OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Social breakdown thesis

The social breakdown thesis (also known as the anomie–social breakdown thesis) is a theory that posits that individuals that are socially isolated — living in atomized, socially disintegrated societies — are particularly likely to support right-wing populist parties.
According to social breakdown theory, when traditional social structures based on class and religion are breaking down, individuals lack a sense of belonging and are attracted to ethnic nationalist parties because, according to psychological research, it leads to an increased sense of self-esteem and efficacy.

## Support

Some studies have shown that support for the French Front National and the German Die Republikaner correlates positively with a high urban level of social isolation and low religious and trade union ties. A Dutch study has linked social isolation and support for the far-right.

## Criticism

Social breakdown thesis was at one time a popular theory to explain the rise of Nazism during the interwar years in Weimar Germany but fell out of favour after greater empirical research. Jens Rydgren argues that social breakdown theory has little empirical support within the academic literature on this topic. The academics Fella and Ruzza argue that a blanket social breakdown thesis is an insufficient explanation for the rise of far-right parties given the different voting profiles of European far-right parties.
# So-young

So-young, also spelled So-yeong, is a Korean feminine given name. Its meaning differs based on the hanja used to write each syllable of the name. There are 45 hanja with the reading "so" and 34 hanja with the reading "young" on the South Korean government's official list of hanja which may be registered for use in given names.
People with this name include:

## Actresses and musicians

* Ahn So-young (born 1959), South Korean actress
* Ko So-young (born 1972), South Korean actress
* Soyoung Yoon (born 1984), South Korean violinist
* Yoo So-young (born 1986), South Korean singer, former member of After School
* Fat Cat (singer) (born Kim So-young, 1990), South Korean singer
* Esom (born Lee So-young, 1990), South Korean actress and model

## Sportspeople

* Chung So-young (born 1967), South Korean badminton player
* Kim So-yeong (born 1992), South Korean badminton player
* Lee So-young (volleyball) (born 1994), South Korean volleyball player
* Park So-young (born 1994), South Korean badminton player

## Visual artists

* Soh Yeong Roh (born 1961), South Korean art museum director, daughter of former president Roh Tae-woo
* So Yong Kim (born 1968), South Korean-born American filmmaker
* Soi Park (born Park So-young, 1971), South Korean photographer
* Lee So-young (artist) (born 1973), South Korean manhwa artist

## Fictional people

* Kang So-young, a female supporting character and antagonist in the 2015 South Korean television series Who Are You: School 2015
* Park So-young, a female supporting character in the 2017 South Korean television series Suspicious Partner
* Kang So-young, a female supporting character in the 2016 South Korean television series Five Enough
# Rogers Hall School

Rogers Hall School was a college preparatory finishing school for girls with day and boarding students in Lowell, Massachusetts.
Roger's Hall School was founded by Emily and Elizabeth Rogers, who inherited the main building in 1880. Emily, who had been taught by Mary Lyon at Miss Grant's Girls' School for two years, came up with the idea of donating the school's property donated their family's property for the school. Though the sisters had planned on donating the land upon their deaths, and Elizabeth persisted in this vision after Emily's 1884 death of pneumonia. Elizabeth decided to donate it in 1892, after meeting E.P. Underhill, who had opened a girls' school in Belvedere. Elizabeth proposed that Underhill be the principal for the school, and she agreed, remaining at the school for 18 years. After Elizabeth's death, her estate of about $130,000 was left to Rogers Hall
The school sat on about five acres of the over two-hundred acres the sisters had inherited. In 1892, the school opened with 11 faculty, 41 residential students, and nine day students. The school expected the students to follow the strict Christian ideals that the Rogers sisters had led. This included a strict schedule, with nightly checks of students' stockings for straightness, evaluations of table manners, and lights out by 9:30.
The school was made of four buildings. Rogers Hall, the original school building, later housed boarders. Other boarders stayed at Rogers House, a Victorian mansion near the other buildings. The school also included Rogers Cottage. Finally, the Gymnasium was famous for being the first gymnasium in a private girls' secondary school in the country to have a pool. The pool was built in 1922.
The school's literary magazine was known as Splinters.
The school had its peak enrollment in the 1955, with over 100 students. By the 1970s, though, enrollment had fallen to just 47 students, and the school closed its doors in 1973.
The property is now an apartment complex for seniors and people with disabilities.
The school archives are in the collection of the University of Massachusetts at Lowell.

## Alumni

* Blanche Ames Ames
* Starr Faithfull (dropped out shortly before graduation)
* Edith Nourse Rogers
* Anne Sexton
* Rebecca Tobey

## Notable People

* Frederic T. Greenhalge, trustee
* Frederick Lawton, trustee
# Subsea valves

Subsea valves are used to isolate or control the flow of material through an undersea pipeline (submarine pipeline) or other apparatus. Most commonly used to transport oil and gas, they are designed to function in a sub-marine environment, withstanding the effects of raised external pressure, salt-water corrosion, and bubbles or debris in the material carried. Subsea valves undergo stringent testing to ensure high reliability.

## Usage

Subsea valves are used in sub-marine environments, which can range in depth from shallow water (usually down to a depth of 75 meters) to deep water (down to 3500 meters). Various industries use subsea valves, with the oil and gas sector accounting for the majority, where there is a need to move material from, to, or below the seabed.

## Hazards to subsea valves

External environmental factors to be considered specifically for subsea valves include waterproofing, increased ambient pressure, and long-term corrosion from the high salt content of seawater.
Internal factors to consider for subsea valves are related to the type of flow material (what passes through the valve apparatus). Typically in subsea environments, the flows will either be liquid or gas based but due to location of the operation, the flow can contain a significant amount of sand and debris. This can present internal structural challenges.
One of the most challenging aspects for subsea valve deployment is cavitation. This occurs when liquid, being pumped through various pieces of machinery including the subsea valve, contains bubbles (or cavities). When the bubbles move through the system into areas of higher pressure they will collapse, and on moving into areas with lower pressure they will expand. This can have several negative effects including:
* An increase in noise and more importantly vibration, which may cause damage to a number of machinery components including the subsea valve and in extreme cases cause total pump failure.
* The pump may undergo a reduction in capacity.
* Pressure may not be maintained, potentially causing fracturing within the pump.
* Overall pump efficiency drops.
Due to the subsea valve not being easily accessible, it is of particular importance that it can function without hindrance, as replacement may be extremely costly.

## Subsea valve testing

To overcome the problems associated with sub-marine environments, subsea valves are required to pass a number of stringent tests. These may include (as applicable):
* Gas testing according to API 6DSS / API 17D or API 6A (PSL 2, PSL 3, PSL 3G or PSL 4)
* Performance verification test according to API 6A PR 2
* Hyperbaric testing
* Endurance Testing according to API6A
* Bending calculation and test
* Seismic test
# Subsea production system

Subsea production systems are typical wells located on the seabed, shallow or deep water. Generally termed as Floating production system, where the petroleum is extracted at the seabed and the same can be tied back to an already existing production platform or an onshore facility. The oil platform well is drilled by a movable rig and the extracted oil or natural gas is transported by submarine pipeline under the sea and then to rise to a processing facility. It is classified into
* Subsea production control system
* Subsea structures and manifold system
* Subsea intervention system
* Subsea umbilical system
* Subsea processing system
# Subsurface dyke

A subsurface dyke is a structure that is built in an aquifer with the intention of obstructing the natural flow of ground water, thereby raising the ground water level and increasing the amount of water stored in the aquifer. Acting as an underground barrier impermeable to water, it controls the groundwater flow in an aquifer and raises the water table.

## Introduction

Although the total amount of water on Earth is generally assumed to have remained virtually constant, the rapid growth in population, together with the extension of irrigated agriculture and industrial development, are putting stress on the quality and quantity aspects of natural system. Several institutions have experimented with the use of subsurface dykes to conserve water in water-scarce areas. The ideal location for a dyke is a well defined, wide, greatly sloping valley with a narrow outlet having limited thickness of loose soil or porous rock on the top with massive or impervious rock below. A subsurface dyke has many advantages. It does not require additional surface reservoir, there is no loss of agricultural land, there is minimum evaporation loss since the storage is subsurface, there is no siltation and loss of reservoir capacity, the cost of maintenance is negligible, and it is relatively environment-friendly.
One such example was a recent sub-surface dyke constructed in India. For more information about this project, see Krishi Vigyan Kendra Kannur.

## Other water harvesting technologies

Other rainwater harvesting technologies include stone pitched contour bunds, dry rubble check dams, protection of seasonal spring by afforestation, moisture conservation pits, sprinkler and drip irrigation and roof water harvesting system.
# Galin Ivanov

Galin Ivanov is the name of:
* Galin Ivanov (footballer born 1975) (born 1975), Bulgarian footballer and now manager
* Galin Ivanov (footballer, born 1988) (born 1988), Bulgarian footballer
# Rockfabrik Ludwigsburg

Rockfabrik Ludwigsburg was a music venue located in Ludwigsburg, Germany. It opened in 1983 on the premises of a former refrigerator factory (ger. 'Fabrik'), from which the name derives. Many notable artists have performed at the Rockfabrik Ludwigsburg, such as Metallica, Iron Maiden, Manowar, TNT, Scorpions, Accept, Queen, Wishbone Ash, and Anthrax.
Since the beginning the venue was rented from the Max-Maier-Immobiliengesellschaft with the contract usually being renewed every five years. In 2019 it was announced that the Rockfabrik must close down with the expiry of the latest contract at the end of 2019 without any further explanation provided.
# Garcinia spicata

Garcinia spicata is a species of medium tree with 30 ft in the family Clusiaceae. It is native to India and Sri Lanka. The tree produces a fruit which is edible and has been described as being similar to durian in flavor. It is sometimes called garlic fruit or bitter garcinia. It is planted as an ornamental in sea spray areas.
# Snowboarding at the 2022 European Youth Olympic Winter Festival

Snowboarding at the 2022 European Youth Olympic Winter Festival was held from 22 to 25 March at Vuokatti Sport Biathlon Stadium in Vuokatti, Finland.

## Competition schedule

| Date | Time | Event |
| 22 March | 10:15 | Girls' Big air qualifications |
| 22 March | 11:45 13:30 | Boys' Big air qualifications |
| 23 March | 18:05 | Girls' Big air |
| 23 March | 18:05 | Boys' Big air |
| 22 March | 10:15 | Girls' slopestyle qualifications |
| 22 March | 11:45 13:45 | Boys' slopestyle qualifications |
| 25 March | 11:15 | Girls' slopestyle |
| 25 March | 11:15 | Boys' slopestyle |
| Source: All times are (UTC+2) |||

## Medal summary
### Medal table

* Host nation (Finland)
| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| 1 | Czech Republic (CZE) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| 1 | Finland (FIN)* | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| 1 | Hungary (HUN) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| 4 | Croatia (CRO) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 5 | Switzerland (SUI) | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| 6 | Germany (GER) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 6 | Netherlands (NED) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (7 entries) | Totals (7 entries) | 4 | 4 | 4 | 12 |

### Boys' events

| Event | Gold | Gold | Silver | Silver | Bronze | Bronze |
| Big air | Dante Brčić Croatia | 169.50 | Jakub Hroneš Czech Republic | 168.25 | Nicolas Schütz Switzerland | 144.75 |
| Slopestyle | Jakub Hroneš Czech Republic | 89.75 | Alex Lotorto Switzerland | 85.25 | Jakob Ganserer Germany | 70.00 |

### Girls' events

| Event | Gold | Gold | Silver | Silver | Bronze | Bronze |
| Big air | Kamilla Kozuback Hungary | 157.75 | Telma Särkipaju Finland | 156.50 | Romy van Vreden Netherlands | 138.00 |
| Slopestyle | Telma Särkipaju Finland | 88.25 | Kamilla Kozuback Hungary | 82.50 | Andrina Salis Switzerland | 73.25 |
# Society Snobs

Society Snobs is a 1921 American silent comedy film directed by Hobart Henley and starring Conway Tearle, Martha Mansfield and Ida Darling.

## Cast

* Conway Tearle as Lorenzo Carilo / Duke d'Amunzi
* Martha Mansfield as Vivian Forrester
* Ida Darling as Mrs. Forrester
* Jack McLean as Ned Forrester
* Huntley Gordon as Duane Thornton
# Society Tea

Society Tea is an Indian tea brand, headquartered in Mumbai. It is part of a group founded in 1933. Besides Maharashtra, the brand is also present in other Indian states like Goa, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.
Society Tea is a retail tea brand of Hasmukhrai & Co tea blenders which is the parent company, also based in Mumbai.

## Origin and history

Hiravan Pranjivandas, the founder of Society Tea, started out as tea wholesaler in Mumbai's famous Masjid Bunder Chai Galli in 1924. The street was regarded as Maharashtra's source of tea as traders from different parts of the state would come here to purchase tea, to sell it locally. During this time, Das established tea trade with Middle Eastern countries. In 1933, he founded Hasmukhrai & Co to sell tea to the citizens of Mumbai. He established his first shop in Kalbadevi.
Hasmukhrai & Co became the market leader in Mumbai's tea Industry by the late 1980s. In 1991, the company management made the decision to switch to packaged tea sensing that customers would change the traditional patterns of purchasing tea and find it more convenient. This packaged tea was sold for retail, first in Mumbai and later in Maharashtra, in the name of Society Tea.
# Sugar Island, Wisconsin

Sugar Island is an unincorporated community in the Village of Summit, Waukesha county, United States. It is located on County Trunk Highway O, west of Highway 67, 10 miles east of Watertown, Wisconsin, and 5 miles east of County Trunk Highway R in Summit Wisconsin. The island is surrounded by Lower Lake Nemahbin.

## History

The name was originally Sinsibakwado-Minissing, which is Chippewa for at, to, or from Sugar Island. The name was given to the area by the Chippewa tribe, because the Maple Trees would have sugary sap that they would collect once a year from the Island.
The island is now a popular vacation spot during the summer for boating and fishing.
Notes
* 1 2 "Sugar Island, Wisconsin". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.
* ↑ Sugar Island, Wisconsin
* ↑ "Sugar Island (Lebanon) [origin of place name]". Wisconsin Historical Society. August 8, 2017. Retrieved April 14, 2021.
* This article about a location in Dodge County, Wisconsin is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Sukhdi

Sukhdi kaleb geaslen is an Indian sweet made from wheat flour and jaggery in ghee. Sukhdi is a staple snack like biscuits available in most of the Gujarati households. It is also cooked on auspicious days or on festivals. Originally from Gujarat, it is also cooked in Rajasthan. It is also known as gorpapdi.

## Ingredients and method

Sukhdi is made from Ghee (clarified butter), whole wheat flour and jaggery. The whole wheat flour is roasted in ample amount of ghee till it turns aromatic and brownish. Grated jaggery, in equal amount of flour is added to the mixture after removing pan from the heat, and stirred to make a mixture that is transferred to a plate to set. After making level of the mixture, pieces are created.

### Nutrition

As all three ingredients are high in calorie, and nutrition values. it is one of the best snacks for growing children in the Gujarat and Rajasthan regions.
* This Indian cuisine–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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* This confectionery-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Suchandra

According to Indian and Tibetan legend, King Suchandra (Tib. Dawa Sangpo) of the northeastern Indian Kingdom of Shambhala was the one who requested teaching from the Buddha that would allow him to practice the dharma without renouncing his worldly enjoyments and responsibilities. In response to his request, the Buddha gave the first Kalachakra tantra initiation and teachings at Amaravati, a small town in Andhra Pradesh in southeastern India, supposedly emanating at the same time he was also delivering the Prajñā-Pāramitā Sūtras at Vulture Peak Mountain at Rajgir in North India. Along with King Suchandra, 96 minor kings and emissaries from Shambhala are also said to have received the teachings.
Suchandra is considered to be an emanation of Vajrapani, and a bodhisattva on the 10th ground. By practicing the Kalachakra, the whole of Shambhala became an enlightened society, with Suchandra as the ruler. King Suchandra wrote down the Kalachakra teachings he received, composing the 12,000-verse "Mula" or root text, which has not survived. He also built a huge three-dimensional Kalachakra mandala in the center of the kingdom. Suchandra is said to have died only two years after receiving the teachings. The six kings who followed him were known as "dharmarajas" or "truth kings," and each is said to have reigned for over 100 years. The twenty-five rulers that follow them are known as Kalki kings.

## Tāranātha's version

From the website www.kalachakra.org (by Kalachakra scholar Edward Smith):
″The following is taken from "dpal dus kyi 'khor lo'i chos bskor gyi byung khungs nyer mkho", by Tāranātha:
On the full moon of the month Caitra in the year following his enlightenment, at the great stupa of Dhānyakaṭaka (dpal ldan 'bras dpung kyi mchod rten), the Buddha emanated the mandala of "The Glorious Lunar Mansions". In front of an audience of countless Buddhas, Bodhisattvas, vīras, ḍākinīs, the twelve great gods, gods, nāgas, yakṣas, spirits and fortunate people gathered from the 960 million villages north of the river Śītā, was requested by the emanation of Vajrapani, the king Sucandra (zla ba bzang po), to teach the tantra.
He taught not just this tantra, but all tantras. Countless men and non-humans achieved the realisations of their desires. Some teachings were taken to other human realms, and the Dharma king Sucandra wrote the Tantras in textual form in his land of Sambhala. He composed the explanatory Tantra in 60,000 verses to the Mūlatantra of 12,000. (Both of these are now lost.)
He had divine workers construct from jewels a maṇḍala palace of Kālacakra, 400 cubits across. He taught the mantrayāna to many humans and many of them achieved the highest realisation. In the second year after the teaching of the Mūlatantra, having installed as regent his son, the emanation of Kṣitigarbha, Sureshvara (lha'i dbang po), he passed on.
After him came other emanations of tenth level Bodhisattvas: Sureśvara (lha dbang), Tejī (gzi brjid can), Somadatta (zla bas byin), Sureśvara (lha'i dbang phyug), Viśvamūrti (sna tshogs gzugs) and Sureśāna (lha'i dbang ldan). They also spread the teachings as did Sucandra.″
# Solsberry, Indiana

Solsberry is an unincorporated community in Beech Creek Township, Greene County, Indiana.

## History

According to one source, Solsberry is likely a corruption of Salisbury, a city in England. The Solsberry post office was established in 1851. However, according to locals, the name Solsberry originates from one of the early settlers to the region, Solomon Wilkerson, who planned the town and is buried in the town cemetery.

## Geography

Solsberry is home to the Sculpture Trails Outdoor Museum.
# Rolando Blanco

Rolando Mario Blanco Noldero (born 29 December 1972) is a Guatemalan sprinter. He competed in the men's 4 × 100 metres relay at the 2000 Summer Olympics.
# Roman Africa

Roman Africa or Roman North Africa is the culture of Roman Africans that developed from 146 BC, when the Roman Republic defeated Carthage and the Punic Wars ended, with subsequent institution of Roman Imperial government, through the 5th and 6th centuries AD under Byzantine Imperial control. In referring to "Africa", the Romans themselves meant mainly northern Africa or Mediterranean Africa, with Roman Egypt a separate province having a distinct Greco-Egyptian culture and society, and Aethiopia representing the largely unknown bounds of sub-Saharan Africa. The loose geography of "Roman Africa" encompasses primarily present-day Tunisia, Algeria, Libya, and northern Morocco.

## Government

The Roman Imperial and later the Byzantine presence manifested in a series of evolving but defined administrative provinces. In the late Republic (starting in the mid-2nd century BC) through the Principate and the Crisis of the Third Century, these were:
* the original province of Africa, organized around the metropolis of Carthage under the first Roman governor of Africa, Scipio Aemilianus;
* from 25 BC, Africa Proconsularis, from which the province of Numidia (northeastern Algeria) was detached;
* Mauretania, colonized under the first Roman emperor, Augustus, and annexed as a province under Claudius in AD 44, from which the provinces Mauretania Tingitana (in northern Morocco) and Mauretania Caesariensis (in Algeria) were created and retained until the Vandal conquest in AD 429;
* Tripolitania (Libya) and Africa Byzacena (Tunisia), subdivided from proconsular Africa (thereafter also known as Africa Zeugitana) under the emperor Diocletian.
After Diocletian's formation of the Tetrarchy, the Diocese of Africa was the overarching imperial administration of North Africa, excluding Mauretania Tingitana.
Byzantine North Africa (AD 533 through ca. 698/700) was governed as:
* Praetorian prefecture of Africa (AD 534–591);
* Exarchate of Africa (AD 591–698).

## Culture

North Africa is particularly known for the abundance and quality of its Roman-era mosaics and for its influence on the intellectual development of Christianity in late antiquity through Carthaginian theologians such as Tertullian, Cyprian, and Augustine of Hippo.