OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Forest of Essex

The Forest of Essex was a royal forest that existed from around 1100 and was disestablished in the 13th century.
Forests were legal institutions introduced by the Normans to denote an area where the King or another magnate had the right to keep and hunt deer and make Forest Law. Initially there was a very weak correlation between the extent of the legal forest and what might be termed the 'physical forest', the often wooded common land areas where the deer lived. In later centuries there was a much stronger correlation, so much so that the word forest is now taken to mean the same as woodland.
The Forest of Essex covered nearly all of the traditional extent of Essex, but that is not to say the majority of Essex was wooded. The naturalist Oliver Rackham carried out an analysis of Domesday returns for Essex and was able to estimate the county was 20% wooded in 1086. The area covered by Forest Law excluded the least wooded areas of the county along the Thames and North Sea coasts so the percentage for the Forest of Essex was a little higher.
Over time parts of the country were disafforested, removed from Forest Law. In 1204 the men of Essex paid the King 500 marks and five palfreys for the 'forest of Essex which is beyond the Causeway between Colchester and Bishop's Stortford to be disafforested. In 1327 Edward III confirmed the Charter of the Forest (originally granted by Edward I in 1304) removing most of the rest of the rest of the County from Forest Law, ending the Forest of Essex. Forest Law now applied only to royal manors and the heavily wooded areas in the south-west Essex.
This disestablishment of the Forest of Essex led to the creation of four new smaller Forests which concentrated on areas with a greater proportion of woodland cover, namely: Waltham Forest (which included the physical forest areas subsequently known as Epping Forest, Wintry Forest (north of Epping) and Hainault Forest), Hatfield Forest, Writtle Forest and the long lost Kingswood Forest near Colchester. Hatfield and Writtle were royal manors while Kingswood was attached to the borough of Colchester, but the king owned the trees and grazing there.
# CHF Entertainment

CHF Entertainment (originally established as Cosgrove Hall Fitzpatrick Entertainment) was an animation studio formed in 2011. It was the reincarnation of the animation company Cosgrove Hall Films which closed in 2009 after 33 years. Brian Cosgrove and Mark Hall formed and ran the original Cosgrove Hall creating over 1000 episodes of animated programs such as Danger Mouse, Cockleshell Bay, Count Duckula, Lavender Castle and The Wind in the Willows, and produced Fifi and the Flowertots, Postman Pat, and Roary the Racing Car. They won a number of awards, including six BAFTAs and two international Emmys.
In November 2012, Brian Cosgrove received the British Academy of Film and Television Arts' Special Award for outstanding creative contribution to the industry at the British Academy of Children's Awards.
Brian Cosgrove and Mark Hall came out of retirement in 2011 to form CHF Entertainment with Francis Fitzpatrick. Fitzpatrick co-created Jakers! The Adventures of Piggley Winks which won a number of Emmy Awards. A new children's story, Pip!, was created. They believed it would turn into a major worldwide TV series. Hall died in November 2011 before this could be realized, and was replaced by his son Simon Hall.
CHF Entertainment is currently working on a number of children's shows, including Pip Ahoy!, the story of a loveable sea pup aimed at pre-school children; and HeroGliffix, targeted at a slightly older audience. Pip! was showcased at MIPCom Global Sales Fair in Cannes in October 2011 and was flagged by the industry as being 'one to watch'. There were 52 eleven-minute episodes planned, of whom were released in spring 2013.
In 2012, David Jason provided the voice of 'Skipper', one of the show's leading characters. Jason had provided the voices for a number of Cosgrove Hall's animated series, including Danger Mouse, The Wind in the Willows, and Count Duckula.
Magic Marlon began on Milkshake! in spring/summer of 2016.
On 6 June 2019, the closure of CHF Entertainment's animation department was announced, but would not affect the production of 2 more series of Daisy & Ollie, which will be undertaken by Hoopla Animation.
# Ludwig Gaim

Standartenführer Ludwig Gaim (born 1 April 1892, date of death unknown) was a World War I flying ace credited with five aerial victories. He ended the war as a Vizefeldwebel.
Gaim would return to his nation's service in World War II after joining the Nazi Party. He rose to a colonelcy in the Schutzstaffel as a pilot with Hitler's personal bodyguard.

## Early life and service

Ludwig Gaim was born in Deggendorf, the Kingdom of Bavaria, on 1 April 1892. He joined an artillery unit in the Imperial German Army during August 1914. He served on the Verdun Front and was awarded the Iron Cross Second Class on 21 October 1914. He continued artillery duty until July 1916. He then transferred to the Luftstreitkräfte for aviation duty with Flieger-Abteilung (Artillerie) 293 (Flier Detachment (Artillery) 293). He flew artillery direction missions and other reconnaissance with this unit until wounded on 6 January 1917. He was promoted to Vizefeldwebel on 25 May 1917. After recovery from his wound, he trained as a single-seater fighter pilot. Upon graduation, he was shipped to Italy to join Jagdstaffel 39 (Fighter Squadron 39) on 27 June 1917. Between 25 October and 30 December 1917, he shot down five Italian aircraft. He was again wounded in action, while scoring his fifth victory.
Gaim accompanied Jasta 39 upon its return to service on the Reims sector of the Western Front in March 1918. He would not score again before he left the squadron on 4 April 1918.

## World War II service

Gaim also served in World War II in the Schutzstaffel with the Reichssicherheitsdienst. Gaim was a pilot in Hitler's personnel air unit led by Hans Baur. He joined the Nazi Party as member number 763,780 and the Schutzstaffel as member number 279,441. He ultimately achieved the rank of SS-Standartenführer (Colonel), on 9 November 1943, and Oberleutnant der Reserve.

## Honors and awards

* Iron Cross Second Class: 21 October 1914
* Military Verdeinst Cross 3rd Class with Swords: 7 April 1917
* Iron Cross First Class: 8 November 1917
* Austro-Hungarian Silver Medal

## Sources of information

* 1 2 Franks et al 1993, p. 113.
# CPLANE1

Ciliogenesis And Planar Polarity Effector 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CPLANE1 gene.
# Foray 48B

Foray 48B in an insecticide manufactured by Valent BioSciences used in forestry to selectively kill the larval stage of insect in the order Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). The active ingredient is Bacillus thuringiensis var kurstaki (Btk).
# CHOMBEC

CHOMBEC stands for the Centre for the History of Music in Britain, the Empire and the Commonwealth. It was a part of the music department at the University of Bristol (UK) until the summer of 2017. It was founded in 2006 by Professor Stephen Banfield. CHOMBEC's aims were to encourage and provide a focal point for research into the history of music in the British Empire, in Britain, and within the West Country.
CHOMBEC, in association with the University of Bristol, ran an MA (Master of Arts) degree in British music. The programme offered the opportunity to specialise in music of the British Empire and music in the West Country.
CHOMBEC also ran seminars and conferences on various aspects of British music. These have included 'Vaughan Williams, Hardy and the Ninth Symphony' (spring 2008), 'Rubbra Revived: Sinfonia Sacra and Beyond' (Spring 2008), 'The Sounds of Stonehenge' (autumn 2008), 'Celebrating George Dyson' (spring 2007), and 'Robert Pearsall - Bristol's Forgotten Composer' (autumn 2006). The most recent, 'The Sounds of Stonehenge' explored the multiple soundscapes of the ancient stone's 5,000-year history. The cultural history of the stones, their acoustics, and Neolithic England's musical instruments were presented in a one-day workshop that brought Stonehenge's legend up-to-date with its depiction and importance in film and rock music.
CHOMBEC still hosts a number of academic archives that have been donated to the Centre since it was founded. Archives are held at the university's Special Collections section of the Arts and Social Sciences Library and can include manuscript scores, audio recordings, and personal papers relating to the composers and their lives. In 2008 archives for Edgar Hunt, Sir Michael Tippett, a combined archive for Frank Merrick and Hope Squire, and one for John Raynor were all acquired by the university. These archives join the Stanley Godman archive donated in 2007.
CHOMBEC published a twice-yearly newsletter, CHOMBEC News, with articles on composers, performers, and research projects around the world: archive copies of older editions of CHOMBEC News can be downloaded from their website as PDF files.
# Luhrmann

Luhrmann is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Baz Luhrmann (born 1962), Australian writer, director, and producer
* Tanya Luhrmann (born 1959), often cited as T.M. Luhrmann, American psychological anthropologist
# Cabera variolaria

Cabera variolaria, known generally as the vestal or pink-striped willow spanworm, is a species of geometrid moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in North America.
The MONA or Hodges number for Cabera variolaria is 6678.
# Forest Range, South Australia

Forest Range is a small town in the Adelaide Hills, South Australia.

## History

Forest Range was settled by timber sawyers, cutting stringybark trees for timber and charcoal. In 1854 there was a minor gold rush with a larger gold rush in the 1880s. Gold-seekers took over 6000 ounces of gold. Timber-cutting gave way to fruit and vegetable farming as land was cleared. Forest Range initially comprised the whole district including Lenswood, until 1917 when Lenswood was proclaimed.
Initially land clearing (and gold) formed the major industries, but this soon gave way to farming. Farming in those times was mixed, with fruit and vegetables farmed for local or Adelaide use. In the 20th century farming became more specialised and apples, pears and cherries became the main industries. The Forest Range Fruitgrowers' Co-Operative Society was one of the main sites of apple packing and storage until it was absorbed by the nearby Lenswood Cold Store in the 1950s.
Forest Range had a number of businesses and community buildings, but over time, these have all disappeared. These included hotels, timber sawing mills, shops, and churches. The Forest Range Hall (at the oval) and the Forest Range Post Office remain the last community buildings, however there are numerous orchard sheds and private cold stores. There is a community park on Lobethal Road, near The Ford. There are two war memorials on Central Recreation Ground commemorating each world war.

## Facilities

* The James Shea Memorial Oval
(Forest Range Oval)
* The Central Recreation Park
(previously Common Ground)
# CO2 content

CO $_2$ content (also known as "Total CO $_2$") is a blood test that usually appears on a "Chem 19" or an electrolyte panel. The value measures the total dissolved Carbon dioxide (CO $_2$) in blood. It is determined by combining the Bicarbonate (HCO$^−$ $_3$) and the partial pressure of CO $_2$ multiplied by a factor which estimates the amount of pure CO $_2$ that is dissolved in its natural form (usually 0.03).
One given reference range is 24–32 mEq/L.
# Luisito Rey

Luis Gallego Sánchez (28 June 1945 – 9 December 1992), known professionally as Luisito Rey, was a Spanish singer-songwriter and music executive. He is best known as the father and first manager of Mexican singer Luis Miguel.

## Life and career

Luisito Rey was the son of Rafael Gallego Rey, a flamenco singer turned electrician, and Matilde Sánchez Repiso, a singer and dancer. His siblings are Vicente, nicknamed Tito, and Mario. Mario Vicente Gallego was born in 1942, has 4 children, and was married to Rosa Barbarito before he died. From an early age he had a penchant for singing, composing, and playing the guitar. His natural talent helped him to get out of Spain and travel through many countries, including Argentina, where he met his life companion, Italian model Marcela Basteri.
His artistic name was originally Luisito Gasán (combining the first syllables of his father's and mother's last name). He later settled for Luisito Rey, Luisito being the diminutive of Luis and Rey being his father's maternal surname.
A bullfighter fan, his favorite toreador was Luis Miguel González Lucas, better known as Luis Miguel Dominguín, father of famous singer Miguel Bosé. In his honor, he named his firstborn son Luis Miguel Gallego.
His first taste of success was with the song "Frente a una copa de vino" (In front of a glass of wine), a ballad classic that became his biggest and only major hit in Latin America. Other hit songs include La Gran Ciudad (The Great City) and El Loco (The Crazy Man).

## Personal life

Luisito Rey's reputation as a solid artist and able manager was greatly tarnished by the revelations of many of his acquaintances. Some, like Luis Miguel's godfather, renowned Puerto Rican psychologist Alfred D. Herger, have described him as a psychopath and abuser. Years earlier, Rey's brother Vicente stated that Rey would sometimes prostitute Luis Miguel's mother Marcela Basteri for drug binges. Dominican-born Mexican actor and family friend Andrés García revealed that Rey had taken advantage of him by asking to stay in an apartment which García was paying for a female friend. Despite constant promises, Rey never reimbursed any of the rent to García. Keeping with custom, Luis Miguel has said nothing publicly about his relationship with his father.
Rey once stated that Pablo Picasso painted a small sketch of him, used in one of his greatest hits albums, and that singer Frank Sinatra was interested in recording La Gran Ciudad. None of these events were actually true.
# Fortino di Mazzallakkar

The Fortino di Mazzallakkar is a ruined Arab fort in Sambuca di Sicilia, Sicily. It is located near Lago Arancio, and is partially submerged by its waters for six months of every year.

## History

The Fortino di Mazzallakkar was built by the Arabs in around 830 AD, possibly to defend the territory around Sambuca di Sicilia, which was then known as Zabut.
The fort was still in good condition until the mid-20th century, and it was used as a shelter for sheep and cattle. In the 1950s, the Carboj dam was built, causing the flooding of Lago Arancio. The fort is located at the edge of the lake, and is partially submerged around 6 months of the year. This has caused a lot of damage to the fort.
The fort is privately owned, and can be visited on request.

## Layout

The fort originally had a square shape, with a circular tower on each corner. The towers had limestone domes and were equipped with slits. The walls were up to 4 m (13 ft) high.
# Formula F100

The Formula F100 was a racing class in 1970 and 1971. The class was open to lightweight sports cars powered by a 1300cc engine (usually a Ford Kent engine or 1300cc BMC engine).

## History

The Formula F100 was launched by Geoff Clarke and the Motor Racing Stables racing school. Clarke also launched Formula Ford and thought that Formula F100 could be the sports car racing equivalent. The British press gave the F100 a far from warm welcome, fearing that the class would rival the popular Clubmans. The first season was dominated by Ray Allen driving a Royale RP4. The car was first powered by a Ford Kent engine. But when Nick Cole became the faster driver in a BMC powered Nerus Silhouette, Allen quickly changed engines. Former Formula 1 driver Les Leston came out of retirement to race in the series. The 49-year-old Briton was competitive towards the end of the season. The season started slow with few car counts, but at the end of the season there were 12 cars on the grid. The 1971 season was dominated by Tom Pryce. The young talent won eight of the 20 races. The series' final race at Brands Hatch on December 27, 1971 proved to be a farce as only one driver made the grid. The class eventually folded and the very popular Clubmans class prevailed.

## Cars

The lightweight sports cars were built by various manufacturers. The Royale RP4, Merlyn MK 16, Aldon F100 and the Nerus Silhouette are examples of Formula F100 cars. Cars were fitted with a 1.300cc Ford Kent Crossflow engine. The engine was derived of the Formula Ford 1600. Despite the 300cc smaller engine, the cars were only slightly slower than Formula Ford due to their superior aerodynamics. All cars were fitted with spec Hewland transmission and Firestone tyres.
| Car | Model | Number built |
| Aldon | F100 | |
| Alexis | 19 | 2 |
| Dulon | LD10 | |
| DRW | 95 | |
| Elden | MK7 | 3 |
| Landar | R7 | |
| Mantis | | |
| Merlyn | MK 16 | |
| Milmor | MK6 | |
| Nerus | Silhouette | 2 |
| Nike | | |
| Raffo | JB100 | |
| Royale | RP4 | 11 |

## Champions

| Year | Driver | Car | Engine |
| 1970 | Ray Allen | Royale RP4 | Ford Kent |
| 1970 | Ray Allen | Royale RP4 | BMC |
| 1971 | Tom Pryce | Royale RP4 | ??? |
# Luiz Henrique da Silveira

Luiz Henrique da Silveira (February 25, 1940 – May 10, 2015) was a Brazilian politician and lawyer. He represented Santa Catarina in the Federal Senate from 2011 to 2015. He was governor of Santa Catarina from 2003 to 2006 and 2007 to 2010. He was a member of the Brazilian Democratic Movement Party.
He died of a heart attack on May 10, 2015, in Itapema. His wife, Ivete da Silveira, later also became a senator for Santa Catarina.
# Caecum wayae

Caecum wayae is a species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Caecidae.
# Foz do Arelho

Foz do Arelho is one of twelve civil parishes (freguesias) in the municipality of Caldas da Rainha, Portugal. The population in 2011 was 1,339, in an area of 9.62 km$^2$.

## Geographic situation

Foz do Arelho is located 8 km west of Caldas da Rainha, in the northwest end of the council, and is limited north by the Atlantic Ocean and by the parish of Serra do Bouro. By South is delimited by the ocean basin of Lagoa de Óbidos (Óbidos Lagoon) and the parish of Nadadouro. East by the limits between the parishes of Serra do Bouro and Nadadouro and West by the ocean basin of Lagoa de Óbidos and the Atlantic Ocean.

## History

Foz do Arelho started as being a small village belonging to the parish of Serra do Bouro, and was promoted to the category of parish in July the 5th, 1919. As far as it can be remembered, Foz do Arelho was always a seasonal vacation resort, chosen by the elite families. Worthy of notice, is the wealthy businessman Francisco Almeida Grandela, which promoted several local activities, such as schools, etc. which helped to develop the region, and increased the life-quality of the local inhabitants.

## Area and demography

The parish of Foz do Arelho as a total area of 9.62 square kilometres (3.71 sq mi) in which live 1,339 inhabitants. Most of the local inhabitants work in industry and services in Caldas da Rainha, but there is also a considerable number dedicated to touristy activities, seafood fishing (bivalve molluscs), and agriculture.

## Landmarks

Quinta de Nossa Senhora de Guadalupe is an ancient manor house and farm, dated back to the 16th century. It includes a chapel, built in 1580 which can be seen, engraved in stone over the main entrance door, the chapel also has a stone bearing the "Medeiros" arms. Inside there is a polychromatic wood sculpture, dated back to the 16th century, representing N. Sra. do Carmo.
Foz do Arelho has several magnificent beach spots between the confluence of lagoa de Óbidos and the Atlantic Ocean. One can choose between swimming and sailing in the calm warm waters of the salt water lagoon, or surf and swim in the colder waters of the Atlantic.

## Watersport

With miles of coastline and the stunning waters of Óbidos lagoon, the Silver Coast is heaven for watersport enthusiasts. Surfing is the major activity but it is not the only one. With its mild climate and good winds, there is something here for almost every type of watersport.
The inland waters of Óbidos lagoon provide a sheltered location for sailors of all abilities. There is a sailing centre, Escola de Vela da Lagoa, on the Foz do Arelho side which caters for experienced sailors by providing a range of equipment for rental, and beginners through its sailing schools. Here it is possible to learn a watersport such as windsurfing, kitesurfing, sailing (including catamarans), canoeing, wakeboarding and water skiing, all in a beautiful landscape where forests roll down to the water's edge and the Atlantic pounds on beaches at the entrance to the lagoon. For those who are expert and daring enough to venture out into the waves, the lagoon offers an ideal launching place and a safe harbour to return to.
# Foz do Sousa e Covelo

Foz do Sousa e Covelo is a civil parish in the municipality of Gondomar, Portugal. It was formed in 2013 by the merger of the former parishes Foz do Sousa and Covelo. The population in 2011 was 7,701, in an area of 30.24 km².
# CK College of Engineering and Technology

CKCET is a college of engineering and technology, located in Cuddalore, Tamil Nadu, India. It is a public institution, and was established in 2002. The college's chairman is CK Ranganathan and its executive director is Amudhavalli Ranganathan. Previously, it was Jayaram Engineering College. It conducts courses in five main branches of engineering i.e., Civil, CSE, EEE, ECE, and Mechanical. The college also servers with its management course MBA. The chairman Mr.CK Ranganathan is none other than the Chairman & Managing Director of CavinKare Pvt. Ltd. It has a well experienced and qualified faculty team.
# Lumpy skin disease outbreak in Nepal

The first outbreak of lumpy skin disease in Nepal had started by June 2020. The first case was confirmed and declared on 27 July. As of July 2023, the disease had spread to all 77 districts, more than a million cattle had been infected and more than 48,000 of them had died. Economic losses among the farming community was high, resulting from cattle deaths, decrease in milk production which is often permanent in dairy cattle, and loss of oxen used for ploughing. The growth of agricultural sector as a whole is expected to slow down due in part to the severity of the outbreak.
# Lumretuzumab

Lumretuzumab (INN; development code RG7116) is a humanized monoclonal antibody designed for the treatment of cancer.
This drug was developed by Genentech/Roche.
# Luis Rueda

Luis Enrique Rueda (born 11 January 1972 in San Rafael, Mendoza) is an Argentine former footballer and head coach that played as a striker.

## Club career

Nicknamed "El Cóndor", Rueda began his professional career at Gimnasia y Tiro in 1996. His impressive displays awoke the interest of Spanish club Extremadura, which later signed him for the 1997–1998 season. In his return to Argentina, he played for Córdoba's fierce rivals Belgrano and subsequently Talleres. His good form rewarded him with a transfer to Argentine giant Racing Club. After a year with the academia he was loaned to club Universidad de Chile just to be back in Avalleneda the following year to face Copa Libertadores 2003 with Racing. In that tournament Rueda excelled with 5 goals scored in 8 games. Gimnasia de La Plata then acquired his rights hoping to benefit from his goals, but Rueda was unable to match the performance on previous seasons. He then played for Olimpo de Bahía Blanca (2004) and later with Quilmes (2005), where he saw some action in Copa Libertadores of that year. In 2006, he moved back to Chile to join La Serena. The following season, he received some offers from Argentina, and ended up signing with second division club San Martín de Tucumán before landing a job with Gimnasia y Tiro, the club that launched his football career initially.