OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Quasi-birth–death process

In queueing models, a discipline within the mathematical theory of probability, the quasi-birth–death process describes a generalisation of the birth–death process.$^{:118}$ As with the birth-death process it moves up and down between levels one at a time, but the time between these transitions can have a more complicated distribution encoded in the blocks.

## Discrete time

The stochastic matrix describing the Markov chain has block structure
       $P={\begin{pmatrix}A_{1}^{\ast }&A_{2}^{\ast }\\A_{0}^{\ast }&A_{1}&A_{2}\\&A_{0}&A_{1}&A_{2}\\&&A_{0}&A_{1}&A_{2}\\&&&\ddots &\ddots &\ddots \end{pmatrix}}$
where each of A$_0$, A$_1$ and A$_2$ are matrices and A*$_0$, A*$_1$ and A*$_2$ are irregular matrices for the first and second levels.

## Continuous time

The transition rate matrix for a quasi-birth-death process has a tridiagonal block structure
       $Q={\begin{pmatrix}B_{00}&B_{01}\\B_{10}&A_{1}&A_{2}\\&A_{0}&A_{1}&A_{2}\\&&A_{0}&A_{1}&A_{2}\\&&&A_{0}&A_{1}&A_{2}\\&&&&\ddots &\ddots &\ddots \end{pmatrix}}$
where each of B$_{00}$, B$_{01}$, B$_{10}$, A$_0$, A$_1$ and A$_2$ are matrices. The process can be viewed as a two dimensional chain where the block structure are called levels and the intra-block structure phases. When describing the process by both level and phase it is a continuous-time Markov chain, but when considering levels only it is a semi-Markov process (as transition times are then not exponentially distributed).
Usually the blocks have finitely many phases, but models like the Jackson network can be considered as quasi-birth-death processes with infinitely (but countably) many phases.

### Stationary distribution

The stationary distribution of a quasi-birth-death process can be computed using the matrix geometric method.
# List of thermal power stations

A thermal power station is a power station in which heat energy is converted to electric power. A thermal power station may be referred to as any of the following types:
* List of biomass power stations
* List of coal power stations
* List of fuel oil power stations
* List of geothermal power stations
* List of natural gas power stations
* List of nuclear power stations
* List of solar thermal power stations
# Upton Coombe

Upton Coombe (grid reference ST789877) is a 7.4 hectare biological Site of Special Scientific Interest near the village of Hawkesbury Upton, South Gloucestershire, notified in 1989.

## Sources

* English Nature citation sheet for the site (accessed 17 July 2006)
51°35′16″N 2°18′21″W﻿ / ﻿51.58775°N 2.30595°W﻿ / 51.58775; -2.30595
* This South Gloucestershire location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
* This article about a Site of Special Scientific Interest in England is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
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# Skramstad

Skramstad is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Halvor Skramstad Lunn (born 1980), Norwegian snowboarder
* Hans Skramstad (1797–1839), Norwegian pianist
* Ludvig Skramstad (1855–1912), Norwegian landscape painter
* Olaf Skramstad (1894–1956), Norwegian politician
* Trond Skramstad (born 1960), Norwegian decathlete
# Dwayne O'Steen

Dwayne O'Steen (December 20, 1954 - September 21, 2001) was an American professional football player who was a cornerback for seven seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the San Jose State Spartans. He was a member of the Oakland Raiders squad that won Super Bowl XV. O'Steen died in 2001 of an apparent heart attack.
# Trap Back Jumpin

"Trap Back Jumpin" is a song by American rapper T.I. It was released November 13, 2012 as the third official single from his eighth studio album Trouble Man: Heavy Is the Head (2012).

## Release

The song was leaked on September 14, 2012 before T.I. performed it at the BET Hip Hop Awards. The single was available for digital download on November 13, 2012.

## Music video

The music video was directed by Clifton Bell and was released on December 11, 2012.

## Charts

| Chart (2012) | Peak position |
| US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard) | 38 |
# Sonagas

Sonagas (Sociedad Nacional de Gas de Guinea Ecuatorial) is the Equatorial Guinean national natural gas company. It was formed in 2005. It operates in conjunction with GEPetrol, the nation's principal petroleum company, and EG LNG, the nation's liquid natural gas company, to manage the nation's fossil fuel resources.
The officers of the company are Director General Juan Antonio Ndong Ondo and Assistant Director General Serapio Sima Ntutumu.

## Operations

* The Bioko Methanol Plant is operated by the Atlantic Methanol Production Company (AMPCO), a joint venture of Marathon Oil and the Samadan Oil subsidiary of Noble Energy. Sonagas itself also owns 10% of AMPCO. The plant produces 19,000 barrels (3,000 m$^3$) of methanol per day.
* The Punta Europa Liquified Petroleum Gas facility is also operated by Marathon, Samadan and Sonagas, and produces 20,000 barrels per day (3,200 m$^3$/d) of liquefied petroleum gas.
* The Equatorial Guinea Liquified Natural Gas Plant (EG LNG) began production in 2007.
# Roland Hedlund

Roland Hedlund (17 November 1933 – 8 March 2019) was a Swedish actor. For his role in the 1969 film Ådalen 31 he won the Best Actor award at the 6th Guldbagge Awards. He appeared in more than 70 films and television shows between 1955 and 2012.

## Selected filmography

* Violence (1955)
* Ådalen 31 (1969)
* A Guy and a Gal (1975)
* Rasmus på luffen (1981)
* A Hill on the Dark Side of the Moon (1983)
* Codename Coq Rouge (1989)
* The Hunters (1996)
* Beck – Kartellen (2002)
# Rosa 'The Ancient Mariner'

Rosa 'The Ancient Mariner' (aka AUSoutcry) is a pink shrub rose cultivar, developed by British rose breeder David C. H. Austin before 2011 and introduced into the UK by David Austin Roses Limited (UK) in 2015. The rose was named for Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s famous poem, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner.

## Description

'The Ancient Mariner' is a medium-tall bushy shrub rose, 4 to 5 ft (1.2–1.5 m) in height, with a 3 to 4 ft (0.91–1.22 m) spread. The rose has a strong myrrh scent. Its flowers are 3 to 4 in (76–102 mm) in diameter, with a very full (40+ petals) cupped bloom form. The plant has large, oval buds. Bloom colour is medium pink with lighter pink at the edges. Flowers are carried in clusters. Leaves are medium in size and light green. The rose blooms in flushes throughout the growing season.

## History
### David Austin roses

David C. H. Austin (1926–2018) was an award-winning rose breeder, nursery owner and writer from Shropshire, England. When he was young, he was attracted to the beauty of old garden roses, especially the Gallicas, the Centifolias and the Damasks, which were popular in nineteenth century France. Austin began breeding roses in the 1950s with the goal of creating new shrub rose varieties that would possess the best qualities of old garden roses while incorporating the long flowering characteristics of hybrid tea roses and floribundas.
His first commercially successful rose cultivar was 'Constance Spry', which he introduced in 1961. He created a new, informal class of roses in the 1960s, which he named "English Roses". Austin's roses are generally known today as "David Austin Roses". Austin attained international commercial success with his new rose varieties. Some of his most popular roses include 'Wife of Bath' (1969), 'Graham Thomas' (1983), 'Abraham Darby' (1985) and 'Gertrude Jekyll' (1986).

### 'The Ancient Mariner'

Austin developed 'The Ancient Mariner' cultivar before 2011 by crossing unnamed, non-patented parents. The rose was named for Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s famous poem, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner. It was introduced into the UK by David Austin Roses Limited (UK) in 2015.
# Somporn Saekhow

Somporn Saekhow (1940 – August 20, 2002, Thai สมพร แซ่โค้ว) was a farmer from Kanchanadit, Surat Thani Province, Thailand, who became famous as a monkey teacher.
As his parents were coconut farmers, Somporn experienced the traditional use of monkeys for the harvest of coconuts. The monkeys were often beaten by their owners when they didn't perform as expected (e.g. when they left ripe coconuts on the tree). This gave him the idea to teach monkeys in a better way. His Buddhist teacher, the famous monk Phra Buddhadasa from the nearby temple Wat Suan Mokkha in Chaiya, encouraged him to teach monkeys in a positive way, without the use of force. In 1957 he started to teach monkeys and developed his unique teaching style.
As it is illegal to catch wild monkeys in Thailand, the students of the monkey school – pig-tailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) – were brought in by their owners for the education only. In the first step the monkey has to get used to humans, then it will be shown how to turn a coconut. Next the coconut is fixed on a pole, later even higher on a tree. After six months of training they are ready for picking the ripe coconuts from the trees.
In time his school became locally famous, and the largest monkey school of all southern Thailand. In 1993 Somporn together with his favourite monkey Khai Nui carried the provincial flag in the opening ceremony of the National Games held in Surat Thani. At the same time his school became a tourist attraction as well, showing the teaching methods as well as the special performance of his best student.
Somporn died in 2002 after a heart attack. His school is continued by relatives.
# Somatic

Somatic may refer to:
* Somatic (biology), referring to the cells of the body in contrast to the germ line cells
** Somatic cell, a non-gametic cell in a multicellular organism
* Somatic nervous system, the portion of the vertebrate nervous system which regulates voluntary movements of the body
* Somatics, a group of alternative medicine approaches, experiential movement disciplines, and dance techniques
* Somatic theory, a model of human social behavior

## Related concepts

* Somatic marker hypothesis, an explanation of how emotions affect decision-making
* Somatic symptom disorder, aka somatoform disorder, characterized by medically unexplained physical symptoms, and considered to be a mental health issue
* Somatotype, the now-discredited idea associating body types with human temperament types
* Psychosomatic medicine, an interdisciplinary medical field exploring the relationships among social, psychological, and behavioral factors on bodily processes and quality of life in humans and animals

## Other

* Hahn Rowe, a musician who has performed as the act, Somatic, releasing an album with a related title (the new body)
# Gary Hudson (engineer)

Gary Hudson (born 1949/1950) has been involved in private spaceflight development since 1970, for over 40 years.

## Biography

Gary Hudson is currently Co-Founder and Chief Architect of Gravitics, Inc. a space station manufacturing company. Mr. hudson is also Executive Chairman of Oisin Biotechnologies, Inc. & President/Trustee of the Space Studies Institute. is Previously, Hudson was the founder of Rotary Rocket Company, which in spending ~$30 Million attempted to build a unique single stage to orbit launch vehicle known as the Roton. Rotary Rocket built a landing test simulator (the Roton ATV) which flew three successful test flights in 1999. The book "They All Laughed at Christopher Columbus - An Incurable Dreamer Builds the First Civilian Spaceship" by Elizabeth Weil is about the Roton project and Gary Hudson.
He also helped found Transformational Space T/Space in 2004.
He also helped found AirLaunch LLC which was awarded the DARPA/USAF FALCON project in 2003.
Previous projects included designs of the Phoenix SSTO, the Percheron, and other rockets, founder of Pacific American Launch Systems, and various consulting projects.
Currently, he is the President and CEO of the Space Studies Institute.
Hudson appears as a character in the novel Fallen Angels, along with his Phoenix SSTO.
Hudson is also a founding partner of Oisin Biotechnologies, which is developing a liposomally-delivered suicide gene senolytic therapy (a treatment that removes senescent cells from the body). Hudson provided an initial seed donation to help fund the creation of the SENS Research Foundation.
# Ronald Adam

Ronald Adam may refer to:
* Ronald Forbes Adam, British Army officer
* Ronald Adam (actor), actor, theatre director and RAF officer
# Summer Days (Tony Romeo song)

"Summer Days" is a song written by Tony Romeo. The song was originally recorded in 1971 by The Partridge Family on their Sound Magazine album, but was not released as a single.

## Lou Christie cover

Lou Christie recorded "Summer Days" in 1975. It was released as a non-album single.
The song reached No. 89 on the Record World chart and No. 112 on Cash Box.

### Chart history

| Chart (1975) | Peak position |
| U.S. Cash Box Top 100 | 112 |
| U.S. Record World | 89 |

## Other versions

David Cassidy recorded a solo version of "Summer Days" on his 1973 LP Dreams Are Nuthin' More Than Wishes.
# Rosa Cursach

Rosa Cursach Salas (born 15 February 1967) is a Spanish feminist philosopher, theologian, and politician.

## Biography

Rosa Cursach was born in Artà in 1967. She studied theology at the Center for Theological Studies of Mallorca [ca], and philosophy at the University of the Balearic Islands (UIB). Until 2015, she worked as a teacher of Compulsory Secondary Education [es] and of Baccalaureate Religion, Ethics, and Philosophy at the Colegio Beato Ramon Llull in Inca.
She is the founder of the organization Creients i Feministes, and has also worked with UIB's Inequalities, Gender, and Public Policies group.
Cursach has carried out numerous investigations and publications on feminism and equality, and has given courses and lectures in which she analyzes gender paradigms, public policies, experiences of equality policies in Spain, feminism, and religion and human rights.
In July 2015, she was appointed director of the Balearic Women's Institute [ca; es]. Four years later, in July 2019, as a member of the Més per Mallorca political coalition, Cursach was appointed Director of Equality of the Insular Council of Mallorca [ca; es], an institution within the Department of the Presidency, in charge of care services for women and victims of gender violence.
Cursach topped the Veus Progressistes coalition's Senate list in the April 2019 Spanish general election. However, none of the candidates obtained a seat.
# Gatesville Bridge

The Gatesville Bridge spans the Pearl River between Copiah County, Mississippi and Simpson County, Mississippi. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.
It brings a county road across the river, east of Gatesville, Mississippi. It has a Pennsylvania truss span and a Warren pony truss span. The bridge was built by the Converse Bridge Co. in 1908.
# Somewhere Slow

Somewhere Slow is a 2013 American romantic crime drama film written and directed by Jeremy O'Keefe. It stars Jessalyn Gilsig, Graham Patrick Martin, David Costabile, Wallace Langham, Robert Forster and Lindsay Crouse. It had its world premiere at the 2013 Cinequest Film Festival and won Best Narrative Feature at the 2013 Brooklyn Film Festival.
The film was produced by Christopher Sepulveda and Michael Anderson of Logolite Entertainment, Jessalyn Gilsig's Lady in the Tree Productions and Jeremy O'Keefe's Tax-Free Films. The film was acquired by Screen Media Films and was released in the United States beginning on January 31, 2014.

## Plot

In Wilmington, Delaware, Anna Thompson sells beauty products to doctors but her company lets her go when her performance is not up to par. She is a chain smoker and bulimic and feels the need to run away from her life. When she narrowly misses being the victim of an armed robbery in a store, she gets on a bus and travels to where her family used to have a vacation cottage in Massachusetts. Along the way she meets Travis (who calls himself Danny), who is also running away from his problems.

## Cast

* David Costabile as Robert Thompson
* Jessalyn Gilsig as Anna Thompson
* Graham Patrick Martin as Travis Tratten
* Robert Forster as Chris Mc Conville
* Wallace Langham as Paul
* Lindsay Crouse as Katherine Franklin
* Melissa Claire Egan as Claire
* Denise Grayson as Dr. Diane Garland
* Blaise Godbe Lipman as Reilly Lewes
* Clifford Banagale as Sunshine
# Some (surname)

Some is a surname. Notable people with this surname include:
* Thomas Some (divine) (1509/10–c. 1553), English Protestant divine
* Thomas Some (died 1649), Church of England priest, Canon of Windsor
* Belouis Some (né Neville Keighley; born 1959), British singer, songwriter and musician
# Fly Girl (Kulcha song)

"Fly Girl" is a song by Australian R&B band Kulcha. It was released in September 1994 as the third single from the band's debut studio album Kulcha. The song peaked at number 26 in Australia and 4 in New Zealand.

## Track listing

* "Fly Girl" (single mix)
* "Fly Girl" (album mix)
* "Bring It On" (album mix)

## Charts

| Chart (1994) | Peak position |
| Australia (ARIA) | 26 |
| New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ) | 4 |
# Tolmiea menziesii

Tolmiea menziesii (/tɒlˈmiːə mɛnˈziːzi.aɪ/) is a species of flowering plant in the family Saxifragaceae. It is known by the common names youth on age, pick-a-back-plant, piggyback plant, and thousand mothers. It is a perennial plant native to the West Coast of North America, occurring in northern California, Oregon, Washington, British Columbia and southern Alaska. It occurs as a naturalised plant or garden escapee in Scotland, parts of Wales, Northern Ireland and northern and western parts of England.$^{:120}$

## Description

Tolmiea menziesii has hairy, five to seven-lobed, toothed leaves and a capsule fruit containing spiny seeds.
It bears many small flowers in a loose raceme. Each flower consists of a tubular purple-green to brown-green calyx and four linear or subulate (awl-shaped) red-brown petals, about twice the length of the sepals.
It has unusual reproductive habits. It grows plantlets from the petiole near the base of each leaf. The plantlets drop off, fall in the soil, and take root there. It will also reproduce by rhizomes and by seeds.
Crushing the leaves of this plant releases a strong cucumber-like odour. (2E,6Z)-2,6-nonadienal was identified as the source of this odor. In nature, banana slugs, Ariolimax columbianus, are selective in their diet and were not observed to feed on this plant. In a feeding experiment, the slugs rejected lettuce leaves that had been treated with (2E,6Z)-2,6-nonadienal.

## Taxonomy

The genus was named after the Scottish-Canadian botanist William Fraser Tolmie, while the species name refers to Archibald Menzies, the Scottish naturalist for the Vancouver Expedition (1791–1795).
The plant was formerly considered to be the only member of a monotypic genus until diploid populations (due to autopolyploidy) were split off as a separate species T. diplomenziesii from the tetraploid populations.

## Cultivation

Tolmiea menziesii is commonly cultivated as an ornamental plant, for use as a house plant or planted as a groundcover in gardens. It requires moisture and does not tolerate much sun or dryness.
# Uprka

Uprka is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* František Uprka (1868–1929), Czech sculptor,
* Joža Uprka (1861–1940), Czech painter
# Salah Jassim Beden

Salah Jassim Beden (born 3 July 1956) is an Iraqi boxer. He competed in the men's light middleweight event at the 1980 Summer Olympics.
# Trap Beckham

Travis Cave (born July 14, 1991), better known by his stage name Trap Beckham, is an American trap music recording artist from Jacksonville, Florida. He is best known for his single "Birthday Chick".

## Early life

Beckham began writing music when he was eight years old and began recording at age 12 with a tape recorder his mother gave him. He began using software to record music age 14 and in high school began promoting his music with a small group of promoters he created. He is influenced by Michael Jackson and Prince.

## Career

Beckham began his career on the local music scene in Jacksonville. Two of his singles, "Top of the Line" and "Ohh She Thick", helped launch his career after winning numerous awards and touring the local college scene. During his early career he earned the nickname "The Golden Boy of the Hood."
Beckham released his single "Top of the Line" in 2012. The song was on his mixtape 7.14.12 and featured Young Cash. 7.14.12 was one of three mixtapes released on his birthday, July 14, and is now part of a mixtape collection with him releasing a new one on the same day each year. He has also earned Artist, Song, Mixtape, and Performer of the year from Duval Diamond Awards in each year between 2012 and 2015.
Beckham signed with Def Jam Recordings in 2016 and also released the single "Birthday Chick". The song was compared to Juvenile's "Back That Azz Up" and Jeremih's "Birthday Sex" by HotNewHipHop. "Birthday Chick" was featured on Season 1 Episode 8 of HBO's series Insecure.
In October 2017, Beckham released his debut EP with Def Jam Recordings called Life is Lit. It featured his single "Lil Booties Matter" and skits by D.C. Young Fly.

## Discography
### Mixtapes

| Title | Album details |
| 7.14.16 | Released: July 14, 2016 Label: Def Jam Recordings Format: Digital download |
| 7.14.15 | Released: July 14, 2015 Label: Independent Format: Digital download |
| 7.14.14 | Released: July 14, 2014 Label: Independent Format: Digital download |
| 7.14.13 | Released: July 14, 2013 Label: Independent Format: Digital download |
| 7.14.12 | Released: July 14, 2012 Label: Independent Format: Digital download |

### Singles

| Title | Year | Peak chart positions | Album |
| Title | Year | Billboard | Album |
| Back It Up (with Flo Milli) | 2020 | — | Non-album single release |
| Litty Christmas | 2019 | — | Non-album single release |
| Birthday Chick | 2016 | — | Non-album single release |
| Top of the Line | 2012 | — | Non-album singles |
| Ohh She Thick | 2012 | — | Non-album singles |

### EPs

| Title | EP details |
| Life is Lit | Released: October 20, 2017 Label: Def Jam Recordings Format: Digital download |
# Sofija Jovanović

Sofija Jovanović (Serbian Cyrillic: Софија Јовановић; 1895–1979) was a Serbian war heroine who fought in the Balkan Wars and the First World War.

## Life

Sofija Jovanović was born in 1895 in Belgrade. Her father was a butcher from Dorćol. After the Annexation Crisis of 1908, the organization Narodna Odbrana was founded in Belgrade, which recruited and equipped volunteers and formed Chetnik detachments for the upcoming liberation wars. She managed to convince them to let her join a Chetnik unit during both Balkan Wars,
She joined the Serbian Army under the male name Sofronije Jovanović immediately upon the start of World War I and the first attack of Austria on Serbia. In July 1914, as part of the Srem Volunteer Detachment, she commanded the first group of Serbian fighters who crossed the Sava to Srem to reconnoiter enemy positions and cut telephone wires to Zemun, interrupting the Habsburg communications. She then took part in the battles of the Drina and Kolubara. In 1915 she fought in Belgrade in October 1915 against the armies of Germany and Austria-Hungary. She survived the Serbian army's retreat through Albania (winter 1915–16). She then fought with the Serbian army during the breakthrough of the Salonika front and the subsequent liberation of Serbia and Belgrade in November 1918.
She was nicknamed La Jeanne d'Arc Serbe (The Serbian Joan of Arc) by French reporters. She was wounded in the war, lost part of her foot and became disabled. She was awarded 13 decorations for her heroism.
# Sofia Hotel

The Sofia Hotel, formerly the Pickwick Terminal Hotel, is a historic hotel in San Diego, in the U.S. state of California. Construction began in 1926. It opened in May 1927. The hotel was also inducted into Historic Hotels of America, the official program of the National Trust for Historic Preservation, in 2008.