OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Commutation (law)

In law, a commutation is the substitution of a lesser penalty for that given after a conviction for a crime. The penalty can be lessened in severity, in duration, or both. Unlike most pardons by government and overturning by the court (a full overturning is equal to an acquittal), a commutation does not affect the status of a defendant's underlying criminal conviction.
Although the concept of commutation may be used to broadly describe the substitution of a lesser criminal penalty for the original sentence, some jurisdictions have historically used the term only for the substitution of a sentence of a different character than was originally imposed by the court. For example, the substitution of a sentence of parole for the original sentence of incarceration. A jurisdiction that uses that definition of commutation would use another term, such as a remission, to describe a reduction of a penalty that does not change its character.
A commutation does not reverse a conviction and the recipient of a commutation remains guilty in accordance with the original conviction. For example, someone convicted of capital murder may have their sentence of death commuted to life imprisonment, a lessening of the punishment that does not affect the underlying criminal conviction, as may occur on a discretionary basis or following upon a change in the law or judicial ruling that limits or eliminates the death penalty.
In some jurisdictions a commutation of sentence may be conditional, meaning that the convicted person may be required to abide by specified conditions or may lose the benefit of the commutation. The conditions must be lawful and reasonable, and will typically expire when the convicted completes any remaining portion of their sentence. For example, the pardon may be conditioned upon the person's being a law-abiding citizen, such that if the beneficiary of the commutation commits a new crime before the condition expires the original sentence may be restored.

## By country
### United States
#### U.S. Constitution

Article II, Section 2 of the United States Constitution states that the President "shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against the United States, except in cases of impeachment".
# Paris (Marc Lavoine album)

Paris is a 1991 album recorded by French artist Marc Lavoine. It was his fourth studio album and his fifth album overall. It provided three singles which achieved moderate success on the French Singles Chart : "Paris" (#28), "L'Amour de 30 secondes" (#32) and "Ça m'est égal" (#41). The album earned a Gold certification awarded by the SNEP and was ranked on the chart for eight weeks, peaking at #35 in its third and fifth weeks.

## Track listings

* "L'Amour de 30 secondes" (Marc Lavoine / Fabrice Aboulker) — 3:40
* "Ça m'est égal" (Marc Lavoine / Fabrice Aboulker) — 5:00
* "Étagère" (Marc Lavoine / Fabrice Aboulker) — 2:58
* "Laisse pousser les fleurs" (Marc Lavoine / Fabrice Aboulker) — 4:18
* "Femme seule" (Marc Lavoine / Fabrice Aboulker) — 5:30
* "Paris" (Marc Lavoine / Fabrice Aboulker) — 3:50
* "Fils de moi" (Marc Lavoine / Fabrice Aboulker) — 4:01
* "Tu ne peux pas savoir" (Marc Lavoine / Fabrice Aboulker) — 4:25
* "Amour après guerre" (Pierre Grillet, Marc Lavoine / Fabrice Aboulker) — 4:15
* "Madame sans gêne" (Marc Lavoine / Fabrice Aboulker) — 3:56

## Album credits
### Production

* Produced by Fabrice Aboulker & Jean-Philippe Bonichon
* Engineered & mixed by Jean-Philippe Bonichon

### Design

* Raymond Depardon - photography
* Bill Butt - design
* Paul Ritter - design

## Releases

| Date | Label | Country | Format | Catalog |
| 1991 | AVREP/PolyGram | Belgium, France, Switzerland | CD Cassette | 191034-2 191034-4 |
| 1994 | Disques Vogue/BMG | France | CD Cassette | 74321167642 74321167644 |

## Certifications

| Country | Certification | Date | Sales certified |
| France | Gold | 1992 | 100,000 |

## Charts

| Chart (1991) | Peak position |
| French SNEP Albums Chart | 35 |
# Compagnie Financiere du Pacifique v Peruvian Guano Co

Compagnie Financiere du Pacifique v Peruvian Guano Co (1882) 11 QBD 55 is a foundational case in the law of evidence holding that a plaintiff party must disclose to a defending party "all documents in his possession or under his control relating to any matters in question in the action."

## Facts

The plaintiffs claimed the defendants had made a contract with them for the sale of Peruvian guano and sued for specific performance of the agreement, damages for delay and an injunction. The defendants took out a summons for further documents than were originally disclosed, were turned down repeatedly before appealing to the Court of Appeal.

## Judgments

In his judgment, Lord Justice Brett famously held,
   "It seems to me that every document which relates to the matters in question in the action, which not only would be evidence upon any issue, but also which, it is reasonable to suppose, contains information which may – not which must – either directly or indirectly enable the party requiring the affidavit either to advance his own case or to damage the case of his adversary. I have put in the words ‘either directly or indirectly’ because, as it seems to me, a document can properly be said to contain information which may enable the party requiring the affidavit either to advance his own case or to damage the case of his adversary if it is a document which may fairly lead him to a train of enquiry which may have either of those two consequences."
# Parmelee House

Parmelee House may refer to:
* Parmelee House (Killingworth, Connecticut), listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Middlesex County, Connecticut, United States
* Parmelee House (Valley City, Ohio), listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Medina County, Ohio
# Parnassius dongalaicus

Parnassius dongalaicus, the Tytler's Apollo, is a high-altitude butterfly which is found in China.
It is a member of the snow Apollo genus (Parnassius) of the swallowtail family (Papilionidae).
P. dongalaicus was originally described as a species, but was subsequently considered conspecific with Parnassius epaphus. Sorimachi (1995) and Sugisawa (1996) both regard P. dongalaicus as a good species sympatric with epaphus and as the senior synonym of rikihiroi Kawasaki, 1995.
# Parish of Thoulcanna

Thoulcanna, New South Wales is a remote civil Parish, of the County of Delalah, a cadasteral division of New South Wales.

## Geography

The Parish is located at 29°02′06″S 143°27′19″E. The topography is the flat arid landscape of the Channel County with a Köppen climate classification of BWh (Hot arid).
The economy in the parish is based on broad acre agriculture, mainly Wheat, and sheep. There are no towns in the parish and the nearest settlement is Wanaaring, New South Wales and Hungerford, Queensland. The Queensland and New South Wales Border runs along the northern boundary of the parish.

## History

The parish is on the traditional land of the Karrengappa people. The first Europeans through the area were Burke and Wills and in the 1890s was included in the Albert Goldfields.
The cattle station Thurloo and Berawinna Downs were both in the parish.
# Partapur

Partapur may refer to:
* Partapur, Rajasthan, a town in Banswara district of Rajasthan
* Partapur, Uttar Pradesh, a town in Meerut district of Uttar Pradesh
* Partapur, Karnataka, a settlement in Bidar district of Karnataka
* Partap Pore, a village in Jammu and Kashmir, India
# Commissioner of Public Safety

The New Jersey Commissioner of Public Safety heads one of the departments in those local governments in New Jersey that operate under the Walsh Act form of municipal governance, with oversight over the police and fire departments. This is a standalone position in Walsh Act municipalities with a five-member commission. In those commission forms with three members, this role is combined with the Commissioner of Public Affairs role into a consolidated Commissioner of Public Affairs and Public Safety.
Frank Hague, the mayor of Jersey City from 1917 to 1947, served as the city's Commissioner of Public Safety for his entire tenure.

## Other commissioners

Five-Member Commissions
* Commissioner of Public Affairs
* Commissioner of Public Works
* Commissioner of Parks and Public Property
* Commissioner of Revenue and Finance
Three-Member Commissions
* Commissioner of Revenue and Finance
* Commissioner of Public Works, Parks and Public Property
# Computation of time (law)

Computation of time or reckoning of time is a legal term which designates how time is calculated in law.

## Use

Computation of time is namely used to determinate when a law or another legal document enters into force.
Two possible ways of computing time are the civil time and the natural time. Civil time uses days as units to delineate time; natural time uses hours, and sometimes minutes.

## Roman law

Roman law distinguished two methods of computing time: civil time and natural time. Natural time consists in computing time a momento ad momentum. Civil time is reckoned by entire days, thus the hour of the day at which an occurrence took place is not asked. The computation of time by civil reckoning is the rule, and it comes into application where the acquisition of a right depends upon the lapse of a certain time, in which case any hour or moment of the day suffices; however, where the loss of a right depends upon lapse of time, the last day must have wholly expired.
# Parkwood Secondary College

Parkwood Secondary College (PSC) was a co-educational public secondary school located in the Melbourne, Victoria, Australia suburb of Ringwood North. The school was founded in 1979 as Parkwood High School, and closed at the end of the 2012 school year. In 2014, the land and buildings were re-opened as the North Ringwood Community House.
The school provided high school education for Years 7 through 12, with Year 11 and 12 students undertaking the Victorian Certificate of Education. It formerly offered a range of VCE subjects as well as the Victorian Certificate of Applied Learning program.

## Proposed merger

In 2008, the then Labor state government announced a $100 million pledge to seven Victorian secondary schools. This resulted in cursory plans in 2009 to merge Parkwood Secondary College with the nearby Norwood Secondary College. Several years passed with no action, and after a change in government, the community was uncertain whether the new Liberal government would continue the plan to merge the schools.
On 1 March 2012, the principal Barbara Laidlaw announced that the merger would not proceed, stating that the school had "a strong and dynamic future".

## Closure

On 30 July 2012, the school council of Parkwood Secondary College announced its intention to close the school at the end of the year due to falling enrollments. This announcement came five months after the confirmation that Parkwood would continue indefinitely. In its final year of operation, there were 306 students enrolled at the school. After the closure, many of the college's students moved to either Norwood Secondary College or the newly merged Melba College. Some students of the school posted pictures, videos, and messages on a Facebook page in its memory.

## Current use of site

In October 2013, Maroondah City Council announced its intention to re-open the site of Parkwood Secondary College as a Community House and Men's Shed. The site had been dormant for nearly 2 years and had become a target of vandals, so significant works were undertaken including the removal of graffiti and vandalism. Since its re-opening in 2014, the site now serves as the North Ringwood Community House, which was previously located at the rear of the Holy Spirit Primary School in Ringwood North.
# Partition-Saving

Partition-Saving is a disk imaging utility for Linux, Windows and DOS environments that can save disk partitions in one of the several supported disk image formats.
This utility was originally called Savepart but was renamed to avoid conflict with a similarly named OS/2 utility.

## Common uses

Some common uses for Partition-Saving are as follows:
* Backup of individual disk partitions. Volume backups are very useful for recovery in the case of a disk failure or data corruption
* Correction of boot parameters as boot sector content or Windows boot configuration

## Features

Partition-Saving has following features:
* Backup of any partition types (sector by sector)
* Backup of FAT12, FAT16, FAT32, Ext2, Ext3, Ext4 (not all options), NTFS partitions with only occupied sectors (not a file by file backup, but similar in size with keeping disk organization)
* Backup of Master boot record, partition table (both MBR and GPT format), FAT boot sector content and superblock
* Compression of data
* Saving a partition over itself (in case there is only one partition on the disk)
* Mount a backup file to extract only some files
* Modification of the Windows Registry to force partition drive letter
* Modification of some filesystem content: boot sector, Windows multi-boot boot sector, Windows boot configuration, boot sector and superblock backup, bad clusters list
It can be used either through command line, text based or batch processing mode.

## Limitations

Partition-Saving has following limitations:
* Backup of a running OS is not possible (less for DOS): that means it needs to boot from another OS or from a Live CD (a FreeDOS one is provided) to backup Linux or Windows system partition
* When a full backup is performed, restoration can only be done on partition of same size and at same place on disk. The Chunauti -force option can be used to work around this, but no correction will be done on partition content to reflect this incompatibility (as FAT boot sector content)
* When only occupied sectors are saved, restoration can be done on a partition of different size but with limitations on this size
* Creating backup files on NTFS drive from DOS (and Linux one if one's Linux does not know how to write on NTFS drive) is not available, but modifying an existing file can be used. So if needed, dummy files from Windows can e created and then used from DOS to perform the backup
# Compromise agreement

In the United Kingdom, a compromise agreement is a specific type of contract, regulated by statute, between an employer and its employee (or ex-employee) under which the employee receives consideration, often a negotiated financial sum, in exchange for agreeing that he or she will have no further claim against the employer as a result of any breach of a statutory obligation by the employer.
Except when ACAS have been involved and arranged a COT3 settlement, COT3 being the name of the form used, compromise agreements are the only means whereby an employee can waive statutory claims such as unfair dismissal, discrimination or entitlements to a redundancy payment. The agreement will only be valid where (i) it is in writing and (ii) the employee has received independent legal advice from a relevant adviser who has professional indemnity insurance. An employee cannot compromise potential future claims, though claims that have already arisen, unknown to the employee, can be waived. The Employment Rights Act 1996 provides at Section 203 for the conditions relating to the validity of Compromise Agreements. The Equality Act 2010 also regulates the conditions for the validity of Compromise Agreements, but a possible drafting error may have affected the scope of Compromise Agreements to settle discrimination complaints.
In practice, a compromise agreement will also contain a waiver of any claim for breach of contract as well as statutory claims, though such a waiver does not need to satisfy the same requirements in order to be valid, as a claim for breach of contract is a common-law claim.
Each agreement should be tailored to meet the facts and circumstances of the case. It is therefore difficult to adopt a one size fits all approach to drafting of a compromise agreement, although this approach might be used if appropriate in more generic cases. The detail and existence of a compromise agreement should remain confidential from third parties.
The advantage for the employer is that they are able to draw a line under an employee's departure or complaint and are protected from future claims. The advantage for the employee is the consideration, such as a financial sum, received in return is provided for by a legally-binding contract. In addition to confidentiality clauses, a Compromise Agreement may also include an agreed reference. A breach of the compromise agreement and any financial loss that breach may incur for the other party, can result in legal action in a court of law.
In January 2013, the UK Government proposed a number of changes. These included renaming compromise agreements as "settlement agreements".
# Parliamentary Council

The Parliamentary Council was a constitutional authority in Sri Lanka established under the 18th Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka. Formally being constituted on January 1, 2011 as per the 18th Amendment, it replaces the Constitutional Council that was established under the 17th Amendment. After Maithripala Sirisena was elected President, Prime Minister Ranil Wickremesinghe presented the new reforms to reinstate a new Constitutional Council in 2015 under the Nineteenth Amendment.

## Powers and tasks

Compared to the ten member Constitutional Council, which made approval of names of nominees to the independent committees/commissions mandatory; the Parliamentary Council has powers only to recommend persons to the independent committees. The sole authority of appointing members of the independent committees was vested with the President of Sri Lanka and while he is needed to seek the observations of the council, its decisions are not binding.

## Commissions

The Council recommends members to several independent committees/commissions. These are;
* Public Service Commission
* Human Rights Commission
* Elections Commission
* National Police Commission
* Commission to Investigate Allegation of Bribery or Corruption
* Finance Commission
* Delimitation Commission.

## Membership

The membership of the Parliamentary Council was made up of five members, of whom three are ex officio members and two would be nominated to ensure ethnic representation. The Prime Minister, the Opposition Leader and the Speaker are compulsory members of the committee. The Prime Minister and the Opposition Leader can nominate one person each to the committee from the communities to which the compulsory members do not belong.

### Ex officio Members

* Hon. D. M. Jayaratne - Prime Minister of Sri Lanka
* Hon. Chamal Rajapaksa - Speaker of the Parliament of Sri Lanka
* Hon. Ranil Wickremesinghe - Leader of the Opposition

### Nominated Members

* Hon. D. M. Swaminathan - Member of Parliament
* Hon. A.H.M. Azwer - Member of Parliament

### Secretary to the Parliamentary Council

* Dhammika Kitulgoda - Secretary General of Parliament

## Location

The Council sits at the Sri Lankan Parliament Building in Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte.
# Concordia Bay

Concordia Bay (Spanish: Ensenada del Norte) is on the north shore of East Falkland in the Falkland Islands. It is between Foul Bay and Salvador Water. It is also near Cape Dolphin, and the northern end of the Falkland Sound.
# Partners in Crime (1937 film)

Partners in Crime is a 1937 American crime film directed by Ralph Murphy and written by Gladys Unger and Garnett Weston. The film stars Lynne Overman, Roscoe Karns, Muriel Hutchison, Anthony Quinn, Inez Courtney and Lucien Littlefield. The film was released on October 8, 1937, by Paramount Pictures.
Karns and Overman repeated their private-eye characters from Murder Goes to College, released earlier that year.

## Cast

* Lynne Overman as Hank Hyer
* Roscoe Karns as Sim Perkins
* Muriel Hutchison as Odette Le Vin
* Anthony Quinn as Nicholas Mazaney
* Inez Courtney as Lillian Tate
* Lucien Littlefield as Mr. Twitchell
* Charles Halton as Silas Wagon
* Charles C. Wilson as Inspector Simpson
* June Brewster as Mabel
* Esther Howard as Mrs. Wagon
* Nora Cecil as Housekeeper
* Russell Hicks as Mayor Callahan
* Don Brodie as Reporter
* Archie Twitchell as Photographer
# Partners in Crime

Partners in Crime may refer to:

## Literature

* Partners in Crime (short story collection), a 1929 collection of mystery stories by Agatha Christie
* Partners in Crime (Hinojosa novel), a 1985 novel by Rolando Hinojosa
* Partners in Crime (Hinton novel), a 2003 novel by Nigel Hinton

## Music

* Partners in Crime, a 1978 album by Bandit
* Partners in Crime (album), a 1979 album by Rupert Holmes
* "Partners in Crime", song by Mr. Mister from their debut album I Wear the Face, recorded in 1983
* Partners in Kryme, an American rap duo, formed in 1990
* "Partners in Crime" (song), performed at the 2007 Eurovision Song Contest
* "Partners in Crime", a 2016 song by Ocean Alley from their album Lost Tropics
* "Partners in Crime", a song by Roger McGuinn and Jacques Levy from McGuinn's 1976 album Cardiff Rose
* "Partners in Crime", a 2012 song by Set it Off featuring Ashley Costello
* "Partners in Crime", a 2012 song by the Strokes from their album Comedown Machine

## Film

* Partners in Crime (1928 film), an American silent film
* Partners in Crime (1937 film), an American film
* Partners in Crime (1942 film), a British film
* Partners in Crime (1961 film), a British film
* Partners in Crime (1973 film), an American TV movie
* Partners in Crime (2014 film), a Taiwanese film
* Partners in Crime (2022 film), a Filipino film

## Television

* Agatha Christie's Partners in Crime, a 1983 TV series based on the short story collection
* Partners in Crime (American TV series), a 1984 detective series starring Lynda Carter and Loni Anderson
* Partners in Crime (UK TV series), a 2015 television series based on Agatha Christie's novels
* "Partners in Crime" (Doctor Who), a 2008 episode of Doctor Who

## Radio

* Partners in Crime (radio series), 1953
# Pasley

Pasley may refer to:

## People

* Charles Pasley KCB (1780–1861), British soldier and military engineer who wrote the defining text on the role of the post-American revolution British Empire
* Charles Pasley (engineer) CB (1824–1890), son of the above, British military engineer responsible for many public works in Australia
* Kevin Pasley (born 1953), retired professional baseball player whose career spanned 12 seasons
* Malcolm Pasley, FBA (1926–2004), literary scholar best known for his dedication to and publication of the works of Franz Kafka
* Omar Pasley (born 1986), better known by his stage name OMI, Jamaican singer
* Pasley Baronets, of Craig in the County of Dumfries, is a title in the Baronetage of Great Britain
* Sir Thomas Pasley, 1st Baronet (1734–1808), senior and highly experienced British Royal Navy officer of the eighteenth century
* Sir Thomas Sabine Pasley, 2nd Baronet KCB (1804–1884), officer of the British Royal Navy during the nineteenth century

## Ships

* HMS Pasley, the name of more than one British ship of the Royal Navy
* USS Pasley, the name of more than one United States Navy ship