OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Postpositivism (international relations)

In international relations theory, post-positivism refers to theories of international relations which epistemologically reject positivism, the idea that the empiricist observation of the natural sciences can be applied to the social sciences.
Post-positivist (or reflectivist) theories of IR attempt to integrate a larger variety of security concerns. Supporters argue that if IR is the study of foreign affairs and relations, it ought to include non-state actors as well as the state. Instead of studying solely high politics of the state, IR ought to study world politics of the everyday world—which involves both high and low politics. Thus, issues such as gender (often in terms of feminism which generally holds salient the subordination of women to men) and ethnicity (such as stateless actors like the Catalans or Rohingya people) can be problematized and made into an international security issue—supplementing (not replacing) the traditional IR concerns of diplomacy and outright war.
The post-positivist approach can be described as incredulity towards metanarratives—in IR, this would involve rejecting all-encompassing stories that claim to explain the international system. It argues that neither realism nor liberalism could be the full story. A post-positivist approach to IR does not claim to provide universal answers but seeks to ask questions instead. A key difference is that while positivist theories such as realism and liberalism highlight how power is exercised, post-positivist theories focus on how power is experienced resulting in a focus on both different subject matters and agents.
Often, post-positivist theories explicitly promote a normative approach to IR, by considering ethics. This is something which has often been ignored under traditional IR as positivist theories make a distinction between positive facts and normative judgement—whereas post-positivist argue that discourse is constitutive of reality; in other words, that it is impossible to be truly independent and factual as power-free knowledge cannot exist.
Postpositivist theories do not attempt to be scientific or a social science. Instead, they attempt in-depth analysis of cases in order to "understand" international political phenomena by asking relevant questions to determine in what ways the status-quo promote certain power relations. In 2009, 21 percent of international relations faculty characterized their scholarship as post-positivist.
# Borthwick baronets

There have been two baronetcies created for persons with the surname Borthwick, both in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom.
The Borthwick Baronetcy, of Heath House in the County of Surrey, was created in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom on 12 July 1887. For more information on this creation, see the Baron Glenesk.
The Borthwick Baronetcy, of Whitburgh in Humbie in the County of Haddington, was created in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom on 21 July 1908 for Thomas Borthwick. He was Chairman of Thomas Borthwick & Sons, colonial merchants. In June 1912 he was nominated for a peerage, but died in July of the same year, before the patent had passed the Great Seal. However, on 10 December 1912 his eldest son Thomas Borthwick, the second Baronet, was created Baron Whitburgh, of Whitburgh in the County of Midlothian, in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. Furthermore, in February 1913 the first Baronet's widow Letitia Mary was given Royal licence to use the style of Baroness Whitburgh. The peerage became extinct on Lord Whitburgh's death in 1967, while he was succeeded in the baronetcy by his nephew, the third Baronet. He was the only son of the Hon. James Alexander Borthwick, second son of the first Baronet. The 4th Baronet Sir Antony Thomas Borthwick succeeded his father in 2002.

## Borthwick baronets, of Heath House (1887)

* see the Baron Glenesk

## Borthwick baronets, of Whitburgh (1908)

* Sir Thomas Borthwick, 1st Baronet (1835–1912)
* Sir Thomas Banks Borthwick, 2nd Baronet (1874–1967) (created Baron Whitburgh in 1912)

## Barons Whitburgh (1912)

* Thomas Banks Borthwick, 1st Baron Whitburgh (1874–1967)

## Borthwick baronets, of Whitburgh (1908; reverted)

* Sir John Thomas Borthwick, 3rd Baronet (1917–2002)
* Sir Antony Thomas Borthwick, 4th Baronet (born 1941)
The heir apparent is the present holder's son Matthew Thomas Thurston Borthwick (born 1968).
# Francis Stewart Boyce

Francis Stewart Boyce KC (26 June 1872 – 27 June 1940) was an Australian politician and judge.
He was born in Rockley to Francis Bertie Boyce and Caroline Stewart. He attended The King's School in Parramatta, Sydney Grammar School and then Rugby School in England, before studying at the University of Sydney. He qualified with a Bachelor of Arts in 1893 and a Bachelor of Law in 1896, being called to the bar the following year. In 1901 he married Norah Glasson, with whom he had five children. He was an acting judge on the District Court in 1916. In 1923 he was appointed to the New South Wales Legislative Council as a Nationalist. He took silk in 1924, the year in which he was appointed a minister without portfolio in the government. He held that position until 1925, and from 1927 to 1930 served as Attorney-General and Vice-President of the Executive Council. He resigned from the Council in 1932 to take up an appointment as a judge in divorce on the New South Wales Supreme Court. Boyce died at Pymble in 1940.

## Honours Received

Kings Counsel (KC) 1924
# Kutanja, Bosnia and Herzegovina

Kutanja (Cyrillic: Кутања) is a village in the municipality of Donji Vakuf, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

## Demographics

According to the 2013 census, its population was 310.
Ethnicity in 2013 :
| Ethnicity | Number | Percentage |
| Bosniaks | 286 | 92.3% |
| Serbs | 5 | 1.6% |
| other/undeclared | 19 | 6.1% |
| Total | 310 | 100% |
# Mukul Banerjee

Mukul Banerjee (née Mukherjee; 7 December 1925 – c. 1991) was an Indian politician. She was elected to the Lok Sabha, lower house of the Parliament of India from New Delhi as a member of the Indian National Congress. Banerjee death was announced in 1991.
# Genota papalis

Genota papalis is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Borsoniidae.

## Description

The length of the shell varies between 24 mm and 55 mm. The shoulder somewhat flatter than in Genota mitriformis. The nodules are more distinct, as are the longitudinal lines or folds. The revolving sculpture is scarcely decussating them and sometimes becomes obsolete. The shell is sometimes indistinctly banded.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs in the Atlantic Ocean off tropical West Africa, Guinea, Senegal.
# Poikoro

Poikoro is a village in the Ouo Department of Comoé Province in south-western Burkina Faso. The village has a population of 527.
# Borthwick Castle, Scottish Borders

Borthwick Castle, Scottish Borders was a 16th-century L-plan tower house, about 1 mile (1.6 km) north west of Duns, Scottish Borders, Scotland.

## History

The property belonged to the Cockburns. It was destroyed by quarrying, having become ruinous, after 1970, although it had been excavated before demolition. Near the site stands a commemorative stone. It is thought that it was a watchtower and small residence, rather than a place of strength.

## Structure

Borthwick Castle had a courtyard surrounding the 16th-century buildings and a later house. There was a corbelled-out stair-tower in the re-entrant angle of the L-plan tower. The vaulted basement had a scale-and-platt staircase to the first floor. The tower’s dimension were about 17 metres (56 ft) by 11 metres (36 ft), with walls 2.4 metres (7 ft 10 in). Apart from narrow brick in the fireplace and window openings the building was constructed from mortared stone.
# Luswisi

Luswisi is an administrative ward in Ileje District, Mbeya Region, Tanzania. According to the 2002 census, the ward has a total population of 4,790.
# Martti Ingman

Martti Johannes Ingman (1907–1989) was a Finnish diplomat. He held a Master of Arts degree. Between 1956 and 1963 he first served as Envoy, then ambassador to Rio de Janeiro, Warsaw from 1963 to 1967 as ambassador, as well as Budapest 1969-1973. His father was Prime Minister and Archbishop Lauri Ingman.
# Kurahashi

Kurahashi may refer to:

## Places

* Kurahashi-jima, an island of Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan
* Kurahashi, Hiroshima, a former town in Aki District, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan

## Other uses

* Kurahashi (surname), a Japanese surname
* Kurahashi Station, a railway station in Asahi, Chiba Prefecture, Japan
# Cnemolia grisea

Cnemolia grisea is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1952.
# Caenogenesis

Caenogenesis (also variously spelled cenogenesis, kainogenesis, kenogenesis) is the introduction during embryonic development of characters or structure not present in the earlier evolutionary history of the strain or species, as opposed to palingenesis. Notable examples include the addition of the placenta in mammals.
Caenogenesis constitutes a violation to Ernst Haeckel's biogenetic law and was explained by Haeckel as adaptation to the peculiar conditions of the organism's individual development. Other authorities, such as Wilhelm His, Sr., on the contrary saw embryonic differences as precursors to adult differences.
# Genotina

Genotina is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Mangeliidae,

## Species

Species within the genus Genotina include:
* Genotina adamii (Bozzetti, 1994)
* Genotina genotae Vera-Peláez, 2004
# Meat grinder (disambiguation)

A meat grinder is a culinary tool for grinding (finely shredding into bits) meat.
Meat grinder may also refer to:
* Meat Grinder, 2009 Thai horror film
* "Meat Grinder," a song by Madvillain from their album Madvillainy
* Saddam Hussein's alleged shredder, described as a meat grinder for people
* Colloquial term for attrition warfare or human wave attacks
** Battles of Rzhev during the World War II, nicknamed the "meat-grinder" by veterans and historians
** Operation Killer during the Korean War, nicknamed the "meat-grinder" by popular press for carnage experienced by Chinese forces
# Bosisto

Bosisto is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Glyn Bosisto (1899–1990), Australian lawn bowler
* Joseph Bosisto (1827–1898), Australian chemist and politician
* Will Bosisto (born 1993), Australian cricketer
# Cake or Death (Lee Hazlewood album)

Cake or Death is the final studio album by Lee Hazlewood, released in 2006. The title of the album is a reference to a stand-up comedy routine by the British comedian Eddie Izzard, of whom Hazlewood was a fan.

## Personnel

For his final album, Hazlewood opted to work with lower-profile performers rather than his usual roster of collaborators such as Nancy Sinatra or Ann-Margret. "Please Come to Boston" features Swedish singer Ann-Kristin Hedmark. "She's Gonna Break Some Heart Tonight" was performed solely by Hazlewood's friend Tommy Parsons, with Hazlewood introducing Parsons at the beginning of the track. “The First Song of the Day” was written by German musician Dirk Felsenheimer, better known by his stage name Bela B. The track was also featured on Bela B's album Bingo as “Lee Hazlewood & das erste Lied des Tages.” Finally, Hazlewood includes a new version of "Some Velvet Morning", sung with his granddaughter Phaedra Dawn Stewart (whose namesake is prominently mentioned in the song).

## Critical reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| Entertainment Weekly | A− |
| The Guardian | |
| Pitchfork | 7.7/10 |
Stephen Troussé of Pitchfork gave the album a 7.7 out of 10, saying: "sobriety has never been Hazlewood's style, and Cake or Death is as daffy, cornball and absurdly touching as anything he's put his name to over the last half century." John Bush of AllMusic gave the album 3 stars out of 5, saying: "In sound and execution, Cake or Death is a modern-day roots rock record (with the polished touch of Nashville), and Hazlewood's studio team finds no trouble moving from loping (Western) swing to red-hot rock & roll."
# Mary Purcell

Mary Purcell may refer to:
* Mary Tracey-Purcell (born 1949), Irish middle-distance runner
* Mary Purcell (biographer) (1906–1991), Irish teacher, biographer, and archivist
* La Wilson (Mary Alice Purcell, 1926–2018), American artist
# Demetrida chaudoiri

Demetrida chaudoiri is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Lebiinae. It was described by William John Macleay in 1871 and is found in Australia.
# Cnemolia douceti

Cnemolia douceti is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Lepesme and Breuning in 1955.
It can be found on the Ivory Coast.
# Caenocephaloides

Caenocephaloides is a genus of flies in the family Stratiomyidae.

## Species

* Caenocephaloides melanarius (Walker, 1861)
# Genjirō

Genjirō, Genjiro or Genjirou (written: 源次郎 or 原二郎) is a masculine Japanese given name. Notable people with the name include:
* Genjiro Arato (荒戸 源次郎, 1946–2016), Japanese film producer, actor and director
* Genjirō Kaneko (金子 原二郎, born 1944), Japanese politician and governor of Nagasaki Prefecture
# Polarsun Automobile

Polarsun Automobile (Chinese: 中顺汽车; pinyin: Zhōngshùn Qìchē) was a Chinese automaker headquartered in Shenyang city, Liaoning province.

## History

Originally called Songliao Automobile (松辽汽车股份有限公司), the company was reconstructed in 2003 to become Shenyang Zhongshun Automobile (沈阳中顺汽车有限公司), or Polarsun Automobile.
In 2003, Polarsun Automobile established its automobile research and development center in Detroit, Michigan in the United States as its second R&D center in North America, following the first one founded in Los Angeles in 2002.
It was reported that production has ceased in 2013 due to slow sales. As of January 2018, the stocks of Polarsun Automobile was fully transferred and the name of the company has been changed from Polarsun Motor Holdings Ltd (中順汽車控股有限公司) to WM Motors (Weltmeister 威马汽车制造温州有限公司), a Chinese NEV company.

## Products

* Polarsun Century, a commercial van based on the fourth generation Toyota HiAce.
* Polarsun MPV-A, a 7 to 9 seater MPV with styling inspired by the Mitsubishi Space Gear with the front fascia inspired by the Nissan Serena.
* Polarsun MPV, a 6-seater compact MPV.
* Polarsun MPV-B, a 5-seater compact MPV with styling inspired by the first generation Mazda Premacy.
* Polarsun MPV-C, a 5-seater mini MPV with styling inspired by the first generation Honda Fit.
* Polarsun SUV, a compact SUV with styling inspired by the first generation Ford Escape. Powered by a 2.3L engine mated to a 5-speed manual gearbox.
* Polarsun Limousine, a stretched mid-size SUV with styling inspired by the second generation Honda CR-V compact crossover.
# Day and Night (album)

Day and Night is an album by saxophonist Gerd Dudek. It was recorded on January 30, 2012, at Curtis Schwartz Studio in Ardingly, West Sussex, England, and was released later that year by Psi Records. On the album, Dudek is joined by pianist Hans Koller, double bassist Oli Hayhurst, and drummer Gene Calderazzo.

## Reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| All About Jazz | |
| Jazzwise | |
In a 5-star review for All About Jazz, John Eyles wrote: "That material is perfectly chosen to showcase Dudek at his best. All the pieces have strong melody lines that are played beautifully... Everything about Dudek's playing is enviably flawless... Every track here is so good that it is impossible to single out any one as the best, but altogether Day and Night is one of the very best albums of 2012."
Stephen Graham of Jazzwise remarked: "Although clearly not cutting edge music as we understand it today, Day and Night is all about fine craftsmanship and the power of instinctive interpretation. There's no attempt to be clever-clever, which is one of the reasons why the album is so smart and likeable."
Writer Richard Williams stated that Dudek's playing "has the vigour — physical and intellectual — that you might associate with a musician half his age, although I think his exceptionally handsome tone has softened slightly over the years," and commented: "the repertoire is... well chosen... The quartet had played at the Vortex the night before going into the studio, and the session has a lovely combination of freshness, relaxation, and intense concentration."
Point of Departure's John Litweiler noted that although Dudek's "inspiration is Coltrane's early Atlantics... he plays a minimum of scales and double-time... his accents are dispersed, he swings freely over the rhythms instead of hitting downbeats Coltrane-style." He wrote: "Dudek captures some of Ornette Coleman's thematic-improvisation spirit in the way he spins broken lines from 'Congeniality' motives. Herbie Nichols' 'Step Tempest' is even more provocative, lyrical playing in a harmonic terrain at a tangent to the original changes."
Writing for JazzWord, Ken Waxman stated: "the masterful readings of these tunes depends as much on the veteran's interpretations as the enthusiasm of the younger players... Steve Lacy once observed that 'Free Jazz keeps you young'. And it appears Dudek is one more proof of that aphorism."

## Track listing

* "Step Tempest" (Herbie Nichols) – 4:50
* "Congeniality" (Ornette Coleman) – 8:20
* "Blues a la Carte" (Wayne Shorter) – 6:53
* "Duke Ellington's Sound of Love" (Charles Mingus) – 10:01
* "Blues to You" (John Coltrane) – 5:36
* "We Salute the Night" (Kenny Wheeler) – 7:32
* "Fedora" (Kenny Wheeler) – 7:20
* "Der Tag Mit Seinem Lichte" (Johann Sebastian Bach) – 5:49

## Personnel

* Gerd Dudek – tenor saxophone, soprano saxophone
* Hans Koller – piano
* Oli Hayhurst – double bass
* Gene Calderazzo – drums
# Bornum

Bornum can refer to the following places in Germany:
* Bornum, Saxony-Anhalt
* Bornum am Elm, Königslutter, Lower Saxony
* Bornum am Harz, Bockenem, Lower Saxony
* Bornum, Börßum, Lower Saxony
* Bornum, Hanover, Lower Saxony
# Caffè Gambrinus

40°50′12.5″N 14°14′54.7″E﻿ / ﻿40.836806°N 14.248528°E﻿ / 40.836806; 14.248528
The Caffè Gambrinus is a historic, private cafe or coffeehouse in Central Naples, Italy on via Chiaia. It is located in the rear of the Palazzo della Prefettura, which lies in front and to side of the Royal Palace of Naples, both of which face the Piazza del Plebiscito. The name Gambrinus is a legendary somewhat tipsy figure of joviality, and his name is used for various brands and many establishments.

## History

The coffeehouse was founded in 1860 by Vincenzo Apuzzo, whose dream was to make his club the most important of the newborn Italy and he succeeded because he became the official supplier of the Real Casa. The next owner, Mario Vacca, beginning in 1889–1890, commissioned refurbishment and reconstruction using the architect Antonio Curri, and commissioned painted decoration from numerous contemporary artists including Luca Postiglione, Pietro Scoppetta, Vincenzo Volpe, Attilio Pratella, Giuseppe De Sanctis, Giuseppe Casciaro, Gaetano Esposito, Vincenzo Migliaro, Vincenzo Irolli, Eduardo De Filippo and Vincenzo Caprile. Their artwork still graces the elegant Art Nouveau interiors, which evoke the spirit of the Belle Epoque.
The cafe was also known for being a meeting site for intellectuals and artists, including Gabriele D'Annunzio and Filippo Tommaso Marinetti. It was the meeting point of Oscar Wilde, Gabriele D'Annunzio, Ernest Hemingway, Matilde Serao, Princess Sissi, Jean Paul Sartre, Guy de Maupassant, Émile Zola, and Benedetto Croce.
Located near the Teatro di San Carlo, the cafe used to host musicians and orchestra directors before their performances in the main theatre of Naples. On January 1 2002, the Italian president Carlo Azeglio Ciampi, who was linked to the city by a special empathy, paid his first caffè in euro at the Gambrinus in Naples.
# Martin Fisher (disambiguation)

Martin Fisher was a politician.
Martin Fisher may also refer to:
* Martin Fisher (actor) on List of EastEnders characters
* Marty Fisher, Martin 'Marty' Fisher, Shameless fictional character
* Dr. Martin Fisher, buisnessmen
* Martin Fisher (zoologist), see Silver Medal
* Martin Fisher (inventor), see Lemelson–MIT Prize
# Demetrida discoidalis

Demetrida discoidalis is a species of ground beetle in the Lebiinae subfamily. It was described by Darlington in 1968 and is found in Indonesia and New Guinea.
# Luiz Humberto Carneiro

Luiz Humberto Carneiro (24 March 1953 – 17 April 2021) was a Brazilian politician and farmer. A member of the Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB), he served on the Legislative Assembly of Minas Gerais from 2003 to 2021.

## Biography

Born in Uberlândia, Carneiro grew up in a family of farmers, a profession which he continued. His public life began in 1990 when he joined the Rural Union of Uberlândia, of which he was president until 1998. He served as Municipal Secretary of Agriculture of Uberlândia from 1991 to 1995 and Municipal Secretary of Housing from 1995 to 1999.
Carneiro was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Minas Gerais in 2002 and re-elected in 2006 and 2010. In 2005, he was chosen to lead the PSDB in the Legislative Assembly, continuously being re-elected to the position until 2010. He also led the block of support for former Minas Gerais Governor Aécio Neves. He then supported the next Governor, Antônio Anastasia.
In 2012, Carneiro ran for Mayor of Uberlândia, but was defeated by Workers' Party candidate Gilmar Machado [pt], who received 68.72% of the vote.
Luiz Humberto Carneiro died of COVID-19 in Uberlândia on 17 April 2021, at the age of 68.
# Lusus Serius

Lusus Serius or Serious Passtime is a book written by Michael Maier and published in Oppenheim in 1616. It tells the story of eight representatives from the animal, vegetable, and mineral kingdoms, competing to prove that they are the most useful to mankind.
A calf, sheep, goose, oyster, bee, silkworm, flax, and Mercury participate in the contest judged by man. Each of the book's chapters is a dialog in which a representative pleads his case to the judge. The last, and longest case is made by Mercury. In the final chapter, the judge crowns Mercury "king of all worldly things being under the command of man".

## History

Lusus Serius was first published in Latin by Lucas Jennis in 1616.
The full name of the work in Latin is Lusus Serius, Quo Hermes sive Mercurius Rex Mundanorum omnium sub homine existentium, post longam disceptationem in Concilio Octovirali habitam, homine rationali arbitro, judicatus et constituts est. The original was dedicated to Francis Anthony, of London, Jacobus Mosanua and Cristianus Rumphius. The dedication was written in September 1616, "having returned from England, on my way from Prague".
An English translation was published in London in 1654 as Lusus Serius, or Serious Passe-time. A Philosophical Discourse concerning the Superiority of Creatures under Man. It is the first book of Maier's to have been published in English. The translation by "J. de la Salle" was printed for Humphrey Moseley and dedicated to Cary Dillon. J. de la Salle is a pseudonym of John Hall (poet).
# General Teaching Council

General Teaching Council could mean:
* General Teaching Council for Scotland
* General Teaching Council for Northern Ireland
* General Teaching Council for England (until 2012)
* General Teaching Council for Wales (until 2015)
# Hypolophota oodes

Hypolophota oodes is a species of snout moth in the genus Hypolophota. It was described by Turner in 1904, and is known from Australia (including Queensland).