OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Titration curve

Titrations are often recorded on graphs called titration curves, which generally contain the volume of the titrant as the independent variable and the pH of the solution as the dependent variable (because it changes depending on the composition of the two solutions).
The equivalence point on the graph is where all of the starting solution (usually an acid) has been neutralized by the titrant (usually a base). It can be calculated precisely by finding the second derivative of the titration curve and computing the points of inflection (where the graph changes concavity); however, in most cases, simple visual inspection of the curve will suffice. In the curve given to the right, both equivalence points are visible, after roughly 15 and 30 mL of NaOH solution has been titrated into the oxalic acid solution. To calculate the logarithmic acid dissociation constant (pK$_a$), one must find the volume at the half-equivalence point, that is where half the amount of titrant has been added to form the next compound (here, sodium hydrogen oxalate, then disodium oxalate). Halfway between each equivalence point, at 7.5 mL and 22.5 mL, the pH observed was about 1.5 and 4, giving the pK$_a$.
In weak monoprotic acids, the point halfway between the beginning of the curve (before any titrant has been added) and the equivalence point is significant: at that point, the concentrations of the two species (the acid and conjugate base) are equal. Therefore, the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation can be solved in this manner:
    $\mathrm {pH} =\mathrm {p} K_{\mathrm {a} }+\log \left({\frac {[{\mbox{base}}]}{[{\mbox{acid}}]}}\right)$
    $\mathrm {pH} =\mathrm {p} K_{\mathrm {a} }+\log(1)\,$
    $\mathrm {pH} =\mathrm {p} K_{\mathrm {a} }\,$
Therefore, one can easily find the pK$_a$ of the weak monoprotic acid by finding the pH of the point halfway between the beginning of the curve and the equivalence point, and solving the simplified equation. In the case of the sample curve, the acid dissociation constant K$_a$ = 10$^{-pKa}$ would be approximately 1.78×10$^{−5}$ from visual inspection (the actual K$_{a2}$ is 1.7×10$^{−5}$)
For polyprotic acids, calculating the acid dissociation constants is only marginally more difficult: the first acid dissociation constant can be calculated the same way as it would be calculated in a monoprotic acid. The pK$_a$ of the second acid dissociation constant, however, is the pH at the point halfway between the first equivalence point and the second equivalence point (and so on for acids that release more than two protons, such as phosphoric acid).
# Shevington High School

Shevington High School is a coeducational secondary school located in Shevington in the Metropolitan Borough of Wigan in Greater Manchester, England.
It is a community school administered by Wigan Metropolitan Borough Council, and offers GCSEs. Graduating students often go on to attend St John Rigby College, Runshaw College, Wigan and Leigh College, Southport College or Winstanley College.
It was founded as a County Secondary School in 1959, as part of Lancashire County Council's Education Expansion Programme, on its site near Stockley Wood where it still is based today. During the 1970s, it became a comprehensive school under the control of Wigan Council after the 1974 local government reorganisation.

## Notable former pupils

* Ben Batt, actor
* Junior Nsemba, professional rugby league footballer at Wigan Warriors
* Neil Whitworth, former professional footballer
# Tapalaya

Tapalaya was a Vietnamese-Cajun restaurant owned by chef Anh Luu in the Kerns neighborhood of Portland, Oregon, United States. The restaurant closed in 2019, and was replaced by a vegan restaurant called The Sudra.

## History

Tapalaya opened in northeast Portland in 2008. In her role as head chef, Luu "rebooted" the restaurant's menu in 2014, then purchased Tapalaya in 2017. She competed on Chopped in 2015, and her "Chicken, Shrimp, and Andouille Sausage Gumbo" recipe was included in Portland Cooks, Recipes from the City’s Best Restaurants & Bars (2017).
The restaurant was burgled in February 2019, and participated in Portland Dining Month. It was included in the Portland Mercury's "100 Portland Happy Hours: Northeast" list in 2019.
Tapalaya closed in 2019 when Luu relocated to New Orleans. The Oregonian's Michael Russell included Tapalaya is his list of "Portland's most painful restaurant closures of 2019".

## Reception

In 2018, The Oregonian ranked Tapalaya one of North and Northeast Portland's 40 best restaurants.
# Tricholoma acre

Tricholoma acre is a mushroom of the agaric genus Tricholoma. The fruit bodies have light gray caps and stems, light grey gills, and an acrid taste.

## Taxonomy

The species was first described by American mycologist Charles Horton Peck in 1897, based on collections made in Worcester, Massachusetts. William Alphonso Murrill transferred it to Melanoleuca in 1914. "Hot gray trich" has been suggested as a common name. The specific epithet acre is Latin for "sharp", referring to the taste of the flesh.

## Description

The fruit bodies have convex to broadly convex caps, sometimes with a broad umbo, and measure 2.5–12 cm (1.0–4.7 in) in diameter. Its color is pale gray, sometimes with tints of brown in the center. The dry cap surface is made of densely interwoven fibrils in the center, and radiating interwoven fibrils elsewhere; there are scattered squamules. The flesh is pale gray, with no distinctive odor and a hot, peppery or bitter taste. It will sometimes slowly develop pinkish discoloration when cut. The closely spaced gills have a sinuate attachment to the stem, and are interspersed with short gills (lamellulae). They are pale gray and sometimes have black spots. The whitish stem measures 2.5–7.5 cm (1.0–3.0 in) by 1–2 cm (0.4–0.8 in) thick, and is nearly equal in width throughout its length.
Spores are elliptical and measure 6.5–8 by 4.5–6 μm.

## Habitat and distribution

Tricholoma acre fruit bodies grow scattered or in groups under hardwoods, particularly oak and hickory. It is found in northeastern North America, north to Quebec. It is not common.
# Treaty of Andernach (1474)

The Treaty of Andernach was agreed in December 1474 by the Holy Roman Emperor, Frederick III, several princes of the Empire, and the King of France, Louis XI.
# Stigmella amuriella

Stigmella amuriella is a moth of the family Nepticulidae. It is known from the Russian Far East.
# Imperial Monumental Halls and Tower

51°29′57″N 0°7′35.1″W﻿ / ﻿51.49917°N 0.126417°W﻿ / 51.49917; -0.126417
The Imperial Monumental Halls and Tower was a proposed Gothic complex designed for a site in London adjacent to Westminster Abbey. The plans, exhibited at the Royal Academy in March 1904, included a 167-metre-high (548 ft) tower that would have dominated the Clock Tower and Victoria Tower of the nearby Houses of Parliament. It was never built.
The design by John Pollard Seddon (then diocesan architect for London) and Edward Beckitt Lamb (son of Edward Buckton Lamb) was based on earlier schemes that each had proposed separately - such as the National Monument to British Heroes - and was one of many extensions proposed for Westminster Abbey in the late 19th and early 20th centuries by architects such as George Gilbert Scott, George John Shaw Lefevre, James Fergusson, and Henry Travis. In particular, the clergy at the abbey were concerned that it was becoming crowded with monuments, and more space was needed. Some of the proposed designs were considered by a Royal Commission in 1891. The issue was given added impetus after the coronation of King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra in August 1902, by a desire for Westminster Abbey to become a fitting Imperial monument, to compete with the baroque St Paul's Cathedral where Queen Victoria had commemorated her Diamond Jubilee in 1897.
The architects aspired to create a grand and expensive monument to "form a worthy centre to the metropolis of the Empire 'upon which the sun never sets'".
The complex was planned to be joined to the Great Cloister of Westminster Abbey, leading to a 65-foot-wide (20 m) reception hall beneath the tower, with the main body of the building – the Great Monumental Hall – stretching 192 feet (59 m) south from Old Palace Yard along Abingdon Street towards Great College Street, and incorporating smaller side halls. The halls would have ended with a double transept at the south end, 157 feet (48 m) wide and 47 feet (14 m) deep. It would have covered much of the area that is now College Green.
The soaring Memorial Tower included a high-level open ambulatory, surmounted by a corona topped by a lantern with bells. It was intended to hold monuments and imperial trophies in galleries on the lower floors, with archives on the upper floors.
It would have been the tallest building in the United Kingdom, significantly higher than the 111 metres (364 ft) dome of St Paul's Cathedral. The complex would have had a similar floor area to Westminster Abbey, and would have overshadowed the Houses of Parliament close by.
The scheme of work would have included the completion of the tower over the crossing at Westminster Abbey. The Builder magazine commented that "the immense scale proposed for the tower has a little too much of the "megalomania" about it."
# Salacia mamba

Salacia mamba is a species of plant in the family Celastraceae. It is found in Cameroon, the Republic of the Congo, and Gabon. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.
# Ethel Sawyer Adolphe

Ethel Sawyer Adolphe is a civil rights activist and sociology professor. She is known for her role in the Sit-in movement and contributions to the Sociology of Black Americans.

## Tougaloo Nine

On March 27, 1961, Ethel Sawyer was arrested for participating in a sit-in at the Jackson Public library in what would be called the Tougaloo Nine. She was mentored along with eight other Tougaloo College students by NAACP organizer Medgar Evers and trained to sustain provocation. The action led to desegregating the library in 1962 and was among the earliest desegregation victories in Mississippi.

## Sociology

In 1964, as a graduate student in the former Sociology department at Washington University in St. Louis, Sawyer studied a group of Black lesbians who congregated at a bar in The Ville, St. Louis. She initially met members of the group when collecting research at the Pruitt–Igoe housing complex. Her resulting MA thesis "A Study of a Public Lesbian Community" was the first known sociological study of an African American lesbian community in the United States.
Sawyer started her career at St. Louis Community College–Forest Park as assistant professor of sociology in 1971. She became chair of the sociology department in 1974, promoted to associate professor in 1975, and was appointed to associate dean in 1978. Sawyer filed a discrimination complaint following an attempt by the Dean of Instruction to remove her from administrative position.

## Personal life

Sawyer was born in Mississippi and grew up in Memphis, Tennessee. Her father worked a freight handler for Union Pacific Railroad, and she was the first member of her family to attend college. She was married in 1971 in St. Louis, with classmates from Tougaloo College in attendance.
In 2018, she was honored as a Tougaloo College Influencer.
In 2023, St. Louis Board of Aldermen approved a resolution from Shameem Clark Hubbard honoring Ms. Ethel Sawyer for contributions to civil rights and her community.
# Shawswick, Indiana

Shawswick is an unincorporated community in Shawswick Township, Lawrence County, Indiana.

## History

Shawswick contained a post office from 1891 until 1896. The community took its name from Shawswick Township.
# Simin Davoudi

Simin Davoudi FAcSS is Professor of Environmental Policy and Planning at Newcastle University. She is Past President of the Association of European Schools of Planning (AESOP) and, as coordinator of the Planning Research Network, advised the Department of Communities and Local Government on its research priorities until 2007. Currently, she is a member of the DCLG Expert Panel on Housing market and Planning, and is expert advisor for the DG Environment of European Commission for Urban Environment.
At Newcastle University, she is affiliated with School of Architecture, Planning and Landscape, Institute for Research on Environment and Sustainability, and Global Urban Research Unit.

## Career

Simin has a degree in architecture (B.Arch, 1982) from Iran National University, Tehran. In 1988, she completed MPhil in Town and Country Planning at Newcastle University where she also worked as a Research Associate until 1996 while working as a part-time Planning Officer with Northumberland County Council. She was subsequently appointed as Lecturer at The Bartlett, University College London. In 2000, she became Professor of Planning and Environment, and Director of Centre for Urban Development and Environmental Management, at Leeds Metropolitan University. In 2006 she moved to Newcastle.

### Affiliations

She is member of The Royal Town Planning Institute (RTPI), The Regional Studies Association (RSA), and The Town and Country Planning Association (TCPA). She is also the founding member of the Editorial team of the 21st Century Society: Journal of the Academy of Socials Sciences, at Academy of Social Sciences (AcSS).

### Distinguished positions

* Wibaut Visiting Professor, Amsterdam Institute for Metropolitan and International Development Studies, University of Amsterdam, 2007
* Senior Vice-president, Association of European Schools of Planning (AESOP) 2006–07
* President, AESOP 2004–06
* Co-ordinator, Planning Research Network, advising Department of Communities and Local Government (DCLG), 2003–07

## Publications
### Journal articles

* Evidence-Based Planning: Rhetoric and Reality. DISP 2006, 165(2), 14–24.
* The evidence – policy interface in strategic waste planning for urban environments: the 'technical' and the 'social' dimensions. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 2006, 24(5), 681–700.
* (with Neil Evans) The challenge of governance in regional waste planning. Environment and Planning C: Governance and Policy 2005, 23(4), 493–517.
* Polycentricity in European Spatial Planning: From an Analytical Tool to a Normative Agenda. European Planning Studies 2003, 11(8), 979–999.

### Books and chapters

* (with Strange, I.) (eds.) Conceptions of Space and Place in Strategic Spatial Planning, The RTPI Library Series, London: Routledge, 2009.
* Territorial Cohesion, European social model and spatial policy research. In: Faludi, A, ed. Territorial cohesion and European model of society. Cambridge, Mass: Lincoln Institute for Land Policy, 2007, pp. 81–104.
* (with Layard, A and Batty, S.) (eds.). Planning for a Sustainable Future. London: Spon, 2001.
# Tapalhuaca

Tapalhuaca is a municipality in the La Paz department of El Salvador.
* This El Salvador location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Trinjan

Trinjan (Trinjan) was a Punjabi tradition of women gathering, spinning charkhas, and singing songs. It was customary in Punjabi culture, where women would sit together and engage in other domestic crafts like spinning, weaving, and singing. Trinjan was a symbol of women's strength, creativity, and emotional, cultural, ecological, and social ties.

## Spinning

Hand spinning was integrally related to Trinjan, with women spinning and singing together in groups. Trinjan has long been a place of togetherness, collaborative wisdom, and shared abilities. The night trinjan was called as 'Rat Katni,' and the day Trinjan was known as ' Chiri Charoonga .'

## Trinjan songs

'Trinjan' refers to assembling for activities such as plying 'Charkhas' and singing songs. Trinjan songs have a distinctive status in Punjabi folk music. Trinjan songs were an expression of contemporary women's desires and sorrows. The sound of the spinning wheel used to blend as if it was an instrument.

## Dance

'Trinjan' a dance type include Punjabi Giddha and Kikkli dances.

## Presently

These traditions began to dwindle as time passed. It has been lost as a result of industrialization, the Green Revolution, and individualism.

## Gallery

* Punjabi spinning wheel 'Charkha'
* Two women with Charkha
* Charkha
* Act in Giddha
* Virasti Mela, Bathinda (Punjabi Heritage Festival)
* Virasti Mela, Bathinda (Punjabi Heritage Festival)
* Kikkli
# Trichophysetis rufoterminalis

Trichophysetis rufoterminalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It is found in Russia, India, Taiwan and Japan.
# Steve Moore (footballer)

Steve Moore (born 17 December 1969, Chester) is an English former footballer. He made two professional appearances for his hometown club, Chester City in the 1987–88 season.
As a 17-year-old apprentice Moore was given his first–team debut for Chester (and only league appearance) as a substitute for Barry Butler in a 5–0 defeat at home to Northampton Town on 15 August 1987, the first day two substitutes could be used in The Football League. Three days later Moore wore the number two shirt away at Blackpool in the League Cup despite usually being a forward. He did not make any more appearances at first–team level and drifted into non–league football with Rhyl.
# Santissimo Crocifisso, Tolentino

The Church of Santissimo Crocifisso is a Roman Catholic church located in the town limits of Tolentino, province of Macerata, in the region of Marche, Italy.

## History

The Capuchins had arrived in Tolentino around 1539, but began construction of this church only in 1589 under the patronage of Laura Zampeshchi, the widow of Alessandro Parisani, who donated the land for the church. The church was first consecrated in 1596 by the Capuchin order, under the titled of Santa Maria of Constantinopoli. Only in 1926 was the church rededicated to the Most Holy Crucifix.
The church has a single nave and three chapels only on one side. The main altar has a large wooden tabernacle carved by two monks in 1689. The church houses paintings depicting Christ in Gesthemane (16th-century) by an unknown Flemish artist; a Madonna and Child attributed to either Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio, or a follower.
# Salaciopsis

Salaciopsis is a genus of shrubs and small trees in the family Celastraceae. The genus is endemic to New Caledonia in the Pacific and contains six species.

## List of species

* Salaciopsis glomerata Hürl.
* Salaciopsis longistyla I.H. Müller
* Salaciopsis megaphylla (J.Poiss. ex Guillaumin) Loes.
* Salaciopsis neocaledonica Baker f.
* Salaciopsis sparsifolia Hürl.
* Salaciopsis tiwakae I.H.Müller
# Three white soldiers

Three white soldiers is a candlestick chart pattern in the financial markets. It unfolds across three trading sessions and represents a strong price reversal from a bear market to a bull market. The pattern consists of three long candlesticks that trend upward like a staircase; each should open above the previous day's open, ideally in the middle price range of that previous day. Each candlestick should also close progressively upward to establish a new near-term high.
The three white soldiers help to confirm that a bear market has ended and market sentiment has turned positive. In Candlestick Charting Explained, technical analyst Gregory L. Morris says "This type of price action is very bullish and should never be ignored."
This candlestick pattern has an opposite known as the Three Black Crows, which shares the same attributes in reverse.
# Talunan-an Island

Talunan-an (variously Tulunaun, Talunanaun, or Tulunanaun) is a small island in northeastern Iloilo, Philippines. It is one of fourteen islands politically administered by the municipality of Carles.

## Location and geography

Talunan-an is a narrow island northeast of the Panay Island coast in the Visayan Sea. It is 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) southwest of Nabunot Island and connected to that island by a coastal bank.
# Rissoella opalina

Rissoella opalina is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Rissoellidae.

## Distribution

Ireland.
# Sant'Antonio di Ranverso Abbey

The Abbey of Sant'Antonio di Ranverso is a religious complex at Buttigliera Alta, in the Metropolitan City of Turin, northern Italy.

## History

The monastery (also known as preceptory) complex was founded in 1188 by Humbert III of Savoy, who give it to the Regular Canons of St. Anthony of Vienne, as a restoration point for pilgrims and a treatment center for people infected by ergot. With the outbreak of the Black Death in the 15th century, the abbey also took care of the new contagium. St. Anthony was chosen due to its widespread depiction in company of a small pig, an animal whose fat was used for the treatment of the plague.
The complex was modified and rebuilt several times. It initially included a hospital, of which only the façade remain, the preceptory itself and the church. The latter appears today in Lombard-Gothic style, after its renovation in the 14th-15th centuries. Annexed to it is the bell tower, also in Gothic style (14th century).
The interior was decorated with numerous frescoes starting from the 13th century, some of which painted by Giacomo Jaquerio in the early 15th century. Also by him is the Ascension to the Calvary, in the sacristy. In the presbytery is a polyptych by Defendente Ferrari (1531).
# Telmatobius chusmisensis

Telmatobius chusmisensis is a species of frogs in the family Telmatobiidae. It is endemic to northern Chile and is only known from a number of localities in the Tarapacá Region. The specific name chusmisensis refers to its type locality, Chusmisa.

## Description

Males measure 50–53 mm (2.0–2.1 in) and females 57–63 mm (2.2–2.5 in) in snout–vent length. Head is slightly narrower than body. Forelimbs are moderaterely robust; hind limbs are long and have webbed toes. Ground colour of dorsum is light brown or greenish brown, profusely spotted with minute, black spots. Belly is white or light yellow. Ventral surfaces of thighs are light brown. There are irregular apricot-coloured spots on dorsum and ventral surfaces of thighs. Dorsal surface, flanks, and limbs are covered with small, spiculate granules.
Tadpoles of Gosner stages 28–39 are large, from 38 to 99 mm (1.5 to 3.9 in) in total length and from 15 to 37 mm (0.59 to 1.46 in) in body length. One tadpole was near metamorphosis (Gosner stage 42) and measured 33 mm (1.3 in) in snout–vent length.

## Habitat

Telmatobius chusmisensis is known from discrete populations at elevations of 1,800–4,500 m (5,900–14,800 ft) above sea level. At the type locality, T. chusmisensis were collected from a small, slow-moving stream in a semi-desert area. Adults were encountered below stones and tadpoles below aquatic plants along the banks of the stream. As a species found in a generally arid area and confined to aquatic habitats, its distribution is naturally fragmented. Extraction of surface water is a threat to this species. It is not known from any protected areas.
# Estorf, Stade

Estorf is a municipality in the district of Stade, Lower Saxony, Germany.
It belonged to the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen. In 1648 the Prince-Archbishopric was transformed into the Duchy of Bremen, which was first ruled in personal union by the Swedish and from 1715 on by the Hanoverian Crown. In 1823 the Duchy was abolished and its territory became part of the Stade Region.