OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Extension Poly(A) Test

The extension Poly(A) Test (ePAT) describes a method to determine the poly(A) tail lengths of mRNA molecules. It was developed and described by A. Jänicke et al. in 2012.
The method consists of three separate steps: in the first step, the poly-adenylated RNA is hybridised to a DNA oligonucleotide featuring a poly-deoxythymidine sequence at its 5’ end. Klenow polymerase then catalyses elongation of the mRNA’s 3’ end, using the DNA oligonucleotide as a template. This reaction takes place at 25 °C. In the second step, reverse transcriptase synthesis extends the DNA oligonucleotides that have annealed to the mRNA’s extended 3’ end. In order to ensure that DNA oligomers hybridised to internal poly(A) sequences do not serve as primers for reverse transcription, the second step is carried out at 55 °C. A third and final step involves amplification of the newly synthesised cDNA via PCR. This PCR requires one gene-specific and one universal primer. Analysis of the amplicons’ lengths allows for estimation of the sequence flanked by the two primers, i.e. the poly(A) tail length of the sample mRNA.
According to the authors, measurement of poly(A) tail lengths and their distribution amongst different transcripts, this method can be used to determine the cell’s translation state instead of the more tedious analysis of protein translation states.
# Exessive case

The exessive case (abbreviated EXESS) is a grammatical case that denotes a transition away from a state. It is a rare case found in certain dialects of Baltic-Finnic languages. It completes the series of "to/in/from a state" series consisting of the translative case, the essive case and the exessive case.
The exessive case has been described in Estonian, South Estonian, Livonian, Votic, Ingrian, Ludic, Karelian, and Finnish.

## Estonian

In the general pattern of the loss of a final vowel when compared to Finnish, the Estonian exessive ending is -nt.
Exessive case is unproductive in contemporary Estonian. It appears in words such as kodunt 'away from home' and tagant 'from behind', or South Estonian mant 'away from the vicinity of something'. The exessive is more common in the language of Estonian folk songs.

## Finnish

The exessive is found only in Savo and southeastern dialects. Its ending is -nta/ntä. For example, tärähtäneentä terveeksi = "from loony to healthy", or a state change from mental illness to mental health.
There are some word forms in Finnish dialects in which the exessive appears in a locative sense. These are somewhat common, though nonstandard, for example takaanta/takanta (from behind, standard Finnish takaa), siintä (from that/it or thence, standard Finnish siitä).

## Publications

* Ariste, Paul. 1960. "Ekstsessiivist läänemere keeltes." In Emakeele Seltsi Aastaraamat, VI, pp. 145-161.
* Särkkä, Tauno (1969). Itämerensuomalaisten kielten eksessiivi [The exessive case of the Baltic-Finnic languages] (in Finnish). Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura.
# FKA

FKA may refer to:
* Fazilka Junction railway station, in Punjab, India
* Federal Kidnapping Act, in the United States
* Fender Katsalidis Architects, an Australian architectural firm
* Fillmore County Airport, in Minnesota, United States
* Karrakatta railway station, in Perth, Australia
* FKA Twigs (born 1988), English singer
* Roscosmos State Corporation, the governmental body responsible for the space science program of Russia
# FK-space

In functional analysis and related areas of mathematics a FK-space or Fréchet coordinate space is a sequence space equipped with a topological structure such that it becomes a Fréchet space. FK-spaces with a normable topology are called BK-spaces.
There exists only one topology to turn a sequence space into a Fréchet space, namely the topology of pointwise convergence. Thus the name coordinate space because a sequence in an FK-space converges if and only if it converges for each coordinate.
FK-spaces are examples of topological vector spaces. They are important in summability theory.

## Definition

A FK-space is a sequence space of $X$, that is a linear subspace of vector space of all complex valued sequences, equipped with the topology of pointwise convergence.
We write the elements of $X$ as $\left(x_{n}\right)_{n\in \mathbb {N} }$ with $x_{n}\in \mathbb {C}$.
Then sequence $\left(a_{n}\right)_{n\in \mathbb {N} }^{(k)}$ in $X$ converges to some point $\left(x_{n}\right)_{n\in \mathbb {N} }$ if it converges pointwise for each $n.$ That is $\lim _{k\to \infty }\left(a_{n}\right)_{n\in \mathbb {N} }^{(k)}=\left(x_{n}\right)_{n\in \mathbb {N} }$ if for all $n\in \mathbb {N} ,$ $\lim _{k\to \infty }a_{n}^{(k)}=x_{n}$

## Examples

The sequence space $\omega$ of all complex valued sequences is trivially an FK-space.

## Properties

Given an FK-space of $X$ and $\omega$ with the topology of pointwise convergence the inclusion map $\iota :X\to \omega$ is a continuous function.

## FK-space constructions

Given a countable family of FK-spaces $\left(X_{n},P_{n}\right)$ with $P_{n}$ a countable family of seminorms, we define $X:=\bigcap _{n=1}^{\infty }X_{n}$ and $P:=\left\{p_{\vert X}:p\in P_{n}\right\}.$ Then $(X,P)$ is again an FK-space.
# Eystein Glumra

Eystein Glumra ("Eystein the Noisy" or "Eystein the Clatterer"; Modern Norwegian Øystein Glumra), also known as Eystein Ivarsson, was reputedly a petty king on the west coast of Norway during the 9th century.
The Heimskringla saga states that Eystein Glumra was the father of Rognvald Eysteinsson and Sigurd Eysteinsson: "The first earl of the Orkney Islands was ... Sigurd ... a son of Eystein Glumra, and brother of Ragnvald earl of More. After Sigurd, his son Guthorm was earl for one year. After him Torf-Einar, a son of Ragnvald ... was long earl, and was a man of great power".
According to the Orkneyinga saga, Eystein Glumra was the son of Ivar Halfdansson and grandson of Halfdan the Old. The Orkneyinga Saga also named Eystein Glumra as the father of Rognvald Eysteinsson: "Heiti, Gorr's son, was father of Sveiði the sea-king, [who was] the father of Halfdan the old, [who was] the father of Ivar the Uplanders' earl, [who was] the father of Eystein the noisy, [who was] the father of earl Rognvald the mighty and wise in council".
Two novels by Linnea Hartsuyker, The Half-Drowned King (2017) and The Sea Queen (2018), cover the lives of Eystein's children.
# Eystein Bærug

Eystein Bærug (29 March 1923 – 1 September 1998) was a Norwegian politician for the Liberal Party.
He served as a deputy representative to the Parliament of Norway from Vestfold during the term 1973–1977. In total he met during 7 days of parliamentary session. He was also mayor of Brunlanes.
# FECH

FECH may refer to:
* Ferrochelatase
* Student Federation of the University of Chile
# Fabrice Bethuel

Fabrice Bethuel (born 7 June 1963) is a French mathematician. He holds a chair at Paris VI University.
Bethuel earned his doctorate at Paris-Sud 11 University in 1989, under supervision of Jean-Michel Coron. In 1998 Bethuel was an Invited Speaker of the International Congress of Mathematicians in Berlin. He won the 1999 Fermat Prize, jointly with Frédéric Hélein, for several important contributions to the theory of variational calculus. He also won the 2003 Mergier–Bourdeix Prize [fr] for his fundamental discoveries at the interface between analysis, topology, geometry, and physics.

## Notable publications

Research articles
* Fabrice Bethuel and Xiao Min Zheng. Density of smooth functions between two manifolds in Sobolev spaces. J. Funct. Anal. 80 (1988), no. 1, 60–75.
* Fabrice Bethuel. The approximation problem for Sobolev maps between two manifolds. Acta Math. 167 (1991), no. 3-4, 153–206.
* Fabrice Bethuel. On the singular set of stationary harmonic maps. Manuscripta Math. 78 (1993), no. 4, 417–443.
* Fabrice Bethuel, Haïm Brezis, and Frédéric Hélein. Asymptotics for the minimization of a Ginzburg-Landau functional. Calc. Var. Partial Differential Equations 1 (1993), no. 2, 123–148.
Books
* Fabrice Bethuel, Haïm Brezis, and Frédéric Hélein. Ginzburg-Landau vortices. Reprint of the 1994 edition. Modern Birkhäuser Classics. Birkhäuser/Springer, Cham, 2017. xxix+158 pp. ISBN 978-3-319-66672-3, 978-3-319-66673-0
# Pre-advent judgment

In Christian theology, the pre-advent judgment is a belief that the Last Judgment will occur before the Second Coming (or "Advent") of Jesus.
This concept stands in contrast to the much more common Christian belief that the Last Judgment will occur at or after the second coming.

## Interpretations

The Seventh-day Adventist Church believes that a pre-advent judgment started in the year 1844, known as the investigative judgment. It will conclude at the "close of probation" prior to the return of Jesus.
# Rhinoclavis taniae

Rhinoclavis taniae is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cerithiidae, the ceriths.
# De Aragoniae Regibus et eorum rebus gestis libri V

De Aragoniae Regibus et eorum rebus gestis libri V (English: The Kings of Aragon and their works, in 5 volumes) is a chronicle written in Zaragoza in 1509 by Lucio Marineo Siculo documenting the feats of the kings of the Aragonese Renaissance. The chronicle was written in Latin and was later translated into Spanish by Juan de Molina. The Spanish edition was published in Valencia in 1524 under the title Crónica d'Aragón (Chronicle of Aragon).
# Prairie Lakes Transit

Prairie Lakes Transit is the primary provider of mass transportation in Blue Earth and Fairmont, Minnesota with three routes serving the region in addition to countywide demand-response service. As of 2019, the system provided 58,148 rides over 28,717 annual vehicle revenue hours with 3 buses and 6 paratransit vehicles.

## History

Prairie Lakes Transit was formed at the beginning of 2016, when the individual transit services of Martin and Faribault counties were consolidated allowing for improved service in the region. Originally, Fairlakes Transportation operated the service, but since October 1, 2016, the service has been directly operated by the Faribault and Martin County Transit Board. In 2022, the agency received funding for an electric bus to join the fleet and serve Fairmont.

## Service

Prairie Lakes Transit operates three weekday bus routes with two routes serving Fairmont and one route serving Blue Earth. Hours of operation for the fixed-route system are Monday through Friday from 6:10 A.M. to 5:35 P.M. There is no service on Saturdays and Sundays for the fixed-route services. Regular fares are $2.00.

### Routes

* Red Route (Fairmont)
* Green Route (Fairmont)
* Blue Route (Blue Earth)

## Fixed route ridership

The ridership statistics shown here are of fixed route services only and do not include demand response services.
# Powerlifting at the 2004 Summer Paralympics – Men's 56 kg

The Men's 56 kg powerlifting event at the 2004 Summer Paralympics was competed on 22 September. It was won by Wang Jian, representing China.

## Final round

22 Sept. 2004, 13:45
| Rank | Athlete | Weight(kg) |
| | Wang Jian (CHN) | 185.0 |
| | Gomma G. Ahmed (EGY) | 180.0 |
| | Rajinder Singh Rahelu (IND) | 157.5 |
| 4 | Danilo Rodriguez Garcia (CUB) | 155.0 |
| 5 | Krzysztof Owsiany (POL) | 155.0 |
| 6 | Cheok Kon Fatt (MAS) | 142.5 |
| 7 | Samson Abayyo Okutto (KEN) | 140.0 |
| 8 | Jaime Morales (VEN) | 140.0 |
| 9 | Andrey Podpalnyy (RUS) | 132.5 |
| 10 | Badar Hamood Saif Al-Harthy (OMA) | 125.0 |
| 11 | Thibaut Bomaya (CAF) | 90.0 |
| | Eduard Gisov (KGZ) | NMR |
| | Yoon Sang Jin (KOR) | NMR |
| | Youssef Cheikh Younes (SYR) | DSQ |
# Pre

Pre or PRE may refer to:

## Places

* Preston railway station, UK National Rail code PRE
* Preston railway station, Melbourne
* Prince Edward station, on Hong Kong's MTR

## People

* Steve Prefontaine (1951–1975), an American runner nicknamed "Pre"

## Arts, entertainment, and media

* Pre (band), British band
* Public Radio East, regional network for NPR

## Technology

* <pre>…</pre>, HTML element for pre-formatted text
* Microphone preamplifier
* Palm Pre, a smartphone
* Partial redundancy elimination, computer compiler optimization
* Personal Rescue Enclosure, for spacecraft

## Other uses

* Andalusian horse or Pura Raza Española
* Proportionate reduction of error, in statistics
# De nakomer

De nakomer is a novel by Dutch author Maarten 't Hart. It was first published in 1996.
* This Netherlands-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
* This article about a 1990s novel is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.See guidelines for writing about novels. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page.
* v
* t
* e
# Richard Hobbs (politician)

Richard Hobbs (1833 – 16 July 1910) was a 19th-century Member of Parliament from the Auckland and Northland regions in New Zealand.
His father was the missionary John Hobbs.
Richard was born in Hokitika, see obituaries:

## Member of Parliament

He represented the Franklin electorate from 20 May 1878 to 15 August 1879 when he was defeated, and the Bay of Islands electorate from 9 December 1881 to 3 October 1890, when he retired.

## Death

He died in Herne Bay, Ponsonby, Auckland, see death notices:
# Richard Hoare (banker)

Sir Richard Hoare (1648 – 6 January 1719) was the English founder of C. Hoare & Co, the oldest extant bank in the United Kingdom.

## Business career

Raised near Smithfield Market in London, only son of horse-dealer Henry Hoare (died 1699) and Cicely (died 1679), Richard Hoare began his working life apprenticed to the goldsmith Richard Moore from 9 June 1665 for seven years. He was granted the Freedom of the Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths on 5 July 1672. This date marks the foundation of C. Hoare & Co as a goldsmith's business at the sign of the Golden Bottle in Cheapside, London.

## Political career

Hoare, a Tory, stood for election as Sheriff of London in June 1702 but was unsuccessful. He was knighted by Queen Anne in October 1702. He attained the office of alderman in September 1703. At the election of May 1705, he first stood for the constituency of London, but could only manage fifth place as the City Tories were soundly defeated. He also failed in the City election of 1708, finishing seventh as the Whigs once again dominated the poll.
Contesting the mayoral election of September 1710 he unsuccessfully challenged the Whig leader (Sir) Gilbert Heathcote but was appointed Sheriff of London instead and was elected to Parliament in the same year, finishing second in the poll. He finally became Lord Mayor of London in September 1712 having also contested the election in 1711. The City election of 1713 saw Hoare returned to Parliament having again finished second but he did not stand in 1715. He subsequently withdrew from public life in 1718 due to ill-health. Hoare died at Hendon on 6 January 1719.
A monument to his memory stands in the church of St Dunstan-in-the-West and was designed and created by Thomas Stayner.

## Family

Hoare married Susanna Austen; they had 17 children (one of whom was Henry Hoare I).
# Presian Ridge

Presian Ridge (Presiyanov Rid \pre-si-'ya-nov 'rid\) is a ridge of elevation 1456 m extending 950 m in east-weat direction in Friesland Ridge, Tangra Mountains, Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. Situated between the island's summit Mount Friesland (1700 m) to the west and Catalunyan Saddle to the east. Surmounting Wörner Gap, Camp Academia locality and upper Huron Glacier to the north, and Macy Glacier to the south.
First ascent by the Catalans Francesc Sàbat and Jorge Enrique from Juan Carlos I Base on 30 December 1991.
The ridge is named after Khan Presian of Bulgaria, 836-852 AD, who brought the Bulgarian lands in Macedonia together with those in Thrace, Moesia, Panonia, Dacia and Scythia.

## Location

The summit point of the ridge is located at 62°40′03.8″S 60°09′55.3″W﻿ / ﻿62.667722°S 60.165361°W﻿ / -62.667722; -60.165361, which is 1.11 km east of Mount Friesland, 4.14 km southeast of Pliska Peak, 3.54 km south by west of Kuzman Knoll, 1.24 km west-southwest of Lyaskovets Peak and 4.08 km north-northwest of Peshev Peak (Bulgarian topographic survey Tangra 2004/05, and mapping in 2005 and 2009).

## Maps

* South Shetland Islands. Scale 1:200000 topographic map. DOS 610 Sheet W 62 60. Tolworth, UK, 1968.
* Islas Livingston y Decepción. Mapa topográfico a escala 1:100000. Madrid: Servicio Geográfico del Ejército, 1991.
* S. Soccol, D. Gildea and J. Bath. Livingston Island, Antarctica. Scale 1:100000 satellite map. The Omega Foundation, USA, 2004.
* L.L. Ivanov et al., Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich Island, South Shetland Islands (from English Strait to Morton Strait, with illustrations and ice-cover distribution), 1:100000 scale topographic map, Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria, Sofia, 2005
* L.L. Ivanov. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands. Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2010. ISBN 978-954-92032-9-5 (First edition 2009. ISBN 978-954-92032-6-4)
* Antarctic Digital Database (ADD). Scale 1:250000 topographic map of Antarctica. Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR), 1993–2016.
* L.L. Ivanov. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Smith Island. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2017. ISBN 978-619-90008-3-0
* A. Kamburov and L. Ivanov. Bowles Ridge and Central Tangra Mountains: Livingston Island, Antarctica. Scale 1:25000 map. Sofia: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2023. ISBN 978-619-90008-6-1

## Gallery

* Presian Ridge from the west slope of Lyaskovets Peak, with Mount Friesland in the background.
* Presian Ridge from Lyaskovets Peak and, in the background, Mount Friesland with ‘The Synagogue’ on the left.
* The survey route of Tangra 2004/05 including Presian Ridge.
* Topographic map of Livingston Island and Smith Island.
# Presicce

Presicce was a town and comune in the Italian province of Lecce in the Apulia region of south-east Italy. It is one of I Borghi più belli d'Italia ("The most beautiful villages of Italy"). In 2019 it was merged with the adjacent Acquarica del Capo to form Presicce-Acquarica.
In 2022, facing a declining population, the town launched the program to reverse the trend and revitalize the town by offering €30,000 to people who are willing to purchase an empty structure and relocate to the old quarter.

## Main sights

* Ducal Palace, built by the Normans, perhaps on a pre-existing Byzantine structure
* Church of Sant'Andrea Apostolo
* Church of the Carmine and convent (mid-16th century)
* Casa Turrita (16th century), an example of noble residence including a defensive tower.

## Culture

Presicce appears in the 2014 British musical film, Walking on Sunshine.
# Richard Keith

Richard Keith may refer to:
* Richard Keith (actor) (born 1950), American actor known for appearing on I Love Lucy
* Dick Keith (1933–1967), Northern Irish footballer
* Richard H. Keith (1842–1905), American known for coal, lumber, railroads and towns
* Richard Keith (writer/actor/director) (born 1982), American writer, actor and director known for creating The CW series Significant Mother
# Richard Storrs Willis

Richard Storrs Willis (February 10, 1819 – May 10, 1900) was an American composer, mainly of hymn music. His best known melody is probably the one called, simply, Carol. This is the standard tune, in the United States, though not in Great Britain, of the much-loved hymn "It Came Upon the Midnight Clear" (1850), with lyrics by Edmund Sears. He was also a music critic and journal editor.

## Biography

Willis, whose siblings included Nathaniel Parker Willis and Fanny Fern, was born on February 10, 1819, in Boston, Massachusetts. He attended Chauncey Hall, the Boston Latin School, and Yale College where he was a member of Skull and Bones in 1841.
Willis then went to Germany, where he studied six years under Xavier Schnyder and Moritz Hauptmann. After returning to America, Willis served as music critic for the New York Tribune, The Albion, and The Musical Times, for which he served as editor for a time. He joined the New-York American-Music Association, an organization which promoted the work native of naturalized American composers. He reviewed the organization's first concert for their second season, held December 30, 1856, in the Musical World, as a "creditable affair, all things considered".
Willis began his own journal, Once a Month: A Paper of Society, Belles-Lettres and Art, and published its first issue in January 1862.
Willis died on May 7, 1900. He is buried at Woodlawn Cemetery, in Detroit.

## Works

His works and music compilations include:
* Church Chorals and Choir Studies (1850)
* Our Church Music (1856)
* Waif of Song (1876)
* Pen and Lute (1883)
# President of the City Assembly of Novi Sad

The President of the City Assembly of Novi Sad is the speaker of the City Assembly of Novi Sad (the second largest city in Serbia and the administrative seat of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina). The President's term lasts four years, and is elected by members of each new assembly. The current President of the City Assembly of Novi Sad is Jelena Marinković Radomirović (SNS), since 21 August 2020.
The offices of the President of the City Assembly of Novi Sad and the Mayor of Novi Sad were merged and held by the same person until 2004, when they were separated.

## Office

According to the current legislation, the City Assembly elects the President and Deputy President of the City Assembly of Novi Sad from the complement of the councilors for the four years’ term.

## Authorities (competences)

* Organizing the work of the City Assembly;
* Summoning sessions, suggesting the agenda and presiding over the City Assembly sessions;
* Looking after implementation of the transparency of work of the City Assembly;
* Signing bylaws adopted by the City Assembly, and
* Performing any other operations entrusted by the City Assembly.

## List of presidents

| Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Term of office | Term of office | Term of office | Political party |
| Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Took office | Left office | Time in office | Political party |
| | Zoran Vučević | 29 November 2004 | 16 June 2008 | 3 years, 200 days | Serbian Radical Party |
| | Aleksandar Jovanović (born 1976) | 16 June 2008 | 29 June 2012 | 4 years, 13 days | League of Social Democrats of Vojvodina |
| | Aleksandra Jerkov (born 1982) | 29 June 2012 | 14 September 2012 | 77 days | League of Social Democrats of Vojvodina |
| | Sinišia Sević (born 1972) | 14 September 2012 | 13 March 2015 | 2 years, 180 days | Socialist Party of Serbia |
| | Jelena Crnogorac (born 1982) | 13 March 2015 | 17 June 2016 | 1 year, 96 days | United Serbia |
| | Zdravko Jelušić (born 1960) | 17 June 2016 | 21 August 2020 | 4 years, 65 days | Serbian Progressive Party |
| | Jelena Marinković Radomirović (born 1987) | 21 August 2020 | Incumbent | 4 years, 48 days | Serbian Progressive Party |
# Rhône Pipeline

The Rhone Pipeline (French: Oléoduc du Rhône) is a crude oil pipeline, which connects Italy and Switzerland.

## Route

The pipeline starts from the marine terminal in Genoa. It runs through the Alps and the Great St Bernard Tunnel to Collombey-Muraz in the Rhône Valley in the Swiss canton of Valais, where it supplies the Tamoil oil refinery at Collombey-Muraz.

## History

The construction of the pipeline started in 1960.
Since 2015, the oil transport has stopped due to Tamoil's decision to idle the oil refinery of Collombey-Muraz.

## Technical features

The diameter of the trunkline is 12 inches (300 mm) and 18 inches (460 mm) in diameter.
The capacity of the pipeline is approximately 1.1 million barrel of crude oil per year.