OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Illyrology

Illyrology or Illyrian studies is interdisciplinary academic field which focuses on scientific study of Illyria and Illyrians as a regional and thematic branch of the larger disciplines of ancient history and archaeology. A practitioner of the discipline is called Illyrologist. His duty is to investigate the range of ancient Illyrian history, culture, art, language, heraldry, numizmatic, mythology, economics, ethics, etc. from c. 1000 BC up to the end of Roman rule around the 5th century.

## History

Written studies about the Illyrians and Illyria, their history and cultures, go back to classical antiquity with Greco-Roman historiography and accounts, possibly beginning with Hesiod, Hecataeus and Herodotus and best known through such authors as Thucydides, Aristotle, Polybius, Velleius Paterculus Suetonius, Pausanias, Appian, Cassius Dio, Diodorus Siculus, Julius Caesar, Strabo, Titus Livius, Pliny the Elder, Pomponius Mela, Polyaenus, St. Jerome etc. Modern Illyrian studies originated in the late 18th and early 19th century, with the contributions of Johann Erich Thunmann, Arthur Evans, Hans Krahe, etc. when many of these classical authors were rediscovered, published, translated and studied. In archaeological, cultural, historical and linguistic studies, research about the Illyrians, from the late 18th to the 21st century, has moved from the Illyrian movement and Pan-Illyrian theories, which identified as Illyrians some groups north of the Balkans and in Continental Europe (mainly in Central Europe), even in Northern Europe (Max Vasmer, 1928 Julius Pokorny, 1936) to more well-defined groupings based on Illyrian onomastics and material anthropology since the 1960s as newer inscriptions were found and sites excavated.

## Institutions

* University of Tirana
* University of Pristina
* University of Sarajevo
* University of Montenegro
* State University of Tetova
* Academy of Albanological Studies

## Illyrologists

* Carl Patsch (1865 - 1945)
* Hans Krahe (1898 - 1965)
* Alojz Benac (1914 - 1992)
* Skënder Anamali (1921 - 1996)
* Selim Islami (1923 - 2001)
* Aleksandar Stipčević (1930 - 2015)
* Pierre Cabanes (1930 - 2023)
* John J. Wilkes (1936 - present)
* Muzafer Korkuti (1936 - present)
* Neritan Ceka (1941 - present)
# Washout

Washout may refer to:
* Washout (erosion), the erosion of a soft surface by a gush of water
* Washout (aeronautics), the practice of building a wing with a twist from root to tip
* Washout (comics), a mutant character in the Marvel Comics universe
* "Washout", a song by The Fallout Trust
* "Washout", a 1991 episode of the PBS show Shining Time Station
* "Washout", a story from The Railway Series book "Thomas Goes Home"
* Washed Out, the stage name of chillwave musician Ernest Greene
* The well drilling process for enlarging a drill hole in an oil well
* A term for a sporting event cancelled due to rain; see Rainout (sports)
* An alternate name for a run-in period, a common phase in clinical research
* Radiocontrast washout, where radiocontrast disappears from a tissue
# Geedweyne

Geedweyne is a town in the southwestern Gedo region of Somalia.
# Schafer, North Dakota

Schafer is an unincorporated area and the former county seat of McKenzie County, North Dakota, United States. The county seat was moved to Watford City, and is now a ghost town. However, the town would still have existed if not for a land dispute between the Schafer family and the Great Northern Railway. The railroad never laid tracks due to this, but grading was done to the Missouri River.
The farm of Albert and Lulia Haven was located just to the north of Schafer; they and their four children were murdered in February 1930. Charles Bannon, their hired hand, confessed to the killing; he became the last man in the state of North Dakota to be lynched. The only remaining sign of the town is the old county jail, from which Bannon was dragged by the lynch mob on the night of his death.
# Eagles Nest, Mississippi

Eagles Nest is an unincorporated community located in Coahoma County, Mississippi, United States. Eagles Nest is approximately 2 miles (3.2 km) south of Jonestown and approximately 11 miles (18 km) west of Belen. Eagles Nest is named for the former plantation of James L. Alcorn, which in turn received its name from an eagle's nest that was built near the site. The community is located on the former Louisville, New Orleans and Texas Railway. A post office operated under the name Eagles Nest from 1887 to 1909.

## Notable person

* James L. Alcorn, governor of Mississippi from 1870 to 1871. Alcorn is buried near the site of his former home in Eagles Nest.
# Sturges, Missouri

Sturges is an unincorporated community in Livingston County, in the U.S. state of Missouri.

## History

A post office was established at Sturges in 1882, and remained in operation until 1937. The community may derive its name from Samuel D. Sturgis, an officer in the Civil War.
# Inness

Inness may refer to:
* Gary Inness (born 1949), a Canadian ice hockey goaltender
* George Inness (1825-1894), an American landscape painter
* George Inness, Jr. (1854-1926), an American figure and landscape artist, and son of George Inness
* Inness-Fitts House and Studio/Barn, a historic house in Medfield, Massachusetts
* Mathew Inness (born 1978) an Australian cricket player
# Teshik-Tash 1

Teshik-Tash 1 is a Neanderthal skeleton discovered in 1938 in Teshik-Tash Cave, in the Bajsuntau mountain range, Uzbek SSR (Uzbekistan), Central Asia.
The remains were discovered in 1938 by A. P. Okladnikov. They were found in a shallow pit, reported to be associated with five pairs of Siberian ibex horn cores. Through dental analysis the skull was said to have been an 8 to 11-year-old child. The horn cores were found around the perimeter of the grave surrounding the cranial remains. This has led a number of researchers to believe the child was ritually buried.
The site was excavated in five cultural layers of sediment with Mousterian artifacts.
Lack of adequate published material on the excavation and the numerous Ibex bones (761) found led to this interpretation being questioned. Paul Mellars, questioning the ritual interpretation suggested that the bones may not have been deliberately placed. Others (e.g., Gargett) believe it is no burial at all.

## Date

The remains are not dated. Based on the archaeology, fauna, and skeleton itself, it is thought to come from the Middle Palaeolithic (300,000 to 40,000 years ago).

## Skull
### Reconstruction

The Teshik-Tash skull was reconstructed from 150 bone fragments. The skull was crushed due to the several layers of sediment that lay on top of it.
| | in | cm |
| Height | 7.75 | 19.69 |
| Width | 5.5 | 19.97 |
| Length | 6 | 15.24 |

### Controversy

The Teshik-Tash skull’s dental analysis placed the age of the hominid between 8–9 years old at the time of death. The size of the skull was relatively larger than that of a modern child’s skull of the same age. Archaeologists suggested that this was because Neanderthals have a faster rate of growth than modern Homo sapiens adolescences. The skull is larger and taller and exhibited typical Neanderthal traits such as an occipital bun, oval-shaped foramen magnum, shovel-shaped incisors, supraorbital ridge, and the absence of a strong chin. Other midfacial features of the skull such as the lingual of the mandibular foramen were said to be more characteristic of modern humans than Neanderthals. The morphological features of the Teshik-Tash skull lead researchers to question the classification as some argued that it was closer in morphological association with Upper Paleolithic Homo sapiens. Statistical analysis of 27 linear measurements placed the Teshik-Tash skull and mandible outside the variation of the Neanderthals and associated it with Upper Paleolithic humans.

### DNA analysis

mtDNA analysis was conducted on the Teshik-Tash skull which confirmed that the skull was Neanderthal. Further genetic research concluded that near-eastern Neanderthals were somewhat segregated from northwestern European Neanderthals and early Neanderthals along the Mediterranean. This data is suggested through consistent low levels of gene flow between Neanderthals and modern humans in the Near East.

## Significance

Prior to the discovery of the Teshik-Tash skull in 1938, it was thought that Neanderthals had not spread east enough to reach Central Asia.
# NGC 1624-2

NGC 1624-2 is a massive O-type star located in the star cluster NGC 1624, in the constellation of Perseus, about 16,800 light years away. NGC 1624-2 is notable for being most strongly magnetised O-type star known, with a magnetic field strength of 20 kG, or about 20,000 times the Sun's magnetic field strength. It hosts a large and dense magnetosphere, formed from the interaction between its very strong magnetic field and its dense, radiatively-driven stellar wind, which also absorbs up to 95% of x-rays generated from around the star.

## Properties

NGC 1624-2 is a very massive, young, blue star no more than 4 million years old. It is an Of?p star a type of highly magnetic star that has unusual emission lines of multiply-ionized carbon and nitrogen. In NGC 1624-2, the carbon emission is particularly extreme. The luminosity class is uncertain because of the unusual spectrum; it is most commonly given as V (main sequence), but has also been given as I (supergiant).
Analysis of its spectral energy distribution with CHORIZOS modelling yields an effective temperature of 35,000 K, a luminosity of 125,900 L$_☉$ (10$^{5.1}$ L$_☉$) and a radius of about 10 R$_☉$. Assuming a log g of 4.0 yields a mass of 34 M$_☉$, but evolutionary models tend towards a current mass of 28 M$_☉$, given the results from the modelling. However, this assumes that NGC 1624-2 is a normal star, while it is not, so it should only be taken as an indication of its true mass. NGC 1624-2 is currently losing mass at a rate of 10$^{−6.8}$ M$_☉$/year, through a stellar wind with a terminal velocity of 2,875 km/s.

### Rotation

NGC 1624-2 rotates very slowly, only once every 316 days. This slow rotation is typical for very magnetic O-type stars as their magnetic fields slow down their rotation in a process known as magnetic braking, where angular momentum is quickly shed by the stellar wind via the strong magnetic field, which also minimises mass loss throughout the main sequence.
# Ikawa Dam

The Ikawa Dam (井川ダム, Ikawa damu) is a dam on the Ōi River in Aoi-ku, Shizuoka, Shizuoka Prefecture on the island of Honshū, Japan. It was the first hollow core concrete gravity dam to be constructed in Japan, and has a hydroelectric power generating station owned by the Chubu Electric Power Company.

## History

The potential of the Ōi River valley for hydroelectric power development was realized by the Meiji government at the start of the 20th century. The Ōi River was characterized by a high volume of flow and a fast current. Its mountainous upper reaches and tributaries were areas of steep valleys and abundant rainfall, and were sparsely populated.
In 1906, a joint venture company, the Anglo-Japanese Hydroelectric Company (日英水力電気, Nichiei Suiroku Denki) was established, and began studies and design work on plans to exploit the potential of the Ōi River and Fuji River in Shizuoka Prefecture. The British interests were bought out by 1921, and electrical production nationalized under the aegis of the Japan Electric Generation and Transmission Company (日本発送電株式会社, Nippon Hassoden K.K.) in 1938. The first dams on the Ōi River were completed in the late 1920s and early 1930s, but further work was suspended by the Great Depression of the 1930s, and World War II in the 1940s. However, by the early 1950s, Japan's need for electrical energy was growing exponentially, especially in the industrial belt near Nagoya. After the breakup of Nippon Hassoden at the end of World War II into various regional power utilities, the bulk of the dams on the Ōi River came under the control of Chubu Electric Power.

## Design

Design work on the Ikawa Dam began in 1951, with construction starting in 1952 with a foreign aid grant from OCI, facilitated by the American occupation authorities. The dam design introduced the technique of hollow-core concrete construction to Japan, which had previously been used with success in Italy. There was initial resistance to the technique by Japanese civil engineers, who were concerned with the earthquake resistance of the design, but the number of successful applications in earthquake-prone areas of northern Italy together with the economics of using less concrete swayed the decision towards the new technology. Construction of the 103.6 metres (340 ft) tall dam was facilitated by its location on the Ōigawa Railway Ikawa Line, and was completed in 1957. The associated Ikawa Hydroelectric Power Plant produces 62,000 KW of power.
As a result of the lake created by the Ikawa Dam, the village of Ikawa was submerged, and its 550 households had to be relocated.
Lake Ikawa (井川湖, Ikawa-ko) serves as an important source of tap water, industrial water and irrigation water in Shizuoka Prefecture. The lake is stocked with cherry salmon, carp and trout, and is a popular fishing spot. A museum established by Chubu Electric Power near the lake has exhibits relating to the history and construction of the dam, and on hydroelectric power in general.

## Surroundings

Public access to the dam and its lake are by Shizuoka Prefectural Road 60, with bus connections to Shizuoka Station or Shin-Shizuoka Station.
# Lake Solai

Lake Solai is a saltwater lake in the Rift Valley Province of Kenya. It is located near the town of Solai, at an elevation of 1,667 metres (5,469 ft). Geological conditions at the lake during the Little Ice Age have been the object of a scientific study.
In 2014 there was a major contamination event at the lake.
Nakuru county government has stocked the lake with fish and provided motor boats for fishing and tourism.
# Rudow

Rudow (German: ) is a locality (Ortsteil) within the Berlin borough (Bezirk) of Neukölln.

## History

The village was founded in 1373. Until 1920 it was a municipality of the former Teltow district, merged into Berlin with the "Greater Berlin Act". Due to its position at the borders of West Berlin with East Berlin and Brandenburg, 3/4 of its boundaries were crossed by the Berlin Wall from 1961 to 1989.

## Geography

Rudow is located in the southern suburb of Berlin, at the boundary with the Brandenburger municipality of Schönefeld, in the district of Dahme-Spreewald. It borders with the Berliner localities of Buckow, Gropiusstadt, Britz, Johannisthal and Altglienicke (both in Treptow-Köpenick district). The Teltowkanal represents the border with Johannisthal.

## Transport

Rudow is situated close to Berlin Schönefeld Airport and is served by the U-Bahn stations of Zwickauer Damm and Rudow, both on U7 line. In a plan to expand the U-Bahn it has been projected to prolong the U7 from Rudow terminus to the airport station, with 2 new stops in the quarter: Ostburger Weg and Rudow Süd.
At Rudower borders with Johannisthal, the short motorway A113 (built over the rests of the Berlin Wall), follows the Teltowkanal and serves the locality at the exits n.3 (Johannisthaler Chaussee) and n.4 (Stubenrauchstraße).

## Photogallery

* Village church
* U-Bahn station "Rudow"
* The hill of Dörferblick
# Otterburn Mill

Otterburn Mill is a former textile mill in Otterburn, Northumberland, northeast England. It lies just south of the Otterburn Tower along the A696 road next to a bridge over the River Rede. It was owned by the Waddell family for many years and is over 250 years old. The mill is noted for its pram rugs and its crowning moment was on the birth of Princess Elizabeth in 1926, when Buckingham Palace contacted the mill requesting a rug for the royal pram. Otterburn Mill is now a shop selling outdoor, country and lifestyle clothing for men, women and children. Rena's Country Kitchen is an onsite café. Much of the historic machinery can still be seen and the history of the Waddell family is showcased across the site.

## History

Dating from the 18th century, Otterburn Mill was leased in 1821 to William Waddell. (Waddell, the son of a Jedburgh wool manufacturer, had recently arrived in the area having eloped across the border from Scotland with his young bride, Charlotte Ferrier). What began as a cottage industry grew, under successive generations of Waddells, into a factory-based operation as production became increasingly mechanised.
In the twentieth century, Otterburn Mill became 'a brand leader in woven cloths'; its distinctive tweeds were used by some of the leading fashion houses of Europe, including Dior, Balmain, Schiaparelli and Paquin. They were also popular for rural pursuits among the aristocracy and Queen Alexandra was a keen purchaser of the mill's wares.
By the 1970s the textile industry in Britain had gone into decline; manufacturing ceased at Otterburn in December 1976. Twenty years later John Waddell sold the buildings to Euan Pringle; they were converted into a shop selling outdoor and country clothing, with historic machinery and other items retained for display.

## Gallery

* This water turbine powered the mill from 1890 until the 1950s (replacing a pair of water wheels).
* Fulling stocks (19th century).
* A Cornish boiler provided hot water and steam for the washing and finishing process.
* Scouring (washing) machine
* Spin dryer
* Teazle gig (used to raise the surface of the finished cloth to make it fluffy)
* Early 18th-century tenter frame
# Racing fuel

Racing fuel can refer to many different common fuels used in motorsports:
* Leaded gasoline, formerly used by the NASCAR series and other motorsports
** Use of leaded gasoline in NASCAR
* Nitromethane and methanol fuel, used by Top Fuel drag racing
* Methanol fuel, formerly used in some open-wheel race cars, like IndyCar Series prior to 2007 and in Top Alcohol drag racing
* Ethanol fuel, now being used in the IndyCar Series and NASCAR
* Nitrous, used by drag racing vehicles to increase horsepower
# Samassékou

Samassékou is a Malian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Adama Samassékou (1946-2024), government minister of Mali
* Diadie Samassékou (born 1996), Malian football midfielder
* Fatoumata Samassékou (born 1987), Malian swimmer
# Stuart Levine

Stuart Levine may refer to:
* Stuart Levine (academic) (1932–2016), American academic
* Stuart R. Levine (born 1947), American politician
# La Force du 13

La Force du 13 (transl. The Force of 13, abbreviated as LFD13) is a French political party active in the French department of Bouches-du-Rhône, founded on November 13, 2014 by Jean-Noël Guérini.

## History

Indicted in September 2011 for in particular "criminal association" and accused of patronage, Jean-Noël Guérini, senator and former president of the departmental council of Bouches-du-Rhône, was the subject of a procedure of exclusion from the Socialist Party in January 2014 because of his support for Lisette Narducci, candidate of the PRG during the municipal elections of Marseille.
Jean-Noël Guérini, however, chose to leave the Socialist Party before the exclusion procedure was examined and was the head of the list Faire gagner les Bouches-du-Rhône during the senatorial elections of September 2014 which came second with 30% of the votes.
On November 4, 2014, in anticipation of the next departmental elections, 22 socialist general councilors announced that they want to run as part of an alliance " PS - Left Front - Force du 13 - PRG" despite the appeal of the first secretary of the Socialist Party Jean-Christophe Cambadélis not to join forces with the “Force du 13”.
On November 13, 2014, Jean-Noël Guérini transformed "Force du 13" movement into a political party during a meeting.

## Criticism

During the launch meeting of the party, Jean-Noël Guérini declared “Force du 13” as “A party of citizens for citizens, neither on the Left, nor on the Right nor in the Center”. He criticized the policies of the Socialist Party at the national level, saying that President of the Republic François Hollande navigated “on sight between denials and aborted reforms”, but also locally by criticizing the policy of the Regional Council chaired by Michel Vauzelle towards municipalities that did not build enough social housing.
The criticism of the future metropolis of Aix-Marseille-Provence was one of the main arguments of the new party, about which Jean-Noël Guérini said to have had “less democracy, less proximity and more taxes”.
Socialist deputy Patrick Mennucci criticized Force du 13, saying "it is in localism, egoism and confusion of minds”.
# Ikawadani Station

Ikawadani Station (伊川谷駅, Ikawadani-eki) is a metro station in Nishi-ku, Kobe, Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan.

## Lines

* Kobe Municipal Subway
   * Seishin-Yamate Line Station S15

## Layout

There are two side platforms serving a track each on the second floor of the station.

## History

The station opened on 18 March 1987.
# NGC 6293

NGC 6293 is a globular cluster located in the constellation Ophiuchus. Its Shapley–Sawyer Concentration Class is IV. It was discovered by the American astronomer Lewis A. Swift on 8 July 1885. Like many other globular clusters, its distance is not well known; it may be anywhere from 31000 to 52000 light-years away from Earth.
# Lake Solitude Trail

The Lake Solitude Trail is a 4.8-mile (7.7 km) long hiking trail in Grand Teton National Park in the U.S. state of Wyoming. The trail begins at the Forks of Cascade Canyon and follows Cascade Creek up through North Cascade Canyon to Lake Solitude. Beyond Lake Solitude, the trail becomes steep and climbs to Paintbrush Divide where it ends at the Paintbrush Canyon Trail. The only way to access the trail is by way of either the Paintbrush Canyon or Cascade Canyon Trails. Except at and above Lake Solitude, backcountry camping is allowed with a permit along the trail. At South Jenny Lake, a boat shuttle operates during the summer which shortens the hike by 4 miles (6.4 km). The Lake Solitude Trail is part of a popular 19-mile (31 km) long loop hike which runs through both Cascade and Paintbrush Canyons.
43°46′48″N 110°49′41″W﻿ / ﻿43.7799299°N 110.8279926°W﻿ / 43.7799299; -110.8279926