OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Fortescue Graham

General Sir Fortescue Graham KCB (1794 – 9 October 1880) was a senior Royal Marines officer, serving for 62 years and seeing active service in the Napoleonic, Peninsular, and War of 1812, and later in Spain, China, and the Baltic campaign 1854.

## Early life

Fortescue Graham was born in Tintinhull, Somerset, the son of Colonel Richard Graham, Royal Marines, (a descendant of the Grahams of Platten, County Meath), and his wife, Catherine, the daughter of Captain Philip Walsh, Royal Navy. He was educated at Martock College, Somerset.

## Royal Marines

He joined the Royal Marines when aged only 14, being appointed as a second lieutenant in the Chatham Division of the Royal Marines on 17 November 1808. He remained in that rank for the next seventeen years, twelve of them in the artillery branch of the marines. He was with the composite battalion formed of marines of the squadron, which served with the army ashore in the Walcheren Campaign of 1809. Subsequently, he served with the 1st Battalion of Royal Marines in Portugal and in the north of Spain, including the capture and defence of Castro Urdiales.
Graham proceeded with the 1st Battalion to America, and was present under Sir Sydney Beckwith at the attack on Norfolk and taking of Hampton, Virginia in 1814. When the brigade was broken up, Graham accompanied the battalion to Canada, and was sent in charge of a division of gunboats to attack an American battery at the head of Lake Champlain, with which he was engaged several hours. Afterwards he returned with the battalion to the coast of America, and was present at the attack and capture of Fort Peter and the town of St. Mary's, Georgia.
He became a first lieutenant on 6 May 1825, and after almost thirty years service as a subaltern was promoted to captain on 10 July 1837. Soon after he joined the battalion of marines doing duty in Spain during the First Carlist War, and subsequently went to China, where he commanded the marine battalion in the demonstration against Nanking at the close of the First Anglo-Chinese War. He was promoted to major on 11 November and lieutenant colonel on 26 November 1851, and to colonel on 20 January 1854. In July–August 1854 Graham commanded a brigade of marines at the capture of Bomarsund Fortress, in Åland, during the Baltic campaign, and was made a Companion of the Order of the Bath in July 1855. He served as the Colonel Commandant of the Portsmouth Division of Royal Marines from 1855 to 1857, and as Aide-de-camp to the Queen from 1854 to 1857. He was made a major general in 1857, served as Colonel of the Plymouth Division from 1863, was made a lieutenant general and a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in 1865, General and Colonel of the Royal Marine Artillery in 1866, and finally retired in 1870.

## Personal life

Graham was married twice; firstly in 1828 to Caroline, the daughter of George Palliser. After her death in 1859, he married Jane Mary, the daughter of Captain Lowcay, Royal Navy, and widow of Admiral William Blight, she died in 1866. Graham died at his residence, 69 Durnford Street, Stonehouse, Devonshire, on 9 October 1880.
# Razboyna

Razboyna (also written Razboina, Razboïna; or Разбойна in Cyrillic) may refer to:
# Earl William Anderson

Earl William Anderson (March 13, 1897 – July 21, 1965) was an American college basketball standout for Illinois in the 1910s. A forward, Anderson lead the Fighting Illini in scoring, averaging over 13 points per game during the season. Graduating from Charleston High School, Anderson was the son of prominent Coles County attorney, Albert Carman Anderson and Nellie Wright. Anderson initially took undergraduate coursework at Eastern Illinois State Teachers College, also in Charleston, attending through the '17 spring semester. He transferred to the University of Illinois in order to gain his bachelor's degree in education in 1918. While at Illinois, Anderson was captain of the basketball team.

## Post Illinois

After completing his undergraduate studies, Anderson enlisted and was a lieutenant in the navy during World War I, however, based on the fact that the war ended in November 1918, he did not have to see any combat. Upon his return, Anderson married Miss Helen Root, of Charleston and from 1919 to 1924, he took on the role of superintendent of schools for the district he graduated from, Charleston. Anderson continued his education during this time-frame, completing his master's and doctoral degrees from Columbia University in 1926 and 1927 respectively.
Education became a passion for Anderson and in 1926 he took a position as an associate professor at the University of Kansas in their department of education. After one year at Kansas, Anderson moved into an associate professor position at Ohio State, where he would remain for 35 years. During his time at Ohio State, Anderson would advance to become the chair of department of education in 1956, retiring from that post in 1962.
# Springbox

Springbox may refer to:
* Springbox (company), an interactive services agency.
* Spring box, a structure engineered to make optimum use of a natural spring.
# Pachypodium gracilius

Pachypodium gracilius is a species of Pachypodium endemic to Madagascar. The plant trunk is pachycaul, and typically short and fat. It produces yellow flowers.

## Synonymy

Recent revision of this taxon consider it as a subspecies of Pachypodium rosulatum:
* Pachypodium rosulatum subsp. gracilius
# Dwight Jones

Dwight Jones may refer to:
* T. A. Dwight Jones (1887–1957), American football player and coach in the United States
* Dwight Clinton Jones (born 1948), mayor of Richmond, Virginia
* Dwight Jones (basketball) (1952–2016), American basketball player
* Dwight Sean Jones (defensive end) (born 1962), American football player
* Dwight Jones (American football) (born 1989), American football player
* Dwight Lamon Jones, perpetrator of the 2018 Scottsdale shootings
# Pioneer Peaks National Park

Pioneer Peaks is a national park in Queensland, Australia, 833 km northwest of Brisbane.
# British Philatelic Trust

The British Philatelic Trust was established in 1981 by the British Post Office. The governing deed was executed on 26 September 1983. The Trust is independent and was registered as an educational charity on 21 November 1983.

## Origins

The trust was created with the surplus funds raised by the Royal Mail for the London 1980 International Stamp Exhibition. Three miniature sheets were issued which were intended to raise funds for the exhibition but in fact they raised far more than was expected and the excess formed the trust's original endowment. This was supplemented with funds raised for Stamp World London 1990 and additional donations by the Royal Mail and others since.

## Objectives

The trust's objective is the study, research and dissemination of knowledge of philately.

## Governance

The trust has a board of trustees including a chairman and representatives from the Royal Mail. The board meets four times per annum. The chairman for many years was Francis Kiddle.

## Financial

The trust had net assets of £3,555,186 as at 5 April 2008 and is exempt from UK tax.
# Finnish Reflection Experiment

Finnish Reflection Experiment (FIRE) is a reflection seismic experiment that was carried out in collaboration with the Geological Survey of Finland, Seismological Institute of Finland (University of Helsinki), Geophysics Division of the University of Oulu, the Geophysical Observatory of Sodankylä, and Russian company Spetsgeofysika during the years 2001–2004. The FIRE-profiles comprise in total over 2100 kilometers of high-resolution seismic reflection profiles that crosscut all the prominent units of the bedrock of Finland. The budget of the FIRE-project was ca. 17 million euros, most of which was funded through reimbursements of the Russian national debt to Finland as scientific equipment and services.
Seismic probing was carried out on four profiles across Finland. The FIRE 1 and 2 transect the southern and central Finland from northeast to southwest and FIRE 3 from east to west. FIRE 4 transects the bedrock of northern Finland from north to south. The seismic reflection results have been used to refine the interpretations of deep crustal structures of the Baltic Shield.
The results from the experiment were released into open access in 2017 under the auspices of the OpenFIRE project by the Institute of Seismology at the University of Helsinki, and in 2021 were made part of the FIN-EPOS data archive.
# Earth System Research Laboratories

The Earth System Research Laboratories (ESRL) is an alliance of four NOAA scientific labs, all located in the David Skaggs Research Center on the Department of Commerce campus in Boulder, Colorado. Organized under NOAA's Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research, ESRL's main goal is to advance the scientific understanding of weather, climate, air quality, water resources, and other Earth system components.
The four labs’ intersecting missions have generated a legacy of accomplishment over the past 50 years. Backed by scientists from cooperative research institutes at the University of Colorado and Colorado State University, ESRL has been an engine of scientific discovery, producing environmental models and products, along with forecasting and decision-support tools to protect life and safety, and support commerce at local to global scales.
Together with its university partners and the nearby National Center for Atmospheric Research, ESRL has helped Boulder earn a reputation as one of the premier global centers for atmospheric research.

## Laboratories

The Chemical Sciences Laboratory (CSL) advances scientific understanding of the chemical and physical processes that affect Earth's atmospheric composition and climate.
The Global Monitoring Laboratory (GML) researches greenhouse gas and carbon cycle feedbacks, changes in clouds, aerosols, and surface radiation, and the recovery of stratospheric ozone.
The Global Systems Laboratory (GSL) develops next-generation weather forecast models, decision support tools, visualization systems, and uses high-performance computing technology to support a Weather-Ready Nation.
The Physical Sciences Laboratory (PSL) conducts weather, climate, and hydrologic research to effectively anticipate and respond to the challenges of hydrologic extremes.

## History

On October 1, 2005, NOAA's Aeronomy Laboratory, Climate Diagnostics Center, Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory, Environmental Technology Laboratory, and Forecast Systems Laboratory were merged into four divisions of the newly formed Earth System Research Laboratory. These were the Chemical Sciences Division, Global Monitoring Division, Global Systems Division, and Physical Sciences Division.
On April 2, 2020, NOAA designated the four divisions of the Earth System Research Laboratory in Boulder as full laboratories within the NOAA Oceanic and Atmospheric Research line office to meet recent shifts in mission-essential priorities. The four laboratories retained their core research missions and continue to collaborate closely with each other and other NOAA Research laboratories to improve understanding and ability to predict changes in Earth's atmosphere, climate, and weather.
# Serpa (surname)

Serpa is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Adhemar Serpa (1898–1978), Brazilian water polo player
* Enrique Serpa (1899/1900–1968), Cuban writer, see Cuban literature
* Horacio Serpa (born 1943), Colombian lawyer and politician
* Innocentius Serpa (1573–1625), Italian Roman Catholic bishop
* Ivan Serpa (1923–1973), Brazilian painter, draftsman, printmaker, designer and educator
* Jorge Enrique Serpa Pérez (born 1942), Cuban Roman Catholic bishop
* José Serpa (born 1979), Colombian road racing cyclist
* Louise Serpa (1925–2012), American rodeo photographer
* Marcello Serpa (born 1963), Brazilian advertising executive
* Patricia Serpa (born 1948), American politician
* Ronal W. Serpas (born c. 1961), American police chief
* Vasco Serpa (born 1971), Portuguese sport sailer
# CodePlex

CodePlex was a forge website by Microsoft. While it was active, it allowed shared development of open-source software. Its features included wiki pages, source control based on Mercurial, TFVC, Subversion or Git, discussion forums, issue tracking, project tagging, RSS support, statistics, and releases.
While CodePlex once encompassed a wide variety of projects, including SQL Server, WPF and Windows Forms-related projects, its major activities were focused on .NET Framework (including ASP.NET) and SharePoint. The most prominent and used project that was born inside CodePlex, the AJAX Control Toolkit, is a joint project between the community and Microsoft.

## History

The initial beta started in May 2006, with the final release a month later in June. A new version of the website was released every three weeks adding additional features and updates.
In 2010, an unrelated CodePlex Foundation was renamed Outercurve Foundation to clear up confusion that there was a direct relationship between the foundation and CodePlex, which is solely owned and run by Microsoft.
Since January 22, 2010, Mercurial distributed source control system has been supported as well, and this support has been enhanced. On March 21, 2012, CodePlex announced the support of Git as a source control option.
On March 31, 2017, Microsoft announced the discontinuation of CodePlex. The original plan was to make CodePlex read-only in October 2017 before finally shutting it down on December 15, 2017. Microsoft partnered with GitHub to allow projects to be migrated to the service. An archive was available as a lightweight site to browse the projects that remain, in a read-only mode. The projects could be downloaded or transferred to GitHub or a similar place. Microsoft finally shut down the archive on October 21, 2021.
# Jericho, West Virginia

Jericho is an unincorporated community in Hampshire County in the U.S. state of West Virginia on the Virginia line. It is located on West Virginia Route 259 between High View and Lehew atop Timber Ridge.
# Cultivation

Cultivation may refer to:
* The state of having or expressing a good education (bildung), refinement, culture, or high culture
* Gardening
* The controlled growing of organisms by humans
** Agriculture, the land-based cultivation and breeding of plants (known as crops), fungi and domesticated animals
*** Crop farming, the mass-scale cultivation of (usually a specific single species of) plants as staple food or industrial crop
*** Horticulture, the cultivation of non-staple plants such as vegetables, fruits, flowers, trees and grass
*** Fungiculture, the cultivation of mushrooms and other fungi for producing food, medicine and other commercially valued products
*** Animal husbandry, the breeding of domesticated mammals (livestock and working animals) and birds (poultry), and occasionally amphibians (e.g., bullfrogs) and reptiles (e.g. snakes, softshell turtles and crocodilians)
**** Insect farming, the breeding of economic insects such as honeybees, silkworms and cochineals
** Aquaculture, the controlled breeding or "farming" of aquatic animals, plants and algae
*** Pisciculture, the breeding of fish
*** Algaculture, the breeding of algae, particularly seaweeds
* Tillage, the cultivation of fertile soil (etymological meaning of cultivation)
* Land development
* Colonization, socio-political cultivation of land
** Colonialism, the idea of socio-political cultivation of land and people
** Civilizing mission, cultivation of people in the sense of cultural assimilation or forced assimilation
** Developmentalism
* Microbiological culture, a method of multiplying microbial organisms
* Cultivation theory, George Gerbner's model of media effects
* A common translation for several terms originating in Chinese and broader East Asian philosophy and literature, such as Qigong and Kung Fu practices (including martial arts), Self-cultivation, and certain supernatural tropes often featured in Xianxia fiction.
* As a proper noun
** Cultivation, a video game by Jason Rohrer
** Cultivation, a 2006 album by Gram Rabbit
** Cultivate (store)
# Dysgonia pudica

Dysgonia pudica is a moth of the family Noctuidae first described by Heinrich Benno Möschler in 1888. It is mainly found in Ghana and Ivory Coast.
# Radioactive (disambiguation)

Radioactive describes something undergoing radioactive decay, the process by which an unstable atomic nucleus emits radiation.
Radioactive may also refer to:

## Materials

* Naturally occurring radioactive material
* Nuclear pharmacy, the preparation of radioactive materials for nuclear medicine
* Radioactive contamination
* Radioactive waste

## Entertainment

* Radioactive (Yelawolf album), a 2011 album by rapper Yelawolf
* "Radioactive" (Gene Simmons song), a song from the 1978 album Gene Simmons by Gene Simmons
* Radio:Active the fourth album from British pop rock group McFly
* "Radioactive" (The Firm song), a song from the 1985 album The Firm by the English supergroup The Firm
* "Radioactive" (Swedish hard project), a swedish hard project formed by Tommy Denander in 2001.
* "Radioactive" (Imagine Dragons song), a 2012 song by Imagine Dragons
* "Radioactive" (Kings of Leon song), a 2010 song by Kings of Leon
* "Radioactive" (Marina and the Diamonds song), a 2011 song by Marina and the Diamonds
* "Radioactive" (Rita Ora song), a 2013 song by Rita Ora
* Radioactive Records, a record label
* Radioactive FM 96, a radio station, which broadcasts from Karachi, Pakistan
* Radioactive (film), a biographical film about Marie Curie
# Pioneer Plague

Pioneer Plague is a game designed by Bill Williams for the Amiga computer and published in 1988 by Mandarin Software and Terrific Software. It is one of the few games to use the Hold-And-Modify display mode of the Amiga for in-game graphics, a mode which allows thousands of colors to be displayed at once, but in a format that's better suited to static images than moving objects. It may have been the first commercial game to use Hold-And-Modify. Pioneer Plague was not ported to other systems.
Williams also wrote the 1986 Amiga game Mind Walker.

## Reception

Pioneer Plague received an 88% from Amiga Computing and 86% from Zzap!64. British magazine Computer and Video Games was less enthusiastic with an overall score of 39%, commending the graphics but criticizing playability.
# British Pharmaceutical Students' Association

The British Pharmaceutical Students' Association is the official student organisation of the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. Founded in 1942, the Association represents pharmacy students and pre-registration trainees in the United Kingdom. The Royal Pharmaceutical Society has supported it since its foundation, and marked its 80th anniversary by organising a rebranding.
The Association elects its officers and an executive. Junel Ahmed was elected president in July 2018, but stepped down in January 2019.
The Association organises conferences and visits campuses each year to recruit members. Pharmacy Schools have funded students to attend their events.
The Association makes an annual report to the General Pharmaceutical Council on the pre-registration examinations. In 2018 the report was highly critical. The report was based on feedback from 266 of the 2,942 candidates.
From 2018 with the development of pharmacists in primary care students were much in demand and retail pharmacies keen to develop relationships with the association.
# Flabellina affinis

Flabellina affinis is a species of sea slug within the clade of aeolid nudibranch; a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Flabellinidae.

## Distribution

This species is found in depths to 50 m in European waters in the Atlantic Ocean from Portugal to Ghana and the Canaries and is widespread in the Mediterranean Sea.

## Description

The species can grow to a length of 50 mm. It feeds primarily on species of Eudendrium, a very common hydroid genus in the Mediterranean Sea.
Flabellina affinis is often confused with Paraflabellina ischitana, but can be distinguished as follows:
* Flabellina affinis: the outer part of the digestive gland in each ceras is not visible as the area beneath the subapical white ring is opaque violet in colour.
* Paraflabellina ischitana: the ceratal surface has no purple-violet colouration and is translucent.
* Flabellina affinis on its food Eudendrium racemosum
# Sevelinges

Sevelinges (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Loire department in central France.

## Population

* Sevelinges, view from the south, in autumn
* Sevelinges, view from the south, in winter
* Sevelinges, view from the north-east
# Cybrid (disambiguation)

Cybrid may refer to:
* Cybrids (medical), a cytoplasmic hybrid
* Cybrids, a race of artificially intelligent machines in the Earthsiege computer game universe
* Cybrid, an artificial intelligence in a human body in the Hyperion Cantos novels of Dan Simmons
* Cybrid, a comic book character published by Maximum Press
* Cybrid, a brand of paintball marker
# Dysgonia senex

Dysgonia senex is a moth of the family Noctuidae first described by Francis Walker in 1858. It is found in the Australian state of Queensland.
The wingspan is about 70 mm.
# Lydia Zvereva

Lydia Vissarionovna Zvereva (13 August 1890 – 1 May 1916) was a Russian aviation pioneer who is credited with being the first woman in Russia to earn a pilot's license. Although she only lived to the age of 25, Zvereva is recognized for her feats as a female aviator. She competed in air shows in Eastern Europe, and later, with her husband Vladimir Victorovich Slusarenko, Zvereva operated an aircraft manufacturing factory in Riga.

## Early life

Born in Saint Petersburg in 1890 into a military family, Zvereva was educated at the Czar Nicholas I Institute for Girls. In 1910, a succession of exhibits held in Russia assembled French and German pilots while promoting an enthusiasm for aviation in the Russian public. One pioneering French pilot active in the events, Raymonde de Laroche, broke barriers as the world's first woman licensed to fly, and hence encouraged other women to participate in the field of aviation, including Zvereva.

## Flying career

The following year, on 22 August 1911 (10 August on the old style Russian calendar), Zvereva earned certificate No. 31 from the Russian Aviation Association Flying School in Gatchina, recognizing her as the first Russian woman to earn a pilot's license and the eighth woman overall.
For a while, Zvereva partnered with sportsman and aviator E. Spitzberg in air shows throughout Eastern Europe, flying in a Farman IV for high-altitude competitions. Several events, however, forbade Zvereva from participating or demanded excessively high entry fees. Such occurrences and the burden of traveling to exhibits led her to consider establishing an aircraft manufacturing factory with Vladimir Victorovich Slusarenko, her husband and former flight instructor. With the help of motorist Fjodor Kalep, Zvereva and Slusarenko signed a governmental contract to organize a repair workshop and training school in Riga; by mid-1914, the organization produced ten Farman XVI aircraft.
Following the outbreak of the First World War, the operation relocated and expanded in Saint Petersburg where Farmans and Morane-type aircraft were mass manufactured. Zvereva infrequently test flew modified aircraft, mainly to evaluate the mechanics of the newer models.
On 19 May 1914, Zvereva, in a Morane monoplane, performed aerobatics in front of a sold-out crowd in the hippodrome in Riga. For the occasion, she executed a loop – the first female aviator to execute such a maneuver – much to the astonishment of the spectators.

## Death

However, in April 1916, Zvereva contracted typhoid fever; she died on 1 May at the age of 25. "She was buried in Alexander Nevski Monastery while an aerial formation flew over the cemetery in her honor".