OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# English Engineering Units

Some fields of engineering in the United States use a system of measurement of physical quantities known as the English Engineering Units. Despite its name, the system is based on United States customary units of measure.

## Definition

The English Engineering Units is a system of units used in the United States. The set is defined by the following units, and definitive conversions to the International System of Units.
| Dimension | English Engineering Unit | SI unit | Unit conversion |
| time | second (s) | second (s) | 1 s |
| length | foot (ft) | metre (m) | 0.3048 m |
| mass | pound mass (lb) | kilogram (kg) | 0.45359237 kg |
| force | pound-force (lbf) | newton (N) | 4.4482216152605 N |
| temperature | degree Fahrenheit (°F) | degree Celsius (°C) | ⁠5/9⁠ °C |
| absolute temperature | degree Rankine (°R) | kelvin (K) | ⁠5/9⁠ K |
Units for other physical quantities are derived from this set as needed.
In English Engineering Units, the pound-mass and the pound-force are distinct base units, and Newton's Second Law of Motion takes the form $F=m{\frac {a}{g_{\mathrm {c} }}}$ where $a$ is the acceleration in ft/s$^2$ and g$_c$ = 32.174 lb·ft/(lbf·s$^2$).

## History and etymology

The term English units strictly refers to the system used in England until 1826, when it was replaced by (more rigorously defined) Imperial units. The United States continued to use the older definitions until the Mendenhall Order of 1893, which established the United States customary units. Nevertheless, the term "English units" persisted in common speech and was adapted as "English engineering units" but these are based on US customary units rather than the pre-1826 English system.

### British Engineering Units

A similar system, termed British Engineering Units by Halliday and Resnick (1974), is a system that uses the slug as the unit of mass, and in which Newton's law retains the form F = ma. Modern British engineering practice has used SI base units since at least the late 1970s.
# Encyclopedia of Mathematics (James Tanton)

Encyclopedia of Mathematics is a 2005 encyclopedic reference work by American author James Tanton that was published by Facts-on-File of New York.

## Synopsis

The book has over 1000 entries, which discuss various concepts, definitions, people, and theorems that pertain to mathematics. The book also contains six essays that discuss the various branches of mathematics and their history.

## Reception

Booklist praised the book as a useful "basic resource for students who wish to have a better understanding of simple or not-so--simple mathematical concepts" and the School Library Journal called the encyclopedia "comprehensive".
# Energy charge

The adenylate energy charge is an index used to measure the energy status of biological cells.
ATP or Mg-ATP is the principal molecule for storing and transferring energy in the cell : it is used for biosynthetic pathways, maintenance of transmembrane gradients, movement, cell division, etc... More than 90% of the ATP is produced by phosphorylation of ADP by the ATP synthase. ATP can also be produced by “substrate level phosphorylation” reactions (ADP phosphorylation by (1,3)-bisphosphoglycerate, phosphoenolpyruvate, phosphocreatine), by the succinate-CoA ligase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylkinase, and by adenylate kinase, an enzyme that maintains the three adenine nucleotides in equilibrium (${\ce {ATP + AMP <=> 2 ADP}}$).
The energy charge is related to ATP, ADP and AMP concentrations. It was first defined by Atkinson and Walton who found that it was necessary to take into account the concentration of all three nucleotides, rather than just ATP and ADP, to account for the energy status in metabolism. Since the adenylate kinase maintains two ADP molecules in equilibrium with one ATP (${\ce {2 ADP <=> ATP + AMP}}$), Atkinson defined the adenylate energy charge as:
   ${\mbox{Energy charge}}={\frac {[{\mbox{ATP}}]+{\frac {1}{2}}[{\mbox{ADP}}]}{[{\mbox{ATP}}]+[{\mbox{ADP}}]+[{\mbox{AMP}}]}}$
The energy charge of most cells varies between 0.7 and 0.95 - oscillations in this range are quite frequent. Daniel Atkinson showed that when the energy charge increases from 0.6 to 1.0, the citrate lyase and phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate synthetase, two enzymes controlling anabolic (ATP-demanding) pathways are activated, while the phosphofructokinase and the pyruvate dehydrogenase, two enzymes controlling amphibolic pathways (supplying ATP as well as important biosynthetic intermediates) are inhibited He concluded that control of these pathways has evolved to maintain the energy charge within rather narrow limits - in other words, that the energy charge, like the pH of a cell, must be buffered at all times. We now know that most if not all anabolic and catabolic pathways are indeed controlled, directly and indirectly, by the energy charge. In addition to direct regulation of several enzymes by adenyl nucleotides, an AMP-activated protein kinase known as AMP-K phosphorylates and thereby regulates key enzymes when the energy charge decreases. This results in switching off anabolic pathways while switching on catabolic pathways when AMP increases.
Life depends on an adequate energy charge. If ATP synthesis is momentarily insufficient to maintain an adequate energy charge, AMP can be converted by two different pathways to hypoxanthine and ribose-5P, followed by irreversible oxidation of hypoxanthine to uric acid. This helps to buffer the adenylate energy charge by decreasing the total {ATP+ADP+AMP} concentration.
# Eoophyla sumatroceratucha

Eoophyla sumatroceratucha is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Birgit Jaenicke and Wolfram Mey in 2011. It is found on Sumatra.
# Epichloë danica

Epichloë danica is a hybrid asexual species in the fungal genus Epichloë.
A systemic and seed-transmissible grass symbiont first described in 2013, Epichloë danica is a natural allopolyploid of Epichloë bromicola and Epichloë sylvatica.
Epichloë danica is found in Europe, where it has been identified in the grass species Hordelymus europaeus.
# Epepeotes indistinctus

Epepeotes indistinctus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1938.
# Epepeotes integripennis

Epepeotes integripennis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1940.
# Epepeotes gardneri

Epepeotes gardneri is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1936.
# English folk music (1500–1899)
## Births and deaths

* William Kimber (1872–1961), English morris musician
* Ralph Vaughan Williams (1872–1958), English composer and song collector
* Sam Larner (1878–1965), English folk singer
* Percy Grainger (1882–1961), Australian composer who collected and recorded English folk songs
* Harry Cox (1885–1971), English folk singer
* Lewis 'Scan' Tester (1886–1972), English folk musician

## Collections of songs or music

* 1651: English Dancing Master (1st of at least 17 editions), published by John Playford (1623–1686)
* 1725: A Collection of Old Ballads, Ambrose Philips (1674–1749) (ed.)
* 1765: Reliques of Ancient English Poetry Thomas Percy (1721–1811) (ed.)
* 1765: Mother Goose's Melody published by Thomas Carnan (1737–1788)
* 1788: Yorkshire Garland, republished in 1809 by Joseph Ritson (1752–1803)
* 1793: Northumberland Garland, republished in 1809 by Joseph Ritson (1752–1803)
* 1798: Joshua Jackson's Book (manuscript), by Joshua Jackson (1763–1869)
* 1827: Minstrelsy Ancient and Modern, published by William Motherwell (1797–1835)
* 1842: Nursery Rhymes of England, collected and edited by James Orchard Halliwell (1820–1889)
* 1849: Popular Rhymes and Nursery Tales, collected and edited by James Orchard Halliwell (1820–1889)
* 1859: Popular Music of Olden Time, William Chappell (1809–1888) (ed.)
* 1882: Northumbrian Minstrelsy – A Collection of the Ballads, Melodies and Small-Pipe Tunes of Northumbria, J. Collingwood Bruce (1805–1892) and John Stokoe (eds.)
* 1882: English and Scottish Popular Ballads, Francis James Child (1825–1896) (ed.)
* 1893: English County Songs, collected and edited by J. A. Fuller Maitland (1856–1936) and Lucy Broadwood (1858–1929)
* 1893: Songs and Ballads of Northern England, collected and edited by John Stokoe
# Enoplochiton echinatus

Enoplochiton echinatus is a Southeast Pacific species of edible chiton, a marine polyplacophoran mollusc in the family Chitonidae, the typical chitons.

## Description

Enoplochiton echinatus is a very large chiton, with specimen confirmed at length of up to 23 cm (9.1 in). In Chile, the largest individuals are in the north and the smallest in the south. The species is very dark reddish-brown. The plated shell, which often is covered in epibionts like algae, Scurria limpets and Mytilus mussels, has many spines. These spines are generally up to 0.8 mm (0.03 in) long in large individuals, but can be even longer if not broken, which however is unusual. The similar-sized Enoplochiton niger of the same region lacks the spines.

## Distribution, habitat and behavior

The distribution of Enoplochiton echinatus ranges along the Pacific coast of South America from Concepción Province (Punta Tumbes) in Chile to Talara in Peru. Although there are old claimed records of this species from the Galápagos Islands, these are considered incorrect.
It lives at depths of 0–4 m (0–13 ft) in the intertidal and shallow subtidal zones, with the vast majority of individuals found in the lower intertidal zone. It inhabits rocky coasts in areas that often have heavy surf. Its habitat often has giant kelp Lessonia nigrescens. It is generally quite common, with average densities in appropriate habitat typically being from about 1.5 individuals per square meter to 2.5 per square meter.
The species is omnivorous, feeding on a wide range of algae and invertebrates. It has radular teeth that are quite large, allowing it to eat heavily incrusted things like coralline algae.

## Human use

Enoplochiton echinatus is edible and is one of the few commercially important chitons in its range, others being the somewhat smaller, up to 17.4 cm (6.9 in), dark bluish-gray Chiton magnificus and the much smaller, up to 4.5 cm (1.8 in), brownish Chiton granosus. Neither of these have large spines.
# Eoin Kelly

Eoin Kelly may refer to:
* Eoin Kelly (Tipperary hurler) (born 1982), Tipperary hurler
* Eoin Kelly (Waterford hurler) (born 1982), Waterford hurler
* Eoin Kelly (London hurler)
# Ephialtes (wasp)

Ephialtes is a genus of ichneumon wasps in the family Ichneumonidae. There are about 14 described species in Ephialtes.

## Species

These 14 species belong to the genus Ephialtes:
* Ephialtes arisanus Sonan, 1936$^{cg}$
* Ephialtes brevis Morley, 1914$^c$
* Ephialtes brischkei Dalla Torre, 1901$^{cg}$
* Ephialtes decumbens (Townes, 1960)$^{cg}$
* Ephialtes duplicauda Heinrich, 1949$^{cg}$
* Ephialtes facialis Brischke, 1865$^{cg}$
* Ephialtes hokkaidonis Uchida, 1928$^{cg}$
* Ephialtes longicornis (Pfeffer, 1913)$^{cg}$
* Ephialtes macer Cresson, 1868$^{cg}$
* Ephialtes manifestator (Linnaeus, 1758)$^{cg}$
* Ephialtes sodomiticus Westwood, 1838$^{cg}$
* Ephialtes taiwanus (Uchida, 1928)$^g$
* Ephialtes tenchozanus Sonan, 1936$^{cg}$
* Ephialtes zirnitsi Ozols, 1962$^{cg}$
Data sources: i = ITIS, c = Catalogue of Life, g = GBIF, b = Bugguide.net
# Equality march

Equality march may refer to:
* National Equality March, 2009 LGBT rights march in the United States
* National Pride March (also known as Equality March for Unity and Pride), 2017 LGBT rights march in the United States
* Equality marches in Poland, Polish equivalent of LGBT pride parades
* March for Equality and Against Racism, 1983 French anti-racism rally
# Georg Jann

Georg Jann (17 January 1934 – 12 February 2019) was a German organ builder.

## Early life

Jann was born in Kalkberge. In 1948, he began his apprenticeship in Potsdam with organ builder Alexander Schuke. He moved to Switzerland in 1961, three years later to West Berlin, to work as voicer for Alexander Schuke. Between 1968 and 1972, he worked as voicer for Rieger Orgelbau in Schwarzach, Vorarlberg (Austria). In 1974, he took over the workshop of organ builder Eduard Hirnschrodt in Regensburg, and a year later, built his first organ for the Catholic Church in Etzelwang. In 1977, the company was relocated to Laberweinting.
1993–1994, Georg Jann built his largest organ at Munich Cathedral, consisting of a choir organ (1993, 36 stops) and the great organ (1994, 95 stops), with a total of 131 stops.
Until 1995, Georg Jann ran his company under the name "Georg Jann Orgelbau Meisterbetrieb". He then handed the company to his son Thomas Jann, while Georg relocated to Portugal and established a new organ pipe workshop, "Orguian", along with two former employees. At the end of 2005, he handed this company to Detlef Jann, his oldest son.

## Selected works

| Year | Location | Church | Image | Manuals | Stops |
| 1979 | Scheyern | Scheyern Abbey | | III/P | 39 |
| 1980 | Tegernsee | Tegernsee Abbey | | III/P | 33 |
| 1986 | Niederaltaich | Niederaltaich Abbey | | IV/P | 48 |
| 1989 | Waldsassen | Stiftsbasilika | | V/P | 103 |
| 1993–1994 | Munich | Munich Cathedral | Choir Organ/"Andreas-Orgel" (1993, III/P, 36 stops) & Great Organ (1994, IV/P, 95 stops) | IV/P | 131 |
| 1995 | Porto | Igreja da Lapa | Igreja da Lapa (Porto) 19 | IV/P | 64 |
# Cisco 12000

The Cisco 12000, also known as a Gigabit Switch Router or GSR, is a series of large network routers designed and manufactured by Cisco Systems.

## Features

Cisco 12000 series routers feature a high-performance switched backplane providing 2.4 Gbit/s across 16 switched ports simultaneously. The Multi-Service Blade module (introduced for the XR 12000 line) provides firewall and acts as a session border controller.

## Criticism

Certain line cards in Cisco 12000 routers are potentially vulnerable to denial-of-service attacks. Additionally, certain software versions were vulnerable to specially crafted IPv4 packets.
# Himalayan serow

The Himalayan serow (Capricornis sumatraensis thar), also known as the thar (/θɑːr/ THAR, /tɑːr/ TAR), is a subspecies of the mainland serow native to the Himalayas. It was previously considered its own species, as Capricornis thar. It is the official state animal of the Indian state of Mizoram.

## Taxonomy

In 1831, Brian Houghton Hodgson first described a goat-like animal with short annulated horns occurring in montane regions between the Sutlej and Teesta Rivers under the name "Bubaline Antelope". As "Bubaline" was preoccupied, he gave it the scientific name Antelope thar a few months later. When William Ogilby described the genus Capricornis in 1838, he determined the Himalayan serow as type species of this genus.

## Description

The Himalayan serow is mostly blackish, with flanks, hindquarters, and upper legs that are a rusty red; its lower legs are whitish.

## Distribution and habitat

The Himalayan serow inhabits hilly forests above an elevation of 300 m (980 ft), but descends to 100 m (330 ft) in winter. It prefers elevations of 2,500–3,500 m (8,200–11,500 ft) in the Himalayas.

## Conservation

Capricornis sumatraensis is listed in CITES Appendix I.
# Football referee

Football referee may refer to the following articles
* Official (American football)
* Official (Canadian football)
* Referee (association football)
# Pohjonen

Pohjonen is a Finnish surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Aarne Pohjonen (1886–1938), Finnish gymnast
* Mauno Pohjonen (1907–1987), Finnish agronomist and politician
* Kimmo Pohjonen (born 1964), Finnish accordionist
# Foursquare Park

Foursquare Park is a cricket ground in Highland, Barbados.

## History

As a result of the upgrading of the Kensington Oval for the 2007 Cricket World Cup, Pickwick Cricket Club were forced to vacate their historic home. The club developed a new homeground on land donated by Sir David Seale, the owner of the Foursquare Rum Distillery, in Highland, Saint Philip. The ground was opened in October 2009 by David Thompson, the Prime Minister of Barbados. Four months later, the ground held two first-class cricket matches in the 2009–10 Regional Four Day Competition, with Guyana playing Jamaica, and the Leeward Islands playing Trinidad and Tobago.

## Records
### First-class

* Highest team total: 429 all out by Jamaica v Guyana, 2009–10
* Lowest team total: 156 all out by Leeward Islands v Trinidad and Tobago, 2009–10
* Highest individual innings: 151 by Wavell Hinds for Jamaica v Guyana, 2009–10
* Best bowling in an innings: 6–40 by David Bernard for Jamaica v Guyana, 2009–10
* Best bowling in a match: 9–83 by Wilden Cornwall for Leeward Islands v Trinidad and Tobago, 2009–10, as above
# Ptyas multicincta

Ptyas multicincta, the many-banded green snake or north China green snake, is a species of snake of the family Colubridae.
The snake is found in China, Laos, Vietnam, and Thailand.
# Row (surname)

Row is a surname. Notable people by that name include:
* John Row (minister, born 1568), was a Scottish historian.
* John Row (poet) (born 1947), English storyteller.
* John Row (MP) for Totnes.
* Nicole Row, touring bassist for Panic! At the Disco.
* Robert Row (1915–1999), English fascist.
* William Row 17th century, Scottish minister and son-in-law of Robert Blair
* William Bickford Row (1786–1865), English-Canadian merchant, lawyer and politician
# Louisa Island (Tasmania)

Louisa Island is an island with a short sandy tombolo, located adjacent to the south-western coast of Tasmania, Australia. The irregularly shaped 23-hectare (0.089 sq mi) island is part of the Maatsuyker Islands Group, and comprises part of the Southwest National Park and the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Site.
The island's highest point is 80 metres (260 ft) above sea level and, at low tide, the island is joined to the mainland by a 250 metres (820 ft) sand spit.

## Flora and fauna

The central parts of the island are lightly forested with Eucalyptus nitida and Eucalyptus ovata, with an understorey of Leptospermum scoparium and Melaleuca squarrosa. Bracken covers areas subjected to recent fires.
The island is part of the Maatsuyker Island Group Important Bird Area, identified as such by BirdLife International because of its importance as a breeding site for seabirds. Recorded breeding seabird and wader species are the little penguin, short-tailed shearwater (206,000 pairs), fairy prion (400 pairs), common diving-petrel (1600 pairs), Pacific gull, sooty oystercatcher and pied oystercatcher. Mammals present include the Tasmanian pademelon and long-nosed potoroo. The Tasmanian tree skink is present.
# Louisa James (athlete)

Louisa James (born 5 July 1994) is a British hammer thrower, who won an individual gold medal at the Youth World Championships.
# Lotfi Rhim

Lotfi Rhim (born 1968) is a Tunisian football manager.
# FlipGive

FlipGive is a team funding app that simplifies raising money for sports teams, schools and community groups. Teams earn cash back by buying the things they need to get anyway and are paid whenever they shop, dine out, book hotels or activities.
FlipGive has worked with Dikembe Mutombo as an investor and corporate ambassador to raise awareness of the rising costs of youth sports in North America.

## Origins

FlipGive was formed November 2015 as a spin-off from parent company Better The World - a corporate social responsibility agency developed by partners who attended the Executive MBA program at the Richard Ivey School of Business at the University of Western Ontario.
FlipGive is a B corporation.
# Louis-François Dunière

Louis-François Dunière (July 11, 1754 – August 29, 1828) was a businessman and political figure in Lower Canada.
He was born in the town of Quebec in 1754, the son of Louis Dunière. Dunière was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada for Hertford in 1796, after his father retired from politics. As his father had in the 1792 assembly, Louis-François proposed Jean-Antoine Panet as speaker. Dunière settled at Berthier. He was a justice of the peace and served as major in the local militia during the War of 1812.
He died in Pointe-du-Lac in 1828.
# Florence Holmes Gerke

Florence Holmes Gerke (1896–1964) was an American landscape architect and newspaper editor.

## Early life and education

Florence Holmes Hill was born in Portland, Oregon, February 16, 1898. Her father was Joseph A. Hill. Her mother, Edith Knight Holmes Hill, was acolumnist for The Oregonian, while her sister, Mary Holmes Goodall, was a columnist for The Oregon Daily Journal.
In her early life, Gerke was a resident of San Francisco and Oakland, California.
She was a graduate of the Oregon State Agricultural College in Landscape Architecture. She studied gardens in Europe, and took a post graduate course at the Cambridge School of Architecture and Landscape Architecture, Cambridge, Massachusetts. She also attended Museum Art School at the Portland Art Museum.

## Career

Gerke served as municipal Landscape Architect for the City of Portland and designed Grant Park, Irving Park, Dawson Park, and Eastmoreland's Shakespeare Garden. She designed the International Rose Test Garden and the amphitheater at Washington Park and many features of Portland parks and playgrounds. She also designed the planting for Shriners Hospital for Children, and several other public and private institutions. With her husband, she worked on the gardens at Lloyd Center and Dammasch State Hospital.
Gerke wrote many articles for leading technical magazines on landscaping, as well as in American Home, House Beautiful, and Sunset. She served as club and society editor at the Portland Telegram before becoming an editor for The Oregon Daily Journal, where she wrote a weekly series.
She was a member of the Professional Woman's League, Chi Omega. She made her home in Faloma, Multnomah County, Oregon.

## Personal life

She married Walter Henry Gerke (c. 1891–1982), a landscape architect. They had a daughter, Marianne.
Florence Holmes Gerke died in Portland, Oregon, August 22, 1964.
The Walter H. and Florence Holmes Gerke landscape architecture drawings and photographs are held by the University of Oregon Libraries.

## Selected works

* "Public Convenience Buildings in the Parks of Portland Oregon", Architectural Record, January 1927, vol. 61, no. 1, pp. 23–26 (text)
* "The Garden Theater", The Playground, May 1925, vol. 10, no. 2, p. 100 (text)
* "The Industrious Anemone", Garden Magazine & Home Builder, May 1925, vol. 41, no. 3, p. 238 (text)
* "Oregon Women who Farm and Garden", Farm and Garden, December 1922, vol. 10, no. 6, p. 3-6 (text)
# Florence MacAulay

Florence Elizabeth Mary MacAulay (1862–1945) was a British suffragist and part of the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU). In 1909, she wrote the lyrics to The Women's Marseillaise, which was a popular marching song for the WSPU.

## Early life

MacAuley was born in Reading, England. Her father worked as a bookseller. MacAuley received higher education in Somerville College (at the time Somerville Hall) at the University of Oxford. She dropped out of Oxford after two terms, owing to the death of her father. She returned to Oxford in 1886 but did not complete her degree. MacAuley worked as a teacher for 20 years, including six years at Great Yarmouth High School. She never married.

## Suffragist movement

MacAuley joined the WSPU by 1907, engaging herself as an organiser and planning activities in multiple locations across England. This entailed living a nomadic lifestyle for a few years. She was the WSPU organiser for Canterbury and South Kent from 1910-1912. During this time she lived in "Trevarra", a boarding house used by WSPU organisers and escaped "mice". In 1913 MacAuley was arrested alongside Annie Kenney in London.