OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Umana Yana

The Umana Yana (pronounced oo-man-a yan-na) is a conical palm thatched hut (benab) erected for the Non-Aligned Foreign Ministers Conference in Georgetown, Guyana in August 1972 as a V.I.P. lounge and recreation centre.

## History

The Umana Yana, was first erected in 1972. It was designed by Guyanese architect, Mr. George Henry and was built on the site of the old Mariners’ Club. It is located on High Street, Kingston, Georgetown. The word Umana Yana is an Indigenous term used by the Wai Wai people to describe the huge benabs they usually congregate in as a meeting place.
It is located next to the Le Meridien Pegasus Hotel, it is now a permanent and much admired part of Georgetown's scenery, and is in constant use as an exhibition and conference centre.
The structure is 55 feet (17 m) high and is made from thatched allibanna and manicole palm leaves, and wallaba posts lashed together with mukru, turu and nibbi vines. No nails were used. It was erected by a team of about sixty Wai-Wai Amerindians, one of the nine indigenous tribes of Guyana. Fashioned like the Wai-Wai benabs or shelters which are found deep in Guyana's interior, it occupies an area of 460 square metres, making it the largest structure of its kind in Guyana.
On April 7, 2001, the Umana Yana, along with the African Liberation Monument, was gazetted as one of Guyana's National Monuments.
"Umana Yana" is a Wai-Wai word meaning "Meeting place of the people".
Renovated in 2010, on September 9, 2014 the Umana Yana was gutted by fire and destroyed. The government planned to rebuild the national landmark as soon as possible, with better ventilation and to correct electrical issues which are suspected in the earlier fire. Rebuilding started in late 2015 and was completed in 2016.

## African Liberation Monument

On 26 August 1974, President Forbes Burnham unveiled the African Liberation Monument outside the benab "in memory of all of those who have struggled and continue to struggle for freedom from Human Bondage". The monument consists of five polished Greenheart logs encased in a jasper stand on a granite boulder.
# Steromphala cineraria

Steromphala cineraria is a species of small sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Trochidae, the top snails.

## Description

The size of the shell varies between 12 mm and 18 mm. The thick, narrowly umbilicate, rarely imperforate shell has a conical, thick shape. It is cinereous, densely marked with numerous narrow longitudinal brown or reddish lines, or broader stripes. The 6 whorls are flattened, with 7 or 8 thread-like spiral ridges on the upper surface of the body whorl, with often one or two finer striae between each ridge, and about a dozen fine ridge-like striae on the under side. The body whorl is angulate at the periphery, somewhat convex beneath. The aperture is subrhomboidal and smooth within. The columella is straightened in the middle. The umbilicus is narrow.

## Distribution

This species occurs in the North Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, and in the Atlantic Ocean (Azores, Canary Islands, Morocco).
# Uniplus+

Uniplus+ is a discontinued commercial version of the Unix System III and System V operating systems. It was available in the 1980s. It ran on the MC68000 Motorola chipset on Torch Triple X, the Apple Lisa, among other machines. It was released by UniSoft.
# Kari Fasting

Kari Fasting (born 1943) is a Norwegian sport sociologist. She was the first female rector of the Norwegian School of Sport Sciences.
Fasting worked at the Norwegian School of Sport Sciences from 1972 until 2013, when she became a professor emerita. She became Norway's first female professor of sport when appointed as such in 1987. From 1989 to 1994 she served as the School of Sport Sciences' rector. Among her main fields of research have been equality and sexual harassment in sport.
Fasting served as vice president of the International Sociology of Sport Association from 1990 to 1992 and president from 1992 to 1996, as well as sitting on the editorial board of its journal International Review for Sociology of Sport. In 2011 she received honorary membership of the International Sociology of Sport Association. She was later president of Women Sport International from 2003 to 2010.
Fasting also received honorary degrees at the University of Bern, University of Chichester and Malmö University. In 2023, she was decorated as a Knight, First Class of the Order of St. Olav. She resides at Fossum, Bærum.
# Karki

Karki may refer to:
* Karki, Azerbaijan, a landlocked exclave of Azerbaijan
* Karki, Honnavar, a village in Honnavar Taluk in Uttara Kannada district of Karnataka state in India
* Karki, Madhya Pradesh, a village in Shahdol district in the state of Madhya Pradesh in India
* Karki (surname), a surname originating from Nepal
* Karki (name), name list
* Karki, universal meaning by Asiatic words 'kar + ki' = 'The Verb'
# Kappa number

The Kappa number is an indication of the residual lignin content or bleachability of wood pulp by a standardized analysis method.

## Measuring method

The Kappa number is determined by ISO 302:2004. ISO 302 is applicable to all kinds of chemical and semi-chemical pulps and gives a Kappa number in the range of 1–100. The Kappa number is a measurement of standard potassium permanganate solution that the pulp will consume. The measurement is inflated by the presence of hexenuronic acids in the pulp. These compounds are formed during the chemical pulping process, from the hemicelluloses.
The Kappa number can be monitored by online Kappa analysers in a pulp mill, but these have to be calibrated with the ISO 302:2004 method.

## Application

The Kappa number estimates the amount of chemicals required during bleaching of wood pulp to obtain a pulp with a given degree of whiteness. Since the amount of bleach needed is related to the lignin content of the pulp, the Kappa number can be used to monitor the effectiveness of the lignin-extraction phase of the pulping process. It is approximately proportional to the residual lignin content of the pulp.
    K ≈ c × L
Where:
    K: Kappa number;
    c: constant ≈ 6,57 (dependent on process and wood);
    L: lignin content in percent.
The Kappa number for bleachable pulps are in the range of 25–30, sack paper pulps in the range 45-55 and pulps for corrugated fiberboard are in the range 60-110.
# Karl Hagemeister

Karl Hagemeister (12 March 1848 in Werder – 5 August 1933 in Werder) was a German landscape painter.

## Life

He was the son of a fruit grower and developed an early interest in nature from the forested, watery surroundings of his birthplace. He trained as a teacher in Köpenick, then went to teach elementary school in Berlin, where he caught the attention of landscape painter Ferdinand Bellermann, who saw him at work in Schönhausen Palace park.
Bellermann convinced Hagemeister to give up his plans to become a drawing teacher and be an artist instead, helping him to obtain a position in the studios of Friedrich Preller. From 1871 to 1873, he received classically oriented training at Preller's Weimar Princely Free Drawing School, where he was introduced to Philipp Otto Runge's Farbenkugel and Goethe's Theory of Colours, both of which would heavily influence his thinking on the subject.
Beginning in 1873, he embarked on a long series of study trips, during which he became friends with Carl Schuch and, later, with Wilhelm Trübner. The three spent a year studying the Old Masters in the Netherlands, then Hagemeister went on to Italy, where he remained until 1876, when he returned to Werder. Later, he would travel throughout Germany seeking subject matter and gradually began to include figures in his landscapes, employing maids and farmers as models.
In 1884, Schuch persuaded Hagemeister to accompany him on a trip to Paris, where they both received their first exposure to the Barbizon School. Unfortunately, this trip also ended their friendship; apparently because Schuch was jealous of the faster stylistic progress that Hagemeister was making.

### Later career

Back in Werder, Hagemeister increasingly gave up his oil paints and began to work with oil pastel chunks. Although he never formally became an art teacher at any academy, he never rejected anyone who sought out his artistic advice. He later became one of the founding members of the Berlin Secession. In 1912, he gave private art lessons to seventeen-year-old Prince Friedrich Leopold, at the Prince's request. He exhibited extensively and, in 1913, was awarded the Bavarian "Order of Merit for Sciences and Arts". The following year, he was named a "Royal Prussian Professor" (a largely ceremonial title that did not involve any teaching). Two years later, he became ill, possibly from lead poisoning from the paints he used, and gave up painting. Most of what he had earned disappeared in the hyper-inflation following World War I. In 1923, he was named a member of the Academy of Arts. He never fully recovered from his illness and died while living with his brother at the family farmhouse.

## Selected paintings

* Poppy Field (1875)
* Landscape with Windmill (c.1880)
* Pond in the Borderland (1902)
* Waves in a Storm (1915)

## Writings

* Carl Schuch. Sein Leben und seine Werke (Carl Schuch, His Life and His Work), Cassirer, Berlin 1913
* Kleine Selbstbiographie (Short Autobiography), Werder, 1928
# Steve Bezuidenhout

Steve Bezuidenhout (born 3 June 1957 in Keetmanshoop, ǁKaras Region) is a Namibian politician. A Coloured Namibian, Bezuidenhout is the Interim President of the Rally for Democracy and Progress (RDP). He joined SWAPO in 1989 and was active until he left to help form the RDP. He was elected to the National Assembly of Namibia as an RDP candidate in the 2009 general election.
In September 2010, Bezuidenhout and eight other opposition politicians were sworn-in as members of the National Assembly following a six-month boycott due to electoral irregularities in the 2009 election.
# Steve Bickerstaff

Robert Stephen Bickerstaff Jr. (April 15, 1946 – October 4, 2019) was an American lawyer, legal scholar, expert on redistricting, and book author.
Bickerstaff attended the University of Texas at Austin (BA, 1968) and the University of Texas School of Law (JD). He was on active duty as a first lieutenant in the United States Air Force (1971–1973). He served as Parliamentarian of the Senate of Texas (1975–1976) after serving as a counsel for the Texas Constitutional Convention (1974) and the Texas Constitutional Revision Commission (1973). Beginning in 1976, he served as an assistant attorney general of Texas. In 1980, he formed the private law firm of Bickerstaff, Heath and Smiley, now Bickerstaff, Heath, Delgado, Acosta. Bickerstaff was an adjunct professor of law at the University of Texas Law School in Austin, Texas, beginning in 1992.
In 2007, the University of Texas Press published his book Lines in the Sand: Congressional Redistricting in Texas and the Downfall of Tom DeLay. The book covers the history of the 2003 Texas congressional redistricting and its aftermath. He is also the author or co-author of two books of legal analysis published by the Texas Legislative Council, and author of the forthcoming book Election Systems and Gerrymandering Worldwide (Springer, 2020).
# Karancslapujtő

Karancslapujtő is a village in Nógrád County, Hungary with 2,371 inhabitants (2022).
# Steyning Edgerley

Sir Steyning William Edgerley, KCSI, KCVO, CIE (16 August 1857 – 1 May 1935) was a British administrator in India. A member of the Indian Civil Service, he held senior Secretariat appointments in the Government of Bombay.

## Biography

Educated at Shrewsbury School, Edgerley passed into the Indian Civil Service by examination in 1877, and spent his probation in 1877–1879 at Balliol College, Oxford. He went to India in 1879 and was engaged in district work in Sind. In 1888, he was appointed Under-Secretary in the Home Department of the Government of India, and thereafter spent most of his career at provincial headquarters.
Edgerley was private secretary to the Governor of Bombay (Lord Reay, Lord Harris, and Lord Sandhurst) from 1889 to 1895, when he was appointed a CIE. He was then selected by Lord Sandhurt to become Secretary to the Government of Bombay in the Political, Judicial, and Legislative Departments. In 1905, he became Chief Secretary to the Government of Bombay. In 1905, he was knighted a KCVO in connexion with his work on the Indian tour of the Prince and Princess of Wales.
In 1907, he was appointed Political and Judicial Member, Government of Bombay, but was soon after appointed to be a member of the Decentralization Commission under Sir Charles Hobhouse, coming to the notice of John Morley. In 1909, Morley appointed Edgerley to the Council of India, serving until 1916. At the same time, he was a Commissioner of Income-tax at the India Office. He was made a KCSI shortly before his retirement in 1916.

## Family

Edgerley married in 1898 Ethel Frances, née Pritchard (died 1912), daughter of the Bombay civilian Sir Charles Pritchard. They had a son and a daughter.
# Steven Gaughan

Steven Edward Gaughan (born 14 April 1970) is an English former footballer who played as a midfielder for various clubs in the Football League. Whilst at Chesterfield he featured in their memorable run to the 1997 FA Cup semi finals, coming on as a substitute in their quarter final victory over Wrexham. However, he did not play in the semi-final itself, as Chesterfield ultimately lost to Middlesbrough after a replay.
# Stillwater River (New Zealand)

The Stillwater River is a river in New Zealand, flowing into Caswell Sound, Fiordland.
# Unikili, West Godavari

Unikili is a village in West Godavari district in the state of Andhra Pradesh in India.

## Demographics

As of 2011 India census, Unikili has a population of 5386 of which 2713 are males while 2673 are females. The average sex ratio of Unikili village is 985. The child population is 461, which makes up 8.56% of the total population of the village, with a sex ratio of 1031. In 2011, the literacy rate of Unikili village was 77.02% when compared to 67.02% of Andhra Pradesh.
# Karl Zuegg

Karl Zuegg (28 February 1914 – 26 December 2005) was an Italian entrepreneur from Lana in South Tyrol. He was the managing director of the Lana fruit juice and jam company Zuegg, between 1940 and 1986.

## Honors

* Order of Merit for Labour (1992)
# Karl Zwicky

Karl Zwicky is an Australian film director, producer and screenwriter. He is known for directing the 1987 horror film Contagion and for his work on many television series between 1986 and 2012.

## Movies

| Year | Film | Functioned as | Functioned as | Functioned as | Notes |
| Year | Film | Director | Screenwriter | Producer | Notes |
| 1986 | The Humpty Dumpty Man | | Yes | | |
| 1987 | Contagion | Yes | | | |
| 1988 | To Make a Killing | Yes | Yes | | |
| 1997 | Paws | Yes | Yes | | |
| 2000 | The Magic Pudding | Yes | | | Based on book by same name |
| 2009 | A Model Daughter: The Killing of Caroline Byrne | | | Yes | TV movie |
| 2011 | Sinbad and The Minotaur | Yes | | | TV movie |

## Television series

* Tricky Business (2012) (2 episodes)
* Crownies (2011) (22 episodes)
* Cops L.A.C. (2010) (4 episodes)
* K-9 (2010) (5 episodes)
* City Homicide (2009–2010) (4 episodes)
* Home and Away (2009–2019) (69 episodes)
* Neighbours (2008–2012) (16 episodes)
* Farscape (2003) (1 episode)
* Short Cuts (2002)
* The Lost World (2002) (1 episode)
* McLeod's Daughters (2001–2009) (163 episodes)
* BeastMaster (2001) (1 episode)
* Cushion Kids (2001) – Director
* Fairy Tale Police Department (2001–2002) – Director
* Hi-5 (1999) – Director
* Medivac (1998) (1 episode)
* All Saints (1998–2001) (4 episodes)
* Driven Crazy (1998) – Director
* Sweat (1996) (6 episodes)
* Heartbreak High (1994–1999) (25 episodes)
* Ship to Shore (1993) (6 episodes)
* The Comedy Sale (1993) (3 episodes)
* The New Adventures of Black Beauty (1992) (2 episodes)
* Police Rescue (1991) (1 episode)
* The Miraculous Mellops (1991–1992) (40 episodes)
* The Flying Doctors (1990) (3 episodes)
* Elly & Jools (1990) – Director
* The Gerry Connolly Show (1988) (6 episodes)
* Relative Merits (1987) – Director
* Fame and Misfortune (1986) – Director
* Sons and Daughters (1982–1983) (14 episodes)
# Frances Karttunen

Frances Esther Karttunen (born 1942), also known as Frances Ruley Karttunen, is an American academic linguist, historian and author.

## Education and career

She received her BA in 1964 from Harvard and her PhD in 1970 from Indiana University Bloomington, with a dissertation entitled Problems in Finnish Phonology. Most of her academic career was spent in association with the University of Texas at Austin, where she held researcher and lecturer positions for over 30 years, until her retirement in 2000, as senior university research scientist at the Linguistics Research Center.
In her linguistics career Karttunen has specialised in the study of Mesoamerican languages such as Mayan but in particular Nahuatl, on which topic she has authored seven books and numerous academic papers. She has also written about endangered languages, linguistic diversity and language translation. Early in her career Karttunen also produced several studies of Finnish phonology and syntax, including her 1970 dissertation.
As a historian Karttunen has published research in areas such as historical Mesoamerican literature, colonial-era Aztec and Nahua history, and the social organizations, socio-political concerns and literacy rates of indigenous peoples of Mexico. Karttunen has also written and lectured about the local history of Nantucket.
Her 1976 publication Nahuatl in the Middle Years: Language Contact Phenomena in Texts of the Colonial Period, with James Lockhart, is a foundational text for the New Philology. She followed this by an article on Nahua literacy, showing how the Mesoamerican tradition of pictorial writing then transitioned to alphabetic writing in Latin letters by local-level notaries in a self-perpetuating tradition. Her 1997 article, "Rethinking Malinche", on La Malinche, known in the colonial era as Doña Marina, is a significant revisionist take on the choices that Cortés' cultural translator and consort faced and took.
She also published An Analytical Dictionary of Nahuatl and several iterations of a Foundation Course in Nahuatl Grammar, culminating in the 1994 edition (with linguist R. Joe Campbell).
She was married to historian Alfred W. Crosby.

## Selected publications

* Between Worlds: Interpreters, Guides and Survivors. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1994.
* "From Court Yard to the Seat of Government: The Career of Antonio Valeriano, Nahua Colleague of Bernardino de Sahagún". Amerindia Revue d'Etholonguistique Amérindienne, n. 20, 1995, pp. 113–120.
* "Interpreters Snatched from the Shore: The Successful and The Others". In Edward G. Gray and Norman Fiering (eds.) The Language Encounter in the Americas, 1492-1800. New Work: Berghahn Books, 2000, pp. 215–229.
# Piletocera albimixtalis

Piletocera albimixtalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1917. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from Queensland.
The wings have a pattern of various shades of brown.
# Frida Nilsson

Frida Nilsson (born 1979) is a Swedish children’s writer whose first book was published in 2004. She has won numerous international shortlistings and prizes, including the August Prize, the German Youth Literature Prize, Expressens Heffaklump (2015) and the Astrid Lindgren Prize. She was recently chosen as one of the best emerging writers in Europe under 39 (Hay Festival’s Aarhus 39, 2017). Nilsson’s writing is characterised by playfulness and sincerity. She has been compared to Roald Dahl and Barbro Lindgren.

## Swedish bibliography

* 2017 – Det tunna svärdet (Natur & Kultur)
* 2015 – Ishavspirater (Natur & Kultur)
* 2014 – God jul, Lilla Lök (Rabén & Sjögren)
* 2013 – Jagger Jagger (Natur & Kultur)
* 2011 – Ryska kyssen (Rabén & Sjögren)
* 2009 – Hedvig och Hardemos prinsessa (Natur & Kultur)
* 2008 – Jag, Dante och miljonerna (Natur & Kultur)
* 2007 – Hedvig och sommaren med Steken (Natur & Kultur)
* 2006 – Hedvig och Max-Olov (Natur & Kultur)
* 2005 – Apstjärnan (Natur & Kultur)
* 2005 – Hedvig! (Natur & Kultur)
* 2004 – Kråkans otroliga liftarsemester (Natur & Kultur)
English translations
* 2017 – The Ice Sea Pirates (Gecko Press) ISBN 9781776572007
* 2020 – Hattie (Gecko Press) ISBN 9781776572717
* 2021 – Hattie and Olaf (Gecko Press)

## Awards and accolades

* 2019 - Winner of the James Krüss Award for International Children's Literature
* 2017 – Hay Festival Aarhus 39 selection
* 2016 – Winner of Expressen's Heffaklumpen Award for The Ice Sea Pirates
* 2016 – Winner of the Nils Holgersson Plaque for The Ice Sea Pirates
* 2016 – Winner of the BMF Plaque for The Ice Sea Pirates
* 2016 – White Ravens selection for The Ice Sea Pirates
* 2016 – Nordic Council Prize nomination for The Ice Sea Pirates
* 2015 – August Prize nomination for The Ice Sea Pirates
* 2015 – Nordic Council Prize nomination for Jagger Jagger
* 2014 – Astrid Lindgren Prize
* 2013 – Les Olympiades winner for Apstjärnan
* 2013 – Prix Tam-Tam "J'aime Lire" nomination for Apstjärnan
* 2013 – August Prize nomination for Jagger Jagger
* 2011 – Deutscher Jugendliteraturpreis nomination for Apstjärnan
* 2006 – August Prize nominee