# Problems in Latin squares

In mathematics, the theory of Latin squares is an active research area with many open problems. As in other areas of mathematics, such problems are often made public at professional conferences and meetings. Problems posed here appeared in, for instance, the Loops (Prague) conferences and the Milehigh (Denver) conferences.

## Open problems
### Bounds on maximal number of transversals in a Latin square

   A transversal in a Latin square of order n is a set S of n cells such that every row and every column contains exactly one cell of S, and such that the symbols in S form {1, ..., n}. Let T(n) be the maximum number of transversals in a Latin square of order n. Estimate T(n).
* Proposed: by Ian Wanless at Loops '03, Prague 2003
* Comments: Wanless, McKay and McLeod have bounds of the form c$^n$ < T(n) < d$^n$ n!, where c > 1 and d is about 0.6. A conjecture by Rivin, Vardi and Zimmermann (Rivin et al., 1994) says that you can place at least exp(c n log n) queens in non-attacking positions on a toroidal chessboard (for some constant c). If true this would imply that T(n) > exp(c n log n). A related question is to estimate the number of transversals in the Cayley tables of cyclic groups of odd order. In other words, how many orthomorphisms do these groups have?
    The minimum number of transversals of a Latin square is also an open problem. H. J. Ryser conjectured (Oberwolfach, 1967) that every Latin square of odd order has one. Closely related is the conjecture, attributed to Richard Brualdi, that every Latin square of order n has a partial transversal of order at least n − 1.

### Characterization of Latin subsquares in multiplication tables of Moufang loops

   Describe how all Latin subsquares in multiplication tables of Moufang loops arise.
* Proposed: by Aleš Drápal at Loops '03, Prague 2003
* Comments: It is well known that every Latin subsquare in a multiplication table of a group G is of the form aH x Hb, where H is a subgroup of G and a, b are elements of G.

### Densest partial Latin squares with Blackburn property

   A partial Latin square has Blackburn property if whenever the cells (i, j) and (k, l) are occupied by the same symbol, the opposite corners (i, l) and (k, j) are empty. What is the highest achievable density of filled cells in a partial Latin square with the Blackburn property? In particular, is there some constant c > 0 such that we can always fill at least c n$^2$ cells?
* Proposed: by Ian Wanless at Loops '03, Prague 2003
* Comments: In a paper to appear, Wanless has shown that if c exists then c < 0.463. He also constructed a family of partial Latin squares with the Blackburn property and asymptotic density of at least exp(-d(log n)$^{1/2}$) for constant d > 0.

### Largest power of 2 dividing the number of Latin squares

   Let $L_{n}$ be the number of Latin squares of order n. What is the largest integer $p(n)$ such that $2^{p(n)}$ divides $L_{n}$? Does $p(n)$ grow quadratically in n?
* Proposed: by Ian Wanless at Loops '03, Prague 2003
* Comments: Of course, $L_{n}=n!(n-1)!R_{n}$ where $R_{n}$ is the number of reduced Latin squares of order n. This immediately gives a linear number of factors of 2. However, here are the prime factorizations of $R_{n}$ for n = 2, ...,11:
| 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 |
| 1 | 1 | 2$^2$ | 2$^3$7 | 2$^6$*3*7$^2$ | 2$^{10}$*3*5*1103 | 2$^{17}$*3*1361291 | 2$^{21}$*3$^2$*5231*3824477 | 2$^{28}$*3$^2$*5*31*37*547135293937 | 2$^{35}$*3$^4$*5*2801*2206499*62368028479 |
    This table suggests that the power of 2 is growing superlinearly. The best current result is that $R_{n}$ is always divisible by f!, where f is about n/2. See (McKay and Wanless, 2003). Two authors noticed the suspiciously high power of 2 (without being able to shed much light on it): (Alter, 1975), (Mullen, 1978).