OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Radio science subsystem

A radio science subsystem (RSS) is a subsystem placed on board a spacecraft for radio science purposes.

## Function of the RSS

The RSS uses radio signals to probe a medium such as a planetary atmosphere. The spacecraft transmits a highly stable signal to ground stations, receives such a signal from ground stations, or both. Since the transmitted signal parameters are accurately known to the receiver, any changes to these parameters are attributable to the propagation medium or to the relative motion of the spacecraft and ground station.
The RSS is usually not a separate instrument; its functions are usually "piggybacked" on the existing telecommunications subsystem. More advanced systems use multiple antennas with orthogonal polarizations.

## Applications

Radio science is commonly used to determine the gravity field of a moon or planet by observing Doppler shift. This requires a highly stable oscillator on the spacecraft, or more commonly a "2-way coherent" transponder that phase locks the transmitted signal frequency to a rational multiple of a received uplink signal that usually also carries spacecraft commands.
Another common radio science observation is in radio occultation, performed as a spacecraft is occulted by a planetary body. As the spacecraft moves behind the planet, its radio signals cuts through successively deeper layers of the planetary atmosphere. Measurements of signal strength and polarization vs time can yield data on the composition and temperature of the atmosphere at different altitudes.
It is also common to use multiple radio frequencies coherently derived from a common source to measure the dispersion of the propagation medium. This is especially useful in determining the free electron content of a planetary ionosphere.

## Spacecraft using RSS

* Cassini–Huygens
* Mariner 2, 4,5,6,7,9, and 10
* Voyager 1 and 2
* MESSENGER
* Venus Express

## Functions

* Determine composition of gas clouds such as atmospheres, solar coronas.
* Characterize gravitational fields
* Estimate masses of celestial satellites that do not have satellites of their own.
* To estimate particle size of particle fields
* Estimate densities of ion fields.

## Specifications

* Given a deep space network (DSN) of receivers and/or transmitters.
* A Ka-band traveling wave tube amplifier (K-TWTA) amplifies signals to a transmitting antenna to be received by a distal radio telescope.
* Ka-band translator (KAT) receives signal from a high gain antenna and retransmits the signal back to DSN. In this way the phase and phase-shift resulting from signal modification
* Ka-band exciter (KEX) it supplies telemetry data.
* S-band transmitter is used for radio science experiments. The transmitter receives signal from the RFS, amplifies and multiplies the signal, sending a 2290 MHz signal to the antenna.
* Filter microwave emitter allow only microwaves of a given frequency to be emitted, there is a polarizing element. There are two-bypass filters and a wave-guide. The bypass filters allow different feed polarizations, receiving and transmitting.
# Charneca de Caparica e Sobreda

Charneca de Caparica e Sobreda is a civil parish in the municipality of Almada, Portugal. It was formed in 2013 by the merger of the former parishes Charneca de Caparica and Sobreda. The population in 2011 was 44,929, in an area of 29.31 km$^2$.

## History

It was formed in 2013, as part of a national administrative reform, by the aggregation of the former parishes of Charneca de Caparica and Sobreda, with its headquarters in Charneca de Caparica. The current president of the parish council is Pedro Matias.
Its territory includes Monte da Cruz, a hill of reference in terms of historical and religious heritage, and Herdade da Aroeira with its world-renowned pine forest (the King's Pine Forest, planted by King João V of Portugal) and golf course.
# R. Nagarathnamma

R. Nagarathnamma (1926–2012) was an Indian theatre personality and the founder of Stree Nataka Mandali, an all-women theatre group based in Bengaluru. A recipient of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award, she was honored by the Government of India, in 2012, with the fourth highest Indian civilian award of Padma Shri.

## Biography

Nagarathnamma was born in 1926 in a family with moderate financial means, in Mysore, in the South Indian state of Karnataka. She started working in professional theatre at the age of 12, working with such troupes as Sri Chamundeshwari Nataka Sabha, Gubbi Company run by Gubbi Veeranna, Mitra Mandali of Hirannaiah and HLN Simha. Later, in 1958, Nagarathnamma established Stree Nataka Mandali, reported to be the first all-women theatre troupe from Karnataka where she performed as an actor and was the director of their plays.
Nagarathnamma is known for her depiction of male characters, especially mythological ones. She is credited with notable performances as Kamsa, Krishna, Ravana, Duryodhana and Bheema. She has travelled in many other states in India with her troupe and Krishna Garudi is stated to be one of her major plays. She has also acted in 15 Kannada and Tamil films, Kamanabillu, Parasangada Gendethimma and Rosapoo Ravikkaikari being some of the notable ones.
Nagarathnamma died on 6 October 2012, at the age of 87, after a brief period of illness.

## Awards and recognitions

Nagarathnamma was a recipient of many awards such as Tagore Ratna Award and Gubbi Veeranna Award. She has been honored by the Government of Karnataka with their second highest civilian award of Rajyotsava Prashasti. She received the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award in 1992. In 2012, the Government of India included her in the Republic Day honours list for the fourth highest Indian civilian award of Padma Shri. She is also conferred Sangeet Natak Akademi Tagore Ratna in 2012 as special awards to commemorate 150th Birth Anniversary of Rabindranath Tagore.
# Sasha-class minesweeper

The Sasha class is the NATO reporting name for a class of minesweepers built for the Soviet Navy between 1954 and 1956. The Soviet designation was Project 265.

## Design

The specification for the design was issued in 1946. The ships were steel-hulled coastal minesweepers and were to replace wartime T301-class coastal sweepers. Following trials the bow shape was changed to improve sea-keeping and more advanced electronics and sweeps were introduced throughout the service lives of these ships.

## Ships

At total of 37 ships were built at Rybinsk. The last two ships were retired in 1992.
# Parivartana

Parivartana may refer to:
* Parivartana (1954 film), an Indian Telugu film
* Parivartana (1975 film), an Indian Telugu film
# Crazy paving (medicine)

Crazy paving refers to a pattern seen on computed tomography of the chest, involving lobular septal thickening with variable alveolar filling. The finding is seen in pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, and other diseases. Its name comes from its resemblance to irregular paving stones, called crazy pavings.

## Causes

There are variety of causes for crazy paving patterns: infection, cancer, blood related disorders, diseases caused by inhalation of particles, and idiopathic disease. Specific lung disorders that can cause such patterns are: pneumocystis pneumonia, mucinous bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, sarcoidosis, nonspecific interstitial pneumonia, organizing pneumonia, exogenous lipoid pneumonia, adult respiratory distress syndrome, and pulmonary hemorrhage syndromes.
# Blackstock & Weber

Blackstock & Weber is an American footwear and apparel brand known for their men's loafers.

## History

American fashion designer Chris Echevarria founded Blackstock & Weber in September 2017 in Brooklyn, New York.
Blackstock & Weber teamed with Lawrence Schlossman and James Harris from the Throwing Fits podcast in 2020 to design an exclusive shoe.
In 2022, Blackstock & Weber released an exclusive Rocky Mountain Featherbed collection of puffer jackets. In September 2022, Blackstock & Weber also released exclusive merchandise as part of Bloomingdale's 150th Anniversary Collection. The company also collaborated with END. on the brand's "Blackjack" collection and the British coat maker Gloverall on an exclusive duffle coat and bucket hat.
In August 2023, Blackstock & Weber collaborated with the fashion brand Kith on a line of premium loafers made in Portugal. In the same year, Blackstock & Weber collaborated with Bee Line, a sublabel of Billionaire Boys Club, a streetwear label founded by Pharrell Williams. The company also released an all-black leather loafer as a collaboration with JJJJound and a tennis-inspired loafer as a collaboration with the Danish menswear brand Palmes Tennis Society.
Blackstock & Weber has also collaborated with fashion brands such as J.Crew and 3sixteen. The company also contributed to Lapstone and Hammer's collaboration with the Philadelphia 76ers, which featured designs from streetwear brands in the 76ers' team colors.

## Products

Blackstock & Weber's popular loafer products include the Ellis loafer, the Mason horse-bit loafer and its variations, and the Clásico Tassel Loafer.
Blackstock & Weber has also released apparel products like 80s-style ringer t-shirts.
Echevarria's design process for Blackstock & Weber shoes was inspired by the Nike Air Force 1. Most of Blackstock & Weber's products are manufactured in England.
# Feel the Beat

Feel the Beat may refer to:
* Feel the Beat (Darude song), 2000
* Feel the Beat (Black Eyed Peas and Maluma song), 2020
* Feel the Beat, a song by Chai from the album Punk
* Feel the Beat (film), a 2020 American film
# Radio source

Radio source may refer to:
* An astronomical radio source
* A radio transmitter
* The Radio Open Source podcast and blog
# The Untold Story of Emmett Louis Till

The Untold Story of Emmett Louis Till is a 2005 documentary film about the murder of Emmett Till. It was directed by Keith Beauchamp. The film contributed to the case being reopened by the U.S. Department of Justice.

## Background

In August 1955, 14-year-old African American Emmett Till was murdered for whistling at a white woman at a store in Money, Mississippi. The woman's relatives kidnapped Till and murdered him, leaving his body in a river. Till's mother held an open-casket funeral for her son to the public to demonstrate the brutality of racism in the Southern United States. The accused murderers were acquitted despite large amounts of evidence for their involvement in the murder.

## Production

In 1996, Beauchamp began investigating the crime as part of a planned documentary feature. His research and work conducting interviews for the film took over nine years, and ultimately contributed to the case being reopened by the U.S. Department of Justice in 2004. The Untold Story of Emmett Louis Till was the first film to investigate the murder and was the second film to be released about it, after The Murder of Emmett Till aired on PBS.

## Plot

The film examines the circumstances surrounding the 1955 murder of Emmett Till, and claims that fourteen people were involved. This number included five black employees of the five white men implicated in the murder, "as well as the woman that Till whistled at".
The film is interspersed with interviews, as well as television and news video that includes the men who were accused of the murder. Beauchamp interviews multiple eyewitnesses who were previously scared of retaliation. Beauchamp interviewed Emmett's cousins who were at the house during the kidnapping. The film has the victim's mother, Mamie Till, reminisce about her son's life and his murder.

## Home media

The film was released on DVD by ThinkFilm in 2005. The DVD includes an audio commentary by the director and a theatrical trailer.

## Reception

Ronnie Scheib of Variety wrote, "Beauchamp expertly excerpts long stretches from the extensive television coverage of the 1955 events, juxtaposing them with present-day interviews with the people who lived though these traumatic happenings." Kam Williams of BlackFilm said, "Now, filmmaker Keith Beauchamp has successfully embarrassed the Feds into re-opening the case. [...] in researching and conducting interviews for his damning documentary, The Untold Story of Emmett Till."
Neely Tucker of The Washington Post said, "That is what is known as poetry, and it is frustrating the documentary doesn't have more of it. For a movie that bills itself as "untold," there's no "gee-whiz" moment of revelation. There are many fine interviews, apparently some of them new, but there is no narration to tell us which ones."
The film won the National Board of Review Award in 2005 for Special Recognition of Films That Reflect Freedom of Expression.
# Oakdale Branch

The Oakdale Branch is a short Union Pacific railway line in and around Oakdale, California. The existing segment is the remnant of a much longer line, which traversed the east side of the San Joaquin Valley between Merced and Stockton. The line is isolated from the rest of the Union Pacific network, relying on interchanges with the Sierra Railroad for operations.
The first segment of the railway built was the Stockton and Visalia Railroad branch line from the Stockton and Copperopolis Railroad line at Peters to Oakdale. Both of those railroads would go on to be absorbed into the Central Pacific Railroad in 1885, shortly after the branch became operational. The Southern Pacific extended the line from Oakdale to Merced in early 1891. Passenger services ceased in 1938, with the railroad only running regular freight trains twice weekly between Stockton and Oakdale and on-demand south to Merced. Abandonment began in 1942 when the southernmost 21 miles (34 km) of the line was removed after years of low productivity. Further segments were torn up through the 1980s, leaving a very short line around Oakdale.
Union Pacific was running trains along the line six days per week in 2022 at peak tomato season.
# Quinn's Pub

Quinn's Pub is a restaurant on Seattle's Capitol Hill, in the U.S. state of Washington. Spouses Scott and Heather Staples opened the gastropub in 2007, with the former also serving as chef. Brothers Charles and Peter Kim became the owners of Quinn's in 2018.

## Description

Named after the original owners' son, Quinn's Pub operates at the intersection of 10th and Pike Street on Seattle's Capitol Hill. The two-story, upscale restaurant serves comfort food and American / New American cuisine. According to Seattle Refined, Quinn's was inspired by the gastropubs of London during the 1990s.

### Menu

The menu includes buffalo-fried frog legs, a burger, grilled Vermont quail, and a Scotch egg. The gastropub has also served foie gras poutine, grilled chicken, slow-roasted pork ribs, braised oxtail, grilled giant Pacific octopus, potato gnocchi, and wild boar sloppy joes. Other food options include meatball sliders, seared tuna with navy beans and sautéed chanterelles, cod fritters, fish and chips, French fries with fontina and veal, a pretzel, and a tart salad.
Drink options include beer (bottles and draught) as well as cider, bourbons, and whiskeys. The restaurant has hosted happy hour.

## History

The restaurant opened in 2007. Scott Staples was the chef; he and his wife Heather were co-owners. Quinn's offered approximately 60 types of beer, as of 2009.
Jeremy Ravetz was named the chef de cuisine and general manager in late 2011. In 2012, Seattle Magazine's Anna Samuels wrote, "In the past year, Ravetz has infused the existing pub-fare menu with gourmet techniques, resulting in rustic dishes that toe the fine line between pretension and comfort food, such as Quinn's famous Scotch egg. Since adding general manager to his list of titles last May, Ravetz has been instrumental in a bevy of new projects, including the pub's flagship brew, Quinn's Tap, introduced last summer and a charcuterie operation planned for early next year."
Quinn's participated in Seattle Beer Week in 2012. In 2013, the business announced plans to start serving lunch and participate in the city's "parklet" program for sidewalk dining. For the Capitol Hill Block Party in 2013, the restaurant offered jello shots (lime, orange, and raspberry), as well as beer and rum drink specials.
Brothers Charles and Peter Kim became owners of the restaurant in 2018. Quinn's has since been described as an Asian-owned business.

## Reception

In a 2013 episode of the Travel Channel series The Layover, Anthony Bourdain said of Quinn's: "They do great (burgers). There's great local beers and the delightful wild boar sloppy joe, which is something they tell me you just gotta do." Eater Seattle included the wild board sloppy joes in a 2014 list of twelve "iconic Seattle meat dishes to try before you die".
# Sohian

Sohian is a village in Batala in Gurdaspur district of Punjab State, India. It is located 26 kilometres (16 mi) from sub district headquarter, 54 kilometres (34 mi) from district headquarter and 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) from Sri Hargobindpur. The village is administrated by Sarpanch an elected representative of the village.

## Demography

As of 2011, The village has a total number of 131 houses and the population of 604 of which 312 are males while 292 are females. According to the report published by Census India in 2011, out of the total population of the village 98 people are from Schedule Caste and the village does not have any Schedule Tribe population so far.
# Parapsectris modica

Parapsectris modica is a moth in the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Oleksiy V. Bidzilya in 2010. It is found in Namibia.
# Peinlich

Peinlich (Scottish Gaelic: Peighinn an Lighiche) is a hamlet on the Isle of Skye in Scotland. Its main claim to fame is that its name is German for "embarrassing".
See List of United Kingdom locations: Pe-Pen.
# Dan Fraser

Dan Fraser (born c. 1963 in Castor, Alberta) is the President of Nettwerk Management and one of four co-founders of the Nettwerk Music Group, based in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The Nettwerk Music Group is now an international organization, with offices in London, Boston, New York, Nashville, Los Angeles, and Vancouver. Fraser began working with Terry McBride, Ric Arboit, and Mark Jowett in 1988.
Fraser was raised in Edmonton, Alberta, and currently resides in West Vancouver, BC. Fraser started out in the music business on the road touring at 17 years of age, and in 1988 he began working with McBride, Arboit, and Jowett, later creating the Nettwerk Management branch of the Nettwerk Music Group. As President, Fraser works with all artists on the Nettwerk Management roster and oversees artist managers, company employees, financial operations, and management deal negotiations and closings. Additionally, Fraser manages all aspects of the touring careers of Juno- and Grammy award-winning clients on the Nettwerk roster. He also contributes to the overall strategic development of the Nettwerk Music Group with the other 3 co-founders.

## Lilith Fair

In the late 1990s, Dan partnered with McBride, Marty Diamond, and Sarah McLachlan to co-found the all-female Lilith Fair tour. For 4 consecutive years, Lilith Fair showcased a wide variety of female-fronted acts to audiences throughout North America.
In April 2009, it was announced that Lilith Fair would be returning in Summer 2010.

## Philanthropic work

Fraser has executive produced the 2002 BC Cancer Benefit and The 2005 Tsunami Benefit, both in Vancouver. Fraser has sat on several boards including the 2007 Memorial Cup in Vancouver and the 2006 World Junior Hockey Championships held in British Columbia. Fraser is also an active board member for the Sarah McLachlan Music Outreach program.

## 2010 Olympics

Fraser served on the Ceremonies Production Team for the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver. This team was responsible for the production, design, scenic, and artist elements around the Opening and Closing Ceremonies, as well as the Medal Presentations for the 2010 Olympic Winter Games in Vancouver.
# Fencing at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's team épée

The men's team épée fencing competition at the Beijing 2008 Summer Olympics took place on August 15 at the Olympic Green Convention Centre.
The team épée competition consisted of a four-round single-elimination bracket with a bronze medal match between the two semifinal losers and classification semifinals and finals for 5th to 8th places. Teams consist of three members each. Matches consist of nine bouts, with every fencer on one team facing each fencer on the other team. Scoring carried over between bouts with a total of 45 touches being the team goal. Bouts lasted until one team reached the target multiple of 5 touches. For example, if the first bout ended with a score of 5-3, that score would remain into the next bout and the second bout would last until one team reached 10 touches. Bouts also had a maximum time of three minutes each; if the final bout ended before either team reached 45 touches, the team leading at that point won. A tie at that point would result in an additional one-minute sudden-death time period. This sudden-death period was further modified by the selection of a draw-winner beforehand; if neither fencer scored a touch during the minute, the predetermined draw-winner won the bout.

## Draw
### Finals

| Round of 16 | Round of 16 | Round of 16 | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Finals | Finals | Finals |
| | | | 1 | Hungary | 43 | | | | | | |
| 9 | South Africa | 28 | 8 | China | 45 | | | | | | |
| 8 | China | 45 | | | | 8 | China | 44 | | | |
| | | | | | | 4 | Poland | 45 | | | |
| | | | 5 | Ukraine | 37 | | | | | | |
| | | | 4 | Poland | 45 | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | 4 | Poland | 29 |
| | | | | | | | | | 2 | France | 45 |
| | | | 3 | Italy | 45 | | | |
| | | | 6 | South Korea | 37 | | | |
| | | | | | | 3 | Italy | 39 | Third place | Third place | Third place |
| | | | | | | 2 | France | 45 |
| | | | 7 | Venezuela | 33 | | | | 8 | China | 35 |
| | | | 2 | France | 45 | | | | 3 | Italy | 45 |

### Classification 5- 8

| Placement 5-8 | Placement 5-8 | Placement 5-8 | Placement 5-6 | Placement 5-6 | Placement 5-6 |
| 1 | Hungary | 41 | | | |
| 5 | Ukraine | 29 | | | |
| 5 | Ukraine | 29 | 1 | Hungary | 40 |
| | | | 7 | Venezuela | 25 |
| 6 | South Korea | 38 | 7 | Venezuela | 25 |
| 7 | Venezuela | 45 | Placement 7-8 | Placement 7-8 | Placement 7-8 |
| | | | 5 | Ukraine | 41 |
| | | | 6 | South Korea | 39 |

## Final classification

| Rank | Team | Athlete |
| | France | Fabrice Jeannet Jérôme Jeannet Ulrich Robeiri |
| | Poland | Robert Andrzejuk Tomasz Motyka Adam Wiercioch Radosław Zawrotniak |
| | Italy | Stefano Carozzo Diego Confalonieri Alfredo Rota Matteo Tagliariol |
| 4 | China | Li Guojie Wang Lei Yin Lianchi Dong Guotao |
| 5 | Hungary | Gábor Boczkó Géza Imre Krisztián Kulcsár Iván Kovács |
| 6 | Venezuela | Silvio Fernández Francisco Limardo Rubén Limardo |
| 7 | Ukraine | Maksym Khvorost Dmytro Chumak Bogdan Nikishin Vitalii Medvedev |
| 8 | South Korea | Jung Jin-Sun Kim Won-Jin Kim Seung-Gu |
| 9 | South Africa | Dario Torrente Sello Maduma Mike Wood |
# Rainfreville

Rainfreville (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Normandy region in northern France.

## Geography

A very small farming village situated by the banks of the river Saâne in the Pays de Caux at the junction of the D2 with the D270 road, some 14 miles (23 km) southwest of Dieppe.

## Places of interest

* The church of St.Martin & St.Lubin, dating from the seventeenth century.

## People

* Eugène Flaman, French locomotive engineer, died here in 1935.