# Glossary of table tennis

This glossary defines terms related to the sport of table tennis.

## Alternation of ends

    After each game, players switch sides of the table. In the last possible game of a match, for example the seventh game in a best of seven matches, players change ends when the first player scores five points, regardless of whose turn it is to serve. Service is subject to change on game point of the match. Upon the possible last point of the match, the player with the lesser score serves. If the sequence of serving and receiving is out of turn or the ends are not changed, points scored in the wrong situation are still calculated and the game shall be resumed with the order at the score that has been reached.

## Alternation of service

    Service alternates between opponents every two points (regardless of winner of the rally) until the end of the game, unless both players score ten points or the expedite system is operated, when the sequences of serving and receiving stay the same but each player serves for only one point in turn (Deuce). The player serving first in a game receives first in the next game of the match.

## Antispin

    A smooth rubber with very low surface friction, used to defend against strong spin or to confuse the opponent. This type of rubber is rarely seen in modern top-level table tennis, but is popular with amateur and veteran players.

## Assistant umpire

    Someone who assists the main umpire with decisions.

## Attacker

    A player who uses a large number of attacking shots.

## Backspin

    Is where the bottom half of the ball is rotating away from the player, and is imparted by striking the base of the ball with a downward movement. At the professional level, backspin is usually used defensively in order to keep the ball low. Backspin is commonly employed in service because it is harder to produce an offensive return.

## Bat

    see Table tennis racket.

## Blade

    The wooden portion of the racket, often referred to as the "blade", commonly features anywhere between one and seven plies of wood, though cork, glass fiber, carbon fiber, aluminum fiber, and Kevlar are sometimes used. According to the ITTF regulations, at least 85% of the blade by thickness shall be of natural wood. Common wood types include balsa, limba, and cypress or "hinoki", which is popular in Japan. The average size of the blade is about 17 centimetres (6.7 in) long and 15 centimetres (5.9 in) wide, although the official restrictions only focus on the flatness and rigidity of the blade itself, these dimensions are optimal for most play styles.

## Block

    The block is a simple shot, but nonetheless can be devastating against an attacking opponent. A block is executed by simply placing the racket in front of the ball right after the ball bounces; thus, the ball rebounds back toward the opponent with nearly as much energy as it came in with. This requires precision, since the ball's spin, speed, and location all influence the correct angle of a block. It is very possible for an opponent to execute a perfect loop, drive, or smash, only to have the blocked shot come back at them just as fast. Due to the power involved in offensive strokes, often an opponent simply cannot recover quickly enough, and will be unable to return the blocked shot. Blocks almost always produce the same spin as was received, many times topspin. Depending on the spin of the ball, the block may be returned to an unexpected side of the table. This may come to your advantage, as the opponent may not expect this.

## Blocker

    A player who blocks the ball a majority of the time.

## Casters

    Large wheels on the bottom of the legs of some table tennis tables.

## Chop

    A chop is the defensive, backspin counterpart to the offensive loop drive. A chop is essentially a bigger, heavier push, taken well back from the table. The racket face points primarily horizontally, perhaps a little bit upward, and the direction of the stroke is straight down. The object of a defensive chop is to match the topspin of the opponent's shot with backspin. A good chop will float nearly horizontally back to the table, in some cases having so much backspin that the ball actually rises. Such a chop can be extremely difficult to return due to its enormous amount of backspin. Some defensive players can also impart no-spin or sidespin variations of the chop.

## Chop block

    A shot that uses sidespin and backspin. The player must hit diagonally downwards to generate the shot.

## Chopper

    A player who chops the ball the majority of the time.

## Closed angle

    A small racket angle where a large amount of spin is generated.

## Closed racket

    The hitting surface of the racket is aimed downward and the top edge is leaning away from the player.

## Counter-hit

    The counter-hit is usually a counterattack against an incoming attack, normally high loop drives. The racket is held closed and near to the ball, which is hit with a short movement "off the bounce" (immediately after hitting the table) so that the ball travels faster to the other side. A well-timed, accurate counter-drive can be as effective as a smash.

## Counter-loop

    A counter with a large amount of topspin from both players.

## Counter-smash

    When both players smash the ball after each other.

## Crosscourt

    When a player hits the ball diagonally across the table.

## Crossover

    The point where a player has to change from playing a forehand stroke to backhand stroke; often a target for attack, since it is difficult to return balls aimed at this area.

## Dead ball

    When the ball either bounces twice on the table or hits the floor.

## Deep

    A shot hit long, toward the back of the table. Some also use the term to describe a player who is playing deep, far away from the table.

## Deuce

    At 10-10 a player must win the set by two points such as 12-10, 13-11, 14-12 etc.

## Double bounce

    When the ball bounces twice on the same side of the table.

## Doubles

    Two players on each side of the table.

## Down the line

    When a player hits the ball straight down the line on one side of the table.

## Drop shot

    Placing the ball so short that the opponent has difficulty reaching and returning it. Best done when the opponent is far away from the table.

## Early

    The rising part of a ball's bounce.

## Expedite rule

    A rule where a rally cannot go on from a certain amount of time or number of shots.

## Extreme angle

    A very small racket angle.

## Falkenberg drill

    A regular movement drill, where the attacker has to attack from the three positions backhand, backhand, forehand in an infinite loop into a fixed position of the feeding player. The second backhand ball of the attacker is played with the forehand, forcing him to move quickly into the forehand afterwards. This move is aimed to improve the technique, the consistency and the accuracy.

## Flat

    A shot with little spin and moves in a straighter trajectory.

## Flick

    The more common word for the Flip nowadays. A short shot from over the table close to the net played in a looping style or flat hit. Can include sidespin component when played from the backhand, when played as banana flick. The term banana refers to the movement of the racket when swinging the backhand mainly with wrist and forearm.

## Flip

    When a player tries to attack a ball that has not bounced beyond the edge of the table, the player does not have the room to wind up in a backswing. The ball may still be attacked, however, and the resulting shot is called a flip because the backswing is compressed into a quick wrist action. A flip is not a single stroke and can resemble either a loop drive or a loop in its characteristics. What identifies the stroke is that the backswing is compressed into a short wrist flick.

## Footwork

    How a player moves their feet during a shot.

## Forehand

    For a right-handed player, any shot done with the racket to the right of their elbow. For a left-handed player, any shot done with the racket to the left of their elbow.

## Free hand

    The player's hand that is not holding the racket.

## Game point

    Game situation when one player needs just one more point to win.

## Grip

    Competitive table tennis players grip their rackets in a variety of ways. The manner in which competitive players grip their rackets can be classified into two major families of styles; one is described as penhold and the other shakehand. The Laws of Table Tennis do not prescribe the manner in which one must grip the racket, and numerous variations on gripping styles exist.

## Hard rubber

    A rubber with a hard feeling and sponge. May also refer to the topsheet. The less catapult strength makes it easier to focus on playing the ball with more spin for players on higher level, as more frictional force can be applied without giving the ball too much forward momentum.

## Heavy spin

    Used to describe strong spin.

## High toss serve

    When a player tosses the ball very high to serve. The high toss gives the ball more momentum to convert into spin when serving, but makes it more difficult to control.

## Hit

    A direct hit on the ball propelling it forward back to the opponent. This stroke differs from speed drives in other racket sports like tennis because the racket is primarily perpendicular to the direction of the stroke and most of the energy applied to the ball results in speed rather than spin, creating a shot that does not arc much, but is fast enough that it can be difficult to return. A speed drive is used mostly for keeping the ball in play, applying pressure on the opponent, and potentially opening up an opportunity for a more powerful attack.

## International Table Tennis Federation

    (ITTF), is the governing body for all national table tennis associations. The role of the ITTF includes overseeing rules and regulations and seeking technological improvement for the sport of table tennis. The ITTF is responsible for the organization of numerous international competitions, including the World Table Tennis Championships that has continued since 1926.

## Inverted rubber

    Rubber which contacts the ball with its smooth surface, and is glued to the sponge with its pimpled surface. With a larger contact area this type of rubber generally produces more spin than pimpled rubber, although some rubbers are designed to have the opposite effect (see Antispin above).

## ITTF

    see International Table Tennis Federation.

## Kill shot

    A shot that wins the point.

## Late

    The falling part of a ball's bounce.

## Let

    A let is a rally of which the result is not scored and is called in the following circumstances: A let is also called foul service, if the ball hits the server's side of the table, if the ball does not pass further than the edge and if the ball hits the table edge and hits the net.
   * The ball touches the net in service (service), provided the service is otherwise correct or the ball is obstructed by the player on the receiving side. Obstruction means a player touches the ball when it is above or traveling towards the playing surface, not having touched the player's court since last being struck by the player.
   * When the player on the receiving side is not ready and the service is delivered.
   * Player's failure to make a service or a return or to comply with the Laws is due to a disturbance outside the control of the player.
   * Play is interrupted by the umpire or assistant umpire.

## Let serve

    When the serve touches the net but still goes over. The serve is retaken.

## Loaded

    A shot with a very large amount of spin.

## Lob

    The defensive lob propels the ball about five metres or more in height, only to land on the opponent's side of the table with potentially great amounts of spin. To execute, a defensive player first backs-off the table 4–6 meters; then, the stroke itself consists of lifting the ball to an enormous height before it falls back to the opponent's side of the table, ideally on the white backline. A lob is inherently a creative shot, and can have nearly any kind of spin. Top-quality players use this to their advantage in order to control the spin of the ball. For instance, though the opponent may smash the ball hard and fast, a good defensive lob could be more difficult to return due to the unpredictability and heavy amounts of the spin on the ball. Thus, though backed off the table by tens of feet and running to reach the ball, a good player can still win the point using well placed lobs. However, at the professional level, lobbers will lose the point most of the time, so the lob is not used unless it is really necessary. Usually some type of topspin component is added to the lobbed ball to force the attacking player to move back from the table as the ball travels deeper when bouncing back to height. This reduces the feasible angle of attack and makes it more difficult for the attacking player to use more force. Also, the distance of the ball towards the table increases, giving the defending player more time to react on subsequent smashes or even giving him the opportunity to counterloop the smash from behind.

## Long

    A shot that hits the back of the table.

## Long pips

    A rubber with long pimples. The pimples are facing outwards from the blade. This makes the respective side of the racket less sensitive to spin, but also limits the possibility to generate spin at the same time. Long pips are usually preferred by players with defending playstyle, as the lower sensitivity to the opponent's spin makes it easier to chop the ball back.

## Loop

    A strong topspin stroke that aims to overpower the spin of the oncoming ball.

## Looper

    Player with attacks using topspins/loops

## Loose

    A return which is too high, too long, has insufficient spin, or a combination of the above. Easy for the opponent to attack or kill (compare tight, below).

## Magnus effect

    Is an observable phenomenon that is commonly associated with a spinning object. The path of the spinning object is deflected in a manner that is not present when the object is not spinning. The deflection can be explained by the difference in pressure on opposite sides of the spinning object. Topspin in ball games is defined as spin about a horizontal axis perpendicular to the direction of travel that moves the top surface of the ball in the direction of travel. Under the Magnus effect, topspin produces a downward swerve of a moving ball, greater than would be produced by gravity alone. Backspin produces an upwards force that prolongs the flight of a moving ball. Likewise side-spin causes swerve to either side. The overall behaviour is similar to that around an aerofoil (see lift force), but with a circulation generated by mechanical rotation rather than airfoil action.

## Match

    Usually played as Best-Of-Five or Best-Of-Seven in competitive table tennis.

## Medium long serve

    A serve where the second bounce is ideally on the white line on the back of the table. This type of serve is more difficult to directly attack, especially in combination with backspin, as the returning player cannot wait until the ball bounces off the table while at the same time it is difficult to attack the ball early as the racket swing is limited by the table edge.

## Mid long serve

    see Medium long serve.

## Multiball

    Training method minimizing wasted time by using many balls which are continuously fed to the player, either by another player or a ball robot. It is easier to play the same ball consistently as feeder, which allows beginner player to focus more on correct technique at timing during practice instead of adapting to the variation of spin, placement and length of the ball. When played in a faster pace, the practicing player can focus on speed, stamina and movement.

## No-spin

    A ball played with almost no rotational component

## No-spin serve

    A serve played with No-spin

## Open racket

    The hitting surface of the racket is aimed upwards and the top edge leans toward the player.

## Paddle

    see Table tennis racket.

## Penhold

    Style of player who grips the paddle in a manner similar to holding a pen. In the recent past, famous users of the penhold grip include Olympic Champions 2004 Ryu Seung-Min and Olympic Champion 2008 Ma Lin and World Champion 2009 Wang Hao. The grip they used varies, as Ryu Seuing-Min plays a penhold grip where only one side of the racket is used, whereas the chinese players used penhold grips where both sides of the rackets can be used, allowing to play the reverse penhold backhand. Other notable penhold players in current time include European Champion 2022 Dang Qiu from Germany and European Games Winner 2023 Félix Lebrun from France.

## Pimples

    Rubber which contacts the ball with its pimpled surface; produces different effects on the spin compared with inverted rubber, due to the reduced contact area and flexibility of the pimples. They are usually called pips and refer to Pips-out as opposed to the Pips-in. They are roughly divided into long and short pips, where shorter pips still allow attacking moves while longer pips favor defending playstyle. Rubbers with pips can be played without sponge.

## Pips

    See Pimples.

## Pips-in

    In contrast to pips-out, pips-in are considered to be the more normal type of rubbers in use and suit the attacking playstyle well due to their possibility to generate strong spins. An exception from this are anti-topspins, which are more similar to long pips then regular pips-in rubbers as the smooth surface makes them agnostic to spin.

## Pips-out

    See Pimples

## Play-Back position

    Positioning table tennis table with one side bent at a 90 degree angle to practice.

## Playing elbow

    Aiming to play the ball around the elbow, making it difficult for the opponent player to anticipate if the forehand or backhand should be used to return the ball.

## Push

    The push is usually used for keeping the point alive and creating offensive opportunities. A push resembles a tennis slice: the racket cuts underneath the ball, imparting backspin and causing the ball to float slowly to the other side of the table. While not obvious, a push can be difficult to attack because the backspin on the ball causes it to drop toward the table upon striking the opponent's racket. In order to attack a push, a player must usually loop the ball back over the net. Often, the best option for beginners is to simply push the ball back again, resulting in pushing rallies. Against good players, it may be the worst option because the opponent will counter with a loop, putting the first player in a defensive position. Another response to pushing is flipping the ball when it is close to the net. Pushing can have advantages in some circumstances, such as when the opponent makes easy mistakes.

## Racket hand

    The hand holding the racket. Balls played with the racket hand instead of the racket are rule-complaint and may happen by accident. The racket hand is allowed to switch at any time by transferring the racket to the other hand.

## Rally

    Often used to describe situations in which both player attack with topspins in a topspin-topspin duel.

## Receive

    The stroke to return the serve. Winning the coin toss also allows to choose to start with the receive.

## Reverse penhold backhand

    Stroke of a two-sided penhold player using his backhand rubber. It is called reverse as the classical penhold players until 2000 used only one side of the racket. Nowadays, most of the penhold players play two-sided penhold grips and often have strong topspins with the reverse penhold backhand.

## Rubber

    Refers to the rubber that is attached to the blade.

## Rubber cleaner

    Cleaning substance to clean the rubber from dust and dirt.

## Sandwich rubber

    Rubber, with sponge.

## Seemiller grip

    The Seemiller grip is named after the American table tennis champion Danny Seemiller, who used it. It is achieved by placing your thumb and index finger on either side of the bottom of the racquet head and holding the handle with the rest of your fingers. Since only one side of the racquet is used to hit the ball, two contrasting rubber types can be applied to the blade, offering the advantage of "twiddling" the racket to fool the opponent. Seemiller paired inverted rubber with anti-spin rubber; many players today combine inverted and long-pipped rubber. The grip is considered exceptional for blocking, especially on the backhand side, and for forehand loops of backspin balls.

## Service

    The point starts with the service, where the serving player has to play the ball to the own half of the table one before the ball bounces to the opponent's table side. The service is often abbreviated as serve. The service is a comparatively strongly regulated stroke with requirements on the tossing height, the angle and the visibility of the ball when serving.

## Serve

    Same as service, but more often used in verbal language.

## Set

    Also called game, a set is won by the first player who reached 11 points. The set starts with the serving player having to play the first two services, afterwards the service right (which is not optional) changes after every two point. By standard ITTF rules, a player has to win a set with at least being two points ahead, so in case the score of 10:10 is reached, the rules slightly change. Now, the service right changes at every point and the players who first has two points more than his opponent wins, e.g. scores to win could be 12:10, 13:11, 21:19 or 33:31 but not 11:10. In competitive table tennis, usually Best-Of-Five or Best-Of-Seven is played, which means that the first player to win three (Bo5) or four (Bo7) sets, wins the match.

## Shakehand

    The most popular table-tennis grip; With the index finger extended over the paddle head perpendicular to the handle.

## Short

    The ball is played such that the (hypothetically) second bounce and more would be still on the table. This makes it more difficult to attack the ball as the swing angle is limited by the table.

## Sidespin

    This type of spin is predominantly employed during service, wherein the contact angle of the racket can be more easily varied. Sidespin causes the ball to spin on an axis which is vertical, rather than horizontal. The axis of rotation is still roughly perpendicular to the trajectory of the ball. In this circumstance, the Magnus effect will still dictate the curvature of the ball to some degree. Another difference is that unlike backspin and topspin, sidespin will have relatively very little effect on the bounce of the ball, much in the same way that a spinning top would not travel left or right if its axis of rotation were exactly vertical. This makes sidespin a useful weapon in service, because it is less easily recognized when bouncing, and the ball "loses" less spin on the bounce. Sidespin can also be employed in offensive rally strokes, often from a greater distance, as an adjunct to topspin or backspin. This stroke is sometimes referred to as a "hook". The hook can even be used in some extreme cases to circumvent the net when away from the table.

## Skunk

    An informal rule in table tennis that says that a player wins a game at a score of 7-0 or 11-1.

## Smash

    The offensive trump card is the smash. A player will typically execute a smash when the opponent has returned a ball that bounces too high or too close to the net. Smashing consists of using a large backswing and rapid acceleration to impart as much speed on the ball as possible. The goal of a smash is to get the ball to move so quickly that the opponent simply cannot return it. Because the ball speed is the main aim of this shot, often the spin on the ball is something other than topspin. Sidespin can be used effectively with a smash to alter the ball's trajectory significantly, although most intermediate players will smash the ball with little or no spin. An offensive table tennis player will think of a rally as a build-up to a winning smash.

## Speed glue

    Glue used to attach rubber to the blade; contains a high percentage of volatile solvents, which soak into the sponge of a rubber and increase the speed and spin of a stroke. The usage is currently forbidden due to health risks of the volatile solvents and rackets are checked by umpire against volatiles components at professional tournaments.

## Spin

    Referring to the rotation of the ball

## Spin reversal

    An effect which happens when one players uses an anti topspin rubber or long pips. As the surface of these rubbers are not sensitive to spin due to the lack of friction, the ball can be returned such that the spin of the ball is reversed, meaning that a topspin can be easily played back as a backspin ball and vice verse. Sidespin balls may be played with the direction of the rotation swapped. The ball slips through the rubber surface.

## Sponge

    A rubber consists of a sponge layer and a rubber layer, where the sponge layer is simply called "sponge".

## Step around

    Leg movement which allows to play with the forehand on the backhand side of the table. Usually one foot has to step around the table such that the body faces direction of the incoming ball, hence the naming. In case of a right-handed player, the left foot steps around such it is on the left side of the table (point of view of this player).

## Stroke

    Hit the ball with a defined swing/movement

## Sweet spot

    Refers to the part of the racket where the impact of the ball on contact is considered regular. Hitting the ball near the edge of the racket leads to the opposite as the feedback to the player is noised by edge effects of the vibration.

## Table tennis racket

    Also known as a paddle or bat, is used by table tennis players. The table tennis racket is usually made from laminated wood covered with rubber on one or two sides depending on the player's grip. The USA generally uses the term "paddle" while Europeans and Asians use the term "bat" and the official ITTF term is "racket".

## Third ball

    The stroke hit by the server after the opponent's return of the serve. Because the serve can be used to make attacking difficult for the opponent, the third ball is frequently the first strong attacking stroke in a table-tennis rally.

## Throw angle

    The angle with which the ball is tossed. By rule, it is required to be tossed vertically but also allowing a 30 degree tolerance between the vertical plance and the direction of fall. If the ball toss is high enough, this tolerance allows the ball travel some lateral distances.

## Tight

    A return which is difficult for the opponent to attack. Always a low ball, usually in combination with being short, having strong backspin or both

## Topspin

    Referring to both the spin of the ball and the stroke which produces it. Depending on the region, topspin is more often used than looping

## Two-winged looper

    Player is able to attack with topspin from both forehand and backhand side.

## Umpire

    The role which oversees the match to be complaint to the rules, awarding the point to the respective player during the sets and decides the penalty in case of rule violation in accord to the ITTF rules.

## Underspin

    see Backspin

## USA Table Tennis

    Colloquially known as USATT, is the non-profit governing body for table tennis in the United States and is responsible for cataloging and sanctioning table tennis tournaments within the country.

## Volley

    Hitting the ball before it bounces on the own table side, which is considered as fault. May happen accidentally.

## Wide angle

    A suddenly drastic change of the ball placement during a point which makes it to the opponent difficult to reach.