OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Garland grenade

The Garland grenade was a grenade and trench mortar bomb developed and used by British Empire forces in the First World War. It was invented by the metallurgist Herbert Garland at the Cairo Citadel, and more than 174,000 were issued to the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force. The grenade was also used during the Arab Revolt. The Mark I grenade was relatively primitive, being formed of an explosive-filled food tin with a fuse that was lit with a match. The Mark II version was made of cast iron and could be fired from the Garland Trench Mortar.

## Background

The Garland grenade was invented by Herbert Garland, a pre-war metallurgist who was Superintendent of the Explosives Laboratory and Magazines at Cairo Citadel. Garland developed the grenades during the first year of the First World War (1914-1918); some 174,000 would be produced and issued to the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force. They were also used by T. E. Lawrence's Arab Revolt forces in their attacks on the Hejaz Railway. Garland served with Lawrence in Arabia as an explosives expert and was responsible for much of the damage caused to the Ottoman railway system.

## Mark I

The first version of the grenade was made from empty food tins that were filled with explosive, barbed wire and spent bullet cases. This version was activated by manually lighting a fuse with a match. This was usually a two-man operation with the thrower holding the grenade behind his back with a match pressed against the fuse. An assistant would then rub a match box striker against the match, calling "ready" when the fuse was lit. The thrower would then hurl the grenade at the target. One user of the grenade during the Gallipoli campaign described them as "unreliable and dangerous". The Mark I grenade was the only grenade available to the British Empire troops at Gallipoli until May 1915.

## Mark II

The Mark II version of the Garland grenade was typically used in conjunction with the Garland Trench Mortar (or "howitzer"), though it could also be thrown by hand. The Mark II grenade was housed in a mushroom-shaped, cast-iron case. When shipped a plug prevented the detonator, housed in a moving zinc tube, from activating. Upon arrival at the battlefield, the plug was removed and replaced with a bronze screw-threaded pin. The pin would be unscrewed to free the detonator and screwed into the nose of the grenade where it acted as a firing pin. When the grenade struck the ground, nose first, the detonator tube would impact on the firing pin. This would trigger the fuse to detonate 3 ounces (85 g) of gelignite within the zinc tube, fragmenting the case to act as shrapnel. To improve the likelihood the grenade landed nose first, a cloth streamer was fitted at the base within a wooden block that fell away once the grenade was in the air.
# John Young (Gloucester County, New Brunswick politician)

John Young (May 1, 1841 – July 12, 1907) was a Canadian politician. He served in the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick as a member from Gloucester County.
# Garland of Flowers with Bird and a Butterfly

Garland of Flowers with Bird and a Butterfly is a c.1650-1670 still life oil on canvas painting, now in the Musée du Louvre in Paris. The eponymous animals in the centre are a great tit (top), a nine-primaried oscine (bottom) and a peacock butterfly. It was most recently exhibited in the "Sélectionner, collectionner, classer" section of the Louvre's own exhibition Les Choses. Une histoire de la nature morte from 12 October 2022 to 23 January 2023.

## History

17th century Europe was fascinated by botany, leading to a boom in floral still life paintings by Flemish artists such as Jan Brueghel the Elder and Daniel Seghers in the 17th century, with the Spanish proving particularly keen collectors of them. In the second half of the century some Spanish painters specialised in them almost exclusively, showing luxuriant bouquets, garlands and columns of flowers. One of these was Juan de Arellano, who headed a very prosperous studio in Madrid.
Unsigned, the painting is attributed to de Arellano due to the wide variety of flowers scientifically portrayed, the precise underdrawing and the quite free arrangement of them with the petals (especially those of the red and white tulip at bottom left) seemingly troubled by a breeze, though the inclusion of a dahlia and orange blossom is rare for the artist. It was restored in 2004, cleaning the varnish and supporting this attribution by revealing a very neat technique and a preference for primary colours such as red and blue combined with a brilliant white.
# John Young (Bishop of Argyll)

John Young (1624–1665) was a minister of the Church of Scotland who was elected Bishop of Argyll.

## Life

He was born in 1624 in western Scotland. Little is known of Young but he was elected Professor of Divinity in place of Rev Robert Baillie in October 1652 and took on the role in November. He was created Dean of Faculty in June 1653. In 1665 he was elected Bishop of Argyll in place of David Fletcher but died before his consecration.

## Family

He married twice: firstly Barbara Roberton, secondly (around 1660) Marion Campbell (1637-1669) daughter of Colin Campbell of Blythswood.
# John Young (Dean of St George's Cathedral)

The Very Reverend John Kenneth Young (5 January 1914 – 15 June 1991) was the Dean of St George's Cathedral, Georgetown, Guyana from 1948 until 1957. Born in 1914, he was educated at Clare College, Cambridge, ordained in 1939 after a period of study at Ripon College Cuddesdon and began his career with curacies at St James, West Hartlepool and St Mary Magdalen, Medomsley. From 1943 to 1948 he was vicar of Demerara River, Guyana and then Dean of the Diocese's Cathedral. Returning to England he held incumbencies at Harton, North Yorkshire, Eastgate, County Durham and (his final post before retirement) Forcett, Richmondshire. Young died in Darlington, County Durham in June 1991 at the age of 77.
# Cephalopholis taeniops

Cephalopholis taeniops, the African hind, bluespotted sea bass or spotted grouper, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a grouper from the subfamily Epinephelinae which is in the family Serranidae which also includes the anthias and sea basses. This species occasionally makes its way into the aquarium trade and is a target for local fisheries. It is found in the eastern Atlantic Ocean.

## Description

Cephalopholis taeniops has a basic colour of reddish orange with the head and body covered with small blue spots as are the dorsal fin, anal fin and caudal fin. The fins are blackish towards the margins while the soft-rayed part of the dorsal and anal fins and the caudal fin have a narrow bluish margin, There is a horizontal blue line immediately below eye. There is a much rarer black variety which also has blue spots. There are 9 spines and 15-16 soft rays in the dorsal fin while the anal fin has 3 spies and 9-10 soft rays. There are 68-72 scales in the lateral line, the pectoral fins are longer than the pelvic fins and the caudal fin is rounded. It attains a maximum total length of 70 centimetres (28 in), although they are more common at around 40 centimetres (16 in).

## Distribution

Cephalopholis taeniops is found in the eastern Atlantic Ocean along the western coast of Africa from Morocco to Angola. It is also found around the Cape Verde Islands and the islands in the Gulf of Guinea. In the Mediterranean Sea it was first recorded in the Gulf of Sirte (Libya) and later in Sicily (Italy), Malta, Israel, Lebanon and in the Aegean Sea. It has also been recorded around the Canary Islands where it is thought to have been introduced in ballast water discharged by oil platforms from West Africa.

## Habitat and biology

Cephalopholis taeniops is a demersal species which can be found in shallow rocky reefs and on sandy bottoms. It is a diandric protogynous hermaphrodite. Some of the males do not necessarily have a functional female stage and may develop into males from sexually immature females. The females reach sexual maturity when they attain a total length of 18 centimetres (7.1 in).

## Taxonomy

Cephalopholis taeniops was first formally described as Serranus taeniops in 1828 by the French zoologist Achille Valenciennes (1794–1865) with the type locality given as the Cape Verde Islands.

## Utilisation

This species is important for commercial fisheries in Cape Verde and on a small scale in São Tomé and Príncipe but is not generally exploited elsewhere in its range. It has been recorded in the aquarium trade.
# Moonshine Kate

Moonshine Kate (born Rosa Lee Carson; born October 10, 1909, Atlanta, Georgia – died 1992, Bainbridge, Georgia) was an American country and folk guitarist and banjo player who is best known for recording with her father Fiddlin' John Carson and his band, the Virginia Reelers. Kate was among the earliest recorded women in country music, and arguably her best remembered song was a rendition of her father's composition "Little Mary Phagan".
Carson was born the youngest of nine children in Atlanta, Georgia. As early as the age of five, she appeared as a vocalist and dancer at stage shows and political rallies as an accompaniment to her father's musical act. By age 14, Carson proficiently performed with the guitar and banjo as she played alongside her father on Atlanta's flagship radio station, WSB, and toured with him and the Virginia Reelers throughout Georgia. When Carson graduated from high school, she became a permanent member of the band.
In June 1925, Carson made her recording debut accompanying her father on guitar on four sides for OKeh Records. In the same session, she also recorded two solo efforts, "The Lonely Child", which was about a lonely wandering orphan, and "Little Mary Phagan". The somber ballad was composed by Fiddlin' Jon Carson in 1915, as a response to the notorious, and highly publicized murder of 13-year-old Mary Phagan, which was allegedly perpetrated by her manager, Leo Frank. She played and recorded with the Virginia Reelers until 1934, adopting the stage name Moonshine Kate in 1928 at the suggestion of Okeh Records man Polk Brockman. Many of Kate's recordings for Okeh play up her name, consisting of short musical passages interspersed with quick-witted dialogues revolving around the moonshine trade.
The Great Depression ended the Carsons' recording days, and she continued to perform intermittently, also working with Eugene Talmadge on his 1932 bid for Governor of Georgia and for the Atlanta Department of Recreation. She married in 1944 and retired in Georgia. In 1983, both she and her father were inducted into the Atlanta Country Music Hall of Fame.
# Dan Laak

Dan Laak is the head dive coach of the University of Georgia (UGA) men's and women's diving teams. He has also coached internationally as part of the U.S. Olympic dive team coaching staff.

## Diving career

Laak dove collegiately at the University of Wisconsin–La Crosse under head diving coach, Barry Schockmel, and graduated in 1982 with a bachelor's degree in recreation administration. He earned five All-America and Honorable Mention honors. In October 2003 Laak was inducted into the Wisconsin-LaCrosse Athletic Wall of Fame.

## Coaching and professional career

The 2013-2014 season marks Laak's 27th year as a coach for UGA. During his coaching tenure at UGA, he has been named National Coach of the Year twice (2006, 2008) and SEC Dive Coach of the Year three times (2001, 2005, 2006). He has also served twice as a coach for the United States Olympic dive team (2008, 2012).
In 2008 Laak served as a United States dive team coach during the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China and National Team Coach at the USA Grand Prix. That same year Laak was named the NCAA diving national coach of the year after coaching UGA men's diver Chris Colwill to a first-place finish on the 1-meter springboard and two second-place finishes on the 3-meter and platform events and UGA women's diver Hannah Moore to a fourth-place finish on 3-meter spring-board. For the 2009 FINA Diving World Series, Laak served as a National Team Coach/Team Leader.
Laak judged the World University Games in Yugoslavia in 1987 and Spain in 1999. He served as a diving coach at the 1990 U.S. Olympic Festival and as a judge at the 1993 U.S. Olympic Festival. From 1997 to 2000, Laak was the Chairman of the NCAA Diving Rules Committee.
# Ranalli

Ranalli is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Cristian Ranalli, (born 1979) Italian footballer
* George Ranalli (born 1946), American architect, scholar, and curator
# Federal Investigative Services Division

Federal Investigative Services (FIS) was a U.S. Government agency within the United States Office of Personnel Management responsible for performing security clearance investigations. In January 2016 the Obama administration announced that the agency would be replaced with the new National Background Investigations Bureau following a series of intelligence failures and investigations conducted into USIS (company) for contract fraud.
# Logical framework

In logic, a logical framework provides a means to define (or present) a logic as a signature in a higher-order type theory in such a way that provability of a formula in the original logic reduces to a type inhabitation problem in the framework type theory. This approach has been used successfully for (interactive) automated theorem proving. The first logical framework was Automath; however, the name of the idea comes from the more widely known Edinburgh Logical Framework, LF. Several more recent proof tools like Isabelle are based on this idea. Unlike a direct embedding, the logical framework approach allows many logics to be embedded in the same type system.

## Overview

A logical framework is based on a general treatment of syntax, rules and proofs by means of a dependently typed lambda calculus. Syntax is treated in a style similar to, but more general than Per Martin-Löf's system of arities.
To describe a logical framework, one must provide the following:
* A characterization of the class of object-logics to be represented;
* An appropriate meta-language;
* A characterization of the mechanism by which object-logics are represented.
This is summarized by:
    "Framework = Language + Representation."

## LF

In the case of the LF logical framework, the meta-language is the λΠ-calculus. This is a system of first-order dependent function types which are related by the propositions as types principle to first-order minimal logic. The key features of the λΠ-calculus are that it consists of entities of three levels: objects, types and kinds (or type classes, or families of types). It is predicative, all well-typed terms are strongly normalizing and Church-Rosser and the property of being well-typed is decidable. However, type inference is undecidable.
A logic is represented in the LF logical framework by the judgements-as-types representation mechanism. This is inspired by Per Martin-Löf's development of Kant's notion of judgement, in the 1983 Siena Lectures. The two higher-order judgements, the hypothetical $J\vdash K$ and the general, $\Lambda x\in J.K(x)$, correspond to the ordinary and dependent function space, respectively. The methodology of judgements-as-types is that judgements are represented as the types of their proofs. A logical system ${\mathcal {L}}$ is represented by its signature which assigns kinds and types to a finite set of constants that represents its syntax, its judgements and its rule schemes. An object-logic's rules and proofs are seen as primitive proofs of hypothetico-general judgements $\Lambda x\in C.J(x)\vdash K$.
An implementation of the LF logical framework is provided by the Twelf system at Carnegie Mellon University. Twelf includes
* a logic programming engine
* meta-theoretic reasoning about logic programs (termination, coverage, etc.)
* an inductive meta-logical theorem prover
# Litozamia longior

Litozamia longior is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk, in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.
# Fingerloop braid

Fingerloop braiding is a technique of making sturdy and decorative cords from threads. It is a type of braiding known as loop manipulation. The braid is made from loops of thread, attached at a central point, and the loops placed over the fingers and interlaced in different ways.
In Europe it originated in the Middle Ages, and excavations from London have produced numerous examples in silk from between the second half of the 12th century and first half of the 15th. From the 15th century onwards, various directions and recipes for different fingerloop braid techniques began to appear in books and in print.
A related technique, which involved the loops being placed over the hand or fingers, is the Japanese kute-uchi style. This technique arose in the 7th Century, and were used through the Middle Ages to the 19th century, for uses such as tying armour.

## Uses

Fingerloop braids were a type of braided cord with many uses. Beginning in the 13th century, they were used for lacing up clothing for a tighter fit. They were used to hold up men's hose and to lace shoes. Braids were used to gather and tighten fabric at the neck and wrists of undergarments. Decorative cords were used to cinch purses in the same way.
Some wide and flat braids were made to be purely decorative and sewn on garments as trim.

## Materials

Silk was a popular choice for fingerloop braids, both for its strength and its ability to be dyed many different colors. Leather was another popular material, especially for lacing shoes and tying armor. There is evidence that wool was used. Linen and flax were likely used, but little of those materials has survived.
# Hasubanan

Hasubanan is an alkaloid with the chemical formula of C$_{16}$H$_{21}$N. It forms the central core of a class of alkaloids known collectively as hasubanans. The compound is derived from reticuline, as is morphinan, but is comparatively more oxidized and rearranged. It is similar to acutumine.
Various alkaloids of this family have been synthesized in the laboratories.
# John de Moray of Drumsargard

John de Moray (died c. 1322), Lord of Drumsagard, was a Scottish noble.
He was the eldest son of William de Moray of Drumsagard. He obtained the lands of Abercairney, Aberrochil, Rossiechill, Eggie and Egglesmachan upon his second marriage.

## Marriages and issue

From his first marriage, he is known to have had the following issue:
* unknown de Moray, killed during a fight with Godfrey Ross, Sheriff of Ayr and Lanark.
* Maurice de Moray, married Johanna, Countess of Strathearn, had issue.
John married secondly Mary, daughter to Malise, Earl of Strathearn, they are known to have had the following issue:
* Alexander de Moray of Ogilvy and Abercairny
* Walter de Moray of Glasswell
# Garrya fremontii

Garrya fremontii is a species of flowering shrub known by several common names, including California fever bush, bearbrush, and Frémont's silktassel. Both the latter name, and the plant's specific epithet are derived from John C. Frémont.

## Distribution

The plant is native to the West coast of the United States, from Washington to California. It can be found in a number of habitats, from mountain forest to woodlands and chaparral canyons and slopes.

## Description

Garrya fremontii is a shrub reaching a maximum height of three to four meters. The leaves are oval-shaped, 2 to 12 centimeters long and about half as wide, and smooth green, rarely with hairs on the undersides.
The plant is dioecious, with male and female plants producing long, hanging clusters of yellowish to pinkish flowers.
The fruit is a spherical berry, starting green and turning pink and then purple. The fruit is eaten by birds and mammals, who disperse the seeds.
The plant can also sprout from its root crown. Like many other chaparral species, it is quick to recover from wildfire.
# Nineveh, Nova Scotia

Nineveh, Nova Scotia may refer to the following Canadian communities:
* Nineveh, Lunenburg, Nova Scotia
* Nineveh, an unincorporated place in the Municipality of the County of Victoria
# Pickworthiidae

Pickworthiidae is a family of small sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the superfamily Cerithioidea.

## Subfamilies

The following three subfamilies are recognized in the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005):
* Subfamily Pickworthiinae Iredale, 1917 - synonym: Reynellonidae Iredale, 1917
* Subfamily Sherborniinae Iredale, 1917 - synonym: Faxiidae Ravn, 1933
* Subfamily Pelycidiinae Ponder & Hall, 1983: raised to the rank of family Pelycidiidae by Ponder W.F. & Hall S.J. (1983)

## Genera

Genera in the family Pickworthiidae include:
Subfamily Pickworthiinae Iredale, 1917 (synonym: Reynellonidae)
* Ampullosansonia Kase, 1999
* Astrosansonia Le Renard & Bouchet, 2003
* Chrystella Laseron, 1957
* Clatrosansonia Sabelli & Taviani, 2003
* Cubasansonia Espinosa, Ortea & Fernandez-Garces, 2005
* Discrevinia Laseron, 1957
* Kaseilla Moolenbeek & Hoenselaar, 2010
* Mareleptopoma Moolenbeek & Faber, 1984
* Microliotia Boettger, 1902
* Reynellona Iredale, 1917
* Sansonia Jousseaume, 1892
* Sansoniella Moolenbeek, 2008
* Tinianella Kase, 1999
Subfamily Sherborniinae Iredale, 1917 (synonym: Faxiidae)
* Sherbornia Iredale, 1917

### Genera brought into synonymy

* Latilabrum Kuroda & Habe, 1991: synonym of Microliotia Boettger, 1902
* Mecoliotia Hedley, 1899: synonym of Sansonia Jousseaume, 1892
* Pickworthia Iredale, 1917: synonym of Sansonia Jousseaume, 1892
# List of storms named Norbert

The name Norbert has been used for five tropical cyclones in the Eastern Pacific Ocean.
* Hurricane Norbert (1984) – Category 4 hurricane that took an erratic and unusual track several hundred miles south of Baja California, making landfall there as a tropical storm
* Hurricane Norbert (1990) – Category 1 hurricane that stayed at sea
* Hurricane Norbert (2008) – Category 4 hurricane that struck Baja California at Category 2 strength
* Hurricane Norbert (2014) – a Category 3 hurricane that affected Western Mexico and the Baja California Peninsula
* Tropical Storm Norbert (2020) – moderate tropical storm that stayed at sea