OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Microcosm: E. coli and the New Science of Life

Microcosm: E. coli and the New Science of Life is a 2008 book by science writer Carl Zimmer. The book presents an overview of genetics research and genetic engineering by telling the story about the Escherichia coli (E. coli) species of bacteria which is omnipresent in the mammalian gastrointestinal tract. The title Microcosm refers to the notion that insights derived from the study of a relatively simple, single-celled organism like E. coli play in describing the fundamental features of all terrestrial life, including humans.

## Overview

Microcosm explores the history of E. coli's role as a popular organism to study for researchers that has revealed how genes work and are regulated giving insight into evolution, behaviour and ecology. Beginning at its discovery in 1885 by pediatrician and microbiologist Theodor Escherich, through isolation of the strain K12 by Edward Tatum, and leading to the numerous Nobel prize winning research based on the K12 strain and its progeny, the book recounts the large number of scientific discoveries that have relied on this simple organism. The book continues on to reviews of modern and ongoing research leveraging E. coli including details about research exploring cellular nanomachines such as flagella and the composition and utility of microbial biofilms.

## Evolution vs. intelligent design

The book makes the case that the flagellum and antibiotic resistance evolved and continue to evolve due to selection pressure. Zimmer devotes considerable attention to phenotypic plasticity and natural selection in E. coli genesis and notes that selection can be powered by humans individually (e.g., by antibiotic administration), collectively (e.g., by large-scale industrial food production), or inadvertently (e.g., by acting as host to a microbial pathogen). The book refutes the notion of intelligent design as the source of novel features of the organism, such as the flagellum that are capable of propelling E. coli, by exploring examples of more primitive, intermediate forms that, while useful, fall short of full utility of propulsion.
Though not a scientist himself, the acknowledgment section suggests that Zimmer’s theses have been vetted by multiple members of current E. coli researchers.

## Publication

Microcosm: E. coli and the New Science of Life was first published by Pantheon Books on May 6, 2008, in hardcover format. A Reprint edition in softcover was subsequently published in by Vintage Books in 2009.
# Communauté de communes du Vimeu Industriel

The Communauté de communes du Vimeu Industriel is a former communauté de communes in the Somme département and in the Picardie région of France. It was created in December 1996. It was merged into the new Communauté de communes du Vimeu in January 2017.

## Composition

This Communauté de communes included 14 communes:
* Aigneville
* Béthencourt-sur-Mer
* Bourseville
* Chépy
* Feuquières-en-Vimeu
* Fressenneville
* Friville-Escarbotin
* Méneslies
* Nibas
* Ochancourt
* Tully
* Valines
* Woincourt
* Yzengremer
# Communauté de communes du canton de Montdidier

The Communauté de communes du canton de Montdidier is a former communauté de communes in the Somme département and in the Picardie région of France. It was created in December 2000. It was merged into the Communauté de communes du Grand Roye in January 2017.

## Composition

This Communauté de communes comprised 34 communes:
* Andechy
* Assainvillers
* Ayencourt
* Becquigny
* Bouillancourt-la-Bataille
* Boussicourt
* Bus-la-Mésière
* Cantigny
* Le Cardonnois
* Courtemanche
* Davenescourt
* Erches
* Ételfay
* Faverolles
* Fescamps
* Fignières
* Fontaine-sous-Montdidier
* Gratibus
* Grivillers
* Guerbigny
* Hargicourt
* Laboissière-en-Santerre
* Lignières
* Malpart
* Marestmontiers
* Marquivillers
* Mesnil-Saint-Georges
* Montdidier
* Piennes-Onvillers
* Remaugies
* Rollot
* Rubescourt
* Villers-Tournelle
* Warsy
# Gulebakavali

Gulebakavali may refer to:
* Hedychium, a genus of flowering plants in the ginger family Zingiberaceae
* Epiphyllum oxypetalum, a species of cactus
* Gul-e-Bakavali (1924 film), 1924 Indian film
* Gulebakavali (1935 film), 1935 Indian Tamil-language film
* Gulebakavali (1938 film), 1938 Indian Telugu-language film
* Gul-E-Bakawali (film), 1939 Indian Punjabi-language film
* Gulebakavali (1955 film), 1955 Indian Tamil-language film
* Gulebakavali Katha, 1962 Indian Telugu-language film
* Gulaebaghavali, 2018 Indian Tamil-language film
# Guy Richards Champlin

Guy Richards Champlin (c. 1785 - 1817) was the master of the Privateer General Armstrong from 1812 to 1814 and the privateer Warrior from 1814 to 1815. He was born on 5 August 1785, in New London, Connecticut, the youngest son of Mary (née Richards) and captain Lodowick Champlin. Guy's father had been a privateer during the American War of Independence.
Captain Guy R. Champlin was one of the American sailors most feared by the British, as he had a remarkable record of bold action, great bravery and fearless aggression.
In 1817, Commanding a 6-gun privateer schooner against Spanish vessels, he captured several slavers. Preparing to land several hundred slaves in the Atchafalaya River, he drowned when his boat swamped.
# Guri Vesaas

Guri Vesaas (born 13 January 1939) is a Norwegian writer and translator of children's books, and former editor at the publishing house Samlaget.

## Biography

Vesaas was born in Vinje, a daughter of novelist Tarjei Vesaas and poet Halldis Moren Vesaas, and sister of Olav Vesaas. She graduated as cand.mag. from the University of Oslo in 1965.
She was awarded the Brage Prize honorary award in 2007, and also the Nynorsk User of the Year award.
She has translated more than 50 children's books into Norwegian, using the pseudonym Hanna Midtbø, after the farm Midtbø in Vinje, where she grew up.

## Awards

* NBU-prisen 1996
* Bastian Prize 2005
* Brage Prize 2007 – honorary award
* Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav 2007 – knight, 1st class.
# Gunner and Company

Gunner and Company was an English private bank, based in Bishop's Waltham, Hampshire.
Founded in 1809, it served as the primary provincial bank for Bishop's Waltham and the Meon Valley throughout much of the nineteenth century. It was the last provincial private bank in the United Kingdom, from 1921 until it was bought out by Barclays Bank in 1953.
The Gunner family continued to run the legal practice of Gunner & Carpenter until 1973.

## History

Formally known as the Bishop's Waltham and Hampshire Bank, it was founded by four partners: Thomas Fox, a dealer in wine and spirits; Stephen Steele, a farmer; John Seymour, a doctor and William Gummer, a solicitor. Each partner contributed £1,000 and the Bank opened in the office of William Gunner. From the outset it was a bank of issue but this ceased after 1844. The partners were not full-time bankers and from the outset they recruited a clerk to manage the day-to-day business. John Mansell was aged only 20 on appointment; he stayed for 42 years and was still the Bank's only clerk when he retired.
Changes in the partnership gradually shifted control to the Gunner family, hence the popular name Gunners Bank. Steele left in 1816, Fox died in 1834 and Seymour in 1849. William Gummer brought in two sons, though only Charles stayed. When William, the last of the founding partners, retired in 1851, the Bank was reconstituted. Charles Gunner was joined by Thomas Fox, the founder's nephew and Thomas Ridge, William Gunner's nephew, a case of true nepotism. John Mansell retired and was replaced as sole clerk by his son-in-law, James Lock. As the three partners only met twice a year, Lock ran the Bank. Charles Gummer died in 1874 aged only 54 and his wife took her husband's place; Lock made Managing Partner. Ridge died in 1873 and Fox left in 1877 leaving Gunners run by Mrs Gunner and Lock.
The firm remained in Gunner hands from that point on, and the Bank continued as a local entity, trading profitably but increasingly anomalous in the world of joint stock banking. It was difficult for country banks to compete with the size and range of services offered by the joint stock banks. Indeed, since the 1920s, Gunners had been the sole remaining “private and family” bank. By the 1950s the senior Gunner partners were in their 60s and no new blood was forthcoming; in 1953 the Bank was sold to Barclays. One final touch from Pressnell indicated the gap between the old and the new: Gunners “did not possess a telephone line until its last years”.
# Come 2 Me

Come 2 Me is Raymond Lam's fourth album, released on July 17, 2010.

## Track listing
### CD

* Hello
* Come 2 Me
* Rain Drops (Music Only)
* 我們很好 (We Are Fine)
* Morning Cute
* Flashback (Music Only)
* 定鏡 (Fixed Mirror)
* Vampire
* Out Of Reach (Music Only)
* 所謂理想 (The So-Called Ideal)
* 一直都在 (Always Here) with Charlene Choi
* Slow Motion (Music Only)
* 直到你不找我 (Until You Stop Searching For Me)
* 同謀 (Accomplice)
* The Beginning Is The End (Music Only)
# Gustavo Bergalli

Gustavo Bergalli (born December 14, 1940, in Buenos Aires) is an Argentine jazz trumpeter and bandleader.

## Discography

* Crossworlds (CD, Album), Igloo 2001
* Hot Salsa (LP, Album), Montezuma Records 1976
* Solfeggietto (LP, Album), Mariann Grammofon AB 1978
* Hård Kärlek (LP) Leva Mig Ett Liv Polar Music International AB 1981
* Polyglot (LP, Album) Caprice Records 1983
* Himlen Runt Hörnet (LP, Album) Ändå Faller Regnet Diesel Music 1992
* The Complete Studio Recordings (9xCD, Album + 2xDVD-V + Box) Polar Music International AB 2005
* Quinteplus (CD) Vampi Soul 2007
* Sweet Surprise (LP, Album, RE) Celeste 2007
* Jazz Unit featuring Maucha Adnet & Gustavo Bergalli, Pama Records (7331510103213)
# Communauté de communes Avre Luce Moreuil

The Communauté de communes Avre Luce Moreuil is a former communauté de communes in the Somme département and in the Picardie région of France. It was created in December 1992. It was merged into the new Communauté de communes Avre Luce Noye in January 2017.

## Composition

This Communauté de communes comprised 23 communes:
* Arvillers
* Aubercourt
* Beaucourt-en-Santerre
* Berteaucourt-lès-Thennes
* Braches
* Cayeux-en-Santerre
* Contoire
* Démuin
* Domart-sur-la-Luce
* Fresnoy-en-Chaussée
* Hailles
* Hangard
* Hangest-en-Santerre
* Ignaucourt
* La Neuville-Sire-Bernard
* Le Plessier-Rozainvillers
* Le Quesnel
* Mézières-en-Santerre
* Moreuil
* Morisel
* Pierrepont-sur-Avre
* Thennes
* Villers-aux-Érables
# Confraternity of the Holy Spirit of Marseille

The Confraternity of the Holy Spirit of Marseille was a religious association founded in Marseille in 1212 for the defence of the faith and rights of the Catholic Church at the time of the Albigensian Crusade. It was founded by the apostolic legate Arnaud Amaury, partially to rehabilitate the name of the Holy Spirit, which had become strongly associated with the Cathar heresy.
The confraternity of Marseille was called both confratria and confraternitas in Latin. It was coopted by municipal elites, who tried through it to acquire greater independence for the city. The rectors of the confraternity were the de facto government of the city when, on 12 June 1216 in Balaguer, they signed a defensive military alliance with Sancho, acting regent of Aragon and Provence and an opponent of the Albigensian Crusade. In July 1218, it was dissolved by order of the bishop, Pierre de Montlaur [fr].
# Microvoluta joloensis

Microvoluta joloensis is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Volutomitridae.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off Papua New Guinea.
# Microvoluta miranda

Microvoluta miranda is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Volutomitridae.
# Communist Ghadar Party of India

The Communist Ghadar Party of India is a far-left political party that is committed to a communist revolution in India based on Marxism–Leninism.

## History

The party was founded on 25 December 1980, as a continuation of the Hindustani Ghadar Party – Organisation of Indian Marxist–Leninists Abroad founded in Canada in 1970. The group had established a presence in Punjab during the 1970s. Initially the group identified itself with the Naxalite movement in India, especially in Punjab. However, by the end of the 1970s the group rejected the Three Worlds Theory and sided with Albania in the Sino-Albanian split. The name of the party was inspired by the American-based Ghadar Party, formed by Indian revolutionaries in the early 1900s. Ghadar means revolt, a narrative abbreviation referring to Indian Revolt.
The party opposed the policies of the Communist Party of India (CPI) and the Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI(M)) at the time, which according to CGPI had both adopted a policy of parliamentarianism and support for the Soviet Union and the Naxalbari were fragmented. The party also adopted a policy of opposing 'national oppression', particularly in Punjab, Kashmir and Manipur and rejected defense of the centralised India state.
In December 1990 they held their first congress where they reflected upon the collapse of the Soviet Union, declaring "we are our own models". They concluded that "it is the workers and peasants, women and youth, organised in their collectives, who should rule". They recognised the communist movement as one, and rejected social-democracy as a compromise between right reaction and revolution and rejecting support for the Indian National Congress party against the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP).
The Second Congress was held in 1999, and the Third Congress in January 2005. At the latter the Constitution of the Communist Ghadar Party of India was adopted. The Fourth Congress was held in October 2010. 25 December 2010 marked the 30th anniversary of the founding the Party.
The work of CGPI is based on the theoretical thinking of Marxism–Leninism and guided by contemporary Marxist–Leninist thought.

## Publications

* Mazdoor Ekta Lehar (MEL) (formerly known as People's Voice in its English version) is the organ of the Central Committee of the Communist Ghadar Party of India (CGPI). MEL is both a news-paper and internet newsletter, which serves as the print vehicle and electronic transmission for the dissemination of information to arm the active vanguard force of Indian communists, activists, journalists and other interested parties.
The party publishes Mazdoor Ekta Lehar in:
* English (formerly People's Voice)
* Hindi
* Punjabi
* Tamil
# Communist Labor Party

Communist Labor Party may refer to:
* Communist Labor Party of America, founded in 1919, merged with the Communist Party of America (Minority Faction) to form the United Communist Party in 1920
* Communist Labor Party of North America, an anti-revisionist communist group in the 1970s
* Communist Labour Party of Turkey
* Communist Labour Party of Turkey/Leninist
# Middlebury Township

Middlebury Township may refer to the following places in the United States:
* Middlebury Township, Elkhart County, Indiana
* Middlebury Township, Michigan
* Middlebury Township, Knox County, Ohio
* Middlebury Township, Pennsylvania
# Gułów

Gułów may refer to the following places in Poland:
* Gułów, Lower Silesian Voivodeship (south-west Poland)
* Gułów, Lublin Voivodeship (east Poland)
# Compatibility

Compatibility may refer to:

## Computing

* Backward compatibility, in which newer systems can understand data generated by older ones
* Compatibility card, an expansion card for hardware emulation of another device
* Compatibility layer, components that allow for non-native support of components
** Compatibility mode, software mechanism in which a software emulates an older version of software
* Computer compatibility, of a line of machines
** IBM PC compatible, computers that are generally similar to the original IBM PC, XT, or AT
* Forward compatibility, in which older systems can understand data generated by newer ones
* Hardware compatibility, between different pieces of computer hardware
* License compatibility, of software licenses
* Pin compatibility, in devices that have the same functions assigned to the same particular pins
* Software compatibility, between different pieces of software
** Software incompatibility

## Science and mathematics

* Biocompatibility, a description of materials' ability to remain performant in biological tissues
* Blood compatibility, determines what type of donor blood to use in blood transfusions
* Compatibility, a property of splits in phylogenetic trees
* Compatibility (chemical), how stable a substance is when mixed with another substance
* Compatibility (geochemistry), how readily a particular trace element substitutes for a major element within a mineral
* Compatibility (mechanics), the study of compatible deformations in continuum mechanics
* Electromagnetic compatibility, which studies the unintentional generation, propagation, and reception of electromagnetic energy
* Histocompatibility, the degree of similarity of cell surface proteins between individuals
* Genetic compatibility, how well the genes of parents function together in their offspring
* Consistency, logical compatibility between two or more propositions
* Compatible relation, a binary relation that commutes with each operation of an algebraic structure

## Other uses

* Astrological compatibility, a branch of astrology that studies relationships by comparing natal horoscopes
* Compatibilism, a philosophical position
* Interpersonal compatibility, the long-term interaction between two or more individuals in terms of the ease and comfort of communication
# Congregational Church (Mokelumne Hill, California)

Mokelumne Hill Congregational Church, now Mokelumne Hill Community Church, is a historical building in Mokelumne Hill, California in Calaveras County built in 1856. The Congregational Church was founded on August 28, 1853. The first church building built in 1853 was lost in a fire in 1854. Mokelumne Hill Congregational Church is the fifth Congregational Church founded in California. The 1856 building was built by Pastor J. S. Zellie at a cost of $2,700. The funds for the building were donated by miners and fundraising of the women of the congregation. The new church was dedicated on March 8, 1857, by Pastor Joseph Benton of Sacramento. The church has a stone foundation and was built using wood board and batten. The Church's windows were imported by ship from the East Coast of the United States that sailed around the Straits of Magellan of South America. The name of the church changed in 1959 when it was incorporated to the Mokelumne Hill Community Church. The historical building and the church are open and visitors are welcome on Wednesdays at 7 pm and Sundays at 9:30am. The Church is California Historical Landmark No. 261
# Gyan

GYAN, Gyān, Gyaan or Gyan may refer to:

## People

* Asamoah Gyan (born 1985), Ghanaian footballer
* Baffour Gyan (born 1980), Ghanaian footballer
* Christian Gyan (1978-2021), Ghanaian footballer
* Gyan Evans (born 1960), Australian musician
* Gyan Prakash Pilania (born 1932), Indian social reformer
* Gyan Prakash (born 1952), historian of modern India
* Gyan Singh (Fijian politician)
* Gyan Singh (Indian politician)
* Kiki Gyan (1957-2004), Ghanaian musician

## Other uses

* Jnana, a Sanskrit word that roughly translates to 'knowledge' in English
* Global Youth Action Network, a youth empowerment organization
* Gyan (album), the debut album by Gyan Evans
# Micka (cat)

Micka (2012–2024) was a female domestic cat belonging to the President of the Czech Republic Petr Pavel. The cat frequently appeared in Pavel's media campaign during the 2023 Czech presidential election. Micka likely resided at Prague Castle.
The Czech public reacted very positively to Micka's inclusion in the campaign. Pavel stated that Micka, together with the flannel shirt, became one of his icons. Pavel classifies these elements as humorous but still worthy of representing his presidency.
According to the head of Petr Pavel's election campaign Pavla Nýdrlová, his team will strive to relocate the cat to Prague Castle. In that case, it would be the first pet to be officially housed at Prague Castle for a long time.

## Life

According to Eva Pavlová, Micka was found with the assistance of the family's dog Bob during a snowdrift in December 2012. A long stay to adverse cold conditions caused Micka to lose a piece of her tail. She traveled regularly to Brussels with Petr Pavel and Eva Pavlová although she doesn't like traveling too much. On the 16th of April 2024 she had passed away.
# Gusya

Gusya may refer to:
* Gusya, a diminutive of the Russian female first name Avgusta
* Gusya, a diminutive of the Russian male first name Avgustin
* Gusya, a diminutive of the Russian female first name Avgustina
# Companies Act 1948

The Companies Act 1948 (11 & 12 Geo. 6. c. 38) was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which regulated UK company law. Its descendant is the Companies Act 2006.

## Cases decided under this Act

* Bushell v Faith [1970] AC 1099
* Scottish Co-operative Wholesale Society Ltd v Meyer
* Stonegate Securities Ltd v Gregory [1980] Ch 576
# Gymnocalycium capillense

Gymnocalycium capillense is a species of Gymnocalycium cactus from Argentina.

## Description

Gymnocalycium capillense has a dull blue-green, broad-spherical plant body that reaches heights and diameters of up to 8 centimeters and produces numerous children. It has up to 13, more or less flat ribs that have low chin-like projections between the depressed areoles. The approximately 5 marginal spines are yellowish to white and up to 1.2 centimeters long.
The delicate pink-white flowers are up to 7 centimeters long and up to 6 centimeters in diameter. The club-shaped fruits have a bluish frost.

## Distribution

Gymnocalycium capillense is widespread in the Argentine province of Córdoba and grows at altitudes of 500 to 1500 meters.

## Taxonomy

The first description as Echinocactus capillensis was published in 1923 by Carl Schick. The specific epithet capillense refers to the occurrence of the species near Capilla del Monte. Carl Curt Hosseus placed the species in the genus Gymnocalycium in 1926.
# Gymnocalycium baldianum

Gymnocalycium baldianum, the spider-cactus or dwarf chin cactus, is a species of flowering plant in the cactus family Cactaceae, native to the Catamarca Province in Argentina.

## Description

It is a globose cactus, spherical or a little flat, with a diameter up to 8 cm, dark gray-green to blue-green in color, or sometimes brown, depressed, spherical shoots and reaches heights of 4 to 10 centimeters with diameters of 6 to 7 centimeters. It has 8 to 10 ribs with tubercle-shaped areoles, covered in groups of 6 to 8 pale grey, curved spines, giving to the species its common name of spider-cactus. Like many cacti, it does not divide but may form offsets after some years.There are no central spines. The five to seven gray or brown marginal thorns are thin, lie on the surface of the shoot and are up to 1.5 centimeters long.
The funnel-shaped flowers reach a diameter of 6 cm, growing near the apex of the plant and are red, pink or orange. Flowers are 3 to 5 centimeters long and reach the same diameter. The dark gray-green fruits are spindle-shaped.

## Distribution

Gymnocalycium baldianum is widespread in the Argentine province of Catamarca at altitudes of 1000 to 2000 meters.

## Taxonomy

The first description as Echinocactus baldianus was made in 1905 by Carlos Luis Spegazzini. The specific epithet baldianum honors J. Baldi, an acquaintance and supporter of Carlos Luis Spegazzini. In 1925 he placed the species in the genus Gymnocalycium.

## Cultivation

Gymnocalycium baldianum is easy to grow. It needs a well-drained soil. In summer, water the plants well, but let them to dry before watering again. Use monthly a fertilizer for cacti. In winter, keep it dry, and the temperature may be as low as −10 °C (14 °F), but it is better to keep it without frost. The exposure must be sunny in summer and at least brightly lit in winter.
This species has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

## Gallery

* Seedlings
* View from above
* Flower from the side
* Flowers from above view