OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Patellar reflex

The patellar reflex, also called the knee reflex or knee-jerk, is a stretch reflex which tests the L2, L3, and L4 segments of the spinal cord. Many animals, most significantly humans, have been seen to have the patellar reflex, including dogs, cats, horses, and other mammalian species.

## Mechanism

Striking of the patellar tendon with a reflex hammer just below the patella stretches the muscle spindle in the quadriceps muscle. This produces a signal which travels back to the spinal cord and synapses (without interneurons) at the level of L3 or L4 in the spinal cord, completely independent of higher centres. From there, an alpha motor neuron conducts an efferent impulse back to the quadriceps femoris muscle, triggering contraction. This contraction, coordinated with the relaxation of the antagonistic flexor hamstring muscle causes the leg to kick. There is a latency of around 18 ms between stretch of the patellar tendon and the beginning of contraction of the quadriceps femoris muscle. This is a reflex of proprioception which helps maintain posture and balance, allowing to keep one's balance with little effort or conscious thought.
The patellar reflex is a clinical and classic example of the monosynaptic reflex arc. There is no interneuron in the pathway leading to contraction of the quadriceps muscle. Instead, the sensory neuron synapses directly on a motor neuron in the spinal cord. However, there is an inhibitory interneuron used to relax the antagonistic hamstring muscle (reciprocal innervation).
This test of a basic automatic reflex may be influenced by the patient consciously inhibiting or exaggerating the response; the doctor may use the Jendrassik maneuver in order to ensure a more valid reflex test.

## Clinical significance

After the tap of a hammer, the leg is normally extended once and comes to rest. The absence or decrease of this reflex is problematic, and known as Westphal's sign. This reflex may be diminished or absent in lower motor neuron lesions and during sleep. On the other hand, multiple oscillation of the leg (pendular reflex) following the tap may be a sign of cerebellar diseases. Exaggerated (brisk) deep tendon reflexes such as this can be found in upper motor neuron lesions, hyperthyroidism, anxiety or nervousness. The test itself assesses the nervous tissue between and including the L2 and L4 segments of the spinal cord.
The patellar reflex is often tested in infants to test the nervous system.

## History

Wilhelm Heinrich Erb (1840–1921) and Karl Friedrich Otto Westphal (1833–1890) simultaneously reported the patellar tendon or knee reflex in 1875. The term knee-jerk was recorded by Sir Michael Foster in his Textbook of physiology in 1877: "Striking the tendon below the patella gives rise to a sudden extension of the leg, known as the knee-jerk."

## In popular culture

The term began to be used figuratively from the early 20th century onwards. O. O. McIntyre, in his New York Day-By-Day column in The Coshocton Tribune, October 1921, wrote: "Itinerant preacher stemming Broadway on a soap box. And gets only an occasional knee-jerk."
# The Golden Age (newspaper)

The Golden Age was an English language newspaper published in Queanbeyan, New South Wales, Australia.

## Newspaper history

The Golden Age was a free local newspaper first published on the 15th of September 1860. The paper was established by local proprietor and former Methodist minister John Gale.
In the opening editorial on page 2 of the first edition, the editors promised to provide unbiased political commentary on the activities of both local and colonial parliamentary, judicial and police courts declaring the paper to be "uninfluenced by fear or favour". Refusing to adopt the middle ground in its commentary, the editors acknowledged that views expressed may be divisive, however, the readership was assured the "...single aim will at all times be, - THE ADVANCEMENT OF THE PUBLIC GOOD".
The paper was committed to promoting growth within the region particularly in the "...advocacy of local improvements and urging the development of natural resources". Also of concern to the editors was the health of the social body within the region with special care taken "to introduce only such matter as will be calculated to improve the morals and the mind of our readers".
Through his paper John Gale supported free selection and advocated reform in local administration. In 1866 he joined the committee of the new Free Selectors' Protection Association and the local school board. The newspaper did not prosper and he moved in August 1867 to Braidwood where he founded the Braidwood Independent, but in November, after a petition from Queanbeyan residents, he reopened the Queanbeyan Age.
In 1904 the paper became The Age until it returned again to the name of Queanbeyan Age in 1907. Merging with the Queanbeyan Observer in 1915, it became the Queanbeyan Age and the Queanbeyan Observer and was published until 1927. It merged again with the Canberra Advocate to become the Queanbeyan Age and Canberra Advocate and in July/August 1927 it again became the Queanbeyan Age, after absorbing The Queanbeyan Leader.
The paper is currently published as the Queanbeyan Age.

## Digitisation

The Golden Age has been digitised as part of the Australian Newspapers Digitisation Program of the National Library of Australia.
# Llacao

Llacao is a town and parish in Cuenca Canton, Azuay Province, Ecuador. The parish covers an area of 17.4 km$^2$ and according to the 2001 Ecuadorian census it had a population total of 4501.
# Vembakkottai block

Vembakkottai block is a taluka in the Virudhunagar district of Tamil Nadu, India. It has a total of 48 panchayat villages.
# Sardis bilingual inscription

The Sardis bilingual inscription is a 4th-century BCE bilingual Lydian-Aramaic funerary inscription discovered in 1912, during the investigation by the American Society for the Excavation of Sardis. It was found in Sardis, in Manisa, Turkey.
It was the "Rosetta Stone" for the decipherment of the Lydian language.
The Aramaic inscription begins by stating the date as the tenth year of Artaxerxes, considered to be Artaxerxes II, such that the inscription has been dated by scholars to 394 BCE.
It is currently in the İzmir Archaeology Museum.
The Aramaic inscription is known as KAI 260. An analysis of the inscription was first published in 1917 by Stanley Arthur Cook.
It was found in a secondary location, having been reused in the Greek or Roman era to build a thick low wall on the "northern slope of the Nekropolis hill west of the Paktolos" along with a dozen other inscriptions.
# The Young Snakes

The Young Snakes were an American rock band formed in Boston in the early 1980s.
The lead singer and bassist, Aimee Mann, formed the group after she dropped out of Berklee College of Music along with the guitarist and singer Doug Vargas and the drummer Dave Bass Brown. Brown left the band in the fall of 1981 to help form the Boston hardcore punk band Negative FX, and was replaced by the former D Club drummer Mike Evans.
After releasing the song "Brains and Eggs" on the Modern Method compilation A Wicked Good Time, the band released a five-song EP, 1982’s Bark Along with The Young Snakes, on Ambiguous Records. The compilation album Aimee Mann & the Young Snakes, released in 2004, included "Brains and Eggs" and a radio performance, but not the Bark Along tracks.
Mann was unhappy in the band, saying the other members objected to her writing love songs or music they considered too melodic.

## Discography

* Bark Along with the Young Snakes (EP, 1982)
* Aimee Mann & the Young Snakes (compilation, released 2004)
* The Young Snakes playing the Underground, Allston, Massachusetts. From left: Doug Vargas, Dave Bass Brown, and Aimee Mann.
* Vargas, Brown and Mann.
* Brown, Mann and Vargas.
* Brown, Mann and Vargas.
# Rothmannia capensis

Rothmannia capensis is a South African tree belonging to the Rubiaceae, usually about 5 m high in the open, but reaching 20 m under forest conditions. It occurs from the south-western Cape Province along the coastal regions and inland to the Waterberg and Soutpansberg in the Transvaal. It is a common tree on the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg. It produces abundant sweetly fragrant flowers in summer, and these are followed by smooth, dark green spherical fruits about 80mm in diameter. The blackish bark has a distinctive rectangular pattern of fine cracks.
The genus was named for Göran Rothman (1739–1778) by Thunberg – both were pupils of Linnaeus.
# Isobel Schenk

Isobel May "Mysie" Schenk, BEM (née Johnston; 10 January 1898 – 6 October 1980) was a Christian missionary who worked for many years alongside her husband, Rev. Rodolphe Samuel Schenk (1888–1969), at the Mount Margaret Mission in Western Australia. Rev. Schenk established the mission in 1921, under the auspices of the Aboriginal Inland Mission (later the United Aborigines Mission (UAM)).
She was born in Prahran, Victoria in 1898 to William Johnston and Mary Marcella McKay Johnston. She was a typist when she met Rodolphe Schenk in Melbourne, where they married. She later "taught crafts to the women" on the mission. The mission was made a central 'rationing station' and was visited by anthropologists and researchers including A. P. Elkin, Phyllis Kaberry, Joseph Birdsell and Norman Tindale.
Along with the Chief Protector of Aborigines in Western Australia, these researchers engaged in the assimilation debates of the day. Rev. Schenk's "unsympathetic and fundamentalist interference with traditional practices"—such as infanticide, the ritual drinking of blood ... and in-law avoidance laws—attracted criticism from A. P. Elkin, and resistance from Aboriginal elders. Many Aboriginal children were taken to the mission, which had a children's home and a hospital, and mining- and pastoral -related work was carried out there.

## BEM

Isobel May Schenk was awarded the BEM in the 1978 New Year Honours for her work in Aboriginal welfare.

## Death

She died in October 1980 in Albany, Western Australia.

## Family

The Schenks had three daughters and a son, who survived their parents: Margaret Morgan, Esther Milnes, Elizabeth Miller and Roderick Schenk.
# Internationaux de Tennis Feminin Nice

The Internationaux de Tennis Feminin Nice is a defunct WTA Tour affiliated tennis tournament played in 2001. It was held in Nice in France and played on indoor hard courts.

## Results
### Singles

| Year | Champion | Runner-up | Score |
| 2001 | Amélie Mauresmo | Magdalena Maleeva | 6–2, 6–0 |

### Doubles

| Year | Champions | Runner-ups | Score |
| 2001 | Émilie Loit Anne-Gaëlle Sidot | Kimberly Po Nathalie Tauziat | 1–6, 6–2, 6–0 |
# Llandudno Cable Car

The Llandudno Cable Car is an attraction in the seaside resort of Llandudno in Conwy County Borough, Wales. The cable car runs along the Great Orme spanning a distance of one mile forty feet (1.622 km) exactly. The cable car was opened in summer 1969, and has been operational ever since. The cabins give views of the Irish Sea looking over to Rhyl and the Isle of Man, as well as the Snowdonia National Park. There are currently 20 cabins in service, which leave each station at approximately one-minute intervals. The cabins are painted in red, yellow, orange, light blue and purple. The cable car is now owned by Kinetics Industrial Ltd. The highest point from the ground is around 80 feet (24.38 m). Nine pylons support the cable.

## Location

The lower station is situated on Aberdeen Hill in Happy Valley Gardens. The station is visible from the promenade and Llandudno Pier. Access, via some steps, is not suitable for wheelchair users. The upper station is next to the actual summit of the Great Orme. The cable car is visible from many locations surrounding Llandudno.

## Weather restrictions

The cable car cannot operate in wind speeds of over 22 mph (35 km/h) because of safety restrictions. It is often much calmer in Happy Valley but the wind is unpredictable at the summit, resulting in closures which may last a few minutes or a whole day. The cable cars also cannot operate in thunderstorms and might close if rain is too heavy.
The cable cars normally operate from the beginning of the Easter holidays to the end of the October half-term school holiday.

## Incidents

On 6 April 2007, a 33-year-old Polish woman fell to her death from a gondola at the route's highest point. A subsequent inquest recorded a verdict of suicide.
# Josef Dvořáček

Josef Dvořáček is a male former international table tennis player from Czechoslovakia.
He won a bronze medal at the 1973 World Table Tennis Championships in the mixed doubles with Alice Grofova.
# Lockier Burges (Australian politician)

    Two people named Lockier Clere Burges have been prominent in Western Australia. For the Lockier Clere Burges born in 1841, see Lockier Burges (1841-1929)
Lockier Clere Burges (c. 1814–31 July 1886) was an early settler in colonial Western Australia who became a leading pastoralist in the colony, and a Member of the Western Australian Legislative Council.
Lockier Burges was born at Fethard, County Tipperary, Ireland around 1814. In 1829, he emigrated to Western Australia with his two brothers William Burges and Samuel Evans Burges. The three brothers sailed for the Swan River Colony on board the Warrior, arriving in March 1830. The brothers settled on 300 acres (120 ha) of virgin land at the junction of Ellen Brook and the Swan River at Upper Swan until 1837, before taking up 5,600 acres (2,300 ha) of land at York. They named their new selection Tipperary in honour of their birthplace. In 1849, Lockier and William Burges moved to the Champion Bay area, leaving Samuel at Tipperary. Initially Lockier was Superintendent of the Geraldine lead mine. In 1851 Lockier Burges selected the homestead site for Irwin House on the Irwin River about 18 kilometres (11 mi) inland from the modern site of Dongara. Burges, in partnership with Edward Hamersley, Samuel Pole Phillips and Bartholomew Urban Vigors, making up the pastoral group called The Cattle Company, were granted grazing leases over 60,000 acres (24,000 ha) of land along the Irwin River and Greenough Flats, securing for the company a virtual monopoly of land in the area.
In January 1860 Burges visited Ireland, returning to Western Australia in November 1862, accompanied by his nephew Lockier Burges junior.
Burges is noted in ornithology for specimens of birds obtained at York, supplied to John Gilbert and recorded by John Gould in Birds of Australia. Amongst the poorly known species he provided was one of the pied honeyeater Certhionyx variegatus and the type specimen of the grey falcon Falco hypoleucos.
On 14 January 1879, Lockier Burges was nominated to the Western Australian Legislative Council. He held the position until 2 July 1884. In his final years he retired to Perth, where he died, unmarried, on 31 July 1886.
# Rothmannia ebamutensis

Rothmannia ebamutensis is a species of plant in the family Rubiaceae. It is endemic to Cameroon. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.
# Solid immersion lens

A solid immersion lens (SIL) has higher magnification and higher numerical aperture than common lenses by filling the object space with a high-refractive-index solid material. SIL was originally developed for enhancing the spatial resolution of optical microscopy. There are two types of SIL:
* Hemispherical SIL: Theoretically capable of increasing the numerical aperture of an optical system by $n$, the index of refraction of the material of the lens.
* Weierstrass SIL (superhemispherical SIL or superSIL): the height of the truncated sphere is $(1+1/n)r$, where r is the radius of the spherical surface of the lens. Theoretically capable of increasing the numerical aperture of an optical system by $n^{2}$.

## Applications of SIL
### Solid immersion lens microscopy

All optical microscopes are diffraction-limited because of the wave nature of light. Current research focuses on techniques to go beyond this limit known as the Rayleigh criterion. The use of SIL can achieve spatial resolution better than the diffraction limit in air, for both far-field imaging and near-field imaging.

### Optical data storage

Because SIL provides high spatial resolution, the spot size of laser beam through the SIL can be smaller than diffraction limit in air, and the density of the associated optical data storage can be increased.

### Photolithography

Similar to immersion lithography, the use of SIL can increase spatial resolution of projected photolithographic patterns, creating smaller components on wafers.
Emission Microscopy
Offers advantages for semiconductor wafer emission microscopy which detects faint emissions of light (Photons) from electron-hole recombination under the influence of electrical stimulation.
# Israel Arnold House

The Israel Arnold House is an historic house on Great Road in Lincoln, Rhode Island. It is a 2+1⁄2-story wood-frame structure, set on a hillside lot on the south side of Great Road. The main block is five bays wide, with a central chimney rising through the gable roof. A 1+1⁄2-story gambrel-roofed ell extends to one side. The ell is the oldest portion of the house, built c. 1720 by someone named Olney. The main block was built c. 1760. The house was owned into the 20th century by four generations of individuals named Israel Arnold.
The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 18, 1970.
# Continuous operation

In telecommunications, continuous operation is an operation in which certain components, such as nodes, facilities, circuits, or equipment, are in an operational state at all times. Continuous operation usually requires that there be fully redundant configuration, or at least a sufficient X out of Y degree of redundancy for compatible equipment, where X is the number of spare components and Y is the number of operational components.
This article incorporates public domain material from Federal Standard 1037C. General Services Administration. Archived from the original on 2022-01-22. (in support of MIL-STD-188).
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# The Happy Six

The Happy Six was an early jazz band, one of several outfits managed by Harry Yerkes. The made numerous recordings for Columbia Records, many of which were commercial and artistic successes.
The Happy Six recorded between from 1919 to 1923. Alcide Nunez recorded as a member of the group from 1919 to 1920. Another musician from New Orleans, Tom Brown, was a prominent member. Other members included Phil Ohman and George Hamilton Green. Some of the recordings feature Ted Fiorito on piano. Jack Kaufman occasionally provided vocal choruses. The group's music reflects its mix of New-Orleans' jazzmen and classically trained musicians. The results range from traditional jazz to pop, and as such the group has been called an early experiment in jazz fusion.
The Happy Six released more than 80 sides on Columbia. Their best selling recordings were:
* Do You Ever Think of Me
* Down Yonder
* My Sahara Rose
Other recordings which have received critical attention are:
* Behind Your Silken Veil
* Grieving for You
* My Little Bimbo Down on the Bamboo Isle
A reissue of material by The Happy Six by Rivermont Records featuring liner notes by Mark Berresford was nominated for Best Album Notes at the 2010 Grammys.
# Lobsang Pelden Tenpe Dronme

Lobsang Pelden Tenpe Dronme (Tibetan: ལྕ​ང་སྐྱ་བློ་བཟང་དཔལ་ལྡན​་བསྟན་པའི་སྒྲོན་མེ་, Wylie: lcang skya blo bzang dpal ldan bstan pa'i sgron me, Chinese: 羅桑般殿丹畢蓉梅; pinyin: Luósāng Bāndiàn Dānbì Róngméi) (born 1890 in Datong, Qinghai - died March 4, 1957, in Taipei, Taiwan) was a clergyman of the Gelug School of Tibetan Buddhism and the 7th Changkya Khutukhtu. He was the highest person of Tibetan Buddhism in Inner Mongolia and the fourth highest lamas of Tibetan Buddhism in general. He supported the Kuomintang and accompanied the Republic of China Government to Taiwan after the Chinese Civil War in 1949. He was awarded titles by the Kuomintang and also received living expenses until his death.
After his death, his residence in Taipei was converted in February 1993 into the Mongolian and Tibetan Cultural Center, which includes a memorial to him.
# Joseph Atemengue

Joseph Atemengue was an Ewondo headman and court leader during the French colonial period in Cameroon. After the defeat of Germany in World War I, France gained control of Ewondo lands in Cameroon. They did not trust the German-appointed paramount chief of the Ewondo and Bane peoples, Charles Atangana, due to his history of loyalty to the Germans. They instead appointed the headman Joseph Atemengue as their chief agent in the Yaoundé region. From his post in Dschang, Atangana attempted to secure an alliance with Atemengue by sending his 20-year-old daughter, Katerina, to marry the new leader. She eventually left Atemengue, who was much older, and returned to her father.
Atemengue was never as popular as Atangana had been among the Ewondo and Bane. The French removed him from office and reinstated Atangana as paramount chief in December 1921. Atemengue became the chief justice of the local court. He served satisfactorily in this position. Rue Joseph Atemengue and Plateau Atemengue in downtown Yaoundé are named for him.
# Vernard Hollins

Vernard Hollins (born November 23, 1980) is a former American professional basketball player who last played for Basket-club Boncourt.
# Smiling Angel

The Smiling Angel (French: L'Ange au Sourire), also known as the Smile of Reims (Le Sourire de Reims) or Angel of the Annunciation, is a stone sculpture at the cathedral of Reims. Sculptors that were pioneers of the Gothic style came from workshops in Chartres, Paris and Amiens to work on the Reims Cathedral. The most striking aspect of the cathedral is its façade, particularly its Annunciation sculpture, which includes the "Smiling Angel”. The Angel was carved between 1236 and 1245. This figure is located on the right side of the north portal of the west facade.
The statue’s flowing drapery and the illusion that the figure is detached from the façade and jamb columns behind it are typical of the International Gothic style. The Smiling Angel is comparable to a nearby statue of St. Joseph, also situated on the Reims Cathedral facade on the left jamb in the central doorway of the west portal, who shares a similar smirking facial expression. Both works are believed to have been designed by the so-called “Joseph Master” or “Master of the Smiling Angels”. Although little is known about this artist, his style is recognizable in the works on the Reims Cathedral facade. The “Joseph Master” of the Amiens school became a master of drapery, shifting poses, and facial expressions.
The meaning behind “The Smiling Angel’s” smile has been much discussed, including what it means and whether it is nurturing or solemn. For instance, it has been described as gaudium aeternum, which translates to the eternal joy of heaven. A person living in the medieval world may have seen the Annunciation or “Smiling Angel” as a representation of John’s Revelation 21:2-27, in which he saw angels made of stone standing in doorways with unforgettable smiles of heavenly joy.
The Angel statue was beheaded following a fire caused by a German shell on the cathedral of Reims, during World War I, on 19 September 1914, and the head broke into several pieces after falling from a height of four meters.
The head was collected by the abbot Thinot the day after the fire, and stored in the cellars of the Archbishop of Reims to be discovered by the architect Max Sainsaulieu on the 30 November 1915. It became an icon for the French wartime propaganda as a symbol of "French culture destroyed by German barbarity".
After the war, the original fragments were molded and preserved in the Musée national des Monuments Français. The already famous sculpture was restored and put back in place 13 February 1926.