OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Manasse Tyiseseta

Manasse Tyiseseta (25 April 1850, Otjimbingwe – 17 April 1898, Omaruru) was the leader of a group of Herero with their headquarters in Omaruru in what is today Namibia.

## Life

Tyiseseta studied at the Augustineum Secondary School in Otjimbingwe. In 1867, he journeyed with Christian Wilhelm Zeraua to Omaruru. Manasse taught at the local school from 1871 to 1882.
Tyiseseta married Zeraua's daughter Albertina Tjiseseta Zeraua (1851–1951). They had 3 children: Michael Tyiseseta (1872–1924), Hugo Tyiseseta (1877–1951), and Charlotte Tyiseseta Zeraua (1881–1951).
Victor Franke claimed that during the rinderpest epidemic of 1897, Tyiseseta would not allow his cattle to be vaccinated.
Tyiseseta died on 17 April 1898 of typhoid. His grave is located next to that of Christian Zeraua in the cemetery of Omaruru.

## Leadership

Tyiseseta was the half brother of chief Tjaherani (tenure: 1860–1884). After the deaths of Tjaherani and Christian Wilhelm Zeraua in 1884, Tyiseseta became the Herero leader of Omaruru. He signed a treaty of protection on 3 November 1885 with Heinrich Ernst Göring and the German Empire. The missionaries Carl Gotthilf Büttner and Gottlieb Viehe were also present.
Tyiseseta kept his tribe independent of the Germans and the chieftain Samuel Maharero for many years. trading with South Africa for weapons, ammo, and other goods. He had his own armed forces.
Samuel Maharero was named the chief Herero leader under German auspices in Augustus 1891, but other chiefs objected. That November 26, Theodor Leutwein negotiated a meeting between Samuel Maharero and Zacharias Zeraua, both agreeing to meet with Tyiseseta. From then on, Tyiseseta's political dominance was backed up by German military might.
# Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin

Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin is a toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) and is responsible for gas gangrene and myonecrosis in infected tissues. The toxin also possesses hemolytic activity.

## Clinical significance

This toxin has been shown to be the key virulence factor in infection with C. perfringens; the bacterium is unable to cause disease without this toxin. Further, vaccination against the alpha toxin toxoid protects mice against C. perfringens gas gangrene. As a result, knowledge about the function of this particular protein greatly aids understanding of myonecrosis.

## Structure and homology

The alpha toxin has remarkable similarity to toxins produced by other bacteria as well as natural enzymes. There is significant homology with phospholipase C enzymes from Bacillus cereus, C. bifermentans, and Listeria monocytogenes. The C terminal domain shows similarity with non-bacterial enzymes such as pancreatic lipase, soybean lipoxygenase, and synaptotagmin I.
The alpha toxin is a zinc metallophospholipase, requiring zinc for activation. First, the toxin binds to a binding site on the cell surface. The C-terminal C2-like PLAT domain binds calcium and allows the toxin to bind to the phospholipid head-groups on the cell surface. The C-terminal domain enters the phospholipid bilayer. The N-terminal domain has phospholipase activity. This property allows hydrolysis of phospholipids such as phosphatidyl choline, mimicking endogenous phospholipase C. The hydrolysis of phosphatidyl choline produces diacylglycerol, which activates a variety of second messenger pathways. The end-result includes activation of arachidonic acid pathway and production of thromboxane A$_2$, production of IL-8, platelet-activating factor, and several intercellular adhesion molecules. These actions combine to cause edema due to increased vascular permeability.
# Celeste Coltellini

Celeste Coltellini (26 November 1760 - 24 July 1828) was an Italian soprano. She was a well-known singer of opera buffa in Europe in the late 18th century.
Born in Livorno, Celeste was the daughter of a librettist, Marco Coltellini. In 1780, she made her debut at Teatro alla Scala in Milan, performing in three operas: Giovanni Valentini's Le nozze in contrasto, Giacomo Rust's Gli antiquari in Palmira and Giovanni Paisiello's La Frascatana, singing in mezzo-soprano register. She then sang at Teatro San Carlo in Naples, where she had the opportunity to meet Emperor Joseph II, who later invited her to perform in Vienna.
When her voice changed to soprano, she accepted the Emperor's invitation. In 1785, she went to Vienna with her mother, and stayed there for a year. In Vienna, she made her debut singing Domenico Cimarosa’s Contadina di spirito. She returned to Vienna again in 1788, but stayed just for a few months. She was seen with Mozart several times at music performances and parties; however, there is no record or any official report of collaboration by them.
Coltellini was famous for her excellent interpretation of the title role in Nina, o sia La pazza per amore by Giovanni Paisiello. Her sister Annetta, also a singer, often accompanied her in the production.
In 1792, at the age of 32, Celeste retired from the opera stage and married the Swiss banker Jean-Georges Meuricoffre who owned a bank in Naples.
Coltellini died in Naples in 1828.
# Gafi

Gafi or GAFI may refer to:
* Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering or Groupe d'action financière, an intergovernmental organization founded in 1989
* General Authority for Investment and Free Zones, Cairo, Egypt; see Entrepreneurship policies in Egypt
* General Administration of Financial Investigations, an intelligence agency in Saudi Arabia
* Great American Faunal Interchange: the Great American Interchange, movement of animal species
# Cap binding complex

The 5' cap of eukaryotic messenger RNA is bound at all times by various cap-binding complexes (CBCs).

## Nuclear cap-binding complex

In the nucleus, freshly transcribed mRNA molecules are bound on the 5' cap by the nuclear cap-binding complex of Cbc1/Cbc2 in yeast or CBP20/CBP80 in metazoans. These aid in the export of the mRNA and protect it from decapping. They also serve as a marker for the so-called pioneer round of translation when the message is examined by nonsense mediated decay.

## Cytoplasmic cap-binding complex

After the first round of translation ("pioneer round"), CBC20/80 is replaced by the translation initiation factor eIF4E. The eIF4F complex (eIF4E, eIF4G and eIF4A) then regulates translation in response to the state of the cell via its phosphorylation state and again protects the message from decapping.

## Decapping complex

When translationally repressed or marked for decay by various mechanisms the 5' cap is bound by the mRNA decapping enzyme DCP2. A host of proteins accompany it including UPF1, UPF2, UPF3A, Dcp1, Dhh1, XRN1, and others. The decapping enzyme removes the 5' cap leading to destruction of the message.
# Leucotmemis tenthredoides

Leucotmemis tenthredoides is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Francis Walker in 1856. It is found in the Amazon region.
# Cecil King (Irish painter)

Cecil King (22 February 1921 – 7 April 1986) was famous for his painting. Born Rathdrum, County Wicklow, Ireland, King was largely self-taught as an artist. He had his first one-man show in 1959, but worked as a businessman and did not become a full-time artist until 1964. While he began painting in an expressionist style, his mature works have a distinctive cool minimalist formality and often involve clean blocks of even colour cleaved at an acute angle. The break came in the late 1960s. He lived for many years in Blackrock on Idrone Terrace.
A retrospective of his work was held at the Hugh Lane Municipal Gallery in 1981, and another was held in the Irish Museum of Modern Art on 27 February 2008.

## Work in collections

* Dublin City University:
** Thrust
* The Arts Council of Northern Ireland:
** Berlin Painting
* The Arts Council of Ireland:
** Berlin Painting 21 (1970)
** Traverse, '84 (1984)
* The National University of Ireland, Galway:
** Untitled tapestry (1974)
* Trinity College, Dublin:
** Berlin Painting (1970)
** Berlin Painting (1971)
* The Tate, London
* The Hugh Lane Municipal Gallery, Dublin
* The Government Art Collection, UK

## References and external links

* Cecil King at Irish Museum of Modern Art
* David Scott (1989), The modern art collection, Trinity College Dublin. Dublin: Trinity College Dublin Press. ISBN 1-871408-01-6
# Cruden Bay F.C.

Cruden Bay Junior Football Club are a Scottish football club from the village of Cruden Bay, Aberdeenshire. Members of the Scottish Junior Football Association, they currently play in the North Second Division. Founded in 1934 as an Amateur side, they stepped up to the Junior grade in 1995. The club are based at Watson Park, formerly known as Bayfield Park, and the club's colour is purple.

## Honours

* North East Division One winners: 1997–98, 1999–00
* North Region Division One (West) winners: 2013–14
* Duthie (Acorn Heating) Cup: 1999–00
* Morrison Trophy: 1997–98, 1999–00
# Romania at the 2019 World Aquatics Championships

Romania competed at the 2019 World Aquatics Championships in Gwangju, South Korea from 12 to 28 July.

## Diving

Romania entered four divers.

### Men

| Athlete | Event | Preliminaries | Preliminaries | Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final |
| Athlete | Event | Points | Rank | Points | Rank | Points | Rank |
| Cozma Catalin | 10 m platform | 287.95 | 42 | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance |
| Constantin Popovici | 10 m platform | 292.70 | 41 | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance |

### Women

| Athlete | Event | Preliminaries | Preliminaries | Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final |
| Athlete | Event | Points | Rank | Points | Rank | Points | Rank |
| Nicoleta Muscalu | 10 m platform | 239.65 | 28 | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance |
| Antonia Pavel | 10 m platform | 273.90 | 19 | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance |
| Nicoleta Muscalu Antonia Pavel | Synchronized 10 m platform | 258.78 | 11 Q | — | — | 260.82 | 11 |

## High diving

Romania qualified two male high divers.
| Athlete | Event | Points | Rank |
| Cătălin Preda | Men's high diving | 234.40 | 14 |

## Swimming

Romania entered four swimmers.

### Men

| Athlete | Event | Heat | Heat | Semifinal | Semifinal | Final | Final |
| Athlete | Event | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank |
| Robert Glință | 50 m backstroke | 25.00 | =9 Q | 24.53 | 2 Q | 24.67 | 7 |
| Robert Glință | 100 m backstroke | 53.64 | 7 Q | 53.40 | 8 Q | 54.22 | 8 |
| Daniel Martin | 100 m backstroke | 53.65 | 8 Q | 53.71 | =12 | did not advance | did not advance |
| Daniel Martin | 200 m backstroke | 1:57.76 | 11 Q | 1:57.66 | 10 | did not advance | did not advance |
| Daniel Martin | 100 m butterfly | 53.15 | 27 | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance |
| George-Adrian Ratiu | 50 m freestyle | 22.88 | 48 | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance |
| George-Adrian Ratiu | 50 m butterfly | 24.48 | 43 | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance |

### Women

| Athlete | Event | Heat | Heat | Semifinal | Semifinal | Final | Final |
| Athlete | Event | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank |
| Claudia Gadea | 200 m individual medley | 2:19.03 | 28 | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance |
| Claudia Gadea | 400 m individual medley | 5:01.11 | 26 | — | — | did not advance | did not advance |
# Promises (Randy Travis song)

"Promises" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music singer Randy Travis. It was originally released in March 1987 as the B-side of "Forever and Ever, Amen." It was released as the A-side in May 1989 as the fourth and final single from his album, Old 8x10, peaking at number 17 in the United States and number 12 in Canada. The song was written by Travis and John Lindley.

## Chart performance

| Chart (1989) | Peak position |
| Canada Country Tracks (RPM) | 12 |
| US Hot Country Songs (Billboard) | 17 |

### Cover versions

Daryle Singletary cover the on his 2007 album Straight from the Heart.
# Mesocolpia

Mesocolpia is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae.

## Species

* Mesocolpia consobrina (Warren, 1901)
* Mesocolpia dexiphyma (Prout, 1937)
* Mesocolpia marmorata (Warren, 1899)
* Mesocolpia nanula (Mabille, 1900)
* Mesocolpia peremptata (Walker, 1862)
* Mesocolpia protrusata (Warren, 1902)
* Mesocolpia subcomosa Warren, 1901

## Former species

* Mesocolpia lita (Prout, 1916) was recently transferred to Pasiphila
# Celaleddin Koçak

Celaleddin Koçak (born 24 November 1977 in West Berlin, West Germany) is a Turkish footballer.
He began his career at Tennis Borussia Berlin but found little success there. Like many young footballers born to Turkish immigrant parents in Germany, he tried his chances by joining a Turkish team. In December 1999, he decided to join Altay S.K. of İzmir. Six months later he had been impressive enough to earn a place at Süper Lig side MKE Ankaragücü. He stayed there for two years, joining Diyarbakırspor in 2002. Here he helped the newly promoted side to remain in the top division.
In summer 2003, Koçak joined Malatyaspor and it was here that he really made a name for himself. As well as helping Malatyaspor to a mid table place, he was particularly impressive in their performances in the UEFA Cup.
The next year, he joined Ziya Doğan, who had brought him to Malatyaspor a year earlier, at Trabzonspor. Again, he established himself in the team from the beginning and became a regular as Trabzonspor finished as runners up in the league.
Koçak in a left sided player who can alternate between defence and midfield. At Trabzonspor, he was used primarily in defence. His abilities lie in his power and speed which help him to make forward runs as well as defending effectively.
# Catherine Friend

Catherine Friend (born March 15, 1957) is an American writer of adult nonfiction, fiction, and children's books. Her works have won her four Goldie Awards from the Golden Crown Literary Society, the Minnesota Book Award for General Nonfiction, and Keystone to Reading Book Award for Primary. She was also a finalist for three Lambda Literary Awards and a Judy Grahn Award.
Friend received Bachelor of Arts in economics and Spanish, as well as a Master of Science in economics.
For 25 years, Friend and her wife, Melissa, lived on Rising Moon Farm, a small farm in southeastern Minnesota, where they raised sheep and used their wool for yarn. The farm was 53 acres and housed sheep, llamas, goats, steers, ducks, chickens, and peacocks.

## Awards

| Year | Title | Award | Result |
| 2007 | Hit by a Farm | Goldie Award for Lesbian Short Story/Essay Collections | Winner |
| 2007 | Hit by a Farm | Judy Grahn Award for Lesbian Nonfiction | Finalist |
| 2007 | Hit by a Farm | Lambda Literary Award for Lesbian Memoir or Biography | Finalist |
| 2008 | A Pirate's Heart | Lambda Literary Award for Lesbian Romance | Finalist |
| 2008 | The Crown of Valencia | Goldie Award for Lesbian Speculative Fiction | Winner |
| 2008 | The Spanish Pearl | Goldie Award for Dramatic General Fiction | Winner |
| 2009 | Compassionate Carnivore | Minnesota Book Award for General Nonfiction | Winner |
| 2009 | The Perfect Nest | Keystone to Reading Book Award for Primary | Winner |
| 2009 | A Pirate's Heart | Golldie Award for Historical Romance | Winner |
| 2012 | Sheepish | Lambda Literary Award for Lesbian Memoir or Biography | Finalist |

## Publications
### Books for adults
#### Fiction

* A Pirate's Heart (2008)
* The Copper Egg (2016)
* Spark (2017)

##### Kate Vincent Adventures

* The Spanish Pearl (2007)
* The Crown of Valencia (2007)

#### Nonfiction

* Hit by a Farm: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Barn (2006)
* Sheepish: Two Women, Fifty Sheep, and Enough Wool to Save the Planet (2011)
* Compassionate Carnivore: Or, How to Keep Animals Happy, Save Old Macdonald's Farm, Reduce Your Hoofprint, and Still Eat Meat (2008)

### Books for young people

* My Head Is Full of Colors (1994)
* The Sawfin Stickleback: A Very Fishy Story, illustrated by Dan Yaccarino (1994)
* Funny Ruby (2000)
* Silly Ruby (2000)
* Well Done Worm! with Kathy Caple (2000)
* The Perfect Nest, illustrated by John Manders (2007)
* Barn Boot Blues (2011)
* The Broken Elevator, illustrated by Craig Orback (2013)

#### Eddie the Raccoon series

* Eddie the Raccoon (2004)
* Eddie and Little Skunk (2004)
* Eddie Digs a Hole (2004)
* Eddie In A Jam (2004)
* No Eggs for Eddie (2004)
# Hatice Kübra Yangın

Hatice Kübra Yangın (born August 15, 1989 in Kütahya) is a Turkish female taekwondo practitioner competing in the bantamweight division. She is a member of the Kocaeli BB Kağıt S.K. in Izmit.
She began with taekwondo at the age of 13 in Eskişehir, where her father is an employee of the province's sports office. Her sister Gamze is also a national taekwondo practitioner.
Hatice Kübra Yangın became champion at the 2008 European Taekwondo Championships. She won a bronze medal at the 2011 World Taekwondo Championships held in Gyeongju, South Korea. The same year Yangın won the gold medal at the 2011 Summer Universiade. In 2012, she regained her champion title at the 2012 European Taekwondo Championships.

## Achievements

| Year | Competition | Venue | Event | Notes |
| Representing Turkey ||||||
| 2008 | European Championships | Rome, Italy | -55 kg | April 10–13 |
| 2011 | World Championships | Gyeongju, South Korea | -53 kg | May 1–6 |
| 2011 | Summer Universiade | Shenzhen, China | -53 kg | August 18–23 |
| 2012 | European Championships | Manchester, England | -55 kg | May 3–6 |
# Cap carbonate

Cap carbonates are layers of distinctively textured carbonate rocks (either limestone or dolomite) that occur at the uppermost layer of sedimentary sequences reflecting major glaciations in the geological record.

## Characteristics and occurrence

Cap carbonates are found on most continents. They are typically 3–30 meters thick, laminated structures. They are depleted in $^{13}$C compared to other carbonates. The progression of late Neoproterozoic glaciations portrayed by substantial δ$^{13}$C deviations in cap carbonates suggest out of control ice albedo.
Experiments have been performed to see if the massive abiotic carbonate is possible in extreme environments.

## Formation theories

There are several different hypotheses for cap carbonate formation.

### Physical stratification

Physical stratification results in a strong carbon isotopic gradient in the ocean. Massive carbonates will precipitate when the postglacial upwelling carries the alkalinity and isotopically light carbon to the continents. In this model, cap carbonates is the by-product of continental flooding.

### Snowball Earth

The short-lived change in carbon isotopic composition is the foundation for this theory. In the snowball Earth episode, the surface ocean of Earth is covered by the sea ice that separates the ocean and the atmospheric CO$_2$ reservoirs. The atmospheric CO$_2$ then built up to ~100,000 ppm and triggered the rapid deglaciation and melting of the sea ice, which reconnects the ocean and the atmosphere and provides excess alkalinity to the ocean. The transport of carbon dioxide from that atmosphere to the ocean will lead to carbonate precipitation. This is caused by mixing upwelling, isotopically-depleted, alkaline bottom water and calcium-rich surface water.

### Methane clathrate formation

A third theory for cap carbonate formation is that methane hydrate destabilization results in the formation of cap carbonate and strongly negative carbon anomalies The unusual fabrics within the cap carbonate is similar to carbonate fabrics as from cold methane seeps.
# Dzhrashen

Dzhrashen may refer to:
* Jrashen (disambiguation), multiple places in Armenia
* Verin Dzhrashen, Armenia
# Gaius Sulpicius Galba (consul 5 BC)

Gaius Sulpicius Galba was a Roman senator, who was active during the reign of Augustus. He was suffect consul in 5 BC as the colleague of Quintus Haterius, succeeding Lucius Vinicius.
Galba was the son of historian Gaius Sulpicius Galba, son of Servius Sulpicius Galba, a praetor in 54 BC and conspirator against Julius Caesar. His younger brother was also called Servius Sulpicius Galba. Galba was twice married. His first wife was Mummia Achaica, with whom he had two sons, Gaius consul in AD 22, and Servius, the future emperor Galba. His second wife was Livia Ocellina.
# Cruden

Cruden is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Aaron Cruden (born 1989), New Zealand rugby player
* Alexander Cruden (1699–1770), Scottish author
* Damian Cruden, British theatre director
* James Cruden, birth name of Jack Milroy (1915–2001), Scottish comedian
* Siegfried Cruden, (born 1959), Surinamese track and field athlete
* William Cruden (1726–1785), Scottish minister and author
# Quincy Indians

The Quincy Indians were a minor league baseball team that existed from 1928 to 1933. They were located in Quincy, Illinois. From 1928 to 1932, they played in the Class B Illinois–Indiana–Iowa League, and in 1933, they played in the Class B Mississippi Valley League. The Indians' ballpark was Eagles Stadium.

## Year-by-year record

| Year | Record | Finish | Manager | Playoffs |
| 1928 | 50-85 | 8th | Joe Riggert / Hal Irelan | |
| 1929 | 82-56 | 1st | Walter Holke | none / league champions |
| 1930 | 78-58 | 2nd | Ray Schmidt | |
| 1931 | 67-49 | 2nd | Walter Holke | league champions |
| 1932 | 38-31 | 3rd | Syl Simon | team withdrew on July 15, causing league to fold |
| 1933 | 53-59 | 4th | Joe Klugman | |
# Mesocoela

Mesocoela is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae.
# Garden City Classic

The Garden City Classic was a golf tournament held in New Zealand from 1969 to 1975. The event was hosted by Russley Golf Club in Christchurch. Russley hosted the New Zealand Airlines Classic in 1976.

## History

The event was part of the New Zealand Golf Circuit. John Lister won the event in four successive years, from 1972 to 1975.

## Winners

| Year | Winner | Score | To par | Margin of victory | Runner(s)-up |
| 1975 | John Lister (4) | 283 | −9 | 3 strokes | Stewart Ginn |
| 1974 | John Lister (3) | 274 | −18 | 6 strokes | Bob Shearer Ian Stanley |
| 1973 | John Lister (2) | 277 | −15 | 1 stroke | David Good Bob Shearer |
| 1972 | John Lister | 280 | −12 | 1 stroke | Bob Charles |
| 1971 | Jerry Heard | 269 | −23 | 5 strokes | Bob Charles |
| 1970 | Peter Harvey | 281 | −11 | 2 strokes | Bob Charles Bob Tuohy |
| 1969 | Kel Nagle | 272 | −20 | 2 strokes | John Lister |
# Haselbachtal

Haselbachtal is a municipality in the district of Bautzen in Saxony, Germany with a population of 3,997 (2020). It consists of the villages Bischheim, Häslich, Gersdorf, Möhrsdorf, Reichenau, and Reichenbach.

## Geography and transportation

Haselbachtal lies about 7 km south-west of the city of Kamenz and about 35 km north-east of Dresden. The Bundesautobahn 4 passes south of the municipality and can be reached over Pulsnitz, which is about 10 km away. The river Pulsnitz flows through Haselbachtal.

## History

Reichenbach was first mentioned in 1248. The town emerged during the German East Colonisation. During the Thirty Years' War 248 people, which made up most of the population of the village at the time, died of the pestilence.
The borough of Reichenau was first mentioned in 1436, but is probably much older. In the years from 1429 to 1431, Hussites pillaged the village and destroyed the church. During the Liberation Wars, first Prussian, then Russian troops were stationed in Reichenau.
The boroughs of Gersdorf and Möhrsdorf were first mentioned in 1225 and 1264, respectively. They belong together since 14 February 1958.
Bischheim was first mentioned in 1225 and was merged with Häslich on 1 January 1969.
On 1 January 2001 the towns of Reichenbach, Reichenau, Gersdorf-Möhrsdorf und Bischheim-Häslich were incorporated into the municipality of Haselbachtal.

## Attractions

* Park in Bischheim
* Museum of granite excavation
* Church in Reichenbach
* Church and town square in Gersdorf