OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# George Young Blair

George Young Blair JP (10 March 1824 – 22 September 1894) was a Scottish marine engineer, who specialised in the building of triple expansion engines at his factory Blair & Co., Ltd. in Stockton-on-Tees.

## Early life

Blair was born at Drumrauch Farm, Pittenweem, Fife, near Dundee, Scotland on 10 March 1824.

## Career

In 1855 George Blair was appointed manager of Fossick & Hackworth, becoming a partner in 1865. The firm was renamed Fossick, Blair & Co. on Hackworth's retirement, and when Fossick died in 1866 it became Blair & Co.
Blair's management led to the firm's specialising in marine engines. The 700 employees grew to 2 000, and the works covered seven and a half acres. Blair produced the first compound steam engine built on the Tees in January 1869 and fitted it to the Glenmore built by Backhouse & Dixon. This was followed in 1884 by its first triple-expansion engine, fitted to the Burgos which had been built by Richardson, Duck and Company.
In 1887 Blair constructed massive sheerlegs next to the Tees. These were capable of lifting 100 tons of marine engine into new ships. By 1914 the yard had turned out some 1 400 marine engines, followed by 75 during World War I. After the War the firm was taken over by Gould Steamships and Industrials in 1919.
Blair also served as a Justice of the Peace for County Durham.

## Personal life

On 4 September 1862 Blair married Margaret Borrie (1836–1888), daughter of Peter Borrie and Jean Simson, at St. Hilda's Church, Middlesbrough, Yorkshire, North Riding, England. He constructed the family home, Drumrauch Hall, and bought Linden Grove, also at Hutton Rudby in Yorkshire. Together, George and Margaret were the parents of:
* Peter Borrie Blair (1866–1891), who died in Stockton of typhoid.
* Mary Young Blair (1867–1935), who married Percy Sadler, eldest son of industrialist Sir Samuel Sadler.
* Florence Jean Blair (c. 1869–1917), who died unmarried.
* Margaret Amy Blair (1870–1907), who married Smollett Clerk Thomson, a Scottish bank agent, in 1899.
Blair died at Drumrauch Hall on 22 September 1894.
# Georges Marsan

Georges Marsan (born 20 March 1957) is a Monégasque politician serving as mayor of Monaco since 2003. A member of the Communal Evolution (EC) party, he was first elected to the Communal Council of Monaco in 1991. Marsan is a pharmacist by trade.

## Early life

Georges Marsan was born in 1957. Both his father Gérard and grandfather Antoine were pharmacists. The family pharmacy was established on Rue Grimaldi in 1908. Shortly after, it was relocated to the Place d'Armes in La Condamine. Meanwhile, one of his grandfathers was a neighbourhood mayor who helped write the Constitution of Monaco in 1911 in the wake of the Monégasque Revolution.
Marsan graduated from the University of Montpellier in pharmacy in 1979.

## Career

Marsan started his career as a pharmacist in the family business on the Place d'Armes. He serves as president of the Ordre des Pharmaciens de Monaco. In 1991, Marsan was asked to run for the Monaco Communal Council by now-former Mayor Anne-Marie Campora; he was elected.
He has served as mayor of Monaco since 2003. He has been elected five times (2003, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2019). He was the sole candidate in 2011 and 2019. He won by 75% in 2015.
Marsan is Grand Officer of the Order of Saint-Charles.

## Personal life

Marsan is married. He has a son and two daughters.
# Georges Marret

Georges Marret (? - 9 May 1937), was a French film producer and film director.

## Filmography
### Producer

* 1931: Jean de la Lune [fr] by Jean Choux
* 1932: Suzanne (1932 film) by Léo Joannon and Raymond Rouleau
* 1933: Knock by Roger Goupillières and Louis Jouvet
* 1934: Jeanne

### Director

* 1934: Jeanne

### Scriptwriter

* 1938: La Goualeuse [fr] by Fernand Rivers, with Lys Gauty, cowriter
# Gerd Binnig

Gerd Binnig (German pronunciation: ; born 20 July 1947) is a German physicist. He is most famous for having won the Nobel Prize in Physics jointly with Heinrich Rohrer in 1986 for the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope.

## Early life and education

Binnig was born in Frankfurt am Main and played in the ruins of the city during his childhood. His family lived partly in Frankfurt and partly in Offenbach am Main, and he attended school in both cities. At the age of 10, he decided to become a physicist, but he soon wondered whether he had made the right choice. He concentrated more on music, playing in a band. He also started playing the violin at 15 and played in his school orchestra.
Binnig studied physics at the Goethe University Frankfurt, gaining a bachelor's degree in 1973 and remaining there to do a PhD with in Werner Martienssen's group, supervised by Eckhardt Hoenig, and being awarded to him in 1978.

## Career

In 1978, Binnig accepted an offer from IBM to join their Zurich research group, where he worked with Heinrich Rohrer, Christoph Gerber and Edmund Weibel. There they developed the scanning tunneling microscope (STM), an instrument for imaging surfaces at the atomic level. The Nobel committee described the effect that the invention of the STM had on science, saying that "entirely new fields are opening up for the study of the structure of matter." The physical principles on which the STM was based were already known before the IBM team developed the STM, but Binnig and his colleagues were the first to solve the significant experimental challenges involved in putting it into effect.
The IBM Zurich team were soon recognized with a number of prizes: the German Physics Prize, the Otto Klung Prize, the Hewlett Packard Prize and the King Faisal Prize. In 1986, Binnig and Rohrer shared half of the Nobel Prize in Physics, the other half of the Prize was awarded to Ernst Ruska.
From 1985–1988, he worked in California. He was at IBM in Almaden Valley, and was visiting professor at Stanford University.
In 1985, Binnig invented the atomic force microscope (AFM) and Binnig, Christoph Gerber and Calvin Quate went on to develop a working version of this new microscope for insulating surfaces.
In 1987 Binnig was appointed IBM Fellow. In the same year, he started the IBM Physics group Munich, working on creativity and atomic force microscopy.
In 1994 Professor Gerd Binnig founded Definiens which turned in the year 2000 into a commercial enterprise. The company developed Cognition Network Technology to analyze images just like the human eye and brain are capable of doing.
in 2016, Binnig won the Kavli Prize in Nanoscience. He became a fellow of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters.
The Binnig and Rohrer Nanotechnology Center, an IBM-owned research facility in Rüschlikon, Zurich is named after Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer.

## Personal life

In 1969, Binnig married Lore Wagler, a psychologist, and they have a daughter born in Switzerland and a son born in California. His hobbies include reading, swimming, and golf.
# Gerd Becker

Gerd Becker may refer to:
* Gerd Becker (handballer) (born 1953), former West German handball player
* Gerd Becker (chemist) (1940–2017), German chemist
# German trawler V 201 Seydlitz

Seydlitz was a German trawler built in 1936 which was converted into a Vorpostenboot for the Kriegsmarine during World War II, serving as V 201 Seydlitz and V 211 Seydlitz. She was bombed and sunk off the Channel Islands on 20 March 1944.

## Description

Seydlitz was 49.40 metres (162 ft 1 in) long, with a beam of 8.03 metres (26 ft 4 in) and a depth of 3.76 metres (12 ft 4 in). It was assessed at 449 GRT, 167 NRT. It was powered by a triple expansion steam engine which had cylinders of 36.0 centimetres (14+3⁄16 in), 55 centimetres (21+5⁄8 in) and 90.0 centimetres (35+7⁄16 in) diameter by 64.9 centimetres (25+9⁄16 in) stroke. The engine was built by Deschimag, Wesermünde. It was rated at 98nhp, giving a speed of 10.5 knots (19.4 km/h).

## History

In 1936, Seydlitz was constructed as yard number 570 by the German shipbuilder Seebeckwerft AG as a civilian fishing trawler for F. A. Pust Hochseefischerei AG, Wesermünde. The Code Letters DFCP were allocated, as was the fishing boat registration PG 508. On 1 October 1939, the Kriegsmarine requisitioned the vessel and commissioned it as a Vorpostenboot in the 2 Vorpostenflotille under the designation V 201 Seydlitz. The ship was redesignated V 211 Seydlitz on 20 October. With the rest of the 2 Vorpostenflotille, Seydlitz operated in the North Sea from 1939 to 1940 and in the English Channel from 1940 to 1944.
Seydlitz was sunk by British fighter-bombers on 20 March 1944 in the English Channel between Guernsey, Channel Islands and Barfleur, Manche, France. Twenty-seven crew were killed. The wreck now lies where it was sunk approximately 50 metres (160 ft) below the surface.
# Gerald–Dowdell House

The Gerald–Dowdell House, in Montgomery, Alabama, was built c.1854. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.
It was built by Perley and Camilla (Sanford) Buckley Gerald. Perley Gerald, a native of New York, moved to Alabama in 1829, first settling in Mobile before moving to the Montgomery area to trade with the Creek Indians. During the Gold Rush of 1849, Gerald went west and made a fortune trading with the miners. He later married Camilla Sanford Buckley, whose brother was General John Williams Sanford of Georgia and whose nephew was Colonel J.W.A. Sanford, Jr., who designed the State flag.
According to local tradition, Herman Arnold, conductor of the orchestra at the Montgomery Theater, was renting the front corner room of the house in 1861, at the outbreak of the Civil War. Arnold arranged “Dixie” as a march and led the Montgomery Brass Band in the inaugural parade. Another local inhabitant was Robert T. Simpson, a Justice of the Alabama Supreme Court who lived in the building from 1940 to 1949. The building is within walking distance of several key sites in the civil rights movement, including Dexter Avenue Baptist Church, where Dr. Martin Luther King once served as pastor.
The Gerald–Dowdell House is one of the few large raised cottages remaining in Montgomery, and has undergone substantial rehabilitation as part of its conversion for use as a law office for the firm of Wilkerson & Bryan, P.C. In 2000, construction was completed on a new building connected to the historic structure through what was once an enclosed back porch. The addition was designed to convey the image of a carriage house, in keeping with the historic nature of the site.
# Geralee Vega

Gerald Vega Morales (born July 22, 1986) is a Puerto Rican weightlifter. Vega represented Puerto Rico at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, where she competed for the women's lightweight category (58 kg). Vega placed ninth in this event, as she successfully lifted 90 kg in the single-motion snatch, and hoisted 112 kg in the two-part, shoulder-to-overhead clean and jerk, for a total of 202 kg.
# Geritola goodii

Geritola goodii, the Good's epitola, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in eastern Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, the Republic of the Congo, the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda and north-western Tanzania. The habitat consists of forests.
# Geritola subargentea

Geritola subargentea, the silvery epitola, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Ivory Coast, Cameroon, the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda and Tanzania. Its habitat is the forest.

## Subspecies

* Geritola subargentea subargentea (Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, north-western Tanzania)
* Geritola subargentea continua Libert, 1999 (western Ivory Coast, Cameroon, Central African Republic)
# Gheorghe Ghibănescu

Gheorghe Ghibănescu (29 September 1864 – 4 July 1936) was a Romanian historian and philologist.
Born in Gugești, Vaslui County, he attended the junior seminary in Huși from 1875 to 1879, followed by the senior seminary at the Socola Monastery in Iași from 1879 to 1882. After finishing his secondary education, he entered the Faculty of Literature and Philosophy at the Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, where he studied history, philosophy, philology and pedagogy. In 1885, he won a competition for a teaching post at the normal school in Bârlad, marking the beginning of his career as teacher, historian and newspaper writer. While at Bârlad, he published two works that proved significant during his later research: Originile Hușilor ("The Origins of Huși", 1888) and Grafica chirilică la români ("The Romanian Cyrillic Alphabet", 1889). In 1889, he was transferred to the Vasile Lupu Normal School in Iași, where he undertook extensive research alongside his teaching duties. He authored grammar textbooks as well as monographs on the churches of Iași and on historical personalities such as Stephen the Great, Vlad the Impaler and Vlad the Monk. In 1905, in recognition of his work, he was elected a corresponding member of the Romanian Academy. He died in 1936 and was buried in Eternitatea cemetery.
# Gerry (company)

Gerry is a brand of outdoor sports clothing and gear, currently specializing in cold weather garments (clothes).

## History

The company was founded in 1946 in Ward, Colorado, by Gerald "Gerry" Cunningham, a veteran of the 10th Mountain Division. Initially it was a mail order business providing lightweight equipment for mountaineers.
In 1950, Cunningham developed the triangular carabiner, the first in the modern style. Less than five years later, he also invented the drawstring clamp also known as a cord clamp or cord lock.
In 1953, Gerry tents were used in the first successful Everest expedition.
In 1958, Gerry opened the first of its retail stores, in Boulder. In 1949 Cunningham invented the Gerry Kiddie Carrier which was frameless; the frame version was patented in 1963. The company Gerry Designs, Inc. was spun off with Meg Hansson in 1960 to market the carrier to a wider audience. Nearly a million babies were toted in the carriers.
In 1959, the company created a very compact survival suit for the US Air Force. The seven piece suit was made of nylon and goose down and came vacuum packed in a small box. It was used in jets and space capsules. The coat converted into a sleeping bag. Gerry expanded into outerwear and produced some of the first lightweight down jackets.
In 1963, the company supplied ultra lightweight gear for the first American ascent of Mount Everest. For the 1964 Winter Olympics the Olympic Committee wore Gerry ski coats.
In 1966, Gerry alumnus Dale Johnson founded Frostline Kits, a brand of sew-it-yourself outdoor products.
In 1971, Cunningham resigned from the company, saying it was "too big and no fun". In 1973 he was elected to the Sporting Goods Industry Hall of Fame. At that time Gerry was a division of Outdoor Sports Industries. Through 1980, the company offered a collection of innovative and brightly colored down garments, which sold well worldwide. But within a few years the company's products largely disappeared from the retail market.
Later, the Gerry brand was owned by the Amerex Group Inc., a New York–based privately owned clothing manufacturer which owned several brands. In 2002, Amerex created the Gerry website and announced a number of sponsorship programs.
Cunningham died May 15, 2010, at his home in Patagonia, Arizona (born February 17, 1922).
In 2010, the Gerry brand was bought by Studio Ray, of New York City which revamped the catalog, which included their classic outerwear and accessories. In Fall 2012, Gerry began to be sold at retailers, including Macy's, Dillard's, and The Sports Authority. Their lightweight jackets and other apparel are also sold seasonally in Costco stores. Gerry has its showroom in New York City.
# Getapnia

Getapnia may refer to:
* Geghanist (disambiguation), several places in Armenia
* Getapnya, Armenia
# Gherardo di Giovanni del Fora

Gherardo di Giovanni di Miniato del Fora (1445–1497) was an Italian painter and illuminator.
He was born in Florence as the son of the sculptor Giovanni di Miniato del Fora. He inherited his father's nickname of "Del Fora" in the history books. He is also known as "Master of the Triumph of Chastity". Besides paintings such as Christ and the Virgin Mary Interceding for Humanity, he is known for miniatures, mosaics, and jewelry. He had many commissions for members of the Medici family in Florence and also worked for King Matthias Corvinus in Hungary. His landscapes show the influence of Early Netherlandish painters.
He died in Florence.
* The Combat of Love and Chastity
* Portrait of Piero de Medici
* Illustrations from John Chrysostom's Homilies
* David in prayer, from the Bible of Matthias Corvinus
# Gherea

Gherea may refer to:
* Constantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea, Romanian Marxist philosopher, or either of his two sons:
** Alexandru Dobrogeanu-Gherea, communist militant
** Ionel Gherea, philosopher and pianist
* a former village in the commune of Ceanu Mare, Cluj County
# Gilduin of Le Puiset

Gilduin of Le Puiset (d. between 1130 and 1135) was the son of Hugh I of Le Puiset and Alice of Montlhéry, daughter of Guy I of Montlhéry. Monk at St. Martin-des-Champs, prior at Cluny Abbey, prior at Lurey-le-Bourg, abbot of St. Mary of the Valley of Jehosaphat.
It is unclear when Gilduin became abbot of St. Mary, but he was in this position when his cousin Baldwin II confirmed the privileges of the abbey, the chief Marian shrine in Jerusalem, on 31 January 1120.
In that same year, Gilduin and Baldwin II travelled to Edessa, joining with Gilduin’s brother Waleran. There they met Hugh, Archbishop of Edessa. Hugh, in possession of two sacred relics — a finger of St. Stephen and a tooth of John the Baptist - was concerned about keeping the relics in a place that could be overrun by Moslems. He gave the relics to Gilduin for transfer to Cluny, now under Pons of Melgueil, a mission which he completed.
Gilduin may have been associated with Barisan the Old. Les Lignages d’Outremer identified Balian [Barisan] as the brother of a Count Guilduin of Chartres. Riley-Smith speculates that Barisan may have been the illegitimate brother or brother-in-law of Gilduin, but there is little evidence to support this.
It is not known who succeeded Gilduin as abbot of St. Mary.
# Ghislaine Dupont

Ghislaine Dupont (French:; 13 January 1956 – 2 November 2013) was a French journalist who specialised in African issues.

## Personal history

She lived as a child some years in Africa. After college, she enrolled in the École supérieure de journalisme de Paris.

## Career

She began her career by writing in Ouest-France and Témoignage Chrétien. She worked afterwards with free radio stations, including Gilda La Radiopolitaine in Paris. She joined Radio France Belfort then for the first time Radio France Internationale in 1986, before going to Morocco in Tangier for private Radio Méditerranée Internationale. After her final return to RFI in 1990, Dupont worked only about African issues: with UNITA in Angola, in Sierra Leone in the territories handed by the RUF, Djibouti, Ethiopia-Eritrea conflict, Rwanda, Sudan, Algeria and Ivory Coast where she revealed the existence of mass graves in Abidjan. She was active in the Democratic Republic of Congo between 1997 and 2007. Ghislaine Dupont was known as a first class investigator, having editorial rigor and finesse and a very good political analysis. She became in July 2013 editorial advisor at RFI.

### Democratic Republic of Congo

Ghislaine Dupont began her involvement in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) in 1997. In 2002, she was involved in the creation of Radio Okapi in the DRC. "The Frequency of Peace" was created at the initiative of the Swiss Hirondelle Foundation, an NGO active in supporting the media in crisis situations, with the support of the UN Mission in the DRC (MONUC). She trained young journalists and Radio Okapi is now at the forefront of the news media of the country.
In 2006, she was expelled by the Kinshasa government of Kabila between the first and second round of the presidential election.

## Death and legacy

Dupont was killed on 2 November 2013, not far from Kidal in northeastern Mali after being abducted by unidentified assailants. She was with the technician Claude Verlon, who was killed with her.
On 5 November 2013, Dupont and Verlon received posthumous decorations from Ibrahim Boubacar Keita, the president of Mali.
In September 2014, Radio France Internationale announced the Ghislaine Dupont et Claude Verlon scholarships to honor its deceased journalists. The annual award is presented to a journalist under 30 and a technician from Africa, and they will have the opportunity to study in Paris. The award was first presented on 2 November 2014 in Bamako, which is the first anniversary of their death.
In 2015, the United Nations assigned the date of commemoration for the International Day to End Impunity based on the outrage behind the murder of Dupont and Verlon as stated in its official resolution.
# Ghislain

Masculine Ghislain, Guislain, Gislain or Ghiselin and feminine Ghislaine or Ghyslaine is a French personal name used in countries with French-speaking populations. It is originated with a 7th century saint, Saint Ghislain (died 680) of Hainaut and was latinized as Gislenus.
Etymologically, the name is usually said to derive from the oblique case of a Proto-West Germanic root: *gīsl “hostage, pledge” (see Wiktionary:Ghislain). As such, it is cognate with modern German Geisel "hostage". (However, one source has instead claimed that the name is derived from Germanic roots gis "information" and lind "sweet".) The name possibly became popular as a secondary given name, which was intended to give infants the protection of St Ghislain.
Other people with this given name include:
* Ghislaine Dommanget (1900–1991), Princess of Monaco and actress
* Ghislaine Alexander (1922–2000), British heiress and socialite
* Ghislain Cloquet (1924–1981), Belgian-born French cinematographer
* Ghislaine Roquet (1926–2016), Canadian philosophy professor and nun
* Ghislain Fournier (born 1938), Canadian politician and businessman
* Ghislaine Thesmar (born 1943), French ballet dancer
* Ghislain de Montgolfier (born 1943), French winemaker, head of the Bollinger Champagne house
* Ghislaine Barnay (born 1945), French athlete
* Ghislain Harvey (born 1946), Canadian politician
* Ghislain Lebel (1946–2023), Canadian politician
* Ghyslaine Côté (born 1955), Canadian filmmaker
* Ghislaine Maxwell (born 1961), British socialite, daughter of Robert Maxwell, companion of Jeffrey Epstein and convicted sex criminal
** Lady Ghislaine, yacht named after Maxwell
* Ghislain Anselmini (born 1970), French footballer
* Ghislain Lemaire (born 1972), French judoka
* Ghislain Poirier, artist name Poirier (born 1976), Canadian DJ from Montreal
* Ghislain Gimbert (born 1985), French footballer
* Gislaine Cristina Souza da Silva (born 1988), Brazilian footballer
* Ghyslain Raza (born circa 1988), creator of the viral video Star Wars Kid
* Ghislain Barbe, Canadian illustrator