OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Eric G. Blackman

Eric Glen Blackman (born September 21, 1968 in Rochester, New York) is an American astrophysicist and professor.

## Education and career

Blackman graduated from the Harley School, and then obtained undergraduate degrees in physics and mathematics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He worked at the General Electric Research Laboratory during undergraduate summers. He subsequently completed a Master of Advanced Study in mathematics (applied math/theoretical physics, Part III of the Mathematical Tripos) at Cambridge University, residing at Trinity College, Cambridge, followed by a Phd at Harvard University working in theoretical astrophysics with George B. Field. He was a postdoctoral fellow at the Institute of Astronomy, Cambridge of Cambridge University and in physics at Caltech before joining the department of physics and astronomy at the University of Rochester.
Blackman has made diverse contributions to theoretical astrophysics through 250+ research publications on topics that include stellar and planetary astrophysics, molecular clouds, planetary nebulae, accretion, jets, particle acceleration, turbulence, laboratory astrophysics, and relativistic astrophysics—including gamma-ray bursts and active galactic nuclei. He is particularly known for work in plasma astrophysics involving magnetic fields, and principles of astrophysical dynamo theory—the latter being a theory of magnetic field origin in astrophysical objects such as galaxies, stars, accretion disks and planets. Blackman has also worked on the mechanics and biomechanics of helmet protection against closed traumatic brain injury, identifying protection deficiencies in standard helmets for both head impacts and blast exposure.

## Appointments and awards

* 1994 Jewett Fund Prize, Harvard University (Cambridge MA)
* 2000-2003 Assistant & Associate Professor of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester (Rochester NY)
* 2000-2004 Faculty Development Grant Award in Plasma Physics, US Department of Energy
* 2004–present Professor of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester (Rochester NY)
* 2005–present Fellow of the American Physical Society
* 2006-2007 Defense Science Study Group, Institute for Defense Analyses (Alexandria VA)
* 2014-2015 Simons Fellow in Theoretical Physics
* 2014-2015 IBM-Einstein Fellow Institute for Advanced Study (Princeton NJ)
# Cow Green Reservoir

Cow Green Reservoir is a 2-mile (3 km) long water reservoir forming part of the border between the historic counties of Westmorland and County Durham in northern England, built between 1967 and 1971 to supply the industries of Teesside.
The reservoir acts as a river regulation reservoir releasing water into the River Tees during dry conditions so that it can be abstracted further downstream. These regulated flows allow six further reservoir levels to be maintained and these in turn provide water for industry and domestic use.
Environmentally, this part of Upper Teesdale is of national importance and the plan to construct this reservoir had been strongly opposed by local conservationists, professional botanists and geologists, including botanist Margaret E. Bradshaw. Their main concern was the protection of the rich flora and fauna of the district and especially rare alpine plants like the unique Teesdale violet. In the end, about a tenth of this plant's habitat was destroyed by the completion of the reservoir. The remaining area was designated the Moor House-Upper Teesdale National Nature Reserve in 1969, from what was previously two separate nature reserves and is England's largest reserve of this type.
The reservoir lies within the North Pennines Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty and European Geopark. The North Pennines was designated as an AONB in 1988 and became Britain's first European Geopark in 2004.
A short distance downstream from the dam is Cauldron Snout waterfall.
Cow Green Reservoir is also the largest reserve of wild brown trout in the North East. Fishing is permitted at the rate of twelve fish per day per person.
# Peristasisea

Peristasisea is a genus of flies in the family Tachinidae.

## Species

* Peristasisea luteola Villeneuve, 1934

## Distribution

Congo, Malawi, Nigeria, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda.
# Eremophila homoplastica

Eremophila homoplastica is a flowering plant in the figwort family, Scrophulariaceae and is endemic to Western Australia. It is a small shrub with many fine, tangled branches, tiny leaves and purple to lilac-coloured flowers.

## Description

Eremophila homoplastica is a shrub growing to a height of less than 0.4 m (1 ft) with many thin, tangled branches. The leaves are arranged alternately and are pressed against the branches, 1.7–4.5 mm (0.07–0.2 in) long, 1.0–1.5 mm (0.04–0.06 in) wide, oblong in shape, with a wrinkled, lumpy surface. The leaf attachment is between the leaf and the branch.
The flowers are borne singly in leaf axils on a 2–3 mm (0.08–0.1 in) long stalk. There are 5 green, egg-shaped, thick, pointed sepals which are 2–3 mm (0.08–0.1 in) long and covered on both surfaces by short white hairs. The petals are 9.5–13 mm (0.4–0.5 in) long and are joined at their lower end to form a tube. The petal tube is a shade of lilac or purple, a lighter shade of lilac on the petal lobes and faint spots inside the tube. The outside of the tube and petal lobes have scattered hairs are hairy but the inside of the lobes is glabrous and the inside of the tube is woolly. The 4 stamens are fully enclosed in the petal tube. Flowering occurs from June to September and is followed by fruits which are fleshy, reddish to blackish-brown, oval-shaped to almost spherical, smooth, shiny and 4.5–6.2 mm (0.18–0.24 in) long.

## Taxonomy and naming

Eremophila homoplastica was first formally described in 1899 by Spencer Le Marchant Moore who gave it the name Pholidia homoplastica. The description was published in Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany. In 1931, Charles Gardner changed its name to Eremophila homoplastica. The specific epithet (homoplastica) is derived from the ancient Greek homo- meaning "alike" and plasticos meaning "fit for moulding", possibly alluding to the similarity of habit and leaf form to E. gibbifolia.

## Distribution and habitat

This eremophila grows in a variety of soils usually in mulga woodland. It is widespread between Sandstone and Lake Rason in the Great Victoria Desert and Murchison biogeographic regions.

## Conservation status

Eremophila homoplastica is classified as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife.

## Use in horticulture

This eremophila has not been grown successfully in southern Australia and is rarely grown in gardens elsewhere. It can be propagated from cuttings or by grafting and grown in well-drained soil in full sun. It is drought tolerant but needs protection from frost.
# Car de Luxe

The Car de Luxe was an American automobile manufactured from 1906 until 1910. A sister marque to the Queen, the Car de Luxe had overhead valves which were operated by one rocker per cylinder. The 40/50 hp, 6755 cc car was actuated by a "push-pull" rod and an unusual back axle; the load was further taken by an I-beam dead axle which carried a separate differential unit.
# Miraculaspis

Miraculaspis is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the Botomian stage, which lasted from approximately 524 to 518.5 million years ago. This faunal stage was part of the Cambrian Period.
# Cuphosolenus

Cuphosolenus is a genus of extinct small to medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Aporrhaidae and the superfamily Stromboidea, known from the Jurassic and lower Cretaceous periods. Cuphosolenus was named by Edouard Piette in 1876.

## Etymology

Cuphosolenus is from the Greek Κυφός σωλήν, or "bent canal," referring to the curved anterior siphonal canal.

## Spelling

In 1887, Paul Fischer “emended” the spelling of the name to Cyphosolenus. In 1891, Piette accepted Fischer’s use of Cyphosolenus in the text of Paléontologie Française ou Description des Fossiles de la France, etc., Vol. III (text), p. 376 ff. This change in spelling has been described as an unjustified emendation under the rules of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and scientists today generally call the genus Cuphosolenus, following the original spelling.

## Description

The genus includes Aporrhaidae shells with three long, thin finger-like extensions from the aperture and an extended, curved siphonal canal. The original description described the shell as having (translation from the French), "a semi-palmate lip, three digits, the posterior one of which is weakly attached to the spire, inner lip of columella thick, and siphonal canal bent or curved at the end". The type species for the genus is Cuphosolenus tetracer (D'Orbigny).

## Distribution

Cuphosolenus has been reported from the Jurassic of France, the Sinai, and questionably from Saudi Arabia, as well as the lower Cretaceous of Texas and Mexico. In his 1891 work, Piette included descriptions of 16 species of Cuphosolenus from the Jurassic of France.

## Species

The following species have been described as belonging (or possibly belonging = "?") to Cuphosolenus:

### Jurassic species

* Cuphosolenus anguilcostatus Buvignier 1852
* Cuphosolenus barrensis Buvignier 1891
* Cuphosolenus (?) beaumonti (Guirand & Ogérien 1869)
* Cuphosolenus (?) calvus (Contejean 1858)
* Cuphosolenus deshayeseus (Buvignier 1852)
* Cuphosolenus deslongchampsianus Buvingier 1891
* Cuphosolenus dyoniseus (Buvignier 1852) photo
* Cuphosolenus fusoides (Dolfus 1863)
* Cuphosolenus galateae (D'Orbigny 1847)
* Cuphosolenus gaulardeus (Buvignier 1852)
* Cuphosolenus johannae Buvignier 1891
* Cuphosolenus matronensis (DeLoriol 1871)
* Cuphosolenus (?) sphinx Piette, 1882
* Cuphosolenus tenuistriatus (Buvignier 1852) photo
* Cuphosolenus tetracer (D'Orbigny 1825) - type species. images
* Cuphosolenus theodoriensis Buvignier 1891

### Cretaceous species

* Cuphosolenus mexicanus (Kellum & Appelt, 1964) text include original description
* Cuphosolenus nuecensis (Stanton, 1947)
* Cuphosolenus tarrantensis (Stanton, 1947) 3D photo
# Eric J. Magnuson

Eric John Magnuson (born January 27, 1951) is an American lawyer in private practice. He was the Chief Justice of the Minnesota Supreme Court from 2008 to 2010.

## Education and professional background

Magnuson was born in Morris, Illinois. He graduated from Osseo High School, Osseo, Minnesota in 1968 and the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis in 1972, and from William Mitchell College of Law in Saint Paul in 1976. During his third year of law school, Magnuson clerked for future state Chief Justice Douglas Amdahl, then a Hennepin County district judge. The following year, he clerked for then-Chief Justice Robert Sheran.
Magnuson joined the Minneapolis law firm of Rider Bennett in 1977. An appellate lawyer in the state and federal courts, he served as president of the American Academy of Appellate Lawyers and founded the Eighth Circuit Bar Association. Governor Tim Pawlenty chose him to chair the state Commission on Judicial Selection from 2003 to 2008. In 2007, after Rider Bennett dissolved, he joined the Minneapolis law firm of Briggs & Morgan.

## Judicial service

On March 17, 2008, Governor Pawlenty appointed Magnuson Chief Justice of the Minnesota Supreme Court to succeed the retiring Russell A. Anderson. He was sworn in on June 2, 2008.
Magnuson served on the State Canvassing Board for the United States Senate election in Minnesota, 2008.
On March 11, 2010, Magnuson announced that he would be stepping down as chief justice on June 30, 2010, returning to the private practice of law. In his resignation letter to the governor, he cited "reasons personal to me and my family."
On May 5, 2010, Magnuson authored a 4-3 decision of the Minnesota Supreme Court, ruling that Minnesota Gov. Tim Pawlenty had overstepped his authority by rescinding funding passed by the Minnesota legislature. Pawlenty was Magnuson's former law partner.

## Post-Supreme Court

Magnuson became a partner at Robins Kaplan LLP, and teaches at Humphrey School of Public Affairs. In 2014, the Minnesota Vikings hired Magnuson and Chris Madel to lead an independent investigation concerning the Vikings' termination of Chris Kluwe.
# Eupithecia scoriodes

Eupithecia scoriodes is a moth of the family Geometridae. It was first described by Edward Meyrick in 1899. It is endemic to the Hawaiian island of Maui.
It is a dark, nearly black species. It is similar to Eupithecia phaeocausta, but the markings are much more definite.
# Hippotion aurora

Hippotion aurora is a moth of the family Sphingidae. It is known from Madagascar, Assumption Island, the Farquhar Islands and the Glorioso Islands.
It is similar to Hippotion celerio, but the forewing pattern is less contrasting and the pink coloration of the hindwing upperside is deeper pink. The forewing upperside is similar to Hippotion celerio and Hippotion osiris but the oblique and transverse lines reduced in intensity. The hindwing upperside is most similar to Hippotion aporodes but the pink spots of median band are somewhat more sharply defined.

## Subspecies

* Hippotion aurora aurora (Madagascar and the Assumption Island)
* Hippotion aurora delicata Rothschild & Jordan, 1915 (Farquhar Islands)
* Hippotion aurora gloriosana Rothschild & Jordan, 1915 (Glorioso Islands)
# List of Volcano Entertainment artists

    The following is a list of bands or artists, past and present, who have had recordings released on the Volcano Entertainment imprint.
Volcano Entertainment began in 1996 as a joint venture with Zoo Entertainment. In 1997, after absorbing Zoo and its artists onto the Volcano imprint, it merged with Rowdy Records to become Freeworld Entertainment. That arrangement was short-lived and in early 1998 Freeworld Entertainment was bought by the then independent Zomba Group who reestablished the Volcano Entertainment name.

## Artists

* 2 Skinnee J's
* 20 Fingers
* 311
* Akinyele
* Gerald Alston
* Artie the One Man Party
* Bicycle
* Box Set
* Big Sister
* James Brown
* John Cafferty And The Beaver Brown Band
* Cake
* David Cassidy
* Dixie Dregs
* Cause & Effect
* Dogstar
* ELO Part II
* Freddie Jackson
* The Freddy Jones Band
* Fiji Mariners Featuring Col. Bruce Hampton
* Galactic
* Leif Garrett
* Gov't Mule
* Great White
* Green Jellÿ
* Jimmy Hall
* Hoodoo Gurus
* Phyllis Hyman
* The Interpreters
* Sonny Landreth
* Little Feat
* Lusk
* Lynyrd Skynyrd
* Ian Moore
* The Nylons
* Odds
* The O'Jays
* Peach GB
* Procol Harum
* Screamin' Cheetah Wheelies
* Billy Joe Shaver
* Size 14
* Skee-Lo
* Survivor
* Matthew Sweet
* Sweet Sable
* Syd Straw
* Lysette Titi
* To Kool Chris (Chris Chudzik)
* Tool
* Ronan Tynan
* Ugly Americans
* Vigilantes Of Love
* "Weird Al" Yankovic
* Widespread Panic
* Young Dubliners
# Etherington's reciprocity theorem

The Etherington's distance-duality equation is the relationship between the luminosity distance of standard candles and the angular diameter distance. The equation is as follows: $d_{L}=(1+z)^{2}d_{A}$, where $z$ is the redshift, $d_{L}$ is the luminosity distance and $d_{A}$ the angular-diameter distance.

## History and derivations

When Ivor Etherington introduced this equation in 1933, he mentioned that this equation was proposed by Tolman as a way to test a cosmological model. Ellis proposed a proof of this equation in the context of Riemannian geometry. A quote from Ellis: "The core of the reciprocity theorem is the fact that many geometric properties are invariant when the roles of the source and observer in astronomical observations are transposed". This statement is fundamental in the derivation of the reciprocity theorem.

## Validation from astronomical observations

The Etherington's distance-duality equation has been validated from astronomical observations based on the X-ray surface brightness and the Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect of galaxy clusters. The reciprocity theorem is considered to be true when photon number is conserved, gravity is described by a metric theory with photons traveling on unique null geodesics. Any violation of the distance duality would be attributed to exotic physics provided that astrophysical effects altering the cosmic distance measurements are well below the statistical errors. For instance, an incorrect modelling of the three-dimensional gas density profile in galaxy clusters may introduce systematic uncertainties in the determination of the cluster angular diameter distance from X-ray and/or SZ observations, thus altering the outcome of the distance-duality test. Similarly, unaccounted extinction from a diffuse dust component in the inter-galactic medium can affect the determination of luminosity distances and cause a violation of the distance-duality relation.
# Macruromys

Macruromys is a genus of rodent in the family Muridae endemic to New Guinea. It contains the following species:
* Lesser small-toothed rat (M. elegans)
* Eastern small-toothed rat (M. major)
# John Clinch

John Clinch (January 9, 1749 – November 22, 1819) was a clergyman-physician credited with being the first man to practice vaccination in North America.

## Biography

He was born in Cirencester, England, one of twin children of Thomas Clinch of Bere Regis in Dorset. In 1798 he administered the first smallpox vaccines at Trinity, Newfoundland. Clinch had attended school in Cirencester with the vaccine pioneer Edward Jenner, and both had then studied medicine under John Hunter.
Clinch also compiled a glossary of the Beothuk language containing over 100 words.
He died in 1819 in Trinity, Newfoundland.
# Cupid's Boogie

"Cupid's Boogie" is a 1950 song by Little Esther backed by bandleader, and writer of the song, Johnny Otis for Savoy Records which went to #1 on the US R&B Chart.
# Equivariant bundle

In geometry and topology, given a group G (which may be a topological or Lie group), an equivariant bundle is a fiber bundle $\pi \colon E\to B$ such that the total space $E$ and the base space $B$ are both G-spaces (continuous or smooth, depending on the setting) and the projection map $\pi$ between them is equivariant: $\pi \circ g=g\circ \pi$ with some extra requirement depending on a typical fiber.
For example, an equivariant vector bundle is an equivariant bundle such that the action of G restricts to a linear isomorphism between fibres.
# List of highways numbered 780

The following highways are numbered 780:

## Australia

* Western Port Highway

## Canada

* Saskatchewan Highway 780

## United States

* Interstate 780
* Florida State Road 780
* Nevada State Route 780 (former)
* Ohio State Route 780 (former)
* Pennsylvania Route 780 (former)
* Pennsylvania Route 780 (current)
* Puerto Rico Highway 780
* Virginia State Route 780
| Preceded by 779 | Lists of highways 780 | Succeeded by 781 |
# Marie Cardouat

Marie Cardouat is a French illustrator, best known for illustrating the original image card deck of the game Dixit.

## Early life and education

Cardouat was born in 1981 in Finistère. She attended the School of Decorative Arts in Strasbourg, and set up a small studio near Paris upon her graduation in 2006.

## Career

Cardouat began illustrating for Editions des Correspondances, a stationery company publishing greeting cards and postcards. Having heard that Régis Bonnessée of Libellud was seeking an illustrator, she submitted a portfolio and won the commission to illustrate the cards for Dixit (2008). Since then, she has continued to illustrate games, including Marrakech (2010), Au Pays Des Papas (2010), Steam Park (2013), Abracada...What? (2014), ...and then, we held hands (2015), and HOP! (2016), which she co-designed with Ludovic Maublanc. A recent game featuring her illustrations is 1001 Islands (2022), originally published as The Little Prince: Make Me a Planet (2013).
# Etheridgeum

Etheridgeum is a genus of snake in the family Colubridae. The genus is monotypic, containing the sole species Etheridgeum pulchrum, which is commonly known as the Sumatra Etheridge snake, and is native to Indonesia.

## Etymology

The generic name, Etheridgeum, is in honor of American herpetologist Richard Emmett Etheridge (1929–2019). The specific name, pulchrum, is Latin for "beautiful".

## Geographic range

E. pulchrum is endemic to Sumatra, Indonesia.

## Habitat

The preferred natural habitat of E. pulchrum is forest.

## Description

A small snake, the holotype of E. pulchrum has a snout-to-vent length of 14.5 cm (5.7 in). The dorsal scales are smooth, and they are arranged in 15 rows throughout the length of the body.

## Behavior

E. pulchrum is terrestrial and semifossorial.
# Fred von Bernewitz

Fred von Bernewitz (born December 10, 1938, Washington, D.C.) is a film editor, currently with HBO. His work in film editing over four decades ranges from TV commercials to features, including several films by Robert Downey Sr.

## Career

Interviewed in 2008 by the film critic Stuart Klawans for The New York Times, Downey recalled obtaining a camera and working with Bernewitz during the 1960s:
   The apparatus turned out to be spring-wound, so the takes could last no longer than 16 seconds, and the film stock was hundred-foot spools of Air Force surplus, salvaged from a dump behind an air base. (Film history can now account for the energetic montage and Scotch tape cinematography of Babo 73.) Postproduction was equally thrifty. “This friend of mine, Fred von Bernewitz, worked as an editor, so we’d sneak into movie editing rooms on the weekend and later send ’em some money.” It becomes evident that Mr. Downey begins most stories with the words, “This guy, a friend of mine.” Does that mean he felt he was part of a community? “Somewhat,” he said, then added: “There were possibilities. People back then were saying, ‘Let’s try this.’ It wasn’t a career. It was just fun.

## Tales of Terror!

With Grant Geissman, Bernewitz is the co-author of Tales of Terror! The EC Companion (Gemstone Publishing/Fantagraphics Books, 2000). In Rambles, Chet Williamson reviewed Tales of Terror!:
   First and foremost, there's the art: color reproductions of every EC comic ever, and not just the great ones. Here you'll find the covers and complete contents listings, including artists and writers, for everything from Picture Stories from the Bible to the last 1956 issue of Confessions Illustrated. That just scratches the surface of what's inside this nearly 300-page oversized slab of a book. There are tons of historical material, including Bill Gaines' complete testimony before the Senate Sub-Committee investigating the dismal influences of EC comics. There are plenty of other contemporary documents, photographs and interviews, as well as looks at where EC got the raw material for their stories. I was delighted to see that the chapter of horror stories in the Bennett Cerf collection Try and Stop Me, which terrified me when I was a kid, was mined assiduously by the EC crew. There are oodles of little nuggets like this, including features on the Ray Bradbury adaptations, plenty of non-EC art by EC artists, material about early EC fandom, a complete index by story title and a fascinating interview with Russ Cochran, describing his efforts to get the original artwork out of Bill Gaines' storage vault so that he could reproduce it.
Bernewitz compiled the original edition of The Complete EC Checklist (1955). The first index to EC Comics, it has been reprinted several times with updates, and it served as a basis for Tales of Terror! For Mad publisher Bill Gaines, he compiled three volumes of The Complete Mad Checklist (1961, 1964, 1970).