OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# RTA clade

The RTA clade is a clade of araneomorph spiders, united by the possession of a retrolateral tibial apophysis – a backward-facing projection on the tibia of the male pedipalp. The clade contains over 21,000 species, almost half the current total of about 46,000 known species of spider. Most of the members of the clade are wanderers and do not build webs. Despite making up approximately half of all modern spider diversity, there are no unambiguous records of the group from the Mesozoic and molecular clock evidence suggests that the group began to diversify during the Late Cretaceous.

## Families

In 2005, Coddington included 39 families in a cladogram showing the RTA clade:
* Agelenidae
* Amaurobiidae
* Ammoxenidae
* Amphinectidae (paraphyletic; merged into Desidae)
* Anyphaenidae
* Cithaeronidae
* Clubionidae
* Corinnidae
* Cryptothelidae
* Ctenidae
* Desidae
* Dictynidae
* Gallieniellidae
* Gnaphosidae
* Lamponidae
* Liocranidae
* Lycosidae
* Miturgidae (paraphyletic)
* Oxyopidae
* Philodromidae
* Phyxelididae
* Pisauridae
* Psechridae
* Salticidae
* Selenopidae
* Senoculidae
* Sparassidae
* Stiphidiidae
* Tengellidae (now merged into Zoropsidae)
* Thomisidae
* Titanoecidae
* Trechaleidae
* Trochanteriidae
* Zodariidae
* Zoridae (now a synonym of Miturgidae)
* Zorocratidae (no longer accepted; most genera now placed in Udubidae)
* Zoropsidae
# Chirongui

Chirongui (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the French overseas department of Mayotte, in the Indian Ocean.
# Kamal Bhandarkar

Kamal Vinayakrao Bhandarkar (21 February 1911 – 10 December 1986) was an Indian cricketer who played first-class cricket from 1935 to 1949.
Bhandarkar was a wicketkeeper-batsman. He was a member of the Ranji Trophy winning teams of Maharashtra in 1939–40 and Holkar in 1945–46. Opening the batting for Maharashtra against Kathiawar in the Ranji Trophy in 1948–49, he scored 205 and set a world record second-wicket partnership of 455 with B. B. Nimbalkar, who scored 443 not out. The record stood until 1974. Like Nimbalkar, Bhandarkar was also a gifted Indian first-class cricketer who never played Test cricket.
Bhandarkar later took up coaching, and was one of the leading coaches in India from 1950 until his death in 1986. His pupils included the India Test captains Chandu Borde and Sunil Gavaskar.
Bhandarkar was a science graduate of Nowrosjee Wadia College in Pune, who worked in the zoology department of the college as a demonstrator.
# S. argentina

S. argentina may refer to:
* Scutigera argentina, a centipede
* Squatina argentina, the Argentine angelshark
# Datura leichhardtii

Datura leichhardtii is a species of thorn apple in the genus Datura. In 1844, Ludwig Leichhardt discovered this species in Australia. Ferdinand von Mueller gave it the name Datura leichhardtii when he published his first description of it in 1855.
The species is generally considered to be endemic to Australia although it may have been an early introduction from the Americas The species is widespread in Queensland, the Northern Territory and New South Wales. The plant is extremely fond of heat, and its preferred habitat is close to rivers and streams. Datura leichhardtii grows into a bush from 1.5 to 3 ft tall. The plants are green and a bit furry, with inconspicuous yellowish white flowers. The spiny seed capsule is about 1.5 in. in diameter.
The plant is not found in cultivation, because its flowers have no ornamental value.

## Toxicity

All parts of Datura plants contain dangerous levels of poison and may be fatal if ingested by humans or other animals, including livestock and pets. In some places it is prohibited to buy, sell or cultivate Datura plants.

## Gallery

* D. leichhardtii flower.
# Gimhae Air Base

Gimhae Air Base (IATA: PUS, ICAO: RKPK) is a Republic of Korea Air Force (ROKAF) base adjacent to Gimhae International Airport. Runway 18L/36R is used for military purposes only.

## Units

The base is home to the ROKAF's 5th Tactical Airlift Wing (제5전술공수비행단), comprising:
* 251st Tactical Air Support Squadron flying the C-130H and C-130H-30
* 258th Tactical Support Squadron flying the CN235-100M and CN235-220M
* 259th Tactical Air Support Squadron flying the UH-60P
The ROKAF's 4 Boeing 737 AEW&C Peace Eye aircraft were all delivered to the base which is to be the home base for the aircraft.
Until September 2010 a contingent of United States Air Force personnel of the 607th Materiel Maintenance Squadron served in a co-located operating base on Gimhae Air Base.

## History

The base was originally established during the Korean War as Pusan West (K-1) Air Base and hosted United States Air Force and United States Marine Corps units.
On 25 June 1950, 10 divisions of the North Korean People's Army attacked the Republic of Korea. The North Koreans quickly overwhelmed the South Korean Army and moved south. Following the passing of United Nations Security Council Resolution 83 on 27 June 1950, President Truman ordered US forces to defend the Republic of Korea. On 30 June 1950 C-54s of the Fifth Air Force began transporting a battalion of the 24th Infantry Division from Itazuke Air Base to K-1, however the weight of the C-54s damaged the runway and later flights were made using C-47s. On 2 July the Battalion, known as Task Force Smith, boarded trains to Taejon and was destroyed on 4 July in the Battle of Osan.
On 7 July 1950 two L-5s and an SC-47 from the 3rd Air Rescue Squadron (3rd ARS) deployed to K-1 from Ashiya AB in Japan, but the aircraft proved unsuitable for the terrain and returned to Japan on 16 July. On 30 August, the 3rd ARS formally organized Detachment F, with six H-5s at K-1. Following the success of the Inchon landing Detachment F moved north to Seoul (K-16) Air Base.
On 24 December 1950 the Air Defense Section of Marine Tactical Air Control Squadron 2 was deployed to K-1 to establish a tactical air command center.
By April 1951 K-1 served as the headquarters of the First Marine Air Wing and Marine Aircraft Group 12 was based at K-1 to provide aircraft for combat missions and special missions. VMA-513 flying F7Fs and F4U-5Ns were flying out of K-1 and providing the sole night fighter air defense and interdiction support to all UN forces in Korea.
On 31 May 1951 a US Navy R5D-3 #56513 hit a mountain at the end of the base killing all 5 passengers and crew.
In November 1951 the 1903rd Aviation Engineer Battalion arrived at K-1 and relieved the First Marine Air Wing of all responsibilities for maintaining the base and runways. Maintenance responsibility was later assumed by the 366th Aviation Battalion.
From October to December 1952, the 17th Bombardment Wing was based at K-1 to allow for the resurfacing of the Pusan East (K-9) Air Base runway from PSP to asphalt.
# Gerdiella

Gerdiella is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Cancellariidae, the nutmeg snails.

## Species

Species within the genus Gerdiella include:
* Gerdiella alvesi de Lima, de Barros & Petit, 2007
* Gerdiella cingulata (Olsson & Bayer, 1972): synonym of Mericella cingulata (Olsson & Bayer, 1972)
* Gerdiella gerda (Olsson & Bayer, 1972): synonym of Mericella gerda (Olsson & Bayer, 1972)
* Gerdiella santa Olsson & Bayer, 1972 : synonym of Mericella santa Olsson & Bayer, 1972
# Pugionium

Pugionium is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Brassicaceae.
Its native range is Southwestern Siberia to Northern China.
Species:
* Pugionium cornutum (L.) Gaertn.
* Pugionium dolabratum Maxim.
* Pugionium pterocarpum Kom.
# Robert Stott (British Army officer)

Brigadier Robert Edwin Hugh Stott, CBE DSO (29 November 1898 – 25 December 1984) was a career soldier in the British Army who commanded the 139th Infantry Brigade during the Tunisian campaign and the invasion of Italy, two major campaigns of the Second World War. He subsequently commanded the Infantry Reinforcement Training Depot in Italy.

## Early life and First World War

Robert Edwin Hugh Stott was born in Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire on 29 November 1898, then son of Edwin Stott, a sea captain, and Azila Marianne (née Smith). He was educated at Berkhamsted School. On 8 December 1916, two years into the First World War, Edwin Stott's ship, a tanker, the S.S. Conch, was sunk by the German submarine UB-23 in the English Channel, with the loss of 24 lives including her master. Robert Stott entered the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, from where he was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Sherwood Foresters of the British Army in April 1918. He fought in France in the Battle of St Quentin Canal, which started the breaking of the Hindenburg Line, and so the end of the war. After the end of the war, he was posted to Egypt, Turkey, and India, and then to regimental headquarters in Chesterfield, where he was at the outbreak of the Second World War.

## Second World War

At the outbreak of the Second World War, Stott was deployed in France in September 1939 with the rank of Major, where he fought during the Battle of France until he was evacuated at Dunkirk. He then returned to England, until he went with his regiment to Tunisia in December 1942, where he fought in the Battle of Sedjenane (1943), during which he was given command of the 139th Infantry Brigade and promoted to the rank of Brigadier. He commanded the 139th Infantry Brigade during the Salerno Landings (1943).
Stott was appointed to command the Infantry Reinforcement Training Depot in Italy, where he remained until the end of the war. He was awarded a CBE for changing the depot from being "rather unsatisfactory" into being "a really efficient establishment."

## Later life

After the German surrender, Stott joined the Allied Control Commission in Germany, first acting as Commandant of the Search Bureau, British Zone and later as Kreis Regional Officer in Neumünster, Scheswig-Holstein, part of the British Zone. In 1947 he returned to England, married, and after a period spent running a public house in Sussex, moved to London, where he worked as Appeals Director for the SSAFA the Soldiers, Sailors, Airmen and Families Association, organising an annual tattoo at the White City Stadium. He retired in 1972.
# Garrett Cullity

Garrett Michael Cullity is an Australian philosopher and Professor of Philosophy at Australian National University. He was Hughes Professor of Philosophy at the University of Adelaide between 2007 and 2020. He is known for his research on moral philosophy. Cullity is a Fellow of Australian Academy of the Social Sciences and Australian Academy of the Humanities, and a former president of Australasian Association of Philosophy (2012-2013).

## Books

* Concern, Respect, and Cooperation, Oxford University Press, 2018
* The Moral Demands of Affluence, Oxford University Press, 2004
* Ethics and Practical Reason, co-edited with Berys Gaut, Oxford University Press, 1997
# Dmitriy Vasilevich Polenov

Dmitriy Vasilevich Polenov (1806-1878) was the secretary of the Imperial Russian Archaeological Society in Russia in the mid-nineteenth century. His daughter was the artist Elena Dmitrievna Polenova (born Petrozavodsk in 1850).
# Chironia

Chironia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Gentianaceae, native to southern Africa. It is named after Chiron, the centaur known for his use of medicinal plants, as number of Chironia species are used in traditional medicines.

## Species

Currently accepted species include:
* Chironia albiflora Hilliard
* Chironia angolensis Gilg
* Chironia arenaria E.Mey.
* Chironia baccifera L.
* Chironia baumiana Gilg
* Chironia decumbens Levyns
* Chironia elgonensis Bullock
* Chironia erythraeoides Hiern
* Chironia fernandesiana Paiva & I.Nogueira
* Chironia flexuosa Baker
* Chironia gratissima S.Moore
* Chironia jasminoides L.
* Chironia katangensis De Wild.
* Chironia krebsii Griseb.
* Chironia laxa Gilg
* Chironia laxiflora Baker
* Chironia linoides L.
* Chironia melampyrifolia Lam.
* Chironia palustris Burch.
* Chironia peduncularis Lindl.
* Chironia peglerae Prain
* Chironia purpurascens (E.Mey.) Benth. & Hook.f.
* Chironia serpyllifolia Lehm.
* Chironia stokoei I.Verd.
* Chironia tetragona L.f.
# Kalanguyskoye mine

The Kalanguyskoye mine is a large mine located in the south-eastern Russia in Primorsky Krai. Kalanguyskoye represents one of the largest fluorite reserves in Russia having estimated reserves of 6.3 million tonnes of ore grading 60% fluorite.
# S. arvensis

S. arvensis may refer to:
* Sherardia arvensis, the field madder, a flowering plant species
* Sinapis arvensis, the wild mustard or charlock, a plant species
* Sonchus arvensis, the corn sow thistle, dindle, field sow thistle, gutweed, swine thistle, tree sow thistle or field sowthistle, a plant species
* Spergula arvensis, the corn spurry
# Plein jeu

On classical French organs, the plein jeu is a principal-based plenum registration. It includes the Montres, Bourdons, Prestants and Doublettes (Principals 16′, 8′, 4′ and 2′) and the Fournitures and Cymbales (lower- and higher-pitched mixtures). The classical French organ also allows for a reed-based registration; the grand jeu, which used a loud combination of reed stops (usually consist of trompette 8′, Clarion 4′, Prestant 4′ and Cornet séparé (or Cornet V), which comprises Bourdon 8′, 4′, 2′, Nasard 22⁄3′, Tierce 13⁄5′.) in homophonic sections of larger pieces or standalone préludes.
On French romantic organs, (e.g. the organs of Aristide Cavaillé-Coll), Plein-jeu also has been the name of a single organ stop, being a mixture.
On English organs, it is sometimes also known as Furniture (Fourniture, Fr.). The 'Plein Jeu' is a mixture stop voiced fairly boldly where a powerful effect is needed, particularly when added to the Great Diapason Chorus. A typical IV rank might be 19 22 26 29 in the bass.
Many organ builders use the name Plein-jeu for a compound ranks stop. When a single key on the organ is pressed, four or more notes sound, each at octave and fifth relationships to each other. Three ranks of pipes sound three notes, and two ranks sound two notes, and so forth. As the stop progresses upward on the keyboard, the notes "break" back to the next lower octave or fifth. This stop is used to add depth, clarity, and definition and power to an entire organ compass, or just an ensemble of stops.
Note that sometimes the abbreviation 'PJ' is notated in scores of French classical school music, where it carries the meaning 'Petit Jeu' rather than 'Plein Jeu'.
# Giovanni Battista Spangher

Johann Spangher (Villesse, 24 May 1802 – Villesse, 29 July 1852) was an Italian politician, judge and irredentist.

## Biography

G.B Spangher was born in Villesse, a small town near Gorizia, from G.B. Spangar and from Vecchi Pasqua. The family was well off and practiced mercantile activity. He married in 1842 with Orsola Vianello, daughter of Giuseppe and Giuditta Venier, exponent of a noble family of the Venetian patriciate, from which he had in 1852 Cav.Giovanni Spangher (who then embarked on a brilliant career within Credito Italiano). He transmitted the patriotic ideals to his son who was later condemned to death because he refused to fight in the Austrian army (as he considered himself an Italian citizen).
After completing his law studies, he worked as a lawyer and judge in Gorizia, Monfalcone, Aquileia and Grandisca. On 30 November 1848 he was elected to the first Austrian democratic parliament after the revolutions of March 1848, where he remained in office until February 1849. He took part in the great renewal approved in parliament towards the end of 1848 which released from the point of economic view the proletarians from the noble landowners, ending to decades of infighting. In the 1850s he started and financed the project to complete the bell tower of the church of San Rocco in Villesse. Giovanni Battista died suddenly in his hometown in 1852.
# Mary Hill, Iowa

Mary Hill is an unincorporated community in Rock and Sheridan townships, Cherokee County, Iowa, United States. Mary Hill is located along County Highway L48, 7 miles (11 km) west of Cherokee.
# Strugstad

Strugstad is a Norwegian surname.

## Notable people

Notable people with this surname include:
* Oscar Sigvald Julius Strugstad (1851–1919), Norwegian military officer and politician
* Oscar Sigvald Strugstad (1887–1953), Norwegian military officer
# Dmytro Hlushchenko

Dmytro Hlushchenko (Glushchenko), ukr. Дмитро Леонідович Глущенко (born 17 February 1981) is a Ukrainian and Israeli sprinter (changed family name in Israel to Barskiy) who specializes in the 100 and 200 metres. His personal best time in the 200 metres is 20.75 seconds, achieved in May 2004 in Kyiv. In the 100 metres he has 10.25 seconds, achieved in July 2004 in Kyiv.
He finished fifth at the 2005 European Indoor Championships. He also competed at the 2005 World Championships, the 2006 European Championships, the 2008 World Indoor Championships and the 2008 Olympic Games without reaching the final.
# Oliva westralis

Oliva westralis is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Olividae, the olives.

## Description

This species attains a size of 35 mm.

## Distribution

Queensland, Australia.
# Stephan Stückler

Stephan Stückler (born October 31, 1985, in Grafenstein) is an Austrian footballer who currently plays as a striker for SC Ritzing.
# S. aurantiaca

S. aurantiaca may refer to:
* Sandersonia aurantiaca, the Christmas bell, golden lily of the valley or Chinese lantern lily, a perennial plant species native to South Africa
* Schinia aurantiaca, a moth species found in North America
* Sepiola aurantiaca, the golden bobtail, a squid species native to the northeastern Atlantic Ocean
* Stigmatella aurantiaca, a myxobacterium species
# Plein, The Hague

Plein or het Plein (Dutch pronunciation:; lit. '(the) Square') is a town square in the old city centre of The Hague in the Netherlands.
It is located adjacent to the Binnenhof, the meeting place of the States General of the Netherlands; the entrance to the House of Representatives can be found on Plein 2. The Mauritshuis art museum is located on Plein 29.
Plein was originally a garden, forming a part of the Binnenhof castle, residence of the Counts of Holland. It was used to grow vegetables for the court. The garden was surrounded by a ring of canals and intersected by ditches. As a town square, Plein was constructed in 1632 and was inspired by the Place des Vosges in Paris.
A statue of William the Silent, made by Dutch sculptor Lodewyk Royer, was installed in the centre of the square in 1848.
# Giovanni Battista Spiriti

Giovanni Battista Spiriti was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Coadjutor of the Bishop of Cesena (1545–1556).

## Biography

On 27 November 1545, at the age of 24, while still a student at Perugia, Giovanni Battista Spiriti was appointed Coadjutor to the Bishop of Cesena, with the right of succession, by Pope Paul III. The diocese was then held by Giovanni Battista's uncle, Bishop Cristoforo Spiriti. Battista Spiriti administered the diocese until his resignation on 5 November 1556, the date of the death of his uncle.
# Diagrid

A diagrid (a portmanteau of diagonal grid) is a framework of diagonally intersecting metal, concrete, or wooden beams that is used in the construction of buildings and roofs. It requires less structural steel than a conventional steel frame. Hearst Tower in New York City, designed by Norman Foster, uses 21 percent less steel than a standard design. The diagrid obviates the need for columns and can be used to make large column-free expanses of roofing. Another iconic building designed by Foster, 30 St Mary Axe, in London, UK, known as "The Gherkin", also uses the diagrid system.
British architect Ian Ritchie wrote in 2012:
   The origin of 'diagonal' structures is surely the Russian genius Vladimir Shukhov. He pioneered new analytical methods in many different fields, and I have been fortunate to visit some of his constructed projects more than once. Shukhov left a lasting legacy to early Soviet Russia constructivism, and as the leading engineer and mathematician during the late 19th and early 20th century he created hyperboloid, thin shell and tensile structures of extraordinary refinement and elegance.

## Buildings utilizing diagrid

* Shukhov Tower in Polibino, Polibino, Russia (1896)
* Shukhov Rotunda at the All-Russia exhibition, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia (1896)
* Shukhov Tower, Moscow, Russia
* Hearst Tower, New York, USA
* 30 St Mary Axe, London, England
* 1 The Avenue, Manchester, England
* CCTV Headquarters, Beijing, China
* The Bow, Calgary, Canada
* Seattle Central Library, Seattle, USA
* Capital Gate, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
* Aldar headquarters, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
* Guangzhou International Finance Center, Guangzhou, China
* Queen Elizabeth II Great Court at the British Museum, London, England
* Nagoya Dome, Nagoya, Japan
* Westhafen Tower, Frankfurt, Germany
* Merdeka 118, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
* MyZeil, Frankfurt, Germany
* The Crystal, Copenhagen, Denmark
* United Steelworkers Building, Pittsburgh, USA
* Tornado Tower, Doha, Qatar
* Newfoundland Quay, London, England
* Lotte World Tower, Seoul, Republic of Korea
* Atrio Towers, Bogotá, Colombia
* King's Cross Station, London, England
# Gabriel de Guilléstegui

Gabriel de Guilléstegui, O.F.M. (1594–1677) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of La Paz (1670–1677) and Bishop of Paraguay (1666–1670).

## Biography

Gabriel de Guilléstegui was born in Toledo, Spain in 1594 and ordained a priest in the Order of Friars Minor. On 15 December 1666, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Alexander VII as Bishop of Paraguay. In 1667, he was consecrated bishop by Bernardo de Izaguirre de los Reyes, Bishop of Cuzco. On 1 September 1670, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Clement X as Bishop of La Paz. He served as Bishop of La Paz' until his death in 1677.
While bishop, he was the principal consecrator of Francisco de Borja, Bishop of Córdoba (1671).
# Royville (disambiguation)

Royville is a commune in Upper Normandy, France.
Royville may also refer to:
* Royville, Indiana, an unincorporated community
* Royville, Kentucky, a community in Russell County, Kentucky
# Somatic (biology)

In cellular biology, the term somatic is derived from the French somatique which comes from Ancient Greek σωματικός (sōmatikós, “bodily”), and σῶμα (sôma, “body”.) is often used to refer to the cells of the body, in contrast to the reproductive (germline) cells, which usually give rise to the egg or sperm (or other gametes in other organisms). These somatic cells are diploid, containing two copies of each chromosome, whereas germ cells are haploid, as they only contain one copy of each chromosome (in preparation for fertilisation). Although under normal circumstances all somatic cells in an organism contain identical DNA, they develop a variety of tissue-specific characteristics. This process is called differentiation, through epigenetic and regulatory alterations. The grouping of similar cells and tissues creates the foundation for organs.
Somatic mutations are changes to the genetics of a multicellular organism that are not passed on to its offspring through the germline. Most cancers are due to somatic mutations.
Somatic is also defined as relating to the wall of the body cavity, particularly as distinguished from the head, limbs, or viscera. It is also used in the term somatic nervous system, which is the portion of the vertebrate nervous system that regulates voluntary movements of the body.

## Mutation frequency

The frequency of mutations in mouse somatic tissue (brain, liver, Sertoli cells) was compared to the mutation frequency in male germline cells at sequential stages of spermatogenesis. The spontaneous mutation frequency was found to be significantly higher (5 to 10-fold) in the somatic cell types than in the male germline cells. In female mice, somatic cells were also found to have a higher mutation frequency than germline cells. It was suggested that elevated levels of DNA repair enzymes play a prominent role in the lower mutation frequency of male and female germline cells, and that enhanced genetic integrity is a fundamental characteristic of germline cells. DNA repair processes can remove DNA damages that would, otherwise, upon DNA replication, cause mutation.