OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Clement D. Child

Clement D. Child (1868 – 1933) was an American physicist and educator. He is noted particularly for "Child's law" (1911), which is an equation that describes the electric current that flows between the plates of a vacuum tube. Vacuum tubes were the main components in electronics from about 1905 to 1960, when transistors and integrated circuits mostly supplanted them. Child's Law is still a staple of textbooks treating charged particle motion in vacuum and in solids.
Child was raised in Frewsburg, New York, where his father was a Baptist pastor. He received an A. B. degree from the University of Rochester (in Rochester, New York) in 1890. In 1897, he received a Ph.D. from Cornell University in Ithaca, New York. In 1897 he was a scientific visitor at the University of Berlin in Germany. In 1898 he was appointed a professor of physics at Colgate University in Hamilton, New York, where he spent the rest of his career. In 1907–08 he was a visitor to the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge, England, where he worked with J. J. Thomson. He published a book Electric Arcs in 1913. Between 1895 and 1933 Child published 28 papers in Physical Review, which was perhaps the principal US physics journal in that era.
The equation known as "Child's Law" describes the electric current between two metal plates in a vacuum tube; the current flows when a power supply applies a voltage between the plates. One plate, the cathode, is heated hot enough that it will emit electrons well. The second plate, the anode, is unheated. When the voltage between the anode and the cathode is positive, the negatively charged electrons are attracted to the anode. They fly through the vacuum, and are registered as the electric current drawn from the power supply. When the voltage is negative, the electrons are repelled by the anode, and the current is essentially zero. Child's law predicted the current at lower positive voltages, at which the current isn't limited by the electron emission process. Rather, a cloud of electrons forms near the cathode and limits the current. Child showed that this current was proportional to the voltage raised to 3/2 power (V$^{3/2}$). The current only depends on the properties of the electron through the ratio of the electrical charge of the electron to its mass.
Although Child's Law is usually used to describe electron currents, Child actually derived the equation in order to estimate the current of positively charged atomic ions. The only change is that charge to mass ratios for ions are much smaller than for the electron. The application to electrons was made in 1913 by Irving Langmuir, and the equation is also called the Child-Langmuir Law because of this. Child's original paper was cited in scientific papers more than 600 times in the century following its publication; in 2013, the paper was cited 32 times.
# Emil Stepanek

Emil Stepanek (21 February 1895 – 12 April 1945) was an Austrian set designer and film architect.

## Biography

Stepanek was born in Vienna, the son of a carpenter, and received a training in stage set construction, in which he worked for several years. Between 1916 and 1918 he had to perform military service. After the end of World War I he returned to his work in theatres.
In 1919 he had his first contact with the film industry. In the years that followed he often worked with the renowned film architects Julius von Borsody, Artur Berger and Alexander Ferenczy, particularly on the epic films of Sascha-Film directed by Alexander Korda and Michael Curtiz: Prinz und Bettelknabe (1920), Sodom und Gomorrha (1922), Die Sklavenkönigin (1924) and Salammbô (1924).
Stepanek remained in film set construction up to 1936, after which he worked in the area of executive film production. In 1944 he became director of the whole of set construction in the Rosenhügel Film Studios. On 12 April 1945, one day before the end of hostilities in World War II in Vienna, he lost his life in unexplained circumstances.

## Selected filmography

* Prinz und Bettelknabe (Austria 1920, dir: Alexander Korda; film architecture with Artur Berger)
* Eine versunkene Welt / Die Tragödie eines verschollenen Fürstensohnes (Austria 1922, dir: Alexander Korda)
* Sodom und Gomorrha (Austria 1922, dir: Michael Curtiz; with Julius von Borsody)
* Die Sklavenkönigin (Austria 1924, dir: Michael Curtiz; with Artur Berger)
* Salammbô (Austria/France 1924, dir: Pierre Marodon; with Artur Berger)
* Champagner (Germany/UK/Austria 1928, dir: Géza von Bolváry; with Artur Berger)
* The White Sonata (1928)
* Father Radetzky (1929)
* Devotion (1929)
* The Deed of Andreas Harmer (1930)
* Money on the Street (Austria 1930, dir: Georg Jacoby; with Hans Jacoby)
* Die vom 17er Haus (Austria 1932, dir: Artur Berger; with Artur Berger)
* Scampolo, ein Kind der Straße (Germany 1932, dir: Hans Steinhoff)
* Lumpenkavaliere (Austria 1932, dir: Carl Boese; with Artur Berger)
* Madame Wants No Children (Germany 1933, dir: Hans Steinhoff)
* Maskerade (Austria 1934, dir: Willi Forst; with Oskar Strnad)
* Tales from the Vienna Woods (Austria 1934, dir: Georg Jacoby)
* Episode (Austria 1935, dir: Walter Reisch)
* The Emperor's Candlesticks (Austria 1936, dir: Karl Hartl; with Kurt Herlth, Werner Schlichting)
* Court Theatre (Austria 1936, dir: Willi Forst; with Kurt Herlth, Werner Schlichting)
* Hannerl and Her Lovers (1936)

## Sources and external links

* Emil Stepanek at IMDb
* Filmportal.de Emil Stepanek: filmography (in German)
# Demetre of Georgia

Demetre of Georgia may refer to:
* Demetrius I of Georgia, King in 1125–1156
* Demetrius II of Georgia, King in 1270–1289
# HMS Alert (1777)

HMS Alert was a 10-gun cutter launched at Dover in 1777 that was converted to a sloop in the same year.
On 19 September 1777, during the American War of Independence, Alert caught and engaged the American 16-gun brigantine Lexington in the English Channel. After two hours fighting, Lexington damaged Alert's rigging, and broke off the action, but Alert's crew quickly managed to repair the ship and caught up with Lexington, which was now virtually out of ammunition and unable to reply to Alert's fire. After a further one and a half hours bombardment by Alert, Lexington struck her colours, surrendering to Alert. Lexington had lost 7 men killed with 11 wounded, while Alert had two killed and 3 wounded. During the action of 17 June 1778, Alert engaged the French 10-gun Lugger Coureur, and after 90 minutes, forced Coureur to strike.
Alert was captured in the Channel by the Junon on 17 July 1778; French records show her serving as Alerte, a cutter of fourteen 4-pounder guns and valued as a prize at Lt 32,289. She foundered December 1779 off the coast of America.

## Citations

* 1 2 Hepper (1994), p. 52.
* 1 2 Lecky (1913), p. 57.
* ↑ Clowes (1899), pp. 8–10.
* ↑ Clowes (1899), pp. 14–15.
* ↑ Clowes (1899), p. 16.
* ↑ Demerliac (1996), p. 87, #572.
* ↑ Roche (2005), p. 32.
# Inverted river delta

An inverted river delta is a river delta in which the narrow end of the delta emerges on the seafront and the wide end is located further inland, so that with respect to the seafront, the locations of both ends of the delta are inverted.

## Explanation

River deltas typically form on flat, coastal floodplains: the narrow end located at the point where a river fans out and deposits sediment in a region extending outward into the body of water which the river empties. In the case of an inverted delta, the delta is located at the waterway's exit from a large, flat valley, yet still inside the valley. The sediment is dropped within the valley and the clear water then exits into a bay or the ocean, so the apex of the delta is at this exit, a configuration said to be inverted from that usually seen. Inverted deltas typically do not last long in geological terms, since they tend to fill up with sediments rather quickly and eventually become normal deltas.

## Examples
### The Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta

A classic example of an inverted river delta is the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta, which lies at the confluence of the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers in California. The water from the rivers that drain the entire, large California Central Valley exit through the Carquinez Strait, a narrow gap in the Coast Range. An inverted river delta exists behind this strait.

### The Tagus River

Another example is the delta of the Tagus river in Portugal, although due to sedimentation this delta is now only very partially inverted, with the valley now mostly filled with sediment. It is still about 15 km (9.3 mi) wide and 25 km (15.5 mi) long, compared with the 2 km-wide (1.2 mi) exit into the sea, and forms a large lagoon with large and very shallow sand banks which are uncovered during low tides. The delta used to be even bigger thousands of years ago.
# Sakar District

Sakar District is an abolished (former) district of Lebap Province in Turkmenistan. The administrative center of the district was the town of Sakar, Turkmenistan. Sakar was absorbed by Saýat District in November 2017.
# Canrenoic acid

Canrenoic acid is a synthetic steroidal antimineralocorticoid which was never marketed.
# Pultenaea parrisiae

Pultenaea parrisiae, commonly known as bantam bush-pea, or Parris's bush-pea, is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae and is endemic to south eastern continental Australia. It is a low-lying sub-shrub with linear to lance-shaped leaves with the narrower end towards the base, and yellow to purple flowers with red markings.

## Description

Pultenaea parrisiae is small, low-lying sub-shrub with a few trailing stems 30–40 mm (1.2–1.6 in) long. The leaves are arranged alternately, linear to lance-shaped with the narrower end towards the base, 4–14 mm (0.16–0.55 in) long and 0.8–2.5 mm (0.031–0.098 in) wide on a very short petiole, with brown stipules 3–7 mm (0.12–0.28 in) long at the base. The edges of the leaves are curved downwards and the upper surface is concave. The flowers are arranged in dense clusters of four to seven on the ends of branches and are 5–7 mm (0.20–0.28 in) long, each flower on a pedicel 0.4–1.5 mm (0.016–0.059 in) long with egg-shaped to elliptic bracts 4–9 mm (0.16–0.35 in) long at the base. The sepals are 3.5–6 mm (0.14–0.24 in) long and joined at the base forming a tube 2.0–2.7 mm (0.079–0.106 in) long, with bracteoles 3.0–3.6 mm (0.12–0.14 in) long attached to the side of the sepal tube. The standard petal is yellow with a reddish base and 3–4 mm (0.12–0.16 in) wide, the wings are yellow to orange and 4–5 mm (0.16–0.20 in) wide and the keel is mostly dark reddish. Flowering mostly occurs from October to November and the fruit is a flattened pod 4–5 mm (0.16–0.20 in) long.

## Taxonomy

Pultenaea parrisiae was first formally described in 1994 by John D. Briggs and Michael Crisp in the journal Telopea from specimens collected by Briggs in Wadbilliga National Park in 1988. The specific epithet (parrisiae) honours the amateur botanist, Mrs Margaret Parris who drew the attention of Briggs and Crisp to the species.

## Distribution and habitat

Bantam bush-pea grows in moist heathland, sometimes at forest edges or near streams in the South East Forests and Wadbilliga National Parks in far south-eastern New South Wales and north-east Gippsland in Victoria.

## Conservation status

Pultenaea parrisiae is listed as "vulnerable" under the Australian Government Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999, the New South Wales Government Biodiversity Conservation Act 2016 and the Victorian Government Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988.
# Oxynooidea

Oxynooidea is a superfamily of small sea snails, bubble snails and bivalved gastropods, marine gastropod mollusks within the superorder Sacoglossa.

## Families

Families within the superfamily Oxynooidea:
* family Cylindrobullidae Thiele, 1931
* family Juliidae E. A. Smith, 1885
* family Oxynoidae Stoliczka, 1868 (1847)
* family Volvatellidae Pilsbry, 1895
# Emil Stern

Émile Stern (28 April 1913 – 14 January 1997), best known under his artistic pseudonym Emil Stern, was a French composer, pianist and conductor of Romanian descent. He was born in Paris. Together with his writing partner Eddy Marnay they wrote one of the winning songs for the 1969 Eurovision Song Contest: "Un jour, un enfant", sung by Frida Boccara. He wrote the scores for Claude Berri's film Mazel Tov ou le Mariage.

## Selected songs
### Marie Laforêt

* "Ivan, Boris et moi", lyrics by Eddy Marnay (1967)
# Pro Wrestling Fujiwara Gumi

Pro Wrestling Fujiwara Group (Purofesshonaru-resuringu Fujiwara-Gumi, プロフェッショナルレスリング藤原組) was a shoot style professional wrestling promotion based in Tokyo, Japan, operating from 1991 to 1996. It was formed by Yoshiaki Fujiwara, Masakatsu Funaki and Minoru Suzuki after the collapse of the second incarnation of the UWF. The company had the financial backing of eyeglass brand Meganesuper Co., Ltd executive Hachiro Tanaka who was also funding Super World Sports (SWS). Its motto was "ONE FOR ALL AND ALL FOR ONE".
Although the company was considered the smallest of the three UWF offshoots, it had a strong roster which included former UWF wrestlers Yusuke Fuke, Bart Vale and future MMA star Ken Shamrock. One of its most successful shows took place at the Tokyo Dome on October 4, 1992, headlined by Funaki versus Maurice Smith, which was attended by a record 40,000 fans. Legendary wrestler Karl Gotch acted as the face of the company, much like Lou Thesz did for fellow promotion UWF International.
In December 1992, Suzuki, Funaki, and Fuke left the promotion over Fujiwara's decision to send PWFG wrestlers to appear for SWS, Universal Lucha Libre and W*ING. The trio would go on to form Pancrase several months later. Fujiwara decided to close down PWFG in November 1995, however, the company was revived briefly for a few of shows during the following summer. After 1996, when everyone on the roster except Fujiwara left to form BattlARTS, the Fujiwara Gumi name was kept as the name of the booking office handling Fujiwara's appearances for other promotions. In retrospect, PWFG, along with other shoot style promotions, served as a precursor to mixed martial arts and to popular Japanese MMA promotions, particularly Pride FC.

## Roster

* Natives: Yoshiaki Fujiwara, Masakatsu Funaki, Minoru Suzuki, Yusuke Fuke, Kazuo Takahashi, Yuki Ishikawa, Daisuke Ikeda, Katsumi Usuda, Minoru Tanaka, Shoichi Funaki, Mamoru Okamoto, Satoshi Yoneyama (Muhammad Yone)
* Foreigners: Ken Shamrock, Victor Krueger, Joe Malenko, Mark Starr, Dino Ventura, Bart Vale, Jerry Flynn, Starman, Glenn Jacobs, Dieusel Berto
# HD 138289

HD 138289, also known as HR 5757, is a probable spectroscopic binary located in the constellation Apus, the bird-of-paradise. It has an apparent magnitude of 6.18, placing it near the limit for naked eye. Gaia DR3 parallax measurements place the object 359 light years away and it is currently receding with a heliocentric radial velocity of 13.1 km/s. At its current distance, HD 138289's brightness is diminished by 0.25 magnitudes due to extinction from interstellar dust. It has an absolute magnitude of +1.21.
The visible component has a stellar classification of K2.5 IIIb CN1.5 Ba+0.5, indicating that it is a red giant with an anomalous overabundance of cyano radicals in its spectrum. The IIIb luminosity class indicates that it is a lower luminosity giant star. The Ba+0.5 suffix states that it is a mild barium star, whose barium abundance might have come from a hidden white dwarf companion. HD 138289 is estimated to be 2.8 billion years old, enough time for it to cool and expand to 13 times the radius of the Sun. It is now on the horizontal branch, fusing helium at its core. At present it has 1.59 times the mass of the Sun and radiates 52.5 times the luminosity of the Sun from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,672 K. HD 138289 has a near solar metallicity and spins modestly with a poorly constrained projected rotational velocity of 5.2 km/s.
# Greenwich and Johnsonville Railway

The Greenwich and Johnsonville Railway (reporting mark GJ) was a railroad in Upstate New York. It was founded in 1866 to construct a line from Greenwich to Johnsonville. The line opened in 1870. The Delaware and Hudson Railway acquired control of the railroad in 1906 and sold it to the Batten Kill Railroad in 1982.

## History

The railroad incorporated as the Union Village and Johnsonville Railroad on October 13, 1866, for the purpose of constructing a line from Union Village (as Greenwich was then known) to Johnsonville. Union Village was renamed Greenwich in 1867, and thereafter the company did business as the Greenwich and Johnsonville Railroad. The 14-mile (23 km) line between Greenwich and Johnsonville opened on August 31, 1870. At Johnsonville it connected with the Troy and Boston Railroad, a forerunner of the Boston and Maine Railroad. The company's name change became official on March 26, 1874; it reorganized as the Greenwich and Johnsonville Railway on September 10, 1879.
At the turn of the twentieth century the company extended its line west from Greenwich to Schuylerville, New York, to connect with the Boston and Maine's Saratoga branch. It chartered the Battenkill Railroad for this purpose on December 15, 1902, and consolidated that company on August 12 the following year when the 7-mile (11 km) branch opened. The Delaware and Hudson took an interest in the small railroad, and in 1906 bought up the Greenwich and Johnsonville's capital stock, acquiring complete control. Under the aegis of the D&H the G&J built the "Salem branch," a 10.12-mile (16.29 km) extension eastward from Greenwich to the D&H's line near Salem, New York at Greenwich Junction.
Under the D&H the original line between Greenwich and Johnsonville was abandoned on July 28, 1932, leaving Schuylerville–Greenwich Junction. Passenger service ended in 1933. The D&H made little use of the connection with the B&M at Schuylerville, and cut the line back to Thomson after the bridge over the Hudson River washed out. The D&H sold the Greenwich and Johnsonville to the Batten Kill Railroad in 1982.
# The Hulks

The Hulks or The Giant Hulks, more formally known as the Powell River Floating Breakwater, is a floating breakwater off the Sunshine Coast of British Columbia, a Pacific coast province of Canada. The breakwater is a prominent landmark of the city of Powell River and may be the largest floating breakwater in the world.
The breakwater consists of floating concrete ships from the World War II era and one, the SS Peralta, from World War I era. Steel was in short supply during wartime leading to ship-makers to resort to alternatives such a concrete. These heavy, awkwardly maneuverable ships were called "hulks".
It was originally constructed by the Powell River Company, a pulp and paper mill, and the ships help form their log pond.

## The ships

The Powell River Company originally purchased 19 ships for their fleet.
* YOGN 82
* SS Peralta, last WWI era concrete ship still floating
* USS Quartz
* Emile N. Vidal
* M. H. Le Chatelier
* P. M. Anderson
* John Smeaton
* Thaddeus Merriman
* L. J. Vicat
* Armand Considere
* M. H. Le Chatelier

### Configuration

As seen from left to right from the coast, the configuration of the ships is given roughly below.

#### ?–2002

* YOGN 82
* M. H. Le Chatelier
* USS Quartz
* P. M. Anderson
* SS Peralta
* Emile N. Vidal
* John Smeaton
* Thaddeus Merriman
* L. J. Vicat
* Armand Considere

#### 2002–2018

The ships were re-arranged in 2002.
* YOGN 82
* SS Peralta
* USS Quartz
* Emile N. Vidal
* M. H. Le Chatelier
* P. M. Anderson
* John Smeaton
* Thaddeus Merriman
* L. J. Vicat
* Armand Considere

#### 2018–?

In 2018, YOGN-82 was towed away and sunk to form an artificial reef. The first of four designated for that purpose.
# Sally Dowling

Sally Dowling SC is an Australian lawyer who has been Director of Public Prosecutions for New South Wales since August 2021.

## Early life and education

Dowling is one of three children; her mother, Stephanie Claire, worked as an English teacher and writer, and later married artist Salvatore Zofrea. Dowling attended North Sydney Girls High School but left in Year 11. She worked as a waitress and a bookie's clerk before later completing her HSC at TAFE. She graduated from the University of Sydney in 1994.

## Career

Dowling was admitted as a legal practitioner in 1995. She worked as an associate to Justice Hill in the Federal Court before practicing intellectual property and trade practices law as a solicitor. She was admitted as a barrister in 1997 and worked in private practice in commercial and intellectual property.
Dowling started work at the DPP in 2001 and became a Crown prosecutor since 2005. In 2004, when her children were very young, Dowling was the only part-time trial crown prosecutor in NSW, working one week on, one week off. She acknowledged that it was very difficult to work part-time as a barrister and still earn enough to cover expenses, but said that working part-time "promotes efficiency."
In 2013, Dowling was appointed senior counsel and in 2016 she was appointed deputy senior Crown prosecutor and head of the appeals unit within the NSW office of the DPP. In 2019, she was senior counsel assisting the NSW Government's Special Commission of Inquiry into the Drug ‘Ice’. In 2020, she became a barrister in private practice at Wardell Chambers.
Dowling was appointed to a ten-year term as Director of Public Prosecutions in August 2021. She is the first woman to hold the role.

## Personal life

Dowling has two children.
In 2018, Salvatore Zofrea's portrait of Dowling was a finalist in the Archibald Prize.
# Omloop van de Vlaamse Scheldeboorden

Omloop van de Vlaamse Scheldeboorden is a single-day road bicycle race held annually in September in the municipality of Kruibeke, Belgium. Since 2005, the race is organized as a 1.1 event on the UCI Europe Tour.

## Winners

| Year | Country | Rider | Team |
| 1969 | Belgium | Willy In't Ven | |
| 1970 | Belgium | Jaak Clauwaert | |
| 1971 | Colombia | Giovany Jiménez Ocampo | |
| 1972 | Belgium | Arthur Van De Vijver | |
| 1973 | Belgium | Ronny Van De Vijver | |
| 1974 | Belgium | Willy Planckaert | |
| 1975 | Belgium | Dirk Baert | |
| 1976 | Belgium | Ludo Peeters | |
| 1977 | Belgium | Alfons De Bal | |
| 1978 | Belgium | Alfons De Bal | |
| 1979 | Belgium | Dirk Heirweg | |
| 1980 | Belgium | Gérard Blockx | |
| 1981 | Belgium | Walter Schoonjans | |
| 1982 | Belgium | Walter Schoonjans | |
| 1983- 1988 | No race | No race | No race |
| 1989 | Belgium | Jan Bogaert | |
| 1990 | Netherlands | Adri van der Poel | |
| 1991 | Belgium | Danny Neskens | |
| 1992 | Belgium | Ludo Giesberts | |
| 1993 | Belgium | Nico Eeckhout | |
| 1994 | Belgium | Nico Emonds | |
| 1995 | Belgium | Wilfried Nelissen | |
| 1996 | Belgium | Rudy Verdonck | |
| 1997 | Belgium | Franky Van Haesebroucke | |
| 1998 | Belgium | Gert Vanderaerden | |
| 1999 | Belgium | Geert Omloop | |
| 2000 | Italy | Giampaolo Mondini | |
| 2001 | Slovenia | Martin Hvastija | |
| 2002 | Netherlands | Stefan van Dijk | |
| 2003 | Belgium | Chris Peers | |
| 2004 | Netherlands | Stefan van Dijk | |
| 2005 | Belgium | Nico Eeckhout | |
| 2006 | Germany | Danilo Hondo | Team Lamonta |
| 2007 | Netherlands | Steven de Jongh | |
| 2008 | Belgium | Wouter Weylandt | |
# Oxynops

Oxynops is a genus of flies in the family Tachinidae.

## Species

* Oxynops anthracinus (Bigot, 1889)
* Oxynops macrocera (Townsend, 1927)