OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Rupertus

Rupertus is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Glenn Rupertus, Canadian former biathlete
* Jacob Rupertus (1822/1823–1921), American handgun designer and manufacturer
* William H. Rupertus (1889–1945), American major general in the United States Marine Corps
See also
* Rupertus Meldenius, aka Peter Meiderlin and Peter Meuderlinus, (1582 1651), German Lutheran theologian and educator
* Rupertus Tuitensis (c. 1075/1080 – c. 1129), Belgian benedictine theologian, exegete and writer on liturgical and musical topics
* USS Rupertus (DD-851) was a Gearing-class destroyer of the United States Navy
# Red Creek, West Virginia

Red Creek is an unincorporated community in Tucker County, West Virginia, United States. Red Creek is located on West Virginia Route 72, 12 miles (19 km) southeast of Parsons. Red Creek has a post office with ZIP code 26289. Originally called Flanangan Hill after early settler Ebenezer Flanagan, the community was named Red Creek by the community's first postmaster William Raines. Being a Democrat, Raines refused to name the post office after the Republican Flanagan family, and thus named it for a nearby creek. The Red Creek post office was established in 1856.

## Climate

The climate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows, and there is adequate rainfall year-round. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Red Creek has a marine west coast climate, abbreviated "Cfb" on climate maps.
Elkins 21 ENE is a weather station located above Red Creek on the Canaan Valley Plateau, near the Canaan Valley Ski Resort.
Climate data for Elkins 21 ENE, West Virginia, 1991–2020 normals: 3390ft (1033m) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 63 (17) | 70 (21) | 76 (24) | 82 (28) | 82 (28) | 87 (31) | 86 (30) | 83 (28) | 84 (29) | 82 (28) | 74 (23) | 65 (18) | 87 (31) |
| Mean maximum °F (°C) | 56.9 (13.8) | 56.8 (13.8) | 67.4 (19.7) | 76.1 (24.5) | 78.8 (26.0) | 80.2 (26.8) | 81.3 (27.4) | 80.4 (26.9) | 79.8 (26.6) | 74.9 (23.8) | 67.5 (19.7) | 58.7 (14.8) | 81.5 (27.5) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 33.5 (0.8) | 36.5 (2.5) | 44.3 (6.8) | 56.8 (13.8) | 63.9 (17.7) | 70.6 (21.4) | 74.1 (23.4) | 73.2 (22.9) | 68.1 (20.1) | 58.6 (14.8) | 47.0 (8.3) | 37.9 (3.3) | 55.4 (13.0) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 25.8 (−3.4) | 28.2 (−2.1) | 35.9 (2.2) | 46.1 (7.8) | 54.8 (12.7) | 61.7 (16.5) | 65.2 (18.4) | 64.3 (17.9) | 58.5 (14.7) | 48.7 (9.3) | 38.6 (3.7) | 30.7 (−0.7) | 46.5 (8.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 18.2 (−7.7) | 20.0 (−6.7) | 27.5 (−2.5) | 35.3 (1.8) | 45.7 (7.6) | 52.8 (11.6) | 56.3 (13.5) | 55.4 (13.0) | 48.9 (9.4) | 38.9 (3.8) | 30.2 (−1.0) | 23.5 (−4.7) | 37.7 (3.2) |
| Mean minimum °F (°C) | −3.9 (−19.9) | −1.2 (−18.4) | 7.2 (−13.8) | 19.6 (−6.9) | 30.1 (−1.1) | 39.4 (4.1) | 44.9 (7.2) | 44.1 (6.7) | 34.4 (1.3) | 24.9 (−3.9) | 12.9 (−10.6) | 4.4 (−15.3) | −5.9 (−21.1) |
| Record low °F (°C) | −16 (−27) | −13 (−25) | −7 (−22) | 9 (−13) | 21 (−6) | 31 (−1) | 38 (3) | 40 (4) | 29 (−2) | 20 (−7) | 1 (−17) | −9 (−23) | −16 (−27) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 4.75 (121) | 4.42 (112) | 5.27 (134) | 5.12 (130) | 5.77 (147) | 5.30 (135) | 5.72 (145) | 4.18 (106) | 3.97 (101) | 3.70 (94) | 3.76 (96) | 4.75 (121) | 56.71 (1,442) |
| Average snowfall inches (cm) | 33.7 (86) | 27.3 (69) | 23.1 (59) | 12.2 (31) | 0.3 (0.76) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 1.6 (4.1) | 11.7 (30) | 23.5 (60) | 133.4 (339.86) |
| Source 1: NOAA(1981-2010 Canaan Valley Snowfall) ||||||||||||||
| Source 2: XMACIS2 (records & monthly max/mins) ||||||||||||||
# Gerhard Schaffran

Gerhard Schaffran (4 July 1912, in Leśnica, Górny Śląsk – 4 March 1996, in Dresden) was Papal consistory and Auxiliary bishop of Görlitz, Capitulary vicar [de] of Breslau for the see of Görlitz and Bishop of Dresden-Meissen.

## Life

Schaffran was the son of a teacher, his family moved from Breslau to Leschnitz am Annaberg. In the First World War his father served as an officer and was killed. His widow lived with Gerhard and his siblings at Görlitz. Gerhard Schaffran initially studied at a gymnasium in Berlin, but left high school in Görlitz in order to study theology at Breslau. After his ordination by Adolf Bertram on 1 August 1937, Schaffran served as a chaplain in Breslau. During the Second World War he was a Military chaplain and then a voluntary chaplain in a Soviet prisoner of war camp in Azerbaijan. By the time of his release frontiers had moved and Breslau had become the Polish city of Wrocław. In 1949/50 Schaffran decided to move to the German Democratic Republic, where in 1952 he became rector of the catechist seminary in Görlitz. From 1959 he worked as Professor of Homiletics at the Catholic seminary in Neuzelle and as a prison chaplain. On 24 November 1962, Schaffran was appointed titular bishop of Semnea and Auxiliary bishop of Görlitz. He was ordained as a bishop on 22 January 1963 by Alfred Bengsch, Archbishop of Berlin. Auxiliary Bishop Friedrich Maria Rintelen of Magdeburg and Hugo Aufderbeck of Erfurt assisted in the consecration. Schaffran adopted Soli Deo (for God alone) as his motto.
In September 1970, Gerhard Schaffran was appointed Bishop of the diocese of Meißen, which became Dresden-Meissen in 1979 and whose seat was moved from Bautzen to Dresden in 1980. He remained in the role until 1987. From 1980 to 1982 he was chairman of the Berlin Conference of Bishops. A high point of his career was organising the only Catholic Conference in East Germany, which took place in Dresden from 10 to 12 July 1987.
On 1 August 1987, Pope John Paul II accepted his resignation on grounds of age. Schaffran died in 1996 in Dresden and was interred in the Bishops' crypt of Dresden Cathedral.

## Selected works

* Die Stifte Melk, Dürnstein, Göttweig, Klosterneuburg, Langewiesche 1958, with Gerhard Kerff.
# Markham Moor

Markham Moor is a village which lies five miles south of the town of Retford in Nottinghamshire. The village is in the civil parish of West Drayton. Markham Moor lies on the junction between the A1, A638 and A57 roads. The village was on the route of the old Great North Road and was also traditionally part of the East Markham parish.

## Markham Moor junction

Markham Moor has a junction in the middle of the village which links the A1 between London and Edinburgh, the A638 to Retford and the A57 to Lincoln. Previously, this junction was a simple roundabout, but as part of junction improvements by the Highways Agency between Blyth in Nottinghamshire and Peterborough, the junction changed to the current two level junction, with one roundabout at the north end for the A57 and A638, and another roundabout on the south side for the B1164 Great North Road to Tuxford. Both roundabouts are connected by a flyover.
A public inquiry was launched into the improvements in 2006 after a number of objections, the majority from the nearby village of Elkesley. The objectors were concerned with the timing of the improvements and increased traffic flow on the A1 which bypasses Elkesley. The upgraded junction was completed in October 2008.

### Service area

Markham Moor junction has a number of companies providing services for travellers travelling along the major trunk roads which meet at the Markham Moor junction, including McDonald's, a Travelodge, a historic hotel on the route of the old Great North Road and a truck stop. The services also held a Little Chef café, which was originally constructed as a petrol station and converted to a Little Chef in 1989 but disused from 2012 to 2019. Due to its unusual hyperbolic paraboloid shell roof, constructed in 1960–61 to designs by architect Hugh Segar (Sam) Scorer and structural engineer Hajnal-Kónyi, there was a preservation campaign in 2004 to get the building listed to prevent it from being demolished as part of the Markham Moor junction improvement plans published by the Highways Agency. The plans were revised to save and improve access to the restaurant. The shell canopy was designated Grade II listed on 27 March 2012. It was purchased and redeveloped by Stockton-on-Tees based company, Cliff Court Developments Ltd, then re-opened as a Starbucks in December 2019.
# Dewey Hughes

Dewey Hughes (born 1932) is an African American former radio personality and was Petey Greene's manager.

## Early life

Dewey Hughes was born in South Carolina in 1932.

## Career

Hughes was introduced to Petey Greene by his older brother Milo at Lorton Reformatory and hired Greene to work as a disc jockey at WOL. Hughes also worked as co-producer and director of Greene's television talk show Petey Greene's Washington from 1976 to 1982. Greene succumbed to liver cancer on January 10, 1984.
Hughes purchased WOL with his then-wife, Cathy Hughes, in Washington which became the cornerstone of the Radio One Network. He went on to win 12 Emmy Awards as a producer/director for an NBC affiliate.

## Personal life

Hughes was married to Cathy Hughes from 1979 to 1987 and currently lives in Los Angeles, California where he writes and produces music. He has a son, Michael Genet, an actor and screenwriter.

## In film

Hughes was portrayed by Chiwetel Ejiofor in the 2007 film Talk to Me. The screenplay for the film was written by his son, Michael Genet.
# Skritch

Skritch is an Australian musician. He sings, plays drums, guitar, bass and keyboards and has been a member of The Long Johns, Gota Cola, Broken Head, Mary Trembles, Tex Perkins' Dark Horses, SKAM Artist and Ranger.
# Quintorigo

Quintorigo is an Italian band founded in 1996 by John de Leo, who left the band in 2005. Their genre vary from experimental, jazz, reggae, pop and rock music. Although the musical ensemble is composed only by acoustic instruments, the band often makes heavy use of sound effects like distortion, flanging and wah-wah. They won the Mia Martini critics award at Sanremo Festival in 1999.

## Band members

* Andrea Costa - violin
* Gionata Costa - cello
* Stefano Ricci - double bass
* Valentino Bianchi - saxophones

### Former members

* John De Leo - vocals, left the group in 2005
* Luisa Cottifogli - vocals, left the group in 2009
* Luca Sapio - vocals, left the group in 2012

## Discography
### Albums

* Dietro le quinte (1998)
* Rospo (1999)
* Grigio (2001)
* In Cattività (2003)
* Il Cannone (2006)
* Quinto (2006)
* Play Mingus (2008)
* English Garden (2011)
* Quintorigo Experience (2012)
* Around Zappa (2015)
* Opposites (2018)
* Play Mingus, Vol.2 (2022)

### Singles

* Bentivoglio Angelina (2001)

### Live recordings

* Nel Vivo (2004)
* Around Zappa (2015, DVD, at Blue note, Milan)
# Odebrecht Foundation

The Odebrecht Foundation (Portuguese Fundação Odebrecht) is a private Brazilian institution created in 1965. It was launched by Norberto Odebrecht, a Brazilian engineer and businessman, who in 1944 founded the Odebrecht company, in order to provide company members benefits that the Brazilian Social Security system either did not provide, or only could cover partially.
In 1988 the Odebrecht Foundation began focusing on preparing and grooming adolescents for life due to the realization that adolescence is the period when people consolidate the values and ideas that shape their character.
By 2000, the Odebrecht Foundation’s work in this area had benefited 500,000 adolescents and 12,000 educators in several Brazilian states. That year, while maintaining its focus on the objectives established in 1988, the Foundation began concentrating its efforts on the Brazilian Northeast – more precisely on areas with low human development indexes that were outside the dynamic hubs of the nation’s economy.
The Odebrecht Foundation works in the Southern Bahia lowlands, a region with some of the worst human development indexes and lowest social investments in Brazil. The Foundation concentrates on the program for the Integrated and Sustainable Regional Development of the Southern Bahia lowlands, with a focus on developing its productive, human, social and environmental capital while valuing the concept of the family unit and prioritizing adolescents and their interaction with their families.
The foundation’s actions are focused on the existence of four capitals in communities of any socioeconomic profile:
* Human Capital – quality rural education;
* Social Capital – construction of a more just and unified society;
* Environmental Capital – conservation of natural resources;
* Productive Capital – generation of work and income.
# Steering column

The automotive steering column is a device intended primarily for connecting the steering wheel to the steering mechanism.

## Secondary functions

A steering column may also perform the following secondary functions:
* energy dissipation management in the event of a frontal collision;
* provide mounting for: the multi-function switch, column lock, column wiring, column shroud(s), transmission gear selector, gauges or other instruments as well as the electro motor and gear units found in EPAS and SbW systems;
* offer (height and/or length) adjustment to suit driver preference

## Steering lock

Modern vehicles are fitted with a steering lock which is an anti-theft device. It is fitted to the steering column usually below the steering wheel. The lock is combined with the ignition switch and engaged and disengaged either by a mechanical ignition key or electronically from the vehicles electronic control unit. These locks were introduced on many General Motors products in 1969 drastically reducing thefts of these GM models, and on Ford, Chrysler, and AMC products in 1970.

## Collapsible column

A common device to enhance car safety is the collapsible steering column. This is designed to collapse in the event of a collision to protect the driver from harm. The column can collapse after impact with a tolerance ring inserted between the inner shaft of the steering column and the external housing. The wavelike protrusions on the circumference of the tolerance ring act as a spring to hold the two parts in place in normal driving conditions. At a specific level of force, for example in the event of a collision, the tolerance ring allows the inner shaft to slip inside the housing, so the column can collapse, absorbing energy from the impact.
In virtually all modern vehicles, the lower section of the inner shaft is articulated with universal joints which helps control movement of the column in a frontal impact, and also gives engineers freedom in mounting the steering gear itself.

## Regulatory requirements

In the United States, steering columns are governed by several federal regulatory requirements, notably FMVSS 108, 114 and 208. The Chinese directive GB15740- 2006 obligates Chinese car manufacturers to incorporate anti-theft mechanisms in their vehicles. European Union Commission Directive 95/56/EC (1995) mandates all cars exported to European markets must be fitted with anti-theft security devices. This regulation also requires that a steering lock must be able to withstand forces of 100Nm applied to the steering wheel without failing.
# Shearing (manufacturing)

Shearing, also known as die cutting, is a process that cuts stock without the formation of chips or the use of burning or melting. Strictly speaking, if the cutting blades are straight the process is called shearing; if the cutting blades are curved then they are shearing-type operations. The most commonly sheared materials are in the form of sheet metal or plates. However, rods can also be sheared. Shearing-type operations include blanking, piercing, roll slitting, and trimming. It is used for metal, fabric, paper and plastics.

## Principle

A punch (or moving blade) is used to push a workpiece against the die (or fixed blade), which is fixed. Usually, the clearance between the two is 5 to 40% of the thickness of the material, but dependent on the material. Clearance is defined as the separation between the blades, measured at the point where the cutting action takes place and perpendicular to the direction of blade movement. It affects the finish of the cut (burr) and the machine's power consumption. This causes the material to experience highly localized shear stresses between the punch and die. The material will then fail when the punch has moved 15 to 60% of the thickness of the material because the shear stresses are greater than the shear strength of the material and the remainder of the material is torn.
Two distinct sections can be seen on a sheared workpiece, the first part being plastic deformation and the second being fractured. Because of normal inhomogeneities in materials and inconsistencies in clearance between the punch and die, the shearing action does not occur in a uniform manner. The fracture will begin at the weakest point and progress to the next weakest point until the entire workpiece has been sheared; this is what causes the rough edge. The rough edge can be reduced if the workpiece is clamped from the top with a die cushion. Above a certain pressure, the fracture zone can be completely eliminated. However, the sheared edge of the workpiece will usually experience work-hardening and cracking. If the workpiece has too much clearance, then it may experience roll-over or heavy burring.

## Tool materials

* Low alloy steel is used in low production of materials that range up to 0.64 cm (1⁄4 in) thick
* High-carbon, high chromium steel is used in high production of materials that also range up to 0.64 cm (1⁄4 in) in thickness
* Shock-resistant steel is used in materials that are equal to 0.64 cm (1⁄4 in) thick or more

## Tolerances and surface finish

When shearing a sheet, the typical tolerance is +0.1 inch or −0.1 inch, but it is feasible to get the tolerance to within +0.005 inch or −0.005 inch. While shearing a bar and angle, the typical tolerance is +0.06 inch or −0.06 inch, but it is possible to get the tolerance to +0.03 inch or −0.03 inches. Surface finishes typically occur within the 250 to 1000 microinches range but can range from 125 to 2000 microinches. A secondary operation is required if one wants better surfaces than this.
# Plagiostromella

Plagiostromella is a genus of fungi in the class Dothideomycetes. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis).
# Gergő Szekér

Gergő Szekér (born 14 March 1995, Štúrovo) is a Slovak-Hungarian singer, actor, and composer. He is notable for being a competitor in the eighth season of X-Faktor and for participating in A Dal 2019.

## Biography

Szekér was born in 1995, in Štúrovo, Slovakia.
He finished his primary school studies at the Ferenc Liszt Music School, where he specialized in piano and singing. Until 2014, he studied in Szeged, at the László Kelemen School, where he gained stage experience, and thus could perform in the National Theater of Szeged. In 2016, he obtained his degree in acting at the Mária Gór Nagy School.
In the 2018 he took part in the Hungarian version of the talent show X Factor, where Peti Puskás coached him. He was eliminated in the second live show.
On 3 December 2018, it was announced that Szekér would compete in A Dal 2019, the Hungarian national selection process for the Eurovision Song Contest 2019 in Tel Aviv, Israel with the song Madár, repülj!, where he came in 5th place in the final.

## Discography
### Singles

| Year | Song | Peak chart position | Peak chart position | Peak chart position | Peak chart position | Peak chart position | Peak chart position | Album |
| Album ||||||
| Year | Song | Rádiós Top 40 | Editors' Choice | Magyar Rádiós Top 40 | Dance Top 40 | Single (track) Top 40 | Stream Top 40 | Album |
| 2019 | Madár, repülj! | – | – | – | – | – | – | N/A |
# Chiara La Porta

Chiara La Porta (born 7 June 1991) is an Italian politician of Brothers of Italy who was elected member of the Chamber of Deputies in 2022. She has served as vice president of National Youth since 2017.
# Puerto Aventuras

Puerto Aventuras (Spanish pronunciation:) is a community located in Solidaridad Municipality, Quintana Roo, Mexico. It had a 2020 census population of 22,878 inhabitants, and is located at an elevation of 9 metres (30 ft) above sea level. It is the second-largest community in Solidaridad Municipality, after the municipal seat, Playa del Carmen.
Puerto Aventuras is divided into two parts: west of Highway 307 is the residential subdivision, east of Highway 307 along the Caribbean coast is the tourist zone with hotels and resorts, part of the Riviera Maya.

## Recreational activities

Some of the recreational activities available in Puerto Aventuras include: golf, tennis, sportfishing, snorkeling, scuba diving, swimming with dolphins and manatees, and visiting some of the many nearby cenotes.
# Ronald Stöferle

Ronald-Peter Stöferle (born in 1980) is Austrian Author, lecture and business executive.
Currently he serves as Managing Partner and Fund manager at Incrementum AG, independent firm working on investment management and oversight of financial assets located in Liechtenstein.

## Education

Ronald-Peter Stöferle studied economics and finance at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, graduating in 2004. He then earned a Master's in Business Administration from the Vienna University of Economics and Business in 2005.

## Career

In 2006, Stoeferle assumed a position as an equity analyst at Erste Group Bank in Vienna, where he primarily focused on international markets specifically in Asia. During this time, Stoeferle did his research to include the commodity sector, publishing his first gold-focused study. His report titled 'In Gold We Trust' received media attention. A year later a responsibility of analyzing the oil and gas industry was added to his role.
In 2013, Stoeferle become the managing director and partner of Incrementum AG, an asset and wealth management firm headquartered in Liechtenstein. The same year he began teaching serving as a lecture in both the Scholarium in Vienna and the Vienna Stock Exchange Academy.

## Books

* Austrian School for Investors, 2014.
* “Die Nullzinsfalle” (The Zero Interest Rate Trap), 2019.

## Personal life

Ronald Stoeferle is married and has three daughters.
# Steering engine

A steering engine is a power steering device for ships.

## History

Prior to the invention of the steering engine, large steam-powered warships with manual steering needed huge crews to turn the rudder rapidly. The Royal Navy once used 78 men hauling on block and tackle gear to manually turn the rudder on HMS Minotaur, in a test of manual vs. steam powered steering.
The first steering engine with feedback was installed on Isambard Kingdom Brunel's Great Eastern in 1866. Designed by Scottish engineer John McFarlane Gray and built by George Forrester and Company, this was a steam-powered mechanical amplifier used to drive the rudder position to match the wheel position. The size of Great Eastern, by far the largest ship of her day, made power steering a necessity. Steam-powered steering engines were employed on large steamships thereafter.
The Mississippi River style steamboat Belle of Louisville, (originally Idlewild and oldest in her class), is fitted with a steering engine. Original equipment when the boat was launched at Pittsburgh in 1915, the engine consists of a single double-acting steam cylinder mounted aft of and above the engines, coupled to the rudders, with the motion of travel abeam. The steam valves of the engine are controlled by mechanical linkages which extend up to levers mounted either side of the engine order telegraph, just aft of the pilot wheel in the pilot house above. The steering engine is open to public view. A functional description is given in the 1965 book Str. Belle of Louisville, by Alan L. Bates, the marine architect who supervised the restoration of the boat, who comments that when in use, the steering engine causes the pilot wheel to whirl "as fast as an electric fan." The same source also describes the functional need for steering hard-to in vessels of its type, whose combination of shallow draft and high above-water profile require rapid changes in rudder under shifting wind conditions, a need which is addressed by the steering engine.