OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Mendy Samstein

Jehudah Menachem Mendel "Mendy" Samstein (July 25, 1938 – January 24, 2007) was an American civil rights activist.
Born in Manhattan, he majored in European history at Brandeis, and later earned a master's degree in the same subject from Cornell. He was studying for a Ph.D. in history at the University of Chicago when he quit to join the civil rights movement in the South. He became a full-time organizer for the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (or SNCC, pronounced "snick"). Stokely Carmichael, later chairman of SNCC, called Samstein "one in a million".
Later on, Samstein also organized protests against the Vietnam War. He had a variety of jobs, including working as a teacher, as a psychoanalyst, and running a summer camp. In 2000, he and other civil rights veterans protested the handling of the presidential vote in Florida.
Samstein was married to Nancy Cooper, a fellow civil rights activist. He died from carcinoid cancer at his home in New Lisbon, New York, aged 68.
# Cyrioides australis

Cyrioides australis, commonly known as the dark blue banksia jewel beetle, is a species of beetle in the family Buprestidae native to southeastern Australia. It was described by the French entomologist Jean Baptiste Boisduval in 1835. Banksia integrifolia has been recorded as a host plant.
# Deledio

Deledio is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Brett Deledio (born 1987), Australian rules footballer
* Wayne Deledio (born 1955), Australian rules footballer, father of Brett
# Katti Garhi

Katti Garhi is a village and union council in Mardan District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
# Plas Wilmot

Plas Wilmot is a substantial suburban villa near Oswestry in the United Kingdom. The house was originally constructed c.1829 of red brick with slate roof, with additions in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It was the birthplace of First World War poet Wilfred Owen on 18 March 1893. It became a Grade II listed building in 2012, following a campaign by Oswestry Civic Society and other local groups. The grounds were put on sale in 2013 after the local authority granted planning permission for houses to be built on the land.
# Distorsio kurzi

Distorsio kurzi, common name Kurz's distorsio, is a species of medium-sized sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Personidae, the Distortio snails.

## Description

The size of the shell varies between 30 and 64 mm (1.2 and 2.5 in).

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off Southeast Africa, Mozambique, the Andamans, the Philippines and in the Western Pacific (Vanuatu); in the Coral Sea and off New Caledonia.
# Coccyx fracture

A coccyx fracture is a fracture of the coccyx, commonly called a broken tailbone or ‘puzzle fracture.’
The coccyx is located at the base of the spine, under the sacrum. It is the last section of the ape vertebral column. Most commonly in humans it comprises 3 to 5 fused (or, more rarely, separate) vertebrae, and is approximately 4 to 10 cm in length. The coccyx is attached to the sacrum by a fibrocartilaginous joint, called the sacrococcygeal symphysis, allowing for some (but little) movement.

## Causes

Causes of coccyx fracture can vary greatly, but are most commonly confined to falls into the seated position, or childbirth.

## Risk factors

The following risk factors have been identified for coccyx fracture:
* Lack of/reduced muscle mass
* Advanced age
* Osteoporosis
* Being of the female sex (due to the wider pelvis typically found in females)
* Violence
Symptoms of coccyx fracture include:
* Pain that increases in severity when sitting or getting up from a chair, or when experiencing bowel movement
* Provoked pain over the tailbone
* Nausea
* Bruising or swelling in the tailbone area

## Diagnosis

The standard workup of a suspected coccyx fracture includes medical history and a physical examination including a rectal examination.
X-ray has no quantifiable clinical impact, and is regarded as a waste of resources and unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation.

## Treatment

If the coccyx fracture is severe enough, short-term hospitalisation may be required, although this is extremely rare. More often, self-care at home is administered.
Sitting on soft surfaces is recommended, as this reduces pressure on the coccyx. A 'donut' or 'wedge' cushion may be purchased – these are simply cushions with a hole in them to ensure that no weight is placed in the injured tailbone. Painkillers such as ibuprofen are also recommended, as is a diet high in fibre to soften stools and avoid constipation.
Doctors will not usually attempt to correct a bad alignment, as muscles in the area are powerful and can pull the bone back into the 'bad' position. The bone is also very difficult to immobilise simply due to the sheer number of muscles attached to it, as well as the position.

### Surgery

Following a coccyx fracture, surgery is not usually required. However, if the pain continues even after the fracture has healed, and is severe enough to cause serious disability, surgical removal of the coccyx (coccygectomy) may be required.
# Michel Gratton

Michel Gratton may refer to:
* Michel Gratton (journalist), press secretary to former Canadian prime minister Brian Mulroney
* Michel Gratton (politician), member of the National Assembly of Quebec
# Deledda International School

Deledda International School is a semi-private English-speaking school in Genoa, Italy. Despite being an independent school, the school is helped by the government of the Comune di Genova. It is not affiliated with the public school "Liceo Linguistico Deledda". It was established in 1999 and became a world school. The school currently offers both the International Baccalaureate's Diploma Programme (grades 11 and 12) and the Middle Years Programme (grades 6 through 10). In 2016 it opened a primary school (grades 1 to 5) where classes are taught mostly in Italian, with extra hours of English.
# Jane Cable

Jane Cable is a 1906 novel by George Barr McCutcheon, and was the fifth best-selling novel in the United States in 1906. It was also the best selling book in the United States for the month in the January 1907 issue of The Bookman. It was also serialized by newspapers in 1908.

## Plot

A contemporary synopsis of the melodrama novel's plot describes it as follows:
This is a story of American life the scene of which is laid in Chicago at the present time. Jane Cable, the heroine of the tale, is a beautiful and aristocratic girl, supposed to be the daughter of David Cable, a rich railroad magnate. This, however, is not the truth, as in reality she was taken from a foundling hospital when an infant, by Mrs. Cable, who deceived her husband into believing it was her own child. She did this in order to end an estrangement which existed between her husband and herself and to bring him back to her from the distant west, where he had been for some time. Her ruse worked to perfection and was only known to an unscrupulous lawyer named James Bansemer, and his confidential clerk Elias Droom, to whom she applied in order to take out the papers of adoption. At that time the Cables were in very moderate circumstances and David was only an engineer on the railroad, but he rose rapidly from this position, and eventually became rich and influential. Cable is devoted to his beautiful daughter, who he never suspects is not his own child; and his wife, during the passage of time, has gradually lost the haunting dread of being found out. Her peace of mind is rudely shattered however, by the appearance of Bansemer on the scene, who proceeds to blackmail her for a large sum of money. In the meantime Jane has become engaged to Graydon Bansemer, James's son, a fine fellow, who has no suspicious of his father's real character or business dealings. After a series of dramatic incidents, which bring about Mrs. Cable's confession and her husband's forgiveness, the truth is brutally told to Jane by Bansemer, who wishes to prevent her marriage to his son. Jane is crushed by the news and breaks off her engagement with Graydon. He at once enlists in the army and goes to the Philippines, where she follows him later in the company of friends. Graydon is severely wounded and Jane who has become a red-cross nurse tends him till he is restored to health. He resigns from the Army and they return home, Jane still persisting in her refusal to marry him. Finally, however, the elder Bansemer who is paying for his misdeeds in the penitentiary, confesses his knowledge that Jane's antecedents are of the best and she and Graydon are united at last.
# Gerar Jarso

Gerar Jarso is one of the Aanaas in the Oromia of Ethiopia. Part of the Kaba Shewa Zone, Gerar Jarso is bordered on the south by Yaya Gulele, on the west by Degem, and on the east by the Amhara Region.

## Demographics

The 2007 national census reported a total population for this woreda of 67,312, of whom 34,467 were men and 32,845 were women; none of its population were urban dwellers. The majority of the inhabitants said they practised Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, with 99.81% of the population reporting they observed this belief.
Based on figures published by the Central Statistical Agency in 2005, this woreda has an estimated total population of 119,675, of whom 59,977 are men and 59,698 are women; 37,861 or 31.64% of its population are urban dwellers, which is greater than the Zone average of 9.5%. With an estimated area of 485.32 square kilometers, Gerar Jarso has an estimated population density of 246.6 people per square kilometer, which is greater than the Zone average of 143.
The 1994 national census reported a total population for this woreda of 80,740, of whom 40,221 were men and 40,519 women; 21,187 or 26.24% of its population were urban dwellers at the time. The two largest ethnic groups reported in Gerar Jarso were the Oromo (53.62%), and the Amhara (45.66%); all other ethnic groups made up 0.72% of the population. Oromo was spoken as a first language by 50.55%, and 49.1% spoke Amharic; the remaining 0.39% spoke all other primary languages reported. The majority of the inhabitants professed Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, with 99.43% of the population reporting they practiced that belief.
# Chicago Underground

Chicago Underground may refer to:
* Chicago Underground Film Festival, founded in 1994
* Chicago Underground (jazz ensemble), an avant-garde jazz duo/trio/quartet/orchestra led by Rob Mazurek and Chad Taylor
* Chicago Underground Library, a collection focusing on material produced by small presses or independent publishers
# Gerard Barcia

Gerard Barcia Duedra (born 9 November 1963) is an Andorran trap shooter who competed in the 1996 Summer Olympics.
Barcia competed in the trap shooting event at the 1996 Summer Olympics, and after two days of shooting Barcia scored 117 points and finished the competition in 37th place so didn't qualify for the final.
# Georges Fulpius

Dr. Georges Fulpius (25 March 1886 – 23 September 1955) was a Swiss philatelist who signed the Roll of Distinguished Philatelists in 1953. From ca. 1920 onwards, Fulpius offered his Services as Official Expert, notably for the Durheim Issues (Ortspost, Poste Locale, Rayon I, II, III). Many better pieces of Swiss classic Philately still bear Fulpius' signature.
# Gerdibi

Gerdibi is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Aladağ, Adana Province, Turkey. Its population is 1,143 (2022).
# Children of the Light

Children of the Light may refer to:
* Children of the Light (The Wheel of Time), characters in Robert Jordan's fantasy series The Wheel of Time
* Children of the Light (album), an album by The Jackson 5
* Children of the Light (film), a 2014 documentary film
* Sky: Children of the Light, a 2019 video game
* Religious Society of Friends, or Quakers, sometimes called Children of the Light
* Children of the Light, soundtrack from Harmagedon Genma Taisen anime movie
# Martaizé

Martaizé (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Vienne department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in western France. It is a small village about 7 miles from Loudun.

## History

In the early 17th century, Martaizé, along with the nearby village of La Chaussée, was one of the seigneuries of Charles de Menou d'Aulnay. Several of the earliest settlers of Acadia including the Babins, the Gaudets, the LeBlancs, the Bourgs, the Poiriers, the Theriots, the Guérins and the Savoies are believed to have been recruited by d'Aulnay from their original home in Martaizé to colonize New France.
# Chile–Cuba relations

Chile–Cuba relations refers to interstate relations between the Republic of Chile and the Republic of Cuba. Cuba has been, since the 1960s, a reference point to left wing politicians in Chile.

## History

Chile, together with Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Bolivia and Ecuador, was opposed to sanctions imposed on Cuba by the United States during the 1962 OAS meeting in Punta del Este, Uruguay.
In 1971 Chile re-established diplomatic relations with Cuba, joining Mexico and Canada in rejecting a previously-established Organization of American States convention prohibiting governments in the Western Hemisphere from establishing diplomatic relations with Cuba. Shortly afterward, Cuban premier Fidel Castro made a month-long visit to Chile. With Salvador Allende he visited the recently nationalized El Teniente copper mine.
During Pinochet's military dictatorship in Chile (1973–1990) Cuba provided training and arms for Chilean leftists to set up an armed resistance. Chilean Revolutionary Left Movement drew inspiration from the Cuban Revolution and the Sierra Maestra in trying to set up a guerrilla in Neltume, which was obliterated in 1981. After that the Cuban-inspired rural warfare proved to be a failure, Cuba continued to support urban guerrillas such as FPMR. One of the largest smuggling of Cuban arms occurred in Carrizal Bajo, these arms where later used by FPMR to perform an assassination attempt against Pinochet in 1986.
In 2009 Bachelet visited Cuba, making her the first Chilean leader to visit the island nation since Salvador Allende's 1972 trip.

## Chilean ambassadors to Cuba

* Jorge Manuel Toha (2006)
# Martin Sorrondeguy

Martin Sorrondeguy (born December 3, 1967) is the singer of American hardcore punk bands Los Crudos and Limp Wrist, the founder of the DIY record label Lengua Armada Discos, and a prominent figure in both the straight edge scene and the queercore scene. He currently does vocals in the band Needles.

## Biography

Martin Sorrondeguy was born in Montevideo, Uruguay, and grew up in Chicago, United States. He sang about many issues facing Spanish speaking minorities in the U.S. as the vocalist for Los Crudos. The band recorded in both Spanish and English, releasing many recordings, and toured in South America and Mexico, as well as the U.S. and Canada. Sorrondeguy created the independent record label Lengua Armada Discos to release his bands records. While in Los Crudos, Sorrondeguy began making his documentary film Beyond The Screams: A U.S. Latino Hardcore Punk Documentary. The film was released in 2004.
It was during the time he was vocalist for Los Crudos that Sorrondeguy made his sexuality public and began to speak out about it. In 1997, he appeared in Scott Treleaven's documentary film Queercore: A Punk-U-Mentary and spoke about being gay in the hardcore punk scene. In the mid 1990s, Sorrondeguy put together a new band called Limp Wrist, a straight edge queercore band. In 2001, he was featured in the Punk Planet publication We Owe You Nothing. In 2002, he appeared in the "Queer Punk" issue of the long running San Francisco-based punk zine Maximum Rock n Roll speaking with musicians such as Aaron Detroit of The Little Deaths, Cookie Tuff of Subtonix and members of Sta-Prest. In 2006, Limp Wrist toured the U.S. and began recording for a new album, to be released in 2007.
Since the early 2000s, Sorrondeguy has been very active in solo and group photo exhibitions of his photography, which has also been regularly documented in his semi-regular 'zine, Susto. Sorrondeguy has been an occasional guest lecturer on his experiences in Canada, Brazil, Australia and the U.S. Los Crudos continues to tour, embarking on U.S. and Scandinavian dates in 2016.
Sorrondeguy was interviewed about his life by Nicholas De Genova for Episode 2 of the Metropolis Rising podcast.

## Discography

for discographies see:
* Los Crudos
* Limp Wrist

## Films

* Queercore: A Punk-U-Mentary, directed by Scott Treleaven (1997)
* Beyond the Screams: A U.S. Latino Hardcore Punk Documentary directed by Martin Sorrondeguy (1999)
# Gertrude Barnum

Gertrude Barnum (September 29, 1866–June 17, 1948) was an American social worker and labor organizer.

## Early life

Barnum was born in Chester, Illinois, but she grew up in the Chicago area. Her father was an attorney and a Cook County judge, and her family was part of the city's upper class. Barnum attended Evanston Township High School and the University of Wisconsin, but dropped out after her first year at the university. After returning to Chicago, she took part in the city's social reform movement and became a social worker in the city's settlement houses. She worked as an apprentice at Hull House during the 1890s before becoming the head worker at the Henry Booth House in 1902.

## Trade unionism

Barnum's experience as a social worker led her to join the labor movement, as she felt that it was the best path to improve the lives of those who depended on the settlement houses. She joined the National Women's Trade Union League (WTUL) shortly after it was founded in 1903, and soon became a national organizer for the union. She supervised strikes in various industries in Fall River, Massachusetts, Troy, New York, and Aurora, Illinois in 1905; over the next several years, she continued to supervise strikes nationwide, mainly in the garment industry. As a member of the upper class, Barnum was able to use her status to secure the support of other upper-class citizens to the cause of labor; during a 1913 strike in New York City, she even convinced Theodore Roosevelt to publicly support striking garment workers.
Barnum's background occasionally caused tension with the working-class women of the labor movement, however. In particular, she feuded with Leonora O'Reilly, an early member of the WTUL who resigned in 1905 due to her dissatisfaction with upper-class allies within the organization. After O'Reilly's resignation, Barnum rebuked her for leaving an organization which she felt was continuing to do good work despite her criticisms. O'Reilly also criticized a book on the working class which Barnum had praised, claiming that it was an inaccurate depiction of the actual lives of working-class women. Barnum replied in a letter written on WTUL stationery, from which she had crossed out O'Reilly's name; while she admitted that O'Reilly may have been right about the book, she continued to criticize her for leaving the league.

## Advisory roles

In 1914, Barnum took up a position with the newly created United States Commission on Industrial Relations. By the end of the decade, she had become the assistant director of the Department of Labor's investigation service. She also joined the Equality League of Self-Supporting Women, an organization founded by Harriot Stanton Blatch to advance the women's suffrage movement. In 1919, she retired and moved to California, where she lived until her death in 1948.
# Gerichtsassessor

In the German legal system, a Gerichtsassessor (plural Gerichtsassessoren) was a candidate who had successfully passed the examination before the central board, and who was therefore eligible for the position of a judge or prosecutor (though most were not appointed as a judge or prosecutor). They are sometimes described as assistant judges. The obsolete designation Gerichtsassessor was held by judges or federal prosecutors, whose employment status today would be "on probation". Attainment of the second state legal qualification (the so-called "Competence to the Justiceship") was always a pre-requisite. The appointment took place with the intention that the Gerichtsassessor would be employed later in his lifetime as a judge.
The Gerichtsassessor usually held this designation for one year after receiving his Certificate of Appointment, before being appointed as a judge.
The number of Gerichtsassessoren was 3,855 in 1933, and 5,696 in 1935.
# Mary Stainbank

Mary Agnes Stainbank (1899–1996) was a South African sculptor.

## Early life

Stainbank born in 1899 on the farm Coedmore in Bellair, Durban, Colony of Natal. She was educated at St. Anne's Diocesan College at Hilton, Colony of Natal. She trained at the Durban School of Art from 1916 to 1921 under John Adams and Alfred Martin, and from 1922 to 1924 at the Royal College of Art, London, under William Rothenstein and Frederick John Wilcoxson. She was awarded a Royal College scholarship in 1925 and studied bronze casting at an engineering firm in London.

## Working life

On her return to South Africa in 1926 she established a sculpture studio – Ezayo - on the Coedmore estate where, between 1926 and 1940, she produced her finest work. she was influenced by Eric Gill and Jacob Epstein.
Though credited with introducing a modern school of sculpture to South Africa during her early career, she was often criticized for her use of avant-garde images. Her choice of African subject matter and her use of sharp, angular forms and distortion of limbs to depict her subjects shocked the largely conservative viewers of the time, who were used to the romantic-realist style. As a result, her sculptures did not appeal to the buying public of the day. Many of her freestanding sculptures were shown during the 1930s at exhibitions organized by the Natal Society of Artists.
After service in a military drawing office during World War II she was appointed as head of the sculpture department at the Durban School of Art, where she lectured until 1957.
Though her work did not sell, she continued to create sculptures, which were housed in her studio at Coedmore. In the 1980s, a large body of these works went on display at the Old Parliament Buildings in Pietermartzburg. This collection was subsequently transferred to the Voortrekker/Msunduzi Museum in Pietermaritzburg. With the restructuring of that museum, the work was returned to the Stainbank family.

## Mary Stainbank Memorial Gallery

The Stainbank collection is generally regarded as the largest body of work by a single artist in South Africa to have remained intact. The collection is housed at the Mary Stainbank Memorial Gallery at Coedmore, the original Stainbank family estate, where the family settled in the 1880s.

## Works

During her career, Stainbank produced many portraits of the people who lived on the Coedmore estate as well as architectural commissions that she received. These include decorations on buildings, in Durban, such as the Children's Hospital at Addington Beach and the government offices in the CBD.
Her many public sculptures in Durban include the Flower Sellers; her gargoyle-like figures on the old Receiver of Revenue building; the pediments and ceramics at the old Addington Children's Hospital and the bronze sculpture of John Ross standing on Durban's Victoria Embankment. The reredos in the church of All Saints Maidstone was done by Stainbank. She designed the Springbok trophy for the South African Polo Association and produced the architectural decorations for the Port Elizabeth Magistrates' Court.
# Chital, Gujarat

Chital is a village in Amreli Taluka of Amreli district, Gujarat, India.

## Demographics

The population of Chital according to the census of 1872 was 3908 and according to that of 1881 3959 souls.