OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Outside (jazz)

In jazz improvisation, outside playing describes approaches where one plays over a scale, mode or chord that is harmonically distant from the given chord. There are several common techniques to playing outside, that include side-stepping or side-slipping, superimposition of Coltrane changes, and polytonality.
The term outside is commonly used by jazz musicians playing in a post-bop idiom, but despite its frequent use in musicians’ jargon there is no set or standardized definition for it. As the term is commonly understood, outside is not a direct synonym to terms such as free improvisation, polytonality or atonality but a musical phenomenon in its own right. Also, outside concerns tonal tension; it does not involve breaking rhythmic, timbral or stylistic boundaries. Certain performance characteristics are as central in outside playing as they are in jazz improvisation in general: playing with good sound; with rhythmic drive and stability; and with confidence and conviction.

## Side-slipping

The term side-slipping or side-stepping has been used to describe several similar yet distinct methods of playing outside. In one version, one plays only the five "'wrong'" non-scale notes for the given chord and none of the seven scale or three to four chord tones, given that there are twelve notes in the equal tempered scale and heptatonic scales are generally used. Another technique described as sideslipping is the addition of distant ii–V relationships, such as a half-step above the original ii–V. This increases chromatic tension as it first moves away and then towards the tonic. Lastly, side-slipping can be described as playing in a scale a half-step above or below a given chord, before resolving, creating tension and release.
# Peperomia tubericordata

Peperomia tubericordata is a species of flowering plant from the genus Peperomia. It was first described by Guido Mathieu and published in the book "Phytotaxa 313(3): 293, f. 1A–B. 2017". It is endemic to Mexico. First specimens where found at an altitude of 1250 meters in Oaxaca, Mexico. It primarily grows on wet tropical biomes..
# Red tea

In English, red tea normally refers to rooibos tea.
Red tea may also refer to:
* Black tea, which is referred to in various Asian languages as 紅茶 (literally "red tea")
** The completely oxidized bud leaves of Camellia sinensis from which black tea is made
** Hibiscus tea, tisane made from sepals of Hibiscus sabdariffa
* Red Tea, an 1859 English-language novel by Paul Harris Daniel
* White methane methamphetamine (slang)
# Formicoxenus chamberlini

Formicoxenus chamberlini is a species of ant in the subfamily Myrmicinae. It is endemic to the United States.
# Fizzles (album)

Fizzles is a live solo bass album by Barry Guy. It was recorded in September 1991 at Kirche Blumenstein in Switzerland, and was released in 1993 by Maya Recordings.
In an interview, Guy explained that the track titled "Five Fizzles (For S.B.)" was inspired by eight short texts, also titled Fizzles, written by Samuel Beckett during the 1960s and 70s:
   Each 'Fizzle' is a short compressed outburst—literary chamber music of great power and beauty. It occurred to me that these 'outbursts' could form the basis for little improvisations, each dedicated to particular bass colours and articulations... I find them to be a motivator for precise thinking and musical rhetoric.
The piece became a staple in Guy's solo concerts, and he recorded it again for the 2014 album Five Fizzles for Samuel Beckett.

## Reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| The Penguin Guide to Jazz | |
| The Virgin Encyclopedia of Jazz | |
In a review for AllMusic, Brian Olewnick praised Guy's "sheer jaw-dropping dexterity" and "pure touch," and wrote: "Fizzles is an often pyrotechnic, sometimes quite moving solo bass performance... As in his orchestral writing, Guy leavens the abstraction with occasional doses of traditional playing... often, Guy is subjecting his instrument to all manner of unspeakable torment, gratingly whipsawing his bow or plucking strings with a ferocity that leaves the listener worried about the capacity of his finger and wrist muscles... After the final, almost ridiculously explosive track, the exhausted listener can only nod his thanks."
The authors of the Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings awarded the album 4 stars, and stated: "Fizzles... has a quiet charm that reveals itself over repeated listenings... Guy concentrates on the tiniest details with an almost hallucinatory intensity... 'She Took the Sacred Rattle and Used It' is one of Guy's finest moments as an instrumentalist."

## Track listing

All compositions by Barry Guy.
* "Free Fall" – 6:32
* "Fil Rouge" – 2:33
* "Hilibili Meets... the Brush" – 10:45
* "Five Fizzles (For S.B.)" – 10:40
* "Invention/The Bird of Infinity" – 8:18
* "Afar" – 2:50
* "...But the Clouds..." – 5:54
* "Tout Rouge" – 2:59
* "Still" – 8:09
* "Toujours Rouge" – 1:46
* "She Took the Sacred Rattle and Used It (To Ray A. Young Bear)" – 9:14

## Personnel

* Barry Guy – double bass, chamber bass
# Field Glacier

Field Glacier (67°8′S 66°24′W﻿ / ﻿67.133°S 66.400°W﻿ / -67.133; -66.400) is a glacier on Pernik Peninsula, Loubet Coast in Graham Land, situated south of Salmon Cove, and flowing west into Lallemand Fjord just south of Kanchov Peak. It was mapped from air photos taken by the Falkland Islands and Dependencies Aerial Survey Expedition, 1956–57. In association with the names of glaciologists grouped in this area, it was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee after William B.O. Field (born 1904), an American glaciologist and surveyor, sometime Research Fellow of the American Geographical Society.
# Clavidesmus rubigineus

Clavidesmus rubigineus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Dillon and Dillon in 1949. It is known from Brazil.
# Peperomia turialvensis

Peperomia turialvensis is a species of epiphyte in the genus Peperomia. It was first described by Casimir de Candolle and published in the book "Linnaea 37: 380–381. 1871-1873[1872]. (Jul 1872)". It primarily grows on wet tropical biomes. The species name came from Turrialva, where first specimens of this species were collected. It may be a synonym of Peperomia rhexiifolia.

## Distribution

It is endemic to Costa Rica and Panama. First specimens where found at an altitude of 914.4 meters in Turrialba,Costa Rica.
* Costa Rica
** Limón
** Puntarenas
** Cartago
*** Paraíso
*** Turrialba
* Panama
** Darién

## Description

The dark vein runs near the border, the apex of the four petiolate lanceolate leaflets is glabrous on both sides. The base is acute opaque coriaceous pellucido-punctolate, and the apex is acuminate. The five nerves are delicately ciliated, with three of the central ones being stronger under the prominuli. With glabrous peduncles that almost equal the peduncles, axillary, tympanic, and long-stalked peduncles. The bractea rotundato is oblong with a peltate centre. The stigma papillose. The bean oval with a semi-immersed rostellate apex, and the lower stigmatic apex submerged in the ovary.
# SS Gracechurch

SS Gracechurch was a UK 4,318 GRT cargo ship built by William Doxford & Sons at Pallion on Wearside in 1930. She twice changed owners and names, becoming SS Peebles in 1933 and SS Mill Hill in 1936. She was sunk by a German submarine in August 1940.

## Engines

The ship had nine corrugated furnaces with a combined grate area of 187 square feet (17 m$^2$) feeding three 180 lb$_f$/in$^2$ single-ended boilers with a combined heating surface of 6,105 square feet (567 m$^2$).

## Names and owners

Gracechurch was first owned by Gracechurch Shipping Co of Newcastle and managed by James, Muers & Co of Cardiff. In 1933 she was sold to B.J. Sutherland & Co who renamed her Peebles.
In 1936 she was sold to the Mill Hill Steam Ship Co Ltd, which was controlled by Counties Ship Management (an offshoot of the Rethymnis & Kulukundis shipbroking company of London) who renamed her Mill Hill.

## Loss

On 16 August 1940 Mill Hill left Halifax, Nova Scotia as a member of convoy HX 66A laden with pig iron and scrap steel for Middlesbrough, England. Between 0220 and 0248 hrs on 30 August 58 miles off Cape Wrath in the north of Scotland U-32 torpedoed the convoy, sinking three ships. One was Mill Hill, which sank within a few minutes with the loss of all hands.

## Replacement ships

Gracechurch was the third of four ships that B.J. Sutherland & Co named Peebles. When Sutherland sold her in 1936, William Doxford & Sons completed a new 4,982-ton cargo ship MV Peebles for Sutherland. She survived the Second World War and in 1951 Sutherland sold her to Westralian Farmers Transport who renamed her Swanstream. In 1957 Westralian sold to J. Manners & Co. of Hong Kong who renamed her San Fernando. In 1965 Manners sold to her to Yong & Lee Timber who renamed her Phoenician Star. She was scrapped at Hong Kong in 1967.
Gracechurch was the first of two ships that Counties Ship Management named Mill Hill. In 1947 CSM bought the 7,219-ton Liberty ship SS Samdon and renamed her SS Mill Hill. Samdon had been built by New England Shipbuilding Corporation of Portland, Maine in 1943. In 1949 she was transferred from CSM to a new Rethymnis and Kulukundis company, London and Overseas Freighters, retaining the name Mill Hill. In 1951 LOF sold her to new owners who renamed her Educator. She was scrapped in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1961.
# Ram Chandra Ram

Ram Chandra Ram (died 2 March 2009, Ranchi) was an Indian politician, affiliated to the Communist Party of India (CPI).

## History

Ram made his electoral debut in the Simaria Legislative Assembly constituency in the 1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election. He finished in second place with 18,832 votes (30.04% of the vote). In the 1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election, Ram finished in second place in Simaria with 19,271 votes (24.36%).
Ram contested the 2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election. He finished in third place in Simaria with 11,532 votes (24.11%).
Ram contested the 2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election (the state of Jharkhand had been carved out of Bihar by this time). He finished in second place in Simaria with 24,438 votes (23.2%).
Ram was elected to the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly in a by-election held for the Simaria seat in February 2008. The by-poll had been called following the death of incumbent BJP legislator Upendra Nath Das. Ram's campaign was supported by the Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI(M)), Rashtriya Janata Dal (RJD) and Jharkhand Mukti Morcha (JMM). The Union Railway Minister Laloo Prasad Yadav visited Simaria to campaign for Ram. Ram obtained 30,700 votes (26.31%). Following the by-election, Ram became the sole CPI legislator in the 82-member assembly. He took his oath as a Member of the Legislative Assembly in Ranchi on 8 February 2008.
Ram suffered a heart attack in Ranchi on 2 March 2009. He was declared dead upon reaching Central Coalfield Ltd (CCL) hospital.
# Luigi Centurini

Luigi Centurini (Genoa, April 24, 1820 – Genoa, November 10, 1900) was an Italian jurist, chess player, and chess composer.(Zavatarelli 2015:19)
In 1853 he published the pamphlet in Genoa titled Giuoco degli Scacchi (Game of Chess). The endgame of rook and knight against rook was a study that made him known worldwide. In 1865 he wrote a work about the "gambetto grande" (Gambit) that appeared on Eco della Scienza, but his studies especially address the endgame. He collaborated with La Régence and The Chess Monthly in 1856–57. He corresponded with the major chess theorists of his time.

## Sample studies

| | a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | |
| 8 | | | | | | | | | 8 |
| 7 | | | | | | | | | 7 |
| 6 | | | | | | | | | 6 |
| 5 | | | | | | | | | 5 |
| 4 | | | | | | | | | 4 |
| 3 | | | | | | | | | 3 |
| 2 | | | | | | | | | 2 |
| 1 | | | | | | | | | 1 |
| | a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | |
White to move wins:
* 1. Nd6 Rg8
* 2. Re1 Rf8
* 3. Nb7+ Kc8
* 4. Rb1 Rf3
* 5. Nd6+ Kd8
* 6. Rb8+ Ke7
* 7. Re8+ Kf6
* 8. Rf8+ wins the rook by a skewer after 8...Kf6 9. Rf8+.
Black to move draws by 1...Rg1, with the idea of checking from the first rank (Nunn 2002:156–57).
Centurini was also the primary analyst of the endgame of a bishop and pawn versus a bishop on the same color (Fine & Benko 2003:152). He established rules for when the position is won and when it is a draw (Müller & Lamprecht 2001:108). The position in the second diagram shows a winning position for White, although it requires accurate play (Fine & Benko 2003:155–56).
| | a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | |
| 8 | | | | | | | | | 8 |
| 7 | | | | | | | | | 7 |
| 6 | | | | | | | | | 6 |
| 5 | | | | | | | | | 5 |
| 4 | | | | | | | | | 4 |
| 3 | | | | | | | | | 3 |
| 2 | | | | | | | | | 2 |
| 1 | | | | | | | | | 1 |
| | a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | |
# Douglas Lake Airport

Douglas Lake Airport (IATA: DGF, TC LID: CAL3) is located adjacent to Douglas Lake, British Columbia, Canada.
# Sphenoraia

Sphenoraia is a genus of skeletonizing leaf beetles in the family Chrysomelidae. There are about 24 described species in Sphenoraia. They are found in Indomalaya and the Palaearctic.

## Species

These 12 species are among those that belong to the genus Sphenoraia:
* Sphenoraia apicalis Kimoto & Takizawa, 1983
* Sphenoraia chujoi Lee, 2014
* Sphenoraia duodecimmaculata Jacoby, 1889
* Sphenoraia hopei Beenen, 2005
* Sphenoraia imitans Jacoby, 1892
* Sphenoraia intermedia Jacoby, 1885
* Sphenoraia javana (Wiedemann, 1819)
* Sphenoraia micans (Fairmair, 1888)
* Sphenoraia nebulosa (Gyllenhaal, 1808)
* Sphenoraia nigra Wang, Li & Yang, 2000
* Sphenoraia rutilans (Hope, 1831)
# Ferrat

Ferrat is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Hippolyte Ferrat (1822–1882), French artist
* Jean Ferrat (1930–2010), French singer-songwriter and poet
* Alain Ferrat (born 1973), Mexican politician
* Sebastián Ferrat (birth name Roberto González López; 1978–2019), Mexican actor
# Jean-Louis Asselin de Cherville

Jean-Louis Asselin de Cherville (1772 in Cherbourg – 1822 in Cairo) was a French Orientalist. He studied in Cherbourg and Valognes and was destined for priesthood, receiving his tonsure in 1792. He became a lecturer in the short-lived revolutionary École normale in the year III (1794), and was employed by the Republican ministry of treasure from 1795 to 1802, a post which he left in order to study oriental languages. He went to Cairo as translator in 1806, where he served as vice-consul (but was never promoted to consul because he refused to leave the mother of his children, a Ragusian laundrywoman, with whom he lived in concubinage). He moved to Alexandria in 1816 and ended his career in the position of first dragoman (official interpreter) of the French consulate for Egypt. He participated in the philological discovery of the South Semitic languages of Abyssinia, Amharic and Ge'ez. During his time in Egypt, he collected more than 1,500 manuscripts.
He also became an important part of the translation of the Bible into the Amharic language of Ethiopia. An Ethiopian cleric known as Abu Rumi was travelling through Cairo and became very ill. Asselin took him in, provided for him, and engaged him to translate the Bible into Amharic. He provided Abu Rumi with food, lodging, and medical care. But more significantly, he also provided Abu Rumi with writing materials and aided him with his knowledge of the original Biblical languages, Greek and Hebrew. Over a period of 10 years (1772-1822), Abu Rumi produced a complete translation of the Bible in Amharic. Asselin later sold the manuscript to William Jowett on behalf of the British and Foreign Bible Society.
After his death, the bulk of his manuscript collection was sold to the Bibliothèque royale in 1833, where Michele Amari was charged with curating the collection's early Quranic manuscripts, except for the manuscripts of the Amharic Bible, which had earlier been purchased by the British and Foreign Bible Society.
# Crataegus phaenopyrum

Crataegus phaenopyrum is a species of hawthorn commonly known as Washington hawthorn or Washington thorn. It is widely grown as an ornamental plant, and can reach 10 m (about 32 feet) in height. The small red berry-like fruit grow closely together in large clusters and are food for squirrels and birds. They have a mild flavor and can be eaten raw or cooked. As with other species of hawthorn, the wood is hard and can be used to make tools.
The fruit is edible and can be made into jelly or crushed to make tea. The species is native to the mid-eastern United States.
# Driffield School

Driffield School & Sixth Form is a coeducational comprehensive school which is situated on Manorfield Road in Driffield, in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. The school has nearly 1400 pupils aged 11–18, who come from rural communities in the Yorkshire Wolds.

## History

In the 2011 Ofsted inspection Driffield School & Sixth Form was classed as grade 2, 'good'. Overall effectiveness of post 16 provision was classified as grade 3, 'satisfactory'.
In 2016 Headteacher Simon Jones resigned following a visit from Ofsted, after which the school was placed in 'Special Measures'. The Governing Body of the school then sought support from multi-academy trust The Education Alliance. It converted to an academy on 1 February 2017. Following a rapid period of improvement, Driffield School and Sixth Form was judged as a 'Good' school in all areas under the new Ofsted inspection framework in January 2020.

## Description

Driffield School & Sixth Form is an 11–19 comprehensive school with approximately 1,800 students on roll. It is part of The Education Alliance, a growing multi-academy trust, currently consisting of this school, South Hunsley School and Sixth Form College, Malet Lambert School, The Snaith School, Hunsley Primary School, North Cave Church of England Primary School and Yorkshire Wolds Teacher Training.
Before converting it had had a series of deteriorating Ofsted assessments. There have been leadership changes and Ofsted found that it is a happy school where students feel safe.
The school has a purpose-built Art and Technology building and a Performing Arts block. The school's North building has had a £1.2 million refurbishment that also led to energy efficiencies. The school accesses the adjacent East Riding Leisure Centre, and the school's facilities are also used by the local community outside school hours.

## Academics

The five year curriculum is taught in two key stages: Key Stage 3 in Years 7, 8 and 9 and Key Stage 4 in Years 10 and 11). Students study the core subjects, English, maths and science, alongside a wide range of non-core subjects. All students at Key Stage 3 study an hour of Achieving Personal Excellence (APEX) per week; these lessons focus on aspects of personal, social, health and economic education. They must also do two hours of PE.
In year 9 students proceed to the extended Key Stage 4. They continue to study the core subjects and do three targeted options. All students sit GCSEs at end of year 11. Somestudents are guided into a Vocational pathway where one of their three options will be a BTEC Level 2 in Digital Information Technology, Engineering, Enterprise and Marketing, Health and Social Care or Sports Studies.
The sixth form have separate facilities and a separate dining hall.

## Notable alumni

* Charlotte Fry, Olympic medal winning dressage athlete
* Lee Morris, footballer
* Curtis Woodhouse, footballer and boxer
* Mick Woodmansey, drummer
# Picot of Cambridge

Picot of Cambridge (c. 1022–after 1090) was a Norman landowner and Sheriff of Cambridgeshire.
Born in Saye, Normandy, Picot rose from obscurity to become Sheriff of Cambridgeshire as early as 1071 until at least 1090. He treated Cambridge (then known as Cantebrigge or Grentebrige) as his own, knocking down 27 houses to build Cambridge Castle (probably initially of wood), confiscating land, building mills, seizing goods and raising taxes. The Abbot of Ely described him as "A hungry lion, a ravening wolf, a cunning fox, a dirty pig and an impudent dog".
Picot married Hugolina de Gernon. When she thought she was dying, she made a vow to build a foundation to St Giles, which Picot subsequently honoured, building St Giles' Church near his castle in Cambridge. After Picot's death, the canons were moved to nearby Barnwell to found Barnwell Priory.
Picot's son and heir Robert became implicated in a conspiracy against King Henry I, and fled the country. His estates were forfeit and given to Pain (or Paganus) Peveril who had been the standard bearer to Robert Curthose in the Holy Land.
# Mrs. Leslie Milne

Mary Lewis Harper Milne known as Mrs. Leslie Milne (1860–1932) was an English anthropologist who traveled extensively and wrote about the ethnic peoples of the Shan State in Northern Burma. Her best known book, The Shans at Home, was an account of the cultural practices and day-to-day life of the Shan people of the village of Namkham in Shan State and was based on the many months she spent living in that village. She was also the author of The Home of an Eastern Clan, a book about the life and culture of the Palaung people, and wrote the first, and what is possibly the only English-Palaung dictionary. Writing about The Shans at Home and her book on Palaung grammar, The New York Times commented "it would be hard to find a more complete and yet readable account of the habits, customs, and religious ideas of a tribe or small nation than the ones she has given of the Palaungs" and called The Home of an Eastern Clan a "mine of information" for ethnologists.

## Published works

* The Shans at Home, London, John Murray (1910).
* An Elementary Palaung Grammar, Oxford, Clarendon Press (1921). Published in 1921, this was the first survey of the grammar of the Palaung language, the language of a hill tribe of the Shan State of Burma and of the Yunnan province of China. Mrs. Milne traveled to Namshan, the capital of the Palaung state of Tawngpeng, to the Palaungs of North Hsenwi, as well as to the Palaungs of Yunnan to collect material for this book.
* The Home of an Eastern Clan: A Study of the Palaungs of the Shan State, Oxford, Clarendon Press (1924).
* A Dictionary of English-Palaung and Palaung-English, Rangoon (1931).

## Family

Mary Milne is the daughter of Carter Milne and the paternal-granddaughter of William Milne.
# Foray (surname)

Foray is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Cyril Foray (1934–2003), Sierra Leonean educator, politician, diplomat and historian
* Dominique Foray (21st century), French economist
* June Foray (1917–2017), an American voice actress who had worked for most of the studios which produced animated films since the 1940s