OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Glacial period

A glacial period (alternatively glacial or glaciation) is an interval of time (thousands of years) within an ice age that is marked by colder temperatures and glacier advances. Interglacials, on the other hand, are periods of warmer climate between glacial periods. The Last Glacial Period ended about 15,000 years ago. The Holocene is the current interglacial. A time with no glaciers on Earth is considered a greenhouse climate state.

## Quaternary Period

Within the Quaternary, which started about 2.6 million years before present, there have been a number of glacials and interglacials. At least eight glacial cycles have occurred in the last 740,000 years alone.

## Penultimate Glacial Period

The Penultimate Glacial Period (PGP) is the glacial period that occurred before the Last Glacial Period. It began about 194,000 years ago and ended 135,000 years ago, with the beginning of the Eemian interglacial.

## Last Glacial Period

The last glacial period was the most recent glacial period within the Quaternary glaciation at the end of the Pleistocene, and began about 110,000 years ago and ended about 11,700 years ago. The glaciations that occurred during the glacial period covered many areas of the Northern Hemisphere and have different names, depending on their geographic distributions: Wisconsin (in North America), Devensian (in Great Britain), Midlandian (in Ireland), Würm (in the Alps), Weichsel (in northern Central Europe), Dali (in East China), Beiye (in North China), Taibai (in Shaanxi) Luoji Shan (in southwest Sichuan), Zagunao (in northwest Sichuan), Tianchi (in the Tian Shan) Jomolungma (in the Himalayas), and Llanquihue (in Chile). The glacial advance reached the Last Glacial Maximum about 26,500 BP. In Europe, the ice sheet reached Northern Germany. Over the last 650,000 years, there have been on average seven cycles of glacial advance and retreat.

## Next glacial period

Since orbital variations are predictable, computer models that relate orbital variations to climate can predict future climate possibilities. Work by Berger and Loutre suggests that the current warm climate may last another 50,000 years. The amount of heat trapping (greenhouse) gases being emitted into the Earth's oceans and its atmosphere may delay the next glacial period by an additional 50,000 years.
# Christopher Stone

Christopher or Chris Stone may refer to:
* Christopher Stone (MP) (1556–1614), English politician
* Christopher Stone (actor) (1942–1995), American actor
* Christopher Stone (broadcaster) (1882–1965), first disc jockey in the United Kingdom
* Christopher Stone (cricketer) (born 1951), former English cricketer
* Christopher Stone (criminal justice expert), American criminal justice expert
* Christopher Stone, contestant in series 4 of Britain's Got Talent
* Chris Stone (footballer) (1959–2023), Australian rules footballer
* Chris Stone (entrepreneur), co-founder of the Record Plant recording studios
* C.J. Stone (Christopher James Stone, born 1953), author, journalist and freelance writer
* Biz Stone (Christopher Isaac Stone, born 1974), American entrepreneur who co-founded Twitter
* Chris Stone, animation director of Dead Space and other games
* Chris Stone (sprinter) (born 1995), British sprint athlete and runner-up at the 2019 British Indoor Athletics Championships
* Christopher D. Stone (1937-2021), a legal scholar and proponent of Environmental personhood and Rights of nature
* Christopher L. Stone (Christopher Lively Stone, born 1952), American television and film composer, son of American screenwriter, film director and producer Andrew L. Stone
# Gluskin Sheff

Gluskin Sheff + Associates Inc. is a Canadian independent wealth management firm that manages investment portfolios for investors, including entrepreneurs, professionals, family trusts, private charitable foundations and estates. The company was founded in 1984 by Ira Gluskin and Gerald Sheff. The company went public in 2006, listing on the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX) under the symbol "GS". It was subsequently purchased and privatized by Onex Corporation for $445 million in March 2019. In March 2023, Onex announced that Gluskin Sheff would be transferred to RBC Wealth management as it winds down its wealth management operations.
# Responsible Child

Responsible Child is a 2019 British television film directed by Nick Holt and written by Sean Buckley. The film is based on a true story and stars Billy Barratt in the role of Ray, a 12-year-old boy who goes to trial accused of killing his mother's boyfriend. It was produced by Kudos with 72 Films for BBC Two.
At the 48th International Emmy Awards, Barratt won the award for Best Performance by an Actor, making him the youngest person ever to do so.

## Cast

* Billy Barratt ... Ray
* James Tarpey ... Nathan
* Tom Burke ... William Ramsden
* Neal Barry ... Kevin - Appropriate Adult
* Tina Harris ... Sergeant Lucas
* Owen McDonnell ... Pete
* Michelle Fairley ... Kerry
* Debbie Honeywood ... Veronica
* Shaun Dingwall ... Scott
* Kirsten Wright ... Serena
* Zachary Barnfield ... Christie
* Angela Wynter ... Grace
* Matthew Aubrey ... Gary
* Zita Sattar ... Sam Delaney
* Stephen Boxer ... Judge Walden

## Accolades

| List of awards and nominations |||||||
| Year | Award | Category | Nominated | Result | Ref(s) |
| 2020 | 48th International Emmy Awards | Best Performance by an Actor | Billy Barratt | Won | |
| 2020 | 48th International Emmy Awards | Best TV Movie or Miniseries | Responsible Child | Won | |
| 2020 | BAFTA Awards | Best Single Drama | Responsible Child | Nominated | |
# Novem Codices

The Novem Codices were a copy of an Old Latin translation of the Bible in nine volumes which were created for or by Cassiodorus for his monastic foundation at Vivarium.

## Acquisition

Some or all of the Novem Codices were probably acquired by Benedict Biscop or Ceolfrid in Italy for the monastery at Monkwearmouth. The illumination of Ezra the Scribe in the Codex Amiatinus, which was created under the direction of Ceolfrid, has an open book cupboard containing a Bible in nine volumes which may be a representation of the Novem Codices.
# Disueri Lake

Disueri Lake is a lake in the Province of Caltanissetta, Sicily, Italy.
* This Sicilian location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Colchicum variegatum

Colchicum variegatum is a species of plant native to Greece and Turkey and cultivated in many other places.
Colchicum variegatum is a perennial herb forming an underground corm. Tepals are broadly lanceolate, white, mottled with numerous brown or purple markings, sometimes taking the form of spots, other times forming a checkerboard or chessboard pattern.
# Kerejanga railway station

Kerejanga railway station is a railway station on Cuttack–Sambalpur line under the Sambalpur railway division of the East Coast Railway zone. The railway station is situated at Badakerjang in Angul district of the Indian state of Odisha.
# Bulbophyllum tristelidium

Bulbophyllum tristelidium is a species of orchid in the genus Bulbophyllum.
# Kilkenny RFC

Kilkenny RFC is an Irish rugby team based in Kilkenny, County Kilkenny, playing in Division 1A of the Leinster League. The club colours are black and white.

## Honours

* Leinster Junior Challenge Cup: 1920
* Leinster Towns Cup: 1955, 1959, 1986, 2001, 2002, 2022
* Leinster League Division One: 2001/2002, 2002/2003
* South East League: 2002, 2005
# Diuris brumalis

Diuris brumalis, commonly known as the winter donkey orchid, is a species of orchid that is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is one of the first species of donkey orchid to flower in Western Australia each year and its flowers have been shown to attract the same insects that pollinate other species, but without offering a food reward.

## Description

Diuris brumalis is a tuberous, perennial herb, usually growing to a height of 200–500 mm (8–20 in). Two or three leaves emerge at the base of the flowering stem, each leaf 150–200 mm (6–8 in) long and 8–10 mm (0.3–0.4 in) wide. Between three and fifteen yellow and brown flowers are borne on the flowering stem and each is 20–40 mm (0.8–2 in) long and 20–30 mm (0.8–1 in) wide. The dorsal sepal is erect, 6–12 mm (0.2–0.5 in) long and 7–15 mm (0.3–0.6 in) wide and the greenish lateral sepals are 12–24 mm (0.5–0.9 in) long, about 2 mm (0.08 in) wide and turn downwards. The ear-like petals are erect with a stalk 2–6 mm (0.08–0.2 in) long and a blade 10–18 mm (0.4–0.7 in) long and 6–12 mm (0.2–0.5 in) wide. The labellum has three lobes, the lateral ones 6–10 mm (0.2–0.4 in) long and 3–6 mm (0.1–0.2 in) wide. The middle lobe is wedge-shaped, 5–9 mm (0.2–0.4 in) long and 3–7 mm (0.1–0.3 in) wide. There is a single yellow ridge 3–4 mm (0.1–0.2 in) in the mid-line of the labellum. Flowering occurs from June to August.

## Taxonomy and naming

Diuris brumalis was first described in 1991 by David Jones from a specimen collected near Kalamunda and the description was published in Australian Orchid Research. The specific epithet (brumalis) is a Latin word meaning "of the shortest day", referring to the winter flowering of this species.

## Distribution and habitat

The winter donkey orchid grows in shrubland and forest between Jurien Bay and Collie in the Avon Wheatbelt, Jarrah Forest and Swan Coastal Plain biogeographical regions of Western Australia.

## Ecology

The flowers of this orchid resemble those of some Oxylobium and Daviesia species and are visited by the same native bees that pollinate them, even though the orchid does not reward the insects with nectar or pollen.

## Conservation

Diuris brumalis is classified as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife.
# Julian Loveday

Julian Loveday (born March 26, 1963) is a Canadian former rugby union international.
Born in Kingston, Jamaica, Loveday spent his childhood in England before settling in Calgary, Alberta.
Loveday, a fullback, scrum-half and winger, had experience playing in England for London Irish and turned out for Calgary Irish back home. Capped 10 times for Canada, Loveday earned his first Rugby World Cup selection in 1999 at age 36, though he didn't get to take the field during the tournament. He has also represented Canada in rugby sevens.
# My Baby Grand ~Nukumori ga Hoshikute~

"My Baby Grand ~Nukumori ga Hoshikute~ (My Baby Grand 〜ぬくもりが欲しくて〜)" is the 23rd single by Zard and released 3 December 1997 under B-Gram Records label. The single debuted at #3 rank first week. It charted for nine weeks and sold over 331,000 copies.

## Track list

All lyrics are written by Izumi Sakai

## Usage in media

* My Baby Grand ~Nukumori ga Hoshikute~: used as commercial film song for company NTT DoCoMo of "DoCoMo 1997 Fuyu"
# Coffea affinis

Coffea affinis is a species of plant from the family Rubiaceae. It is a largely unknown coffee bean found in West Africa.
# Cochlicopa nitens

Cochlicopa nitens is a species of small air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Cochlicopidae.

## Distribution

This species is found in Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Georgia, Germany, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, the Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkmenistan, and the Ukraine.
# Junior World Artistic Gymnastics Championships – Boys' parallel bars

The Junior World Championships in artistic gymnastics were first held in 2019. Originally meant to be held every two years, the second edition of the event was not held until 2023 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Three medals are awarded: gold for first place, silver for second place, and bronze for third place. Tie breakers were used in the first year of the event but were not used subsequently.

## Medalists

| Year | Location | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Ref |
| 2019 | Győr | Takeru Kitazono | Yang Haonan | Shinnosuke Oka | |
| 2023 | Antalya | Ángel Barajas Tomoharu Tsunogai | — | Yahia Zakaria | |
# Julius Jones

Julius Jones may refer to:
* Julius Jones (American football) (born 1981), former American football running back
* Julius Jones (prisoner) (born 1980), American prisoner and former death row inmate in Oklahoma
* Julius Jones (baseball), American baseball player
# Mutants of the Yucatan

Mutants of the Yucatan is the fourth supplement for the After the Bomb role-playing game, originally based on and compatible with Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles & Other Strangeness. It was published by Palladium Books in July 1990 and uses the Palladium Megaversal system.

## Publication history

Mutants of the Yucatan was written by Erick Wujcik with a cover by Kevin Fales and illustrations by James Dombrowski, and was published by Palladium Books in 1990 as a 48-page book.

## Contents

Mutants of the Yucatan is a Central American After the Bomb! campaign setting that describes the mutant animals of the Yucatan (humanoid kinkajoos, sloths, anteaters, snakes, and flamingos), their tribes, their equipment, and the local humans.

## Description

It expands the game setting to cover Mexico's Yucatán Peninsula. It includes new rules for various mutant animals native to the area, including insects like army ants and birds like flamingoes, as well as snakes and bats. It also covers the Empire of Humanity, introducing new weapons and equipment and adventure scenarios based in swamps and jungles.

## Reception

* GamesMaster International Issue 1 - Aug 1990
* Mutants of the Yucatan was reviewed in the "MasterView" column in GamesMaster International Issue 4 - Nov 1990.
# Mutants Down Under

Mutants Down Under is the third supplement to the After the Bomb setting of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles & Other Strangeness role-playing game. It was published by Palladium Books in June 1988 and uses the Palladium Megaversal system.

## Publication history

Mutants Down Under was written by Erick Wujcik with art by Kevin Fales and James Dombrowski, and was published by Palladium Books in 1988 as a 48-page book.

## Contents

Mutants Down Under details an Australian campaign setting and scenarios for use with After the Bomb!, describing and mapping that continent after the holocaust. Mutants Down Under includes descriptions of over 20 new mutant animals, the Dream Time Sorcerer, and the evil Masters of Bio-Technology. The book also includes several miniscenarios.

## Setting

The game's story is set in a post-apocalyptic Australia, where mutant animals form the predominant societies. Tasmania is the bastion of technologically advanced civilization, while the mainland is largely under the sway of the aboriginal Dreamtime philosophy. Invading forces from Jakarta, composed primarily of human and mutant water buffalo forces, threaten both ways of life. It includes rules for many species of native Australian and Southeast Asian animals, as well as riding insects and various airships.

## Reception

Mutants Down Under was reviewed in Games Review Volume 1, Issue 2 - Nov 1988.
# Julianne Hough (album)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
| Slant | |
| Country Weekly | |
Julianne Hough is the debut album studio by American country music singer, and professional dancer, Julianne Hough. The album was released on May 20, 2008 on Mercury Nashville Records.
After its release, the album debuted at #3 on the Billboard 200, selling about 67,000 copies during its first week. The album was produced by David Malloy. Hough's debut album also debuted at #1 on the Billboard Top Country Albums chart May 28, 2008.
The lead single off the album, "That Song in My Head", was released the week of March 3, 2008, and peaked at number 18 on that chart. "My Hallelujah Song" was released as the second single on September 22, peaking at number 44 and the music video was ranked number 48 on GAC's Top 50 Videos of the Year list.

## Chart positions

Singles – Billboard
| Year | Single | Chart Positions | Chart Positions | Chart Positions |
| Year | Single | US Country | US | US Pop |
| 2008 | "That Song in My Head" | 18 | 88 | 84 |
| 2008 | "My Hallelujah Song" | 44 | — | — |
# Cohn's theorem

In mathematics, Cohn's theorem states that a nth-degree self-inversive polynomial $p(z)$ has as many roots in the open unit disk $D=\{z\in \mathbb {C} :|z|<1\}$ as the reciprocal polynomial of its derivative. Cohn's theorem is useful for studying the distribution of the roots of self-inversive and self-reciprocal polynomials in the complex plane.
An nth-degree polynomial,
    $p(z)=p_{0}+p_{1}z+\cdots +p_{n}z^{n}$
is called self-inversive if there exists a fixed complex number ( $\omega$ ) of modulus 1 so that,
    $p(z)=\omega p^{*}(z),\qquad \left(|\omega |=1\right),$
where
    $p^{*}(z)=z^{n}{\bar {p}}\left(1/{\bar {z}}\right)={\bar {p}}_{n}+{\bar {p}}_{n-1}z+\cdots +{\bar {p}}_{0}z^{n}$
is the reciprocal polynomial associated with $p(z)$ and the bar means complex conjugation. Self-inversive polynomials have many interesting properties. For instance, its roots are all symmetric with respect to the unit circle and a polynomial whose roots are all on the unit circle is necessarily self-inversive. The coefficients of self-inversive polynomials satisfy the relations.
    $p_{k}=\omega {\bar {p}}_{n-k},\qquad 0\leqslant k\leqslant n.$
In the case where $\omega =1,$ a self-inversive polynomial becomes a complex-reciprocal polynomial (also known as a self-conjugate polynomial). If its coefficients are real then it becomes a real self-reciprocal polynomial.
The formal derivative of $p(z)$ is a (n − 1)th-degree polynomial given by
    $q(z)=p'(z)=p_{1}+2p_{2}z+\cdots +np_{n}z^{n-1}.$
Therefore, Cohn's theorem states that both $p(z)$ and the polynomial
    $q^{*}(z)=z^{n-1}{\bar {q}}_{n-1}\left(1/{\bar {z}}\right)=z^{n-1}{\bar {p}}'\left(1/{\bar {z}}\right)=n{\bar {p}}_{n}+(n-1){\bar {p}}_{n-1}z+\cdots +{\bar {p}}_{1}z^{n-1}$
have the same number of roots in $|z|<1.$
# Cold (Annie Lennox song)

"Cold" is a song by Scottish singer-songwriter Annie Lennox. It was released as the fourth single from her first solo album, Diva (1992), and reached no. 26 in the UK. The single was released as a series of three separate CD singles, titled Cold, Colder and Coldest. Each CD featured the track "Cold" as well as a collection of live tracks. It was the first single to chart in the UK Top 40 without being released on vinyl. A cassette version was also available featuring the lead track and one live track from each CD.

## Critical reception

Stephanie Zacharek from Entertainment Weekly called the song "comfortable", "with the gospel and blues touches on". A reviewer from Kingston Informer said it is "brilliant". Robbert Tilli from Music & Media described it as "nicely waltzing". Music Week named it Pick of the Week, declaring it as a "torchy and simple ballad, offering further evidence of the quality of Annie's album Diva." In a retrospective review, Pop Rescue noted that it "feels like a slow late night jazz club number", adding that Lennox' vocals "are soft but rich here and it really shows her off perfectly." The reviewer also felt that "at times, its downbeat sound feels a little reminiscent" of lead single "Why".
Harry Dean from Smash Hits complimented the song as "pleasantly melodic". Craig S. Semon from Telegram & Gazette wrote, "'Cold' lives up to its name. This moody showpiece has a sparse keyboard arrangement that comes in like sheets of ice, with Lennox's unsettling voice as harsh as an arctic frost. It also has some of Lennox's best images and phrasing expressing heartache and regrets. During the song's most telling moment, she explains, "Dying is easy, it's living that scares me to death/I could be so content hearing the sound of your breath"."

## Music video

A music video was made to accompany the song, directed by British director Sophie Muller. It was later published on YouTube in October 2009. As of November 2020, the video has been viewed over 4.5 million times.

## Track listing

All tracks except "Cold" were recorded acoustically live for MTV Unplugged in July 1992. All live songs were versions of songs from Diva.
All tracks except "Cold" were recorded acoustically live for MTV Unplugged in July 1992. All live songs were versions of songs Lennox has recorded with the Eurythmics.
All tracks except "Cold" were recorded acoustically live for MTV Unplugged in July 1992. All live songs were cover versions. "River Deep, Mountain High" was originally done by Ike & Tina Turner. "Feel the Need" was by The Detroit Emeralds. "Don't Let Me Down" is a Beatles song.

## Charts

| Chart (1992) | Peak position |
| Australia (ARIA) | 80 |
| Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders) | 46 |
| Europe (European Hot 100 Singles) | 48 |
| Netherlands (Dutch Top 40 Tipparade) | 18 |
| Netherlands (Single Top 100) | 51 |
| UK Singles (OCC) | 26 |
# Justice Hooper

Justice Hooper may refer to:
* Perry Hooper Sr. (1925–2016), chief justice of the Alabama Supreme Court
* Robert Lettis Hooper, chief justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court
# Justice Holmes

Justice Holmes may refer to:
* Andrew O. Holmes (1906–1965), associate justice of the Tennessee Supreme Court
* Catherine Holmes (born 1956), justice of the Supreme Court of Queensland, Australia
* Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. (1841–1935), associate justice of the United States Supreme Court from 1902 to 1932
* Richard Winn Holmes (1923–1999), associate justice of the Kansas Supreme Court
* Robert E. Holmes (1922–2004), associate justice of the Ohio Supreme Court
# Cold Knap

Cold Knap is a district of Barry in South Wales.

## Amenities

Cold Knap is a coastal pebble beach (with some sand at low tide), approximately a mile west of the sandy beach at Barry Island, which attracts visitors during the summer months. It extends generally westwards towards Porthkerry from Cold Knap Point. It was founded by the Romans who used it as a port, and the remains of a Roman building here are now a scheduled monument.
Attractions include a lake shaped like a Welsh harp and the Richard Taylor Memorial Skatepark. There was previously an outdoor swimming pool, but this has now been closed and filled in, and the area turned into a tourist trail. There was a campaign to have the lido rebuilt during 2014 but an enthusiastic online campaign (including a Facebook campaign group ("Rebuild the Knap Lido") has not been successful, despite a number of celebrity endorsements (including local BBC weatherman Derek Brockway).
Cold Knap Lake is the title and subject of a poem by Gillian Clarke, which has been included in an English literature GCSE syllabus in England. Cold Knap Point is the site of a sewage pumping station serving Barry. It was also the location of a case in English contract law - Chapelton v. Barry UDC [1940] 1 KB 532 - where a man's deckchair collapsed.
The park is listed at Grade II on the Cadw/ICOMOS Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in Wales.
# Julija Ona Vysniauskas

Julija Ona Vysniauskas (born 21 August 1981, Cochrane, Alberta) is a Canadian dressage rider. She competed at the 2006 FEI World Equestrian Games representing Lithuania as first Lithuanian dressage rider in history at the World Equestrian Games with her horse Syntax. Julija is a Canadian-born athlete of Lithuanian descent. She competed under the Canadian flag till 2003 but changed her sport nationality in to Lithuanian. In 2017 she decided to compete back under the Canadian flag. In 2018 she won the Grand Prix and Grand Prix Special during the CDI Calgary.