OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Maggia (river)

The Maggia is a river in the Swiss canton of Ticino.
The springs are near the Cristallina mountain at 8136 ft (2480 m). The river runs through the Val Sambuco, the Val Lavizzara, and the Valle Maggia, and enters Lago Maggiore between Ascona and Locarno. The village Maggia is situated on the river.
The river is used for hydroelectric power production, e.g. with the dams of Lago del Narèt and Lago del Sambuco near the sources.
The Maggia river is a popular scuba diving spot due to its crystal clear waters.
The name of the river derives from the name of the village Maggia.
In the 1990s the river had a European record: the river that grew fastest during rains. This characteristic led to many tragedies in the past. One involved the collapse of a bridge connecting the old Maggia to Aurigeno and Moghegno which killed many people in the 1970s.
# Hal Gould

Hal Gould (February 29, 1920 – June 25, 2015) was an American photographer and gallery curator. He was an advocate of fine art photography and created a venue which eventually became the Camera Obscura gallery at the Denver Art Museum.

## Early life

Gould was born in Clark, Wyoming. He grew up on a ranch in New Mexico and left home at the age of 16. After holding a number of different jobs, he entered dentistry school, but was drafted into the army in 1940. After he was called to duty, he joined E Company, 19th Infantry where he served together with James Jones. Eventually he entered officer school and became a head personnel officer. After the bombing of Pearl Harbor, he island-hopped with General Douglas MacArthur and remained in Japan during the occupation.

## Photography

While Gould held many jobs during his life, including railroad-tie repairer, boxer, aviator, and painter, it was his pursuit of photography that would change his life. For nearly a quarter of a century he practised as a portrait photographer, eventually shifting into fine art photography. Gould's own photographic contributions to Camera Obscura Gallery include Western scenery and flora along with pictures from his various travels

## Gallery curator

Gould repeatedly asked for the Denver Art Museum to display fine art photography, but director Otto Bach refused to consider the medium. To make artistic photography available to the public, Gould and others created a venue for displaying works directly behind the Denver Art Museum—eventually this would become the gallery Camera Obscura. This is now one of the oldest galleries dedicated exclusively to fine art photography. Gould's gallery gave Sebastião Salgado his first show in America, and has been publishing the Photography in the Fine Arts Quarterly since 1983.
Gould hosted his last show as curator of Camera Obscura Gallery, featuring his works and those by Gallery associate director Loretta Young-Gautier, and then closed the Gallery doors to the public after the conclusion of the open house reception for their show on April 30, 2011. According to the March 20, 2011, article in The Denver Post, Gould cites "No sales" brought on by the recent recession as the reason for closing the Gallery. Gould died on June 25, 2015, at the age of 95.
# Relief line

A relief line refers generally to a secondary rail line running alongside a main line to allow extra capacity.
Examples known as the "relief line" include:
* CBD Relief Line in Sydney, Australia
* Great Western Main Line in England and Wales
* Relief Line (Toronto) in Toronto, Canada
# Sonadora, Aguas Buenas, Puerto Rico

Sonadora is a barrio in the municipality of Aguas Buenas, Puerto Rico. Its population in 2010 was 3,191. In Sonadora barrio is part of the Aguas Buenas urban zone.

## History

Sonadora was in Spain's gazetteers until Puerto Rico was ceded by Spain in the aftermath of the Spanish–American War under the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1898 and became an unincorporated territory of the United States. In 1899, the United States Department of War conducted a census of Puerto Rico finding that the combined population of Sonadora and Mula barrio was 1,183.

## Special Communities

In 2001, law 1-2001 was passed to identify marginalized communities of Puerto Rico. In 2017, Governor Rosello created a new government agency to work with the Special Communities of Puerto Rico Program. Sonadora is one of the 742 places on the list of Comunidades Especiales de Puerto Rico.
# Dolichodorus heterocephalus

Dolichodorus heterocephalus is a plant pathogenic nematode.
# Kanam

Kanam may refer to:

## Places

* Kanam, Tamil Nadu, a panchayat town in Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu, India
* Kanam (Kerala), a village in Kottayam, Kerala, India
* Kanam, Nigeria, a Local Government Area in Plateau State
* Kanam prehistoric site, a site in Kenya

## People

* Barbara Kanam (born 1973), Congolese singer
* Kanam E. J. (1926–1987), Malayalam fiction writer and lyricist
* Kanam Rajendran (born 1950), Indian politician

## Films

* Kanam, Telugu-language version of the 2018 Indian film Diya (film)
* Kanam, Tamil-language version of the 2022 Indian film Oke Oka Jeevitham

## Other uses

* கனம் (kanam), a Tamil honorific meaning weight
# Félix de Chazournes

Félix de Chazournes (French pronunciation:; 26 December 1887 – December 1940) was a French writer, the winner of the 1938 Prix Femina.

## Biography

Born in Lyon, de Chazournes was the eldest of twelve children of the couple Félix Marie Henri Boisson of Chazournes and Jeanne Troubat married in 1887 in Lyon.
de Chazournes first worked in a business house in England. While he was sent to Morocco, the First World War began and he was mobilized on site in the spahis. Sent to the front, he was incorporated among the chasseurs alpins (alpine hunters).
In 1918, he resumed his import-export work and moved to China, South America and the West Indies. In the 1930s, he wrote novels which were published by éditions Gallimard and obtained the Prix Femina in 1938 for Caroline ou le Départ pour les îles.

## Works

* 1908: Les Boucles, édition Alphonse Lemerre.
* 1935: Jason: Portrait des Tropiques (short story), Gallimard, ISBN 2070214028.
* 1938: Caroline ou le Départ pour les îles, Gallimard, ISBN 2070214036, (Prix Femina)
* 1939: Arianwen, short story in the Revue des deux Mondes
* 1940: Agnès ou le Rivage de Bohème, Gallimard, ISBN 2070214044.
* 1946: Ophélia ou l'Anglaise de la colline (posthumous).
# Gaius Turranius

Gaius Turranius was a Roman eques who flourished during the reign of the emperors Augustus, and Tiberius. He was appointed to a series of imperial offices, most notably praefectus or governor of Roman Egypt and later praefectus annonae.
His home city was Gades (now Cádiz). In 7 BC, Turranius was appointed to prefect of Egypt and held that position until 4 BC. One of his acts in office has survived: an edict ordering the registration of Egyptian priests and what services they provide so "I may make an examination of them. Those not of the priestly order shall be removed from office without delay." The Flight into Egypt of Mary, Joseph and Jesus, is thought to have taken place during his tenure.
Turranius is attested as praefectus annonae when Tiberius succeeded Augustus on the later's death in AD 14. He is attested again in that post in 48, during the reign of Claudius. According to Seneca the Younger, Caligula relieved him from that post on account of his great age, upon which Turranius ordered his family to mourn him as if he were dead; this only ended when Claudius restored him to his prefecture.
# GOPAC

GOPAC is a Republican (GOP) state and local political training organization. Although often thought of as a PAC, or political action committee, it is actually a 527 organization.

## History

GOPAC was founded by Delaware Governor Pierre S. du Pont, IV in 1978 in "an effort to build a farm team of Republican officeholders who could then run for congress or higher state offices later". On February 1, 2007, former Maryland Lieutenant Governor Michael Steele became the chairman and served until his election as chairman of the Republican National Committee in January 2009. The current chairman of GOPAC is David Avella.
Others who have chaired GOPAC include former Oklahoma Governor Frank Keating, former Georgia Representative and Secretary of the Army Bo Callaway, California Representative David Dreier, Arizona Representative John Shadegg, former Oklahoma Representative J.C. Watts, Gay Gaines, and former Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich of Georgia.
Instructional tapes used to train aspiring Republican politicians from 1986 to 1994 were selected by the Library of Congress as a 2010 addition to the National Recording Registry for their influence in "shaping political discourse". The Library of Congress selects recordings annually that are "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

## GOPAC memo of 1990

Drawing rhetorical inspiration from Newt Gingrich, GOPAC wrote and distributed a memo to Republican Party legislative candidates in 1990. The memo, which came from a list drawn up by Frank Luntz, called "Language: A Key Mechanism of Control", contained a list of "contrasting words" and "optimistic positive governing words" that Gingrich recommended for use in describing Democrats and Republicans, respectively. For example, words to use against opponents include decay, failure (fail), collapse(ing), deeper, crisis, urgent(cy), destructive, destroy, sick, pathetic, lie, radical, liberal, they/them, unionized bureaucracy, betray, consequences, limit(s), shallow, traitors, sensationalists,"compassion" is not enough; words to use in defining a candidate's own campaign and vision included share, change, opportunity, legacy, challenge, control, truth, moral, courage, reform, prosperity, crusade, movement, children, family, debate, compete, active(ly), we/us/our, candid(ly), humane, pristine, provide.
The cover page of the memo said: "The words in that paper are tested language from a recent series of focus groups where we actually tested ideas and language."
The comic strip Doonesbury mentions the memo in a strip, calling it the "Magna Carta of attack politics." Al Franken, a comedian and later a U.S. senator from Minnesota, wrote that GOP candidates were drilled to adopt three basic techniques in debating: "Go Negative Early"; "Don't Try to Educate"; "Never Back Off". Minor details were relevant only to 'demolish the opposition'.
# GS&WR Class 33

The GS&WR) Class 33 consisted of six 2-4-2T locomotives designed by Henry Ivatt for Kerry branch line services, especially tight radius curves of the branches to Kenmare and Valencia.
Numbers 33 and 42 were subsequently fitted with a bell for working the Cork City Railways. In their final years the class was mainly working in the Cork area, At the end of steam in the 1959 number 42 was to be found in the Dublin area.
# Galium bolanderi

Galium bolanderi is a species of flowering plant in the coffee family known by the common name Bolander's bedstraw. It is native to the mountains of California and southern Oregon. It is a resident of mountain forests and chaparral slopes.
Galium bolanderi is a stout perennial herb or small shrub growing from a woody base. It produces sprawling or climbing stems up to 25 centimeters long which may be hairless to hairy. Small pointed leaves grow in whorls of four divided into two pairs at intervals along the stem, which may branch at these points. The plant is dioecious, with male plants producing clusters of staminate flowers on pedicels and female plants producing solitary pistillate flowers. Both types of flower are usually maroon. The fruit is a berry.
# Gaius Vibius Postumus

Gaius Vibius Postumus was a Roman senator, who flourished under the reign of Augustus. He was suffect consul for the latter half of AD 5 with Gaius Ateius Capito as his colleague. Ronald Syme identifies him as a novus homo from Lavinum in Apulia. His brother Aulus Vibius Habitus was suffect consul in the latter half of AD 8.
Postumus shared in the achievements of Lucius Apronius and earned the ornamenta triumphalia for his distinguished valor in the Dalmatian revolt. He was also proconsular governor of Asia in the years 12 to 15. One of the poems of the Palatine Anthology, attributed to Apollonides, refers to the construction of a temple to Aphrodite by a Postumus; Syme identifies its author as Apollonides of Nicaea, and the person responsible for the temple as Vibius Postumus, who had the temple erected during his governorship.
# Galton Junction

Galton Junction is a minor junction on the United Kingdom's West Coast Main Line's Rugby-Birmingham-Stafford Line. With Smethwick Junction, it allows northbound trains from the RBS to join the Birmingham to Worcester via Kidderminster Line in a westbound direction and vice versa.
Until the re-opening of Birmingham Snow Hill for stations to Kidderminster, in 1995, all passenger services routed via Galton and Smethwick Junctions to reach Birmingham New Street. With this re-opening, use of the junction has sharply decreased. This was compounded with the removal of the remaining services between Worcester and New Street in May 2004, and now only selected freight services and charter trains use the junction. It has also been used as a way to divert trains to Cheltenham Spa via Stourbridge Junction and Worcester Shrub Hill. In addition, the first and last CrossCountry services of the day to/from Cardiff Central, which start and terminate at New Street, use this junction for operational reasons.
# Gacy (disambiguation)

John Wayne Gacy (1942–1994) was an American serial killer and sex offender.
Gacy may also refer to:

## People

* Madonna Wayne Gacy (born 1964), stage name of Stephen Gregory Bier Jr., American keyboardist, formerly of Marilyn Manson
* Joe Gacy (Real name Joseph Ruby, born 1987), American professional wrestler signed to WWE.

## Film

* Gacy (film), 2003 film about John Wayne Gacy
* Dear Mr. Gacy, 2010 Canadian film
* Dahmer Vs. Gacy, 2010 film
* 8213: Gacy House, 2010 film
* Bruce and Pepper Wayne Gacy's Home Movies, 1988 Canadian film
# Gambian slit-faced bat

The Gambian slit-faced bat (Nycteris gambiensis) is a species of bat in the family Nycteridae found in Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Ivory Coast, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Togo. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest and savanna.
# Gainestown, Alabama

Gainestown is an unincorporated community on the Alabama River in Clarke County, Alabama, United States. It was named for George Strother Gaines, who was the senior United States Indian agent in the region; he established a trading post here in 1809 for business with the Choctaw, the predominant tribe.
The exact date for the founding of the town is unclear. However, the community was being referred to as Gainestown by 1815, following the end of the Creek War and closure of the trading post in 1814. Gainestown grew to be a large town during the heyday of river-based transport, but a slow decline began after the American Civil War.
A tornado on March 26, 1911, destroyed at least 12 homes and much of the town. A contemporaneous account of the storm said that a dry goods store in the town was destroyed, with fragments of its products found as far away as 30 miles (48 km) to the east, in Monroe County.
Gainestown has three sites listed on the National Register of Historic Places: the Gainestown Methodist Church and Cemetery, Gainestown Schoolhouse, and the Wilson-Finlay House.

## Geography

Gainestown is located at 31°26′44″N 87°41′36″W﻿ / ﻿31.44544°N 87.69332°W﻿ / 31.44544; -87.69332 and has an elevation of 266 feet (81 m).
# Galleria d'Arte Moderna e Contemporanea

The Galleria d'Arte Moderna e Contemporanea (GAMeC) is in Bergamo, Italy. it opened in 1991. It is located in a neoclassical building from the 15th century. The building was renovated in the late 20th century. GAMeC has about 1500 square meters of exhibition space.
The collection consists of mostly Italian modern and contemporary artists.
# Ganjimutt

Ganjimutt or Ganjimata is a town in Mangalore Taluk, central government will establish plastic park total coast 62.77 crores in 104 acreDakshina Kannada district, Karnataka state, West coast of India. It is almost 18 km east of Mangalore, connected with NH 169 (formerly NH13).
# Gaoqiao West station

Gaoqiao West Station (simplified Chinese: 高桥西站; traditional Chinese: 高橋西站; pinyin: Gāoqiáoxī Zhàn) is a station on Line 1 of the Ningbo Rail Transit that started operations on 30 May 2014. It is situated over Daxiba Road (Chinese: 大西坝路) in Haishu District of Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province, eastern China.

## Exits

| Exit number | Exit number | Exit location |
| Exit A | Exit A | Gaoqiao West Road |
| Exit B | Exit B | Gaoqiao West Road |
| Exit C | Exit C | Daxiba Road |
| Exit D | Exit D | Daxiba Road |
# Galactic plane

The galactic plane is the plane on which the majority of a disk-shaped galaxy's mass lies. The directions perpendicular to the galactic plane point to the galactic poles. In actual usage, the terms galactic plane and galactic poles usually refer specifically to the plane and poles of the Milky Way, in which Planet Earth is located.
Some galaxies are irregular and do not have any well-defined disk. Even in the case of a barred spiral galaxy like the Milky Way, defining the galactic plane is slightly imprecise and arbitrary since the stars are not perfectly coplanar. In 1959, the IAU defined the position of the Milky Way's north galactic pole as exactly RA = 12$^h$ 49$^m$ , Dec = 27° 24′ in the then-used B1950 epoch; in the currently-used J2000 epoch, after precession is taken into account, its position is RA 12$^h$ 51$^m$ 26.282$^s$, Dec 27° 07′ 42.01″. This position is in Coma Berenices, near the bright star Arcturus; likewise, the south galactic pole lies in the constellation Sculptor.
The zero of longitude of galactic coordinates was also defined in 1959 to be at position angle 123° from the north celestial pole. Thus the zero longitude point on the galactic equator was at 17$^h$ 42$^m$ 26.603$^s$, −28° 55′ 00.445″ (B1950) or 17$^h$ 45$^m$ 37.224$^s$, −28° 56′ 10.23″ (J2000), and its J2000 position angle is 122.932°. The Galactic Center is located at position angle 31.72° (B1950) or 31.40° (J2000) east of north.
# Gangada

Gangada is a village in the Balijipeta mandal of Vizianagaram district in northeastern Andhra Pradesh, India. It is located about 50 km from Vizianagaram city.

## Demographics

According to Indian census of 2001, the demographics of this village:
* Total Population - 3,595
* Males - 1,795
* Females - 1,800
* Children under 6 years of age - 501 (Boys - 263; Girls - 238)
* Total Literates - 1,557
# Ganga Dynasty

Ganga Dynasty is a name used for two related dynasties who ruled parts of India:
* The Western Ganga Dynasty, a kingdom in southern India, based in southern Karnataka, from the 3rd to the 11th centuries
* The Eastern Ganga Dynasty, rulers of Odisha from the 11th to the 15th centuries
# Garegin

Garegin (Armenian : Գարեգին), also pronounced Karekin (in Western Armenian), may refer to :

## Religious figures
### Armenian Catholicoi

* Garegin I or Karekin I (1932-1999), a Catholicos of the Armenian Apostolic Church, first as Catholicos Garegin II of the Holy See of Cilicia (1983-1994) and then as Catholicos of All Armenians Garegin I of the Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin of the Armenian Apostolic Church (1995-1999)
* Garegin II or Karekin II (born 1951), Catholicos of All Armenians at the Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin of the Armenian Apostolic Church
* Garegin I (Cilicia) or Karekin I (Cilicia) (1867-1952), a Catholicos of Cilicia of the Armenian Apostolic Church from 1943 to 1952

### Armenian Patriarchs

* Karekin I Khachadourian of Constantinople (1880–1961), the 81st Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople
* Karekin II Kazanjian of Constantinople (1927–1998), the 83rd Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople

## Given name
### Garegin

(Mostly used in Eastern Armenian)
* Garegin Khachatryan (1975–1995), an Armenian sculptor, artist and freedom fighter
* Garegin Nzhdeh (1886-1955), an Armenian statesman, fedayee, political thinker, revolutionary militant leader

### Karekin

(Mostly used in Western Armenian)
* Karekin Arutyunov (1964), Ukrainian politician
* Karekin Deveciyan (1868–1964), Turkish-Armenia zoologist
* Karekin Khajag (born 1867–1915), Armenian journalist
* Karekin Pastermadjian, (born 1872–1923), Armenian politician
* Karekin Simonian (born 1932), referee
* Karekin Yarian, author and social activist from San Francisco
# Gary City, Texas

Gary City is a town in Panola County, Texas, United States. The population was 335 as of the 2020 census.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 1.9 square miles (4.9 km$^2$), all land.

## Climate

The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Gary City has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 303 people, 114 households, and 82 families residing in the town. The population density was 159.8 inhabitants per square mile (61.7/km$^2$). There were 131 housing units at an average density of 69.1 per square mile (26.7/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the town was 98.68% White, 0.33% African American, 0.33% Native American, 0.33% Asian, and 0.33% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.32% of the population.
There were 114 households, out of which 33.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.4% were married couples living together, 8.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.2% were non-families. 24.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.66 and the average family size was 3.23.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 31.0% under the age of 18, 6.6% from 18 to 24, 25.1% from 25 to 44, 18.8% from 45 to 64, and 18.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81.7 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $24,219, and the median income for a family was $34,531. Males had a median income of $31,250 versus $13,125 for females. The per capita income for the town was $17,151. About 14.1% of families and 20.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 27.1% of those under the age of eighteen and 20.0% of those 65 or over.

## Education

The Town of Gary City is served by the Gary Independent School District.
# Gary Chown

Gary Chown (born November 4, 1951) is a former Grey Cup champion offensive lineman and linebacker who played four seasons for the Montreal Alouettes of the Canadian Football League, winning two Grey Cup Championships. He played 40 regular season games for the Larks.
# Gary Pearson

Gary Pearson may refer to:
* Gary Pearson (comedian), Canadian comedian
* Gary Pearson (footballer) (1976–2022), English footballer
# Cardinal Spellman High School

Cardinal Spellman High School is the name of several schools including:
* Cardinal Spellman High School (Brockton, Massachusetts)
* Cardinal Spellman High School (New York City)