OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Edmund Bertschinger

Edmund Bertschinger (born 1958) is an American theoretical astrophysicist and cosmologist and professor of physics at MIT.

## Career

Bertschinger received his bachelor's degree in physics from Caltech in 1979, and his Ph.D. degree in astrophysical science from Princeton University in 1984. He held postdoctoral positions at the University of Virginia and UC Berkeley, then went to MIT as an assistant professor of physics in 1986 becoming a full professor in 1996. He served as head of the physics department from 2007 to 2013 and currently serves as the Institute Community and Equity Officer. He has served on various committees promoting women and minorities in astronomy and physics. He has received numerous fellowships and awards including the Guggenheim Fellowship and Helen B. Warner Prize for Astronomy. He was elected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 2015 and the American Physical Society in 1996.

## Research

Bertschinger is known for his work on large-scale simulations of galaxy formation (N-body simulation), the study of galaxy velocity fields (Peculiar velocity), and various problems in relativistic astrophysics. He has made substantial contributions to cosmological perturbation theory and structure formation in the universe.

## Selected publications

* Bertschinger, Edmund; Zukin, Phillip (July 2008). "Distinguishing Modified Gravity from Dark Energy". Physical Review D. 78 (2): 024015. arXiv:0801.2431. Bibcode:2008PhRvD..78b4015B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.78.024015. S2CID 119192486.
* Bertschinger, Edmund (November 2001). "Multiscale Gaussian Random Fields and Their Application to Cosmological Simulations". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 137 (1): 1–20. arXiv:astro-ph/0103301. Bibcode:2001ApJS..137....1B. doi:10.1086/322526. S2CID 118811357.
* Bertschinger, Edmund (September 1998). "Simulations of Structure Formation in the Universe". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 36: 599–654. Bibcode:1998ARA&A..36..599B. doi:10.1146/annurev.astro.36.1.599.
* Bertschinger, Edmund (April 1995). "Cosmological Dynamics". NASA Sti/Recon Technical Report N. 96: 22249. arXiv:astro-ph/9503125. Bibcode:1995STIN...9622249B.
* Ma, Chung-Pei; Bertschinger, Edmund (December 1995). "Cosmological Perturbation Theory in the Synchronous and Conformal Newtonian Gauges". The Astrophysical Journal. 455: 7–25. arXiv:astro-ph/9506072. Bibcode:1995ApJ...455....7M. doi:10.1086/176550. S2CID 14570491.
* Bertschinger, Edmund; Dekel, Avishai (December 1989). "Recovering the Full Velocity and Density Fields from Large-scale Redshift-distance Samples". Astrophysical Journal Letters. 336: L5–L8. Bibcode:1989ApJ...336L...5B. doi:10.1086/185348.
* Bertschinger, Edmund (May 1985). "Self-similar Secondary Infall and Accretion in an Einstein-de Sitter Universe". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 58: 39–65. Bibcode:1985ApJS...58...39B. doi:10.1086/191028.
# Francis Page (died 1803)

Francis Page (né Bourne) (c. 1726–1803) was a British politician who sat in the House of Commons for 33 years from 1768 to 1801.
Page was born Francis Bourne, the son of Richard Bourne of Ombersley, Worcestershire and his wife Isabella Smith, niece of judge Sir Francis Page. He succeeded to the estates of his uncle Sir Francis Page and took name of Page in 1741, as a condition of his inheritance. He matriculated at New College, Oxford on 29 April 1743, aged 16 and was created MA on 1 August 1747 and DCL on 14 April 1749. He was High Sheriff of Oxfordshire for 1752–1753. He embellished and consolidated the estate he inherited at Middle Aston.
Page had no great political or intellectual attainments, but was devoted to the Church and University. He was elected as Member of Parliament for Oxford University in 1768 after a contest, and held his seat unopposed for 33 years. By 1790 he was secure in his seat for as long as he wished to hold it but he was politically negligible apart from his attachment to Tory principles in church and state. Early in 1793 he was so ill that there was a canvass for his seat, and on 10 December 1795 he took leave of absence for two weeks to recover his health. In April 1796 he decided to offer himself for re-election in the 1796 general election. Having come into the 1st United Kingdom Parliament in 1801, he resigned his seat within the first quarter of 1801.
Page died on 24 August 1803 in his 78th year. He left his estate to his nephew William Sturges who took the additional name of Bourne and subsequently sold Middle Aston for £13,166 to Sir Clement Cottrell Dormer.
# Joash Gesse

Joash Gesse (born September 4, 1986, in Montreal, Quebec) is a retired Canadian football linebacker. He was drafted sixteenth overall by the BC Lions in the 2010 CFL Draft and signed a contract with the team on May 25, 2010. After spending three seasons with the Lions, he signed with the Edmonton Eskimos with whom he played with for two years. He played college football for the Montreal Carabins. He is currently working as a high school teacher in Laval, Quebec, and has a girlfriend.
# Copromorpha phaeosticta

Copromorpha phaeosticta is a species of moth in the family Copromorphidae. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from Queensland.

## Description

The wingspan is about 15 mm. The forewings are grey-whitish, strigulated with fuscous. There are a number of fuscous dots on the costa and there is a transverse ridge of elevated scales from the dorsum nearly to the costa. The hindwings are pale-grey.
# Fwe

Fwe or FWE may refer to:
* Family-wise error rate
* Family Wrestling Entertainment
* Funkwerk Erfurt [de] (FWE), renamed to VEB Mikroelektronik "Karl-Marx" Erfurt (MME) in 1983, a microelectronic design and development facility in the former East Germany
# Dushinsky

Dushinsky, Dushinski, and Duschinsky are transliteration variants of the Polish surname Duszyński.
Notable people with the surname include:

## People

* Michael Pinto-Duschinsky (born 1943), British political consultant and writer
* Simon Dushinsky (born 1972), American real estate developer
* Ted Dushinski (1943 – 2005), Canadian football player
* Wilhelm Duschinsky (1860–1924), Austrian philologist
* Yisroel Moshe Dushinsky (1921–2003), second Rebbe of the Dushinsky Hasidic dynasty
* Yosef Tzvi Dushinsky (first Dushinsky rebbe) (1867–1948), first Rebbe of Dushinsky Hasidic dynasty
* Yosef Tzvi Dushinsky (third Dushinsky rebbe), third Rebbe of the Dushinsky Hasidic dynasty
# Palmadusta asellus

Palmadusta asellus is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cypraeidae, the cowries.

## Description

Palmadusta asellus has a shell reaching a length of about 2.8 centimetres (1.1 in). The shells are white with three large brown transversal bands on the upper surface. The brown mantle shows several whitish spots. In the living cowry it covers almost entirely the shells.

## Subspecies

Palmadusta asellus is divided into the following subspecies:
* Palmadusta asellus asellus (Linnaeus, 1758)
* Palmadusta asellus bitaeniata (Geret, 1903)
* Palmadusta asellus latefasciata Schilder, 1930
* Palmadusta asellus vespacea (Melvill, 1905)

## Distribution

This species is distributed in the seas along Aldabra, Chagos, the Comores, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mozambique, the Red Sea, Réunion, the Seychelles and Tanzania.
# List of Dutch Top 40 number-one singles of 1991

These hits topped the Dutch Top 40 in 1991.
| Issue Date | Song | Artist(s) |
| 5 January | "Ice Ice Baby" | Vanilla Ice |
| 12 January | "Ice Ice Baby" | Vanilla Ice |
| 19 January | "Ice Ice Baby" | Vanilla Ice |
| 26 January | "Ice Ice Baby" | Vanilla Ice |
| 2 February | "Ice Ice Baby" | Vanilla Ice |
| 9 February | "Knockin' Boots" | Candyman |
| 16 February | "Knockin' Boots" | Candyman |
| 23 February | "Crazy" | Seal |
| 2 March | "Crazy" | Seal |
| 9 March | "Crazy" | Seal |
| 16 March | "Liefde voor muziek" | Raymond van het Groenewoud |
| 23 March | "Liefde voor muziek" | Raymond van het Groenewoud |
| 30 March | "Liefde voor muziek" | Raymond van het Groenewoud |
| 6 April | "Unfinished Sympathy" | Massive Attack |
| 13 April | "Joyride" | Roxette |
| 20 April | "Joyride" | Roxette |
| 27 April | "Losing My Religion" | R.E.M. |
| 4 May | "Losing My Religion" | R.E.M. |
| 11 May | "Losing My Religion" | R.E.M. |
| 18 May | "One More Try" | Timmy T |
| 25 May | "One More Try" | Timmy T |
| 1 June | "Wind of Change" | Scorpions |
| 8 June | "Wind of Change" | Scorpions |
| 15 June | "Wind of Change" | Scorpions |
| 22 June | "Gypsy Woman (La Da Dee La Da Da)" | Crystal Waters |
| 29 June | "Gypsy Woman (La Da Dee La Da Da)" | Crystal Waters |
| 6 July | "Gypsy Woman (La Da Dee La Da Da)" | Crystal Waters |
| 13 July | "More Than Words" | Extreme |
| 20 July | "Driver's Seat" | Sniff 'n' the Tears |
| 27 July | "Driver's Seat" | Sniff 'n' the Tears |
| 3 August | "Driver's Seat" | Sniff 'n' the Tears |
| 10 August | "(Everything I Do) I Do It for You" | Bryan Adams |
| 17 August | "(Everything I Do) I Do It for You" | Bryan Adams |
| 24 August | "(Everything I Do) I Do It for You" | Bryan Adams |
| 31 August | "(Everything I Do) I Do It for You" | Bryan Adams |
| 7 September | "(Everything I Do) I Do It for You" | Bryan Adams |
| 14 September | "(Everything I Do) I Do It for You" | Bryan Adams |
| 21 September | "(Everything I Do) I Do It for You" | Bryan Adams |
| 28 September | "(Everything I Do) I Do It for You" | Bryan Adams |
| 5 October | "(Everything I Do) I Do It for You" | Bryan Adams |
| 12 October | "(Everything I Do) I Do It for You" | Bryan Adams |
| 19 October | "(Everything I Do) I Do It for You" | Bryan Adams |
| 26 October | "James Brown Is Dead" | L.A. Style |
| 2 November | "James Brown Is Dead" | L.A. Style |
| 9 November | "Let's Talk About Sex" | Salt-N-Pepa |
| 16 November | "Let's Talk About Sex" | Salt-N-Pepa |
| 23 November | "Let's Talk About Sex" | Salt-N-Pepa |
| 30 November | "Kon ik maar even bij je zijn" | Gordon |
| 7 December | "Kon ik maar even bij je zijn" | Gordon |
| 14 December | "Kon ik maar even bij je zijn" | Gordon |
| 21 December | "Kon ik maar even bij je zijn" | Gordon |
| 28 December | "Kon ik maar even bij je zijn" | Gordon |
# Paul Hutchens

Paul Hutchens (April 7, 1902, Thorntown, Indiana – January 23, 1977, Colorado Springs, Colorado) was an American author. In addition to writing The Sugar Creek Gang, a series of 36 Christian-themed juvenile fiction books about the adventures of a group of young boys, he also wrote numerous adult fiction books, many with a romance theme. The author was a graduate of Moody Bible Institute. The Sugar Creek Gang books have been popular in evangelical Christian homes and have remained in print through multiple format and cover art changes. The books have also been dramatized on the radio, and in 2004, the stories were made into a series of movies, directed by Joy Chapman and Owen Smith. His books were originally published by Wm. B. Eerdmans, and later reprinted by other publishers such as Van Kampen Press and Moody Press.
# Edward Mansfield (judge)

Edward M. Mansfield (born January 12, 1957) is an American lawyer who is a justice of the Iowa Supreme Court.

## Education

Mansfield grew up in Massachusetts. His mother was a refugee from the Soviet Union. He graduated from Harvard College, magna cum laude and Phi Beta Kappa, in 1978 and Yale Law School in 1982. During law school, Mansfield worked at the Boston office of Sullivan & Worcester and at the Los Angeles office of O'Melveny & Myers. He declined offers from both firms to join them permanently.

## Career

After law school Mansfield clerked for Judge Patrick Higginbotham of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit before entering private practice. From 1983 to 1996, he practiced at Lewis Roca Rothgerber Christie in Phoenix, Arizona, where he became a partner in 1988. He then moved to Des Moines for his wife's career and was a litigator at Belin McCormick P.C. from 1996 to 2009. In 1997, Mansfield started teaching as an adjunct professor at Drake University. He has also served as the chairperson of the board of directors of Goodwill Industries of Central Iowa.

## Judicial career
### State court of appeals service

Mansfield was appointed by Chet Culver to the Iowa Court of Appeals in 2009.

### Iowa Supreme Court

Mansfield was one of three justices appointed by Governor Terry Branstad in 2011. In November 2010, Iowa voters had removed all three justices seeking reelection in response to the court unanimously legalizing same-sex marriage in Varnum v. Brien.
In 2012, Mansfield authored an opinion for the court which found a dentist did not commit gender discrimination when, at the insistence of his wife, he fired a dental assistant to whom he was sexually attracted. In 2016, Mansfield dissented when the Court found that the Iowa Constitution categorically prohibited life without parole for juveniles who committed first degree murder.
In September 2016, Mansfield was named as a possible nominee for the Supreme Court of the United States by then-presidential candidate Donald Trump.
# Luque, Spain

Luque is a municipality of Spain belonging to the province of Córdoba, Andalusia. The municipality spans across a total area of 140.69 km$^2$ and, as of 1 January 2023, it has a registered population of 2,860.
Housing lies at about 662 metres above mean sea level at the feet of the Subbaetic ranges.
There is evidence of human presence in the area since at least the end of the Neolithic. The place is first mentioned in Islamic sources as the seat of a ḥiṣn ('Ḥiṣn Lukk') in the context of its seizure by Cordobese loyalists in 909. The Crown of Castile conquered the fortress at some point between February 1240 and March 1241. A lordship was created after the conquest. Luque also was for a time a holding of the Order of Santiago. From 1293 to 1374 it was part of the jurisdiction of the city of Córdoba. In 1374, the Trastámaras granted the town and castle of Luque to a turncoat of the Castilian Civil War as a reward.
# Joannes Sturmius Mechlinianus

Johannes Storms of Mechelen, also known as Joannes Sturmius Mechlinianus, or simply Sturmius or Mechlinianus (1559–1650) was a Belgian mathematician, physician and poet.

## Life

Sturmius was born in Mechelen on 29 August 1559. He studied at Leuven University, graduating Master of Arts before the age of 20, and on 12 June 1579 he was appointed to a benefice of the chaplaincy of St Margaret in Mechelen. In 1585 he was appointed to teach dialectics and metaphysics in Lily College, Leuven, while pursuing further studies in the Faculty of Medicine. In 1591 he graduated licentiate in medicine and was appointed to the university's academic council. He audited the lectures of Adriaan van Roomen. In 1593 Sturmius was appointed to the chair in mathematics vacated by Roomen, graduating doctor of medicine the same year.
In 1603 he was appointed regent of Lily College, resigning in 1606 to marry Catherine van Thienen. After her death in 1619, Sturmius took holy orders.
He died in Leuven on 9 March 1650, and was buried in the church of St Kwinten.
Thomas Fienus (1567–1631) was one of his students.

## Works

* De Rosa Hierichuntina. Leuven, Gerard Rivius, 1607
* De Insulis in civitate Lovaniensi existentibus
* Physica, seu generalia philosophiae naturalis theoremata e libris Aristotelis desumpta. Leuven, Gerard Rivius, 1610
* De cometa anni MDCXVIII. Cologne, 1619.
* De accurata circuli dimensione et quadratura. Leuven, Fr. Simonis, 1633
* Psalterium Β. Mariae Virginis et meditationes piet versibus trochaïchis dimetris illigatae. Leuven, Fr. Simonis, 1633
* Fasciculus versuum, tam numeralium. Leuven, Fr. Simonis, 1635
* Prognostica pro annis 1631, 1635, 1636, per versus chronicus de singulis mensibus cum quibusdam epigrammatibus. Leuven, Fr. Simonis, 1636
* Ad sanctissimae Trinitatis gloriam, versus elegiaci. Leuven, Justus Coppenius, 1639
# Emilio Williams

Emilio Williams is a playwright whose plays have been produced in Spain, Argentina, France, Estonia, the United Kingdom and the United States (including productions and performances in Chicago, New York, Washington DC, Los Angeles and Mexico). He is also part of the alternative theater scene in Spain.
His comedy Your Problem with Men was produced by Teatro Luna in Chicago, and has traveled to New York City, Los Angeles and the Edinburgh Fringe Festival.
In 2012, his one-woman show Medea’s Got Some Issues received “Best International Show” at United Solo Festival, Off Broadway, New York City. The show was performed in the 2014 D.C. Fringe Festival and Chicago in 2016.
Also in 2012, his comedy Smartphones – a pocket-size farce, received its world première at Trap Door Theatre in Chicago. The Spanish première took place at the Teatro Lara in Madrid. The play received its East Coast première in a production by Ambassador Theatre in Washington DC. In 2016, Andrés Naime presented the première of Smartphones in Mexico City. The play is included in an anthology of new Spanish plays, Eight Works by Seven Playwrights, published in English by the Martin E. Segal Center.
In 2010, his “dramedy” “Tables and Beds, an unromantic comedy“ was selected among 80 plays from 12 countries as the winner of the 4th Premio el Espectáculo Teatoral.
Emilio Williams has degrees in journalism and in film and video. In the 1990s, he worked for CNN in Atlanta and Washington and, between 2001 and 2011, was employed by Johns Hopkins University.
In 2011, he moved permanently to Chicago, the city where his father was born.

## Plays
### Plays premièred in Spanish

* Sonata a Strindberg 2007
* Si viví es por algo, siempre pienso 2008
* Camas y Mesas 2010
* Medea Vindicada 2010
* España, SL 2011

### Plays premièred in English

* A Strindberg Sonata 2010
* Medea's got some issues 2011
* Smartphones, a pocket–size farce 2012
* Tables and Beds 2013
* Your problem with men 2013
# Kamal Bahadur Shah cabinet

Kamal Bahadur Shah cabinet may refer to:
* First Kamal Bahadur Shah cabinet
* Second Kamal Bahadur Shah cabinet
# Fédération Internationale de Boules

Fédération Internationale de Boules (International Boules Federation) (abbreviated FIB) is part of the "Confédération Mondiale des Sports de Boules" which is the highest international authority of bocce sports acknowledged by the International Olympic Committee. The current FIB president is Frédéric Ruis from France.
FIB governs the sport of bocce volo, also known as boule lyonnaise.
FIB has 51 member associations on all continents (except Antarctica).

## History

The need for a single body to oversee bocce associations became clear shortly after World War II. The spiritual father of FIB, André Mignot, started negotiations among French, Swiss and Italian bocce associations. FIB was founded in Ville-la-Grand (France) on April 14, 1946, and the first official international competition took place the next year. During the next 60 years the number of associations increased from only four (France, Italy, Monaco and Switzerland) to more than 50.
# Duoliang Station

The Duoliang Station (traditional Chinese: 多良車站; simplified Chinese: 多良车站; pinyin: Duōliáng Chēzhàn) is a former railway station in Duoliang Village, Taimali Township, Taitung County, Taiwan. It has become a popular tourist attraction, with the platform turned into an observation deck overlooking the rail track and the Pacific coastline.

## History

The station was inaugurated in October 1992. On 1 October 2006 the station was closed due to low passenger traffic. After that, the roads connecting the platform were removed. On 31 March 2019, the station was closed for upgrading works. The local government made a small renovation work at the former station building where they expanded the observation deck above the tracks. On 1 February 2021, the station began charging visitors entrance fee to the station which is used as cleaning fee.

## Transportation

The station is located along and parallel with Provincial Highway 9.
# Panada

Panada or panado is a variety of bread soup found in some Western European and Southern European cuisines and consisting of stale bread boiled to a pulp in water or other liquids.
In British cuisine, it may be flavoured with sugar, Zante currants, nutmeg, and so on. A version of panada was a favorite dish of the author Percy Bysshe Shelley, who was a vegetarian. It was considered a light dish suitable for invalids or women who had just given birth.
In French cuisine, it is often enriched with butter, milk, cream, or egg yolk.
In northeast Italy, it serves as an inexpensive meal in the poor areas of the countryside. It may be enriched with eggs, beef broth, and grated cheese. Traditionally, it was frequently prepared as a meal for elderly or ill people.
In Spanish cuisine, it is made by boiling bread in water or milk and adding flavoring.
# Eileen Glisan

Eileen Glisan is a professor of Spanish language and Spanish language education at Indiana University of Pennsylvania. She was elected as the President of the American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages for 2009.
# Paul Palmer

Paul Palmer may refer to:
* Paul Palmer (American football) (born 1964), American football player
* Paul Palmer (cricketer) (born 1992), Jamaican cricketer
* Paul Palmer (minister) (died 1747), American religious leader
* Paul Palmer (physicist) (1926–2011), American physicist
* Paul Palmer (swimmer) (born 1974), British swimmer
Paul Palmer may also refer to:
* Paul Palmer (schooner), a five-masted schooner built in 1902
* Paul Palmer (shipwreck), 1902 shipwreck site in Massachusetts, USA
# Caenocoris nerii

Caenocoris nerii, common name oleander seedbug, is a species of ground bugs in the insect family Lygaeidae.

## Etymology

The species name nerii refers to the main host plant Nerium oleander.

## Distribution

This species is present in part of Europe (Albania, Bulgaria, Cyprus, France, Greece, Italy and Spain), in the Afrotropical realm and in the Indomalayan realm.

## Description

Caenocoris nerii can reach a length of about 7.5–9.5 millimetres (0.30–0.37 in). The female is larger than the male. Bodies are elongated. The basic color of the body is black, with red markings. Two red quadrangular patches are present on the head. Two red markings appear on the shoulders of pronotum and at the inner margins of the hemielytra, which only partially cover the membranous blackish wings. Scutellum and abdomen are completely red.

## Biology

Females usually lay eggs on the leaves of Nerium oleander (hence the common name of the species). All stages of nymphs suck almost exclusively the milky juice of the main host plant (Nerium oleander), but they may also feed on Asclepiadaceae species. Nynphs overwinter. Adults normally feed on the Oleander's fruits and seed. These aposematic bugs are usually rejected by predators because of their toxins derived from the host plant.
# Joan Gardner

Joan Gardner may refer to:
* Joan Gardner (British actress) (1914–1999), British actress
* Joan Gardner (voice actress) (1926–1992), American actress
* Joan Gardner (Broadway actress) (1903–?), Broadway actress and chorus girl
* Joan Gardner (microbiologist) (1918–2013), Australian microbiologist