OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Robert Abshagen

Robert Abshagen (12 January 1911 in Hamburg – 10 July 1944) was a German Resistance fighter against National Socialism and a Communist.

## Biography

Abshagen first worked in insurance, then as a sailor and finally, as a construction worker. He joined the Communist Party of Germany in 1931.
Beginning in 1933, he took part in the illegal German Resistance in Hamburg against Nazism. In 1934, he was sentenced in Hamburg state supreme court of "Vorbereitung zum Hochverrat" (intent to commit treason) to two and a half years at hard labor in a Zuchthaus, which he spent in Bremen-Oslebshausen Prison in Gröpelingen.
After serving his sentence, he was sent to Sachsenhausen concentration camp. While at Sachsenhausen, Absagen and other prisoners, including Bernhard Bästlein, held cultural and literary gatherings. As the Nazis began to deport more Jews after Kristallnacht, they also plundered their books and stockpiled them in concentration camps. In 1936-1937, the Sachsenhausen library had 500 books and two years later, 800 books. Beginning in 1936, Bästlein and Volker Paddry recited poetry and prose they had learned by heart and Abshagen held programs on proletarian and progressive writings. These programs strengthened the spirit of those who attended, who then lifted the spirit of those who hadn't and thus, the prisoners remained unbroken by their circumstances.
Abshagen was released in April 1939 and returned to Hamburg, where he again got involved in the Communist Party Resistance movement in Hamburg, in the waterfront district. In 1940, he got in touch with Bernhard Bästlein and Franz Jacob, who were also recently released from prison. Their group later became known as the Bästlein-Jacob-Abshagen Group.
Abshagen took charge of various workplace cells and maintained contact with the Resistance in other parts of Germany. In this capacity, Abshagen traveled to Berlin, Saxony and Thuringia and made contact with anti-fascists in the Ruhr area.
The special Rote Kapelle commission led to a wave of arrests by the Gestapo in autumn of 1942. The commission's findings related to the activities of Erna Eifler and Wilhelm Fellendorf swept up Abshagen on 19 October 1942. He was sentenced to death by the Volksgerichthof (People's Court) on 2 May 1944 and was beheaded in Hamburg on 10 July 1944. His urn was buried in 1946 at the Ohlsdorf Cemetery in Hamburg, at the memorial for the executed Resistance fighters from Hamburg. There is a stolperstein for Abshagen at Wachtelstraße 4 in the Barmbek-Nord suburb of Hamburg.
# Pseudanarta flava

Pseudanarta flava is a species of cutworm or dart moth in the family Noctuidae. It is found in North America.
The MONA or Hodges number for Pseudanarta flava is 9606.
# Derek Christian

Rear Admiral Derek Christian MMM LOM (USA) is a South African Navy officer, currently serving as Deputy Chief of Joint Operations Division (Special Forces) since 1 April 2016. He is the former Director of Naval Logistics.

## Military career

After completing school at Grey High School in Port Elizabeth, he joined the Navy in 1975. He completed a BMil degree at the Military Academy and then joined the Strike Craft flotilla before volunteering for submarines in 1980.
He attended the US Naval War College from 1996 to 1997. After returning to South Africa, he was appointed as the Naval Attaché in Washington.
He became the 17th Commandant of the South African Military Academy in 2006 and was promoted to rear admiral (junior grade) in May 2006. In April 2009, he was posted to Naval Headquarters and assumed the post of Director Naval Logistics in 2011.
He was appointed Deputy Chief of Joint Operations in April 2016 and appointed as the acting Chief of Joint Operations in October 2016. As of 28 February 2017, he was due to retire.

## Honours and awards

He completed an MBA at the University of Cape Town as well as an MA in International Relations from Salve Regina University. His medals include the Military Merit Medal and the Legion of Merit from the United States as well as the Tamandare Medal of Merit

### List

* Military Merit Medal (MMM)
* Pro Patria Medal
* Southern Africa Medal
* General Service Medal (South Africa)
* Unitas (Unity) Medal
* Medalje vir Troue Diens (Medal for Loyal Service) (30 Year Clasp)
* Good Service Medal (Silver (20 Years))
* Good Service Medal (Bronze (10 Years))
* Legion of Merit (Officer) (LOM) (USA)
* Tamandaré Medal of Merit (Brazil)
# Robert Carlyle (disambiguation)

Robert Carlyle may refer to:
* Robert Carlyle (born 1961), British actor
* Robert Warrand Carlyle (1859–1934), Indian civil servant and historian
# Derepazarı

Derepazarı is a town in Rize Province on the Black Sea coast of Turkey between the cities of Rize and Trabzon, 8 km west of the city of Rize. It is the seat of Derepazarı District. Its population is 3,913 (2021).

## Features

The district consists of a small town on the coast and an area of countryside in the mountains that rise up behind.
The Black Sea is clean in the area although there are no sandy beaches and the population of Derepazarı rises in summer with holidaymakers coming to enjoy the coast. Furthermore the mainstay of the local economy is growing and processing tea, and in summer there is seasonal work in the tea industry also.
The town centre is small as Derepazarı is very close to the city of Rize and therefore people go there for shopping etc.

## Climate

Derepazarı has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cfa).
Climate data for Derepazarı :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 6.7 (44.1) | 6.9 (44.4) | 8.2 (46.8) | 11.9 (53.4) | 15.8 (60.4) | 19.7 (67.5) | 22.3 (72.1) | 22.4 (72.3) | 19.7 (67.5) | 15.9 (60.6) | 12.1 (53.8) | 8.9 (48.0) | 14.2 (57.6) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 185 (7.3) | 145 (5.7) | 125 (4.9) | 82 (3.2) | 82 (3.2) | 112 (4.4) | 95 (3.7) | 128 (5.0) | 166 (6.5) | 215 (8.5) | 195 (7.7) | 200 (7.9) | 1,730 (68) |
| Source: Climate-Data.org ||||||||||||||
# Dereodus sparsus

Dereodus sparsus is a species of weevil found in India and Sri Lanka.

## Description

This species has a body length is about 7.5 to 10.5 mm. Body black, with thin grey scales. These scales are broken up into small irregular spots on the elytra. Prothornx consists of a narrow lateral pale line. Head coarsely punctate and wrinkled. Eyes are rather more prominent. Prothorax much broader. Elytra more acuminate behind, and more coarsely punctate. Elytral scales are larger and less dense, and almost circular.
# Promyshlenny

Promyshlenny (masculine), Promyshlennaya (feminine), or Promyshlennoye (neuter) may refer to:
* Promyshlenny City District, name of several city districts in Russia
* Promyshlenny (inhabited locality) (Promyshlennaya, Promyshlennoye), name of several inhabited localities in Russia
# Robert Souter

Robert Souter (5 January 1905 — 1 January 1976) was a New Zealand international rugby union player.
Born in Cambusnethan, Scotland, Souter immigrated to New Zealand as a teenager in 1919.
Souter was a forward, short but sturdy and fast in the open. He played his club rugby for the Dunedin-based Alhambra and competed for Otago at provincial level, gaining 26 caps. In 1929, Souter won All Blacks selection as a hooker on the tour of Australia, where he made four uncapped appearances.
# Derm, Namibia

Derm is a hamlet in the Hardap Region of central Namibia, on Route M-41 at its intersection with routes D-1328 and C-25. It is 13 kilometres (8 mi) east of the Lüneburg farmstead.
There is a police station there and a landing strip south-southeast of the hamlet.
Derm is situated 132 kilometres (82 mi) north-east of Mariental and 24 km east of Uhlenhorst in the Rehoboth district. Afrikaans for 'intestine', the name is translated from Khoekhoen Guias.
The town was named after the Victorian Railways Diesel Electric Railmotor after its successful introduction to Victoria's railway network.
# Property equivalence

In metadata, property equivalence is the statement that two properties have the same property extension or values. This usually (but not always) implies that the two properties have the same semantics or meaning. Technically it only implies that the data elements have the same values.
Property equivalence is one of the three ways that a metadata registry can store equivalence mappings to other metadata registries.
Note that property equivalence is not the same as property equality. Equivalent properties have the same "values" (i.e., the same property extension), but may have different intensional meaning (i.e., denote different concepts). Property equality should be expressed with the owl:sameAs construct. As this requires that properties are treated as individuals, such axioms are only allowed in OWL Full.
# Pseudo-Linus

Pseudo-Linus is the name given to the author of a fourth-century account of the martyrdom of Paul, the "Passio Sancti Pauli Apostoli".
# Pseudo-Nonnus

Pseudo-Nonnus, also called Nonnus Abbas (i.e. "Nonnus the Abbot"), was a 6th-century commentator on Gregory of Nazianzus. His Commentaries consist of scholia explaining the meaning of Gregory's many allusions to Greek mythology. It was written in Greek and translated into Syriac, Armenian and Georgian. The earliest complete text is the Syriac translation of Paul of Edessa from 623 or 624. There are illustrated manuscripts of the Commentaries.
# Desmia subdivisalis

Desmia subdivisalis is a species of moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1871. It is found in the West Indies, Mexico and the United States, where it has been recorded from Florida to New Mexico, Illinois, Maryland and California.
The wingspan is about 19 mm. Adults are on wing from April to August.
# Desert Sun

Desert sun refers to the harsh solar radiation encountered in a desert environment.
Desert Sun may also refer to:
* The Desert Sun, a newspaper from Palm Springs, California, U.S.
* Desert Sun Airlines (1995–1996) a defunct airline subsidiary operated by Mesa Airlines
* Desert Sun Stadium, a soccer stadium located in Yuma, Arizona, U.S.
# Derilissus

Derilissus is a genus of clingfishes belonging to the family Gobiesocinae found in the western Atlantic Ocean. This family of fish is identified by their appearance as small fish with sucking discs which allow them to attach themselves to various surfaces. Derilissus differs from other genera due to its attached gill membranes.
Derilissus are found inhabiting rocky reef walls and on coral. There are five identified species in the genus Derilissus, all found around the Caribbeans.

## Description

Derilissus are typically small fish ranging from 1-3 cm in length, and usually are either pale brown and black or scarlet orange. Derilissus have slender bodies with a slightly depressed and narrow head that holds a short snout. Most species of Derilissus have large eyes and lack a swim bladder. They do not have scales, and are instead protected by a thick layer of mucus. Derilissus is unique from other genera of clingfish due to its attached gill membranes, which restricts the gill openings. Derilissus possess a single row of crowded sharp teeth on both jaws, as well as a dorsal fin.
As a clingfish, Derilissus possess a sucking disc located on the underside of the chest, which is formed primarily by modified pelvic fins. These discs are covered in papillae over most of its surface which allow it to cling to hard substrates such as coral and rocky reef walls.

## Species

There are currently five recognized species in this genus:
* Derilissus altifrons Smith-Vaniz, 1971
* Derilissus kremnobates T. H. Fraser, 1970 (Whiskereye clingfish)
* Derilissus lombardii Sparks & Gruber, 2012
* Derilissus nanus Briggs, 1969
* Derilissus vittiger T. H. Fraser, 1970

## Distribution

Derilissus lives on corals or on rocky reef walls. They are found in the Western Atlantic, and have been documented in the Caribbean and the Bahamas. Different species of Derilissus inhabit different depths, with some living at depths as shallow as 30 meters to as deep as 265 meters.
The following is a table of preferred depths for members of the Derilissus family and their preferred substrate to cling onto.
| Species Name | Preferred Depths (m) | Lives on |
| Derilissus altifrons | 68-69 | Coralline algae |
| Derilissus kremnobates | 146-265 | Coral rubble banks |
| Derilissus lombardii | 30-132 | Vertical reef walls and gorgonian corals |
| Derilissus nanus | 31-51 | Coral heads |
| Derilissus vittiger | 67-68 | Coralline algae |

## Reproduction

Reproduction for Derilissus is not very well recorded, but clingfish reproduction typically begins with courtship initiated by the male. After nudging the female, both will shake together in parallel, until the female lays demersal eggs one by one onto a substrate. During this egg laying process which takes from several minutes to hours, the male fertilizes the eggs.

## Diet

Derilissus diet varies between each species, but they typically feed on benthic small crustaceans and gastropods such as copepods, isopods and sea snails.

## Life Stages

Derilissus eggs are hatched on substrates which the mother lays them upon. After hatching, larval Derilissus are pelagic, and become benthic fish after reaching adulthood.
# Robert Emerson (scientist)

Robert Emerson (November 4, 1903 – February 4, 1959) was an American scientist noted for his discovery that plants have two distinct photosynthetic reaction centres.

## Family

Emerson was born in 1903 in New York City, the son of Dr. Haven Emerson, Health Commissioner of New York City, and Grace Parrish Emerson, the sister of Maxfield Parrish. Emerson was the brother of John Haven Emerson the inventor of the iron lung.
He married Claire Garrison, and they had three sons, and a daughter.

## Career

Emerson received a master's degree in 1929 from Harvard, and received his doctorate from the University of Berlin working in the laboratory of Otto Warburg.
Thomas Hunt Morgan invited him to join the Biology Division at the California Institute of Technology where he worked from 1930 to 1937, and again for a year in 1941 and 1945. From 1942 to 1945 he worked on producing rubber from the guayule shrub for the American Rubber Company.
In 1947 he moved to the Botany Department of the University of Illinois, where he remained for the rest of his life.

## Experimental results

Emerson's first "important" result was the quantification of the ratio of chlorophyll molecules to oxygen molecules produced by photosynthesis. Emerson and William Arnold found that "the yield per flash reached a maximum when just 1 out of 2500 chlorophylls absorbed a quantum".$^{:172}$
Next, in 1939, Emerson demonstrated that between 8 and 12 quanta of light were needed to produce one molecule of oxygen. These results were controversial, as they contradicted Warburg who reported 4, then 3, and finally 2 quanta. This dispute was settled after the death of both men, and it is now agreed that Emerson was correct, and the accepted modern value is 8 – 10 quanta.$^{:68}$
In 1957, Emerson reported results that are now called the Emerson effect, the excess rate of photosynthesis after chloroplasts are simultaneously exposed to light of wavelength 670 nm (red light), and 700 nm (far red light).
These results were later shown to be the first experimental demonstration that there are two photosynthetic reaction centres in plants.

## Death

Emerson died in the crash of American Airlines Flight 320 in New York City in 1959.
# Depressaria compactella

Depressaria compactella is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It was described by Aristide Caradja in 1920. It is found in south-eastern Siberia.
# Pseudocalotes rhammanotus

Pseudocalotes rhammanotus, the stitched-back false garden lizard, is a species of agamid lizard. It is endemic to Indonesia.
# Robert von Welz

Robert von Welz (15 December 1814, in Kelheim – 12 November 1878, in Würzburg) was a German physician and ophthalmologist.
From 1832 he studied sciences and medicine at the University of Würzburg, receiving his medical doctorate in 1838. For several years he worked as an assistant physician at the Juliusspital in Würzburg, then in 1849 traveled to Paris, where he conducted research of syphilis. In Paris he became engaged in a dispute with Philippe Ricord in regard to the transferability of syphilis. His interests later turned to ophthalmology, and in 1854/55 he studied the subject with Albrecht von Graefe in Berlin. In 1857 he opened an eye clinic in Würzburg, and in 1866 he was named a professor of ophthalmology at the university. At the time of his death, the eye clinic was acquired by the University of Würzburg.
He was known for his development of various medical devices, such as an apparatus for the inhalation of ether and an instrument used for enucleation.

## Selected works

* Asklepiadus hygieina parangelmata des Asklepiades von Bithynien Gesundheitsvorschriften, 1841.
* Die einathmung der aether-dämpfe in ihrer verschiedenen wirkungsweise, 1847 – The inhalation of ether fumes, etc.
* Deux résponses à deux lettres de M. le docteur Ricord sur la syphilis, 1850 – Two responses to two letters of Dr. Ricord in regards to syphilis.
* De l'Inoculation de la syphilis aux animaux, 1850 – Inoculation of syphilis involving animals.
* Die Einimpfung der Syphilis auf Thiere, 1851 – Inoculation of syphilis involving animals.
* Die Iridectomie der peripherischen Linearextraction vorausgeschickt, 1873 – The iridectomy of peripheral linear extraction premised.
# Pteropurpura dearmata

Pteropurpura dearmata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae (the murex snails or rock snails).
# Pteropurpura esycha

Pteropurpura esycha is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.
# Robert M. Harris

Robert Maxwell Harris was a Chickasaw politician who served as the governor of the Chickasaw Nation from 1896 to 1898.

## Biography

Robert Maxwell Harris was born in 1850 east of Tishomingo, Indian Territory. He was elected Governor of the Chickasaw Nation in 1896 and served until 1898. He expanded schools throughout the nation during his tenure and oversaw the building of the Chickasaw Capitol Building. He was a signed of the Atoka Agreement and served as the first president of the Chickasaw Bank in 1901. He died in 1927.
# Robert Stanley (MP)

Sir Robert Stanley KB (died 3 June 1632) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons in 1626.
Stanley was the son of William Stanley, 6th Earl of Derby. Through his paternal grandmother, he was a great-great-grandson of Mary Tudor, Queen of France and Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk, thereby making him a direct descendant of Henry VII. He was appointed Knight of the Order of the Bath at the coronation of King Charles I on 2 February 1626. In 1626, he was elected Member of Parliament for Lancashire. He was of Ormskirk, Lancashire and Chelsea, Middlesex.
# Proterius of Alexandria

Pope Proterius of Alexandria (died 457) was Patriarch of Alexandria from 451 to 457. He had been appointed by the Council of Chalcedon to replace the deposed Dioscorus. He regarded as hieromartyr by the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Catholic Church.

## History

Proterius was elected by the Council of Chalcedon in 451 to replace Dioscorus of Alexandria, who had been deposed as Patriarch by the same council. Upon his arrival in Alexandria, he was met by a riot.
His accession marks the beginning of the Schism of 451 between the Coptic Orthodox and the Greek Orthodox patriarchs of Alexandria, which has never been completely resolved. Because the church of Alexandria was largely anti-Chalcedonian, the deposition of Dioscorus, an anti-Chalcedonian, from the Patriarchate, and the elevation of Proterius, a Chalcedonian, to it, was violently opposed. Finally in 457 the anti-Chalcedonian party in Alexandria elected Timothy Aelurus as Patriarch of Alexandria, in opposition to Proterius, who was either subsequently martyred by a Coptic mob (Evagrius Scholasticus, 2, 8 ) or murdered by the Byzantine garrison in Alexandria (Zachariah of Mitylene, 4,1-3).
The murder was commented in several letters by groups of bishops from various Roman provinces (e.g. Galatia Prima) or larger regions to Byzantine emperor Leo I the Thracian (457–474).

## Veneration

He is regarded as a Saint by the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Catholic Church. He is not recognized as a Pope by the Coptic Orthodox, who instead recognize Dioscorus and Timothy as having been the legitimate Popes during this time. (Coptic Orthodox Church Network, Popes Chronology ).
# Psilaster andromeda

Psilaster andromeda is a species of starfish in the family Astropectinidae. It is native to the northeastern Atlantic Ocean where it occurs at abyssal depths.

## Distribution and habitat

Psilaster andromeda is a deep water species of starfish native to the northeastern Atlantic Ocean. Its range extends from Murmansk and the coasts of Norway to the Faeroes, the Kattegat, the United Kingdom and the Bay of Biscay. It is present in the Rockall Trough. It is found in Norwegian fiords on muddy bottoms at depths of 60 to 80 m (200 to 260 ft). It is also found in the Porcupine Seabight and on the Porcupine Abyssal Plain in the Northeast Atlantic at much greater depths.

## Biology

Psilaster andromeda is a carnivore, detritivore and omnivore. It mainly feeds on molluscs such as Abra. Nucula, Rissoa and Tellina, echinoderms, foraminifera, and sometimes crustaceans and annelids.
The gonads of Psilaster andromeda are located at the base of the arms and each one opens through a single gonopore. Fewer than 300 small oocytes are produced by each gonad. Some of these are phagocytosed and others are supplied with yolks and grow in size before being spawned.
A parasitic turbellarian Triloborhynchus psilastericola is often present in the coelom of the starfish and when the worm is approaching maturation, it moves into the pyloric caeca and at the same time loses all its cilia.
# Psili korfi

Psili korfi means "high peak" in Greek and may refer to any peak but specifically:
* Mount Juktas in Crete
* The highest peak of the Acarnanian Mountains
# Robin Pollard

Professor Robin Pollard is a New Zealand academic who has spent much of his career working in Australia and Malaysia. He was the Vice-Chancellor at Lincoln University (New Zealand) near his home town of Christchurch, New Zealand until March 2018. Previous positions include Deputy Vice-Chancellor at Central Lancashire University and Pro Vice-Chancellor and President of Monash University Malaysia Campus.
Professor Pollard's background is in condensed matter physics, and his doctoral thesis was on Mössbauer spectroscopy. He has also held academic posts in information technology, marketing and chemistry. He has taught at universities in Australia, Malaysia, New Zealand, Canada, the United States of America and the United Kingdom.
He was part of the first cohort of professors to teach at Monash Malaysia upon its formal opening in 1998, serving as the Foundation Professor and Head of the School of Business and Information Technology.
# Plessey (disambiguation)

Plessey was a British electronics company.
It can also refer to:
* Plessey Code, a British barcode system
* Plessey System 250, a computer system that implements capability based addressing
* Plessey railway station, a disused halt near Plessey village, in Northumberland
* Plessey Woods Country Park, near Plessey village, in Northumberland
# First Secretary

First Secretary may refer to:
* First minister, a leader of a government
* Secretary (title), a leader of a political party (especially Communist parties), trade union, or other organization
* First Secretary (diplomatic rank), a role within an embassy
* First Secretary of State, a ministerial rank in the British government
# Montrottier

Montrottier (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Rhône department in eastern France.