OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Frangula

Frangula is a genus of about 35 species of flowering shrubs or small trees, commonly known as alder buckthorn in the buckthorn family Rhamnaceae. The common name buckthorn is also used to describe species of the genus Rhamnus in the same family and also sea-buckthorn, Hippophae rhamnoides in the Elaeagnaceae.

## Description

Frangula is a genus of deciduous shrubs with alternate, simple leaves with stipules, buds without bud scales, branches without spines and flowers with five petals and undivided styles. The fruits are 2 to 4-seeded berries.$^{:279}$
Selected species include:
* Frangula alnus – alder buckthorn, glossy buckthorn, breaking buckthorn, black dogwood
* Frangula azorica
* Frangula betulifolia – birchleaf buckthorn
* Frangula californica – California buckthorn, coffeeberry
* Frangula caroliniana – Carolina buckthorn, Indian cherry (synonym Rhamnus caroliniana)
* Frangula purshiana – cascara buckthorn (synonym Rhamnus purshiana)
* Frangula rubra – red buckthorn
The European species, alder buckthorn (Frangula alnus) was of major military importance in the 15th to 19th centuries, as its wood provided the best quality charcoal for gunpowder manufacture.
# Franjo Gaži (politician, born 1912)

Franjo Gaži (1 April 1912 in Peteranec – 10 January 1990 in Zagreb) was a Croatian agronomist and translator. Gaži graduated from the School of Agriculture and Forestry of the University of Zagreb in 1937. He worked in the Department of Agruculture of the Banovina of Croatia before becoming a Yugoslav trade attaché in Moscow in 1940–1941. After the German invasion of the Soviet Union, Gaži moved to Jerusalem, Istanbul, Cairo and London where he worked with the Allies to secure economic aid for Yugoslavia. After the war, he was appointed a delegate to the third session of the Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia on behalf of the Croatian Peasant Party and worked in the Yugoslav Ministry of Trade and Supply with the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration directorate for Yugoslavia. As a political ally of the Foreign Minister Ivan Šubašić, Gaži resigned his post in October 1945. In 1947, he was arrested on charges of attempting to establish a Peasant Bloc in opposition to the Communist Party of Yugoslavia and imprisoned for five years. After release, he pursued a managerial career in agriculture and a translator career.
# Frank Davison (translator)

Frank Davison was a British translator. He is best known for his translation of Alain-Fournier's classic novel Le Grand Meaulnes under the title The Lost Domain. This translation, first published by Oxford University Press in 1959, has remained in print ever since. It is the "classic" translation of the work, praised for its "fine literary English." A review by L.A. Brisson in French Studies called Davison’s translation of Alain-Fournier's Le Grand Meaulnes “reussit à merveille” – “wonderfully successful.”

## Translations

* The Lost Domain (1959)
* Le Grand Meaulnes and other books by Henri Alain-Fournier, Frank Davison (Translator)
# Edward Manton

Edward Manton (1760-1820) was a delegate to the Hartford Convention in 1814-15.
Manton was born May 26, 1760, in Johnston, Rhode Island. Manton served as a presidential elector in United States Presidential Election of 1800. Manton "rarely mingled in the political discussions of his day. He was a man of sterling worth in every relation in life." He was elected as a delegate to the Hartford Convention in 1814-15. Manton died on September 20, 1820.

## References and external links

* Manton's Grave picture
* ↑ The pictorial field-book of the war of 1812: or, illustrations, by pen and pencil, of the history, biography, scenery, relics, and traditions of the last war for American independence By Benson John Lossing Published by Harper & Bros., 1869 Original from the University of Michigan Digitized Sep 18, 2008, pg. 1016
# Candor

Candor or candour may refer to:
* Candor or parrhesia, the quality of speaking candidly in rhetoric
* Candour (magazine), a British far-right magazine
* "Candour", a song by Neck Deep from their 2014 album Wishful Thinking
* Duty of candour, a concept in British law
* Candor, a 2009 speculative fiction novel by Pam Bachorz
* Candor (company), a financial technology company

## Towns

* Candor, New York, a town.
* Candor (village), New York, a village within the town.
* Candor, North Carolina.
* Candor, Oise, France.
# Citroën C2 S1600

Citroën C2 S1600 is a rally car built by Citroën and based upon the Citroën C2 car. It is built to Super 1600 regulations. The car made its debut at the 2004 Rally Catalunya.
After the success of Citroën's Xsara in the World Rally Championship (WRC), Citroën expanded their interests to achieve success not only in the WRC but in the support championship, the Junior World Rally Championship (JWRC) in 2004. The earlier Citroën Saxo S1600 JWRC car was highly successful.
The car won the JWRC title with Sébastien Loeb in 2001, and brought him to the attention of Citroën Total World Rally Team, and again with Daniel Solà in 2002. With the new C2 replacing the aging Saxo, Citroën concentrated upon making their new car a winner.
Using a heavily modified C2 to create the Citroën C2 S1600, the works team and Dani Sordo succeeded in winning the championship in 2005. The C2 S1600 has continued to compete in the championship with privateer teams and remains successful despite newer machinery from Suzuki, Renault, and Fiat-work teams.
In the season of 2008, Sébastien Ogier brought the Citroën C2 its second junior title, and in 2009, the C2 was again the title-winning car, with Martin Prokop taking the championship.
# Carnival of Flowers

The Carnival of Flowers is an annual event in Toowoomba, Toowoomba Region, Queensland, Australia, where public and private gardens are on display to the public.

## History

In a public meeting in the Toowoomba town hall in September 1949, a decision was made to revive the garden competitions and festivals that had ceased during World War II. The first Carnival of Flowers was held in October 1950 and was a resounding success, with more than 50,000 people lining the main street to watch the opening parade. This heralded eight days of festivities focused on Toowoomba's beautiful gardens, both public and private. Money raised from the carnival went to local charities. The following year, the date of the carnival was moved to September, to coincide with the school holidays. Since then, the carnival has continued every year and is visited by thousands of people from around the state and the country. It is Queensland's longest running annual festival.
Laurel Bank Park is featured as a main attraction during the carnival with the Council planting thousands of flowers in the park for the event. In the 1951 souvenir brochure, the park was included on the official programme with a band scheduled to play in the park on Sunday afternoon. In subsequent souvenir brochures, the park was also featured as an attraction not to be missed.
In 2020 during the COVID pandemic, the carnival was held for the full month of September rather than the usual 10 days as part of the COVID-safe plan, which had all venues unfenced and outdoors to enable social distancing. Over 200,000 people attended the carnival.
The largest crowd at the festival was 360,000 in 2022.
# Onion chip

The onion chip is a deep fried snack made from onion. Unlike potato chips, they are smellier and they have a strong flavor. Onion chips are used and sold as snacks but they can be used in different cuisines around the world. They can be cut and made in circle, square form and piece by piece.
# Palazzo Melzi di Cusano

Palazzo Melzi di Cusano is a historic building situated in Via Monte Napoleone in Milan, Italy.

## History

The building was erected in 1830. It was designed by architect Giovanni Battista Bareggi, who took inspiration from Palazzo Serbelloni.

## Description

The building stands along the luxurious and expensive Via Monte Napoleone. It features a Neoclassical style. The main façade includes four Ionian columns that create a loggia. Separating the lower and upper windows in the loggia, there is a bas-relief by Gaetano Monti known as the Imprese di Francesco Sforza.
# Caroline of Austria

Caroline of Austria can refer to:
* Maria Carolina of Austria (1752–1814), Queen of Naples
* Archduchess Marie Caroline of Austria (1801–1832), Crown Princess of Saxony
* Caroline Augusta of Bavaria (1792–1873), Empress of Austria
# Peter Schuttler

Peter Schuttler has often been referred to as the "Great Chicago Wagon King" in Midwestern U.S. lore.

## Biography

Peter Schuttler was born in Wachenheim, Germany on December 22, 1812. He emigrated from Germany to the U.S. in 1834, when he was 22. After working as a wainwright in Sandusky, Ohio, he moved to Chicago in 1843. He established a wagon shop there and took advantage of the growing demand for durable, versatile vehicles with the rise in westward migration after the Great California Gold Rush of 1849. Schuttler wagons were also used as part of the famous Mormon trek to the Salt Lake, Utah region in 1855, led by Brigham Young.
By the mid-1850s, Schuttler was one of the leading wagon makers in the United States. His factory employed about 100 people and produced about 1,800 wagons per year, which sold for about $75. Although he was not a major military contractor during the Civil War, civilian demand allowed Schuttler's business to prosper.
In 1863, he was one of only three Chicago, IL residents to pay taxes on an income of over $100,000 (Potter Palmer and John V. Farwell being the others). The house Schuttler built, on the city block bordered by Aberdeen, Adams, Morgan, and Monroe Street in Chicago, was long considered the finest in Chicago. Built by J. M. Van Osdel over the span of three years, it contained many artifacts and handcrafted building components from Germany, Schuttler's birthplace. Its risk cost was reportedly almost $500,000, a considerable sum in the mid-19th century. It was razed in 1911.
Schuttler died in Chicago on January 16, 1865, and was buried at Rosehill Cemetery.
His son Peter Schuttler II took over the business, which continued to manufacture a large number of high quality wagons. By 1880, about 300 workers produced over $400,000 of wagons per year.
Peter II was married to Wilhelmina (Minnie) Anheuser, daughter of Eberhard Anheuser. It was Mrs. Wilhelmina Anheuser Schuttler's sister, Lilly Anheuser, who married Adolphus Busch. Today, their direct descendants are top executives at Anheuser Busch, America's largest brewing company.
As late as 1910, when Peter Schuttler III was chief executive of the company, Schuttler & Hotz Manufacturers continued to employ about 300 men at its factory on 22nd Street in Chicago. But the advent of the automobile meant the end of an era for the Schuttler wagon works, which ceased operations by the mid-1920s.

## References and notes

* ↑ "Death of Peter Schuttler". Chicago Tribune. January 17, 1865. p. 4. Retrieved October 24, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.

## Sources

* Carbutt, John; et al. (1868). Biographical sketches of the leading men of Chicago. Chicago:Wilson & St. Clair. pp. 245–250. peter schuttler wagon.
* Cope, George W. (1900). The Iron and Steel Interests of Chicago. Rand McNally. pp. 55–56.
# Marmot Construction Works

Marmot Construction Works, Inc. was a worker-managed reforestation cooperative based in Seattle and Bellingham, Washington active from 1976-1985.

## History

Marmot was founded in 1976 by four people who had previously worked together on trail maintenance. The company was able to be established after a friend of one of the founders put a $200,000 inheritance in escrow to serve as a surety bond. Marmot developed capital as it acquired contracts and members bought shares of the company. During its history, Marmot struggled with deciding whether to orient towards being an urban or rural company. It maintained offices in Seattle and Bellingham.
Marmot was part of a larger network of forestry cooperatives in the Pacific Northwest known as the Northwest Forest Workers Association. The company dissolved in 1985 during the timber industry recession.

## Management

Economist Christopher Eaton Gunn described Marmot as "a conventional corporation with co-op bylaws." Marmot's structures mirrored a traditional corporation, but its internal operation was controlled collectively. Workers were allowed to become members after a trial period of several months of work, and all major company decisions were voted on by members at monthly meetings. Smaller day-to-day decisions were made by designated committees. Though members were required to own a share of stock, it was their status as a member of the co-op that allowed them to participate in company decisions. At its height, Marmot had around thirty worker-owners.
According to Gunn, Marmot placed a greater emphasis on member education than other similar cooperatives at the time. New members were tasked with reading a packet about worker self-management and the history of the organization. Workers were also required to read information about forestry, tree planting, and safety. Marmot also focused its efforts on recruiting women as leaders to gain skills in forestry and maintained a gender balance in its workforce.
# Loch Bà (Rannoch Moor)

Loch Bà is a shallow irregular shaped freshwater loch on Rannoch Moor, Argyll and Bute, in the Scottish West Highlands, within the Highland council area of Scotland. It is about 25 km east-south-east of Glen Coe, and 20 km north of Tyndrum.
There is a viewpoint on the east side of the A82 road which runs past the western end of the main loch.

## Geography

Loch Bà is one of two primary lochs that sit in Rannoch Moor, lying southwest of Loch Beinn a' Mheadhoin. Both lochs are served by the River Affric. A number of smaller lochs surround Loch Affric. At the southwestern end sits Loch Coulavie located at the base An Tudair Beag and a slightly higher elevation. Also at the southwestern end, the River Affric flows into the tiny loch of Loch Na Camaig. At the northeastern side, both the lochs Loch-Pollan Fearne and Garbe-Uisage drain into Loch Affric.
To the north of the loch, lies the Munro peak of Sgurr na Lapaich at 3,773 ft (1,150 m), while to the south lies the Marilyn of Aonach Shasuinn at 2,913 ft (888 m).
# Loch Callater

Loch Callater is an upland, freshwater loch lying approximately 5 miles (8 km) south of Braemar, Scotland. The loch trends in a northwest to southeast direction and is surrounded on both sides by steep hills. It is approximately 1.6 km (1 mi) in length.
The loch was surveyed on 11 July 1905 by T.N. Johnston and L.W. Collett and later charted as part of the Sir John Murray's Bathymetrical Survey of Fresh-Water Lochs of Scotland 1897-1909.
Trout, salmon, eels and perch are found in the loch. A permit is required for fishing.
The loch and surrounding area is popular with walkers and at the north end is the Callater Stable walkers' bothy.
# Loch Calder

Loch Calder is a lowland freshwater loch lying approximately 5 mi (8.0 km) south west of Thurso in the Scottish Highlands. The loch is large with an irregular shape and has perimeter of 12.8 km (8.0 mi). It is approximately 2.33 mi (3.75 km) long, has an average depth of 21 ft (6.4 m) and is 85 ft (26 m) at its deepest. The loch was surveyed on 6 October 1902 by John Parsons and T.R.H. Garrett and later charted as part of Sir John Murray's Bathymetrical Survey of Fresh-Water Lochs of Scotland 1897-1909.
Around the loch are several archaeological remains. At the northern end of the loch is Tulach an t'Sionnaich, a well preserved chambered cairn, one of two cairns known as the Tullochs of Assery. On the eastern shore, near Achavarn, lies the site of a broch, although much of the structure has been removed. It is thought that there was an artificial island or crannog near the western shore dating from the 17th century. The island, known as Big Island, may have contained a dwelling which was said to be that of a robber. A short distance to the west of the loch is Aultan Broubster a ruined stone circle. Several of the stones remain, five of which are upright with the largest being 1.3 m (4 ft 3 in) high.
The loch is a Scottish Natural Heritage Site of Special Scientific Interest for its Greenland white-fronted goose, Greylag goose and Whooper swans.
The loch is popular for fishing and contains trout, Arctic char and ferox trout.
# Loch Carron

Loch Carron (Scottish Gaelic: "Loch Carrann") is a sea loch on the west coast of Ross and Cromarty in the Scottish Highlands, which separates the Lochalsh peninsula from the Applecross peninsula, and from the Stromeferry headland east of Loch Kishorn. It is the point at which the River Carron enters the North Atlantic Ocean.
According to the marine charts, the tidal currents reach 3 knots (5.6 km/h; 3.5 mph) in the narrows, although not much water disturbance is visible in the flow. At the narrows, the depth of water is less than 20 metres, but in the basins on either side, it extends to a depth of more than 100 metres. Beneath the cliffs at Strome Castle is a colony of flame shells; with a population of over 250 million the loch is the world's largest flame shell bed, and was designated as a Nature Conservation Marine Protected Area (NCMPA) in 2017, with the protection being made permanent in 2018. The new MPA of 23 km$^2$ took effect on 19 May 2019. Within the MPA the use of fishing gear that may damage the seabed is prohibited, although rod and line fishing and creeling are permitted.

## Tourism

Tourism is a significant industry in the Highlands of Scotland and one that generates important local economic activity. It provides employment for local people and attracts many visitors to Wester Ross in general and Lochcarron in particular because of its traditional seaside location.
The Kyle of Lochalsh Line runs along the south side of the loch, with railway stations at Attadale, Stromeferry, Duncraig, and Plockton.

## Archaeology

Between 1999 and 2004. a large scale archaeological project was undertaken, to locate and examine sites relating to the Mesolithic period, in the Inner Sound. In 2002, an offshoot project, the Sea Loch Survey was run by the same archaeologists to survey the sea lochs of Carron and Torridon. Between both projects they found 129 new archaeological sites in the strait. At Loch Carron, nine new sites were found, five caves/rock shelters and four stone tool scatters.
# Lois Wilde

Edithia Lois Wilde (August 14, 1907 – February 16, 1995) was an American actress, model, dancer, and beauty contest winner. She was most famous for appearing in B-Western and Action movies, and also known for her appearance in Undersea Kingdom (1936).

## Career

By the time she was 15 years old, Wilde was working as a model and was a ballet dancer at the Metropolitan Opera House. Artists for whom she posed included Howard Chandler Christy, Arnold Genthe, and Renee Prahar.
While dancing at the Metropolitan Opera, she was discovered by Florenz Ziegfeld, Jr., who hired her to perform in the 1923 Ziegfeld Follies. During this period, she "was once voted the most beautiful girl in the Follies organization."
Wilde co-starred with Ray Corrigan in Undersea Kingdom (1936) a serial from Republic Pictures. She also co-starred with Gene Autry in 1936's The Singing Cowboy.

## Personal life

On March 8, 1925, at eighteen years of age, Wilde married Leslie Major Sherriff, a banjo-player for the Paul Whiteman Band, in Brooklyn, New York. When she became pregnant with her first child, Marjorie, she left the Follies.
After moving from Atlantic City to Beverly Hills, she had a hysterectomy. While recovering in a wheelchair at a hair salon, a man approached her and asked if she had ever been in theater. This inspired her to pursue film roles.
Wilde and Sherriff divorced in 1937. In 1938, she married William Henry Snow, who was the president of a radio recording company.

## Death

Wilde died on February 16, 1995, in Attleboro, Massachusetts at the age of 87.

## Partial filmography

* Step on It (1936) as Connie Banning
* The Millionaire Kid (1936) as Kitty Malone
* Caryl of the Mountains (1936) as Caryl Foray
* The Singing Cowboy (1936) as Helen Blake
* Undersea Kingdom (1936) as Diana Compton
* Palm Springs (1936) as Undetermined Secondary Role (uncredited)
* Wildcat Trooper (1936) as Ruth Reynolds
* Stormy Trails (1936) as Connie Curlew
* Outcast (1937) as Mary Hallifax (uncredited)
* Nobody's Baby (1937) as Radio Station Receptionist (uncredited)
* Pick a Star (1937) as Minor Role (uncredited)
* Brothers of the West (1937) as Celia Chandler
* Hopalong Rides Again (1937) as Laura Peters
* Sky Racket (1937) as Sugar (uncredited)
* Danger Valley (1937) as Mickey Temple
* Love Nest (1951) as Landlady (uncredited)
* Steel Town (1952) as Nurse (uncredited)
* Ma and Pa Kettle at Waikiki (1955) as Boat Passenger (uncredited)
* Oh, God! You Devil (1984) as Casino Patron (uncredited)
# Peter Margasak

Peter Margasak is a music critic, journalist, and artistic director of the annual Frequency Festival in Chicago, an event that grew out of his longstanding work programming the weekly Frequency Series for experimental, improvised, and contemporary classical music. Margasak wrote for the Chicago Reader for 25 years.

## Career

Margasak writes about disparate musical times and communities within the broad field of late-20th and 21st-century music. His contributions to The New York Times include a piece about Algerian "pop rai" artist Khaled Brahim and another on the avant-garde artists of the Theatre of Eternal Music and their battles for proprietorship of drone music; a Pitchfork feature on the year 1979 in Chicago touches on both power pop and the racial dimensions of anti-disco sentiment during "the Rise of House Music"; he has written about trip hop for Rolling Stone and reviewed new work by jazz saxophonist Matana Roberts for NPR's All Things Considered. Margasak is a regular contributor to DownBeat, Chamber Music America, and The Quietus, and he is the lead contemporary classical music reviewer for Bandcamp Daily. Among many other publications, he frequently wrote for the Chicago Tribune in the 1990s.
Margasak is best known for his work writing for the Chicago Reader from 1993 to 2018. Before he started working for the Chicago Reader, Margasak published the zine Butt Rag, which he started as a sophomore in college. A total of nine issues of Butt Rag were published, and one of them attracted the attention of three Chicago Reader employees, including the then-editor-in-chief Michael Lenehan. After they saw Butt Rag, they decided to offer Margasak a job at the Reader, in the hopes of bringing some of the zine's snarky writing to the Reader's pages.
In 2017, Dare Mighty Things declared Margasak one of "37 Influential Media People Shaping The Future Of Chicago".
In September 2018, Margasak announced he would be leaving the Chicago Reader to attend the American Academy in Rome as part of its Visiting Artists & Scholars Program.

## Frequency Series and Festival

In 2013, Margasak founded and began curating the Frequency Series, a weekly series dedicated to showcasing new musicians at the Chicago venue Constellation. He said his goal in starting the series was "to connect the dots between the strong experimental, improvised and contemporary classical scenes in Chicago". Frequency quickly gained traction, and was included in Chicago magazine's "Best of 2014".
In 2016, he launched The Frequency Festival, a week-long version of the series featuring new musicians from the Chicago area; the festival comprises daily performances, culminating with a two-show day on Sunday. His work grew into an acclaimed event with international draw, leading to partnerships and co-presentations with the Art Institute of Chicago, the Museum of Contemporary Art Chicago, and the Renaissance Society, though it maintains its "home base" at Constellation.
Margasak relocated to Germany after his time in Rome, but he continued his work programming both the series and festival.