OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Gasper Township, Preble County, Ohio

Gasper Township is one of the twelve townships of Preble County, Ohio, United States. The 2020 census found 3,911 people in the township.

## Geography

Located in the south central part of the county, it borders the following townships:
* Washington Township - north
* Lanier Township - east
* Gratis Township - southeast corner
* Somers Township - south
* Israel Township - southwest corner
* Dixon Township - west
No municipalities are located in Gasper Township.

## Name and history

It is the only Gasper Township statewide. It was named after John Gasper Potterf (or Batdorf) (1758-1836), A Pennsylvanian of German descent who became an early and wealthy settler of Preble County. Gasper Township was originally part of Washington Township until Potterf convinced the Board of Commissioners to dissever the twenty-four sections of the southern part of Washington Township.

## Government

The township is governed by a three-member board of trustees, who are elected in November of odd-numbered years to a four-year term beginning on the following January 1. Two are elected in the year after the presidential election and one is elected in the year before it. There is also an elected township fiscal officer, who serves a four-year term beginning on April 1 of the year after the election, which is held in November of the year before the presidential election. Vacancies in the fiscal officership or on the board of trustees are filled by the remaining trustees.
# Mara Zampieri

Mara Zampieri (born 30 January 1941 in Padua) is an Italian operatic soprano. She trained at Padua Conservatory.
Zampieri has performed in the opera houses of Europe, including Milan, London, Berlin, Munich, Paris, Zurich, Madrid, Barcelona, Lisbon and Vienna; also in San Francisco, New York, Buenos Aires, and Tokyo. She has performed in more than fifty operatic roles, including twenty-one in operas by Verdi.
She favors Italian but she also famously performed in the title role of Richard Strauss's Salome.
She can be seen on video as Lady Macbeth opposite Renato Bruson, and as Minnie in La fanciulla del West.
# Chalchiuhtecolotl

Chalchiuhtecolotl was a night owl god from Aztec mythology. His name means "precious owl."
# Chalchiuhtotolin

In Aztec mythology, Chalchiuhtotolin (/tʃɑːltʃiːutoʊˈtoʊlin/; Nahuatl for "Jade Turkey") was a god of disease and plague. Chalchihuihtotolin, the Jewelled Fowl, Tezcatlipoca's nahual. Chalchihuihtotolin is a symbol of powerful sorcery. Tezcatlipoca can tempt humans into self-destruction, but when he takes the form of a turkey he can also cleanse them of contamination, absolve them of guilt, and overcome their fate. In the tonalpohualli, Chalchihuihtotolin rules over day Tecpatl (Stone Knife) and over trecena 1-Atl (Water). The preceding thirteen days are ruled over by Xolotl.
# Gausi

Gausi might refer to:
* Antoni Gausí, Spanish footballer
* Gausian dynasty, Lombardian clan
# Gausman

Gausman is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Hal Gausman (1917–2003), American set decorator
* Kevin Gausman (born 1991), American baseball player
* Russell A. Gausman (1892–1963), American set decorator
# Maoyi, Lengshuijiang

Maoyi Town (simplified Chinese: 毛易镇; traditional Chinese: 毛易鎮; pinyin: Maoyi Zhen) is an urban town in Lengshuijiang, Loudi City, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China.

## Administrative division

The town is divided into 8 villages and 2 communities, the following areas: Changpu Community, Gangxi Community, Xiaoheng Village, Gangxi Village, Dazhou Village, Huaping Village, Maoyi Village, Qingtang Village, Qingyi Village, and Qunfeng Village (长铺社区、筻溪社区、小横村、筻溪村、大洲村、花坪村、毛易村、清塘村、清一村、群丰村).
# General Aircraft Cagnet

The General Aircraft GAL.33 Cagnet was a British light trainer aircraft designed by General Aircraft Ltd which flew from 1939 to 1941. Only one example was constructed.

## Design

The Cagnet was a two-seat pusher propeller aircraft. The side-by-side seating was in an open cockpit just ahead of the strut-mounted inline engine. The low cantilever wings featured a gull shape, with twin booms mounted, one at each wing's bend point. A horizontal stabilizer and elevator ran between twin fins with rudders, one at the end of each boom.
The fixed landing gear used a nosewheel. First flight was in 1939; the aircraft bore the serial number T46.
General Aircraft proposed the Cagnet as a basic trainer. It was tested as a Flying Observation post trainer by the Royal School of Army Co-operation from February through June 1940 (with military serial number W7646). After that testing, it underwent various other tests. Its final flight was in 1941.
The engine was a 90 hp (67 kW) Blackburn Cirrus Minor, which gave a cruising speed of 100 mph (160 km/h).

## Specifications (Cagnet)

General characteristics
* Crew: 2
* Length: 22 ft 9 in (6.93 m)
* Wingspan: 33 ft 0 in (10.06 m)
* Gross weight: 2,976 lb (1,350 kg)
* Powerplant: 1 × Blackburn Cirrus Minor 4-cyl. inverted air-cooled in-line piston engine, 90 hp (67 kW)
Performance
* Maximum speed: 100 mph (160 km/h, 87 kn)
# General Aircraft Croydon

The General Aircraft ST-18 Croydon was a 1930s British cabin monoplane built by General Aircraft Limited.

## Development

Following the mixed success of the earlier Monospar family of aircraft, the company designed a ten-seat light transport, the ST-18 (later named Croydon). Due to the longer-span wing, it was not a cantilever monospar wing but had to be fitted with bracing struts. The ST-18 was a low-wing monoplane, with a conventional tail unit and tailwheel landing gear, and hydraulically retractable main gear. It was powered by two Pratt & Whitney Wasp Junior radial engines mounted on the wing leading edges. It had a crew of three, and a cabin for ten passengers, a toilet and baggage compartment.

## Operational history

On 16 November 1935, the sole aircraft (T22, later G-AECB) first flew at Hanworth Aerodrome, piloted by Harry M. Schofield. It performed well, but did not attract any orders, so the aircraft was prepared to establish a record for an Australia to England flight. On 30 July 1936, Lord Sempill, Harold "Tim" Wood, and two other crew left Croydon Airport for Australia. On 7 October 1936, during the return flight from Darwin, navigation errors occurred during the flight over the Timor Sea, and the aircraft made a successful forced landing on a coral reef (Seringapatam Reef). The crew members were immediately transported off the reef by local fishermen, and the aircraft was abandoned.

## Specifications

Data from The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft (Part Work 1982-1985), 1985, Orbis Publishing, Page 1938
General characteristics
* Crew: 3 (pilot, co-pilot and wireless operator)
* Capacity: 10 passengers
* Length: 43 ft 3 in (13.18 m)
* Wingspan: 59 ft 6 in (18.14 m)
* Height: 14 ft 3 in (4.09 m)
* Wing area: 454 sq ft (42.18 m$^2$)
* Empty weight: 8,000 lb (3,639 kg)
* Gross weight: 11,350 lb (5,148 kg)
* Powerplant: 2 × Pratt & Whitney R-985 Wasp Junior SB 9-cylinder radial piston engine , 450 hp (336 kW) each
Performance
* Maximum speed: 203 mph (327 km/h, 176 kn)
* Range: 900 mi (1,448 km, 780 nmi)
* Service ceiling: 19,500 ft (5,945 m)
# Chan-Chan

39°29′38″S 73°14′40″W﻿ / ﻿39.49382579°S 73.24445019°W﻿ / -39.49382579; -73.24445019
Chan-Chan is an archaeological site and beach on the coast of the commune of Mehuín in southern Chile. Chan-Chan is known to have been inhabited by hunter-gatherers during two periods of the Middle Archaic, separated by a hiatus. One period spans from 6420 to 6250 BP and the other from 6130 to 5730 BP. The beach of Chan-Chan extends on the north to Huezhui tombolo and on the south to a peninsula. The archaeological site itself is located above the beach, on a coastal terrace, that was formed by sediments of allochthonous (exotic) and autochthonous (local) origin. The allochthonous material consist of volcanic rocks as well as retransportated mollusc shells. The autochthonous material is chiefly made of sands, gravel and peat.
After examining several artifacts found on the coast of the Valdivia and Concepción areas, archaeologist Menghin claimed the findings belong to a "Chanchaense Complex" or culture extending from Quiriquina Island (37° S) in the north to Tierra del Fuego (55° S) in the south. The inhabitants of Chan-Chan had access to a substantial diversity of rocks, with schists, basalt, quartz and chert being found close to or at the archaeological site. The inhabitants of Chan-Chan had even grey obsidian from Chaitén Volcano, located 400 km south of Chan-Chan. As of 2005, 3484 stone handcrafts and 12,050 carve outs have been found in Chan-Chan as well as bones from mammals, birds and fishes apart from middens of marine invertebrate shells.
The superficial layers of the Chan-Chan site were washed by the tsunami that followed the 1960 Valdivia earthquake, which produced waves of 12 to 15 meters. These waves possibly emplaced some disc-shaped cobbles in the terrace of Chan-Chan. The same kind of disc-shaped cobbles are found in the lower layers of human occupation in Chan-Chan, as well, leaving open the possibility that they were deposited by an ancient tsunami, according to Pino and Navarro.
# Chang Lake (Hubei)

The Chang Lake (simplified Chinese: 长湖; traditional Chinese: 長湖; pinyin: Cháng Hú; lit. 'Long Lake'), originally known as Wazi Lake (Chinese: 瓦子湖; pinyin: Wǎzǐ Hú), is a lake located at the junction of Jingzhou, Jingmen and Qianjiang, central China's Hubei province. It is the third largest lake in Hubei. The lake has an area of 122.5 square kilometres (30,300 acres) and a capacity of 271,000,000 cubic metres (72×10^$^9$ US gal). The lake discharges into Jing River.

## History

The name of Chang Lake dates back to the Ming dynasty (1368–1644).
From 1954 to 2005, the area of Chang Lake decreased by 71.9 square kilometres (17,800 acres).
At 13:00 p.m. on July 11, 2020, the water level of Chang Lake at Jingzhou reached 33.49-metre (109.9 ft), topping the previous record of 33.46-metre (109.8 ft) in 2016.

## Functions

It has many functions, such as domestic water supply, regulation and storage, flood control, fishery, tourism, irrigation, and improvement of ecological environment.
# Chaddesley Woods National Nature Reserve

Chaddesley Woods National Nature Reserve is situated near the village of Chaddesley Corbett, in Worcestershire, England. It is a reserve of the Worcestershire Wildlife Trust

## Description

The nature reserve is designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest. Its area is 101 hectares (250 acres), and there is a network of paths and rides, mainly on the western side.
The eastern half of the reserve is ancient woodland, being at least 400 years old; it is thought that it has been wooded since the last Ice Age, about 10,000 years ago. There is mostly oak with coppices of hazel. Some old and dead oak trees are left for hole-nesting birds, fungi and invertebrates.
The western half has large areas of planted conifers, as well as broad-leaved trees; the conifers are gradually being replaced with native hardwoods, more suited to the local geology.
The land caddis, rare in Britain, can be found in Chaddesley Woods.
There are two areas of meadow, accessible on open days: these are Hockley Meadow and Black Meadow, old pastures which are grazed to maintain the presence of wild flowers such as dyer's greenweed and pepper-saxifrage.
# Change Starts Now

Change Starts Now is a South African political movement founded in December 2023, advocating for social and economic change in alignment with the principles outlined in "The South Africa We Want And Deserve" manifesto. The party is led by Roger Jardine, a prominent Anti-Apartheid activist with a track record in private sector and government leadership. It was launched in Riverlea, Johannesburg West, where Roger was born.
The party launched its election manifesto, the 'Change Charter: A Manifesto of Hope', in Kliptown, Soweto on 19 February 2024.

## Background and foundation

The movement emerged as a response to ongoing debates about the state of South Africa and a perceived gap between the promises outlined in the country's constitution and the current reality. The founders are former UDF leader and speechwriter Murphy Morobe, editor and activist Mark Heywood, Nicole Fritz of the Helen Suzman Foundation, and anti-apartheid activist and Nelson Mandela's former doctor, Dr Aslam Dasoo. They claim to be inspired by the vision articulated in the party's manifesto that sought to address issues related to equality, dignity, security, freedom, education, employment, protection, housing, water, energy, justice, healthcare, and food security.

## Leadership

Roger Jardine is the leader of the political movement. His experience in the business sector, and his involvement underscores the movement's commitment to a multi-faceted approach that incorporates both public and private sector perspectives.

## Public reception

Public reception to Change Starts Now has been diverse, with supporters praising its commitment to the principles outlined in "The South Africa We Want And Deserve". Critics, however, have raised questions about the feasibility and practicality of implementing the proposed changes.
Willie Esterhuyse, who played an important role in the negotiations leading up to the transition to a democracy in South Africa, remarked in an interview published in Die Burger newspaper on 15 February 2024 that "From political history we learn that countries are saved by organized middle groups. But then you have to have the right leaders." and "maybe" 'Roger Jardine with his Change Starts Now party is the man who could lead such a "revolt" of the non-racial middle class. But Esterhuyse emphasizes that ideally three or four strong leaders should emerge. "They will have to convert the anger of the middle class into strong support at the ballot box. And then they will have to put practical plans into action."
In response to the launch of the party's Change Charter election manifesto launched in Kliptown on 19 February 2024, the CEO of Sibanye-Stillwater, one of South Africa's top four private sector employers, Neal Froneman said “It is one of the most credible plans I have seen for realising South Africa's potential... I for one would be prepared to pay taxes that are needed to support the reconstruction and growth fund with real confidence that the money would be used meaningfully to secure a prosperous future. Implementation of the CSN Charter would build a national unified identity that we can all identify with”
# Chaetocnema obesa

Chaetocnema obesa is a species of black-coloured beetle from the family Chrysomelidae.

## Distribution

The species can be found in Europe, except in Scandinavia, and Iberian Peninsula. It can also be found in Central Asia, Caucasus, Iraq, Mongolia, Tibet, and Turkey. Its common in North Africa as well, in countries like Algeria and Tunisia.
# Chaetocnema denticulata

Chaetocnema denticulata, the toothed flea beetle, is a species of flea beetle in the family Chrysomelidae. It is found in North America.

## Description

Thorax with no features: elytra with dents. Mid and rear segment with teeth.
# General Stilwell (disambiguation)

Joseph Stilwell (1883–1946) was a U.S. Army general in World War II. General Stilwell may also refer to:
* Joseph Warren Stilwell Jr. (1912–1966), U.S. Army brigadier general
* Richard G. Stilwell (1917–1991), U.S. Army general
# General Stockwell

General Stockwell may refer to:
* Clifton Inglis Stockwell (1879–1953), British Army brigadier general
* Hugh Stockwell (1903–1986), British Army general
* Hunt Stockwell, fictional lieutenant general appearing in the TV series, The A-Team
# Neinar Seli

Neinar Seli (born 7 December 1959 in Tartu) is an Estonian sports figure (hammer throw), entrepreneur and politician.
He was a member of IX Riigikogu.
From 2012 to 2016 he was the president of Estonian Olympic Committee.
In 2006 he was awarded with Order of the White Star, III class.
# Philtraea utahensis

Philtraea utahensis is a species of geometrid moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in North America.
The MONA or Hodges number for Philtraea utahensis is 6846.
# My Bad Sister

My Bad Sister is a musical act consisting of the British twin sisters Polly and Sophie Duniam (born 15 March 1987). They gained fame in the BBC series Home Farm Twins portraying Hannah and Helen Moore, the eponymous twins of the late 1990s series.
They were born in London, England, and grew up in Cromer, Norfolk, with a love of dancing and singing that stems from their dance instructor mother. This helped them gain a year-long contract with We Will Rock You in their mid-teens. They toured with the Pet Shop Boys on an 18-month contract during the Pandemonium Tour.
They have performed at a number of festivals and venues across Europe under the name of My Bad Sister, combining elements of pop, rap and underground dance music with a distinctive mirrored choreography. They have modelled for contemporary fashion designers like Jylle Navarro and Celia Arias and appeared in Rita Ora's 2014 music video for her number one single "I Will Never Let You Down".
Polly appeared on E4's Tattoo Fixers in 2015 to cover up a bad tattoo.

## Discography

* My Bad Sister, Vol 1 (2015)
* Resist Against Violent Enterprise (w/ Danger Marc) (2018)
# Nathaniel Bowen

Nathaniel Bowen (June 29, 1779 – August 25, 1839) was the third bishop of South Carolina in the Episcopal Church in the United States of America.

## Biography

Nathaniel Bowen was born in Boston, son of the Rev. Penuel Bowen. The family moved to South Carolina when Nathaniel was young and his father died soon after. Nathaniel was raised by the Rev. Robert Smith, who became first bishop of South Carolina. Bowen was married in 1805 to Margaret Blake and they had 10 children, only four of whom survived him.
Bowen graduated from the College of Charleston in 1794; was ordained deacon on June 3, 1800, and priest in October 1802. He served as rector of St. John's Church, Providence, Rhode Island, St. Michael's Church, Charleston, South Carolina and Grace Church, New York City. In 1814 he received a doctor of divinity from the University of Pennsylvania. He was consecrated bishop of South Carolina on October 8, 1818, serving until his death in Charleston on August 25, 1839.

### Consecrators

* The Most Reverend William White, 4th presiding bishop of the Episcopal Church
* The Right Reverend John Henry Hobart, 3rd bishop of New York
* The Right Reverend James Kemp, 2nd bishop of Maryland
Nathaniel Bowen was the 17th bishop consecrated for the Episcopal Church.
# Directive

Directive may refer to:
* Directive (European Union), a legislative act of the European Union
* Directive (programming), a computer language construct that specifies how a compiler should process input
* "Directive" (poem), a poem by Robert Frost
* Directive speech act, a particular kind of speech act which causes the hearer to take a particular action
* Lative case, a grammatical case that indicates direction
# Michael B. Surbaugh

Michael B. Surbaugh was the 13th Chief Scout Executive of the Boy Scouts of America (BSA), having succeeded the retiring Wayne Brock on October 1, 2015. He was previously Group Director of HR, Innovation, Exploring and Learning for Life for the BSA. Surbaugh first joined the organization as a professional scouter in 1983.
In November 2019, Surbaugh took a medical leave of absence.
On December 29, 2019, Surbaugh's retirement was announced via an email to BSA volunteers. He was succeeded by Roger Mosby.

## Background

Surbaugh earned his Eagle Scout award in Troop 360 in Bethel Park, Pennsylvania in 1976 and served on the summer camp staff of the Allegheny Trails Council, the predecessor of the Laurel Highlands Council. He is a graduate of Salem College in West Virginia.
Surbaugh has been met with criticism and praise for his changes in the BSA's admission policies. During his administration, the Executive Board of the Boy Scouts of America has removed the ban against homosexual adult membership, changed the membership application to allow youth to include the gender they identify with instead of requiring the gender on their birth certificate, and has started accepting girls into the Cub Scout and Boy Scout (now renamed Scouts BSA) programs.
# Cardiotrophin 1

Cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1) is a cytokine. It is a cardiac hypertrophic factor of 21.5 kDa and a protein member of the IL-6 cytokine family.

## Pathology

CT-1 is associated with the pathophysiology of heart diseases, including hypertension, myocardial infarction, valvular heart disease, and congestive heart failure.

## Mode of action

The protein exerts its cellular effects by interacting with the glycoprotein 130 (gp130)/leukemia inhibitory factor receptor beta (LIFR) heterodimer. In addition, CT-1 activates phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI-3 kinase) in cardiac myocytes and enhances transcription factor NF-κB DNA -binding activities.
CT-1 is highly expressed in the heart, skeletal muscle, prostate and ovary and to lower levels in lung, kidney, pancreas, thymus, testis and small intestine.
# Mohawk Valley Airport

Mohawk Valley Airport (FAA LID: 31NK) was a privately owned, public-use airport located three nautical miles (6 km) northwest of Scotia, a village in the Town of Glenville in Schenectady County, New York, United States.

## Facilities and aircraft

Mohawk Valley Airport covered an area of 44 acres (18 ha) at an elevation of 240 feet (73 m) above mean sea level. It had one runway designated 15/33 with a turf surface measuring 1,840 by 120 feet (561 x 37 m). For the 12-month period ending September 28, 2007, the airport had 750 aircraft operations, an average of 62 per month: 93% general aviation and 7% military.
The airport closed in 2010. Entire site is now the Bhatia Farm, LLC. MP, Haresh Bhatia.
# March Rapids, Wisconsin

March Rapids is an unincorporated community located in the town of Eau Pleine, Marathon County, Wisconsin, United States.

## History

In 1877, J. B. Holmes and B. D. Holmes built a mill to saw lumber and shingles at the site of March Rapids on the Big Eau Pleine River in the pine forest of central Wisconsin. A village named Hope formed around the mill, with possibly 75 inhabitants.
In 1887 the mill was bought by Thomas March, who had grown up in New York and had run mills in nearby Spencer. In 1891 a logging railroad reached the town and began hauling out as many as five carloads of lumber a day. A post office was established with the name March. But a flood in December damaged the operation and in May the dam washed out, losing many sawlogs.
In late 1892 Thomas March sold the mill to Doud & Sons, a barrel-making enterprise with factories in Winona, Rudolph and Pittsville. They added machines to make staves and headings for barrels. By 1897 they were shipping most of the headings, staves and lumber to Superior, where Doud operated a barrel factory. The town grew to around 200 residents, with a general store, hotel, butcher, two saloons, shoemaker, blacksmith, dance hall, church and school.
In 1905 the Wisconsin Central Railroad decided to pull up the tracks that had carried out March Rapids' products, despite Doud's objections. Doud and Sons obtained two early tractors to tow wagons of lumber out to the railroad at Stratford. This worked well until 1911, when the bridge at Noisy Creek collapsed under the steam-pull tractor and two operators were killed.
In 1913 a disastrous fire destroyed the entire mill. Doud replaced it with a more modern mill with a band saw and electric lights. In 1914 Doud built its own railroad from March Rapids five miles to Staadt to haul out logs.
But the timber ran out. The mills shut down. In 1921 the population was down to 100. Today all that remains of Marsh Rapids is a park where County P crosses the Big Eau Pleine River, with a picnic area and a historical marker.
# Runo

Runo may refer to:
* Runo (legendary king), from The History of the Kings of Britain
* Ruño, an ethnic group of Peru
* Runö, an island in Estonia
* Cantos of the Kalevala

## People with the name

* Gösta Runö, Swedish athlete
* Runo Isaksen, Norwegian writer
* Steven Runo, Kenyan scientist