OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Carr index

The Carr index (Carr's index or Carr's Compressibility Index) is an indicator of the compressibility of a powder. It is named after the scientist Ralph J. Carr, Jr.
The Carr index is calculated by the formula $C=100{\frac {\rho _{T}-\rho _{B}}{\rho _{T}}}$, where $\rho _{B}$ is the freely settled bulk density of the powder, and $\rho _{T}$ is the tapped bulk density of the powder after "tapping down". It can also be expressed as $C=100(1-\rho _{B}/\rho _{T})$.
The Carr index is frequently used in pharmaceutics as an indication of the compressibility of a powder. In a free-flowing powder, the bulk density and tapped density would be close in value, therefore, the Carr index would be small. On the other hand, in a poor-flowing powder where there are greater interparticle interactions, the difference between the bulk and tapped density observed would be greater, therefore, the Carr index would be larger. A Carr index greater than 25 is considered to be an indication of poor flowability, and below 15, of good flowability.
Another way to measure the flow of a powder is the Hausner ratio, which can be expressed as $H=\rho _{T}/\rho _{B}$.
Both the Hausner ratio and the Carr index are sometimes criticized, despite their relationships to flowability being established empirically, as not having a strong theoretical basis. Use of these measures persists, however, because the equipment required to perform the analysis is relatively cheap and the technique is easy to learn.
# Socotra cisticola

The Socotra cisticola (Cisticola haesitatus) or island cisticola, is a species of bird in the family Cisticolidae. It is endemic to Socotra Island in the Arabian Sea.
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry shrubland and subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland. It is threatened by habitat loss.
# Shin'ichi Yumoto

Shin'ichi Yumoto (湯元進一, Yumoto Shin'ichi) (born 4 December 1984 in Wakayama) is a Japanese freestyle wrestler. He competed in the 2009 World Wrestling Championships, reaching the round of 16. He competed in the 2011 World Wrestling Championships, reaching the quarterfinals. He competed in the 2012 Summer Olympics, winning a bronze medal. At the 2012 Summer Olympics, he lost to Vladimer Khinchegashvili in the semi-final. In the repechage, he defeated Radoslav Velikov in his bronze medal match.
Yumoto's twin brother Kenichi is also an Olympic medal winner in wrestling.
# Pennance

Pennance is a hamlet near Lanner in west Cornwall, England.

## Pennance Mine

Pennance Mine is located on the southern slopes of Carn Marth, in the Gwennap Mining District. Tinners had worked in the area since as early as the 17th century. It was previously known as Wheal Amelia. According to Henry De la Beche, in his 1839 book Report on the Geology of Cornwall, it produced copper. This was corroborated by Robert Hunt in his 1857 report the Mineral Statistics of the United Kingdom of Great Britain. Copper was produced until about 1873, in which year its output was 147 tons of medium grade ore.
# Campo de Morango

"Campo de Morango" (Portuguese:, "Strawberry Field") is a song recorded by Brazilian singer-songwriter Luísa Sonza, present in her third studio album Escândalo Íntimo (2023). The track was released as the first single promoting the album on August 15, 2023 through Sony Music Brazil, along with its music video.

## Lyrics

Composed by the artist together with Carolzinha, Douglas Moda, Jahnei Clarke, Jenni Mosello, Lucas Vaz, Mason Sacks and Roy Lenzo, with production signed by Lenzo, Moda, Sacks and Clarke.

## Music video

The music video for "Campo de Morango" was released simultaneously with the song and caused controversy on social networks due to the singer appearing on a bed in the middle of an open field next to her dancers covered in strawberry juice, but alluding to blood. The images were considered "disturbing" by netizens, where some accused the singer of making allusions to sexual abuse, abortion and satanism in the video, while others criticized the sexual content of the lyrics that explicitly address female sexuality.

## Charts

Weekly chart performance for "Campo de Morango" :
| Chart (2023) | Peak position |
| Brazil (Brasil Hot 100) | 14 |
| Portugal (AFP) | 62 |

## Release history

Release dates and formats for "Campo de Morango" :
| Region | Date | Format | Label | Ref. |
| Various | 15 August 2023 | digital downloadstreaming | Sony Music Brazil | |
# Esprit (name)

Esprit is a surname and given name.

## Surname

* Jacques Esprit (1611–1677), French moralist and writer

## Given name

* Esprit Barthet (1919–1999), Maltese artist
* Esprit Antoine Blanchard (1696–1770), French baroque composer
* Esprit Calvet (1728–1810), French physician and collector
* Esprit-Joseph Chaudon (1738–1800), French bibliographer and writer
* Esprit Fléchier (1632–1710), French preacher and author
* Esprit Jouffret (1837–1904), French officer and mathematician
* A winged unicorn in Dream a Little Dream
# Platform-based design

Platform-based design is a design approach emphasizing systematic reuse, for developing complex products based upon platforms and compatible hardware and software virtual component, intended to reduce development risks, costs and time to market.
A platform is a library of components that can be assembled to generate a design at that level of abstraction. The platform-based design starts at the highest level of abstraction and carries out the design as a sequence of refinement steps at various levels of abstractions.
# Prehen House

Prehen House is a privately owned 18th-century Irish Georgian house at Prehen in County Londonderry.
Thought to have been designed by local architect Michael Priestley, it was built in 1740 for Andrew Knox, MP for County Donegal, after he married Prehen heiress Honoria Tomkins two years earlier. Andrew Knox's family owned the house for 170 years. After being seized by the government after the 1914–18 war, Prehen House was brought back into another branch of the Knox family.
The Department of the Environment has listed Prehen as a grade A building of national importance.
Prehen House is home to one of Ireland's greatest love stories, the legend of Half Hung MacNaghten.
The Northern Ireland Tourist Board considers Prehen House one of region's most historic houses. The house has also been a European Heritage Open Days site.
# St. Thomas University

St. Thomas University or University of St. Thomas may refer to:
* Saint Thomas Aquinas University, Colombia
* Saint Thomas Aquinas University of the North, Tucumán province, Argentina
* St. Thomas University (Canada), Fredericton, New Brunswick
* St. Thomas University, Japan
* St. Thomas University (Florida), United States
** St. Thomas University School of Law
* Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Rome, Italy
* Universidad Santo Tomás de Aquino, Dominican Republic
* University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
* University of St. Thomas (Minnesota), United States
* University of St. Thomas (Texas), United States
# California Writers Club

The California Writers Club traces its founding to the San Francisco Bay Area literary movement in the early part of the 20th century. The informal gatherings of Jack London, George Sterling, and Herman Whitaker, along with others, eventually became formalized as the Press Club of Alameda. In 1909, a break-off group from that club formed the California Writers Club with Austin Lewis serving as the club's first president. A quarterly bulletin under the guidance of Dr. William S. Morgan was established in 1912. The club finally incorporated in 1913, choosing the motto Sail On from the Joaquin Miller poem, "Columbus".
The general purposes of the California Writers Club are to provide a forum for literary criticism and for recognition of achievement, to discover new authors and assist them in developing their talent, and to sponsor educational meetings to promote professional growth.

## History

Early members of the club included Jack London, George Sterling, John Muir, Joaquin Miller, and the first California poet laureate, Ina Coolbrith.
In 1914, the first edition of West Winds, a hardcover collection of fiction by members, was published. It was illustrated by local California artists. Since that time three other West Winds have been published.
The California Writers Club organized literary events in the prewar period; the first California Writers Club Conference was held in Oakland in 1941. The California Writers Club also organized social events with a literary orientation.

### Notable members

* Hester A. Benedict
* Winifred Davidson
* Belle Willey Gue
* Stella Wynne Herron
* Vingie E. Roe
* Geneve L. A. Shaffer

## Present day

Today, writers conferences are held by several of the Club's branches, such as South Bay's East of Eden Writers Conference, San Francisco/Peninsula's Jack London Writers Conference, and San Fernando Valley's conferences. Each attracts from 100 to 400 writers and dozens of literary agents, editors, authors, and publishers from all over the United States to present lectures, workshops, and panel discussions on all aspects of the writing life.
Writers Memorial Grove at Joaquin Miller Park in Oakland celebrates California's great writers with the planting of trees. The first tree was planted for Joaquin Miller. Bret Harte, Charles Warren Stoddard, Edward Rowland Sill, Ina Coolbrith, Jack London, Mark Twain, Charles Fletcher Lummis, and Edwin Markham are so honored as well as Dashiell Hammett, Gertrude Stein, and historians, Will Durant and Ariel Durant.
In 2003, the California Writers Club worked to establish a week to celebrate and recognize California Writers. The result of this effort occurred on September 4, 2003 when the California State Assembly officially declared the third week in October of each year as California Writers Week (Members Resolution No. 2170). The Resolution is endorsed by the California Library Association.
Every other year, each branch selects one member to receive a Jack London Service Award in recognition of their contributions to the Club.
Today, the California Writers Club has more than 1,800 members in 19 branches spread throughout California.
# California Wolf Center

California Wolf Center is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit located 50 miles east of San Diego, near the town of Julian, California. It is a conservation, education, and research center dedicated to wolf recovery in the wild. They are a statewide organization with staff and volunteers throughout California striving to pave the way for the return of wolves in California. Founded in 1977 to educate the public about wildlife and ecology, the center is currently home to several packs of gray wolves, some of which play an important role in educational programs. These wolves serve as ambassadors representing wolves in the wild. The center also hosts highly endangered Mexican gray wolves, now being reintroduced into the southwestern United States.

## Mission

According to its website, the California Wolf Center's mission is to aid in the recovery of wild populations of wolves, which it does through a combination of conservation, education, and research.
Government-sponsored eradication programs almost wiped out the Mexican wolf in the lower 48 United States. In the mid-1970s, only seven unrelated Mexican wolves were available to start a captive breeding program. Today, as a result of that successful breeding program, there are approximately 83 free-ranging Mexican wolves living in the wild. However, they remain one of the rarest land mammals in North America.
The Center aims to further human understanding of the key role that wolves play a in a healthy ecosystem. The center's goal is to provide the most natural environment for all wolves living at the California Wolf Center, as well as provide information about gray wolves so that people can make informed decisions about the issues that affect humans and wolves.

## The wolves

The center is home to a pack of captive Rocky Mountain wolves and several packs of Mexican gray wolves, some of whom may be reintroduced into the southwestern United States. These wolves experience very limited human contact to avoid habituation and to preserve their wild behaviors.
The pack of Rocky Mountain wolves is an intact pack; this allows thousands of visitors each year to observe the social interactions that occur in a captive wolf pack. It also gives students and researchers opportunities to learn about wolf behavior.
The California Wolf Center participates in the Mexican Wolf Species Survival Plan, a bi-national effort to help Mexican gray wolves recover in the wild. Most of the center's Mexican gray wolf packs reside in off-exhibit habitats that help prepare them for potential release into the wild. Retaining their wild nature by keeping them off-exhibit will help them to survive if they are selected for release into the Mexican Wolf Recovery Area in New Mexico and Arizona. The Mexican gray wolves that are least likely to be released are on exhibit during educational programs. This gives visitors the opportunity to view the distinctive physical features of this subspecies of gray wolf.
# Ribera, Álava

Ribera is a deserted village in Álava, Basque Country, Spain.
42°50′57″N 3°13′46″W﻿ / ﻿42.84917°N 3.22944°W﻿ / 42.84917; -3.22944
* This article about a location in the Basque Country, Spain, is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Cox's Bazar bus terminal

Cox's Bazar Bus Terminal is the central bus terminal for Cox's Bazar District. It is situated in Larpara which is outside of the border of Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh. It was established in 2001 to resolve traffic jam issues in the city which is maintained by the municipality authorities.
The terminal is closed after 5 pm even though it has to be open 24 hours a day. A number of multi-storey illegal shops have been built in front of the terminal where illegal drug trade takes place. Buses are parked outside the terminal as no parking space is available in the terminal caused by the illegal shops. That results increasing of traffic jam in the area. The terminal is in disuse due to illegal counters for long-distance buses in the city's Kolatoli Square.
On 24 January 2020, a LPG station was opened at the terminal. The terminal renovation and modernization project was inaugurated on the same date.
# John Larkindale

John Peter Larkindale QSO (born 1946) is a former New Zealand public servant and diplomat, whose overseas postings including ambassador to the Russian Federation and high commissioner to Australia.

## Biography

Larkindale was born in Wellington in 1946, to Robert and Liesel, Jewish migrants from Germany. Larkindale was educated at Wellington College. He then studied chemistry at Victoria University of Wellington, graduating BSc and then MSc(Hons). His 1968 master's thesis, supervised by Alan Freeman, was titled Some intercalation compounds of boron nitride. Larkindale was awarded an 1851 Exhibition Scholarship, and he went on to complete a PhD at McGill University in Canada in 1971. His doctoral thesis, supervised by David J. Simkin, was titled Spectroscopic and theoretical studies of charge-transfer complexes.
Larkindale joined the staff of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1972, and had postings to New Zealand's embassies in Vienna and Washington. He then served as the director of Pacific aid, based in Wellington and, later, Tokelau official secretary. Subsequently, he was the deputy head of mission in Beijing and then London. In 1994 he was appointed executive director of the Commonwealth Heads of Government (CHOGM) task force, responsible for organising the CHOGM summit held in Auckland the following year.
In the 1996 New Year Honours, Larkindale was appointed a Companion of the Queen's Service Order for public services.
Between 1996 and 1999, Larkindale was the New Zealand ambassador to the Russian Federation. Returning to Wellington, he was appointed deputy secretary of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Larkindale's final diplomatic appointment was as high commissioner to Australia, in which role he served from 2006 until his retirement in 2011.
Larkindale became a member of the board of the Institute of Public Administration New Zealand (IPANZ) in 2012, and in March 2013 he was elected president of IPANZ.
# Darius Powe

Darius Powe (born March 15, 1994) is a former American football wide receiver. He played college football at California.

## Professional career

Powe signed with the New York Giants as an undrafted free agent on May 6, 2016.
He was waived by the Giants on September 3, 2016 and was signed to the practice squad the next day.
After spending his entire rookie season on the practice squad, Powe signed a future contract with the Giants on January 9, 2017.
On August 23, 2017, Powe was waived/injured by the Giants and placed on injured reserve. He was released on August 29, 2017. He was re-signed to the Giants' practice squad on October 9, 2017.
He was promoted to the active roster on December 6, 2017. He made his NFL debut the following week, recording two catches for 13 yards before suffering a broken foot. He was placed on injured reserve on December 11, 2017.
He was waived by the Giants on April 23, 2018 after the acquisition punter Riley Dixon.
# Dean Moyar

Dean Moyar is an American philosopher and professor of philosophy at Johns Hopkins University. He is known for his expertise on Kant and German Idealism.

## Books

* Hegel's Value: Justice as the Living Good (OUP, 2021)
* The Oxford Handbook of Hegel (ed.) (OUP, 2017)
* Hegel's Conscience (OUP, 2011)
* The Routledge Companion to Nineteenth Century Philosophy (ed.) (2010),
* Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit: A Critical Guide (ed.) (CUP, 2008)
# Ethiopia at the 1976 Summer Paralympics

Ethiopia sent a delegation to compete at the 1976 Summer Paralympics in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Its athletes failed in winning any medal and finished last along 7 other countries.
# Sharks XI FC

Sharks XI Football Club is a Congolese football club based in Kinshasa, the capital of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

## History

In 2017, after playing four years in Linafoot, Shark XI FC withdrew from championship denouncing the "mismanagement" of the league.

## Stadium

Currently the team plays at the Stade des Martyrs.
# Staphylococcus virus G1

Staphylococcus virus G1 is a virus of the family Herelleviridae, genus Kayvirus.
As a member of the group I of the Baltimore classification, Staphylococcus virus G1 is a dsDNA virus. All the family Herelleviridae members share a nonenveloped morphology consisting of a head and a tail separated by a neck. Its genome is linear. The propagation of the virions includes the attaching to a host cell (a bacterium, as Staphylococcus virus G1 is a bacteriophage) and the injection of the double stranded DNA; the host transcribes and translates it to manufacture new particles. To replicate its genetic content requires host cell DNA polymerases and, hence, the process is highly dependent on the cell cycle.
The Gp67 protein of G1 has been found to interact with its host's RNA polymerase though an interaction with a sigma factor.
The phage contains a genome of 138,715 base pairs with a 30.4% of GC content and 214 predicted genes; this means that the 88.5% of the DNA is coding open reading frames, and therefore the gene density (the number of genes per kilobase) is 1.54.
# Trichacis virginiensis

Trichacis virginiensis is a species of parasitoid wasp in the family Platygastridae.
# Pivotal trial

A pivotal trial is typically a Phase III clinical trial in the multi-year process of clinical research intended to demonstrate and confirm the safety and efficacy of a treatment – such as a drug candidate, medical device or clinical diagnostic procedure – and to estimate the incidence of common adverse effects. A successful pivotal trial is required as evidence for drug marketing approval by the relevant approval authorities, such as the European Medicines Agency, Health Canada or United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
In drug research, a pivotal Phase III trial may be referred to as a "therapeutic confirmatory study", and is conducted in a large number (hundreds to thousands) of subjects. Such pivotal trials are also designed to discover and estimate the prevalence of common adverse events, but based on their size only have the statistical power to establish an adverse effect rate of not less than 1 in 100 subjects. In an analysis of pivotal trials on medical devices conducted between 2006 and 2013, the median duration was three years, with another two years needed for FDA review and approval for marketing.
In 2017 in the United States, the median cost of a pivotal trial across all clinical indications was US$19 million. The cost of a pivotal trial increased when more subjects were added to clarify a treatment effect, when active drug comparators were used to improve understanding of the trial drug characteristics, or when specific clinical endpoints were measured rather than using surrogate outcomes.
# Dean Murray

Dean Murray may refer to:
* L. Dean Murray (born 1964), American member of the New York State Assembly
* Dean Murray (basketball) (born 1964), basketball coach
# Essays (disambiguation)

Essays are short pieces of writing from an author's personal point of view.
Essays may also refer to:
* Essays (Montaigne), a book by Michel de Montaigne
* Essays (Francis Bacon), a book by Francis Bacon
* Essays (Emerson), several collections of essays by Ralph Waldo Emmerson, including:
** Essays: First Series, 1841
** Essays: Second Series, 1844
# Francesco Fuoco

Francesco Fuoco (22 January 1774 – 2 April 1841) was an Italian philologist, economist and Catholic priest.
Some of his works were published under the name of Giuseppe De Welz, a banker from Como, who hired Fuoco as a ghost writer.

## Works

* Saggio su i mezzi da moltiplicare prontamente le ricchezze della Sicilia. Parigi: Firmin Didot. 1822.
* La magia del credito svelata. Vol. 1. Napoli: Stamperia Francese. 1824.
* La magia del credito svelata. Vol. 2. Napoli: Stamperia Francese. 1824.