OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# James Rutherford (historian)

James Rutherford (27 January 1906 – 11 April 1963) was a professor and historian at the University of Auckland in New Zealand. Born in England, he gained a Master of Arts degree from the University of Durham and his doctorate from the University of Michigan. He was the chair of history at the University of Auckland from 1934 until his death in 1963.

## Early life

Born in Dunston, England, on 27 January 1906, James Rutherford was the son of Ralph Rutherford, a railway worker, and his wife Sarah née Gladstone. He was educated in the Newcastle region and after completing his schooling, attended the University of Durham. Graduating with a Master of Arts degree in history, he then went onto the United States having gained a scholarship for postgraduate study at the University of Michigan. His Doctor of Philosophy thesis covered the subject of the federal government in South Africa in the late nineteenth century.

## Academic career

Returning to England in 1928, Rutherford began his lecturing career at University College in Southampton where he remained until 1933. He then applied for the position of chair in history at the University of Auckland in New Zealand. Despite still being 27 and yet to be published, he was the successful candidate. Two local applicants, Bill Airey and John Beaglehole, were not favoured due to being considered radicals. In addition, the selection panel at the time favoured academics that were educated in Britain, seeing them as superior to those who had received degrees from New Zealand universities.
Rutherford arrived at Auckland in 1934 to take over responsibility for the history department with Airey as his deputy. Rutherford's lecturing style was well received by the younger students but he was unconsidered to be relatively unapproachable. His research focus was nineteenth century New Zealand history, and he published extensively. His most notable work was a lengthy biography of Sir George Grey, the former Governor of New Zealand.
During the Second World War, Rutherford joined the New Zealand Military Forces and was posted to serve with the 3rd Division in the Pacific Ocean Areas. He was an intelligence officer, working in the headquarters of the divisional commander, Major General Harold Barrowclough, from 1942 to 1943. At the end of his military service, he was posted to the reserve and resumed his academic career.

## Later life

Health problems affected his later years and he died suddenly from pneumonia on 11 April 1963. He was survived by his wife Rose née Mann, a former school teacher who he had married in 1932 at Southampton, and the couple's four children. His papers were acquired from his widow by the University of Auckland.
# Carlos Fumo

Carlos Fumo Gonçalves (born 22 September 1979 in Maputo) is a Mozambican retired footballer who played as a left winger.
# Reisafjorden (Nordreisa)

Reisafjorden (Norwegian), Ráisavuotna (Northern Sami), or Raisinvuono (Kven) is a fjord in Troms county, Norway. It is located mostly in Nordreisa Municipality (with very small portions of the fjord in Kvænangen Municipality and Skjervøy Municipality). The 30-kilometre (19 mi) long fjord is an arm off the main Kvænangen fjord. The fjord is fed by the river Reisaelva which flows through the 80-kilometre (50 mi) long Reisadalen valley which starts inside Reisa National Park. The villages of Storslett and Sørkjosen are both located along the southern shore of the fjord. The European route E06 highway runs along the shore of the inner part of the fjord.
# Meprin B

Meprin B (EC 3.4.24.63, meprin-b) is an enzyme. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
    Hydrolysis of proteins, including azocasein, and peptides. Hydrolysis of -His$^5$-Leu-, -Leu$^6$-Cys-, -Ala$^{14}$-Leu- and -Cys$^{19}$-Gly- bonds in insulin B chain
Even though it is primarily found and embedded into the cell membrane it can also be found in the extracellular space. Like other meprins it can hydrolyze different molecules.
This membrane-bound metalloendopeptidase is present in mouse intestines.
# James Putnam (judge)

James Putnam (1725 – October 23, 1789) was a judge and political figure in New Brunswick. He served as a member of New Brunswick's first Council.
Putnam was born in Salem, Massachusetts, was educated at Harvard University and studied law with chief justice Edmund Trowbridge. In 1749, he set up practice in Worcester, Massachusetts. He married Elizabeth Chandler in 1754. Putnam succeeded Trowbridge as Attorney General for Massachusetts. John Adams studied law with Putnam. At the start of the American Revolution, Putnam left with the British army for New York and later went to Halifax, finally settling in Saint John, New Brunswick. He was proscribed in the Massachusetts Banishment Act of 1778. He was named to the province's Council in 1783 and served as a judge in the Supreme Court of New Brunswick until his death at the age of 64.
His son James served in the Nova Scotia assembly.
# James Tocher Bain

James Tocher Bain (26 February 1906 – 5 December 1988) was a pioneering Canadian engineer and also an inductee to Canada's Aviation Hall of Fame.
# James Plummer

James Plummer may refer to:
* James Henry Plummer (1848–1932), Canadian financier
* James Pratt Plummer, grandson of James W. Parker whose family were kidnapped by Native Americans
* James W. Plummer (1920–2013), American director of the National Reconnaissance Office
* James Ransom Plummer, mayor of Columbia, Tennessee
* Jim Plummer, Canadian-born electrical engineer
# James R. Griesemer

James R. Griesemer is an American professor of philosophy at the University of California, Davis in Davis, California specializing in philosophy of biology.

## Education and career

Griesemer received his PhD in 1983 in the Conceptual Foundations of Science at the University of Chicago under the supervision of William C. Wimsatt. He joined the faculty at University of California, Davis in 1984, and has taught there ever since. He is currently a "Distinguished Professor."
He was President of the International Society for the History, Philosophy, and Social Studies of Biology (ISHPSSB) from 2007 to 2009.

## Philosophical work

His research focuses on the history and philosophy of biology, including models and practices in museum-based natural history, laboratory-based ecology, units of inheritance and selection in evolutionary biology, and visual representation in embryology and genetics.
# Reiner Pommerin

Reiner Pommerin (17 June 1943 – 4 July 2024) was a German historian specializing in the political and military history of the 18th to 21st centuries.
Pommerin was a visiting fellow at Harvard University's Center of European Studies in 1979–1980 and was a professor emeritus at the University of Dresden. He died on 4 July 2024, at the age of 81.

## Early life and military service

Reiner Pommerin was born on 17 June 1943 in Rees, Germany. He attended the Gymnasium Thomaeum [de] in Kempen. Pommerin began military training with the 2nd Training Regiment of the German Air Force at Stade and initially received training as a flight operations specialist. He would eventually himself attending the Weapon School 50 [de] at Fürstenfeldbruck, then attached to the officer candidate regiment at Uetersen for foreign language courses, and finally attending a non-commissioned officers' course at Husum. Pommerin left the Air Force in 1965. In 1969, he acquired his Mittlere Reife and Abitur from an evening school in Hamburg and entered Bundeswehr reserve [de] as a reserve officer. He was made a colonel (Oberst der Reserve).

## Academic career

Pommerin studied history, psychology, pedagogy, and sociology at the Rhineland Teachers' School [de] at Bonn and Cologne in 1969. He completed his studies in 1973 after passing his Staatsexamen and was awarded a pedagogical diploma.
Pommerin was awarded the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany, 1st Class by Franz Josef Jung on 4 June 2008.

## Citations

* ↑ "Reiner Pommerin". Minda de Gunzberg Center for European Studies. Harvard University. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
* ↑ Ein herausragender Militärhistoriker und Freund des DBwV (in German)
* ↑ "Wissenschaftlicher Beirat: Reiner Pommerin | Volksbund.de". www.volksbund.de.
* ↑ Eckold, Karsten. "BUNDESVERDIENSTKREUZ ERHALTEN" (in German). Dresden University of Technology. Archived from the original on 21 December 2015. Retrieved 8 May 2020.
# Carnan (townland)

Carnan is a townland in County Tyrone, Northern Ireland. It is situated in the historic barony of Dungannon Upper and the civil parish of Arboe and covers an area of 465 acres.
The name derives from the Irish: An Carn n (the little cairn/pile of rocks).
The population of the townland declined during the 19th century:
| Year | 1841 | 1851 | 1861 | 1871 | 1881 | 1891 |
| Population | 418 | 315 | 262 | 232 | 202 | 171 |
| Houses | 89 | 63 | 58 | 49 | 49 | 44 |
# Reinicke

Reinicke is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Andreas Reinicke, German diplomat and currently the German Ambassador to Tunisia
* Hansjürgen Reinicke (1902–1978), Captain at sea, commander of heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen, in Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during the Second World War
* René Reinicke (1860–1926), German painter and illustrator
* Wulf Reinicke, East German retired slalom canoeist
# Rejected (disambiguation)

Rejected is a 2000 short animated film.
Rejected or The Rejected may also refer to:
* Rejected (EP), a 2005 EP by Ben Jelen
* Rejected (horse), an American Thoroughbred racehorse
* Rejected (painting), by Australian artist Tom Roberts
* The Rejected, a 1961 made-for-television documentary about homosexuality
* The Rejected (Mad Men), an episode of the American television drama series Mad Men
# Carnoustie HSFP

Carnoustie HSFP is a rugby union club based in Carnoustie, Scotland. The Men's team currently plays in Caledonia Midlands Two.

## History

It was founded in 1977 as a former pupils club, though it is now an open club. A previous Carnoustie Dalhousie rugby club dates from 1932, having their first game on 6 February 1932, but it did not survive the Second World War.
The club trains twice weekly at the Carnoustie High School.
It uses the Kinloch Arms Hotel in Carnoustie as its clubhouse.
The club finished top of the Midlands 2 league in the 2019–20 season, but there was no official champion due to the COVID-19 pandemic which curtailed the season. There were no fixtures in 2020–21 season for the club.
The club president Colin Murray won the Scottish Rugby Union's Inspiration award for Caledonia Midlands in June 2021.

## Sides

Carnoustie runs various sides from Micros to Over 35s.

## Carnoustie Beach rugby

The club runs a Beach rugby tournament which began in 2017. The teams are 5-a-side with 5 substitutions. There are 3 draws: Men's, Over 35s, and Women's.

## Honours

* Caledonia Midlands 2
** Champions (1): 2014-15
# Carnoustie Challenge

The Carnoustie Challenge was a golf tournament that was played from 1983 to 1986. It was a 72-hole stroke-play event on the "Tartan Tour", the PGA in Scotland's schedule. Total prize money was £10,000. The event continued as the Daily Express Scottish National Pro-am, using the Burnside and Panmure courses as well as the championship course.

## Winners

| Year | Winner | Score | Margin of victory | Runner-up | Winner's share (£) |
| Carnoustie Challenge |||||||
| 1983 | Ross Drummond | 284 | 1 stroke | Craig Maltman | 1,500 |
| 1984 | Russell Weir | 277 | 1 stroke | Bill Lockie | 1,500 |
| 1985 | David Huish | 291 | 3 strokes | Andrew Brooks | 1,500 |
| 1986 | Adam Hunter | 283 | 1 stroke | Martin Gray | 1,500 |
| Daily Express Scottish National Pro-am |||||||
| 1987 | Lee Vannet | 283 | 2 strokes | Sandy Walker | 1,500 |
| 1988 | Gary Collinson | 282 | 5 strokes | Andrew Oldcorn | 1,500 |
| 1989 | Russell Weir | 280 | 2 strokes | Craig Maltman Mike Miller David Scott | 2,000 |
| 1990 | Mike Miller | 273 | 2 strokes | Craig Maltman Jim White | 2,500 |
| 1991 | Paul Lawrie | 273 | 1 stroke | Craig Maltman | 2,700 |
| 1992 | Kenny Walker | 273 | 2 strokes | Gary Orr | 2,700 |
| 1993 | Kevin Stables | 281 | 1 stroke | Russell Weir | 2,700 |
| 1994 | Alan Tait | 268 | 11 strokes | Dean Robertson | 3,000 |
# Keith R. Blackwell

Keith Robert Blackwell (born July 4, 1975) is a former Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of Georgia.

## Education

Blackwell received his Bachelor of Arts in political science from the University of Georgia in 1996 and his Juris Doctor from the University of Georgia School of Law in 1999.

## Judicial career

He was a judge of the Georgia Court of Appeals, to which he was appointed by Governor Sonny Perdue on November 1, 2010. He was later named to the Supreme Court of Georgia by Governor Nathan Deal on June 25, 2012. On February 28, 2020, Blackwell announced his intention to resign, effective November 18, 2020.

## Possible appointment to U.S. Supreme Court

In September 2016, he was named as a possible Supreme Court of the United States nominee by Donald Trump.

## Electoral history
### 2014

Georgia Supreme Court Results, May 20, 2014 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Nonpartisan | Keith R. Blackwell (incumbent) | 719,530 | 100.00% |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 719,530 | 100.00% |
| Total votes | Total votes | Total votes | 719,530 | 100.00% |
# Propofol infusion syndrome

Propofol infusion syndrome (PRIS) is a rare syndrome which affects patients undergoing long-term treatment with high doses of the anaesthetic and sedative drug propofol. It can lead to cardiac failure, rhabdomyolysis, metabolic acidosis, and kidney failure, and is often fatal. High blood potassium, high blood triglycerides, and liver enlargement, proposed to be caused by either "a direct mitochondrial respiratory chain inhibition or impaired mitochondrial fatty acid metabolism" are also key features. It is associated with high doses and long-term use of propofol (> 4 mg/kg/h for more than 24 hours). It occurs more commonly in children, and critically ill patients receiving catecholamines and glucocorticoids are at high risk. Treatment is supportive. Early recognition of the syndrome and discontinuation of the propofol infusion reduces morbidity and mortality. Metabolic acidosis is a primary feature and may be the first laboratory evidence of the syndrome.

## Presentation

The syndrome clinically presents as acute refractory bradycardia that leads to asystole, in the presence of one or more of the following conditions: metabolic acidosis, rhabdomyolysis, hyperlipidemia, and enlarged liver. The association between PRIS and propofol infusions is generally noted at infusions higher than 4 mg/kg per hour for greater than 48 hours.

## Mechanism of Action

The mechanism of action is poorly understood but may involve the impairment of mitochondrial fatty acid metabolism by propofol.
PRIS is a rare complication of propofol infusion. It is generally associated with high doses (>4 mg/kg per hour or >67 mcg/kg per minute) and prolonged use (>48 hours) though it has been reported with high-dose short-term infusions.
Additional proposed risk factors include a young age, critical illness, high fat and low carbohydrate intake, inborn errors of mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation, and concomitant catecholamine infusion or steroid therapy. Characteristics of PRIS include acute refractory bradycardia, severe metabolic acidosis, cardiovascular collapse, rhabdomyolysis, hyperlipidemia, renal failure, and hepatomegaly.
The incidence of PRIS is unknown, but it is probably less than 1 percent. Mortality is variable but high (33 to 66 percent). Treatment involves discontinuation of the propofol infusion and supportive care.

## Risk Factors

Predisposing factors seem to include young age, severe critical illness of central nervous system or respiratory origin, exogenous catecholamine or glucocorticoid administration, inadequate carbohydrate intake and subclinical mitochondrial disease.

## Treatment

Treatment options are limited and are usually supportive, including hemodialysis with cardiorespiratory support.
# Piruana tuberosa

Piruana tuberosa is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Galileo and Martins in 1998.
# Brule Lake (Michigan-Wisconsin)

Brule Lake forms part of the border between the states of Michigan and Wisconsin and is the headwater of the Brule River at 46°02′23″N 88°50′59″W﻿ / ﻿46.03972°N 88.84972°W﻿ / 46.03972; -88.84972.
The source of the name is the Ojibwa name for the river, Wisakota, meaning burned or burnt, which the French Voyageurs translated as Brûlée.
# Lamurde Hot Spring

Lamurde Hot Spring, also known as Ruwan Zafi, is one of the tourist centres in Nigeria. It is located in Lamurde about 103 km from Yola, the capital of Adamawa state, Northeastern Nigeria

## Overview

The Lamurde hot spring which the natives call ‘Ruwan Zafi’ means ‘Hot water’. It is above 50C at its hottest spot. From far sight, it looks like any other spring till you dip your legs into it. This hot spring is part of the world's popular Sukur Cultural Landscape, which consists of a palace, villages, and the remains of an iron industry. The place was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1999 and has since become one of the top tourist destinations in Nigeria.

## Healing Power

Though the earth heats up water and pushes it out to the surface, the locals still believed that the hot spring possesses healing power that can cure diseases. Many people have come to experience the charms of the hot spring and return another day to do it all over again. The Gyakan and almost everybody in the local government is proud of their ancient spring.
# Joshua Bell (shoe manufacturer)

Joshua Bell (c. 1812 – 24 December 1863) was born in Ireland and immigrated to Canada with his brother and father somewhere between 1815 and 1825.
The father, Alexander, was a shoemaker and the family became successful in that business. After the father's death, the two brothers expanded the business with Joshua taking the lead role. By his death, their company, J. and T. Bell was one of the larger footwear factories in Montreal. In the 1861, it had 70 employees.
Joshua was important to the economic history of the time in that he was a pioneer of mechanization of shoe production in Canada.
# Kareem Irfan

Kareem Irfan became Chairman of the Council of Islamic Organizations of Greater Chicago (CIOGC) in January 2001 and held the position until December 2007. The CIOGC is a broad-based federation that serves over 400,000 Muslim Americans. Prior to 2001, he was involved in a number of council projects, co-chairing its Bosnian Refugee Relocation Project and chairing its Media Relations Committee.
He has worked together with the Islamic Society of North America (ISNA) in many areas including program development, presentations, and media relations for ISNA's annual conventions, and was a founding member of the ISNA Wills & Living Trusts Initiative. He now sits on the board of directors of the Islamic Center of Naperville and continues to do pro bono work for non-profit, religious, and professional institutions.
Mr. Irfan works as assistant general counsel for the North American Division of Square D Co. - Schneider Electric, a French global manufacturer of electrical distribution, automation and control products. He has a master's degree in computer engineering from University of Illinois and a J.D. from DePaul University. Recently he has served as secretary and board director of the Intellectual Property Law Association of Chicago and as chairman of its Inventor Services Committee.

## Awards

Mr. Irfan has earned the Distinguished Community Leadership Award from the U.S. Dept. of Justice; the Distinguished Interfaith Collaboration Award from Mayor Richard Daley of Chicago; the Outstanding Religious Services Award from Imam W.D. Mohammed’s African-American Muslim Community; and the Community Service Award from the Muslim Bar Association.
# Kareem James Abu-Zeid

Kareem James Abu-Zeid (born 1981) is an Egyptian-American translator, editor, and writer. He was born in Kuwait and grew up in the Middle East. He studied French and German language and literature at Princeton University, taking translation workshops under poets CK Williams and Paul Muldoon, and graduating summa cum laude in 2003.
He lived an itinerant life around Europe and the Middle East for several years, before moving to California for graduate studies. He obtained a master's degree and a PhD in comparative literature from UC Berkeley, with a dissertation focusing on modern poetry as spiritual practice. Following his PhD, he resumed a nomadic lifestyle for several more years, spending significant periods of time in southern India, before finally settling in New Mexico.
He has taught university courses in writing, language, literature, and philosophy in four different languages at Berkeley, Mannheim and Heidelberg, and currently works as a freelance translator from Arabic, French, and German into English, as well as a freelance editor of English-language texts. He also does a significant amount of work editing the translations of other translators, and currently serves as a mentor for emerging translators with the American Literary Translators Association. Abu-Zeid has the following books to his name:
* Exhausted on the Cross by Najwan Darwish (NYRB Poets, 2021), foreword by Raúl Zurita.
* Songs of Mihyar the Damascene by Adunis (New Directions, 2019; Penguin Modern Classics, 2021), co-translated with Ivan Eubanks
* Confessions by Rabee Jaber (New Directions, 2016), winner of PEN Center USA's Translation Prize and finalist for the PEN Translation Prize
* Nothing More to Lose: Selected Poems by Najwan Darwish (New York Review Books, 2014), winner of the Northern California Book Award, longlisted for the National Translation Award and the Best Translated Book Award.
* The Iraqi Nights by Dunya Mikhail (New Directions, 2014)
* The Mehlis Report by Rabee Jaber (New Directions, 2013)
* The Palm House by Tarek Eltayeb (AUC Press, 2012)
* Cities without Palms by Tarek Eltayeb (AUC Press, 2009, runner-up for the Banipal Prize)
He contributes regularly to literary journals and websites such as Words Without Borders, Guernica, and Three Percent. He was the winner of PEN Center USA's 2017 Translation Prize. He has received a National Endowment for the Arts translation grant, literary residencies from the Lannan Foundation and the Banff Centre for the Arts, as well as Poetry magazine's 2014 translation prize, a Fulbright Fellowship and Fulbright Enterprise Scholarship in 2003/04 in Germany, and a CASA Fellowship at the American University in Cairo.