OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ritland crater

The Ritland crater is an impact crater at Ritland farm in Hjelmeland municipality in eastern Rogaland county, Norway. The crater is about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) east of the village of Hjelmelandsvågen and about 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) south of the Jøsenfjorden. The crater is about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) in diameter, and was created when a meteorite with an estimated diameter of 100 metres (330 ft) struck here about 500–600 million years ago. The crater was later buried by sediments, of which it has been partly recovered.
The structure was first discovered as a possible (suspected) impact crater in 2000 by geologist Fridtjof Riis. The Research Council of Norway has funded scientific research on the crater. In 2009, scientists from the University of Oslo considered it proven that the crater was formed by meteorite impact, according to Professor Henning Dypvik from the Institute for Geological Sciences at the University of Oslo.

## Details

The sediments and fossils at Ritland have been studied by geologists since the 1950s. The depth of the circular structure is about 350 metres (1,150 ft), with a diameter of about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi). Research has focused on trying to find evidence that the crater resulted from a meteoric impact. In 2008 it was announced that microscopic evidence was found, and that the structure is an impact crater. The crater dates from before mid Cambrian, as fossils from mid Cambrian are found in sediments that have accumulated in the crater. The evidence for the structure being an impact crater stems from the identification of shocked quartz particles, which only form under the very high pressures (5-10 GPa) present during a meteoric impact.
The sediments in the crater are described as landslides in the bottom of the crater, followed by shale sediments deposited during a period when the sea had invaded the area. On top of the clay sediments are coarser sediments. During the Caledonian orogeny the crater was buried under a several kilometre thick mountain chain. The overlaying mountains were later eroded, and the crater was again exposed.
# Carabus problematicus

Carabus problematicus is a species of beetle endemic to Europe, where it is observed in Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Great Britain, the Czech Republic, mainland Denmark, the Faroe Islands, Finland, mainland France, Germany, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, mainland Italy, Latvia (doubtful), Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, mainland Norway, Poland, Romania, northern and northwestern Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, mainland Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the Netherlands.
A study of the effects of grazing management on arthropod distribution observed high number clusters of C. problematicus associated with the sheep rather than sheep and cattle grazed plots – suggesting that there are detrimental effects of cattle to the species; possibly as a result of soil compaction.
# Natural rope

A natural rope is a rope that is made from natural fibers. These fibers are obtained from organic material (such as materials produced by plants). Natural ropes suffer from many problems including susceptibility to rotting, degradation, mildew and wear out very quickly.

## Materials

Cotton, sisal, manila, coir, and papyrus are materials that can be used to create a natural rope.

## Disadvantages compared to synthetic ropes

Natural ropes suffer from many problems when compared to synthetic ropes. Natural ropes have a susceptibility to rot, degrade, and mildew. Natural ropes also wear out very quickly and lose much of their strength when placed in water.
# Revolutionary Communist Unity Centre (Marxist–Leninist)

Revolutionary Communist Unity Centre (Marxist–Leninist) was a communist group in India. RCUC(M-L) was formed by Asit Sen in 1970, who had left the All India Coordination Committee of Communist Revolutionaries in early 1969. Sen criticized Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (CPI(ML)) for not organizing mass movements.
# Continuous spontaneous ventilation

Continuous spontaneous ventilation is any mode of mechanical ventilation where every breath is spontaneous (i.e., patient triggered and patient cycled).
Spontaneous breathing is defined as the movement of gas in and out of the lungs that is produced in response to an individual's respiratory muscles. In a nutshell, spontaneous breathing is natural breathing. while at rest, a typical adult will take an average of 18 breaths per minute. Most people are unaware of their breathing patterns unless something interferes with the efficiency of this process. In extreme cases, mechanical ventilation is used when spontaneous breathing is inadequate or ceases entirely.

## Dependent modes

Some modes of mechanical ventilation require spontaneous ventilation, some of these include:
* Bilevel positive airway pressure (BPAP, BiPAP®)
* Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)
* Airway pressure release ventilation (APRV, (BiVent®)
# Eremophila physocalyx

Eremophila physocalyx is a flowering plant in the figwort family, Scrophulariaceae and is endemic to Western Australia. It is an erect shrub with soft, grey-green leaves and cream-coloured flowers with unusual inflated sepals.

## Description

Eremophila physocalyx is an erect shrub which grows to a height of between 1 and 3 m (3 and 10 ft) with rough branches due to the presence of raised leaf bases. Its leaves are linear to lance-shaped, 13–32 mm (0.5–1 in) long, 1.5–4 mm (0.06–0.2 in) wide and grey-green in colour due to a covering of soft, branched hairs. There is a raised mid-vein on the lower surface.
The flowers are borne singly or in groups of three in leaf axils on hairy stalks 4–8 mm (0.2–0.3 in) long. There are 5 green to reddish-brown, somewhat inflated sepals, which are 10.5–18 mm (0.4–0.7 in) but which enlarge after flowering. They are glabrous on the outer surface but there are branched hairs on the margins and near the ends of the inner surface. The petals are 18–25 mm (0.7–1 in) long and are joined at their lower end to form a tube. The petal tube is cream-coloured, faintly tinged lilac and mostly glabrous except that the inside of the tube is filled with long, soft hairs. The 4 stamens are fully enclosed in the petal tube. Flowering occurs from May to August and is followed by fruits which are oval-shaped with a pointed end and about 6.5 mm (0.3 in) long.

## Taxonomy and naming

This species was first formally described by Robert Chinnock in 2007 and the description was published in Eremophila and Allied Genera: A Monograph of the Plant Family Myoporaceae. The specific epithet (physocalyx) is derived from the Ancient Greek φῦσα (phûsa) meaning "bellows"$^{:605}$ and κάλυξ (kálux) meaning "cup" or "outer envelope of a flower",$^{:181}$ referring to the expanded sepals of this species.

## Distribution and habitat

Eremophila physocalyx grows in sandy soil between Mullewa and Woodleigh Station in the Carnarvon, Murchison and Yalgoo biogeographic regions.

## Conservation

This eremophila is classified as "Priority Three" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife meaning that it is poorly known and known from only a few locations but is not under imminent threat.

## Use in horticulture

This eremophila has not often been grown in gardens but its large, brown sepals are unusual and the plant has horticultural potential. It is usually propagated by grafting onto Myoporum rootstock and grows best in well-drained soil in a sunny position. It rarely needs watering, even during a long drought and is tolerant of frost but need to be pruned from an early age to keep its shape compact.
# St Giles on the Heath

St Giles on the Heath, sometimes hyphenated as St Giles-on-the-Heath, is a village and civil parish in the far west of Devon, England. It forms part of the local government district of Torridge. The village is in the east of the parish and lies on the A388 road about eight miles south of the town of Holsworthy.
The parish includes the hamlets of Hele, West Panson, East Panson, Sitcott, Box's Shop, Peter's Finger, West Druxton, Poole and Netherbridge. The parish is surrounded clockwise from the north-west by the parishes of Northcott, Luffincott, Ashwater, Virginstow, Broadwoodwidger and Lifton. Its western border follows the River Tamar which forms the county boundary with Cornwall. In 2001 its population was 617, significantly higher than the 258 residents it had in 1901. The village is part of Broadheath electoral ward. At the 2011 census the population was 1,650.

## Church history

Before 1193 the church of St Giles was a chapelry of North Petherwin belonging to the abbey of Tavistock. However, from 1288 it was a chapelry of St Stephen's by Launceston belonging to Launceston Priory. In 1500 the relationship between the two churches was settled; St Giles chapel was granted the right of burial and was thereafter to be served by a chaplain maintained by the priory who also served the chapel of Werrington. At the Reformation it became a donative.
The parish church, about 1.5 miles north-west of the village, is dedicated to St Giles and dates from the 13th and 15th centuries. It began as a Norman church consisting of a nave and chancel only, to which a south aisle was added in the 15th century. It has a low west tower and a Norman font, and was partially restored in 1868 by J. D. Sedding, and further in 1878 by James Piers St Aubyn.
The parish of St Giles belonged before 1876 to the Archdeaconry of Cornwall and was then included in the new Diocese of Truro to which it still belongs. St Giles-in-the-Heath forms part of Werrington with St Giles-In-The-Heath and Virginstow United Parish; the benefice is united with the benefices of Boyton and North Tamerton.
# Rautenstrauch-Joest Museum

The Rautenstrauch-Joest Museum is a museum of ethnography in Cologne, Germany. It was reopened in 2010. The museum arose from a collection of over 3500 items belonging to ethnographer Wilhelm Joest. After his death in 1897, the collection was left to his sister Adele Rautenstrauch.
In 2018, the Rautenstrauch-Joest Museum returned a tattooed Maori skull, which had been in its collection for 110 years, to a delegation representing the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa in Wellington; the skull was purchased in 1908 by the first director of the Rautenstrauch Joest Museum, Willy Foy, from a London dealer.
# Edgar R. Aston

Edgar R. Aston (1847 – April 14, 1932) was a soldier in the U.S. Army who served with the 8th U.S. Cavalry during the Apache Wars against Cochise. He was one of two men, along with Pvt. William Cubberly, who received the Medal of Honor for finding a passageway for an army column trapped in a 4,000-foot valley, and later defending his party against an Apache attack, at San Carlos, Arizona on May 30, 1868.

## Biography

Edgar R. Aston was born in New Richmond, Ohio in 1847. At age 16 during the Civil War, he enlisted as a private in Company C, 153rd Ohio Infantry, a 100 days service regiment, and served from May to September 1864. After the war's end, he remained with the U.S. Army and was posted on frontier duty. During the Apache Wars against Cochise, he was a member of the 8th U.S. Cavalry and was commended for distinguished service throughout the campaign.
On May 30, 1868, Aston and two other men volunteered to search out a wagon passage when an infantry column found themselves trapped in a 4,000-foot valley at San Carlos, Arizona. The three men passed through six miles of hostile Apache terrain before finding a suitable passageway out of the valley. On their return to the column, they successfully defended themselves against an Apache attack. For his actions, Aston received the Medal of Honor. He remained a career soldier for 30 years until retiring with pension in 1893. After a long illness, he died in Cincinnati, Ohio on April 14, 1932, at the age of 85. He was buried at the Tate Township Cemetery.

## Medal of Honor citation

Rank and organization: Private, Company L, 8th U.S. Cavalry. Place and date: At San Carlos, Ariz., May 30, 1868. Entered service at: ------. Birth: Clermont County, Ohio. Date of issue: July 28, 1868.
Citation:
   With 2 other men he volunteered to search for a wagon passage out of a 4,000-foot valley wherein an infantry column was immobile. This small group passed 6 miles among hostile Apache terrain finding the sought passage. On their return trip down the canyon they were attacked by Apaches who were successfully held at bay.
# Car elevator

A car elevator or vehicle elevator is an elevator designed for the vertical transportation of vehicles inside buildings, so increasing the number of vehicles that can be parked in parking lots and parking garages. Where real estate is costly, these car parking systems can reduce overall costs by using less land to park the same number of cars.
Vehicle lifts, which lift a car at its center of gravity, are used in garages and repair shops and are designed to allow access to a car's undercarriage for repair.

## Examples

American politician and former presidential candidate Mitt Romney included a car elevator in his 2008 proposal for rebuilding his beach house in La Jolla, San Diego. The elevator is intended to transport cars between floors in a planned split-level, four-vehicle garage. Romney received final approval for the project in October 2013, after an appeal against San Diego's approval of the project was dismissed.
The Porsche Design Tower, a high-rise residential building with 132 units in Sunny Isles Beach, Florida, near Miami, contains three car elevators. The elevators, named "Dezervators" after building developer Gil Dezer, transport cars up to parking spaces directly connected to each apartment unit. The elevators are in circular glass structures and rotate to align with the correct car parking space, allowing residents to exit directly from their cars to their apartments. The building opened in 2017. Another nearby building in Sunny Isles Beach, the Bentley Residences, uses the same technology in a slightly larger building. It will have more automobile capacity with four car elevators and be the tallest building in Sunny Isles Beach.
The Boring Company, a company owned by entrepreneur Elon Musk, built a prototype car elevator in 2017. In 2018, the company received permission from the Hawthorne, California city council to construct a car elevator designed to connect an above-ground garage to the Boring Test Tunnel, an underground test tunnel. The Boring Company intends to use the test tunnel and elevator for research and development of a proposed underground Hyperloop system designed to solve traffic congestion in Los Angeles.
# Shaheen Samad

Shaheen Samad (born 27 December 1952) is a Bangladeshi Nazrul Sangeet singer. She was awarded Ekushey Padak in 2016 by the Government of Bangladesh.

## Early life

Samad was born in Kushtia to Shamsun Nahar Rahima Khatun and Samsul Huda. She spent her childhood at Jalpaiguri mostly. She took lessons from Ram Gopal, Fazlul Haque Mia, Sanjida Khatun and Ful Mohammad. She entered Chhayanaut at the age of 13. After coming back from London she learned singing from Sudhin Das.

## Career

Samad is a former artiste of the Swadhin Bangla Betar Kendra, the clandestine radio station broadcast to revolutionaries and occupied population during the Bangladesh Liberation War. During the Liberation War in 1971, Samad joined a cultural troupe, named Bangladesh Mukti Shangrami Shilpi Shangstha. They used to travel to refugee camps and different areas in Mukta Anchal, perform patriotic songs, arrange puppet shows and stage dramas to inspire the freedom fighters and people with the spirit of war.
She completed her studies and moved to England in 1974.

## Popular culture

In 1995, Samad was featured in the documentary film Muktir Gaan Directed by Tareque Masud and Catherine Masud.

## Awards

* Ekushey Padak (2016)
* Bangladesh Mohila Poroshod Award (2009)
* 9th North America Nazrul Conference Award (2004)
* Justice Abu Sayeed Chowdhury Award (2002)
* Shetubondhon Award (2001)
* Amra Surjomukhi Award (2000)
* National Press Club Award (2000)
* Poush Mela Award (2000)
* Bangladesh Deputy High Commission Award (1999)
* Bangladesh Human Rights Foundation Award (1998)
* Rotary club of Shamoly Award (1997)
* Dilip Kumar Ray Sotoborsho Award (1997)

## Personal life

Samad is married to Habib Us Samad.
# Cacique, Colón

Cacique is a corregimiento in Portobelo District, Colón Province, Panama with a population of 246 as of 2010. Its population as of 1990 was 225; its population as of 2000 was 268.
# Powderhall railway station

Powderhall railway station served the area of Powderhall, Edinburgh, Scotland from 1895 to 1917 on the Edinburgh, Leith and Granton Line of the North British Railway.

## History

The station opened on 22 April 1895 by the North British Railway. It had a ticket office and waiting rooms on both platforms but it had no goods yard. It closed on 1 January 1917.
# Continuous slowing down approximation range

The CSDA range is a very close approximation to the average distance traveled by a charged particle as it slows down to rest, calculated in the continuous-slowing-down approximation. In this approximation, the rate of energy loss at every point along the track is assumed to be equal to the same as the total stopping power. Energy-loss fluctuations are neglected. The CSDA range is obtained by integrating the reciprocal of the total stopping power with respect to energy.
# Mad River (band)

Mad River was an American psychedelic rock band, who were briefly popular in the late 1960s. They released two albums on Capitol Records.
Mad River formed at Antioch College in Yellow Springs, Ohio in April 1966. The band took its name from the nearby Mad River. By March 1967, they had relocated to Berkeley, California. There they came to the attention of cult author Richard Brautigan who launched the band into the growing hippie culture. They released an EP on the independent Wee label before signing a contract with Capitol Records in February 1968. The group's lead songwriter was Lawrence Hammond, but all of the members sang vocals. They released two albums before disbanding in July 1969.
Lawrence Hammond put out several solo albums in the 1970s and 1980s, and Greg Dewey later joined Country Joe and the Fish, as well as playing with two of Marty Balin's post-Jefferson Airplane groups.
Greg Druian (corrected spelling of early member)

## Members

* David Robinson - guitar
* Rick Bockner- guitar, vocals
* Lawrence Hammond - bass, lead vocals
* Tom Manning - bass, vocals (April - September 1966 / 6 & 12 string guitar - March 1967 - December 1968)
* Greg Dewey - drums, vocals
* Greg Duian - guitar (April - 1966 - March 1967)

## Discography

* Mad River (Capitol Records, ST-2985, 1968)
* Paradise Bar and Grill (Capitol Records, ST-185, 1969) U.S. No. 192
    Both albums have been reissued by both Edsel and Sundazed Records.
# John Campbell (harness racing)

John Duncan Campbell (born April 8, 1955, in Ailsa Craig, Ontario) is a retired Canadian harness racing driver. He has been inducted into the Harness Racing Hall of Fame, the Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame and Canada's Sports Hall of Fame.
Dunc Campbell and his father before him were Standardbred horsemen. Dunc had two sons Ray and Jack Campbell with his family near London, Ontario. Jack had two sons, John Campbell and Jim Campbell. Ray was a trainer/driver as well as his son Robert Campbell.
Both John and Jim Campbell have established themselves in the upper echelon of harness racing, however many consider John Campbell the greatest reinsman of all-era's.
Campbell's dollar purse earnings, exceed any currently active driver or jockey. John has won more dollars-in-purses at any North American Track (i. e, The Meadowlands Racetrack) than any jockey or driver.
Campbell is considered by many to be the best driver in harness racing history. In 1976, harness racing was changed forever by the opening of the Meadowlands Racetrack in East Rutherford, New Jersey. The Meadowlands, also known as the Big M, is a one-mile harness track which attracted the very best harness horses, trainers and drivers in North America. Entering the 1970s, harness races were mostly contested with the horses racing in single file until they reached the homestretch, where the real race began. Also, most horses were driven by their owners or trainers. When the Meadowlands opened, a new breed of driver emerged called the catch-driver. The catch-driver was usually younger, lighter and more athletic and was able to make the horses go faster than the previous generation of driver. Campbell was the dominant catch driver of the late 1970s and 1980s and well into the 1990s. Campbell was a pioneer in the development of the modern catch driver and today, most top drivers are catch drivers.
He was the youngest driver ever elected into the U.S. Harness Racing Hall of Fame in 1990 at age 35 and is also a member of the Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame. He was inducted into the London (Ont.) Sports Hall of Fame in its inaugural class, 2002.
Campbell won the Hambletonian Stakes for a sixth time in 2006 with Glidemaster.
On July 12, 2008, Campbell won his 10,000th race as a driver by guiding Share the Delight to victory in the sixth race at Meadowlands Racetrack.
Campbell is a resident of River Vale, New Jersey.
# Freihung

Freihung is a municipality in the district of Amberg-Sulzbach in Bavaria in Germany.

## Geography

Apart from Freihung the municipality consists of the following villages:
* Blauenneuschacht
* Böcklmühle
* Elbart
* Freihungsand
* Großschönbrunn
* Hämmerleinshof
* Hämmerleinsmühle
* Kleinschönbrunn
* Konradinsgrund
* Mauerhof
* Riedhof
* Rothaar
* Rumpelmühle
* Schallermühle
* Schickenhof
* Schmelzmühle
* Schwadermühle
* Seugast
* Tanzfleck
* Thansüß
* Weickenricht

## Notable people

* Johannes Stark (born 15 April 1874 in Schickenhof – 21 June 1957), physicist and winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1919
# John Cummins (Australian politician)

John Gabriel Cummins (born 29 December 1944) is a former South Australian politician who represented the South Australian House of Assembly seat of Norwood from 1993 to 1997 for the Liberal Party.
# Smith (lunar crater)

Smith is a lunar impact crater that is located within the huge walled plain Apollo, on the far side of the Moon. This crater is attached to the west-southwestern outer rim of Scobee and it overlies the northern edge of the inner mountain ring within Apollo. To the north lies Barringer.
This crater is roughly circular and bowl-shaped, with a mildly worn outer rim. Some piles of scree lie along the base of the inner wall in the northern part of the crater. The interior floor is relatively featureless, with a small hill at the midpoint of the crater.
# Totta

Totta may refer to:
* Banco Santander Totta
* Totta Näslund
* Matthieu Totta
* Totta—alternate spelling for Tota, an 8th century Bishop of Selsey
# Transplant engineering

Transplant engineering (or allograft engineering) is a variant of genetic organ engineering which comprises allograft, autograft and xenograft engineering. In allograft engineering the graft is substantially modified by altering its genetic composition. The genetic modification can be permanent or transient. The aim of modifying the allograft is usually the mitigation of immunological graft rejection.

## History

Transient genetic allograft engineering has been pioneered by Shaf Keshavjee and Marcelo Cypel at University Health Network in Toronto by adenoviral transduction for transgenic expression of the IL-10 gene. Permanent genetic allograft engineering has first been done by Rainer Blasczyk and Constanca Figueiredo at Hannover Medical School in Hanover by lentiviral transduction for knocking down MHC expression in pigs (lung) and rats (kidney).