OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Richard Manningham

Sir Richard Manningham M.D. (1690–1759) was an English physician and man-midwife, now remembered for his involvement in the Mary Toft hoax.

## Life

The second son of Thomas Manningham, he was born at Eversley, Hampshire. He was intended, like his elder brother Thomas, for the church, and educated at Cambridge, where he graduated LL.B. in 1717. He later (1725) was mandated to take the degree of M.D.
Manningham took a house in Chancery Lane, London, and lived there till 1729, when he moved to the Haymarket, then in 1734 to Woodstock Street, and in the following year to Jermyn Street, where he resided for the rest of his life. On 10 March 1720 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, and on 30 September in the same year was admitted a licentiate of the London College of Physicians. On 18 February 1721 he was knighted by George I. He was the leading man-midwife of his day, and was sometimes engaged in the summer to attend ladies in the country.
In 1739 Manningham established a ward in the parochial infirmary of St. James's, Westminster, for parturient women, the first ward of the kind established in Great Britain; he lectured there on midwifery. He owned property in Chelsea where he ran a silk farm. He died in Chelsea on 11 May 1759 and was buried there. Thomas Denman praised Manningham as "successful in practice and very humane in the exercise of his art".

## Works

In 1726 Manningham published Exact Diary of what was observed during a close attendance upon Mary Toft the pretended Rabbit Breeder. Mary Toft of Godalming declared that she had given birth to several rabbits, and fragments of these were produced. Manningham, working with James Douglas, showed that these were pieces of adult and not of young rabbits, and that Toft was not parturient. They absolved the credulous Nathaniel St André of complicity. In the aftermath, William Hogarth drew Toft, London gossiped of the affair, and Manningham's name became more widely known.
Manningham published in 1740 Artis Obstetricariæ Compendium; the parts of the subject of obstetrics are arranged in tabular forms, each tabulation being followed by a series of aphorisms. An English translation was published in 1744. In 1750 appeared his Treatise on the Symptoms, Nature, Causes, and Cure of the Febricula or Little Fever, which reached a third edition in 1755. The term "febricula" came into use; Manningham described under this one heading enteric fever, phlebitis, and the common cold. In 1756 he published in Latin Aphorismata Medica, an enlarged edition of his Compendium; and in 1758 A Discourse concerning the Plague and Pestilential Fevers, an enlargement of The Plague no Contagious Disorder, a pamphlet which he had issued anonymously in 1744.

## Family

Thomas Manningham, his second son, graduated M.D. at the University of St Andrews, 24 May 1765, and became a licentiate of the London College of Physicians 25 June. He lived in his father's house in Jermyn Street, London, till 1780, when he went to Bath, Somerset, and died there 3 February 1794.
# Levy's

Levy's may refer to:
* Henry S. Levy and Sons, a former bakery in Brooklyn
* Levy's (department store), a former department store chain in Arizona
# Mynydd y Gelli

Mynydd Y Gelli is a hill that forms the Rhondda Valley in South Wales,United Kingdom. It lies to the south of the village of Gelli.
The name Mynydd Y Gelli is also used for the Iron Age burial site that lies on one of its sides above Tonypandy, Clydach Vale and Llwynypia. Another more grandiose name for the site is the Rhondda Stonehenge.
# East African Confederation

The East Africa Confederation is a proposed intermediate step toward the formation of the East African Federation, which is envisioned as a political union of some members of the East African Community. This confederation primarily seeks to unite Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania, while also considering the participation of Rwanda, Burundi, and South Sudan, as it gradually integrates member countries into a unified federal state.
The aim is to deepen economic, political, and social integration, allowing member states to coordinate on matters of governance, defense, and economic policies while maintaining some level of national sovereignty during the transition. Once the confederation is successful and stable, the ultimate goal would be to create the East African Federation, which would function as a fully unified political entity with a shared government, currency, and legal systems.
Key proponents of this confederation are primarily Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania, with the additional interest of Rwanda, Burundi, and South Sudan. The concept has been under discussion for years, with leaders and policymakers addressing challenges such as differing political systems, economic disparities, and the need for a common legal framework.

## Overview

On 20th May, 2017, the EAC Heads of State adopted the Political Confederation as a transitional model of the East African Political Federation. Since 2004, the East African Community has been putting in place initiatives to fast-track political integration. Summit directives were given, and national consultations with stakeholders between 2006 and 2008, as well as various studies, were undertaken to examine, facilitate, and fast-track the process. In the consultations, it became clear that the East African citizens want to be adequately engaged and to have a say in the decisions and policies pursued by the East African Community.

## History

The EAC Heads of State resolved at a Special Summit held in Nairobi on 27-29 August 2004 to examine ways and means of deepening and accelerating the process through a fast-track Mechanism. The Summit set up a Committee to Fast-Track the EAC Political Confederation, dubbed the Wako Committee, to carry out wide consultations and finalise the work on the Political Federation. The Committee presented its report to the Summit on 29 November 2004.
As a result of the consultative process, the office of Deputy Secretary-General responsible for Political Confederation was established in 2006 to coordinate this process.
# Luchaa Mohamed Lamin

Luchaa Mohamed-Lamin (17 December 1952 – 16 March 2013), also known as Obeid Luchaa was a Sahrawi politician, diplomat and co-founder of the Polisario Front, a national liberation movement that seeks self-determination for Western Sahara. One of his daughters is Nadhira Mohamed, who was the protagonist of the Spanish film Wilaya.

## Career

Luchaa Mohamed-Lamin was born in Smara, Spanish Sahara. He did his primary and secondary studies in Smara and in El Aaiun beginning in 1967. As a youngster, he got involved in the Movement for the Liberation of Saguia el Hamra and Wadi el Dhahab (in Arabic, Harakat Tahrir) led by Muhammad Bassiri. In May 1972, he organized with El-Ouali Mustapha Sayed and Mahfoud Ali Beiba the first Sahrawi demonstrations in Tan-Tan, being later one of the participants on the Polisario Front founding congress in Zouerate, on 10 May 1973.
From July 1973 to November 1974, he was part of POLISARIO's Information Committee, in charge of the Spanish version of the magazine "May 20". In August 1974, he was elected to the Political Bureau at the II Congress of the organization. From December 1974 to his decease, he was part of the POLISARIO's Foreign Relations Committee.
In 1975, he was jailed by Idi Amin in Kampala with Mohamed Lamine Ould Ahmed and Habib Boukhreis, when they tried to represent the Polisario Front at an Organisation of African Unity Foreign Affairs ministers summit at the Ugandan capital.
In April 1977, he was appointed as the first Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) ambassador to Angola, also Polisario Front Representative for Southern Africa. In March 1981, he moved to Madrid as POLISARIO Representative to Spain. He returned to the Sahrawi refugee camps in November 1982, staying there until February 1986. In February 1987, he was appointed as SADR ambassador to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, staying in that post until June 1989. Between May 1991 to September 1993, he was the POLISARIO Representative for the Nordic countries, with a base in Stockholm. From November 1994 to December 1999 he was an observer during the MINURSO identification process for the self-determination referendum, and from September 2001 to December 2006, Polisario Front Delegate for the Canary Islands. On 3 July 2008, he was appointed again as SADR ambassador to Angola. On 4 July 2009 he presented his letter of credentials as non-resident ambassador to Namibia.

## Death

Luchaa Mohamed-Lamin died of lung cancer in the Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Doctor Negrín in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands, Spain, in which he had been hospitalized for months. He was buried in the cemetery of the Wilaya of Smara, Sahrawi refugee camps on March 24.

## Quotes

Some selected quotes:
* "The Polisario Front has to go hand in hand with the Sahrawi people and not vice versa"
* "If we want to speak about realism, lets make ourselves a question, what is more realistic to accept the fait accompli of an illegal occupation or to defend the dictates of international law?"
* "Solidarity as an ideological movement, is not exporting systems, but to let the people decide their fate"
# Donald K. Stern

Donald K. Stern is an American attorney who served as the U.S. Attorney for Massachusetts from 1993 to 2001. He was best known for prosecuting mob figures, including fugitive Winter Hill Gang leader James "Whitey" Bulger and his partner, Stephen "The Rifleman" Flemmi. In 2001 he went into private practice as a Partner in the Boston office of Bingham Dana and Gould, which later merged into Bingham McCutchen LLP.
In 2002, he was chair of a blue-ribbon commission appointed by the Acting Governor of Massachusetts, Jane M. Swift, to investigate allegations involving the Suffolk County Sheriff's Department.
In 2008 he joined the firm of Cooley Godward Kronish LLP as a Partner in their Boston office. He teaches a course called Government Lawyer at Harvard Law School.
In May 2013, he left Cooley to join Affiliated Monitors as Managing Director, Corporate Monitoring and Consulting Services.
In May 2013 he also joined Yurko, Salvesen & Remz, P.C., a boutique litigation law firm in Boston, as Of Counsel, where his practice focuses on internal investigations, white collar defense, and business litigation.
# List of mayors of Elko, Nevada

The following is a list of mayors of the city of Elko, Nevada, USA.
Elections in Nevada :
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* J.A. McBride, 1917–1921
* Robert W. Hesson, ca.1921–1927
* Walter S. Dupont, ca.1927–1929
* David Dotta, 1929–1955
* Frank Williams, ca.1955–1967
* Leland L. “Dutch” Stenovich, ca.1971–1975
* Donald George Corner, ca.1975–1991
* Jim Polkinghorne, ca.1991
* Michael J. Franzoia, ca.2001–2009
* Chris Johnson, ca.2011–2018
* Reece Keener, 2019-present
# France-Guyane

France-Guyane is a daily, French-language newspaper headquartered in Cayenne, French Guiana. Founded in 1973, the newspaper is owned by French-Antilles, which is controlled by the Groupe Hersant Média group.
# List of Expressways in Tehran

The list of Expressways in Tehran as of the middle of 2013.

## East–west

* Ahang Expressway
* Allameh Jafari Expressway
* Babayi Expressway
* Besat Expressway
* Fath Expressway
* Hakim Expressway
* Hemmat Expressway
* Iranpars Expressway
* Jalal-e-Ale Ahmad Expressway
* Mahallati Expressway
* Hashemi Rafsanjani Expressway
* Qasem Soleimani Expressway
* Sadr Expressway
* Zeinoddin Expressway

## North–south

* Ashrafi Esfahani Expressway
* Bagheri Expressway
* Bakeri Expressway
* Basij Expressway
* Chamran Expressway
* Imam Ali Expressway
* Kordestan Expressway
* Modares Expressway
* Mohammad Ali Jenah Expressway
* Navvab Expressway
* Saidi Expressway
* Sayyad Expressway
* Shahid Sattari Expressway
* Tondguyan Expressway
* Yadegar-e-Emam Expressway

## Other

* Azadegan Expressway
* Ayatollah Kashani Expressway
* Behesht-e Zahra Expressway
* Doran Expressway
* Kazemi Expressway
* Northern Behesht-e Zahra Expressway
* Javaneh Expressway
* Qale Morghi Expressway
* Shahid Gomnam Expressway
* Shahid Haghani Expressway
* Sheikh Fazl-allah Nouri Expressway
* Yasini Expressway
# Forced speech

Forced speech may refer to:
* Compelled speech, statements that are coerced by legal means
* Pressured speech, a medical condition
# Lucila Rada

Lucila Rada Vivanco (born 16 November 1981) is an Argentine-Uruguayan singer, songwriter, actress and television presenter.

## Early life

Lucila Rada Vivanco was born in Buenos Aires in 1981, the daughter of Uruguayan musician Rubén Rada and Argentine María Fernanda Vivanco. She is by maternal line of Basque descent. She has two half-siblings, Matías and Julieta. She was raised in Barrio Norte, where she lived with her mother after her parents separated.

## Personal life

In 2011 her son, Salvador, was born, whom she had with Santiago Stein.
# For Love or Money (1920 film)

For Love or Money is a 1920 American silent drama film directed by Burton L. King and starring Virginia Lee, Harry Benham and L. Rogers Lytton. J. W. Film Corp. acquired the film and re-released it in 1921 as The Road to Arcady.

## Cast

* Virginia Lee as Antoinette Gerard
* Harry Benham as John T. Hamilton
* L. Rogers Lytton as Benson Churchill
* Stephen Grattan as Oliver Gerard
* Julia Swayne Gordon as Helen Gerard
* Mildred Wayne as Sue Dennison
* Hugh Huntley as Bob Gerard
# CFWH

CFWH may refer to:
* CFWH-FM, a radio rebroadcaster (94.5 FM) licensed to Whitehorse, Yukon, Canada; also the former callsign for 104.5 FM in Whitehorse, now CBU-FM-8
* CFWH-TV, a defunct television station (channel 6) licensed to Whitehorse, Yukon, Canada
# Richard Manning (disambiguation)

Richard Manning is an environmental author and journalist.
Richard Manning may also refer to:
* Richard Manning (born 1947), an English freelance illustrator that worked for Hipgnosis
* Rich Manning (born 1970), American basketball player
* Rick Manning (born 1954), American baseball player
* Ricky Manning (born 1980), American football cornerback
* Brennan Manning (Richard Francis Xavier Manning, 1934–2013), American Roman Catholic priest
* Richard Irvine Manning I (1789–1836), American politician
* Richard Irvine Manning III (1859–1931), American politician
* Richard C. Manning, Australian development expert
# Dutch hypothesis

The Dutch hypothesis provides one of several biologically plausible explanations for the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a progressive disease known to be aetiologically linked to environmental insults such as tobacco smoke.
The Dutch hypothesis was originally proposed by Dick Orie and his team in 1961 at the University of Groningen. According to Orie, "Bronchitis and Asthma may be found in one patient at the same age but as a rule there is a fluent development from bronchitis in youth to a more asthmatic picture in adults, which in turn develops into bronchitis of elderly patients." This supposition was later named the Dutch hypothesis by a colleague, Professor C. Fletcher. Specifically, clinical characteristics such as allergy and bronchial hyperresponsiveness that are commonly observed in individuals afflicted with asthma were viewed as likely determinants of the life-threatening disease, COPD (in the Netherlands, the term chronic non-specific lung disease was adopted as an umbrella term for asthma and COPD).
More recent molecular biology research suggests that the pathogenesis of asthma and COPD may share overlapping pathways involving innate biological susceptibility, coupled with environmental factors which can trigger the different diseases. Genetic association studies that have uncovered the same polymorphisms in people with asthma and COPD provide support for the notion that the two conditions share some biological characteristics; implicated genes include ADAM33, CCL5 and IL17F.
Although clinically debated, the Dutch hypothesis remains one of four main plausible explanations which could help explain the complex pathogenesis of COPD, others being the protease-antiprotease hypothesis (involving alpha 1-antitrypsin overexpression and consequent alpha-1 proteinase deficiency), the British hypothesis (regarding a putative aetiological role of acute bronchial infections), and the autoimmunity hypothesis.
# Jê peoples

Jê or Gê are the people who spoke Jê languages of the northern South American Caribbean coast and Brazil. In Brazil, the Jê were found in Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais, Bahia, Piauí, Mato Grosso, Goiás, Tocantins, Maranhão, and as far south as Paraguay.
They include the Timbira, the Kayapó, and the Suyá of the northwestern Jê; the Xavante, the Xerente, and the Akroá of the central Jê; the Karajá; the Jeikó; the Kamakán; Maxakalí; the Guayaná; the Purí (Coroado); the Bororo (Boe); the Gavião, and others. The southern Jê include the Kaingang and the Xokleng.
* Coroados
* Botocudos
* Xavantes
* Kaingang
* Karajá
* Bororo
* Rikbaktsa
* Pataxó
* Camaçan
* Tapuia
* Puris
* This article related to an ethnic group in Brazil is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# EWC

EWC may refer to:

## Educational bodies
### United States

* East–West Center, Hawaii
* Eastern Wyoming College, Wyoming
* Edward Waters College, Florida
* Elder Wisdom Circle, California

### Elsewhere

* Education Workforce Council, Wales
* Encounters with Canada, defunct youth program

## Government and law

* East–West Center, federally-funded cultural interchange program in Hawaii, U.S.
* Endangering the welfare of a child
* Export Wheat Commission of Australia
* Expropriation without compensation, in South Africa

## Science and technology

* Earth Watchers Center, in Iran
* Exchange Web Connect (EWC), a web app

## Sports competitions

* Eastern Wisconsin Conference, a high school athletic conference in Wisconsin, United States
* Euro Winners Cup, beach soccer competition
* Esports World Cup, an annual esports tournament in Saudi Arabia
* EWC, a motorcycle racing series also known as FIM Endurance World Championship

## Trade unions and professional bodies

* Education Workforce Council, Wales
* European Writers' Council
* European Works Council

## Other uses

* European Wax Center, an American chain of hair removal salons
* Evangelical Wesleyan Church, a Methodist denomination
* Express Written Consent, an American talk show
# Patrick McCarry

Patrick McCarry (1875 – 18 July 1921) was an Irish republican activist who was assassinated.
Born in Murlough in County Antrim, McCarry worked as a farmer and became active in the Gaelic League. He joined the Irish Volunteers in 1914, then the Irish Republican Army during the Irish War of Independence.
At the 1918 UK general election, McCarry stood for Sinn Féin in North Antrim, taking 21.7% of the vote against a single opponent, the Irish Unionist Peter Kerr-Smiley.
McCarry served as a local magistrate and, as such, regularly visited the local police station. In July 1921, when he arrived, he was shot dead by a recently recruited member of the B Specials.
# Dongchang

Dongchang may refer to:
* Eastern Depot, a Ming dynasty secret police agency
* Dongchang District, a district in Tonghua, Jilin, China
** Dongchang Subdistrict, a subdistrict in Dongchang District
* Dongchang, Sichuan (董场), a town in Dayi County, Sichuan, China
* Dongchang, Guangxi (东昌), a town in Lipu County, Guangxi, China
# Oxystele fulgurata

Oxystele fulgurata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Trochidae, the top snails.

## Description

The height of the shell attains 19 mm, its diameter 18 mm. The imperforate, rather thin shell has a conoidal shape. Its apex is subacute . The 5½ whorls are moderately convex, nearly smooth, the upper ones eroded, spirally striate and yellow. The remainder are margined and compressed at the sutures. These are greenish, ornamented with narrow brownish, obliquely radiating, zigzag lines. The body whorl is rounded and is slightly descending. The subovate aperture is sulcate within. The arcuate columella is compressed. The umbilical tract is white and callous.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs in the Atlantic Ocean off Angola and Namibia.