OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# List of military inventions

A military invention is an invention that was first created by a military. There are many inventions that were originally created by the military and subsequently found civilian uses. Many have found dual usage in both sectors.

## Military inventions with civilian uses

| Name | Date invented | Invented by | Original purpose | Civilian uses |
| ASDIC | 1910s | United Kingdom France | Submarine detection | Sonar |
| Radar | mid-1930s | United Kingdom | Early warning radar, air defence systems | Air traffic control systems, microwave oven |
| Walkie-talkie | 1930s | Canada (Donald Hings) United States (Alfred J. Gross, Motorola SCR-300) | Portable two-way radio communications system for military | Portable radio communications – business, public safety, marine, amateur radio, CB radio |
| Night vision | 1939 - 1940s | Nazi Germany United States | Visibility for military personnel in low light situations | Low light photography, surveillance |
| Duct tape | 1942 | United States | Sealing ammunition cases | Multiple uses |
| Ballistic missiles | 1940s | Nazi Germany Soviet Union | Long range attack | Space exploration, launch of communication, weather and global positioning satellites |
| Darknet | 1990s | United States | Anonymous/protected computer networking | Used by journalists, political activists, scientists, etc. |
| Nuclear technology | 1940s | United States United Kingdom Canada (Manhattan Project) | Nuclear weapons | Nuclear medicine, nuclear power |
| Jet engine | 1940s | Nazi Germany (Hans von Ohain) United Kingdom (Frank Whittle) | Jet fighters, jet bombers | Airliners |
| Digital photography | 1960s | United States Soviet Union | Spy satellites, eliminated the need to recover deorbited film canisters | Digital cameras |
| Compiler | 1952 | United States | Allow programs to be written for multiple target computers by different vendors without needing to rewrite the assembly for each of them. | Compiler |
| Internet | 1960s - 1970s | United States (ARPANET) United Kingdom (NPL network) France (CYCLADES) | Reliable computer networking | Led to invention of the World Wide Web by British scientist Tim Berners-Lee; subsequently widespread availability of information, telecommunication and electronic commerce |
| Rodriguez well | 1960s | United States Army | Nuclear weapons and logistics, provide water supply for bases hidden in polar regions | Colonization of Mars |
| Satellite navigation | 1970s | United States Air Force Soviet Union | Nuclear weapons force multiplier, increased warhead accuracy through precise navigation | Navigation, personal tracking |
| Sanitary napkins | 1920s | United Kingdom France | Prevent bleeding using cellulose in bandages. | British & American nurses picked up the bandages and started using them as Sanitary Napkins. |
# FC St. Veit

FC St. Veit was an Austrian association football club from Sankt Veit an der Glan, Carinthia. It was founded in 1989 as a merger of two local clubs, SV St. Veit/Glan, founded in 1950, and SC Amateure St. Veit/Glan, founded in 1966. It played in the Sixth Division, and in 2014 the team was renamed FC Alpe Adria until 2016 when it disbanded its senior team.
# Carukia shinju

Carukia shinju is a small and venomous jellyfish found off the waters of northwestern Australia. Specifically, located offshore of the coasts of Australian states including Queensland, The Northern Territory, Western Australia and South Australia.
Stings can result in Irukandji syndrome. The mechanisms of actions of their toxins are not completely understood, but evidence shows they include modulation of neuronal sodium channels leading to large releases of endogenous catecholamines that can lead to possible stress-induced cardiomyopathy.
# Phalonidia laetitia

Phalonidia laetitia is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Argentina.
# Great Smoky Mountains Study

The Great Smoky Mountains Study is a longitudinal study led by William Copeland (professor) from Duke University Medical Center that started in 1993 and ended in 2003. It followed 1,420 children from western North Carolina. Participants were interviewed at up to nine points in time - first aged 9 to 16, and again at ages 19–21.
Four years into the study, about one quarter of the families saw a dramatic and unexpected increase in income. They were members of the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, and a casino had just been built on the reservation. From that point on every tribal citizen earned a share of the profits (about $4,000/yr per person). The study showed that among these children, instances of behavioral and emotional disorders decreased, and conscientiousness and agreeableness increased. Randall Akee remarked that "It would be almost impossible to replicate this kind of longitudinal study”.
# Rodolfo Gustavo da Paixão

Rodolfo Gustavo da Paixão (13 July 1853 - 18 November 1925) was a Brazilian marshal and politician, who served as the Governor of the state of Goiás twice, February 1890 to January 1891, and again July to December 1891. He was decorated with the Knight of the Military Order of Avis and Gold Military Medal.
# Cyndra MacDowall

Cyndra MacDowall (born April 20, 1953) is a Canadian visual artist known for her photography and writing.

## Biography

Cyndra MacDowall was born on April 20, 1953, in Toronto, Ontario. She has lived and worked in Toronto, Montreal, and currently Windsor, Ontario. She maintains studios in Toronto and Windsor, Ontario. Her work has been exhibited since 1987.

## Career

MacDowall received a Bachelor of Art Education from Queen's University in 1977 and a Master of Fine Arts in Photography from Concordia University in 1995. She was a photography professor at the University of Windsor's School of Creative Arts (SoCA). Her work is included in various public and private collections, including the Art Gallery of Windsor and the Ryerson Image Centre.

### Style, technique, and reception

MacDowall's work focuses on questions related to relationships of space (architectural and/or geographical), history, memory, gender, and identity. Her work often combines sculptural forms with photography.

### Significant works

* Eclipse (1991) was acquired by the National Gallery of Canada for the Canadian Museum of Contemporary Photography's collection.
# List of things named after Hendrik Antoon Lorentz

List of things named after Dutch physicist Hendrik Antoon Lorentz:

## Mathematics and science

* Abraham–Lorentz force
** Abraham–Lorentz–Dirac Force
* Cauchy–Lorentz distribution
** Lorentzian
* Drude–Lorentz model
* Fock–Lorentz symmetry
* Lorentz–Berthelot rules
* Lorentz covariance
** Lorentz symmetry
* Lorentz–FitzGerald contraction
* Heaviside–Lorentz units
* Lorentz–Lorenz equation
* Lorentz aether theory
* Lorentz factor
* Lorentz force
* Lorentz force velocimetry
* Lorentz group
* Lorentz manifold
** Lorentz metric
* Lorentz pendulum
* Lorentz oscillator model
* Lorentz scalar
* Lorentz surface
* Lorentz transformation
* Lorentz-violating electrodynamics
* Tauc–Lorentz model

## Others

* Lorentz Centre
* Lorentz (crater)
* Lorentz Institute
* Lorentz Medal
* Lorentz locks, lock in the Afsluitdijk in the Netherlands
* The Lorentz industrial zone (consisting of 4 areas: I, Haven (port), II and III) on the Veluwemeer northeast of Harderwijk, at over 240 hectares the largest contiguous industrial zone in the province of Gelderland in the Netherlands.
* Lorentz Casimir Lyceum (nl)
* Lorentz Driver (Exotic-tier Linear Fusion Rifle found in Destiny 2)
# Martin van de Pol

Martin van de Pol nicknamed Polletje and Boeroe (23 August 1964 – 4 March 2021) was an AFC Ajax football hooligan frontman.
From 1997 he was imprisoned for three years for raping his ex-girlfriend and stabbing her new boyfriend. After being released he killed four men by opening fire in a sex club in adult club Esther in Haarlem in 2000, including members of the Hells Angels. Polletje was initially sentenced to life for his role in the murders, but on appeal it was reduced to 15 years. He was also an Ajax football hooligan, having big influence in the club. He was visited in prison by then-Ajax chairman Michael van Praag, who gave him a shirt of player Richard Witschge.
Upon release in 2010 Van de Pol became a security guard at the Ajax fan club and an influential leader of the group of Ajax hooligans. He was linked with a drug-smuggling incident involving a bus of Ajax fans travelling to Dortmund, Germany, in September 2012. The next day he was arrested in Dortmund with some others. Later in 2012 he was standing close to Martin Hilligers, a notorious rapist and convicted murderer, when they were attacked by men wearing balaclavas in Badhoevedorp. Both of them survived the attack, but Martin Hilligers' brother, Remco Hilligers, died after being shot by one of the attackers. A few months later he was filmed during football riots in Milan.
Van de Pol was shot and killed in Amsterdam-Zuidoost on 4 March 2021, aged 56, while he was picking up his 7-year-old daughter from school. When they arrived at his ex-wife's house, a man was waiting for him in the porch and shot Martin in the head. The suspect then ran away, and Martin died shortly after in presence of the police who responded to the scene.
# Evermind

Evermind may refer to:
* Evermind (Dune), the title of the leader of Thinking Machines from Dune series
* Evermind (album), an album of Amethystium, a Norwegian musical project
* A fictional flower in J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth universe
# GPS Omens

GPS Omens is an American amateur soccer team from Boston, Massachusetts. It plays in the Bay State Soccer League, part of the United States Adult Soccer Association.

## History

Formerly known as Mass Premier Soccer, the team qualified for the U.S. Open Cup for the first time in 2013, losing 2–0 in the first round away to GPS Portland Phoenix of the Premier Development League.
The team returned to the cup the following year, losing 4–1 in the first round to Western Mass Pioneers. Renamed GPS Massachusetts, the team played host in the first round in 2015 at Buckingham Browne & Nichols School in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and lost 2–1 to Seacoast United Phantoms after leading 2–1 at half time.
After missing the 2016 cup, GPS Omens recorded the first undefeated season in the history of the Bay State Soccer League (16 wins, 2 ties) and qualified for the 2017 U.S. Open Cup, still featuring 15 of the players who took part in 2013. On May 10, they won a game in the cup for the first time, 2–0 at GPS Portland Phoenix, and followed it a week later with a 2–1 victory at Boston City FC of the National Premier Soccer League. In the third round on May 31, the team traveled to USL Pro team Rochester Rhinos, losing 2–1 with the decisive goal in time added onto the end of extra time.
# Phalonidia lochites

Phalonidia lochites is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Peru.
# Grytgöl

Grytgöl is a locality situated in Finspång Municipality, Östergötland County, Sweden with 263 inhabitants in 2010.
# Rodolfo Gómez (Nicaraguan athlete)

Rodolfo Gómez (born 9 August 1946) is a Nicaraguan long-distance runner. He competed in the marathon at the 1972 Summer Olympics.
# Ken Tomkins

Kenneth Burgoyne Tomkins (14 September 1917 – 20 July 1990) was a politician in Queensland, Australia. He was a Member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly.

## Politics

Ken Tomkins was a member of the Bungil Shire Council from 1949 to 1967 and its chairman from 1967 to 1975.
On 14 March 1967, the Country Party member for Roma in the Queensland Legislative Assembly, William Ewan, died. Standing as the Country Party candidate, Ken Tomkins won the resulting by-election on 24 June 1967. He held that seat until 22 October 1983, when he did not contest the 1983 election.
# Peter S. Pezzati

Peter Pezzati (September 18, 1902 – February 19, 1993) was an American portrait artist who was located in the Boston area. His art was rooted in the Renaissance tradition. His artwork included landscapes, pen and ink drawings, watercolors, pastel and oil portraits.

## Early life

He was born Peter S. Pezzati to Italian immigrant parents, Sisto and Cesarina (Opizzi) Pezzati, in Roxbury, Massachusetts.
Pezzati graduated from Boston College High School in 1917 where he studied both Latin and Greek. He was to eventually master six languages. He then won a scholarship to the Child-Walker School of Arts and Crafts in Boston; there he studied under American painter Charles Hopkinson, who took him on as an assistant.
In the mid-1920s he taught art at the Child-Walker School for two years, then went on a six-month traveling and painting tour of Europe, especially France and Italy, arriving back in Boston just in time to attend his sister Josephine's wedding on February 19, 1928, where he was the best man of Bruno Ferroli. He continued to apprentice under Hopkinson, and worked at Hopkinson's Fenway studio.

## Art career

Pezzati painted many eminent Bostonians and Americans such as Ralph Lowell, William L. Kenly, Willard Van Orman Quine, and Austin Warren. His paintings are hanging in institutions across the United States, including Massachusetts General Hospital, Symphony Hall, The Massachusetts Historical Society, The Museum of Fine Arts in Boston Harvard University, and the Smithsonian Institution. His portraits have also been exhibited at the Margaret Brown and Vose Galleries in Boston, at the Corcoran Biennial in Washington, D.C. at various times from 1930 to 1939, the Pennsylvania Academy Exhibition, the 1939 World's Fair, Yale University Art Gallery and the National Gallery of Art in Washington.

## Later life

Pezzati married Mary E. Palmer of Boston in about 1942. They had two children, Pamela born in 1944. and Peter. He was interviewed by the Smithsonian on July 15, 1971 as part of the Archives of American Art's Oral History Program. He also donated some of his personal papers to the Archives of American Art between 1971 and 1983.
He was a member of the Dante Society of America. On February 19, 1993 Pezzati died, at the age of ninety, of cerebral vascular disease in Westwood, Massachusetts, where he had retired with his second wife, Dr. Madeleine Field Crawford after having lived in Needham, Massachusetts for over twenty years.
His granddaughter Jennifer Raskin is a television producer and filmmaker. His nieces were Carla Rotolo and her sister Suze.
# FIBA Europe Cup Final MVP

The FIBA Europe Cup Final MVP, previously the Final Four MVP, is an annual award that is given to the best player of the finals of a given FIBA Europe Cup season. The award was handed out in 2016 and 2021, seasons in which there was a final four format. From 2022, the award is given to the best player in the final series.

## Winners

FIBA Europe Cup Final Four MVP winners :
| Season | Player | Nationality | Club |
| 2015–16 | Quantez Robertson | United States | Fraport Skyliners |
| 2020–21 | Wayne Selden Jr. | United States | Ironi Nes Ziona |
| 2021–22 | Jamar Smith | United States | Bahçeşehir Koleji |
| 2022–23 | Phil Greene IV | United States | Anwil Włocławek |
| 2023–24 | Kaza Kajami-Keane | Canada | Niners Chemnitz |

## Multiple honors
### Player nationality

| Rank | Country | Total |
| 1. | United States | 4 |
| 2. | Canada | 1 |

### Teams

| Rank | Team | Total |
| 1. | Anwil Włocławek | 1 |
| 1. | Bahçeşehir Koleji | 1 |
| 1. | Fraport Skyliners | 1 |
| 1. | Ironi Nes Ziona | 1 |
| 1. | Niners Chemnitz | 1 |
# Eva Brook Donly

Eva Brook Donly (April 30, 1867 – 1941) was a Canadian artist living in Ontario.
Born in Simcoe, she was rewarded a fine arts diploma from Alma Ladies' College and then a grade A certificate from the Ontario School of Art. From 1887 to 1890, Donly was head of the art department at Alma College. She then studied at the Institute of Artist-Artisans in New York City. She next went to Mexico City, where she opened a book shop and also met Augustine Donly, whom she married in Canada in 1896. The couple returned to Mexico City in 1905. After studies at the San Carlos Academy there, she began painting again, painting portraits and landscapes of Mexico, Bermuda and Canada.
She died in Simcoe in 1941 and, in her will, left her former home to Norfolk County for use as a museum; it is now known as the Eva Brook Donly Museum. Her work is held in the collection of the museum, as well as that of the National Gallery of Canada. One of her paintings of a U-boat which was used in campaign to sell Victory bonds is owned by the United States government.
# Cassiope

Cassiope is a genus of 9-12 small shrubby species in the family Ericaceae. It is the sole genus in the subfamily Cassiopoideae. They are native to the Arctic and north temperate montane regions. The genus is named after Cassiopeia of Greek mythology.

## Description

Cassiope has scale-like leaves lying against the stems, and produce solitary bell-shaped flowers in late spring. Though hardy, flowers can be damaged by late frosts.

## Taxonomy
### Species

Plants of the World Online (POWO) recognizes 18 accepted species.
* Cassiope abbreviata
* Cassiope x anadyrensis
* Cassiope x argyrotricha
* Cassiope ericoides
* Cassiope fastigiata
* Cassiope fujianensis
* Cassiope hypnoides
* Cassiope lycopodioides
* Cassiope membranifolia
* Cassiope mertensiana
* Cassiope myosuroides
* Cassiope nana
* Cassiope palpebrata
* Cassiope pectinata
* Cassiope redowskii
* Cassiope selaginoides
* Cassiope stelleriana
* Cassiope tetragona
* Cassiope wardii

## Uses

Cassiope is cultivated in gardens, suitable sites being rock gardens, peat banks or glades in woodland areas.
# Phantom of the Rapra

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| Muzik | |
| RapReviews | 8/10 |
Phantom of the Rapra is the second solo studio album by American rapper Bushwick Bill. It was released on July 11, 1995 through Rap-A-Lot Records with distribution via Noo Trybe Records. Recording sessions took place at Lil J's Studio in Houston. Production was handled by Mike Dean, John Bido, Clement Burnette, John "Swift" Catalon, CJ Mac and Freddie Young with executive producer J. Prince. It features guest appearances from 3D, CJ Mac, Menace Clan and Sherm.
The album peaked at number 43 on the Billboard 200 albums chart in the United States.

## Track listing
### Sample credits

Only God Knows
* "Walk On By" by Isaac Hayes
Times Is Hard
* "I Found Love (When I Found You)" by The Spinners
Wha Cha Gonna Do?
* "Bridge of Sighs" by Robin Trower

## Personnel

* Richard Stephen Shaw – main artist, coordinator
* Dante L. Miller – featured artist (track 10)
* 3D – featured artist (track 11)
* Sherm – featured artist (track 9)
* Menace Clan – featured artists (track 10)
* Bryaan Ross – additional vocals (tracks: 4–6), producer (tracks: 4, 6)
* John Okuribido – producer (tracks: 1, 2, 5, 8, 12), mixing, coordinator
* Michael George Dean – producer (tracks: 1, 2, 5, 8, 9, 12), engineering, mixing
* Clement "MAD" Burnette – producer (tracks: 3, 4, 6)
* John "Swift" Catalon – producer (tracks: 7, 10)
* Freddie Young – producer (track 11)
* James A. Smith – executive producer
* Dave Collins – mastering
* "Jazzy" Jeff Griffin – assistant mixing and engineering
* Troy "Pee Wee" Clark – assistant engineering
* Patricia Sullivan – assistant mastering
* Jason Clark – art direction, design
* Dré – art direction
* Tar – photography
# Greigia columbiana

Greigia columbiana is a plant species in the genus Greigia. This species is native to Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela.
Two varieties are recognized:
* Greigia columbiana var. columbiana - Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela
* Greigia columbiana var. subinermis L.B.Sm. - Colombia, Ecuador
# Mohamed Mahfood Sayed

Mohamed Mahfood Sayed (born 27 April 1960) represented South Yemen in boxing, competing at the 1988 Summer Olympic Games in the flyweight event. After a first round bye, he was knocked-out in the second minute of his second round bout.
# Cyril VII Siaj

Cyril VII Francis Siaj (or Siage or Siagi) was Patriarch of the Melkite Greek Catholic Church from 1794 to 1796.

## Life

Francis Siaj was a monk of the Basilian Salvatorian Order. Between 1760 and 1768 he was an open partisan of Athanasius Jawhar in the clashes for the patriarchate between patriarch Theodosius V Dahan and anti-patriarch Athanasius Jawhar. In this frame he went with Jawhar to Rome in 1762, and when returned to Lebanon he was consecrated bishop of Bosra and Hauran a few days after 23 December 1763, and took the name Cyril.$^{:67}$ Because his consecration was celebrated by Euthymius Fadel bishop of Zahle and Forzol and a partisan of Jawhar, the patriarch Theodosius V Dahan did not recognized his appointment till the appeasement in 1768 between Theodosius Dahan and Athanasius Jawhar.
Cyril Francis Siaj was elected patriarch by the synod of bishops on 11 December 1794. His election was confirmed by Pope Pius VI on 28 June 1796. Cyril VII Siaj died on 6 August 1796 at Aitanite, where he was buried.$^{:77}$
# Federation of Canadian Naturists

The Federation of Canadian Naturists (FCN) is the official International Naturist Federation (INF) representative for English-speaking Canada. It was founded in 1986, and has been reported to have 1,300 members.
It publishes a quarterly magazine called Going Natural/Au naturel, which had a circulation of 900 in 2023.
Because the INF only recognizes one naturist organization per country, the FCN shares its membership with the Federation of Quebec de Naturists (FQN) (founded 1978). Together, the FCN and FQN form the FQN-FCN Union for the purpose of joint membership in the INF.
# Evans Mensah

Evans Mensah may refer to:
* Evans Mensah (footballer, born 1988), Ghanaian former football striker
* Evans Mensah (footballer, born 1998), Ghanaian football winger for Helsingin Jalkapalloklubi and Ghana national football team
# FOL

Fol or FOL may refer to:

## People

* Alexander Fol (1933–2006), Bulgarian historian
* Alexandra Fol (born 1981), Bulgarian-Canadian composer
* Hermann Fol (1845–1892), Swiss zoologist

## Other uses

* Fol (grape), a French wine grape
* "FOL" (song), by The Smashing Pumpkins
* Figures of Light, an American proto-punk band
* First-order logic
* Flavor of Love, a television dating game show
* Folio
* Fountain of Life
* Friends of Lulu, a defunct American women's organization
* Party Workers' Liberation Front 30 May (Papiamento: Frente Obrero Liberashon), a political party in Curaçao