Pioje, Pioche-Sioni, Tetete)
****** Secoya (Sieko Coca, Airo Pai, Piohé)
****** ?Tama †
** Eastern Tucanoan
*** South
**** Tanimuca (a.k.a. Retuarã)
**** ?Yauna (Jaúna, Yahuna, Yaúna) †
*** West
**** Barasana–Macuna
***** Macuna (a.k.a. Buhagana, Wahana, Makuna-Erulia, Makuna)
***** Barasana (Southern Barasano, a.k.a. Paneroa, Eduria, Edulia, Comematsa, Janera, Taibano, Taiwaeno, Taiwano)
**** Cubeo–Desano
***** Cubeo (Cuveo, Kobeua, Kubewa)
***** Yupua–Desano
****** ?Yupuá †
****** Desano–Siriano (a.k.a. Desano)
*** East
**** Central
***** Tucano (Tukana, a.k.a. Dasea)
***** Waimaha–Tatuyo
****** Waimajã (a.k.a. Bara, Northern Barasano)
****** Tatuyo
**** North
***** Kotiria–Piratapuyo
****** Guanano (Wanana, Wanano, a.k.a. Kotedia, Kotiria, Wanana-Pirá)
****** Piratapuyo (a.k.a. Waikina, Uiquina)
***** Pisamira–Yuruti
****** Pisamira–Carapano (Carapana, Karapana)
****** Tuyuca–Yuruti
******* Tuyuka (Tejuca, Teyuka, Tuyuca, a.k.a. Bara, Barasana)
******* Yurutí
Plus unclassified Miriti.†
Most languages are, or were, spoken in Colombia.

### Jolkesky (2016)

Internal classification by Jolkesky (2016):
(† = extinct)
* Tukano
** Tukano, Western
*** Kueretu †
*** Tukano, Western, Nuclear
**** Mai Huna
**** Koreguaje-Pioje
***** Koreguaje-Tama
****** Koreguaje
****** Tama †
***** Pioje (Baicoca–Siecoca)
****** Makaguaje †
****** Sekoya
****** Siona
****** Tetete †
** Tukano, Eastern
*** Tanimuka; Retuarã; Yahuna
*** Tukano, Eastern, West
**** Kubeo-Desano
***** Kubeo
***** Desano-Yupua
****** Desano; Siriano
****** Yupua †
**** Makuna; Barasano; Eduria
*** Tukano, Eastern, East
**** Tukano-Tatuyo
***** Tukano
***** Tatuyo-Bara-Waimaha
****** Tatuyo
****** Bara; Waimaha
**** Tuyuka-Wanano
***** Wanano-Piratapuyu
****** Wanano
****** Piratapuyo
***** Tuyuka-Karapanã
****** Karapanã; Pisamira
****** Tuyuka; Yuruti

## Varieties

Below is a full list of Tucanoan language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties.

## Vocabulary

Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items.
| Language | Branch | head | eye | hand | one | two | three |
| Tucano | I | dex-póa | kaxpéri | tomógha | nĩkáno | peáro | itiáro |
| Uaíana | I | dé-paue | kape | oama | ikãpeleko | peápeleko | itiapeleko |
| Tuyuca | I | déx-píu | kaxfea | uamo | txixkálo | peálo | ixtiéro |
| Waikína | I | dax-púa | káxfea | umuká | axkakiró | péaro | tíaro |
| Uantya | I | | kapéga | uamó | | | |
| Bará | I | dex-féa | kapéka | anó | hixkága | peága | tixtíaga |
| Uanána | I | dax-púa | kaxpádi | dapáro | kéliã | peáro | tíaro |
| Uasöna | II | de-póue | káxea | oámu | hikálo | peálo | itíalo |
| Tsölá | II | rix-fóa | kuíri | ámo | híkã | péga | ixtíale |
| Urubu-Tapuya | II | | re-kapeã | uamon | | | |
| Pamöä | II | rea-poá | kapé | uamon | | | |
| Patsoca | II | | kapé | uamó | | | |
| Möxdöá | II | rea-poa | kapea | oamó | hikän | pángara | éteaná |
| Sära | Sära | lix-hóga | káxea | áma | hohogá | héaga | ediaga |
| Omöá | Sära | dix-hóga | káxea | | hóga | héaga | ediago |
| Buhágana | Sära | tix-hóga | kaxea | ámo | kohága | héaga | ediága |
| Macuna | Sära | ri-hóga | kaea | ámo | | | |
| Erulia | Erulia | lix-hóga | káxfea | uamó | kóla | héãlã | edíala |
| Tsölöa | Erulia | rix-hóa | káxea | ámo | gohé | héa | idía |
| Palanoa | Erulia | lix-hoá | káxea | ámo | | | |
| Cubeo | Cubeo | hi-póbe | hi-yakóli | pubu | kũinálõ | pekálõã | dópekelõã |
| Dyuremáwa | Cubeo | hi-póbi | dya-kóli | pilí | kuináro | pikáro | dyobekiro |
| Hehénawa | Cubeo | hi-póbí | ya-kóli | pilí | kwináro | pikaːro | yobekiro |
| Bahúkiwa | Cubeo | hí-póbi | dyá-koli | pilí | kuinárõã | pikárõã | dyóbekirõã |
| Desána | Desána | dex-púru | yéle | mohópama | yũhúge | péye | eléye |
| Chiranga | Desána | dix-púlu | kudiru | muhá | uhúpũnu | perú | ilerú |
| Yahuna | Yahuna | líupukóa | hiyakóli | pitaka | ínoho | ípo | makalaka |
| Tanimuca | Yahuna | dupukoa | ñákua | pitaka | | | |
| Yupuá | Yupuá | kúele | yaːkõá | múho | tzyundyá | axpedyá | aleddyá |
| Durina | Yupuá | kúrʔ | díölö | móhu | chun | apáina | áʔalia |
| Coretu | Coretu | sí-roho | sia-kokia | muhú | námare | nahárakiare | masírakiáre |
| Tama | Western | xixo-pué | nakoba | | teyo | káyapa | choteyo |
| Coreguaje | Western | sixó-pués | nankoká | xẽte | | | |
| Amaguaje | Western | zium-bue | nañka | hente | teo | kayapa | toazumba |
| Icaguate | Western | | | hente | | | toazumba |
| Siona | Western | sixum-bué | nankoka | enté | teheke | samú | |
| Pjoje | Western | siom-pwö | nánkoa | höntö | tayo | kayayé | toasoñé |
| Cóto | Western | tsíong | ñákoa | óteperé | teyong | tépe | báwabwö |
| Language | Branch | water | fire | sun | star | maize | jaguar | axe |
| Tucano | I | axkó | pexkáme | mũhípũ | yãxkõá | ohóka | yaí | kumé |
| Uaíana | I | óko | pekáne | muhĩpü | yõkõá | olikaleko | yéi | kóme |
| Tuyuca | I | oxkó | pexkámene | mũhĩphfu | yãxkõá | ohólika | yéi | kumé |
| Waikína | I | axkó | pexkáka | axsé | yapíkoa | yó | nodogé | komé |
| Uantya | I | óko | pekáme | muipem | ñokoam | | yahi | kumúa |
| Bará | I | oxkó | pexkáme | mũhífũ | yöxkóã | ódixka | yeído | kómea |
| Uanána | I | kó | pxtxáka | sé | yapítxoa | iyó | yaído | kúma |
| Uasöna | II | óko | pekáme | múhípe | yókóaː | olíka | yái | komé |
| Tsölá | II | óxko | péro | múhífú | yóxkõã | ohólika | yái | kómea |
| Urubu-Tapuya | II | óko | péro | muipem | ñokon | oriká | | kumuá |
| Pamöä | II | hokó | paʔáro | muipem | yakopaké | oriká | | kumuä |
| Patsoca | II | óko | pekaró | muipum | ñonkóãn | oriká | dyahi | komé |
| Möxdöá | II | okó | péro | moépo | | áríka | yáhi | koméa |
| Sära | Sära | ida | péame | ómakani | yoxkó | ohólika | yái | kómea |
| Omöá | Sära | éde | heáme | amakai | yoxkoá | ohólika | yái | kumá |
| Buhágana | Sära | íde | héame | ómãkãyi | yóxko | oholika | yái | kumá |
| Macuna | Sära | íde | éa | úmakanö | tapia | áre | yáiya | |
| Erulia | Erulia | óxko | heáme | mũhihũ | yõxkóã | ohólika | yái | kumá |
| Tsölöa | Erulia | oxkó | heáno | muhíhú | yoxkó | ohólika | yáí | kúmoa |
| Palanoa | Erulia | óxko | heáne | muhíhu | yoxkó | ohólika | yái | kúmoa |
| Cubeo | Cubeo | okó | toá | auiyá | abiákoa | ueá | yauí | kométako |
| Dyuremáwa | Cubeo | okó | toábo | avía | abíakoli | veá | dyaví | hoekí |
| Hehénawa | Cubeo | okó | toábo | aviá | abíakoli | veá | yawí | hoéki |
| Bahúkiwa | Cubeo | okó | toaːbo | aviá | abiákoli | veá | dyaví | hoekí |
| Desána | Desána | dexkó | peáme | abé | néyãxkã | ohólexka | ye | kumé |
| Chiranga | Desána | dexko | piámeʔe | abé | naiukamo | húdeka | diéche | kumé |
| Yahuna | Yahuna | ókoa | peká | ihía | tãapíã | oáka | yaia | kómeá |
| Tanimuca | Yahuna | ókoa | peka | ayáka | tapia | wáka | yáiya | |
| Yupuá | Yupuá | déxko | píele | aué | yóxkólo | óo | yí | kúmi |
| Durina | Yupuá | | pílö | áwe | yokolo | óho | diwórekö | kúmi |
| Coretu | Coretu | kótapu | hékiekie | háya | yákohe | mitólikere | híyai | kumú |
| Tama | Western | okó | toá | enesé | mañeguai | keá | edyai | supo |
| Coreguaje | Western | óko | toá | ense | mañokó | weá | chaí | supú |
| Amaguaje | Western | óko | toa | ense | manúko | bea | ayroyai | supó |
| Icaguate | Western | | toa | enze | mañoko | | | |
| Siona | Western | oko | toá | ensé | mañoko | gueá | ayroxai | supó |
| Pjoje | Western | ókó | towá | öntsö | mánioko | wéa | yaí | súpo |
| Cóto | Western | óko | towaʔa | báñi | túku | béa | yái | dzöʔó |

## Proto-language

Proto-Tukanoan reconstructions by Chacon (2013):
| gloss | proto-Tukanoan |
| 3rd.person.masculine | *-pi |
| agouti | *wuɨ |
| ant sp. | *meka |
| aracu fish | *p’ot’ika |
| armadillo | *pãmu |
| back | *sõkɨ |
| bat | *ojo |
| big | *pahi |
| (to) bite | *kũ |
| black | *tj’ĩ |
| black ink (jenipapo) | *weʔe |
| blood | *tj’ie |
| blow | *pu- |
| bone | *k’oʔa |
| (to) break | *p’ope (*poa) |
| breast | *upe |
| buriti palm | *neʔe |
| capybara | *kuetju |
| cara (Dioscorea alata) | *japi |
| case | *-t’e |
| centipede; boa | *jãk’i |
| charcoal (1) | *nitti |
| charcoal (2); grease | *neo |
| cheek | *wajo |
| chew | *tj’ãk’ɨ |
| chili | *p’ia |
| cold | *tjɨsi |
| kapok | *jɨi |
| (to) cut | *t’ɨtte |
| dance / ritualized songs | *p’aja |
| deer | *jama |
| dove | *ƭʃɨ- |
| duck | *p’ete |
| ear | *k’ãp’o |
| egg | *tj’ia |
| elder | *p’ɨkɨ |
| elevated structure (shelves, roof, etc.) (jirau) | *kaja |
| (to) end | *pet’i |
| excrement | *k’ɨt’a |
| face | *tj’ia |
| father | *pa-kɨ |
| feminine | *-k’o |
| fire / firewood | *peka |
| fish; fish sp. (?) | *waʔi |
| (to) fish with a net; strain, remove | *wajo |
| fishing net | *p’api |
| float | *paʔja |
| flower | *k’oʔo |
| foot | *k’ɨp’o |
| fruit sp. | *toa |
| Inga (fruit sp.) | *p’ene |
| garden; outside; village | *wese |
| gather / collect | *tʃɨ-a |
| grandfather | *jẽkku- |
| grape | *ɨʔje |
| grass | *taja |
| green / blue / not ripe | *tjɨ̃p’e |
| hand; palm (of the hand) | *pɨtɨ |
| head | *tj’ɨpo |
| heavy | *t’ɨkkɨ |
| heron | *jahi |
| hole | *k’ope |
| hot; heat | *atjɨ |
| house; anthill | *wɨ’e |
| hummingbird | *mimi |
| I | *jɨʔɨ |
| insect sp. | *tjusi |
| jaguar | *jai |
| kingfisher | *tjãsa |
| know | *masi |
| lake | *tj’itta |
| land / territory / region | *jep’a |
| larva | *p’ekko |
| leg; hips; knee | *jɨ̃ka |
| locative / part-of-a-whole | *-t’o |
| distant | *tj’oa |
| macaw | *maha |
| man | *ɨmɨ |
| manioc | *kɨi |
| monkey | *takke |
| monkey sp. / coati | *sisi |
| mosquito | *mɨte |
| mouth | *tj’ɨse (*jɨ-ʔo) |
| name | *wãmi |
| navel | *tʃõp’ɨ |
| non-3rd animate person | -p’ɨ |
| nose | *ɨ̃kʷ’e |
| paca | *seme |
| pacu fish | *uhu |
| palm weevil | *pĩko |
| parrot | *wekko |
| path | *maʔa |
| peccary | *tjẽse |
| penis | *no- |
| people; 1.pl.inclusive | *p’ã-tjã |
| (to) plant | *otte |
| poison | *tjima |
| pot / ceramics / clay | *sot- |
| pupunha palm | *ɨne |
| red | *sõʔa |
| river | *tj’ia |
| root | *t’ɨ̃k ’o |
| (to) rub | *sĩk’e |
| (to) sit | |
| (to) sleep | *kã- |
| (to) smoke meat | *sɨʔjo |
| snake | *ãja |
| spider | *p’ɨpɨ |
| spirit; ancestral | *wãtti |
| (to) squeeze | *p’ipo |
| (to) stop | *nɨk’V |
| stone | *k’ɨ̃ta |
| stump; stick, club | *tu-tu |
| (to) swell | *p’upi |
| tapir | *wekkɨ |
| termite | *p’utu |
| thorn; fishhook | *pota |
| three | *ɨt’ia |
| thunder | *wɨ̃po |
| toad sp. | *p’opa |
| tobacco | *mɨt’o |
| tocandira ant | *piata |
| tongue / liver | *tj’eme |
| tooth | *k’õpi |
| tortoise; turtle | *k’oɨ |
| toucan | *tj’ase (?) |
| traira fish | *t’oje |
| tree | *tjũkkɨ |
| (to) urinate | *k’one |
| urucum (achiote) | *p’õsa |
| (to) wait | *kʷɨt’e |
| wasp | *utti |
| water | *okko |
| white; whitewash | *p’o- |
| wife | *t’ɨ̃po |
| wind | *wĩno |
| woman | *t’õmi- |
| woodpecker | *kone |
| yam | *jãp’o |
| you all | *mɨ-tja |