OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Corticosteroid-induced lipodystrophy

Corticosteroid-induced lipodystrophy (CIL) is a condition of abnormal fat deposition caused by corticosteroid medications. Fat accumulates in the facial area ("moon face"), dorsocervical region ("buffalo hump"), and abdominal area ("pot belly" or "beer belly"), whereas the thickness of subcutaneous fat in the limbs is decreased. The resulting appearance has been described as "Cushingoid", in relation to the fact that it also occurs in individuals with Cushing's syndrome (abnormally high cortisol levels). The condition is considered by patients to be the most distressing side effect caused by corticosteroids.
Short-term therapy (<3 months) with 10 to 30 mg/day of a prednisone equivalent has been reported to be associated with Cushingoid traits in 15 to 40%. Long-term therapy (>3 months) with corticosteroids has been associated with Cushingoid features in 32 to 83% of individuals. However, these symptoms have mostly been diagnosed in a subjective and observer-dependent manner. In a prospective study, the cumulative incidence of CIL with high-dose prednisone therapy was found to be 61% after 3 months, 65% after 6 months, 68% after 9 months, and 69% after 12 months. One study found that even a very low dosage of prednisone of 5 mg/day was associated with symptoms of "Cushing's syndrome". It has been said that data on risk factors for CIL, such as corticosteroid dosage or duration of therapy, is surprisingly sparse. Possible risk factors for CIL include high residual cortisol secretion, decreased clearance of corticosteroids, female sex, younger age (<50 years), high initial body-mass index, and high caloric intake.
CIL has been found to be usually reversible at prednisone-equivalent dosages of less than 10 mg/day. A low-calorie diet may be considered to limit the risk of CIL or to attempt to reverse it. CIL is not merely an aesthetic adverse effect, as it has been associated with features of metabolic syndrome such as insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and high blood pressure.
# Karl Jindrak

Karl Jindrak (born 10 December 1972) is an Austrian table tennis player. He competed at the 1996 Summer Olympics, the 2000 Summer Olympics, and the 2004 Summer Olympics.
# Kanchi Mamunivar Centre for Postgraduate Studies

Kanchi Mamunivar Government Institute for Post Graduate Studies And Research, is a postgraduate degree college located in Lawspet, Puducherry. It was established in the year 1989. The college is affiliated with Pondicherry University. This college offers postgraduate courses in arts, commerce and science.

## Departments
### Science

* Physics
* computer science
* Mathematics
* Plant Biology and Biotechnology
* Zoology
* Chemistry

### Arts and Commerce

* Tamil
* English
* French
* History
* Economics
* Commerce

## Accreditation

The college is recognized by the University Grants Commission (UGC).
# Karel Černý

Karel Černý is the name of:
* Karel Černý (actor) (1892–?), Czechoslovak actor in The Blue Star Hotel
* Karel Černý (art director) (1922–2014), Czech Academy Award winner
* Karel Černý of the Prague Section of IADR
* Karel Černý (footballer) (born 1910), represented Czechoslovakia in the 1938 FIFA World Cup
* Karel Černý (rower), Czechoslovak rower who came second in quad scull at the 1977 World Rowing Championships
* Carl Czerny (1791–1857), Austrian pianist, composer and teacher
# Cotswold Rail

Cotswold Rail was an English company, based in Gloucester, which arranged the spot-hire of shunting and mainline locomotives.

## History

Cotswold Rail was founded in 2000, initially as a broker for rolling stock. In June 2000, it offered 13 Class 141 Pacers for sale.
In 2001, some Class 08 shunting locomotives were purchased, which were hired to both industry and main-line railway companies.
Cotswold Rail also purchased a fleet of Class 47 locomotives. From June 2002 until June 2009, it provided Class 47s for Anglia Railways (and its successor National Express East Anglia), as rescue locomotives, and to haul Mark 2 sets on summer Saturday services from Norwich to Great Yarmouth.
In 2004, Cotswold Rail leased 12 former Virgin Trains Mark 3 carriages from Rolling stock company Porterbrook.
In April 2005, the company acquired leased some Class 87 electric locomotives. A fleet of ten locomotives was planned, for spot-hire work, charter operations, and a new intermodal freight flow. However, all locomotives were returned to the leasing company (Porterbrook) in 2006.
In September 2005, two former Virgin CrossCountry High Speed Train sets were leased. These were returned in August 2006.
In 2005, Cotswold Rail purchased Advenza Freight, primarily for its safety case, which allowed it to operate freight services. In 2007, the railtour promoter, Steamy Affairs, was purchased.
As a result of HM Revenue & Customs successfully applying in October 2009 to have Advenza Freight wound up over unpaid taxes, Cotswold Rail entered voluntary administration in January 2010.

## Fleet

Cotswold Rail's livery adopted a silver livery, with red and blue bands. It named its locomotives after geographical features, such as Cam Peak and the Fosse Way, or after music industry personalities, namely John Peel, Joe Strummer and Captain Sensible.

## Depot

In 2006, Cotswold Rail leased the closed Gloucester Horton Road depot. The facility, which had last been used in 1992, was next to Gloucester station. It was also the location of the company offices, and usually played host to stabled company-owned locomotives.

## Blue Pullman

In 2007, Cotswold Rail acquired rights to the Blue Pullman service, setting up The Blue Pullman Train Co, using Blue Pullman-liveried coaches purchased following the receivership of the previous operator, FM Rail. Cotswold re-launched the Blue Pullman service in February 2007, using its silver Class 47s.
# County Hall, Norwich

County Hall is a municipal facility at Martineau Lane in Norwich, Norfolk. It is the headquarters of Norfolk County Council.

## History

For much of the 20th century meetings of Norfolk County Council had taken place in the Shirehall in Market Avenue. The education department, and some other departments, had moved to new premises at Thorpe Road in Norwich in 1929.
After deciding that the existing premises were inadequate for their needs, county leaders decided to procure a new building: the site they selected had been occupied by Bracondale Lodge, a country house which had been commissioned by Dr Philip Meadows Martineau, a clinician at Norfolk and Norwich Hospital, in 1793. Bracondale Lodge had been acquired by Jeremiah Colman MP in 1877 and had remained in the ownership of the Colman family until it was demolished to make way for County Hall in 1966.
The new building was designed by Reginald Uren in the Modern style, built at a cost of £2.5 million and was officially opened by Queen Elizabeth II on 24 May 1968. The design involved for the 10-storey tower (it had a two-storey podium and eight storeys above) involved continuous bands of glazing with Hathernware faience tiles above and below. There were also low-rise blocks to the south west and north east of the tower access to which was from a roundabout on Martineau Lane. In the 1980s an emergency control centre was established in the basement in case of a nuclear attack. Internally, the principal rooms were the council chamber and committee rooms. The Norfolk Police headquarters was accommodated within the building.
When RAF Coltishall closed in November 2006 a SEPECAT Jaguar, which had acted as a gate guardian at the RAF station, was moved to County Hall and installed to the west of the main building.
In August 2013, following an application from the county council, English Heritage decided not to list County Hall as the building did not meet the criteria for listing post-1945 buildings. A major refurbishment of the building was carried out at a cost of circa £60 million between 2013 and 2019.
# Cotterell baronets

The Cotterell baronetcy, of Garnons in the County of Hereford, is a title in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 2 November 1805 for John Cotterell, Member of Parliament for Herefordshire for many years. The third Baronet also represented this constituency in the House of Commons. The fourth Baronet was Lord-Lieutenant of Herefordshire.

## Cotterell baronets, of Garnons (1805)

* Sir John Geers Cotterell, 1st Baronet (1757–1845)
* Sir John Henry Cotterell, 2nd Baronet (1830–1847)
* Sir Geers Henry Cotterell, 3rd Baronet (1834–1900)
* Sir John Richard Geers Cotterell, 4th Baronet (1866–1937)
* Sir Richard Charles Geers Cotterell, CBE, 5th Baronet (1907–1978)
* Sir John Henry Geers Cotterell, 6th Baronet (1935–2017)
* Sir Henry Richard Geers Cotterell, 7th Baronet (born 1961)
The heir apparent is the present holder's son Richard John Geers Cotterell (born 1990).
# Cotterell Township, Dodge County, Nebraska

Cotterell Township is one of fourteen townships in Dodge County, Nebraska, United States. The population was 400 at the 2000 census. A 2006 estimate placed the township's population at 391.
# Karuthapillaiyur

Karuthapillaiyur is a village in the district of Tenkasi near Ambasamudram, Tamil Nadu, India.

## Etymology

The name Karuthapillayur is an evolution from the mixing of three words "Karthar" "Pillai" "oor". "Karthar pillai oor" means village in Tamil. The name of the village roughly translated to 'Village of God's Child"

## Geography

The village is located 30 km south of Tenkasi town. This village is surrounded by many villages and hamlets like Poovankurichi, Sivasailam, Mela Ambur, and Kalyanipuram. The spoken language in this area is Tamil. Karuthapillaiyur is located on the bank of Kadananathi River (Kadana Nadi). The area is surrounded by mountains and hills which are part of the Western Ghats. The village has many paddy fields, mango orchards, vegetable gardens, palm trees and tall coconut trees.

## Transportation

Bus and train are the major transport methods. The nearest railway station is in Kizha Ambur, 5 km from the village. Another railway station is in Alwarkurichi, 7.5 km from the village.
# Crasilogia

Crasilogia is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae described by Warren in 1903. It is sometimes considered a synonym of Costaconvexa.

## Species

* Crasilogia dispar Warren, 1903
* Crasilogia flavipennis Warren, 1907
* Crasilogia fulvitincta Joicey & Talbot, 1917
* Crasilogia fumipennis Warren, 1906
* Crasilogia gressitti Holloway, 1984
* Crasilogia simplex (Prout, 1940)
# Karamandere

Karamandere is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Çatalca, Istanbul Province, Turkey. Its population is 604 (2022). It is in the northwest in Çatalca of Istanbul, founded in 1879 by communities immigrating from the Balkan Peninsula.
There is the Black Sea in the northeast, Çilingoz Nature Park in the northwest, D 020 in the south, the state forest in the southeast, Danamandıra Nature Park in the southwest and Durugöl in the east. In the geography there are terraces, gravel, alluvium, stone chips, marble and gneiss, garden agriculture is done. Ferah Hill, Harman Hill and Bostantarla Hill are important peaks. Karamandere Bridge-Karamandere Square and 34-82 highways are important roads. Karamandere Creek, Binkılıç Creek, Mandıra Creek, Yaylacık Creek are important streams and these streams flow into Durugöl. Roman aqueducts and Anastasian Wall are historical buildings around. On important waterways and there are many water sources. Projects related to existing water resources and natural energy resources are planned. There are water distribution organizations, tourism organizations and tourism works. Used for outdoor sports and film industry.
Discussions were held on the problem of old village settlements belonging to the 140 year old Treasury and the issue was presented to the Parliament. With the law passed by the Parliament in 2012, the village legal entity was abolished in 2014 and became a neighborhood.
# Karamana

Karamana is a suburb of Thiruvananthapuram (formerly and often still known as Trivandrum), the capital city of Kerala, India. It is one of the most densely populated but green parts of Thiruvananthapuram. The land is serviced by the Karamana River, which originates from the southern tip of the Western Ghats at Agastya Mala. The river flows 68 kilometres (42 mi) westward and merges into the Arabian Sea at the Thiruvallom-Karumam area near Kovalam. Karamana is a major transit point for both trade and travel to and from the Kanyakumari district of neighbouring Tamil Nadu.

## Etymology

According to myths, the name Karamana came from a namboothiri (Kerala Brahmin) family who lived on the bank of the river Karamana from the words kara (lit. 'bank') and mana (lit. 'house').

## Civil society and administration

Karamana is situated within the city limits of Thiruvananthapuram Corporation (TC). It is the 20th ward of TC and is represented by a councillor on the TC Council. Like most parts of Thiruvananthapuram, Karamana has a substantial non-Malayalam speaking population, which contributes to the vibrant culture of Trivandrum. National Highway 66, the main travel and trade corridor of Kerala, passes through Karamana onward to the Central business districts of Thiruvananthapuram.

## Notable people

Neelakanta Sivan, later known as Nilakanta Dasar, a Karamana resident, wrote many devotional songs in Tamil. His disciple, Papanasam Sivan was influenced by his compositions, and worked in the government until age 35, when he began composing lyrics in praise of Siva, creating over a thousand songs. He used "Nilakanta" as the mudra. He is especially known for his song "Lalitha Mahathmyam".
K. S. Chithra is an Indian playback singer and Carnatic musician. In a career spanning over four decades, she has recorded over 25,000 songs in various Indian languages, as well as foreign languages such as Malay, Latin, Arabic, Sinhalese, English and French.
Mahesh Sambasivan, a neurosurgeon comes from Karamana. He devised a technique to operate posterior third-ventricular tumours, an extremely complex brain surgery procedure. He is also the Tantri of Sathyavageeswarar Temple (Sivan Kovil) and Durga Temple at Sreekanteswaram.

## Places of interest and topology

Karamana houses the temple of Sri Satyavageeswara (Shiva) and the Mahadeva Temple of Thaliyal. Every year, an annual Thaipusam festival is held on the full moon in the month of January or February.
# Katharina Bellowitsch

Katharina "Kati" Bellowitsch (born 13 June 1974) is an Austrian radio and TV presenter.

## Career

Born in Graz, Styria, Bellowitsch trained as a primary school teacher before becoming, in 1996, a presenter at a commercial radio station in Styria (Antenne Steiermark). Since 2000, she has been working for the ORF, both for Hitradio Ö3 and children's television, in particular a weekly and a daily programme called Forscherexpress ("Researchers' Express"), where children are introduced into the world of science, and Drachenschatz (Dragon's treasure), which is a quiz show for children. She co-hosts in both of them with Thomas Brezina.
In February 2010, she was a presenter at the Vienna Opera Ball.
Bellowitsch announced Austria's voting results in the Eurovision Song Contest from 2011 to 2016, and again in 2018.
# Creal Springs Precinct, Williamson County, Illinois

Creal Springs Precinct, formerly township, is Congressional Township 10 South, Range 3 East of the Third Principal Meridian located in Williamson County, Illinois. It is named for the community of Creal Springs, Illinois.
# Crescent, Wisconsin

Crescent is a town in Oneida County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 2,071 at the 2000 census. The unincorporated community of Crescent Corner is located in the town.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 32.7 square miles (84.7 km$^2$), of which, 29.3 square miles (76.0 km$^2$) of it is land and 3.4 square miles (8.7 km$^2$) of it (10.30%) is water.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 2,071 people, 797 households, and 608 families residing in the town. The population density was 70.6 people per square mile (27.3/km$^2$). There were 1,034 housing units at an average density of 35.2 per square mile (13.6/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the town was 98.17% White, 0.53% Native American, 0.82% Asian, and 0.48% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.34% of the population.
There were 797 households, out of which 32.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.6% were married couples living together, 6.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.6% were non-families. 17.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.59 and the average family size was 2.95.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 25.6% under the age of 18, 5.4% from 18 to 24, 27.4% from 25 to 44, 27.7% from 45 to 64, and 13.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.7 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $48,875, and the median income for a family was $53,611. Males had a median income of $40,369 versus $24,934 for females. The per capita income for the town was $20,697. About 2.1% of families and 3.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.7% of those under age 18 and 0.8% of those age 65 or over.

## Transportation

The Rhinelander-Oneida County Airport (KRHI) serves Crescent, the county and surrounding communities with both scheduled commercial jet service and general aviation services.
# Crescent-marked Pilbara gehyra

The crescent-marked Pilbara gehyra (Gehyra unguiculata) is a species of gecko in the genus Gehyra. It is endemic to Western Australia.
# Cradleboard Teaching Project

Cradleboard Teaching Project, founded in 1997 by singer/songwriter Buffy Sainte-Marie, has developed a curriculum that aims to raise self-identity and self-esteem in present and future generations of Native American children by introducing them to enriching, accurate information about Native American people and cultures.

## History

In 1997, the Cradleboard Teaching Project was founded and financed with money from Buffy Sainte-Marie's non-profit philanthropic project the Nihewan Foundation for American Indian Education and a grant from W.K. Kellogg Foundation. Additional financial support has been made available from Ford Foundation, the Lyn and Norman Lear Family Foundation, The Herb Alpert Foundation, private donations and sale of curriculum materials.

## Program

The program uses the internet email, chat rooms, bulletin boards, interactive web sites, videoconferencing, along with multi-media resources and other more traditional media. Teachers and students are introduced to the curriculum via an Electronic Powwow which presents relevant information via the web, and gives opportunities to interact with others via Chat Rooms and discussion boards.
After a period of initial exposure to the curriculum via the Powwow, teachers are offered the opportunity to participate with other veteran teachers and students in a Cradleboard Cross Cultural Partnering Program which partners Indian and non-Indian students and teachers to explore their understanding of Native American cultures. Telephone contact and live meetings are also used here to extend personal intercultural understanding.
The core curriculum includes courses about geography, social studies, history, science and music at each of three grade levels—elementary school, middle school and high school grades. All units are developed to give a Native American perspective about each subject to all students. To achieve this, the project has involved members of various Native American tribes in the ongoing development process.
The Cradleboard project was selected as one of over 300 promising practices identified by President Clinton's One America Initiative on Race.
# Cradlehall

Cradlehall was originally the name given to the hall built by Major William Caulfeild, later known as Cradlehall Farmhouse.
Today it is a residential area in the east of Inverness, Scotland. In addition to housing, Cradlehall has a business park and a number of small businesses. The area was expanded recently with the development of Kessock View.
# Karklėnai

Karklėnai (Samogitian: Karklienā) is a small town in Šiauliai County in northern-central Lithuania. In 2011 it had a population of 285.
# National Highway 339 (India)

National Highway 339 (NH 339) is a National Highway in India.
# Natsurang Homchantara

Natsurang Homchantara (27 May 1957 – 11 August 2006) was a Thai lichenologist. In her relatively short career, she specialised in the taxonomy of the family Thelotremataceae, in which she helped describe many new species.

## Life and career

Born in Bangkok on 27 May 1957 to parents Sueb and Lamyai, Natsurang Homchantara was the fourth of five children. In 1979 she earned a B.Sc. in botany at Kasetsart University, and then went on to work at Chulalongkorn University, in the Department of Pharmacognosy in the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science. Here she developed her knowledge of natural products, and herbal medicine from local plants. After entering the graduate program at this institution, she earned an M.Sc. in Pharmacy (Pharmacognosy) in 1985. Starting in 1991, she began working at Bangkok's Ramkhamhaeng University as an instructor in the biology department.
In 1997, Natsurang became the principal researcher in taxonomy in a lichen research unit newly established at Ramkhamhaeng University. She was then awarded a scholarship from the Thai government to work toward a PhD. She enrolled in Liverpool John Moores University as a PhD student, with Anthony Whalley and Brian John Coppins as supervisors; after working with Coppins at the Royal Botanic Garden in Edinburgh, she earned her PhD in 1999. Her thesis was titled "The taxonomic and ecological aspects of the Thelotremataceae in southeast Asia". As part of her thesis work, she and Coppins formally described 30 new lichen species from the family Thelotremataceae.
Natsurang started to suffer from health problems in 2004. She died of cancer on 11 August 2006 at age forty nine. Two Thai lichens have been named in her honour: Cladonia homchantarae Ahti & Parnmen (2008) and Chroodiscus homchantarae Papong & Lücking (2009). A workshop on the thelotremoid Graphidaceae, held at Ramkhamhaeng University in 2008, was dedicated to her honour.

## Selected publications

* Boonpragob, K.; Homchantara, N.; Coppins, B.J.; McCarthy, P.M.; Wolseley, P.A. (1998). "An introduction to the lichen flora of Khao Yai National Park, Thailand". Botanical Journal of Scotland. 50 (2): 209–219. doi:10.1080/03746609808684918.
* Homchantara, N.; Coppins, B.J. (2002). "New species of the lichen family Theotremataceae in SE Asia". The Lichenologist. 34 (2): 113–140. doi:10.1006/lich.2002.0382. S2CID 85429979.