OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Vincenz Czerny

Vincenz Czerny (19 November 1842 – 3 October 1916) was a German Bohemian surgeon whose main contributions were in the fields of oncological and gynecological surgery.
Czerny was born in Trutnov, Bohemia, Austrian Empire. He initially studied at Karl-Ferdinand University in Prague, later transferring to the University of Vienna, where he was a student of Ernst Wilhelm von Brücke (1819–1892). In 1866 he graduated summa cum laude. Afterwards, he remained in Vienna as an assistant to Johann Ritter von Oppolzer (1808–1871) and Theodor Billroth (1829–1894). In 1871 he became a clinical director at the University of Freiburg.
In 1877 Czerny was appointed professor at Heidelberg, where he succeeded surgeon Gustav Simon (1824–1876). In 1906 he founded the Institut für Experimentelle Krebsforschung (Institute for Experimental Cancer Research), which was a forerunner to today's German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) in Heidelberg. Here he established a hospital for 47 cancer patients, known as the Samariterhaus (Samaritan House).
Czerny developed operational techniques for cancer surgery. He is also remembered for his treatment of patients with inoperable cancer. In 1887 Czerny performed the first open partial nephrectomy for renal carcinoma.
Czerny made contributions to other surgical fields, including a new radical operation for inguinal hernia, a pyelolithotomy for kidney stone disease, and in 1879 performed the first total hysterectomy via the vagina. He has been called the "father of cosmetic breast surgery": in 1895 he published the first account of a breast implant which he had carried out, by moving a benign lipoma to "avoid asymmetry" after removing a tumor in a patient's breast.
In 1901 Czerny was president of the German Society of Surgery, and in 1908 was president of the International Surgical Congress. His father-in-law was renowned German physician, Adolf Kussmaul (1822–1902). He died in Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg, German Empire.
# Rabbinical Center of Europe

The Rabbinical Center of Europe (RCE) is an international rabbinical organization for Europe, which encompasses more than 1,000 community rabbis from across the continent.
The organization is headquartered in Brussels, Belgium, and maintains a satellite office in Jerusalem. It is led by the Secretary General, Menachem Margolin.

## History

Increasing tensions and religious disputes between various Chabad rabbis and shluchim led to the creation of the organization, which sought to create a better organized authority for European Chabad Jewry. Among the founders of the organization are Gershon Mendel Garelik, Hillel Pewsner, Berel Lazar, Azriel Chaikin, and David Moshe Lieberman [he], rabbis leading various communities across Europe. The organization was created to compete with the Conference of European Rabbis, although there is large overlap between membership and reach of the two.

## Mission and activities

The organization's purpose is to convene in rabbinical gatherings, overseeing historic cemeteries, and assisting in building mikvehs and being an authority for maintaining and assessing Jewish resources across the European continent. There are annual conferences for rabbis to convene, and ones held that deal with issues of kashrut and are attended by delegations from across Europe, as well as a delegation of the Chief Rabbinate of Israel, in which one of the Chief Rabbis attends.
The organization maintains contact with various governments in Europe to promote Jewish religious interests for the Jewish populations of those countries, and many delegations have met with diplomats, prime ministers, and presidents.
The organization occasionally gives out humanitarian awards, including to then-President of the European Commission Romano Prodi in 2004. The RCE has also engaged in activism to defend circumcision, having been vocal during attempts to ban the practice in Germany. They additionally have protested against the banning of ritual slaughter necessary for the koshering of meat, as was done in Denmark in 2014.
In 2006, the organization announced a major project to establish 25 mikvehs across Europe with a budget of €1,500,000. The project concluded six years later, and it was announced that another 25 would be established by the end of 2008. Since the 2000s, more projects have been planned and coordinated for mikvehs including a 2013 proposal to build another 30.
In 2023, the organization was widely criticized by activists and other organizations for its refusal to recognize the Armenian Genocide. In a response to the criticism by Armenian organizations, the Center criticized their use of rhetoric labelling The Republic of Artsakh as a "ghetto," stating "belittling the extent of the Jewish people’s suffering to further any political interest through incessantly using phrases associated with the Holocaust suffered by the Jewish people."
# Thomas House Hotel

The Thomas House Hotel, formerly the Cloyd Brothers Hotel is a historic hotel on East Main Street in Red Boiling Springs, Tennessee, United States. Built in 1927, Thomas House is one of three hotels remaining from the early-20th century resort boom at Red Boiling Springs. In 1986, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places along with the other two hotels, the Donoho Hotel and Counts Hotel.

## History

The 1880s saw a boom in the development of mineral springs resorts as summer destinations, inspired by the success of Saratoga Springs, New York. Early in this decade, New York businessman James F. O. Shaughnessy purchased the Red Boiling Springs tract and began development of the area as a resort.
To accommodate visitors attracted by the mineral springs, local general store owners Zack and Clay Cloyd built the Cloyd Hotel in 1890. This was a two-storey white weatherboard structure with long two storey verandas, similar to the Donoho Hotel that still stands today. The original Cloyd Hotel was destroyed by fire in 1924, and the current two-storey red brick hotel with portico was built in 1927. A second fire in the 1990s destroyed one wing, which was also rebuilt.

## Haunting

The hotel gained notoriety in the early half of the 2010s when it became the subject of several television programs investigating paranormal activity, including the SyFy channel television program Ghost Hunters. Ghost hunts have since remained a popular tourist attraction for the town. Room 37 is claimed to be the center of the activity. One ghost is said to be the spirit of Sarah Cloyd, the young daughter of one of the Cloyd brothers, and another may be a guest who fell from a horse and drowned in a stream near the property.
# Spiro Nikolouzos case

Spiro Nikolouzos (1936 – May 30, 2005) was a Texas man incapacitated from bleeding related to a cerebral shunt, whose care was the subject of an appeal of The Texas Futile Care Law.
Nikolouzos was hospitalized on February 10, 2005, at St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital, Houston, Texas, and was in a persistent vegetative state. He was fed through a gastric feeding tube and respirated by a ventilator. The hospital wished to discontinue life support, allowing Nikolouzos to die. His family opposed this action and claimed the hospital's decision was related to the fact that Nikolouzos's Medicare funding was running out, a contention denied by the hospital.
Under the 1999 Advance Directives Act (also known as The Texas Futile Care Law), the hospital may override the family's wishes in such a matter should an ethics committee clear such an action. However, Nikolouzos's family won an emergency injunction preventing the removal of the life support apparatus, and on March 21, 2005, Spiro Nikolouzos was removed to Avalon Place Nursing Home in San Antonio, Texas. Avalon Place had rejected his application nine days earlier.
Nikolouzos subsequently died at Avalon on May 30, 2005.
The precedent set by the case of Sun Hudson may have helped to expedite the removal of Nikolouzos from artificial respiration prior to the move.
# Joos Hefer

Josephus Johannes Francois "Joos" Hefer (born 21 December 1931) is a South African judge and former Acting President of the Supreme Court of Appeal of South Africa.

## Early life and education

Hefer was born in Brandfort, in the Free State and matriculated in 1949 in Bloemfontein. He studied at the University of the Orange Free State and obtained his BA degree in 1953 and LLB in 1955. In 1995 he obtained an LLM degree from UNISA.

## Career

Hefer practised as an attorney from 1955 to 1957 and joined the Free State Bar in 1957, where he practised until 1975. He became a senior advocaat in 1972 and during the same year he first act as a judge in Bloemfontein. He also acted as a judge at the Northern Cape Division in Kimberley, the South West Africa Division in Windhoek and Durban & Coast Local Division in Durban.
On the 1st of February 1976, Hefer was appointed judge in the Natal Provincial Division and in August 1981, he was appointed Chief Justice of the Transkei High Court. Two years later he was appointed acting judge of appeal in Bloemfontein and in 1984 he was permanently appointed as judge of appeal. During 2001 he acted as chief justice until his retirement in December 2001. However, at the request of the Minister of Justice, Hefer was appointed as acting President of the Supreme Court of Appel from January 2002 to 31 December 2002.
In 2003, Hefer was appointed by President Thabo Mbeki to chair the commission of inquiry into allegations of spying made against National Director of Public Prosecutions Bulelani Ngcuka.

## Honours and awards

Hefer was awarded an honorary LLD from the University of the Free State.
# Selkie (disambiguation)

A selkie is a mythological creature found in Faroese, Icelandic, Irish, and Scottish folklore.
Selkie may refer to:
* Selkie (film), a 2000 Australian film
* Selkies, an android race in the Final Fantasy Crystal Chronicles universe
* Selkie, Finland, a town in central-eastern Finland
# Peltigera gowardii

Peltigera gowardii, or western waterfan, is an aquatic lichen found only in mountain streams of Western North America. It is the largest aquatic lichen in the Pacific Northwest.
P. gowardii is currently listed as a species of Special Concern in Canada, as two of five known populations have been extirpated. In the United States, Montana and Alaska list this lichen as an S1 species, at high risk of extirpation, while Washington and California give it a slightly more secure ranking. Rising temperatures and habitat loss are the largest threat to the survival of P. gowardii.

## Description

P. gowardii is a tripartite lichen, consisting of fungus, alga, and Nostoc cyanobacteria. It has a gelatinous consistency due to living in aquatic or semi-aquatic locations, most often mountain streams or springs above 1,200 m (3,900 ft) elevation. It grows in small rosettes attached to rock. It has a dark blue-green to black colour when above water, but becomes olive-green when submerged. It can be distinguished from algae or plants by the distinctive veins along the backside of the thallus, as well as round, brown apothecia present. These apothecia are the sexually reproductive parts of the lichen, and no vegetatively reproductive parts are seen.
P. gowardii is morphologically similar to P. hydrothyria. They are most easily differentiated by geography, with P. gowardii being a western species and P. hydrothyria mainly growing in the east. P. gowardii also has all chemical tests return negative, while P. hydrothyria tests positive for methylgyrophorate.
# Scythris azrouensis

Scythris azrouensis is a moth of the family Scythrididae. It was described by Bengt Å. Bengtsson in 1997. It is found in Morocco and Tunisia.
# Lord Lieutenant of Louth

This is a list of people who have served as Lord Lieutenant of Louth.
There were lieutenants of counties in Ireland until the reign of James II, when they were renamed governors. The office of Lord Lieutenant was recreated on 23 August 1831.

## Governors

* Oliver Plunkett, 6th Baron Louth (died 1679)
* Matthew Plunkett, 7th Baron Louth: 1687–1689
* Viscount Limerick: 1756–1758
* James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Clanbrassil: 1769–1798 (died 1798)
* John Foster, 1st Baron Oriel 1798–1828
* Thomas Skeffington, 2nd Viscount Ferrard 1805–1831 (jointly until 1828)

## Lord Lieutenants

* Patrick Bellew, 1st Baron Bellew 9 December 1831 – 10 December 1866
* John McClintock, 1st Baron Rathdonnell 14 January 1867 – 17 April 1879
* Clotworthy Skeffington, 11th Viscount Massereene 13 November 1879 – March 1898
* George Bellew-Bryan, 4th Baron Bellew 14 March 1898 – 15 July 1911
* Sir Alan Bellingham, 4th Baronet 4 November 1911 – 9 June 1921
* Sir Edward Bellingham, 5th Baronet 22 July 1921 – 1922
# Srednji Statovac

Srednji Statovac is a village in the municipality of Prokuplje, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village had a population of 38 people.

## Demography

Representation of population change. Left column represents year, right one represents number of people living in indicated area:
1953. 278
1961. 245
1971. 150
1981. 96
1991. 61
2002. 38
# Vincenty

Vincenty may refer to:
* Thaddeus Vincenty (1920-2002), Polish-American geodesist
* Vincenty's formulae, a fast algorithm to calculate the distance between two latitude/longitude points
# Fatal Woman

Fatal Woman may refer to:
* the concept of the "femme fatale"
* The Fatal Woman, a 1915 Dutch film
* an alternate title for Femme Fatale, a 1991 film
* Norine Fournier Lattimore, professionally known as "Dolores", also referred to as the "Fatal Woman of the London Studios"
* "The Fatal Woman: Three Tales", a 1974 work by John Glassco
* a 1952 novel by Patrick Quentin also published under the title "Black Widow"
# Roger Tellart

Roger Tellart (9 March 1932 in Paris – 22 July 2013 id.) was a French musicologist and journalist, a specialist of Claudio Monteverdi, Heinrich Schütz, the madrigal and early music on which he published several works.
He was the father of viellist Christophe Tellart (Ensemble Perceval, Hespèrion XXI, Ensemble Réal, Poème Harmonique, etc.).

## Biography

Tellart wrote for the daily La Croix and musical magazines Diapason and Goldberg Magazine. He also wrote for the music magazines Classica, Concertclassic.com and La Lettre du musicien.
For a while, he was a producer at Radio France, where he was also invited several times to participate in programs on Baroque music. He was a frequent contributor to Radio Suisse Romande in programs dealing with early music.
Roger Tellart held the rank of Chevalier of the ordre des Arts et des Lettres and was a member of the Académie Charles-Cros.
# Sphere theorem (3-manifolds)

In mathematics, in the topology of 3-manifolds, the sphere theorem of Christos Papakyriakopoulos (1957) gives conditions for elements of the second homotopy group of a 3-manifold to be represented by embedded spheres.
One example is the following:
Let $M$ be an orientable 3-manifold such that $\pi _{2}(M)$ is not the trivial group. Then there exists a non-zero element of $\pi _{2}(M)$ having a representative that is an embedding $S^{2}\to M$.
The proof of this version of the theorem can be based on transversality methods, see Jean-Loïc Batude (1971).
Another more general version (also called the projective plane theorem, and due to David B. A. Epstein) is:
Let $M$ be any 3-manifold and $N$ a $\pi _{1}(M)$-invariant subgroup of $\pi _{2}(M)$. If $f\colon S^{2}\to M$ is a general position map such that $[f]\notin N$ and $U$ is any neighborhood of the singular set $\Sigma (f)$, then there is a map $g\colon S^{2}\to M$ satisfying
* $[g]\notin N$,
* $g(S^{2})\subset f(S^{2})\cup U$,
* $g\colon S^{2}\to g(S^{2})$ is a covering map, and
* $g(S^{2})$ is a 2-sided submanifold (2-sphere or projective plane) of $M$.
quoted in (Hempel 1976, p. 54).
# Jonah Walker-Smith

Sir Jonah Walker Walker-Smith (22 November 1874 – 23 February 1964) was an engineer and a Conservative Party politician in England who served as Member of Parliament (MP) for Barrow-in-Furness from 1931, when he took it from Labour, until his defeat at the 1945 general election, when a Labour candidate took the seat.
He was born at Watford, Hertfordshire, son of John Jonah Smith, and educated privately and at King's College, London.
He trained as an engineer, becoming Member of the Institute of Civil Engineers and of the Institute of Mechanical Engineers. He also qualified as a Barrister-at-law and became Fellow of the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors and honorary Associate Member of the Royal Institute of British Architects.
He was successively City Engineer of Edinburgh; Director of Housing and Town Planning at the Local Government Board of Scotland; Consulting Engineer to the Road Board in Scotland; Director of Housing at the Ministry of Health from 1919 to 1925. He was knighted in the latter year. In later life he held positions as managing director and chairman of various engineering and other companies.

## Personal life and death

He married, in 1905, Maud Coulton, daughter of Coulton Walker Hunter of Barrow-in-Furness and Barton Hall, Yorkshire, by whom he had a daughter, Joan, who predeceased him and two sons, one of whom Derek, also became an MP. His granddaughter by Joan is Lavender Patten, Hong Kong's final British 'first lady'.
Sir Jonah Walker-Smith died in February 1964, aged 89.
# HMS Nimble (1813)

HMS Nimble was a new cutter that the Royal Navy purchased in 1813. The Navy sold her in 1816.

## Career

Lieutenant Peter Williams commissioned Nimble on 5 April 1813. (He had come from the gunbrig HMS Richmond)
During the capture of San Sebastian Nimble and Constant blockaded the mouth of Bindassoa from 31 August to 8 September.
Lieutenant Josiah Thompson replaced Williams in August 1814; Williams had been appointed to the rank of Commander on 24 August.
In April–May 1815 Nimble was at the Garonne. There she boarded Young William, which was on her way Bordeaux, and warned her not to enter the river.
On 2 July 1814 the chasse-maree Aimable arrived at Falmouth. Nimble had detained and several other vessels as well.
On 2 November 1815 Nimble returned to Plymouth from Newfoundland. Thompson paid off Nimble in November 1815.

## Fate

The "Principal Officers and Commissioners of His Majesty's Navy" offered the "Nimble cutter, of 147 tons", lying at Sheerness, for sale on 18 April 1816. Nimble was sold to Mr. Nixon on that day.

## Postscript

In January 1819, the London Gazette reported that Parliament had voted a grant to all those who had served under the command of Lord Viscount Keith in 1812, between 1813 and 1814, and in the Gironde. Nimble was listed among the vessels that had served under Keith in 1813 and 1814. She had also served under Keith in the Gironde.
# Cremnosterna alternans

Cremnosterna alternans is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning and Itzinger in 1943.
# Lord Lieutenant of Merionethshire

This is a list of people who served as Lord Lieutenant of Merionethshire. After 1762, all Lord Lieutenants were also Custos Rotulorum of Merionethshire. The office was abolished on 31 March 1974, and the area is now covered by the Lord Lieutenant of Gwynedd and Lord Lieutenant of Clwyd.

## Lord Lieutenants of Merionethshire to 1974

* see Lord Lieutenant of Wales before 1694
* Charles Talbot, 1st Duke of Shrewsbury 31 May 1694 – 10 March 1696
* Charles Gerard, 2nd Earl of Macclesfield 10 March 1696 – 5 November 1701
* William Stanley, 9th Earl of Derby 18 June 1702 – 5 November 1702
* Hugh Cholmondeley, 1st Earl of Cholmondeley 2 December 1702 – 4 September 1713
* Other Windsor, 2nd Earl of Plymouth 4 September 1713 – 21 October 1714
* Hugh Cholmondeley, 1st Earl of Cholmondeley 21 October 1714 – 18 January 1725
* George Cholmondeley, 2nd Earl of Cholmondeley 7 April 1725 – 7 May 1733
* George Cholmondeley, 3rd Earl of Cholmondeley 14 June 1733 – 25 October 1760
* vacant
* William Vaughan 26 April 1762 – 12 April 1775
* Sir Watkin Williams-Wynn, 4th Baronet 10 June 1775 – 1789
* Watkin Williams 27 August 1789 – 4 December 1793
* Sir Watkin Williams-Wynn, 5th Baronet 4 December 1793 – 6 January 1840
* Edward Lloyd-Mostyn, 2nd Baron Mostyn 25 January 1840 – 17 March 1884
* Robert Davies Pryce 17 May 1884 – 30 September 1891
* W. R. M. Wynne 30 September 1891 – 25 February 1909
* Sir Arthur Osmond Williams, 1st Baronet 22 March 1909 – 28 January 1927
* George Ormsby-Gore, 3rd Baron Harlech 22 February 1927 – 8 May 1938
* William Ormsby-Gore, 4th Baron Harlech 22 June 1938 – 25 June 1957
* Col. John Francis Williams-Wynne, 25 June 1957 – 31 March 1974

## Deputy Lieutenants

Deputy Lieutenants traditionally supported the Lord-Lieutenant. There could be several deputy lieutenants at any time, depending on the population of the county. Their appointment did not terminate with the changing of the Lord-Lieutenant, but they usually retired at age 75.
* Hugh Beaver Roberts (1820-1903) April 7, 1863
* Romer Williams, 19 April 1901
* Lieutenant-Colonel George Frederick Scott, 15 May 1901
# Srednji Vrh

Srednji Vrh may refer to:
Settlements in Slovenia:
* Srednji Vrh, Kranjska Gora
* Srednji Vrh, Dobrova–Polhov Gradec
Mountains in Slovenia:
* Srednji vrh (2134 m), a peak in the Krn Range of the Julian Alps
* Srednji vrh (1853 m), a peak in the Kamnik–Savinja Alps
* Srednji vrh (1796 m), a peak in the Karawanks
# Village Green, Bar Harbor

Village Green is an urban park in Bar Harbor, Maine, United States. Located centrally in the town, compared to the coastal Agamont Park about 0.18 miles (0.29 km) to the north, Firefly Lane bounds it to the north, Main Street to the east, Mount Desert Street (Maine State Route 3) to the south and Kennebec Street to the west. (Main Street is also Route 3 up until it reaches the park from the south. It then turns onto Mount Desert Street.) The park has a free public Wi-Fi network.
The town's fire and police departments are located on Firefly Lane, across from the Green.
Although the park is not fenced, its six paved entrances are at Main Street and Mount Desert Street, Mount Desert Street and Kennebec Street, Kennebec Street, two on Firefly Lane, and one at Main Street and Firefly Lane. The bisecting paths encourage pedestrians to pass through the park, instead of walk around it.
A granite bench, in memory of John Whittington Roberts (1870–1904), is in the middle of the Main Street side, beside the original 1896 cast-iron street clock (moved to this location in 1905), while a dog fountain is beside the Main and Mount Desert entrance. A memorial also stands on its Mount Desert side, just beyond the fountain.
A bandstand stands near the park's northern (Firefly Lane) side.
A 17th-century tiered Italian fountain with 21 spigots, donated by John Callendar Livingston in 1909, is in the park's southwestern corner. It was restored in 1992 by sculptor Clark Fitz-Gerald after not being functional for thirty years.
Bar Harbor's Island Explorer buses leave and drop off passengers on the park's western edge, at Kennebec Street.

## History

The short-lived Grand Central Hotel occupied the corner of Main and Mount Desert Streets from 1873 to 1899, when it was demolished and the space given to the town's Village Improvement Association.
The bandstand was originally the park's only amenity, albeit in a different location than it is today. After a visit from sitting United States president William Howard Taft in 1910, however, a desire for additional development was kickstarted.
In the 1920s, Beatrix Farrand designed the pathways and had the bandstand rebuilt, as well as the arranging the landscaping present today.
A six-year renovation of the park began in 1999. In 2010, the park underwent further improvements — to the footpaths, lighting, planting, and the fountain area.
In 2012, the American Planning Association named the park one of their top ten Great Places in America for Public Spaces.

## Gallery

* A postcard illustrating a view north along Main Street beside the park (c. 1908)
* Viewed from Main Street, across from its intersection with Mount Desert Street, looking northwest (2004)
* The park's street clock stands on Main Street (2011)
# Sazköy, Kaynaşlı

Sazköy is a village in the Kaynaşlı District of Düzce Province in Turkey. Its population is 139 (2022).