OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dirac adjoint

In quantum field theory, the Dirac adjoint defines the dual operation of a Dirac spinor. The Dirac adjoint is motivated by the need to form well-behaved, measurable quantities out of Dirac spinors, replacing the usual role of the Hermitian adjoint.
Possibly to avoid confusion with the usual Hermitian adjoint, some textbooks do not provide a name for the Dirac adjoint but simply call it "ψ-bar".

## Definition

Let $\psi$ be a Dirac spinor. Then its Dirac adjoint is defined as
    ${\bar {\psi }}\equiv \psi ^{\dagger }\gamma ^{0}$
where $\psi ^{\dagger }$ denotes the Hermitian adjoint of the spinor $\psi$, and $\gamma ^{0}$ is the time-like gamma matrix.

## Spinors under Lorentz transformations

The Lorentz group of special relativity is not compact, therefore spinor representations of Lorentz transformations are generally not unitary. That is, if $\lambda$ is a projective representation of some Lorentz transformation,
    $\psi \mapsto \lambda \psi$,
then, in general,
    $\lambda ^{\dagger }\neq \lambda ^{-1}$.
The Hermitian adjoint of a spinor transforms according to
    $\psi ^{\dagger }\mapsto \psi ^{\dagger }\lambda ^{\dagger }$.
Therefore, $\psi ^{\dagger }\psi$ is not a Lorentz scalar and $\psi ^{\dagger }\gamma ^{\mu }\psi$ is not even Hermitian.
Dirac adjoints, in contrast, transform according to
    ${\bar {\psi }}\mapsto \left(\lambda \psi \right)^{\dagger }\gamma ^{0}$.
Using the identity $\gamma ^{0}\lambda ^{\dagger }\gamma ^{0}=\lambda ^{-1}$, the transformation reduces to
    ${\bar {\psi }}\mapsto {\bar {\psi }}\lambda ^{-1}$,
Thus, ${\bar {\psi }}\psi$ transforms as a Lorentz scalar and ${\bar {\psi }}\gamma ^{\mu }\psi$ as a four-vector.

## Usage

Using the Dirac adjoint, the probability four-current J for a spin-1/2 particle field can be written as
    $J^{\mu }=c{\bar {\psi }}\gamma ^{\mu }\psi$
where c is the speed of light and the components of J represent the probability density ρ and the probability 3-current j:
    ${\boldsymbol {J}}=(c\rho ,{\boldsymbol {j}})$.
Taking μ = 0 and using the relation for gamma matrices
    $\left(\gamma ^{0}\right)^{2}=I$,
the probability density becomes
    $\rho =\psi ^{\dagger }\psi$.
# Dire Straits (disambiguation)

Dire Straits were a British rock band.
Dire Straits may also refer to:
* Dire Straits (album), the band's 1978 debut album
* Dire Straits Tour, the band's 1978 debut tour
# Discocactus hartmannii

Discocactus hartmannii is a species of Discocactus found in Paraguay to Brazil
# Lalith Varna Kumara

Lalith Varna Kumara is a Sri Lankan politician and a member of the Sri Lankan parliament from the Kalutara Electoral District as a member of the Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna.
He was appointed as a member of the parliament on 30 November 2021 after fellow MP Mahinda Samarasinghe resigned his seat to take up the office of Ambassador of Sri Lanka to the United States and Mexico.
# Lancaster–Tolstoi Border Crossing

The Lancaster–Tolstoi Border Crossing connects the city of Lancaster, Minnesota and community of Tolstoi, Manitoba on the Canada–United States border. It is the westernmost international border crossing in Minnesota following the closure of the Noyes–Emerson East Border Crossing in 2006. The border crossing is surrounded by Kittson County, Minnesota and the Municipality of Emerson - Franklin, Manitoba.

## History

This crossing was established in 1950 after U.S. Highway 59 was redirected to connect with the newly constructed Manitoba Highway 59 in order to provide a more direct route between Thief River Falls, Minnesota and Winnipeg, Manitoba. Prior to that time, U.S. Highway 59 veered west out of Lancaster and joined U.S. Route 75 near the now-closed port of entry at Noyes, Minnesota. When the border crossing was first established in 1950, the U.S. Customs Service operated out of a white two-story building some distance from the border. A brick inspection station was constructed at the border in 1965; this building was replaced with the current facility in 2004. The current Canadian border station was built in 1971.
# Discelium

Discelium is the only genus of moss in the family Disceliaceae; it contains the single species Discelium nudum, the flag-moss. This species is rare, but is widely distributed in cool and temperate climates of the Northern Hemisphere.
# Lanthanum hydroxide

Lanthanum hydroxide is La(OH) $_3$, a hydroxide of the rare-earth element lanthanum.

## Synthesis

Lanthanum hydroxide can be obtained by adding an alkali such as ammonia to aqueous solutions of lanthanum salts such as lanthanum nitrate. This produces a gel-like precipitate that can then be dried in air.
    La(NO$_3$)$_3$ + 3 NH$_4$OH → La(OH)$_3$ + 3 NH$_4$NO$_3$
Alternatively, it can be produced by hydration reaction (addition of water) to lanthanum oxide.
    La$_2$O$_3$ + 3 H$_2$O → 2 La(OH)$_3$

## Characteristics

Lanthanum hydroxide does not react much with alkaline substances, however is slightly soluble in acidic solution. In temperatures above 330 °C it decomposes into lanthanum oxide hydroxide (LaOOH), which upon further heating decomposes into lanthanum oxide (La$_2$O$_3$):
    La(OH)$_3$ $\mathrm {{\xrightarrow[{-H_{2}O}]{330\ ^{o}C}}\ }$ LaOOH
    2 LaOOH $\mathrm {{\xrightarrow[{-H_{2}O}]{\Delta }}\ }$ La$_2$O$_3$
Lanthanum hydroxide crystallizes in the hexagonal crystal system. Each lanthanum ion in the crystal structure is surrounded by nine hydroxide ions in a tricapped trigonal prism.
# Dirt Metal

Dirt Metal is Finnish power metal band Thunderstone's fifth album. It features their new vocalist Rick Altzi (At Vance, Frequency (Band), Sandalinas) and their new keyboardist Jukka Karinen (also of the band Status Minor).

## Track listing

All songs written by Nino Laurenne, except where noted.
* "Rebirth" - 0:38
* "I Almighty" - 5:02
* "Dirt Metal" (Titus Hjelm) - 3:58
* "Blood That I Bleed" - 4:17
* "Star" feat. Tomi Joutsen of Amorphis - 4:07
* "Ghosts Of Youth" (Laurenne, Hjelm, Rick Altzi) - 5:04
* "Counting Hours" - 4:26
* "Dodge The Bullet" - 3:53
* "Deadlights" (Hjelm) - 3:38
* "At The Feet Of Fools" (Hjelm) - 4:31
* "Suffering Song" - 8:26

## Personnel

* Rick Altzi- lead vocals
* Nino Laurenne- guitar, backing vocal
* Titus Hjelm - bass, backing vocal
* Mirka "Leka" Rantanen - drums
* Jukka Karinen- keyboards

## Chart Finnish

| Year | Chart | Peak position |
| 2009 | Finnish albums chart | 19 |
# Písty

Písty is a municipality and village in Nymburk District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 400 inhabitants.
# John Thomson (RAF officer)

Air Chief Marshal Sir Charles John Thomson, GCB, CBE, AFC (7 June 1941 – 10 July 1994), usually Sir John Thomson, was a senior officer in the Royal Air Force (RAF).

## RAF service

Educated at Campbell College in Belfast, Thomson entered Royal Air Force College Cranwell in 1959, and was commissioned into the Royal Air Force in 1962.
Thomson was appointed Officer Commanding (OC) No. 41 Squadron in 1976, Personal Staff Officer to the Chief of the Air Staff in 1979, and Station Commander at RAF Bruggen in 1981. He went on to be Director of Defence Concepts at the Ministry of Defence (MoD) in 1985, Air Officer Commanding (AOC) No. 1 Group in 1987 and Assistant Chief of the Air Staff in 1989. He became Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief (AOCinC) at Support Command in 1991, and Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief at Strike Command in 1992.
In July 1994, Thomson became the first Commander in Chief of the new NATO command, Allied Forces North-Western Europe. However, only days after taking up this post, he became ill and was rushed to the military hospital at RAF Halton where he died aged 53.

## Family

In 1972, Thomson married Jan Bishop; they had two daughters, and one daughter who died aged 3.

## Sir John Thomson Memorial Sword

The Sir John Thomson Memorial Sword commemorates his military life. Thomson was a leading member and strong supporter of the Air Squadron, and regularly flew cadets on Air Squadron Day and on Air Experience Flights (AEFs). The Sword is awarded each year to the cadet judged to be the Best in the Combined Cadet Force (RAF) (CCF). Cadets, who will commonly be the most senior in their schools contingent, will have to demonstrate the highest level of CCF commitment and involvement, during their time in the CCF and will also be highly regarded within their school/college. Nominations are called for in November of each year. Of those recommended by either their Contingent Commander or RAF Section Commander, six would be chosen for a final interview with wing commander CCF in either late January or early February; as a result of which a winner would be chosen. Results are made public in late March, and the Sword is awarded at the Air Squadron Day celebrations at the end of the summer term. All six finalists, who would all attend the parade on Air Squadron Day, would be awarded a Geoffrey de Havilland Flying Foundation Medal for CCF Achievement in recognition of getting that far.

## Other honours

On 10 July 2014, a wreath-laying ceremony was held at the United States Air Force Memorial in Arlington, Virginia, to commemorate the 20th anniversary of his passing, and to honour Thomson's life and service to the Royal Air Force.
# Jan Gozdawita

Jan of the Gozdawa coat of arms (???-1227) was bishop of Płock from 1225 to 1227.
After the death of Bishop Gedko in 1223, the Płock Cathedral chapter were at an impasse in the choice of his successor. Some supported Jan, the others Gunter. This resulted in a two-year vacancy on the episcopal capital which ended with the resignation of Gunter and appointment Jan in 1225.
Little is known about Jan himself. Jan Długosz merely calls him in his catalog of the Płock Bishops an excellent and prudent bishop.
# Rhyd, Gwynedd

Rhyd is a small village in the Welsh County of Gwynedd, located on the B4410 road, halfway between Maentwrog and Llanfrothen. Situated on an elevated site within the Snowdonia National Park, the village has views of the Moelwyns, notably Moelwyn Bach. The village is located one mile from Tan-y-Bwlch railway station, one of the principal stops on the historic Ffestiniog Railway. Nearby is Llyn Mair.
# Ramanos language

Ramanos is a poorly attested extinct language of what is now Bolivia. Glottolog concludes that "the minuscule wordlist ... shows no convincing resemblances to surrounding languages".

## Vocabulary

Ramanos word list from the late 1700s published in Palau and Saiz (1989):$^{:169}$
    Spanish glossEnglish glossRamanos buenogoodesumatá malobademayio el padrefathertatá la madremothernaná el hermanobrothernochoine unooneeapurava dostwocasevava tresthreequimisa
# California's 19th district

California's 19th district may refer to:
* California's 19th congressional district
* California's 19th State Assembly district
* California's 19th State Senate district
# Moorhaven Hospital

Moorhaven Hospital, built as Plymouth Asylum and initially named the Plymouth Borough Asylum, was a mental health facility in Ivybridge, Devon, England.

## History

Work on Plymouth Asylum was commenced in 1888, to a design by James Hine and Odgers of Plymouth using a stepped corridor layout. The asylum was designed to cater for 200 patients, although in anticipation of future extension the administrative portion of the building was adapted for a larger number. It was erected on a commanding site in the parish of Ugborough, on the borders of Dartmoor. Stone for the building was quarried on the estate, and the masonry dressings are of limestone, brick, Portland and Bath stone. The chapel is in the Early Englishstyle. The contracted price for the asylum was £34,514; Pethick Brothers, of Plymouth acted as contractors. The Mayor, Alderman Waring, Chairman of the Plymouth Justices, laid the foundation stone in 1888. The hospital was opened as the Plymouth Borough Asylum in October 1891.
Situated at 650 feet (200 m) above sea level, its patients enjoyed excellent views down to the sea below. An additional storey was added to the building in 1908. It became Plymouth Mental Hospital in 1918 and joined the National Health Service as Moorhaven Hospital in 1948.
After the introduction of Care in the Community in the early 1980s, the hospital went into a period of decline and closed in February 1993. The buildings were subsequently converted into residential accommodation as Moorhaven Village.
# Disko (song)

"Disko" (Slovene pronunciation:) is a 2022 song by Slovenian pop band Last Pizza Slice. The song represented Slovenia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2022 in Turin, Italy, after winning EMA 2022, Slovenia's national final.

## Release

The song was released on 26 November 2021, along with all other songs competing in EMA 2022. It was officially released to streaming services on 1 April.

## Music video

An animated music video of "Disko" would come out on 11 April, with artwork by Manca Matelič, a school classmate of the band, and Matevž Bervar. The video features a man getting dumped by his girlfriend at a nightclub. The man ends up being depressed, drinking at the nightclub. One day, while seeing his ex-girlfriend kiss her boyfriend at a bridge, the man falls over into a river. While it is unknown if the man drowned or hallucinated, underwater, he eventually meets another girl, and becomes happy again.
The music video is inspired by the lead singer, Filip Vidušin, having a real life experience of getting dumped at a disco and watching his ex-girlfriend dance with another man.

## Eurovision Song Contest
### EMA 2022 and EMA Freš 2022

In December 2021, Last Pizza Slice with "Disko" took part in the EMA preliminary competition, called EMA Freš 2022. The following month, the song was selected as one of four entries for the EMA 2022. In the second semi-final on 12 February 2022, "Disko" qualified for the grand final. In the grand final a week later, the song won with the highest score from the viewers and the second highest score from the jury, and therefore qualified for the Eurovision Song Contest 2022.

### At Eurovision

Slovenia was placed into the first semi-final, held on 10 May 2022, and performed in the first half of the show. They failed to qualify for the final after finishing in last place in the first semi-final with only 15 points.

## Charts

Chart performance for "Disko" :
| Chart (2022) | Peak position |
| Lithuania (AGATA) | 35 |
# Distorsio constricta

Distorsio constricta is a species of medium-sized sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Personidae, the Distortio snails.

## Subspecies

* Distorsio constricta constricta (Broderip, 1833)
* Distorsio constricta mcgintyi Emerson & Puffer, 1953: synonym of Distorsio mcgintyi Emerson & Puffer, 1953

## Distribution

This marine species occurs in the Pacific Ocean from Mexico to Ecuador.

## Description

The maximum recorded shell length of Distorsio constricta mcgintyi is 65 mm.

## Habitat

Minimum recorded depth of Distorsio constricta mcgintyi is 25 m. Maximum recorded depth is 274 m.
# Distorsio euconstricta

Distorsio euconstricta is a species of medium-sized sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Personidae, the Distortio snails.

## Description

The length of the shell attains 64 mm.

## Distribution

This marine species has a wide distribution in the Indo-West Pacific; also off the Philippines, in the South China Sea, off New Caledonia and Western Australia.
# Langelier

Langelier may refer to:

## Places

* a former name of Québec (electoral district), a federal electoral district in Canada
* Langelier, Quebec, renamed to (the municipality of) La Croche in 1999
* Langelier (Montreal Metro), a station on the Montreal Metro (subway)
* 33 Langelier, a bus route in Montreal
* Carrefour Langelier, a shopping mall in Montreal

## Other uses

* Langelier (surname)
* Langelier Saturation Index, a measure of the calcium carbonate stability of water
* The Langoliers, a novella and miniseries written by Stephen King
# Lapta Türk Birliği S.K.

Lapta Türk Birliği Spor Kulübü is a Turkish Cypriot football club based in Lapta in Kyrenia district of Cyprus. It was founded in 1956.

## Colors

The club colors are green and red.
# Lapsunj

Lapsunj is a village in the municipality of Prozor-Rama, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

## Demographics

According to the 2013 census, its population was 142.
Ethnicity in 2013 :
| Ethnicity | Number | Percentage |
| Bosniaks | 61 | 78.2% |
| Croats | 25 | 21.8% |
| Total | 142 | 100% |
# Langley Fine Arts School

Langley Fine Arts School is a public elementary school and secondary school in Fort Langley, British Columbia, Canada, and is part of School District 35 Langley. It serves the Fort Langley area and its arts program attracts many students from across and outside the district. Students must audition or submit a portfolio to be accepted into a senior major. The LFAS major program focuses mainly on four aspects of art: Dance, Drama, Visual Art, and Music. In addition to the four majors, students have the option to switch to photography in the ninth grade or switch to writing in the eleventh grade.

## Chief Sepass Theatre

The Chief Sepass Theatre is a theatre at Langley Fine Arts School. On October 30, 2010, someone unsuccessfully attempted to burn the theatre down, but only accomplished setting several of the seats on fire. It is named for Chief Sepass, a local native leader.

## Notable alumni

* Michael Bean (Class of 1995) - Actor, author, acting coach, and founder of Biz Studio-an acting school for children and youth.
* Bynon (Class of 2003) - DJ, Record Producer, Music Writer, Performer
* Sarah Jeffery (Class of 2014) - Actress, singer, and dancer.
# Langley Fox

Langley Fox Crisman Hemingway (born August 22, 1989) is an American artist, actress, and model based out of Los Angeles, California. She is the daughter of actress Mariel Hemingway and documentary filmmaker Stephen Crisman, the younger sister of model Dree Hemingway, and the great-granddaughter of author Ernest Hemingway. Her given surname is Hemingway and Fox is her middle name.
After graduating from Otis College of Art and Design, she began working as an artist and model managed by Next Management. Her artwork is mostly photorealistic pencil drawings, mostly inspired by her childhood in Ketchum, Idaho, and is often involved with fashion.
By 2014 she had been commissioned for design work by Alice + Olivia, Louis Vuitton, and the handbag label TL-180, and designed a popup store for Marc Jacobs, and had modeled in a campaign for Marc Jacobs' Dot perfume and had done runway work at New York Fashion Week. By 2016 she had done design work for Tumi Inc. She has had art shows with Tasya Van Ree, Andrew Kuykendall, and Nothing Serious.
# Diving at the 2016 European Aquatics Championships – Men's 3 m springboard

The Men's 3 m springboard competition of the 2016 European Aquatics Championships was held on 12 May 2016.

## Results

The preliminary round was held at 11:30. The final was held at 19:30.
Green denotes finalists
| Rank | Diver | Nationality | Preliminary | Preliminary | Final | Final |
| Rank | Diver | Nationality | Points | Rank | Points | Rank |
| | Evgeny Kuznetsov | Russia | 405.15 | 6 | 497.90 | 1 |
| | Jack Laugher | Great Britain | 495.05 | 1 | 473.60 | 2 |
| | Illya Kvasha | Ukraine | 400.70 | 8 | 463.85 | 3 |
| 4 | Ilya Zakharov | Russia | 433.20 | 2 | 457.75 | 4 |
| 5 | Patrick Hausding | Germany | 432.25 | 3 | 433.05 | 5 |
| 6 | Giovanni Tocci | Italy | 424.25 | 5 | 432.30 | 6 |
| 7 | Matthieu Rosset | France | 430.50 | 4 | 419.90 | 7 |
| 8 | Oliver Dingley | Ireland | 404.35 | 7 | 414.50 | 8 |
| 9 | Martin Wolfram | Germany | 394.55 | 9 | 384.50 | 9 |
| 10 | Nicolás García | Spain | 388.85 | 10 | 379.35 | 10 |
| 11 | Oleh Kolodiy | Ukraine | 386.70 | 11 | 364.15 | 11 |
| 12 | Alberto Arévalo | Spain | 373.90 | 12 | 311.75 | 12 |
| 13 | Yorick de Bruijn | Netherlands | 373.45 | 13 | | |
| 14 | Michele Benedetti | Italy | 372.65 | 14 | | |
| 15 | Guillaume Dutoit | Switzerland | 370.35 | 15 | | |
| 16 | Yury Naurozau | Belarus | 358.40 | 16 | | |
| 17 | Constantin Blaha | Austria | 356.40 | 17 | | |
| 18 | Jonathan Suckow | Switzerland | 352.80 | 18 | | |
| 19 | Chola Chanturia | Georgia | 349.10 | 19 | | |
| 20 | Vinko Paradzik | Sweden | 344.80 | 20 | | |
| 21 | Frederick Woodward | Great Britain | 341.05 | 21 | | |
| 22 | Joey van Etten | Netherlands | 337.35 | 22 | | |
| 23 | Alexis Jandard | France | 331.20 | 23 | | |
| 24 | Kacper Lesiak | Poland | 324.90 | 24 | | |
| 25 | Yauheni Karaliou | Belarus | 310.15 | 25 | | |
| 26 | Jouni Kallunki | Finland | 295.15 | 26 | | |
| 27 | Fabian Brandl | Austria | 288.55 | 27 | | |
| 28 | Aleksandre Gujabidze | Georgia | 249.90 | 28 | | |
# Dmitrij Kollars

Dmitrij Kollars (born 13 August 1999) is a German chess grandmaster.

## Chess career

Kollars placed fourth in the 2011 German U12 Chess Championship. He achieved two top 20 finishes at the 2012 and 2013 German U14 Chess Championships before achieving second place in the 2014 German U16 Chess Championship. By doing so he qualified for his first participation in World Youth Chess Championship. He also achieved second and third-place finishes at the German School Chess Championship in 2013 and 2014, respectively, and placed second in the 15. Bad Harzburger Open.
He secured his first international master (IM) norm at the 2014 German Chess Championship, finishing eighth with a score of 5½/9. In 2015, he won the German U16 Chess Championship, earned his IM title, after attaining the remaining norms at the Nazari Chessfestival and the VMCG-Schachfestival, and won the Schlosspark Open. In 2016 he secured his first grandmaster (GM) norm by winning a GM tournament in Jūrmala, and finished fourth at the World U16 Chess Championship. In 2017, Kollars earned two more GM norms and was awarded his GM title.
# Las Vegas Country Club

The Las Vegas Country Club is a private membership club located in the Winchester area of metropolitan Las Vegas, Nevada.

## History

It was built on the site of a 1950s horse and automobile racetrack named Las Vegas Park and later the Las Vegas Park Speedway. It was developed by businessmen Moe Dalitz, Allard Roen, Irwin Molasky and Merv Adelson.
The 18-hole golf course was completed in the fall of 1967, followed by the completion of a 44,000-square-foot (4,100 m$^2$) clubhouse in April 1968. The clubhouse architect was Julian Gabrielle; the golf course designer was Edmond B. Ault. Amenities include two pitching and chipping greens, a 9,500-square-foot (880 m$^2$) putting green, Indoor and outdoor tennis courts, racquetball, swimming pool and a complete exercise facility.
The club served as the host for the Las Vegas Invitational golf tournament between 1983 and 1991, and also hosted events on a rotational basis from 1992–1995. The club also hosted the LPGA Takefuji Classic on the LPGA Tour from 2003 to 2006.
The club was sold in 2018 to Samick Music Corp.
# Laryngocele

A laryngocele is a congenital anomalous air sac communicating with the cavity of the larynx, which may bulge outward on the neck.
It may also be acquired, as seen in glassblowers, due to continual forced expiration producing increased pressures in the larynx which leads to dilatation of the laryngeal ventricle (sinus of Morgagni). It is also seen in people with chronic obstructive airway disease.