OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Castanopsis hystrix

Castanopsis hystrix or Patle katus is a species of evergreen broadleaf tree, which grows up to 30 meters in height.
The tree is found in subtropical broadleaved evergreen forests, ranging from the eastern Himalayas of Nepal, Bhutan, and northeastern India, across Indochina (Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam), southern China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, southwestern Hunan, southeastern Tibet, and southern Yunnan), and Taiwan. It ranges up to 2400 meters elevation in the Himalayas, and up to 1600 meters elevation in southern China. It thrives in moist soils, and is often found in association with trees of family Lauraceae.
# Castiarina festiva

Castiarina festiva is a species of beetle in the jewel beetle family, Buprestidae, found in Australia.
# Castiarina purcellae

Castiarina purcellae is a species of Australian beetle in the jewel beetle family, Buprestidae, described in 2005.
# Castra Arcidava

Castra Arcidava was a fort in the Roman province of Dacia in the area of the town of Arcidava (now Vărădia, Romania) in the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD.
It was 17 km away from Ponte Fluvii fort (Grebenac), Serbia and located at the junction of the Lederata/Viminacium-Tibiscum military road with the Roman road from Almăj.
The fort is on the road leading to Greoni, in the place called “Rovina” and was linked by a corridor to a watchtower on the Chilii Hill.
# Gahnia ancistrophylla

Gahnia ancistrophylla, also known as hooked-leaf saw sedge, is a tussock-forming perennial in the family Cyperaceae, that is native to southern parts of Western Australia, South Australia and Victoria.
# Gahna

Gahna is a village under Haspura block, Aurangabad district of Bihar, India.
Gahna is a village in Aurangabad District of Bihar, India. It is located 48 km north from District headquarter Aurangabad, 4 km north from Haspura and 90 km south from Patna. Area wise it is the average village of district Aurangabad and is designated as ideal village. Gahna Pin code is 824120 and postal head office is Haspura.
# Catopsis juncifolia

Catopsis juncifolia is a plant species in the genus Catopsis. This species is native to Central America and southern Mexico.
# Catopsis compacta

Catopsis compacta is a species in the genus Catopsis. This species is endemic to Mexico.
# Catapult Learning

Catapult Learning, Inc. is a provider of K−12 contracted instructional services to public and private schools in the United States. The company’s portfolio of products and services includes intervention, professional development, school improvement, assessment, dropout prevention and recovery, alternative education, and special education programs. The firm is headquartered in Camden, New Jersey, and serves over 300,000 students and 25,000 teachers in 39 states.

## History

Catapult Learning was founded in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1976 under the name READS as an educational services business for private and religious schools. The company was co-founded by Stephen K. Freeman, who was the Executive Director. and later be President and CEO, serving in that role until 2011. READS was acquired in 1995 by Sylvan Learning Systems, Inc., and the company’s name was changed to Sylvan Education Solutions. In 2003, Sylvan sold its K−12 businesses to Apollo Management LP, which formed Educate Inc.
In 2004, Educate renamed the Sylvan Education Solutions division as Catapult Learning to distinguish the in-school unit from Sylvan’s retail unit, Sylvan Learning Centers. In 2008, the Catapult Learning division was sold to private investors, making Catapult Learning a private, independent company. In 2010, the firm began a series of acquisitions— including Literacy First (2011), Nonpublic Education Services, Inc. (NESI)(2012), Newton Alliance, LLC (2014), and Drop Back In Academy (2014) —and in 2015, the company merged with Specialized Education Services, Inc. (SESI). In September 2015, Jeffrey Cohen was named CEO of Catapult Learning, Inc.
# Gabriele Ambrosio

Gabriele Ambrosio (1844 – July 19, 1918) was an Italian sculptor.
He was born and died in Turin, Italy. He trained under Vincenzo Vela in Accademia Albertina and joined the 1866 campaign for Italian independence. He was knighted Cavaliere of the Order of the Crown of Italy. Among his works are:
* Monument to Angelo Brofferio, Turin, 1871
* Monument to Giovanni Battista Bodoni, Saluzzo, 1872
* Monument to Diodata Saluzzo, Saluzzo, 1874
* Monument to Giovanni Garelli, Mondovì, 1875
* Monument to Paul Amilhau, Mondovì, 1875
* Monument to General Ettore Perrone di San Martino, Ivrea
* Monument to Vincenzo Troya, Magliano d'Alba
# Galiteuthis suhmi

Galiteuthis suhmi is a very rarely recorded species of mesopelagic to bathypelagic glass squid from the family Cranchiidae which has a circumglobal range in the subtropical to sub-Antarctic seas. It has a maximum recorded mantle length of 300–400 mm (12–16 in).
# Alvah Bradish

Alvah Bradish (1806, Sherburne, New York - April 19, 1901, Detroit) was an American portrait painter and professor. During his career, he completed over 500 portraits of notable people in New York and Michigan; as well as many people who can no longer be identified. He also painted for brief periods in Canada and Jamaica. There is no record of any formal artistic training he may have had.

## Biography

He was one of four sons born to Samuel Morton Bradish (1777-1812), a surveyor from Worcester, Massachusetts, and his wife Mary Finch (1778-1843). After his father's death, his family moved to Fredonia, where he grew up.
From 1837 to 1846, he was an itinerant portrait painter, based in Rochester, New York. He was married in 1839, to Lydia Douglass-Houghton; daughter of Judge Jacob Houghton (1777-1861), originally of Boston, and Lydia Douglass (1780-1871). Her brother, Douglass Houghton, would become the first State Geologist of Michigan. They had three children.
After 1846, he returned to Fredonia, but also traveled extensively. The year 1849 found him in Kingston, Jamaica, where he sent some specimens of fish to the University of Michigan. This was prompted by the fact that his younger brother, Josiah (1810-1892), who had become a surveyor like his father, had gone to Michigan in 1836, at the invitation of Houghton, and settled there permanently a few years later.
In 1850, Alvah was induced to follow him and settled near Detroit. Two years later, he was engaged to lecture on the fine arts at the University, and presented with an honorary Master of Arts degree, along with the title of Professor. For six years, however, he received no compensation and was not allowed to teach; merely accumulating relevant materials. He finally obtained permission to teach a few courses and, in 1861, the senior class requested that he be permitted to lecture them. In 1863, the courses he had been teaching were summarily discontinued. He then quit his position and returned to Detroit, where he lived for the remainder of his life.
His notable sitters during his University period included Lewis Cass, Gov. Austin Blair, Mayor Zina Pitcher, Joseph Campau (a merchant), and University President Henry Philip Tappan. He continued to paint well into the 1880s.
His body was returned to Fredonia for burial.
# Gabriele Cimini

Gabriele Cimini (born 9 June 1994) is an Italian right-handed épée fencer, 2022 team European champion, and 2021 Olympian.

## Medal record
### World Championship

| Year | Location | Event | Position |
| 2022 | Cairo, Egypt | Team Men's Épée | 2nd |

### European Championship

| Year | Location | Event | Position |
| 2022 | Antalya, Turkey | Team Men's Épée | 1st |

### Grand Prix

| Date | Location | Event | Position |
| 2022-03-04 | Budapest, Hungary | Individual Men's Épée | 3rd |

### World Cup

| Date | Location | Event | Position |
| 2018-01-25 | Heidenheim, Germany | Individual Men's Épée | 3rd |
| 2019-03-22 | Buenos Aires, Argentina | Individual Men's Épée | 2nd |
| 2022-05-12 | Heidenheim, Germany | Individual Men's Épée | 3rd |
# Gaffron Castle

Gaffron Castle is an old castle in Lower Silesian Voivodeship, Poland. It was a part of the former German Silesian knight holding, which consisted of the three knights' estates Groß Gaffron (Gawrony), Klein Gaffron (Gawronki) and Beitkau (Bytków). Together the property covered about 4000 hectares (2000 hectares of arable land, 1400 hectares of forest and 600 ha of water and other land).
Castles Gaffron came to pass to the von Niebeischitz, von Schweinichen - who built the present castle. From 1780 to 1834 belonged to Count von Gaffron Schönaich-Carolatb, then jointly by the Medicine Council Ebers and Captain / Hauptmann von Loeper. The year 1867 came Gaffron to belong Conrad Freiherr von der Reck.
From 1937 until the end of World War II the whole of the property including the castle was owned by Josef Veltjens and his wife Leni. The castle was damaged during the fighting in 1945, and, according to statements by locals, was later demolished to provide building materials for the city of Breslau (Wroclaw).
# Catherine Murray

Catherine Murray may refer to:
* Catherine Murray, child witness to apparition at Knock
* Catherine Murray, Countess of Dunmore (1814–1886), British peeress
* Catherine Murray di Montezemolo (1925–2009), fashion editor
* Kathryn Murray, wife of Arthur Murray
* Katharine Isabelle, Katherine Isobel Murray, actress
* Katherine Marjory Stewart Murray, Duchess of Atholl
* Catherine Murray, Lady Abercairny, Scottish aristocrat
* Catherine Murray, Countess of Dysart, Scottish noblewoman
# Games, Puzzles, and Computation

Games, Puzzles, and Computation is a book on game complexity, written by Robert Hearn and Erik Demaine, and published in 2009 by A K Peters. It is revised from Hearn's doctoral dissertation, which was supervised by Demaine. The Basic Library List Committee of the Mathematical Association of America has recommended it for inclusion in undergraduate mathematics libraries.

## Topics

Games, Puzzles, and Computation concerns the computational complexity theory of solving logic puzzles and making optimal decisions in two-player and multi-player combinatorial games. Its focus is on games and puzzles that have seen real-world play, rather than ones that have been invented for a purely mathematical purpose. In this area it is common for puzzles and games such as sudoku, Rush Hour, reversi, and chess (in generalized forms with arbitrarily large boards) to be computationally difficult: sudoku is NP-complete, Rush Hour and reversi are PSPACE-complete, and chess is EXPTIME-complete. Beyond proving new results along these lines, the book aims to provide a unifying framework for proving such results, through the use of nondeterministic constraint logic, an abstract combinatorial problem that more closely resembles game play than the more classical problems previously used for completeness proofs.
It is divided into three parts. The first part concerns constraint logic, which involving assigning orientations to the edges of an undirected graph so that each vertex has incoming edges with large-enough total weight. The second part of this book applies constraint logic in new proofs of hardness of various real-world games and puzzles, by showing that, in each case, the vertices and edges of a constraint logic instance can be encoded by the moves and pieces of the game. Some of these hardness proofs simplify previously-known proofs; some ten of them are new, including the discovery that optimal play in certain multiplayer games can be an undecidable problem. A third part of the book provides a compendium of known hardness results in game complexity, updating a much shorter list of complete problems in game complexity from the 1979 book Computers and Intractability. An appendix provides a review of the methods from computational complexity theory needed in this study, for readers unfamiliar with this area.

## Audience and reception

Although primarily a research monograph and reference work for researchers in this area, reviewer Oswin Aichholzer recommends the book more generally to anyone interested in the mathematics of games and their complexity. Liljana Babinkostova writes that Games, Puzzles, and Computation is enjoyable reading, successful in its "purpose of building a bridge between games and the theory of computation".
Leon Harkleroad is somewhat more critical, writing that the book feels padded in places, and Joseph O'Rourke complains that its organization, with many pages of abstract mathematics before reaching the real-world games, does not lend itself to cover-to-cover reading. However, both Harkleroad and O'Rourke agree that the book is well-produced and thought-provoking.
# Catherine Harmer

Catherine J. Harmer (born 23 April 1973) is a British academic in cognitive neuroscience and psychiatry who works as academic research leader and professor of cognitive neuroscience at the Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford. Her research focuses on psychopharmacology and emotion, exploring novel treatments for depression and elucidating brain mechanisms underlying mood disorders.

## Early life and education

Catherine Harmer attended Samuel Ward Academy in Haverhill, England, pursuing her higher education at the University of York, where she completed her undergraduate degree in psychology. She continued her studies at the University of York, obtaining a Ph.D. in psychology.

## Career

Harmer's career in academia began at the Department of Psychiatry, Oxford, where she currently serves as the associate head. She is also a fellow of Corpus Christi College. Harmer leads the Psychopharmacology and Emotion Research Lab (PERL), a multidisciplinary team comprising psychiatrists, psychologists, neuroscientists, and pharmacologists. PERL focuses on understanding the mechanisms of treatment in depression to enhance the development, personalization, and integration of pharmacological and psychological treatment approaches.
From 2016 to 2022, Harmer was the lead for Experimental Medicine at the Oxford Health NIHR Biomedical Research Centre. Since 2022, she has been leading the Depression Therapeutics theme at the same center.
Harmer has an H-index of 81, with 67 papers cited over 100 times, highlighting her significant impact on the field of cognitive neuroscience and psychopharmacology.
Harmer served as the treasurer on the Executive Committee of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology (ECNP) from 2019 to 2022, and as president of British Association for Psychopharmacology (2024-2026). Associate editor of Psychological Medicine (2018- ), she also sits on the editorial boards of Biological Psychiatry, Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, and the Journal of Psychopharmacology.

## Personal life

Harmer is married and the mother of three children.
# Cavalleggeri

Cavalleggeri were an inferior category of cavalry during the classic period of feudal cavalry. This included knife-armed cavalry, lancers' pages and mounted crossbowmen. Later, cavalleggeri became a subsidiary arm of the gendarmerie.
In 1498, Louis XII of France gave this name (chevau-léger) to his mounted companies, forming a sort of mounted infantry, and this special body continued until 1570. In this era Henry IV of France formed a company of chevau-légers, well-educated and called ordinance since it was used as the king's guard.
Other Italian states and communal militias created cavalleggeri units. In the Florentine Republic it was established that 500 mounted crossbowmen would be regularly enlisted, with the option of arming 10% of them with lances. These were also known as drappelli and were formed into bands, each of which was made up of 50 cavalleggeri and commanded by a condotiere.
After 1600 this specialist cavalry was more and more streamlined and made more practical in the age of gunpowder. Such units were split up to increase numbers in heavy cavalry units, or turned into such units themselves. The cavalleggeri of this era were armed with carbines or pistols. In 1799, new cavalleggeri/chevau-légers units were created, and under Napoleon these were once again armed with lances.
# Malimbosa

Malimbosa is a genus of spiders in the family Lycosidae. It was first described in 1960 by Roewer. As of 2017, it contains only one west African species, Malimbosa lamperti.
# Cayley Formation

The Cayley Formation is a discontinuous unit of plains-forming material on the Moon. It was first recognized in the central near side of the Moon in 1965, by the Astrogeology group of the United States Geological Survey. It was previously mapped as part of the Fra Mauro formation. During the Apollo era, the formation was mapped in many other parts of the Moon including the far side (e.g., Mendeleev basin.)
The description of the formation from the 1967 edition of the Geologic Map of Julius Caesar Quadrangle (LAC-60) of the Moon follows:
    Surface generally flat and smooth. Apparently lacks ridges and rilles. Appears to mantle subjacent terrain; buried (or ghost) craters evident in some areas (3° 30' N., 14° 40' E.). Albedo intermediate, about the same as that of the Fra Mauro Formation, higher than Procellarum Group. Crater density greater than on the Procellarum Group. Type area is east of the unrelated crater Cayley for which the formation is named; 3 1/2°-4 1/2° N., 15 1/2°-16 1/4° E.
The formation was interpreted as:
    Volcanic materials; may be ash-flow or ash-fall tuff with intercalated ballistically deposited layers.
In the Cayley Formation near Cayley crater, the formation overlies Imbrium sculpture but is embayed by mare material and has a higher crater density than nearby maria. Thus, the Cayley Formation predates the mare but postdates sculpturing by the Imbrian event.
One of the main objectives of the Apollo 16 mission to the Moon in 1972 was to obtain samples of the Cayley Formation, and also the adjacent Descartes Formation. Most scientists predicted that volcanic rocks would be obtained from the Cayley Formation, but the astronauts (Charles Duke and John Young) found almost nothing but breccias. The Cayley Formation was heavily sampled at Flag, Spook, and North Ray craters, as well as at the Lunar Module (LM) Orion and geology stations southwest of the LM.
The lack of volcanic rocks returned from the Cayley forced a reinterpretation of its origin. The Cayley was reinterpreted to be a fluidized ejecta deposit resulting from the formation of the Imbrium basin or of the Orientale basin, which occurred after the Imbrium basin-forming event.
* The Descartes highlands region, with the Apollo 16 landing point near center. Furrows and approximate outline of the two units of the Descartes highlands are indicated. Plains of the Cayley Formation are shaded; craters are shown by hachures. Northwest-southeast trend of the furrows on the western side of the map area is radial to the Imbrium Basin.
* Ghost craters on the surface of the Cayley Formation in the bottom of Albategnius crater. Albategnius B crater (above center) is approximately 15 km across. Subdued troughs trending north-northwest may be buried Imbrium sculpture. The Cayley Formation may be mantling fresh craters to produce a subdued flatbottomed bowl shape.
* View of the lunar surface representing the Cayley Formation around the Lunar Module Orion, taken from Station 4 on Stone Mountain south of the landing point.
# Ganebail

Ganebail is a village in Belgaum district in the southern state of Karnataka, India.
# Galactic Bridges and Tails

Galactic Bridges and Tails is a computer animation film created in 1972 by astrophysicists Alar Toomre and Juri Toomre. The brothers created the film as a teaching aid to accompany their 1972 landmark research paper of the same name, published in The Astrophysical Journal, which described galaxy collisions and galaxy mergers.

## Technology of the original animated film

The Toomre film contains both 2D and 3D computer graphics simulations of colliding galaxies. The animations are time-lapses that compress billions of years into just a few minutes. Written in the FORTRAN programming language, the simulations sent character and vector information to a CRT-based ASCII character film recorder. The film recorder exposed multiple frames of 16mm film to create the final animated film.

## Digital film restoration

In 2007, filmmaker Michael Lauter worked with the Toomre brothers to digitally restore the 16mm original film and create a new HD video (1080p24) digital master.

## Derivative simulations

Massachusetts-based MathWorks created a Simulink model titled Spiral Galaxy Formation Simulation for use within their MATLAB programming environment. The company states that their computer animation model was inspired by the original Galactic Bridges and Tails paper and film.
# Jean Bodel

Jean Bodel (c. 1165 – c. 1210), also spelled Jehan Bodel, was an Old French poet who wrote a number of chansons de geste as well as many fabliaux. He lived in Arras.

## Writings

Bodel wrote Chanson des Saisnes [fr] ("Song of the Saxons") about the war of King Charlemagne with the Saxons and their leader Widukind, whom Bodel calls Guiteclin. He also wrote a miracle play called the Le Jeu de saint Nicolas ("The Game of Saint Nicolas"), which was probably first performed in Arras on 5 December 1200. Set in the middle of an epic battle between Christians and Muslims, the play tells the story of a good Christian who escapes the battle and is found praying to a statue of Saint Nicolas by the Muslim forces. The Muslim leader decides to test the saint by unlocking the doors to his treasury and leaving the statue as a guardian, stipulating that if anything were stolen the Christian would forfeit his life. Three thieves attempt to steal the treasure, but Saint Nicolas stops them. As a result, the Muslim ruler and his entire army convert to Christianity.
Like another French miracle play from the same time period, Le Miracle de Théophile, Le Jeu de saint Nicolas contains an invocation to the Devil in an unknown language:
       Palas aron ozinomas
       Baske bano tudan donas
       Geheamel cla orlay
       Berec hé pantaras tay
Bodel was the first person of record to classify the legendary themes and literary cycles known to medieval literature into the "Three Matters".
His epic La Chanson de Saisnes ("Song of the Saxons") contains the line:
Ne sont que III matières à nul homme atandant, De France et de Bretaigne, et de Rome la grant. "Not but with three matters no man should attend: Of France, and of Britain, and of Rome the grand."
* the "Matter of Rome", or retellings of stories from classical antiquity
* the "Matter of Britain", concerning King Arthur and related topics
* the "Matter of France", concerning Charlemagne and his paladins
Bodel contracted leprosy in 1202 or 1205, and entered a leprosarium. He then wrote a long farewell, "Les Congés", his most personal and touching work.
# Elisabeth of Culemborg

Elisabeth of Culemborg (30 March 1475, the former slot of Hoogstraten - 9 December 1555, Culemborg), nicknamed 'Lady Elizabeth ('Vrouwe Elisabeth') was the last sovereign lord or lady of the fiefdom of Culemborg (promoted to a county by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor shortly before her death), from 1504 until 1555. She was also the dame d'honneur of Archduchess Margaret of Austria.

## Life

She was the heiress of jonker Jasper of Culemborg [nl] and Joanna of Burgundy. In 1501 Elisabeth married Jean de Luxembourg-Ville [nl] († 1508), who died in 1508. She remarried in 1509 to Antoon I van Lalaing, later acting-governor of the Netherlands. She had no children.
She served as maid of honour Joan I of Castile from 1496 to her marriage, and was appointed dame d'honneur to her sister-in-law Archduchess Margaret of Austria in 1506. She spent a great deal of her life at the court of the Netherlands, where she was an important and leading figure.
In parallel, she ruled in her domains, where she was known for her appreciation of arts and architecture as well as for the seminary (from 1532 a retirement home) she founded in 1520. She was also known as a pious Catholic and opposition toward the Protestant reformation, issued repression of "heretic" books, such as the work of Erasmus, and allowed the Jesuits to establish in Culemborg.
After the death of her second spouse, she retired permanently to rule Culemborg.