OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Olav Aukrust

Olav Aukrust (21 January 1883 – 3 November 1929) was a Norwegian poet and teacher. He popularized the use of Nynorsk as a literary language and is most commonly associated with his poem Himmelvarden (1916).

## Biography

Aukrust was born in the parish of Lom in Oppland, Norway. He was raised in the traditional region of Gudbrandsdal. His parents Olav Olavsson Aukrust (1851–1931) and Mari Pålsdatter Andvord (1864–1936) were farmers on the Nordgard Aukrust farm in the valley of Bøverdalen. His brother Lars Olsen Aukrust (1886–1965) was a teacher and local official. His nephews Odd Aukrust (1915 –2008) was an economist and Kjell Aukrust (1920–2002) was an author, poet and artist.
Aukrust was a student of the folk college at Romundgard in Sel operated by priest and educator Christopher Bruun (1839–1920). From 1915 to 1917, he worked as a teacher at the folk high school at Dovre where future novelist Ingeborg Møller (1878–1964) was also a teacher. He later taught at Gausdal.
In 1911, he married Gudrun Blekastad (1887–1984), daughter of Haugean businessman Ivar Blekastad (1850–1936). She was the sister of artist Hallvard Blekastad (1883–1966) and sister-in-law of literary historian Milada Blekastad (1917–2003).
He was strongly influenced by priest and author Ivar Mortensson-Egnund (1857–1934) who advocate of the use of Nynorsk. Aukrust wrote poems with a renewed national romantic style and used a characteristically similar form. His use of rural dialect contributed to the growth of Nynorsk as a literary language.
Olav Aukrust joined the Anthroposophical Society in December 1921 after he and his wife, Gudrun Aukrust, traveled through Goetheanum on their way home from Italy. He suffered from tuberculosis, which came to characterize his last year and led to an early death at age 46.

## Legacy

Nordgard Aukrust is now open to the public. The farm has a large garden and offers the sales of agricultural products during the tourist season.
Sculptor Dyre Vaa designed the Olav Aukrust statue (bronze, 1952) which was installed at Lom in 1952.
# Old Parish Church

Old Parish Church may refer to the following churches in Scotland:
* Govan Old Parish Church
* Hamilton Old Parish Church
* Lesmahagow Old Parish Church
* Old Parish Church of Peebles
* Peterhead Old Parish Church
# Chinese Physics

Chinese Physics may refer to:
* Chinese Physics, a scientific journal published by the American Institute of Physics during 1981–1992, which was composed of articles translated from 12 Chinese domestic physical journals.
* Chinese Physics, a scientific journal published by Chinese Physical Society from 2000 to 2007, a continuation of Acta Physica Sinica (Overseas Edition), now Chinese Physics B.
* Scientific journal series published by Chinese Physical Society, which contains:
** Communications in Theoretical Physics, with the subtitle Chinese Physics A
** Chinese Physics B
** Chinese Physics C
** Chinese Physics Letters
# Oleksii Bilyi

Oleksii Petrovych Bilyi was a Head of the Mariupol Iron & Steel Works (until 2006). He is a member of the Ukrainian parliament (since November 2007), and a member of the Economic Policy Committee (since December 2007).

## Biography

Oleksii Bilyi was born on 1 May 1961 in the village of Kamyanka, Apostolove Raion, Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union. Family: wife Irina (b. 1971) a teacher at Donetsk National University; two sons, Oleksandr (b. 1998) and Arseniy (b. 2003), daughter Amelia (b.2003).

### Education

Dnipropetrovsk Metallurgical Institute (1988), with a major in "Chemical technology of fuel," Donetsk National University (2001), majoring in Business Economics. From 1979 to 1981 he served in the Soviet Army.

### Career

* 1981–1988 – worked as a fitter, site supervisor, senior master, and Deputy Chief of coke workshop at Kryvyi Rih coke plant.
* 1988–1990 – Chief of the coke workshop, Chief engineer.
* 1990–1996 — Director of the Yenakiieve coke plant.
* 1996–1998 – Chairman of the management board, JSC "Yenakiieve Coke Plant," Head of the plant.
* 1998–2000 – Chairman of the management board, JSC "Yenakiieve Metallurgical Plant".
* 2000–2002 – Deputy Chairman of Donetsk State Regional Administration on primary industries and energy.
* 2002–2006 – CEO of Mariupol Iron & Steel Works.
In November 2007, Oleksii was elected to the Verkhovna Rada with the Party of Regions, No.33 in the list.
* Chairman of the Subcommittee on government policy on the consumption of waste and scrap iron, Verkhovna Rada committee on economic policy.
* Member of the Permanent Delegation of the Parliamentary Assembly of GUAM.
In the 2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election, he was re-elected into parliament; this time being placed 5th on the electoral list of the Opposition Bloc.

## Awards

* Order of Merit, III class (2011), for personal contribution to nation-building, long-term legislative and political activity.
* Merited Worker of Industry of Ukraine (title) (2003).
* Medal "10 Years of Independence of Ukraine" (2001).
* "Miner's Glory" badge, III class (2002).
# Old Union, Arkansas

Old Union is an unincorporated community in Union County, Arkansas, United States.
# Chinese leaf warbler

The Chinese leaf warbler (Phylloscopus yunnanensis) is a species of Old World warbler in the family Phylloscopidae. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland. It is found only in China.

## Etymology

The Chinese leaf warbler’s scientific binomial name, Phylloscopus yunnanensis, originates from the Irish ornithological naturalist authority John David Digues La Touche in 1922. A more recent Latin "junior synonym" alternate scientific name is P. sichuanensis from 1992. Yunnanensis and sichuanensis derive from the Yunnan and Sichuan provinces in China.

## Description

The Chinese leaf warbler is a brightly colored, small leaf-warbler, with a total length of around 10 cm and a wing length of 5–6 cm. Its body is slightly elongated and compact. The warbler has a slightly forked or notched tail that is almost square in shape. Its bill is pointed and short (around 1 cm long) and dark brown in color, brownish-yellow on the underside. The wings are very short and rounded, the legs slender and very dark. Claws and toes are dark brownish-grey with dusky buff undersides.

### Plumage

Birds generally go through variations in the appearance of their plumage, depending on the stage in their life, the seasons or nutritional intake. In the spring season, this warbler in its adult phase has a new, fresh, or bright appearance already somewhat dulled. In the adult summer phase its feathers appear worn, or duller.
The sexes are similar in appearance. The Chinese leaf warbler is pale green to olive-green above and has a yellowish-white rump. The head pattern is noticeable and striking in appearance, with a well-defined pale eyebrow stripe, a faint yellow median crown stripe and dusky-olive lateral crown stripes. The tertial feathers are sepia-colored and have whitish tips. The eye is surrounded by a broken eyering; the iris of the eye is dark brown.

## Distribution and habitat

The Chinese leaf warbler can be found in confined regions or locations in central and north-eastern China. It is common in Xin Shui, Sichuan Province. The species is migratory, but its wintering grounds are currently unknown.
It inhabits mountainous forests, preferring spruce and fir. It can be found at elevations of 200–2800 m, but usually between 1000 m and 2600 m. This species favors low secondary growth.

## Behavior

Chinese leaf warblers can be found singly or in pairs during the breeding season. These birds are generally somewhat bold in personality. They almost always keep to tree canopies, where they feed on insects. Males also sing from the tops of trees.

### Songs

The Chinese leaf warbler has a unique song compared to other species of its genus. The song often lasts over a minute and is dry and monotonous tsiridi repeated five times. The call note is loud and varied, an irregular series of clear scolding whistles of tueet repeated five times, then four series of decreasing lengths, finishing up with another 5-fold note. The last phrase can be a hammering tueet-tuee-tee, with a seven-fold tee. The close-range call is a soft trr-trr.
# Olea capensis

Olea capensis, the black ironwood, is an African tree species in the olive family Oleaceae. It is widespread in sub-Saharan Africa: from the east in Somalia, Ethiopia and Sudan, south to the tip of South Africa, and west to Cameroon, Sierra Leone and the islands of the Gulf of Guinea, as well as Madagascar and the Comoros. It occurs in bush, littoral scrub and evergreen forest.
Other common names in English include ironwood, ironwood olive, East African olive and Elgon olive.

## Description

The black ironwood is a bushy shrub, or a small to medium-sized tree, up to 10 metres (33 ft) in height, occasionally reaching 40 metres (130 ft).
* Bark: light grey, becoming dark grey and vertically fissured with age; a characteristic blackish gum is exuded from bark wounds.
* Leaves: light to dark green and glossy above and paler green below; petiole often purplish, 0.3–1.7 cm long; lanceolate-oblong to almost circular, 3–10 x 1.5–5 cm.
* Flowers: white or cream and sweetly scented, small and in many flowered axillary or terminal heads, bisexual, 3–15 cm long.
* Fruit: when ripe they are somewhat succulent purplish drupes; ovoid up to 2 x 1 cm.

### Subspecies

The species has been divided into 3 subspecies:
* Olea capensis subsp. macrocarpa: flowers in lax heads, fruits oblong to elliptic.
* Olea capensis subsp. capensis: flowers in dense heads, leaves very variable, apex often rounded, and fruits almost spherical to oblong elliptic.
* Olea capensis subsp. enervis: leaves usually broadly elliptic, apex tapering.

## Uses
### Food

Olea capensis has masses of sweetly scented bisexual flowers, that produce large edible fruits.

### Timber

The wood of the tree is very hard, fine grained, and heavy, and although difficult to work, it is widely used for art and artifacts.

### Gardens

Olea capensis is cultivated as an ornamental tree in parks and gardens.
The Guinness Book of World Records lists this tree as the world's heaviest wood, with a specific gravity of 1.49, similar to that of anthracite or dry earth. It is known for its tendency to sink in water, unlike other wood materials. It is also one of the world's hardest woods according to the Janka hardness test. The timber has a good abrasion resistance and is very strong. It is an excellent turnery wood, and is used for a wide range of decorative items.

## Gallery

* Flowers
* Timber
* Leaves
* Trunk and bark
# Chironius carinatus

Chironius carinatus, commonly known as the Amazon coachwhip, is a long and slender, nonvenomous colubrid snake.

## Geographic range

It is endemic to the regions of Colombia, northern Brazil, Costa Rica, eastern Venezuela, northern Suriname, Guyana and Trinidad and Tobago.

## Description

Chironius carinatus may grow to 3 meters (9.8 feet) in length. Their body color can range from brown to deep yellow or gold, with the tail being generally darker than the body. The belly is often a bright shade of yellow or orange. In most specimens, body scales have lightly colored centers with darker edges. A light colored stripe runs down the length of the body, fading at the tail. The dorsal scales are in 12 rows.

## Diet

It feeds on frogs (especially hylids), lizards, mice and birds.
# Oliva truncata

Oliva truncata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Olividae, the olives.
# Chorpan Tarkhan

Chorpan Tarkhan is recorded by Moses of Kalankatuyk as a Khazar general, who conquered Armenia in April 630 CE. He was most likely an officer in the army of the Western Gokturks led by Böri Shad in the wake of Ziebel's (or Tong Yabghu Khagan's) victory in the Third Persian-Turkic War. Chorpan Tarkhan ambushed and killed a 10,000-strong Persian cavalry force sent by Shahrbaraz to contain the invasion.
# Oliver Maass

Oliver Maass is a German television series.
# Chloroplast sensor kinase

Chloroplast Sensor Kinase (CSK) is a protein in chloroplasts and cyanobacteria, bacteria from which chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis. It is part of a two-component system. In the plant Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress) CSK is the product of the gene At1g67840. CSK is known in cyanobacteria as the histidine kinase 2 (Hik2; P73276).
CSK is an iron-sulfur protein with 3 iron and 4 sulphur atoms in its redox-active site. It has a midpoint redox potential of −15 mV at pH 8, which is consistent with its autophosphorylation communicating the redox state of the plastoquinone pool to regulation of chloroplast or cyanobacterial DNA transcription – specifically of genes for proteins at the photochemical reaction center of photosystem I.
In cyanobacteria and non-green algae, it is a histidine kinase that work by autophosphorylation on a conserved histidine residue, then in turn passing the phosphoryl group to Rre1 and Rppa. These components are not found in green plants, where CSK might work as a serine/threonine kinase passing the group to sigma factor 1 (SIG1) instead.
CSK is a prediction of the CoRR Hypothesis for genes in organelles. CSK is intrinsic to chloroplasts, targeted to chloroplast genes, and may have been required for the retention, in evolution, of chloroplast DNA.
# Ollepa

Ollepa is a village in Türi Parish, Järva County in central Estonia.
It has a railway station on the Tallinn - Viljandi railway line operated by Elron (rail transit).
# Olivibacter terrae

Olivibacter terrae is a Gram-negative, aerobic, heterotrophic, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Olivibacter which has been isolated from Korea.
# Olivibacter jilunii

Olivibacter jilunii is a Gram-negative, aerobic, non-spore-forming and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Olivibacter which has been isolated from DDT-contaminated soil in China.
# Chlormint

Chlormint is a product line of chewing gum and breath mint candies made by Perfetti Van Melle, India. It was used in a show called "Deal Ya No Deal" as one of the prizes, and it was a best mint selling company in India at its time.

## Product Range and Innovations

Chlormint offers a variety of mint candies and chewing gums, each catering to different consumer tastes and preferences. The brand has consistently innovated its product line, introducing sugar-free variants and new flavors to keep pace with health trends and evolving consumer tastes. These innovations have helped maintain its appeal among a broad consumer base.
# Oloiphis

Oloiphis is a genus of mites in the family Laelapidae.

## Species

* Oloiphis magnificus Berlese, 1916
# Oluközü, Akdağmadeni

Oluközü is a town (belde) in the Akdağmadeni District, Yozgat Province, Turkey. Its population is 1,282 (2022).
# Choanograptis argyrocyma

Choanograptis argyrocyma is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in New Guinea.
# Ologamasiphis

Ologamasiphis is a genus of mites in the family Parasitidae.

## Species

* Ologamasiphis disfistulatus (Athias Henriot, 1967)
* Ologamasiphis minimus Holzmann, 1969
# Chlorophorus figuratus

Chlorophorus figuratus is a species of round-necked longhorns belonging to the family Cerambycidae, subfamily Cerambycinae.

## Etymology

The genus name Chlorophorus derives from the Greek word chlorós meaning "green" and phorós meaning "wearing", while the specific name figuratus means "decorated with figures".

## Distribution

This widespread beetle is present in most of Europe (Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland), and in the eastern Palearctic realm (Kazakhstan, Turkey, Armenia, Georgia, Iran).

## Habitat

These beetles mainly inhabit meadows and sunny forest edges.

## Description

Chlorophorus figuratus can reach a length of 8–13 millimetres (0.31–0.51 in). The body is elongated and cylindrical. The pronotum is about as wide as the elytra. The elytra are cut off at the end. Head, pronotum and elytra are black or brownish and the elytrae show various hairy gray stripes.
This species is rather similar to Chlorophorus sartor, but in C. sartor the gray humeral stripe is missing.

## Biology

Adults can be encountered from May through Augusty., completing their life cycle in two year. Larvae are polyphagous in deciduous trees. They mainly feed on hazel (Corylus avellana), sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa), wild plum (Prunus domestica), blackthorn (Prunus spinosa) and spindle (Euonymus europaeus). The adults can be easily encountered on Apiaceae species.
# Chlorophorus trifasciatus

Chlorophorus trifasciatus is a species of longhorn beetle. It can be found on oak trees near the Mediterranean Basin.
# Chris Nelson (photographer)

Edmund Christian Nelson (1960 – December 7, 2006) was an American photographer and co-founder of Bear Magazine in the 1980s, was the photographic pioneer in the gay-oriented erotic photography of mature men with hairy bodies and facial hair. His work directly led to the legitimizing of the bear community as a social group.
By profession, Nelson was a photomicroscopy researcher at the University of California's Lawrence Berkeley Labs. He was considered a highly adept microscopist at the Lab, with one colleague there noting, "Chris was the backbone of NCEM, the kind of person that makes LBL great. He was an awesome microscopist who understood advanced electron microscopes like a test pilot understands a jet plane." Many international researchers appreciated Nelson's eye for detail and often requested to work with him given his reputation and skill level.
Together with his then partner, magazine publisher Richard Bulger, Nelson developed a characteristic "look", first in black-and-white portraits of men in San Francisco's biker and leather community, and then, as the bear community grew, in black-and-white erotic portraits of a great number of men who submitted themselves to the magazine as amateur models. He later independently galvanized the gay bear identity, which evolved over the years into a multitude of bear clubs and related social groups worldwide.
"Chris brought about a whole new gay subculture that allowed bigger, bearded, and hairy gay men to be celebrated. Before that, the emphasis was on the lean, leather jacket and t-shirt wearing 'Castro clones' that dominated the San Francisco scene. Now there was room for everyone, even the more forwardly masculine, non-svelte."
Nelson's photography was the sole subject of a 1991 book The Bear Cult: Photographs by Chris Nelson
At 46, he died of a heart attack in the San Francisco Bay Area on December 7, 2006.
Nelson's book and photography are discussed by author Jack Fritscher in Bears on Bears: Interviews & Discussions, Ron Suresha's 2002 nonfiction book on the bear community.(ISBN 1555835783). Fritscher also comments on Nelson's work in the introduction to The Bear Book 2, edited by Les K. Wright.
# Cholevini

Cholevini is a tribe of small carrion beetles in the family Leiodidae. There are more than 20 genera and 200 described species in Cholevini.

## Genera

These 25 genera belong to the tribe Cholevini:
* Apocatops Zwick, 1968
* Apterocatops Miyama, 1985
* Attaephilus Motschoulsky, 1870
* Attumbra Gozis, 1886
* Catopidius Jeannel, 1922
* Catopodes Portevin, 1914
* Catops Paykull, 1798
* Catopsimorphus Aubé, 1850
* Catoptrichus Murray, 1856
* Chionocatops Ganglbauer, 1899
* Choleva Latreille, 1796
* Cholevinus Reitter, 1901
* Dreposcia Jeannel, 1922
* Dzungarites Jeannel, 1936
* Fissocatops Zwick, 1968
* Fusi (beetle)|Fusi
* Himalops Perreau, 1986
* Mesocatops Szymczakowski, 1961
* Nargus Thomson, 1867
* Nipponemadus Perreau, 2004
* Philomessor Jeannel, 1936
* Prionochaeta Horn, 1880
* Rybinskiella Reitter, 1906
* Sciodrepoides Hatch, 1933
* Takobiella Ruzicka, 1992
# Cholewa

Cholewa is a Polish surname. It can refer to:
* Anita F. Cholewa (born 1953), American botanist
* Marek Cholewa (born 1963) Polish ice hockey player
* Laurie Cholewa (born 1980), French television presenter
* Cholewa coat of arms, used by many Polish szlachta
# Omeo Kumar Das Institute of Social Change and Development

Omeo Kumar Das Institute of Social Change and Development is an autonomous Institute situated in Guwahati, Assam. It was established in 1989 under the joint initiative of Government of Assam and Indian Council of Social Science Research (ICSSR), New Delhi. It promotes and coordinates research on problems and processes of social transformation and development of Assam and other States of the North Eastern region of India.

## History

Formerly the instruction was known as the Institute for Social Change and Development, the Government of Assam renamed it after the first Education Minister of Assam, Omeo Kumar Das in 1995 as a mark of respect towards him on his birth centenary. The Chief Minister of Assam, Sri Tarun Gogoi, laid the foundation stone of the Institute on 13 April 2005 and inaugurated the building on 20 February 2009.

## Programmes

* PhD Programme
* Post Graduate Certificate Course on North East India Studies
* Research Methodology Course
* Computer Application Course
* Ph.D. Fellowship Programme
* Visiting Fellows Programme
* Training programmes
* Data Consultancy
* Lectures Seminars and Workshops
# Omega Canis Majoris

Omega Canis Majoris, Latinized from ω Canis Majoris, is a solitary, blue-white-hued star in the equatorial constellation of Canis Major. It is visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of about 4. Based upon an annual parallax shift of just 3.58 mas as seen from Earth, this system is located roughly 910 light-years from the Sun.
This star has a stellar classification of B2.5Ve, indicating it is a main sequence Be star, although it has also been classified as a subgiant. One of the most observed Be stars of the Southern Hemisphere, Omega Canis Majoris is classified as a Gamma Cassiopeiae-type variable star. Both the luminosity and the radial velocity vary with a primary cyclical period of 1.372 days. The variation in brightness, ranging from magnitude +3.60 to +4.18, shows changes over time, which suggests there are two overlapping periods of 1.37 and 1.49 days. The star also undergoes transient periodicities following outbursts.
This is a massive star with ten times the mass of the Sun and 6.2 times the Sun's radius. At an estimated age of 22.5 million years, it is radiating 13,081 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 21,878 K. The star is being viewed nearly pole on, so the measured projected rotational velocity of 80 km/s is only a fraction of the true equatorial velocity, estimated as 350 km/s. It is surrounded by a symmetric circumstellar decretion disk of material that is being heated by the star, which in turn is inserting emission lines into the combined spectrum.
# Omorgus trilobus

Omorgus trilobus is a species of hide beetle in the subfamily Omorginae.
# Omorgus testudo

Omorgus testudo is a species of hide beetle in the subfamily Omorginae and subgenus Afromorgus.
# One Arrow 95-1C

One Arrow 95-1C is an Indian reserve of the One Arrow First Nation in Saskatchewan. It is about 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) south-west of Alvena. In the 2016 Canadian Census, it recorded a population of 10 living in 4 of its 4 total private dwellings.