OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Gurney's Bank

Gurney's bank was a family-run bank founded by members of the Gurney family in 1770 and headquartered in Norwich, England. It merged into Barclays Bank in 1896.

## History

The bank was founded in 1770 by John and Henry Gurney, sons of John Gurney (1688–1741), who passed the business to Henry's son, Bartlett Gurney, in 1777. The bank was founded in what is now known as Bank Plain (formerly Redwell Street). The Quaker Gurneys were renowned for their honesty, reliability, and fair dealings — so people entrusted them their money for safe keeping. About 1777, Alderman Poole, a wine merchant, sold Bartlett Gurney premises near to the red well, and Gurney installed safes for bullion. A junior clerk slept on the trapdoor to the vaults to safeguard the valuables. The bank issued its own notes. A bull mastiff (complete with brass collar) stood on guard inside the doors at the Bank Plain premises, and there was always a blunderbuss at the ready.
Bartlett Gurney died in 1802, without a male heir, in Norwich. He was succeeded in control of the bank by his cousins, including John Gurney, whose children included the banker Samuel Gurney. On his father's death in 1809, Samuel Gurney assumed the control of the Norwich bank. About the same time, he also took over the control of the London billbroking business of Richardson, Overend & Company, in which he was already a partner. The title of the firm was subsequently changed to Overend, Gurney and Company, and for forty years it was the greatest discounting house in the world. Samuel Gurney died in 1856.
In 1865, the business of Overend, Gurney & Company, which had come under less competent control, went public as a joint stock company, but in 1866 the firm suspended payment with liabilities amounting to £11,000,000 Sterling. The failure of that bank ruined a number of the Gurneys, as well as numerous investors. The Norwich bank, however, escaped significant damage to its business and reputation from the collapse of the cousins' business. The Times stated, shortly after the suspension: "It is understood that the suspension of Overend, Gurney & Co will not in the slightest degree compromise Gurney's Bank of Norwich. That establishment recently passed into the hands of new partners, whose resources are beyond all question".
The Gurney family was known for its wealth; in Gilbert and Sullivan's 1875 comic opera Trial by Jury, a character describes his accumulation of wealth until he "became as rich as the Gurneys".
In 1896, Gurney's Bank merged with Backhouse's Bank of Darlington and Barclays Bank of London and several other provincial banks, controlled by Quaker families, to form what is now Barclays Bank.
# Guinness (disambiguation)

Guinness is a surname of Irish origin. Guinness (drink) is also a famous Irish brand of beer.
It may also refer to:

## Businesses

* Guinness Brewery, Dublin, Ireland
* Guinness Mahon, a merchant bank
* Guinness Peat Aviation, an aircraft leasing company
* Guinness Peat Group, an investment holding company

## People

* Guinness (surname)
* Guinness family, descendants of Arthur Guinness and his brother Samuel Guinness

## Sports

* Guinness GAA, a former Gaelic Athletic Association club
* Guinness Premiership, a rugby union competition, sponsored by Guinness between 2005 and 2010

## Other uses

* Guinness World Records, a reference book
* Guinness baronets, titles
* The Guinness Partnership, a housing association and charity
# Guinness Ghana Breweries

Guinness Ghana Breweries is a Ghanaian brewery founded in 1960. It is located at the Kaase Industrial Area in Kumasi.
Guinness Ghana Breweries is listed on the stock index of the Ghana Stock Exchange, the GSE All-Share Index. At its inception, the company produced only Guinness Foreign Extra Stout, popularly known as Guinness. The primary depot was at the same position with stores across the country particularly in the south.
In Accra, they are at the former premise of Achimota Brewery Company in Achimota, which is actually the Tata Brewery Ltd established by iconic, indigenous Ghanaian industrialist J. K. Siaw.

## Brands

The company makes the following products:
* Malta Guinness
* Star Beer
* Orijin
* Smirnoff
* Alvaro
* Gulder
* Guinness
* Odehye3

## Sponsorship

On 5 August 2022, the Ghana Football Association announced a title sponsorship with Malta Guinness for the Ghana Women’s Premier League worth GH¢10 million (renaming the league as the Malta Guinness Women's Premier League) for three years from the 2022–23 season onwards.
# Guy H. Lillian III

Guy H. Lillian III is a Louisiana lawyer, former letterhack and science fiction fanzine publisher notable for having been twice nominated for a Hugo Award as best fan writer and having had a row of 12 nominations (without winning) for the Hugo for best fanzine for Challenger, which he has published since 1993. He is the 1984 recipient of Southern fandom's Rebel Award.
Having studied English at Berkeley, writing at the Greensboro, and law at New Orleans, he practiced as a defense lawyer in the field of criminal law in Louisiana as his day job. As of 2015, Lillian is a resident of Florida.
As a noted letterhack and fan of the comic book Green Lantern, Lillian's name was supposedly tributized for the title's 1968 debut character Guy Gardner.
# Gustav Brock

Gustav Frederick Brock (c. 1881–1945) was a portrait painter, portrait miniature artist, and an expert on the hand coloring of motion pictures. He was the son of the Danish painter Gustav Brock (1849–1887).
He was born in San Francisco and educated in Copenhagen, at the Royal Academy in Dresden and later in Paris with M.A.F. Gorguet.
In 1910 he was the sole representative for Denmark at the International Art Exhibition at Buenos Aires. This exhibition included an official portrait of the Queen of Denmark which was later awarded a silver medal at the Panama–Pacific International Exposition, San Francisco, 1915 where Brock was again the sole representative for Denmark.
In 1920 the French Government acquired Brock's painting of the 7th Regiment N.Y.H.G. reviewed by Marshall Joffre at Grant's Tomb. Other noteworthy portraits and miniatures are in the permanent collections of the Musee Nationale de Buenos Aires; a miniature of King George of Greece in the collection of Queen Alexandria; The Archbishop of Buenos Aires in the Cathedral of Buenos Aires; the wife of Marechal da Fonseca, President of Brazil, Salon des Artistes Francais 1914, etc. Brock is Officer d'Academie de France and Lieutenant in the Royal Danish Army.
Brock was a miniature artist and expert on the hand-coloring of motion pictures. In 1922 he was represented by Ehrich Galleries, New York, which published a folio in conjunction with an exhibition of miniature paintings held at their gallery.
During his professional career, Brock hand-colored scenes from a number of motion pictures, including Erich von Stroheim's Foolish Wives (1922), The Death Kiss (1932) with Bela Lugosi, and the independently made feature film Adventure Girl (1934).

## Personal life

He was the son of the Danish uniform painter Gustav Brock (1849–1887). He first married Else Cecilie Emilie Nielsen (1985 -1930) in 1903 and had a son, Gustav Lave Brock in 1904. After they divorced around the year 1909 he remarried in 1915 and went to America with his new wife Else Bardentfleth Brock. Else Cecilie Emilie Nielsen later married Ove Krak, the son of Thorvald Krak.
# Gustav Bruemmer

Gustav Bruemmer (German Brümmer, born April 23, 1905, in Kiel, died July 4, 1970, pseudonym: Guschi) was a German watchmaker and headmaster at the watchmaking school in Hamburg.

## Life and achievements

Bruemmer left school in 1920, having acquired the O-level qualification. He learned the craft of watchmaking in Glashütte and took the trade test in 1924. His test work is now exhibited in the Museum of the School of Watchmaking in Glashuette. From 1927 to 1929 he attended the German School of Watchmaking Bruemmer Glashuette. He studied at the Vocational Teacher Training Institute and the Graduate School of Berlin. From 1931 to 1933 he trained as a commercial teacher. In his thesis he wrote about "Vocational education in watchmaking." In 1933 he had a practical educational year at the trade school in Lokstedt-Niendorf. In 1934 he took on various teaching assignments in Hamburg and married his wife Gertrude in the same year. From 1 April 1936 he was a fully employed teacher at the vocational school in Lokstedt-Niendorf. The monthly salary amount was then 236.37 Reichsmark. In 1940 he started as a teacher in the state sector School of Watchmaking Altona, Hamburg. In 1944 he became a commercial senior teacher at the same school. Since that time he wrote many technical articles for the journal "The Clock" (organ of the Central Association of the Watchmaker). [2] In 1952 he published the still-used book "Applied Mathematics for Watchmakers" as the third edition of the textbook series "The Watchmaking School" of the publisher Hermann Brinkmann with the cooperation of the State School of Watchmaking in Altona and the "Central Association of the Watchmaker". In 1958 he was technical director at the state school for watchmakers in Hamburg-Altona, until he retired in 1968. Bruemmer died of kidney failure many years after.

## Writings (selection)

    Applied mathematics for watchmakers. William Knapp Verlag. 15 editions. ISBN 978-3874200127.
    A look at the gear train. The clock, 1949, No.6, p.3
    Half of vibrations, oscillations and vibrations double. The clock, 1949, No. 8, p.7
    The module - a useful computational size. The clock, 1949, No.12, p.8
    The counter ratchet, an auxiliary drive for watches. The clock, 1950, No.12, p.21
    Of development and construction of the free escapement. The clock, 1951, No. 2, 4, 6, 8
    Of structure and adjustment of the Graham escapement. The clock, 1951, No.18, 20 22,
    Ferdinand Adolph Lange - founder of the Glashütte watchmaking. The clock, 1953, No.4, p.33
    Of the unrest. The clock, 1954, No.22, p.34
    Of the cylinder escapement. The clock, 1955, No.10, p.31
# Gunship 2000 (wargame)

Gunship 2000 is a set of rules published by Stan Johansen Miniatures in 1978 for wargaming using science fiction miniatures.

## Description

In 1977, Stan Johansen started to play the new board wargame Ogre with his wargaming friends. However, they were used to wargaming with metal miniatures rather than the game's cardboard counters. Johansen, who had produced miniatures for his company Stan Johansen Miniatures for nearly a decade, agreed to create some 1/300 scale miniatures of the science fiction vehicles. Since the miniatures no longer fit on the hex grid map provided with the game, Johansen also wrote new rules for combat. He also included a point-buy system so that players could create balanced scenarios.
Johansen published those rules in 1978 as Gunship 2000, a single piece of cardstock with the title printed on one side and the rules printed on the other. He also produced a line of miniatures for Gunship 2000 called Star Armour that included VTOL fighter bombers, transports, and missile tanks.
In 1991, Microprose released an identically named DOS computer game, Gunship 2000, but the titling was coincidental, and not related to the Stan Johansen wargame rules.

## Reception

Nevin J. Templin reviewed Gunship 2000 in two different issues of The Space Gamer, saying, "Gunship 2000 is a simple, fast playing set of rules covering ground and limited air combat in the year 2000." He noted the connection to Ogre and its sister game G.E.V.: "What makes the game of special interest is that many of the miniatures are adaptable to ''Ogre/GEV, the game giving the feeling of a 3-D version of Ogre, but with a faster pace and more dangerous battlefield than found in Ogre. He concluded, "These rules maintain the flavor of the Ogre/G.E.V. originals and allow for fast action with ease of playability."
# FK

FK or fk may refer to:

## Arts and entertainment

* Flyer Killer, fictional automated robots in the Terminator film franchise
* Fox Kids, a former American children's television programming block
* Funky Kong, a video game character

## Place

* FK postcode area, UK, centred on Falkirk in Scotland.
* Falkland Islands, FIPS PUB 10-4 territory code and ISO 3166 digram
** .fk, country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for the Falkland Islands.

## Other uses

* First aid kit
* First Corridor rail coach
* Football Club, abbreviated "FK" in Slavic and Balkan countries
* Foreign key, in database design
* Forward kinematics, in robotics and animation, the use of kinematic equations to find the position of an articulated object
* Fuck, an English-language vulgarity
* Africa West Airlines (IATA airline designator FK)
* Finders Keepers
* kinetic friction, in physics, mechanics
# Rojasia

Rojasia is a group of plants in the family Apocynaceae first described as a genus in 1905. As of December 2022, Plants of the World Online accepted two species:
* Rojasia bornmuelleri (Schltr. ex Malme) Fontella, S.A.Cáceres & R.Santos
* Rojasia gracilis (Morong) Malme
# Phaloe lorzae

Phaloe lorzae is a moth in the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Jean Baptiste Boisduval in 1870. It is found in Guatemala.
# Gunslinger effect

The gunslinger effect, also sometimes called Bohr's law or the gunfighter's dilemma, is a psychophysical theory which says that an intentional or willed movement is slower than an automatic or reaction movement. The concept is named after physicist Niels Bohr, who first deduced that the person who draws second in a gunfight will actually win the shoot-out.

## Bohr's experiment

Danish physicist Niels Henrik David Bohr came up with the hypothesis after watching Western films, which frequently depicted the protagonist drawing after his opponent in a gunfight and winning. He hypothesized that a person reacting might move faster than their opponent, who moved deliberately. Bohr and his students staged mock gunfights using toy guns to test this hypothesis, with apparently uncertain results. Bohr suggested that, to the extent the hypothesis is true, the logical alternative to a gunfight would be a peaceful settlement, since neither gunslinger would want to draw first knowing that they would lose.

## Experimental evidence

Later research confirmed the basic hypothesis, showing that intentional movements and reaction movements were controlled by two separate systems, and that it was not confined merely to hand or arm movements. The gunslinger effect applies to the initial reaction, not later limb control, but there is no trade-off between that early reaction and later targeting accuracy.
One study conducted at the University of Birmingham found that subjects moved 10% faster when reacting rather than acting with intention. However, the study also found that reactive movements were less accurate than intentional ones, and that the increased movement speed did not make up for the initial delay. Because of this, the authors of the study felt that the increased speed would not confer much advantage in a gunfight, although it may be advantageous in other situations.
Some later studies found that although volunteers' reactions were faster than deliberate actions during simple one-step tasks, this advantage was not present in more complex, multi-step actions. Furthermore, the effect was reversed when volunteers were presented with a choice of action, with reacting volunteers moving more slowly.
A 2020 study did find that Bohr's law held true during full-body actions, and was not confined to simple one-handed tasks.

## Applications

The comparison between reaction times and deliberate movement speed has applications for sports and dueling. A 2014 study conducted with two groups, karate practitioners and people without karate training, found that reactions were faster than intentional movements, regardless of training.
# Catharina Point

Catharina Point, also Varoli Point, is a rocky point projecting 1.5 km northwards into Drake Passage to form the north extremity of Robert Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica and the northeast side of the entrance to Nevestino Cove. The area was visited by early 19th century sealers operating from nearby Clothier Harbour.
The feature is named after the American sealing vessel Catharina under Captain Joseph Henfield that visited the South Shetlands in 1820–21.

## Location

The point is located at 62°19′41.3″S 59°37′13.9″W﻿ / ﻿62.328139°S 59.620528°W﻿ / -62.328139; -59.620528 which is 7.24 km northeast of Fort William, 2.08 km northeast of Hammer Point and 5.27 km west-northwest of Newell Point (Chilean mapping in 1951 and 1971, British in 1962 and 1968, and Bulgarian in 2009).

## Maps

* L.L. Ivanov. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands. Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2009. ISBN 978-954-92032-6-4
# Castanopsis hypophoenicea

Castanopsis hypophoenicea is a tree in the family Fagaceae. The specific epithet hypophoenicea means 'crimson beneath', referring to the indumentum on the leaf underside.

## Description

Castanopsis hypophoenicea grows as a tree up to 30 metres (100 ft) tall with a trunk diameter of up to 60 cm (24 in). The greyish bark is rough, sometimes smooth. The coriaceous leaves measure up to 17 cm (7 in) long. Its ovoid or ellipsoid nuts measure up to 6 cm (2.4 in) long.

## Distribution and habitat

Castanopsis hypophoenicea is endemic to Borneo. Its habitat is dipterocarp forests up to 800 m (2,600 ft) elevation.
# Castanopsis cuspidata

Castanopsis cuspidata (Japanese chinquapin; Japanese tsuburajii, 円椎) is a species of Castanopsis native to southern Japan and southern Korea.
It is a medium-sized evergreen tree growing to 20–30 m tall, related to beech and oak. The leaves are 5–9 cm long and 2–4 cm broad, leathery in texture, with an entire or irregularly toothed margin. It grows in woods and ravines, especially near the sea.
The cotyledon of the nut is eaten boiled or roasted.
Its dead wood serves as host to many mushroom types, most notably the shiitake, whose Japanese name (椎茸) is composed of shii (椎, the Castanopsis tree), and take (茸, "mushroom").

## Gallery

* Bark of base of mature tree
* Tall trunk of mature tree
* Slender, fountain-like canopy of mature specimen, viewed from beneath
* Mature, deep green leaves
* Flowering shoots
* Closeup of slender inflorescences
* Edible seeds/nuts
* Preserved specimen from herbarium, with descriptive notes
* Dead trunk, with fruiting bodies of shiitake
# Longwood Football Club

The Longwood Football Netball Club was established in 1888 and is an Australian rules football club which competes in the Kyabram DFL since 2010. They are based in the Victorian town of Longwood.

## History

Longwood Football Club was formed in 1888 and played their first match at Longwood against a combined Castle Creek and Euroa football team in May, 1888.
Longwood joined the Kyabram DFL in 2010 after the Benalla & District Football League folded at the end of 2009.

## Football Competitions Timeline

* 1890 - Sutherland Cup competition
* 1891 - 1892: North Eastern Football Association
* 1894 - Euroa Football Association
* 1895 - 1900: North Eastern Football Association.
* 1901 - 1903: Club active, but no official competition football.
* 1904 - 1908: Euroa and District Football Association.
* 1909 - 1912: North Eastern Football Association.
* 1913 - 1914: Euroa and District Football Association.
* 1915 - 1919: Club in recess, due to WW1.
* 1920 - 1921: Euroa and District Football Association.
* 1922 - Longwood FC went into recess, due to a player shortage.
* 1923 - 1937: Euroa and District Football Association
* 1938 - 1945: Club in recess, due to WW2.
* 1946 - 1949: Euroa and District Football Association
* 1950 - 1954: Longwood was a part of the Hume Highway Football League.
* 1955 - Longwood was a part of the Waranga NE 2nd XVIII competition.
* 1956 to 1969: Longwood was a part of the Avenel-Longwood Football Club in the Waranga NE 2nd XVIII competition.
* 1970 to 2009: Longwood reformed in its own right and played in the Benalla & District Football League. They competed in this league until it folded after the 2009 season.
* 2010 - 2024: Kyabram & District Football League

## Football Premierships
### Seniors

* Euroa District Football Association:
** 1906 - Longwood: 6.10 - 46 d Euroa: 4.7 - 71
** 1908 - Longwood defeated Euroa. Euroa refused to play the grand final at Longwood.
** 1924 - Longwood: 9.14 - 68 d Euroa Imperials: 6.6 - 42
** 1930 - Euroa Imperials defeated Longwood by 16 points, but Longwood were later awarded the premiership on appeal.
** 1934 - Longwood: 7.16 - 58 d Violet Town: 3.10 - 28
** 1935 - Longwood: 9.14 - 68 d Miepoll: 3.10 - 28
** 1936 - Longwood: 16.21 - 117 d Miepoll: 14.16 - 100
* Hume Highway Football League:
** 1953 - Longwood: 12.4 - 76 d Strathbogie: 8.9 - 57
* Benalla & District Football League:
** 1977 - Longwood: 17.4 - 106 d Benalla All Blacks: 8.19 - 67
** 1985 - Longwood: 23.13 - 151 d Goorambat: 12.6 - 78
** 2000 - Longwood: 18.12 - 120 d - Devenish: 10.5 - 65

## Runners Up
### Senior Football

* Euroa District Football Association
** 1905, 1909, 1913, 1914, 1920, 1927, 1928, 1929.
* Hume Highway Football League
** 1951, 1952
* Benalla & District Football League
** 1973, 1986, 1995, 2002
# GRETIL

The Göttingen Register of Electronic Texts in Indian Languages (GRETIL) is a comprehensive repository of e-texts in Sanskrit and other Indian languages. It contains several texts related to Indology, such as philosophical texts. Rather than scanned books or typeset PDF files, these texts are in plain text, in a variety of encodings, and are machine-readable, so that (for instance) word search can be performed on them. It was started by Reinhold Grünendahl, with the intention of being a "cumulative register of the numerous download sites for electronic texts in Indian languages". It is used by many scholars; for instance David Smith writes: "Sanskritists are enormously indebted to this incomparably useful site and to those who have contributed e-texts to it."
# Holcocera concolor

Holcocera concolor is a moth in the family Blastobasidae. It is found from Massachusetts north to Nova Scotia and west to British Columbia.
The length of the forewings is 6.9–8.1 millimetres (0.27–0.32 in). The forewings are yellow orange.
Larvae have been reared from several Pinaceae species, including Pinus resinosa, Pinus rigida, Pinus strobus, Picea abies, Picea glauca and Larix species.