# Reference ranges for blood tests

Reference ranges (reference intervals) for blood tests are sets of values used by a health professional to interpret a set of medical test results from blood samples. Reference ranges for blood tests are studied within the field of clinical chemistry (also known as "clinical biochemistry", "chemical pathology" or "pure blood chemistry"), the area of pathology that is generally concerned with analysis of bodily fluids.
Blood test results should always be interpreted using the reference range provided by the laboratory that performed the test.

## Interpretation

A reference range is usually defined as the set of values 95 percent of the normal population falls within (that is, 95% prediction interval). It is determined by collecting data from vast numbers of laboratory tests.

### Plasma or whole blood

In this article, all values (except the ones listed below) denote blood plasma concentration, which is approximately 60–100% larger than the actual blood concentration if the amount inside red blood cells (RBCs) is negligible. The precise factor depends on hematocrit as well as amount inside RBCs. Exceptions are mainly those values that denote total blood concentration, and in this article they are:
* All values in Hematology – red blood cells (except hemoglobin in plasma)
* All values in Hematology – white blood cells
* Platelet count (Plt)
A few values are for inside red blood cells only:
* Vitamin B$_9$ (folic acid/folate) in red blood cells
* Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)

### Units

* Mass concentration (g/dL or g/L) is the most common measurement unit in the United States. Is usually given with dL (decilitres) as the denominator in the United States, and usually with L (litres) in, for example, Sweden.
* Molar concentration (mol/L) is used to a higher degree in most of the rest of the world, including the United Kingdom and other parts of Europe and Australia and New Zealand.
* International units (IU) are based on measured biological activity or effect, or for some substances, a specified equivalent mass.
* Enzyme activity (kat) is commonly used for e.g. liver function tests like AST, ALT, LD and γ-GT in Sweden.
* Percentages and time-dependent units (mol/s) are used for calculated derived parameters, e.g. for beta cell function in homeostasis model assessment or thyroid's secretory capacity.

### Arterial or venous

If not otherwise specified, a reference range for a blood test is generally the venous range, as the standard process of obtaining a sample is by venipuncture. An exception is for acid–base and blood gases, which are generally given for arterial blood.
Still, the blood values are approximately equal between the arterial and venous sides for most substances, with the exception of acid–base, blood gases and drugs (used in therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) assays). Arterial levels for drugs are generally higher than venous levels because of extraction while passing through tissues.

### Usual or optimal

Reference ranges are usually given as what are the usual (or normal) values found in the population, more specifically the prediction interval that 95% of the population fall into. This may also be called standard range. In contrast, optimal (health) range or therapeutic target is a reference range or limit that is based on concentrations or levels that are associated with optimal health or minimal risk of related complications and diseases. For most substances presented, the optimal levels are the ones normally found in the population as well. More specifically, optimal levels are generally close to a central tendency of the values found in the population. However, usual and optimal levels may differ substantially, most notably among vitamins and blood lipids, so these tables give limits on both standard and optimal (or target) ranges. In addition, some values, including troponin I and brain natriuretic peptide, are given as the estimated appropriate cutoffs to distinguish healthy people from people with specific conditions, which here are myocardial infarction and congestive heart failure, respectively, for the aforementioned substances.

### Variability

References range may vary with age, sex, race, pregnancy, diet, use of prescribed or herbal drugs and stress. Reference ranges often depend on the analytical method used, for reasons such as inaccuracy, lack of standardisation, lack of certified reference material and differing antibody reactivity. Also, reference ranges may be inaccurate when the reference groups used to establish the ranges are small.

## Sorted by concentration
### By mass and molarity

Smaller, narrower boxes indicate a more tight homeostatic regulation when measured as standard "usual" reference range.
Hormones predominate at the left part of the scale, shown with a red at ng/L or pmol/L, being in very low concentration. There appears to be the greatest cluster of substances in the yellow part (μg/L or nmol/L), becoming sparser in the green part (mg/L or μmol/L). However, there is another cluster containing many metabolic substances like cholesterol and glucose at the limit with the blue part (g/L or mmol/L).
The unit conversions of substance concentrations from the molar to the mass concentration scale above are made as follows:
* Numerically:
    ${\text{molar concentration}}\times {\text{molar mass}}={\text{mass concentration}}$
* Measured directly in distance on the scales:
    $\log _{10}{\frac {\text{molar mass}}{1000}}={\text{distance to right (decades)}}$,
where distance is the direct (not logarithmic) distance in number of decades or "octaves" to the right the mass concentration is found. To translate from mass to molar concentration, the dividend (molar mass and the divisor (1000) in the division change places, or, alternatively, distance to right is changed to distance to left. Substances with a molar mass around 1000g/mol (e.g. thyroxine) are almost vertically aligned in the mass and molar images. Adrenocorticotropic hormone, on the other hand, with a molar mass of 4540, is 0.7 decades to the right in the mass image. Substances with molar mass below 1000g/mol (e.g. electrolytes and metabolites) would have "negative" distance, that is, masses deviating to the left. Many substances given in mass concentration are not given in molar amount because they haven't been added to the article.
The diagram above can also be used as an alternative way to convert any substance concentration (not only the normal or optimal ones) from molar to mass units and vice versa for those substances appearing in both scales, by measuring how much they are horizontally displaced from one another (representing the molar mass for that substance), and using the same distance from the concentration to be converted to determine the equivalent concentration in terms of the other unit. For example, on a certain monitor, the horizontal distance between the upper limits for parathyroid hormone in pmol/L and pg/mL may be 7 cm, with the mass concentration to the right. A molar concentration of, for example, 5 pmol/L would therefore correspond to a mass concentration located 7 cm to the right in the mass diagram, that is, approximately 45 pg/mL.

### By units

Units do not necessarily imply anything about molarity or mass.
A few substances are below this main interval, e.g. thyroid stimulating hormone, being measured in mU/L, or above, like rheumatoid factor and CA19-9, being measured in U/mL.

### White blood cells
## Sorted by category
### Ions and trace metals

Included here are also related binding proteins, like ferritin and transferrin for iron, and ceruloplasmin for copper.
| Test | Lower limit | Upper limit | Unit* | Comments |
| Sodium (Na) | 135, 137 | 145, 147 | mmol/L or mEq/L | See hyponatremia or hypernatremia |
| Sodium (Na) | 310, 320 | 330, 340 | mg/dL | See hyponatremia or hypernatremia |
| Potassium (K) | 3.5, 3.6 | 5.0, 5.1 | mmol/L or mEq/L | See hypokalemia or hyperkalemia |
| Potassium (K) | 14 | 20 | mg/dL | See hypokalemia or hyperkalemia |
| Chloride (Cl) | 95, 98, 100 | 105, 106, 110 | mmol/L or mEq/L | See hypochloremia or hyperchloremia |
| Chloride (Cl) | 340 | 370 | mg/dL | See hypochloremia or hyperchloremia |
| Ionized calcium (Ca) | 1.03, 1.10 | 1.23, 1.30 | mmol/L | See hypocalcaemia or hypercalcaemia |
| Ionized calcium (Ca) | 4.1, 4.4 | 4.9, 5.2 | mg/dL | See hypocalcaemia or hypercalcaemia |
| Total calcium (Ca) | 2.1, 2.2 | 2.5, 2.6, 2.8 | mmol/L | |
| Total calcium (Ca) | 8.4, 8.5 | 10.2, 10.5 | mg/dL | |
| Total serum iron (TSI) – male | 65, 76 | 176, 198 | μg/dL | See hypoferremia or the following: iron overload (hemochromatosis), iron poisoning, siderosis, hemosiderosis, hyperferremia |
| Total serum iron (TSI) – male | 11.6, 13.6 | 30, 32, 35 | μmol/L | See hypoferremia or the following: iron overload (hemochromatosis), iron poisoning, siderosis, hemosiderosis, hyperferremia |
| Total serum iron (TSI) – female | 26, 50 | 170 | μg/dL | |
| Total serum iron (TSI) – female | 4.6, 8.9 | 30.4 | μmol/L | |
| Total serum iron (TSI) – newborns | 100 | 250 | μg/dL | |
| Total serum iron (TSI) – newborns | 18 | 45 | μmol/L | |
| Total serum iron (TSI) – children | 50 | 120 | μg/dL | |
| Total serum iron (TSI) – children | 9 | 21 | μmol/L | |
| Total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) | 240, 262 | 450, 474 | μg/dL | |
| Total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) | 43, 47 | 81, 85 | μmol/L | |
| Transferrin | 190, 194, 204 | 326, 330, 360 | mg/dL | |
| Transferrin | 25 | 45 | μmol/L | |
| Transferrin saturation | 20 | 50 | % | |
| Ferritin – Males and postmenopausal females | 12 | 300 | ng/mL or μg/L | |
| Ferritin – Males and postmenopausal females | 27 | 670 | pmol/L | |
| Ferritin – premenopausal females | 12 | 150 – 200 | ng/mL or μg/L | |
| Ferritin – premenopausal females | 27 | 330 – 440 | pmol/L | |
| Ammonia | 10, 20 | 35, 65 | μmol/L | See hypoammonemia and hyperammonemia |
| Ammonia | 17, 34 | 60, 110 | μg/dL | See hypoammonemia and hyperammonemia |
| Copper (Cu) | 70 | 150 | μg/dL | See hypocupremia or hypercupremia |
| Copper (Cu) | 11 | 24 | μmol/L | See hypocupremia or hypercupremia |
| Ceruloplasmin | 15 | 60 | mg/dL | |
| Ceruloplasmin | 1 | 4 | μmol/L | |
| Phosphate (HPO$_4$$^{2−}$) | 0.8 | 1.5 | mmol/L | See hypophosphatemia or hyperphosphatemia |
| Inorganic phosphorus (serum) | 1.0 | 1.5 | mmol/L |
| Inorganic phosphorus (serum) | 3.0 | 4.5 | mg/dL | |
| Zinc (Zn) | 60, 72 | 110, 130 | μg/dL | See zinc deficiency or zinc poisoning |
| Zinc (Zn) | 9.2, 11 | 17, 20 | μmol/L | See zinc deficiency or zinc poisoning |
| Magnesium | 1.5, 1.7 | 2.0, 2.3 | mEq/L or mg/dL | See hypomagnesemia or hypermagnesemia |
| Magnesium | 0.6, 0.7 | 0.82, 0.95 | mmol/L | See hypomagnesemia or hypermagnesemia |
* Note: Although 'mEq' for mass and 'mEq/L' are sometimes used in the United States and elsewhere, they are not part of SI and are now considered redundant.

### Acid–base and blood gases

If arterial/venous is not specified for an acid–base or blood gas value, then it generally refers to arterial, and not venous which otherwise is standard for other blood tests.
Acid–base and blood gases are among the few blood constituents that exhibit substantial difference between arterial and venous values. Still, pH, bicarbonate and base excess show a high level of inter-method reliability between arterial and venous tests, so arterial and venous values are roughly equivalent for these.
| Test | Arterial/Venous | Lower limit | Upper limit | Unit |
| pH | Arterial | 7.34, 7.35 | 7.44, 7.45 | |
| pH | Venous | 7.31 | 7.41 | |
| [H$^+$] | Arterial | 36 | 44 | nmol/L |
| [H$^+$] | Arterial | 3.6 | 4.4 | ng/dL |
| Base excess | Arterial & venous | −3 | +3 | mEq/L |
| Oxygen partial pressure (pO$_2$) | Arterial pO$_2$ | 10, 11 | 13, 14 | kPa |
| Oxygen partial pressure (pO$_2$) | Arterial pO$_2$ | 75, 83 | 100, 105 | mmHg or torr |
| Oxygen partial pressure (pO$_2$) | Venous | 4.0 | 5.3 | kPa |
| Oxygen partial pressure (pO$_2$) | Venous | 30 | 40 | mmHg or torr |
| Oxygen saturation | Arterial | 94, 95, 96 | 100 | % |
| Oxygen saturation | Venous | Approximately 75 | Approximately 75 | | % |
| Carbon dioxide partial pressure (pCO$_2$) | Arterial P$_a$CO$_2$ | 4.4, 4.7 | 5.9, 6.0 | kPa |
| Carbon dioxide partial pressure (pCO$_2$) | Arterial P$_a$CO$_2$ | 33, 35 | 44, 45 | mmHg or torr |
| Carbon dioxide partial pressure (pCO$_2$) | Venous | 5.5, | 6.8 | kPa |
| Carbon dioxide partial pressure (pCO$_2$) | Venous | 41 | 51 | mmHg or torr |
| Absolute content of carbon dioxide (CO$_2$) | Arterial | 23 | 30 | mmol/L |
| Absolute content of carbon dioxide (CO$_2$) | Arterial | 100 | 132 | mg/dL |
| Bicarbonate (HCO$_3$$^−$) | Arterial & venous | 18 | 23 | mmol/L |
| Bicarbonate (HCO$_3$$^−$) | Arterial & venous | 110 | 140 | mg/dL |
| Standard bicarbonate (SBC$_e$) | Arterial & venous | 21, 22 | 27, 28 | mmol/L or mEq/L |
| Standard bicarbonate (SBC$_e$) | Arterial & venous | 134 | 170 | mg/dL |

### Liver function

| Test | Patient type | Lower limit | Upper limit | Unit | Comments |
| Total protein (TotPro) | | 60, 63 | 78, 82, 84 | g/L | See serum total protein Interpretation |
| Albumin | | 35 | 48, 55 | g/L | See hypoalbuminemia |
| Albumin | | 3.5 | 4.8, 5.5 | U/L | See hypoalbuminemia |
| Albumin | | 540 | 740 | μmol/L | See hypoalbuminemia |
| Globulins | | 23 | 35 | g/L | |
| Total bilirubin | | 1.7, 2, 3.4, 5 | 17, 22, 25 | μmol/L | |
| Total bilirubin | | 0.1, 0.2, 0.29 | 1.0, 1.3, 1.4 | mg/dL | |
| Direct/conjugated bilirubin | | 0.0 or N/A | 5, 7 | μmol/L | |
| Direct/conjugated bilirubin | | 0 | 0.3, 0.4 | mg/dL | |
| Alanine transaminase (ALT/ALAT) | | 5, 7, 8 | 20, 21, 56 | U/L | Also called serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) |
| Alanine transaminase (ALT/ALAT) | Female | 0.15 | 0.75 | μkat/L | Also called serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) |
| Alanine transaminase (ALT/ALAT) | Male | 0.15 | 1.1 | μkat/L | Also called serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) |
| Aspartate transaminase (AST/ASAT) | Female | 6 | 34 | IU/L | Also called serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) |
| Aspartate transaminase (AST/ASAT) | Female | 0.25 | 0.60 | μkat/L | Also called serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) |
| Aspartate transaminase (AST/ASAT) | Male | 8 | 40 | IU/L | Also called serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) |
| Aspartate transaminase (AST/ASAT) | Male | 0.25 | 0.75 | μkat/L | Also called serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) |
| Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) | | 0.6 | 1.8 | μkat/L | |
| Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) | Female | 42 | 98 | U/L | |
| Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) | Male | 53 | 128 | U/L | |
| Gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) | | 5, 8 | 40, 78 | U/L | |
| Gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) | Female | | 0.63 | μkat/L | |
| Gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) | Male | | 0.92 | μkat/L | |

### Cardiac tests

| Test | Patient type | Lower limit | Upper limit | Unit | Comments |
| Creatine kinase (CK) | Male | 24, 38, 60 | 174, 320 | U/L or ng/mL | |
| Creatine kinase (CK) | Male | 0.42 | 1.5 | μkat/L | |
| Creatine kinase (CK) | Female | 24, 38, 96 | 140, 200 | U/L or ng/mL | |
| Creatine kinase (CK) | Female | 0.17 | 1.17 | μkat/L | |
| CK-MB | | 0 | 3, 3.8, 5 | ng/mL or μg/L | |
| Myoglobin | Female | 1 | 66 | ng/mL or μg/L | |
| Myoglobin | Male | 17 | 106 | ng/mL or μg/L | |
| Cardiac troponin T (low sensitive) | | | 0.1 | ng/mL | 99th percentile cutoff |
| Cardiac troponin I (high sensitive) | | | 0.03 | ng/mL | 99th percentile cutoff |
| Cardiac troponin T (high sensitive) | Male | | 0.022 | ng/mL | 99th percentile cutoff |
| Cardiac troponin T (high sensitive) | Female | | 0.014 | ng/mL | 99th percentile cutoff |
| Cardiac troponin T (high sensitive) | newborn/infants | | not established | | more than adults |
Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) -more detailed ranges in BNP article :
| Interpretation | Range / Cutoff |
| Congestive heart failure unlikely | < 100 pg/mL |
| "Gray zone" | 100–500 pg/mL |
| Congestive heart failure likely | > 500 pg/mL |
NT-proBNP -more detailed ranges in NT-proBNP article :
| Interpretation | Age | Cutoff |
| Congestive heart failure likely | < 75 years | > 125 pg/mL |
| Congestive heart failure likely | > 75 years | > 450pg/mL |

### Lipids

| Test | Patient type | Lower limit | Upper limit | Unit | Therapeutic target |
| Triglycerides | 10–39 years | 54 | 110 | mg/dL | < 100 mg/dL or 1.1 mmol/L |
| Triglycerides | 10–39 years | 0.61 | 1.2 | mmol/L | < 100 mg/dL or 1.1 mmol/L |
| Triglycerides | 40–59 years | 70 | 150 | mg/dL | < 100 mg/dL or 1.1 mmol/L |
| Triglycerides | 40–59 years | 0.77 | 1.7 | mmol/L | < 100 mg/dL or 1.1 mmol/L |
| Triglycerides | > 60 years | 80 | 150 | mg/dL | < 100 mg/dL or 1.1 mmol/L |
| Triglycerides | > 60 years | 0.9 | 1.7 | mmol/L | < 100 mg/dL or 1.1 mmol/L |
| Total cholesterol | | 3.0, 3.6 | 5.0, 6.5 | mmol/L | < 3.9 mmol/L |
| Total cholesterol | | 120, 140 | 200, 250 | mg/dL | < 150 mg/dL |
| HDL cholesterol | Female | 1.0, 1.2, 1.3 | 2.2 | mmol/L | > 1.0 or 1.6 mmol/L 40 or 60 mg/dL |
| HDL cholesterol | Female | 40, 50 | 86 | mg/dL | > 1.0 or 1.6 mmol/L 40 or 60 mg/dL |
| HDL cholesterol | Male | 0.9 | 2.0 | mmol/L | > 1.0 or 1.6 mmol/L 40 or 60 mg/dL |
| HDL cholesterol | Male | 35 | 80 | mg/dL | > 1.0 or 1.6 mmol/L 40 or 60 mg/dL |
| LDL cholesterol (Not valid when triglycerides >5.0 mmol/L) | | 2.0, 2.4 | 3.0, 3.4 | mmol/L | < 2.5 mmol/L |
| LDL cholesterol (Not valid when triglycerides >5.0 mmol/L) | | 80, 94 | 120, 130 | mg/dL | < 100 mg/dL |
| LDL/HDL quotient | | n/a | 5 | (unitless) | |

### Tumour markers

| Test | Patient type | Cutoff | Unit | Comments |
| Alpha fetoprotein (AFP) | | 44 | ng/mL or μg/L | Hepatocellular carcinoma or testicular cancer |
| Beta human chorionic gonadotrophin (β-hCG) | In males and non-pregnant females | 5 | IU/L or mU/mL | choriocarcinoma |
| CA19-9 | | 40 | U/mL | Pancreatic cancer |
| CA-125 | | 30, 35 | kU/L or U/mL | |
| Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) | Non-smokers, 50 years | 3.4, 3.6 | μg/L | |
| Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) | Non-smokers, 70 years | 4.1 | μg/L | |
| Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) | Smokers | 5 | μg/L | |
| Prostate specific antigen (PSA) | 40–49 years | 1.2–2.9 | μg/L or ng/mL | More detailed cutoffs in PSA – Serum levels |
| Prostate specific antigen (PSA) | 70–79 years, non-African-American | 4.0–9.0 | μg/L or ng/mL | More detailed cutoffs in PSA – Serum levels |
| Prostate specific antigen (PSA) | 70–79 years, African-American | 7.7–13 | μg/L or ng/mL | More detailed cutoffs in PSA – Serum levels |
| PAP | | 3 | units/dL (Bodansky units) | |
| Calcitonin | | 5, 15 | ng/L or pg/mL | Cutoff against medullary thyroid cancer More detailed cutoffs in Calcitonin article |

### Endocrinology
#### Thyroid hormones

| Test | Patient type | Lower limit | Upper limit | Unit |
| Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH or thyrotropin) | Adults – standard range | 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6 | 4.0, 4.5, 6.0 | mIU/L or μIU/mL |
| Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH or thyrotropin) | Adults – optimal range | 0.3, 0.5 | 2.0, 3.0 | mIU/L or μIU/mL |
| Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH or thyrotropin) | Infants | 1.3 | 19 | mIU/L or μIU/mL |
| Free thyroxine (FT4) -more detailed ranges in Thyroid function tests article | Normal adult | 0.7, 0.8 | 1.4, 1.5, 1.8 | ng/dL |
| Free thyroxine (FT4) -more detailed ranges in Thyroid function tests article | Normal adult | 9, 10, 12 | 18, 23 | pmol/L |
| Free thyroxine (FT4) -more detailed ranges in Thyroid function tests article | Child/Adolescent 31 d – 18 y | 0.8 | 2.0 | ng/dL |
| Free thyroxine (FT4) -more detailed ranges in Thyroid function tests article | Child/Adolescent 31 d – 18 y | 10 | 26 | pmol/L |
| Free thyroxine (FT4) -more detailed ranges in Thyroid function tests article | Pregnant | 0.5 | 1.0 | ng/dL |
| Free thyroxine (FT4) -more detailed ranges in Thyroid function tests article | Pregnant | 6.5 | 13 | pmol/L |
| Total thyroxine | | 4, 5.5 | 11, 12.3 | μg/dL |
| Total thyroxine | | 60 | 140, 160 | nmol/L |
| Free triiodothyronine (FT3) | Normal adult | 0.2 | 0.5 | ng/dL |
| Free triiodothyronine (FT3) | Normal adult | 3.1 | 7.7 | pmol/L |
| Free triiodothyronine (FT3) | Children 2-16 y | 0.1 | 0.6 | ng/dL |
| Free triiodothyronine (FT3) | Children 2-16 y | 1.5 | 9.2 | pmol/L |
| Total triiodothyronine | | 60, 75 | 175, 181 | ng/dL |
| Total triiodothyronine | | 0.9, 1.1 | 2.5, 2.7 | nmol/L |
| Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) | | 12 | 30 | mg/L |
| Thyroglobulin (Tg) | | 1.5 | 30 | pmol/L |
| Thyroglobulin (Tg) | | 1 | 20 | μg/L |

#### Sex hormones

The diagrams below take inter-cycle and inter-woman variability into account in displaying reference ranges for estradiol, progesterone, FSH and LH.
| Test | Patient type | Lower limit | Upper limit | Unit |
| Dihydrotestosterone | adult male | 30 | 85 | ng/dL |
| Testosterone | Male, overall | 8, 10 | 27, 35 | nmol/L |
| Testosterone | Male, overall | 230, 300 | 780–1000 | ng/dL |
| Testosterone | Male < 50 years | 10 | 45 | nmol/L |
| Testosterone | Male < 50 years | 290 | 1300 | ng/dL |
| Testosterone | Male > 50 years | 6.2 | 26 | nmol/L |
| Testosterone | Male > 50 years | 180 | 740 | ng/dL |
| Testosterone | Female | 0.7 | 2.8–3.0 | nmol/L |
| Testosterone | Female | 20 | 80–85 | ng/dL |
| 17α-Hydroxyprogesterone | male | 0.06 | 3.0 | mg/L |
| 17α-Hydroxyprogesterone | male | 0.18 | 9.1 | μmol/L |
| 17α-Hydroxyprogesterone | Female (Follicular phase) | 0.2 | 1.0 | mg/L |
| 17α-Hydroxyprogesterone | Female (Follicular phase) | 0.6 | 3.0 | μmol/L |
| Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) -more detailed menstrual cycle ranges in separate diagram | Prepubertal | <1 | 3 | IU/L |
| Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) -more detailed menstrual cycle ranges in separate diagram | Adult male | 1 | 8 | IU/L |
| Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) -more detailed menstrual cycle ranges in separate diagram | Adult female (follicular and luteal phase) | 1 | 11 | IU/L |
| Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) -more detailed menstrual cycle ranges in separate diagram | Adult female (Ovulation) | 6 95% PI (standard) | 26 95% PI) | IU/L |
| Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) -more detailed menstrual cycle ranges in separate diagram | Adult female (Ovulation) | 5 90% PI (used in diagram) | 15 (90% PI) | IU/L |
| Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) -more detailed menstrual cycle ranges in separate diagram | Post-menopausal female | 30 | 118 | IU/L |
| Luteinizing hormone (LH) -more detailed menstrual cycle ranges in separate diagram | Female, peak | 20 90% PI (used in diagram) | 75 (90% PI) | IU/L |
| Luteinizing hormone (LH) -more detailed menstrual cycle ranges in separate diagram | Female, post-menopausal | 15 | 60 | IU/L |
| Luteinizing hormone (LH) -more detailed menstrual cycle ranges in separate diagram | Male aged 18+ | 2 | 9 | IU/L |
| Estradiol (an estrogen) -more detailed ranges in estradiol article | Adult male | 50 | 200 | pmol/L |
| Estradiol (an estrogen) -more detailed ranges in estradiol article | Adult male | 14 | 55 | pg/mL |
| Estradiol (an estrogen) -more detailed ranges in estradiol article | Adult female (day 5 of follicular phase, and luteal phase) | 70 | 500, 600 | pmol/L |
| Estradiol (an estrogen) -more detailed ranges in estradiol article | Adult female (day 5 of follicular phase, and luteal phase) | 19 | 140, 160 | pg/mL |
| Estradiol (an estrogen) -more detailed ranges in estradiol article | Adult female – free (not protein bound) | 0.5 | 9 | pg/mL |
| Estradiol (an estrogen) -more detailed ranges in estradiol article | Adult female – free (not protein bound) | 1.7 | 33 | pmol/L |
| Estradiol (an estrogen) -more detailed ranges in estradiol article | Post-menopausal female | N/A | < 130 | pmol/L |
| Estradiol (an estrogen) -more detailed ranges in estradiol article | Post-menopausal female | N/A | < 35 | pg/mL |
| Progesterone -more detailed ranges in Progesterone article | Female in mid-luteal phase (day 21–23) | 17, 35 | 92 | nmol/L |
| Progesterone -more detailed ranges in Progesterone article | Female in mid-luteal phase (day 21–23) | 6, 11 | 29 | ng/mL |
| Androstenedione | Adult male and female | 60 | 270 | ng/dL |
| Androstenedione | Post-menopausal female | | < 180 | ng/dL |
| Androstenedione | Prepubertal | | < 60 | ng/dL |
| Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate -more detailed ranges in DHEA-S article | Adult male and female | 30 | 400 | μg/dL |
| SHBG -more detailed ranges in SHBG article | Adult female | 40 | 120 | nmol/L |
| SHBG -more detailed ranges in SHBG article | Adult male | 20 | 60 | nmol/L |
| Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) -more detailed ranges in AMH article | 13–45 years | 0.7 | 20 | ng/mL |
| Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) -more detailed ranges in AMH article | 13–45 years | 5 | 140 | pmol/L |

#### Other hormones

| Test | Patient type | Lower limit | Upper limit | Unit |
| Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) | | 2.2 | 13.3 | pmol/L |
| Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) | | 20 | 100 | pg/mL |
| Cortisol | 09:00 am | 140 | 700 | nmol/L |
| Cortisol | 09:00 am | 5 | 25 | μg/dL |
| Cortisol | Midnight | 80 | 350 | nmol/L |
| Cortisol | Midnight | 2.9 | 13 | μg/dL |
| Growth hormone (fasting) | | 0 | 5 | ng/mL |
| Growth hormone (arginine stimulation) | | 7 | n/a | ng/mL |
| IGF-1 -more detailed ranges in IGF-1 article | Female, 20 yrs | 110 | 420 | ng/mL |
| IGF-1 -more detailed ranges in IGF-1 article | Female, 75 yrs | 55 | 220 | ng/mL |
| IGF-1 -more detailed ranges in IGF-1 article | Male, 20 yrs | 160 | 390 | ng/mL |
| IGF-1 -more detailed ranges in IGF-1 article | Male, 75 yrs | 48 | 200 | ng/mL |
| Prolactin -more detailed ranges in Prolactin article | Female | 71, 105 | 348, 548 | mIU/L |
| Prolactin -more detailed ranges in Prolactin article | Female | 3.4, 3.9 | 16.4, 20.3 | μg/L |
| Prolactin -more detailed ranges in Prolactin article | Male | 58, 89 | 277, 365 | mIU/L |
| Prolactin -more detailed ranges in Prolactin article | Male | 2.7, 3.3 | 13.0, 13.5 | μg/L |
| Parathyroid hormone (PTH) | | 10, 17 | 65, 70 | pg/mL |
| Parathyroid hormone (PTH) | | 1.1, 1.8 | 6.9, 7.5 | pmol/L |
| 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (a vitamin D) – Standard reference range | | 8, 9 | 40, 80 | ng/mL |
| 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (a vitamin D) – Standard reference range | | 20, 23 | 95, 150 | nmol/L |
| 25-hydroxycholecalciferol – Therapeutic target range | | 30, 40 | 65, 100 | ng/mL |
| 25-hydroxycholecalciferol – Therapeutic target range | | 85, 100 | 120, 160 | nmol/L |
| Plasma renin activity | | 0.29, 1.9 | 3.7 | ng/(mL·h) |
| Plasma renin activity | | 3.3, 21 | 41 | mcU/mL |
| Aldosterone -more detailed ranges in Aldosterone article | Adult | | 19, 34.0 | ng/dL |
| Aldosterone -more detailed ranges in Aldosterone article | Adult | | 530, 940 | pmol/L |
| Aldosterone-to-renin ratio -more detailed ranges in Aldosterone/renin ratio article | Adult | | 13.1, 35.0 | ng/dL per ng/(mL·h) |
| Aldosterone-to-renin ratio -more detailed ranges in Aldosterone/renin ratio article | Adult | | 360, 970 | pmol/liter per μg/(L·h) |

### Vitamins

Also including the vitamin B$_{12}$)-related amino acid homocysteine.
| Test | Patient type | Standard range | Standard range | Optimal range | Optimal range | Unit |
| Test | Patient type | Lower limit | Upper limit | Lower limit | Upper limit | Unit |
| Vitamin A | | 30 | 65 | | | μg/dL |
| Vitamin B$_9$ (Folic acid/Folate) – Serum | Age > 1 year | 3.0 | 16 | 5 | | ng/mL or μg/L |
| Vitamin B$_9$ (Folic acid/Folate) – Serum | Age > 1 year | 6.8 | 36 | 11 | | nmol/L |
| Vitamin B$_9$ (Folic acid/Folate) – Red blood cells | | 200 | 600 | | | ng/mL or μg/L |
| Vitamin B$_9$ (Folic acid/Folate) – Red blood cells | | 450 | 1400 | | | nmol/L |
| Vitamin B$_9$ (Folic acid/Folate) – Red blood cells | Pregnant | | | 400 | | ng/mL or μg/L |
| Vitamin B$_9$ (Folic acid/Folate) – Red blood cells | Pregnant | | | 900 | | nmol/L |
| Vitamin B$_{12}$ (Cobalamin) | | 130, 160 | 700, 950 | | | ng/L |
| Vitamin B$_{12}$ (Cobalamin) | | 100, 120 | 520, 700 | | | pmol/L |
| Homocysteine -more detailed ranges in Homocysteine article | | 3.3, 5.9 | 7.2, 15.3 | | 6.3 | μmol/L |
| Homocysteine -more detailed ranges in Homocysteine article | | 45, 80 | 100, 210 | | 85 | μg/dL |
| Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) | | 0.4 | 1.5 | 0.9 | | mg/dL |
| Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) | | 23 | 85 | 50 | | μmol/L |
| 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (a vitamin D) | | 8, 9 | 40, 80 | 30, 40 | 65, 100 | ng/mL |
| 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (a vitamin D) | | 20, 23 | 95, 150 | 85, 100 | 120, 160 | nmol/L |
| Vitamin E | | | | 28 | | μmol/L |
| Vitamin E | | | | 1.2 | | mg/dL |

### Toxic Substances

| Test | Limit type | Limit | Unit |
| Lead | Optimal health range | < 20 or 40 | μg/dL |
| Blood ethanol content | Limit for drunk driving | 0, 0.2, 0.8 | ‰ or g/L |
| Blood ethanol content | Limit for drunk driving | 17.4 | mmol/L |

### Hematology
#### Red blood cells

These values (except Hemoglobin in plasma) are for total blood and not only blood plasma.
| Test | Patient | Lower limit | Upper limit | Unit | Comments |
| Hemoglobin (Hb) | Male | 2.0, 2.1 | 2.5, 2.7 | mmol/L | Higher in neonates, lower in children. |
| Hemoglobin (Hb) | Male | 130, 132, 135 | 162, 170, 175 | g/L | Higher in neonates, lower in children. |
| Hemoglobin (Hb) | Female | 1.8, 1.9 | 2.3, 2.5 | mmol/L | Sex difference negligible until adulthood. |
| Hemoglobin (Hb) | Female | 120 | 150, 152, 160 | g/L | Sex difference negligible until adulthood. |
| Hemoglobin subunits (sometimes displayed simply as "Hemoglobin") | Male | 8.0, 8.4 | 10.0, 10.8 | mmol/L | 4 per hemoglobin molecule |
| Hemoglobin subunits (sometimes displayed simply as "Hemoglobin") | Female | 7.2, 7.6 | 9.2, 10.0 | mmol/L | 4 per hemoglobin molecule |
| Hemoglobin in plasma | | 0.16 | 0.62 | μmol/L | Normally diminutive compared with inside red blood cells |
| Hemoglobin in plasma | | 1 | 4 | mg/dL | Normally diminutive compared with inside red blood cells |
| Glycated hemoglobin (Hb$_{A1c}$) | < 50 years | 3.6 | 5.0 | % of Hb | |
| Glycated hemoglobin (Hb$_{A1c}$) | > 50 years | 3.9 | 5.3 | % of Hb | |
| Haptoglobin | < 50 years | 0.35 | 1.9 | g/L | |
| Haptoglobin | > 50 years | 0.47 | 2.1 | g/L | |
| Hematocrit (Hct) | Male | 0.39, 0.4, 0.41, 0.45 | 0.50, 0.52, 0.53, 0.62 | L/L | |
| Hematocrit (Hct) | Female | 0.35, 0.36, 0.37 | 0.46, 0.48 | L/L | |
| Hematocrit (Hct) | Child | 0.31 | 0.43 | L/L | |
| Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) | Male | 76, 82 | 100, 102 | fL | Cells are larger in neonates, though smaller in other children. |
| Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) | Female | 78 | 101 | fL | Cells are larger in neonates, though smaller in other children. |
| Red blood cell distribution width (RDW) | | 11.5 | 14.5 | % | |
| Mean cell hemoglobin (MCH) | | 0.39 | 0.54 | fmol/cell | |
| Mean cell hemoglobin (MCH) | | 25, 27 | 32, 33, 35 | pg/cell | |
| Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) | | 4.8, 5.0 | 5.4, 5.6 | mmol/L | |
| Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) | | 31, 32 | 35, 36 | g/dL or % | |
| Erythrocytes/Red blood cells (RBC) | Male | 4.2, 4.3 | 5.7, 5.9, 6.2, 6.9 | x10$^{12}$/L or million/mm$^3$ | |
| Erythrocytes/Red blood cells (RBC) | Female | 3.5, 3.8, 3.9 | 5.1, 5.5 | x10$^{12}$/L or million/mm$^3$ | |
| Erythrocytes/Red blood cells (RBC) | Infant/Child | 3.8 | 5.5 | x10$^{12}$/L or million/mm$^3$ | |
| Reticulocytes | Adult | 26 | 130 | x10$^9$/L | |
| Reticulocytes | Adult | 0.5 | 1.5 | % of RBC | |
| Reticulocytes | Newborn | 1.1 | 4.5 | % of RBC | |
| Reticulocytes | Infant | 0.5 | 3.1 | % of RBC | |
| Immature reticulocyte fraction (IRF) | Adult | 1.6 | 12.1 | % of reticulocytes | |
| Reticulocyte hemoglobin equivalent | Adult | 30.0 | 37.6 | % | |
| Reticulocyte hemoglobin equivalent | Adult | 24.1 | 35.8 | pg |
| Immature platelet fraction (IPF) | Adult | 0.8 | 5.6 | % | |

#### White blood cells

These values are for total blood and not only blood plasma.
| Test | Patient type | Lower limit | Upper limit | Unit |
| White Blood Cell Count (WBC) | Adult | 3.5, 3.9, 4.1, 4.5 | 9.0, 10.0, 10.9, 11 | x10$^9$/L x10$^3$/mm$^3$ or x10$^3$/μL |
| White Blood Cell Count (WBC) | Newborn | 9 | 30 | x10$^9$/L x10$^3$/mm$^3$ or x10$^3$/μL |
| White Blood Cell Count (WBC) | 1 year old | 6 | 18 | x10$^9$/L x10$^3$/mm$^3$ or x10$^3$/μL |
| Neutrophil granulocytes (A.K.A. grans, polys, PMNs, or segs) | Adult | 1.3, 1.8, 2 | 5.4, 7, 8 | x10$^9$/L |
| Neutrophil granulocytes (A.K.A. grans, polys, PMNs, or segs) | Adult | 45–54 | 62, 74 | % of WBC |
| Neutrophil granulocytes (A.K.A. grans, polys, PMNs, or segs) | Newborn | 6 | 26 | x10$^9$/L |
| Neutrophilic band forms | Adult | | 0.7 | x10$^9$/L |
| Neutrophilic band forms | Adult | 3 | 5 | % of WBC |
| Lymphocytes | Adult | 0.7, 1.0 | 3.5, 3.9, 4.8 | x10$^9$/L |
| Lymphocytes | Adult | 16–25 | 33, 45 | % of WBC |
| Lymphocytes | Newborn | 2 | 11 | x10$^9$/L |
| Monocytes | Adult | 0.1, 0.2 | 0.8 | x10$^9$/L |
| Monocytes | Adult | 3, 4.0 | 7, 10 | % of WBC |
| Monocytes | Newborn | 0.4 | 3.1 | x10$^9$/L |
| Mononuclear leukocytes (Lymphocytes + monocytes) | Adult | 1.5 | 5 | x10$^9$/L |
| Mononuclear leukocytes (Lymphocytes + monocytes) | Adult | 20 | 35 | % of WBC |
| CD4$^+$ T cells | Adult | 0.4, 0.5 | 1.5, 1.8 | x10$^9$/L |
| Eosinophil granulocytes | Adult | 0.0, 0.04 | 0.44, 0.45, 0.5 | x10$^9$/L |
| Eosinophil granulocytes | Adult | 1 | 3, 7 | % of WBC |
| Eosinophil granulocytes | Newborn | 0.02 | 0.85 | x10$^9$/L |
| Basophil granulocytes | Adult | 40 | 100, 200, 900 | x10$^6$/L |
| Basophil granulocytes | Adult | 0.0 | 0.75, 2 | % of WBC |
| Basophil granulocytes | Newborn | | 0.64 | x10$^9$/L |

#### Coagulation

| Test | Lower limit | Upper limit | Unit | Comments |
| Thrombocyte/Platelet count (Plt) | 140, 150 | 350, 400, 450 | x10$^9$/L or x1000/μL | |
| Mean platelet volume (MPV) | 7.2, 7.4, 7.5 | 10.4, 11.5, 11.7 | fL | |
| Prothrombin time (PT) | 10, 11, 12 | 13, 13.5, 14, 15 | s | PT reference varies between laboratory kits – INR is standardised |
| INR | 0.9 | 1.2 | | The INR is a corrected ratio of a patient's PT to normal |
| Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) | 18, 30 | 28, 42, 45 | s | |
| Thrombin clotting time (TCT) | 11 | 18 | s | |
| Fibrinogen | 1.7, 2.0 | 3.6, 4.2 | g/L | |
| Antithrombin | 0.80 | 1.2 | kIU/L | |
| Antithrombin | 0.15, 0.17 | 0.2, 0.39 | mg/mL | |
| Bleeding time | 2 | 9 | minutes | |
| Viscosity | 1.5 | 1.72 | cP | |

### Immunology
#### Acute phase proteins

Acute phase proteins are markers of inflammation.
| Test | Patient | Lower limit | Upper limit | Unit | Comments |
| Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) | Male | 0 | Age÷2 | mm/h | ESR increases with age and tends to be higher in females. |
| Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) | Female | 0 | (Age+10)÷2 | mm/h | ESR increases with age and tends to be higher in females. |
| C-reactive protein (CRP) | | | 5, 6 | mg/L | |
| C-reactive protein (CRP) | | | 200, 240 | nmol/L | |
| Alpha 1-antitrypsin (AAT) | | 20, 22 | 38, 53 | μmol/L | |
| Alpha 1-antitrypsin (AAT) | | 89, 97 | 170, 230 | mg/dL | |
| Procalcitonin | | | 0.15 | ng/mL or μg/L | |

#### Isotypes of antibodies

| Test | Patient | Lower limit | Upper limit | Unit |
| IgA | Adult | 70, 110 | 360, 560 | mg/dL |
| IgD | Adult | 0.5 | 3.0 | mg/dL |
| IgE | Adult | 0.01 | 0.04 | mg/dL |
| IgG | Adult | 800 | 1800 | mg/dL |
| IgM | Adult | 54 | 220 | mg/dL |

#### Autoantibodies

Autoantibodies are usually absent or very low, so instead of being given in standard reference ranges, the values usually denote where they are said to be present, or whether the test is a positive test. There may also be an equivocal interval, where it is uncertain whether there is a significantly increased level.
| Test | Negative | Equivocal | Positive | Unit |
| anti-SS-A (Ro) | < 1.0 | n/a | ≥ 1.0 | Units (U) |
| anti-SS-B (La) | < 1.0 | n/a | ≥ 1.0 | Units (U) |
| Anti ds-DNA | < 30.0 | 30.0–75.0 | > 75.0 | International Units per millilitre (IU/mL) |
| Anti ss-DNA | < 8 | 8–10 | > 10 | Units per millilitre (U/mL) |
| Anti-histone antibodies | < 25 | n/a | > 25 | Units per millilitre (U/mL) |
| Cytoplasmic anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (c-ANCA) | < 20 | 21–30 | > 30 | Units per millilitre (U/mL) |
| Perinuclear anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (p-ANCA) | < 5 | n/a | > 5 | Units per millilitre (U/mL) |
| Anti-mitochondrial antibodies (AMA) | < 0.1 | 0.1-0.9 | ≥ 1.0 | Units (U) |
| Rheumatoid factor (RF) | < 20 | 20–30 | > 30 | Units per millilitre (U/mL) |
| Antistreptolysin O titre (ASOT) in preschoolers | | | > 100 | Units per millilitre (U/mL) |
| ASOT at school age | | | > 250 | Units per millilitre (U/mL) |
| ASOT in adults | | | > 125 | Units per millilitre (U/mL) |
| Test | Negative | Low/weak positive | Moderate positive | High/strong positive | Unit |
| Anti-phospholipid IgG | < 20 | 20–30 | 31–50 | > 51 | GPLU/mL |
| Anti-phospholipid IgM | < 1.5 | 1.5–2.5 | 2–9.9 | > 10 | MPL /mL |
| Anti-phospholipid IgA | < 10 | 10–20 | 21–30 | > 31 | arb U/mL |
| Anti-citrullinated protein antibodies | < 20 | 20–39 | 40–59 | > 60 | EU |

#### Other immunology

| Test | Lower limit | Upper limit | Unit |
| Serum free light chains (FLC): kappa/lambda ratio | 0.26 | 1.65 | (unitless) |

### Other enzymes and proteins

| Test | Lower limit | Upper limit | Unit | Comments |
| Serum total protein | 60, 63 | 78, 82, 84 | g/L | Further information: Serum total protein § Interpretation |
| Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) | 50 | 150 | U/L | |
| Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) | 0.4 | 1.7 | μmol/L | |
| Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) | 1.8 | 3.4 | μkat/L | < 70 years old |
| Amylase | 25, 30, 53 | 110, 120, 123, 125, 190 | U/L | |
| Amylase | 0.15 | 1.1 | μkat/L | |
| Amylase | 200 | 240 | nmol/L | |
| D-dimer -more detailed ranges in D-dimer article | n/a | 500 | ng/mL | Higher in pregnant women |
| D-dimer -more detailed ranges in D-dimer article | n/a | 0.5 | mg/L | Higher in pregnant women |
| Lipase | 7, 10, 23 | 60, 150, 208 | U/L | |
| Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) | 23 | 57 | U/L | |
| Acid phosphatase | | 3.0 | ng/mL | |
| Eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) | 2.3 | 16 | μg/L | |

### Other electrolytes and metabolites

Electrolytes and metabolites: For iron and copper, some related proteins are also included.
| Test | Patient type | Lower limit | Upper limit | Unit | Comments |
| Osmolality | | 275, 280, 281 | 295, 296, 297 | mOsm/kg | Plasma weight excludes solutes |
| Osmolarity | | Slightly less than osmolality | Slightly less than osmolality | mOsm/L | Plasma volume includes solutes |
| Urea | | 3.0 | 7.0 | mmol/L | BUN – blood urea nitrogen |
| Urea | | 7 | 18, 21 | mg/dL | BUN – blood urea nitrogen |
| * Uric acid | | 0.18 | 0.48 | mmol/L | |
| * Uric acid | Female | 2.0 | 7.0 | mg/dL | |
| * Uric acid | Male | 2.1 | 8.5 | mg/dL | |
| Creatinine | Male | 60, 68 | 90, 118 | μmol/L | May be complemented with creatinine clearance |
| Creatinine | Male | 0.7, 0.8 | 1.0, 1.3 | mg/dL | May be complemented with creatinine clearance |
| Creatinine | Female | 50, 68 | 90, 98 | μmol/L | May be complemented with creatinine clearance |
| Creatinine | Female | 0.6, 0.8 | 1.0, 1.1 | mg/dL | May be complemented with creatinine clearance |
| BUN/Creatinine Ratio | | 5 | 35 | – | |
| Plasma glucose (fasting) | | 3.8, 4.0 | 6.0, 6.1 | mmol/L | See also glycated hemoglobin (in hematology) |
| Plasma glucose (fasting) | | 65, 70, 72 | 100, 110 | mg/dL | See also glycated hemoglobin (in hematology) |
| Full blood glucose (fasting) | | 3.3 | 5.6 | mmol/L | See also glycated hemoglobin (in hematology) |
| Full blood glucose (fasting) | | 60 | 100 | mg/dL | See also glycated hemoglobin (in hematology) |
| Random glucose | | 3.9 | 7.8 | mmol/L | See also glycated hemoglobin (in hematology) |
| Random glucose | | 70 | 140 | mg/dL | See also glycated hemoglobin (in hematology) |
| Lactate (Venous) | | 4.5 | 19.8 | mg/dL | |
| Lactate (Venous) | | 0.5 | 2.2 | mmol/L | |
| Lactate (Arterial) | | 4.5 | 14.4 | mg/dL | |
| Lactate (Arterial) | | 0.5 | 1.6 | mmol/L | |
| Pyruvate | | 300 | 900 | μg/dL | |
| Pyruvate | | 34 | 102 | μmol/L | |
| Ketones | | | 1 | mg/dL | |
| Ketones | | | 0.1 | mmol/L | |

## Medication

| Test | Lower limit | Upper limit | Unit | Comments |
| Digoxin | 0.5 | 2.0 | ng/mL | Narrow therapeutic window |
| Digoxin | 0.6 | 2.6 | nmol/L | Narrow therapeutic window |
| Lithium | 0.4, 0.5, 0.8 | 1.3 | mmol/L | Narrow therapeutic window |
| Paracetamol | | 30 | mg/L | Risk of paracetamol toxicity at higher levels |
| Paracetamol | | 200 | μmol/L | Risk of paracetamol toxicity at higher levels |