OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Gabelli v. SEC

Gabelli v. SEC, 568 U.S. 442 (2013), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court ruled that the statute of limitations for filing civil penalty actions initiates when the offending act is committed or finished.

## Court case
### Suit

The Securities and Exchange Commission filed suit against Bruce Alpert and Marc Gabelli of Gabelli Funds, LLC, alleging the firm made secret agreements with Headstart Advisers Ltd concerning Headstart's investment in a mutual fund managed by Gabelli. Headstart realized large profits at the expense of Gabelli's remaining investors, and the SEC argued that Gabelli's actions violated the Investment Advisers Act. Gabelli and Alpert sought dismissal of the case, arguing the SEC lawsuit came after the five year statute of limitations expired. In response, the SEC argued that under the discovery rule, the statute had not expired when the case was filed.

### Ruling

In a unanimous decision, Chief Justice John Roberts ruled against the federal government's argument that the discovery rule determined the statute of limitations for filing the fraud lawsuit. Roberts' opinion explained that the discovery rule, which starts the statute of limitations once the plaintiff becomes aware of the fraud, applies only to victims of the fraud itself. Government regulatory agencies are subject to the standard rule, which initiates the standard of limitations upon the perpetration of the fraud. Under this earlier threshold, the SEC missed the five-year deadline to file suit against Gabelli. The Supreme Court's decision reversed the earlier decision of the Second Circuit, and the case was remanded to the lower courts.
# Gabelsberger shorthand

Gabelsberger shorthand, named for its creator, is a form of shorthand previously common in Germany and Austria. Created c. 1817 by Franz Xaver Gabelsberger, it was first fully described in the 1834 textbook Anleitung zur deutschen Redezeichenkunst oder Stenographie and became rapidly used.
Gabelsberger shorthand has a full alphabet with signs for both consonants and vowels. The consonant signs were made by simplifying the features of cursive Latin letters. The vowel signs are used mainly when a vowel stands at the beginning or the end of a word. Vowels in the middle of words are represented symbolically, mainly by varying the position and the impact of the following consonant signs. Contrary to the practice in many English shorthand systems (e.g. Pitman Shorthand), vowels are never entirely omitted.
Most German shorthand systems published after 1834 are ultimately based on Gabelsberger's system. Modern German shorthand, Deutsche Einheitskurzschrift, retains most of the consonant signs of Gabelsberger's alphabet but has a modified system of vowel representation.
Gabelsberger shorthand was adopted into many languages and was particularly successful in Scandinavia, the Slavic countries, and Italy. A host of shorthand systems has since appeared that build on the graphic principles laid down by Gabelsberger.
# Smart-Maynilad Net Spikers

The Smart-Maynilad Net Spikers was a professional women's volleyball club playing in the Shakey's V-League. The team is owned by Smart Communications and Maynilad Water Services.

## Current roster

Smart-Maynilad Net Spikers :
| Number | Player | Position | Height | Birth date |
| 1 | Rubie De Leon (c) | Setter | 1.69 m (5 ft 7 in) | (1980-07-26) July 26, 1980 (age 44) |
| 2 | Alyssa Valdez | Outside hitter | 1.75 m (5 ft 9 in) | (1993-06-29) June 29, 1993 (age 31) |
| 3 | Suzanne Roces | Opposite hitter | 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) | (1985-07-17) July 17, 1985 (age 39) |
| 5 | Grethcel Soltones | Outside hitter | 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) | (1995-09-09) September 9, 1995 (age 29) |
| 7 | Maruja Banaticla | Opposite hitter | 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) | (1993-03-02) March 2, 1993 (age 31) |
| 8 | Maria Rosario Soriano | Middle blocker | 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) | (1985-10-14) October 14, 1985 (age 38) |
| 9 | Melissa Gohing | Libero | 1.60 m (5 ft 3 in) | (1991-10-22) October 22, 1991 (age 32) |
| 11 | Nasella Nica Gulliman | Middle blocker | 1.82 m (6 ft 0 in) | |
| 12 | Jamenea Ferrer | Setter | 1.57 m (5 ft 2 in) | (1991-12-12) December 12, 1991 (age 32) |
| 16 | Aleona Denise Santiago | Middle blocker | 1.88 m (6 ft 2 in) | (1993-09-26) September 26, 1993 (age 31) |
| 17 | Wanida Kotruang | Outside hitter | 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) | (1990-06-21) June 21, 1990 (age 34) |
| 18 | Lithawat Kesinee | Middle blocker | 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) | |

## Honors
### Team

| Season | Conference | Title | Source |
| 2013 | Open | 2nd place | |

### Individual

| Season | Conference | Award | Name | Source |
| 2013 | Open | Best Digger | Melissa Gohing | |
# Gaggle

Gaggle may refer to:
* Gaggle (band), an all-girl choir based in London
* Gaggle (software), student surveillance software
* Press gaggle
# Stroud by-election

Stroud by-election may refer to:
* January 1874 Stroud by-election
* May 1874 Stroud by-election
* July 1874 Stroud by-election
* 1875 Stroud by-election
* 1931 Stroud by-election
# Slippery the Sea Lion

Slippery the Sea Lion was a California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) who in June 1958 escaped from a marine mammal park in London, Ontario, Canada. The animal swam down the Thames to Lake St. Clair, and down the Detroit River to Lake Erie, finally being caught near Sandusky, Ohio by employees of the Toledo Zoo after 10 days. The escape and subsequent sightings generated a considerable media frenzy, which was exploited by the owners of Storybook Gardens, the sea lion's home. Rumours persisted for decades that park employees had planned the escape as a publicity stunt. A "custody dispute" staged by the Storybook and Toledo parks may have contributed to the impression. He later died in January 1967.
# Strumaria gemmata

Strumaria gemmata is a species of flowering plant in the family Amaryllidaceae, native to the Cape Provinces and the Free State of South Africa. It was first described by John Bellenden Ker Gawler in 1814.

## Description

Members of the genus Strumaria have flowers in umbels, typically on long pedicels. Strumaria gemmata is the only species in the genus with yellowish flowers (the others have white or in a few cases pink flowers). The colour is mainly on the midrib of the tepals, which are channelled and have wavy (crisped) edges.
* Close up of flower

## Distribution and habitat

Strumaria gemmata is native to semi-arid areas of the Cape Provinces and the Free State of South Africa.
# Strumaria salteri

Strumaria salteri is a species of flowering plant in the family Amaryllidaceae, native to the Cape Provinces of South Africa, where it is found in seasonally moist sandstone outcrops. It has a loose inflorescence with pinkish flowers, the colour coming from the midribs of the tepals, similar to Strumaria gemmata. It was first described by Winsome Fanny Barker in 1944.
# Strumaria spiralis

Strumaria spiralis is a species of flowering plant belonging to the family Amaryllidaceae.
Its native range is the southwestern Cape Provinces of South Africa.
# Strumaria massoniella

Strumaria massoniella is a species of flowering plant in the family Amaryllidaceae, native to the Cape Provinces of South Africa. It was first described in 1985 as Gemmaria massoniella. Its bulb is solitary. Like other members of the genus Strumaria it has star-shaped flowers. In the Northern Cape Province, it is found in sandy plains at an elevation of about 1,000 m (3,300 ft).
# Smashing Young Man

"Smashing Young Man" is a song by American alternative rock band Collective Soul. It is the third single from their second studio album Collective Soul. The song was rumored to have been written as an insult to Smashing Pumpkins lead singer, Billy Corgan, who accused Collective Soul of plagiarizing music.

## Track listing

* "Smashing Young Man" — 3:45
* "December" (Acoustic live track) — 3:25
* "Bleed" (Acoustic live track) — 4:02

## Charts

| Chart (1995) | Peak position |
| Canadian RPM Singles Chart | 19 |
| U.S. Billboard Album Rock Tracks | 8 |
# Stuart Levine (academic)

Stuart George Levine (May 25, 1932 – October 29, 2016) was an American academic focusing on American literature.
Born in New York City, Levine was educated at Harvard University and Brown University. He joined the University of Kansas in 1958 and remained their until his retirement. Levine published several short stories and wrote academic works focusing on the writer Edgar Allan Poe.

## Early life and education

Stuart George Levine was born in Brooklyn on May 25, 1932. His parents were Max and Jean Levine, owners of a haberdashery in Hempstead, New York.$^{:104}$
In 1954, Levine received his undergraduate degree from Harvard University, where he was a member of the Phi Beta Kappa.honor society.$^{:104}$ He then attended Brown University, receiving an MA in 1956 and a PhD in 1958.$^{:104}$ While there, he began an interest in Edgar Allan Poe, with both his MA thesis and doctoral dissertation focusing on the writer.$^{:105}$

## Academic career

After leaving Brown University, Levine joined the department of American Studies at the University of Kansas in 1958.$^{:105}$ He retired from the university in 1992.$^{:105}$

## Writing career

In 1960, Levine founded the journal American Studies. He remained its primary editor for thirty years.$^{:105}$
In 1972, Levine published a criticism of Poe's works titled Edgar Poe: Seer and Craftsman. In 2004, Levine and his wife Susan edited a version of Poe's Eureka: A Prose Poem and published it through the University of Illinois Press.

### Fiction

Levine was a prominent writer of short stories, publishing them in magazines including Chicago Review, New Mexico Humanities Review and South Dakota Review. In 1994, he published a collection of short stories titled The Monday-Wednesday-Friday Girl and Other Stories.$^{:105}$
In 2012, Levine self-published a mystery novel called Killing in Okaraygua. He had begun writing a sequel to the book prior to his death.$^{:106}$

## Personal life

On June 6, 1963, Levine married Susan Fleming Matthews in Minneapolis, Minnesota. They had met two years prior after Levine enrolled in a Spanish language course which she was teaching.$^{:104–5}$ Matthews later served as assistant dean in the Graduate School of Brown University.$^{:105}$ Levine and his wife had a daughter and two sons.$^{:106}$
Levine was a founding member and French horn player in the Lawrence Woodwind Quintet. As a student, he was a member of the Rhode Island Philharmonic Orchestra.$^{:105}$

### Death

Levine died on October 29, 2016.$^{:104}$ He was buried in Beni Israel Cemetery in Eudora, Kansas.$^{:106}$
# Galgula partita

The Wedgling Moth (Galgula partita) is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found from most of North America south to Guatemala and the Caribbean. It is also present on the Azores, Madeira and the Canary Islands.
The wingspan is 20–26 mm. They are on wing from March to November in the southern part of the range and from May to September in the north. There are several generations per year.
The larvae feed on Oxalis species.
# Galveston (textile factory)

UCO Galveston was a cotton spinning mill in Ghent, located at Wiedauwkaai 52 (formerly: Nijverheidskaai). It was also known as NV Galveston or Cotonnière Galveston.

## History

The Societé Anonyme Cotonnière Galveston was founded in 1910 by Emile Braun and Adolphe Hebbelynck, who were also the first managing directors of the firm. Production started in 1912. Its name 'Galveston', which can be seen on the tower façade, refers to the port town in Texas (United States) from where tons of raw cotton were shipped to Europe.
As of 1919, the factory was part of Union Cotonnière, a consortium of six cotton spinning mills in Ghent. In 1967 four warehouses from across the street became part of the Galveston site. Two of them date back to the mid-19th century and belonged to the La Liève flax spinning mill, one of the most well-known spinning mills in Ghent.
The downfall of the Ghent textile industry led to the Galveston's closure in 1999. By then, the building had been used by UCO as a warehouse for some time already. The building's staircase and water tower were classified as a protected monument in 2002. The rest of the site also remained intact and was catalogued as architectural heritage. The warehouse belonging to the former La Liève spinning mill also received the status of protected monument in 2002.
In 2003, a firm specialised in industrial cleaning acquired the Galveston site and relocated its headquarters there. The rest of the buildings were redeveloped to accommodate companies and recreation. Since 2006, an event hall, a boxing club, an indoor playground, a dance studio and a rooftop restaurant can be found in the former factory building.

## Building

The Galveston building dates from 1910 and was designed by Ghent architect Emile De Weerdt. It displays the typical characteristics of a Manchester-style factory and has four building layers under a flat roof.
# Slovenly

Slovenly may refer to:
* Slovenly (band), an American post-punk band
* Slovenly (health), the characteristic of a person who neglects health-preserving practices
* Slovenly (penmanship), the characteristic of a graph that includes shape space around an idealized allograph
# Rocaná

Rocaná (Room of Light) is an orchestral composition written in 2008 by the South Korean composer Unsuk Chin. The work was commissioned by the Montreal Symphony Orchestra, the Bavarian State Opera, the Seoul Philharmonic Orchestra, and the Beijing Music Festival. Its world premiere was given by the Montreal Symphony Orchestra conducted by Kent Nagano at the Salle Wilfrid-Pelletier, Montreal, on March 3, 2008.

## Composition

Rocaná is cast in a single movement and lasts approximately 21 minutes. The title comes from the Sanskrit word meaning "room of light."

### Instrumentation

The work is scored for a large orchestra comprising three flutes (1st doubling alto flute; 3rd doubling piccolo), three oboes (3rd doubling Cor anglais), three clarinets (3rd doubling bass clarinet), three bassoons (3rd doubling contrabassoon), six horns, four trumpets, trombone, two bass trombones, tuba, timpani, four percussionists, harp, piano, celesta, and strings.

## Reception

Rocaná has been praised by music critics. Anthony Tommasini of The New York Times called the piece "a knockout," writing, "It begins with a gnarly, clattering, explosion; call it the Little Bang. Then comes a pattern of background harmonies, always simmering, eerily quiet and pervasive. But throughout the work, jolts of energy keep happening: leaping lines, ominous 12-tonish themes that pierce the tranquil background buzz, outbursts of wailing brasses and metallic strings that come at you like a musical flamethrower." Christopher Dingle of BBC Music Magazine similarly wrote that "the orchestra reflects, refracts and distorts its material as if the sound is sent through combinations of prisms and mirrors. It is intended, and manages, to be a scintillating work, while not being the least bit showy."

## Recording

A recording of Rocaná, performed by the Montreal Symphony Orchestra conducted by Kent Nagano, was released alongside Unsuk Chin's Violin Concerto No. 1 by Analekta on March 24, 2009.
# Structural channel

The structural channel, C-channel or parallel flange channel (PFC), is a type of (usually structural steel) beam, used primarily in building construction and civil engineering. Its cross section consists of a wide "web", usually but not always oriented vertically, and two "flanges" at the top and bottom of the web, only sticking out on one side of the web. It is distinguished from I-beam or H-beam or W-beam type steel cross sections in that those have flanges on both sides of the web.

## Uses

The structural channel is not used as much in construction as symmetrical beams, in part because its bending axis is not centered on the width of the flanges. If a load is applied equally across its top, the beam will tend to twist away from the web. This may not be a weak point or problem for a particular design, but is a factor to be considered.
Channels or C-beams are often used where the flat, back side of the web can be mounted to another flat surface for maximum contact area. They are also sometimes welded together back-to-back to form a non-standard I-beam.
# Studio Art Quilt Associates

The Studio Art Quilt Associates, abbreviated as SAQA, is a leading non-profit advocacy group for art quilts based in Hebron, Connecticut, in the United States.

## Formation

In the book, American Quilts: The Democratic Art, 1780-2007, Robert Shaw states, "Contemporary quilts were rarely seen in major art publications or in museum and gallery exhibitions, and critical writing about unconventional quilts was almost nonexistent."
Shaw further writes, "Realizing that they could not wait for attention to come to them, artist-quiltmakers began to take matters into their own hands. In 1989, California quiltmaker Yvonne Porcella founded Studio Art Quilt Associates, a nonprofit advocacy group dedicated to "serving artists working in the art quilt medium." The first Board of Directors consisted of Yvonne Porcella, Holly Junker, Beth Gutcheon, Marti Michell, and Roderick Kiracofe. SAQA sought to establish the place of artist-made quilts among contemporary fine art, to serve as a forum for the professional development of quilt artists, and to act as an informative resource for curators, dealers, art consultants, teachers, students, and collectors. An initial group of about fifty quilt artists contributed seed money and volunteered time to implement the founding of the organization, which continues to be a strong voice today".$^{:p.322}$

## Defining the Art Quilt

In the past, SAQA had defined the art quilt as: "A contemporary art work exploring and expressing aesthetic concerns common to the whole range of visual arts, painting, printing, photography, graphic design, assemblage, and sculpture, which retains however through material or technique a clear relationship to the folk art quilt from which it descends".
As of 2012, in response to a membership survey, SAQA has broadened the working definition of an art quilt to, "A creative visual work that is layered and stitched or that references this form of stitched layered structure".
# Snail Mail (video game)

Snail Mail is a racing video game released by Sandlot Games for Microsoft Windows on December 3, 2004. Versions for Wii, through the WiiWare service, and iOS were released in 2011. The player controls a snail named Turbo, with a jetpack strapped to its back, avoiding various enemies and obstacles.

## Gameplay

The game features the main protagonist, a snail, whose task is to deliver mail throughout various worlds and levels. Set in space, the game features cel shaded graphics. Snail Mail offers three different modes of play; postal mode, time trial mode and challenge mode. The snail (named Turbo, the purple one pictured on the cover art of the game) has to navigate throughout the levels whilst avoiding various enemies and obstacles, using a jetpack which is strapped on to its back. In multiplayer, other players use different colored snails to do the same thing. The levels are filled with powerups, as well as packages that can be collected. There are 50 levels in the game altogether.

## Reception

The game received mixed reviews from critics. A review by Nintendo-video game review site, Nintendo Life on the other hand, praised the art style and the colorful visuals. The same review however, mentioned how awkward the controls in the game were, which impacted on the gameplay. The review also found the levels to be too similar and repetitive to make the game an enjoyable one. In addition to this, the review noted that the graphics occasionally made the game difficult to play, for example the way that the camera in the game moved with the player.
TouchArcade gave the iOS version mostly positive feedback, saying that "everything about the game was fun". IGN also reviewed the iOS version of the game, and gave it in an 8/10.
# Snail Mail

Snail mail refers to correspondence or packages sent via conventional postal delivery. It may also refer to:
* Snail Mail (video game), a video game
* Snail Mail (musician), a musician
# Rock veneer

A rock veneer is a geomorphic formation in which rock fragments (clasts) of gravel or cobble size form a thin cover over a surface or hillslope. Rock veneers are typically one or two clasts thick and may partially or fully cover the ground surface. Veneers typically form in semiarid and arid regions where chemical weathering rates and the potential for mass wasting are low. Other names for a rock veneer are rock-fragment cover (RFC), stone pavement, desert pavement, stony mantle, hammada and reg.

## Formation

Rock veneers commonly arise from the weathering of resistant rocks of quartzite, felsic granites, coarse granites, and dense basalts. As these larger rocks are deposited on a surface, smaller sands either are removed by wind or water erosion, or settle and form a fine-grained layer beneath the larger veneer rocks. The larger clasts then rearrange and settle to form the rock veneer.
Rock veneers form a variety of ways, with two major types; in situ veneers form in place by means of weathering, fluvial erosion, deflation (the removal of loose, fine-grained particles) or accretion; other veneers are transported via soil creep, sheet flooding or gully gravure (described below). Rock veneers are typically distinguished through six variables: particle size, particle density, stability characteristics, potential for storing mobile sediments, degree of abrasion, and varnishing.

### Gully gravure

Gully gravure is a transportation process by which rock veneers can be formed. Valleys formed of gullies and rills are made and coarse rock fragments are deposited in side channels. As the side channels fill in, water forms new, less resistant channels down the borders of the coarse channels and finer gullies and rills. These channels build up, and the process happens again, resulting in a reversal of rills and gullies, with coarser clasts on the surface.

### Root throw

Root throw is the process that occurs when a tree topples, raising its rootwad and the rock fragments in it. Fine sediment falls back into the rootwad pit or travels downstream, but coarse sediments form a local rock veneer around the rootwad. This local rock veneer is larger than the pit of the rootwad, as falling clasts extend the area of veneer. In a study of rootwads in Westcliffe, Colorado, it was estimated that root throw could have created a rock veneer over 90% of the surface during the Holocene.
Root throw produces a rock veneer when there are a large number of clasts near the surface, where there are: a slow rate of chemical weathering, insufficient precipitation to move the large clasts, high velocity winds, conditions favorable to shallow-rooted trees, and trees large enough to embed coarse rock in their roots.

## Effects

Hillslopes with a rock veneer are more stable than those without and have lower erosion rates. Rock veneers form a rocky armor on the hillslope which prevents the erosion of smaller sediments and stabilizes the slope. Rock veneers, forming when influx and outflux sediment rates are equal, indicate a hillslope in equilibrium, partly due to their protective cover on the slope. Erosion rates on veneered hillslopes are low to moderate.
# Sturgisson, West Virginia

Sturgisson is an unincorporated community in Monongalia County, West Virginia, United States.