OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Helen Dukas

Helen Dukas (17 October 1896 – 10 February 1982) was Albert Einstein's secretary. She also co-authored Albert Einstein: Creator and Rebel and co-edited Albert Einstein: The Human Side with Banesh Hoffmann. Dukas was one of two trustees chosen by Einstein, according to his Last Will and Testament, to hold the literary rights to all of his manuscripts, copyrights, publication rights, royalties, and royalty agreements. The other trustee was the economist Otto Nathan. In short, Dukas and Nathan were the "executors of his literary heritage." They collaborated on the compilation of The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, using documents that were subsequently donated to the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
Einstein and Dukas were subjected to intrusive surveillance by the Federal Bureau of Investigation under J. Edgar Hoover.

## Early life

Her name was actually Helene and she was the daughter of a German-Jewish merchant named Leopold Dukas. Born, raised and educated initially in Freiburg im Breisgau, she had six siblings, and her mother was named Hannchen (née Liebmann). Hannchen Dukas was coincidentally from the same town, Hechingen, that Elsa Einstein, Albert Einstein's second wife, hailed from. It was through this connection that the Helen Dukas would gain the position as Albert Einstein's secretary in 1928. Following Elsa Einstein's death in 1936, Dukas would take on many of the housekeeper tasks for the Einstein family, by this point living in Princeton, New Jersey, where Dukas would remain until her death. She died unmarried. There is no evidence that Helen Dukas and Albert Einstein had an affair.

## Footnotes

* ↑ Viking Press, 1972, 272 pages.
* ↑ Albert Einstein: The Human Side, Princeton University Press, 1979, 167 pages.
* ↑ "Review of Einstein, the Human Side edited by Helen Dukas and Banesh Hoffmann". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 36 (3): 53. March 1980.
* 1 2 Bernstein, Jeremy (6 July 1987) "Einstein when young." New Yorker. Vol. 63, Issue 20. Stable URL.
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Short life history: Helen Dukas". Archived from the original on 2017-09-01. Retrieved 2007-01-02.
* ↑ Overbye, Dennis (7 May 2002) "New Details Emerge From the Einstein Files." The New York Times. Vol. 151, Issue 52111, page D1. Stable URL
* ↑ The Einstein File: J. Edgar Hoover's Secret War Against the World's Most Famous Scientist, by Fred Jerome. Published by St. Martin's Press, 2002, 358 pages.
* ↑ Morris, Lulu (10 April 2017). "Who were the most important people in Einstein's life". National Geographic.
* ↑ Highfield, Roger; Carter, Paul (1994). The Private Lives of Albert Einstein. Macmillan. p. 247. ISBN 9780312110475.
# Carl Christensen

Carl Christensen may refer to:
* Carl Christensen (executioner) (1869–1936), last executioner in office for the government of Denmark
* Carl Christensen (botanist) (1872–1942), Danish systematic botanist
* Carl Christensen (soccer) (born 1956), retired American soccer defender
* Carl C. Christensen (1891–1956), American businessman and politician
* Carl L. Christensen Jr. (1907–1976), California politician
* C. C. A. Christensen (1831–1912), Danish-American artist
# Liard (disambiguation)

Liard River is a river in the Yukon Territory, British Columbia and the Northwest Territories, Canada. The Liard River is an officially named Grand Canyon.
Liard may also refer to:

## People

* José Liard (born 1945), Uruguayan illustrator and musician
* Matthew Liard (1736–1782), English engraver

## Places

* Fort Liard, Northwest Territories, a Dehcho village located in the southwest corner of the Northwest Territories, Canada.
** Fort Liard Airport
* Upper Liard, Yukon, a chiefly First Nation settlement immediately west of Watson Lake in Canada's Yukon Territory
* Liard River, British Columbia, a small community in the northwest of the province of British Columbia, in Canada
* British Columbia Highway 77, also called Liard Highway
** Liard River Hot Springs Provincial Park
** Liard River Corridor Provincial Park and Protected Area
* The Liard Plains
* Liard Formation, a stratigraphical unit of the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin
* Fort Nelson - Liard Regional District, an earlier name of the Northern Rockies Regional District, British Columbia

## Biology

* Liard (animal), a Panthera hybrid (male lion and female leopard)
* Liard (tree), a variant name for the Eastern Cottonwood poplar Populus deltoides

## Numismatics

* Liard (coin), a coin, a subdivision of the Austrian Netherlands kronenthaler

## Economy

* Liard Air Ltd., an airport operator (Fort Nelson (Parker Lake) Water Aerodrome).
# Cecilia Monti

Cecilia Monti (1710- died after 1737), was an Italian opera singer of Roman origin who was active in Italy and central Europe ca. 1726-37. She is known to be the first soprano to play the part of Rosalba in La pravità castigata (1730), an opera performed in Prague that was the first 18th-century opera based on the Don Juan legend. She usually appeared in comic roles with her partner, the Venetian bass Bartolomeo Cajo.
# Nellie L.

Nellie L. (foaled 1940 in Kentucky) was an American Thoroughbred racehorse bred and raced by Calumet Farm. She was sired by Blenheim and out of the mare Nellie Flag.
Trained by Ben Jones, in 1943 Nellie L. won the Kentucky Oaks and Acorn Stakes, two of the most important races for her age group.
# Merrill High School

Merrill High School may refer to:
* Merrill High School (Arkansas) in Pine Bluff, Arkansas
* Merrill High School (Michigan) in Merrill, Michigan
* Merrill High School (Oregon) in Merrill, Oregon
* Merrill High School (Wisconsin) in Merrill, Wisconsin
* Merrill Junior High School in Merrill, Iowa
# Rosmerta

In Gallo-Roman religion, Rosmerta was a goddess of fertility and abundance, her attributes being those of plenty such as the cornucopia. Rosmerta is attested by statues and by inscriptions. In Gaul she was often depicted with the Roman god Mercury as her consort, but is sometimes found independently.

## Etymology

The name Rosmerta is Gaulish, and is analysed as ro-smert-a. Smert means "provider" or "carer" and is also found in other Gaulish names such as Ad-smerio, Smertu-litani, Smerius (Σμερο), Smertae, Smertus, and others. Ro- is a modifier meaning "very", "great", or "most" as found in Ro-bili ("most-good") or Ro-cabalus ("great horse"). The -a ending is the typical Gaulish feminine singular nominative. The meaning is thus "the Great Provider".

## Iconography

A relief from Autun (ancient Augustodunum, the civitas capital of the Celtic Aedui), shows Rosmerta and Mercury seated together as a divine couple. She holds a cornucopia, with Mercury holding a patera at her left side.
A bas-relief from Eisenberg shows the couple in the same relative positions, with Rosmerta securely identified by the inscription. Rosmerta holds a purse in her right hand and a patera in her left.
In a pair of statues from Paris depicting the couple, Rosmerta holds a cornucopia and a basket of fruits.
Rosmerta is shown by herself on a bronze statue from Fins d'Annency (Haute-Savoie), where she sits on a rock holding a purse and, unusually, also bears the wings of Mercury on her head. A stone bas-relief from Escolives-Sainte-Camille shows her holding both a patera and a cornucopia.

## Inscriptions

Twenty-seven inscriptions to Rosmerta are listed by Jufer and Luginbühl, distributed in France, Germany and Luxembourg, corresponding mainly to the Roman provinces of Gallia Belgica and Germania Superior. An additional two inscriptions are known, one from Roman Dacia.
An inscription from Metz is a dedication (votum) to Mercury and Rosmerta jointly. Another from Eisenberg was made by a decurion in fulfillment of a vow to the couple jointly.
In two inscriptions both from Gallia Belgica, Rosmerta is given the epithet sacra, sacred. A lengthier inscription from Wasserbillig in Gallia Belgica associates the divine couple with the dedication of a shrine (aedes), with "hospitable" rites to be celebrated.
# Central African Republic–Sudan border

The Central African Republic–Sudan border is 174 km (108 mi) in length and runs from the Central African Republic and Sudan's tripoint with Chad in the north, to their tripoint with South Sudan in the south.

## Description

The boundary starts in the north at the tripoint with Chad and proceeds overland in a south-easterly direction, turning south in the vicinity of the Kafia Kingi region, a region disputed with South Sudan but which is currently under Sudanese administration. The border then consists of a series of irregular lines over hilly terrain, turning sharply to the east and then proceeding to the current de facto South Sudanese tripoint. The boundary roughly follows the division between the Nile and Congo drainage divided.

## History

The border first emerged during the Scramble for Africa, a period of intense competition between European powers in the later 19th century for territory and influence in Africa. The process culminated in the Berlin Conference of 1884, in which the European nations concerned agreed upon their respective territorial claims and the rules of engagements going forward. As a result of this France gained control the upper valley of the Niger River (roughly equivalent to the areas of modern Mali and Niger), and also the lands explored by Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza for France in Central Africa (roughly equivalent to modern Gabon and Congo-Brazzaville). From these bases the French explored further into the interior, eventually linking the two areas following expeditions in April 1900 which met at Kousséri in the far north of modern Cameroon. These newly conquered regions were initially ruled as military territories, with the two areas later organised into the federal colonies of French West Africa (Afrique occidentale française, abbreviated AOF) and French Equatorial Africa (Afrique équatoriale française, AEF).
In 1898-99 Britain and France agreed upon their mutual spheres of influence in the northern third of Africa, and the two nations delimited a frontier between AEF and Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (i.e. the modern Chad–Sudan, CAR-Sudan and CAR-South Sudan borders). This was followed by demarcation on the ground by an Anglo-French commission in 1921–23, with the final border being ratified on 21 January 1924.
On 1 January 1956 Anglo-Egyptian Sudan declared independence as the Republic of Sudan; the Central African Republic followed later on 13 August 1960 and the border then became an international frontier between two independent states. Following a referendum, on 9 July 2011 South Sudan declared independence from Sudan, thus significantly shortening the CAR-Sudan border to its current length.

## Settlements near the border
### CAR

* Am Dafok

### Sudan

* Abu Jaradil
* Um Dafuq
* Umm Rawq
# Cellar

Cellar may refer to:
* Basement
* Root cellar
* Semi-basement
* Storm cellar
* Wine cellar
# In Flanders Fields: The 1917 Campaign

In Flanders Fields: The 1917 Campaign is a history of the Third Battle of Ypres by Leon Wolff, published in 1958, with an introduction by Maj. Gen. J. F. C. Fuller, CB, CBE, DSO. In 1960, Readers Union Ltd published an edition produced by Longmans, Green & Co. for sale to its members only. In 1963, a re-edition of the book was included in the Time-Life Reading Program, with an additional introduction by B. H. Liddell-Hart. In 1979, a Penguin Books edition was published "with minor emendations". Based on this, in 2003 Cambridge University Press published a "Folio Society" edition.

## Synopsis

The first chapter, "The Deadlock", is a brief description of the causes and events of World War I leading up to the year 1917. It details the military plans of the year by the British, French, and German High Commands with considerable references to the diaries and official histories of the commanders and countries involved, the press, journalists, historians, and political figures. Also included are maps and photographic plates of the battlefields.
The Third Battle of Ypres is covered from the perspective of the high commands: the British Prime Minister of the day, Lloyd George, Sir Douglas Haig, Sir William Robertson, Robert Nivelle, Ferdinand Foch, and others. There are short quotes from newspapers of the day and soldiers at the front, with sketches of the actual battlefield, compared with the views at Headquarters. Wolff includes official minutes of meetings with Lloyd George and the War Cabinet, and diaries of high officers. Albeit tacitly, Haig is implied as making large assumptions without intelligence about the German defences, enemy resources of men and guns, or the conditions of the battlefield.
The book also details the battles of 1917, from Nivelle's offensive and the French Army mutinies, Messines Ridge, Poelcapelle, Menin Road, the village of Passchendaele (fought by the Canadian Corps), and Ypres. It ends appropriately with a sequel of the end of the careers, and life afterward of Sir William Robertson, Sir Douglas Haig, and David Lloyd George, quoting a line of Siegfried Sassoon's "On Passing the New Menin Gate", and finally concludes with a satirical passage on war from Sartor Resartus by Thomas Carlyle.

## Reception

U.S. Brigadier General Donald Armstrong praised the book, saying that "no writer before Mr. Wolff has merged truth and art so effectively. We know the beginning, the middle, and the end of the story; yet the reader feels a sense of urgency and suspense as he moves away from the Nivelle fiasco over Messines Ridge and along the Menin road pursuing the will-o'-the-wisp policy of victory by attrition."
# Heisenberg cut

In quantum mechanics, a Heisenberg cut is the hypothetical interface between quantum events and an observer's information, knowledge, or conscious awareness. Below the cut everything is governed by the wave function; above the cut a classical description is used. The Heisenberg cut is a theoretical construct; it is not known whether actual Heisenberg cuts exist, where they might be found, or how they could be detected experimentally. However, the concept is useful for analysis.
The cut is named after Werner Heisenberg's work on the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics in which it is associated with wave function collapse. Interpretations of quantum mechanics that do not recognise wave function collapse (such as De Broglie–Bohm or many-worlds interpretations) do not require Heisenberg cuts.
Heisenberg stated the concept in many different ways in his work, for one example he wrote: "In this situation it follows automatically that, in a mathematical treatment of the process, a dividing line must be drawn between, on the one hand, the apparatus which we use as an aid in putting the question and thus, in a way, treat as part of ourselves, and on the other hand, the physical systems we wish to investigate. The latter we represent mathematically as a wave function. This function, according to quantum theory, consists of a differential equation which determines any future state from the present state of the function... The dividing line between the system to be observed and the measuring apparatus is immediately defined by the nature of the problem but it obviously signifies no discontinuity of the physical process. For this reason there must, within limits, exist complete freedom in choosing the position of the dividing line."
# Carlos Tobalina

Carlos Tobalina may refer to:
* Carlos Tobalina (athlete) (born 1985), a Spanish athlete
* Carlos Tobalina (filmmaker) (1925–1989), a Peruvian-born filmmaker
# Liard (coin)

The liard was a subdivision of the kronenthaler, the currency of the Austrian Netherlands (modern Belgium). There were 216 liards to a kronenthaler. Following the French occupation of the Austrian Netherlands in 1794, the kronenthaler was replaced by the French franc. Today, in Walloon dialects, des liards is still a synonym of "money" in general.
The liard was also a French coin, worth three deniers, which appeared under Louis XIV and was the smallest in use in the period prior to the French Revolution.
* This article about a unit of currency is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
* This Belgian history-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Man and Boy (sculpture)

Man and Boy is a statue situated at King's Quay on the harbour of Brixham, Devon, England. It is the result of a long fundraising effort; the residents of the town raised £76,000 for its construction. The monument was created in clay by the local sculptor Elisabeth Hadley and cast in bronze in Shropshire.

## Description

The statue is a life-size sculpture of two fishermen, a man and a boy, behind a large ship's wheel.
A plaque on the statue's pedestal reads:
   'Man and Boy'
   by
   Elisabeth Hadley
   (based on 'The Wheel', an etching
   by Arthur Briscoe 1873–1943)
   Unveiled on
   26th November 2016
   by
   Len Scott – RNMDSF Superintendent (Retired)
   in the presence of
   Angela Gilbert – High Sheriff of Devon

## History

The charity FISH (Fishermen In Sculptural Heritage, registered charity number 1135142) was set up to raise funds for the construction of the statue. The voluntary committee which had been drawn from local businesses, seafaring families, councillors and representatives from the Fishermen's Mission in Torbay, began fundraising in 2008.
# Nellie L. Byrd (skipjack)

The Nellie L. Byrd is a Chesapeake Bay skipjack, built in 1911 at Oriole, Maryland. She is a 53.6' long two-sail bateau, or "V"-bottomed deadrise type of centerboard sloop. She has a beam of 26.7', a depth of 4.8', and a net tonnage of 18 tons. She is one of the 35 surviving traditional Chesapeake Bay skipjacks and a member of the last commercial sailing fleet in the United States. When listed, she was located at Tilghman, Talbot County, Maryland. Since 2005, she is located at Middle River, Maryland, Baltimore County, Maryland.
She was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985 and received a Save America's Treasures grant in 2006. She is assigned Maryland dredge number 28.
# Code-Zero

Code-Zero or variant, may refer to:
* Code-Zero, a Japanese-only Square-Enix videogame for the Sharp X68000, see List of Enix games#C
* Code 0 sail, a type of spinnaker
* Code 0 (Network Unreachable), a response code for IP in IP
# Quitman

Quitman may refer to:

## Places in the United States

* Quitman, Arkansas
* Quitman, Georgia
* Quitman, Louisiana
* Quitman, Mississippi
* Quitman, Missouri
* Quitman, Texas
* Quitman County, Georgia
* Quitman County, Mississippi

## Other uses

* Fort Quitman, a former fort on the Rio Grande in Texas
* John A. Quitman, Governor of Mississippi
# Central Asian and Southern Caucasus Film Festivals Confederation

Central Asian and Southern Caucasus Film Festivals Confederation was founded in 2006.

## Presidents

* Gulnara Abikeyeva (2006-)

## Member states

* Afghanistan
* Armenia
* Iran
* Kazakhstan
* Kyrgyzstan
* Tajikistan

## Goals

* Mutual assistance given to festivals organized in member countries.
* Member nations will establish offices to aid in film production.
# Cavenham

Cavenham is a village and civil parish in Suffolk, England, 10 kilometres (6 mi) northwest of Bury St Edmunds. It is in the local government district of West Suffolk, and the electoral ward of Manor. At the 2021 UK census, Cavenham Parish had a population of 141. In the 1870s it had a population of 229.
The parish includes Cavenham Heath, a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) with a sand and gravel quarry close to it and is the location of the Black Ditches, an Anglo-Saxon boundary ditch which is believed to be the most easterly of a series of early Anglo-Saxon defensive earthworks built across the Icknield Way. Part of this also forms an SSSI to the south-east of the village.

## Toponymy

Toponymists Keith Briggs and Kelly Kilpatrick say Cavenham means a man called Cafa once owned a homestead here. They provide a number of different spellings following Domesday Book before it became stabilised as Cavenham. They also say Cafan has the genitive suffix meaning 'of Cafa'.$^{:31}$ The surname of canham originates from the name cavenham, all persons with the surname canham have their origins here at Cavenham

## Notable residents

* Thomas Le Blanc (1774-1843), lawyer and academic, Vice-Chancellor of the University of Cambridge from 1824 to 1825.
* Adolphe Goldschmidt (1838-1918), German businessman and art collector, created an estate of 2,500 acres at Cavenham in the late 19th century.
# In Flanders Fields (disambiguation)

"In Flanders Fields" is a poem by John McCrae.
In Flanders Fields may also refer to:
* Gent–Wevelgem, officially known as Gent–Wevelgem – In Flanders Fields, a bicycle race in Belgium
* In Flanders Fields Museum, a museum in Ypres, Belgium
* In Flanders Fields: The 1917 Campaign, a book by historian Leon Wolff
* "In Flanders Fields", a song from the Sabaton album The Great War
# Heitō Glacier

Heitō Glacier (69°16′S 39°48′E﻿ / ﻿69.267°S 39.800°E﻿ / -69.267; 39.800) is a small glacier draining westward along the south side of Mount Heitō in the southern part of the Langhovde Hills, Queen Maud Land, Antarctica. It was mapped from surveys and air photos by the Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition (JARE), 1957–62, and was named Heitō-hyoga (flat-top glacier) for its proximity to Mount Heitō by JARE Headquarters in 1973.
# EServGlobal

eServGlobal develops mobile software to support mobile financial services, with a focus on emerging markets. It also has a 35.7% share in the HomeSend cross-border payments hub, alongside Mastercard.
The company also developed a platform called PayMobile which covers a spectrum of mobile financial services, including mobile wallet, mobile commerce, analytics, advanced recharge, promotions and agent management.
# Man and His Kingdom

Man and His Kingdom may refer to:
* The Man and His Kingdom, a novel by A.E.W. Mason
* Man and His Kingdom (film), a 1922 film directed by Maurice Elvey, based on the novel
# Cummertrees railway station

Cummertrees railway station was a railway station in Dumfries and Galloway south of Dumfries, serving the village of Cummertrees. The village lies some 3 miles (4.8 km) west of Annan and 12 miles (19 km) south of Lockerbie.

## History

The station opened in 1848. The station is now closed, although the line running through the station remains open. The station building has been converted into a private dwelling.
Cummertrees was opened by the Glasgow, Dumfries and Carlisle Railway, which then became part of the Glasgow and South Western Railway; in 1923 it became part of the London Midland and Scottish Railway at the Grouping, passing on to the Scottish Region of British Railways following the 1948 nationalisation of the railways. It was closed by British Railways in 1955. The station lay 70.47 miles (113.41 km) south of the old terminus at Glasgow St Enoch.
An unstaffed siding at the station was closed 1 April 1959. A Cummertrees Lime siding existed nearby with a narrow-gauge railway link to the Kellhead lime works.
The village of Cummertrees developed around the station.
The National Archives of Scotland hold a full collection of plans for the station of various dates.
The stylish and sizeable station buildings reflect the fact that the station served nearby Kinmount House, once seat of the Marquesses of Queensberry, described by Groome as "a beautiful edifice, built in the early part of the 19th century."
Powfoot Halt on the line towards Annan once served the Powfoot MOD Nitro-cellulose factory. Newbie Junction Halt railway station was another workers only halt that existed between 1898 and 1904 close to Annan where it served the factory workers of Cochran's & Co. boilers and the Newbie Brick and Tile works.

## Services

| Preceding station | Historical railways | Historical railways | Historical railways | Following station |
| Ruthwell Line open; station closed | | Glasgow and South Western Railway Glasgow, Dumfries and Carlisle Railway | | Annan Line open; station open |