OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Thomas Gardner (politician)

Thomas Gardner (1724 – July 3, 1775) was an American politician and soldier.

## Early life

Gardner was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He was a descendant of Thomas Gardner of Roxbury. In 1755, he married Joanna Sparhawk, a member of one of Brighton's founding families.

## Career

Gardner, a political figure in Massachusetts on the eve of the American Revolution, was in the forefront of those urging resistance to the King's dissolution of the General Court in 1774, following the Boston Tea Party. He was chosen to represent Cambridge in the Middlesex County Convention, called to consider measures for public safety, as well as in the First and Second provincial Congresses. In May 1775 he was elected to the Revolutionary Council of Safety.
During the spring of 1775, he was commissioned a Colonel of a regiment he had organized largely at his own expense. Gardner's rapid rise to prominence ended when he was mortally wounded at the Battle of Bunker Hill, in June 1775.

## Death

On the date of his death, July 3, 1775, Gardner was the second-highest ranking American officer killed at Bunker Hill. His funeral services were attended by General George Washington.
Gardner is the namesake of Gardner Street in Boston, Massachusetts, the Gardner Pilot Academy school, and the city of Gardner, Massachusetts, in 1785.
# Kurgan (disambiguation)

A kurgan is a tumulus or burial mound in Eurasia.
Kurgan may also refer to:

## Places in Russia

* Kurgan, Kurgan Oblast, a city
** Kurgan Airport
** Kurgan West, a former nearby airbase
* Kurgan Oblast, a federal subject of Russia
* Kurgan, Amur Oblast, rural locality
* Kurgan, Blagoveshchensky District, Altai Krai, rural locality
* Kurgan, Cherepovetsky District, Vologda Oblast, rural locality
* Kurgan, Perm Krai, rural locality

## People

* Avni Kurgan (born 1912), Turkish footballer
* Laura Kurgan, South African architect
* Lukasz Kurgan (born 1975), Polish bioinformatician

## Other uses

* The Kurgan, the main antagonist of the film Highlander
* The Kurgan, a fictional human culture in Warhammer Fantasy (setting), aligned to the Chaos faction
* Kurgan cattle, a breed of cattle that originated from Russia
# Mary Blackford Fowler

Mary Zay Blackford Fowler (1892–1982) was an American painter and sculptor.
Born in Findlay, Ohio, Fowler was an alumna of Oberlin College; after graduation she moved to Washington, D.C., where she took lessons under Carl Mose, Hans Schuler, and J. Maxwell Miller at the Corcoran School of Art. Long active as an artist in Washington, between 1940 and 1947 she was commissioned to produce a bust of Frederick Gillett. In 1943 she crafted three reliefs, Captain Newport Brings News and Aid to the Starving Colonists, Early Industries, and Present Day Industries, in unglazed terra cotta for the Works Progress Administration for placement in the United States federal building in Newport News, Virginia. Fowler was married to noted classicist Harold North Fowler, and during their tenure in Washington they were prominent members of local society. When Jacqueline Kennedy was redecorating the White House in 1962, she contributed a set of chairs to decorate the Red Room. Fowler was also a children's writer, penning Picture Book of Sculpture with her husband. Later in life she and her husband returned to Findlay; she is buried there in the Maple Grove Cemetery. The Hancock Historical Museum owns her still-life painting Winter Bouquet of around 1940.
# Mount Bell

Mount Bell may refer to:
* Mount Bell (Antarctica)
* Mount Bell (Alberta) in Alberta, Canada
* Mount Bell (British Columbia) in the Coast Mountains of Canada
* Mount Bell (California) in the Santa Monica Mountains of California, USA
* Mount Bell (New South Wales) in the Blue Mountains, Australia
* Mount Bell (Yukon) in the Yukon Territory of Canada
# Overcapitalisation

Overcapitalisation, or overcapitalization, refers to an economic phenomenon whereby the value or price of an asset is superior to its ‘real’ value, however difficult to define, therefore putting a strain on attempts to obtain a reasonable return on investment. This is especially the case when capital goods are at stake which are necessary to engage in the production of goods or delivery of services (e.g. agricultural holdings, industrial plants, etc.). It is less the case with those contemporary financial instruments that are valued not for their returns, but for their potential earnings upon resale. Overcapitalisation is closely related (in causes and consequences) to assets inflation. As the financialisation of the economy has led to the monetisation (also called ‘securitisation’) of many non-financial assets, such as real estate, infrastructure, etc., overcapitalisation has become rife, with deleterious consequences at the level of firms (struggling to achieve an unrealistically high level of profitability), households (struggling to pay their inflated mortgage), and individuals (whose equity holding, and hence borrowing and repayment potential, may be vastly over-valued).

## History

The concept of overcapitalisation is derived from the writings of Karl Marx, and is divided into overcapitalisation relative to savings and overcapitalisation relative to demand.

## Examples

In his book Collapse, Jared Diamond gives an example of widespread overcapitalisation where he describes how settlers in Australia bought or leased land at prices derived from those at 'home' (England), and then were pushed very hard (and usually failed) to achieve the necessary returns, wrecking the fragile resource in the process by over-exploitation.
# Ilandiraiyan

Tondaiman Ilandiraiyan or Ilamtiraiyan was a ruler of Kanchipuram and a contemporary of the Early Chola king, Karikala. He is traditionally regarded as the founder of the Pallava dynasty. [need quotation to verify]Ilandiraiyan is referred to in the literature of the Sangam period and is the hero of some of the poems in the Pathupattu. He was a poet himself and four of his songs are extant even today. He ruled from Tondaimandalam and was known as 'Tondaman'. According to historian S. Krishnaswami Aiyengar, the Pallavas were natives of Tondaimandalam and the name Pallava is identical with the word Tondaiyar.
Scholar M. Arokiaswami identifies Tondaiman Ilandiraiyan with king Adondai Chakravarthi, the legendary figure who is referred to in the Mackenzie Manuscripts.

## Life

According to the Sangam epic Manimekalai, a son was born to the Chola king Killi and the naga princess Pilivalai of Jaffna, the daughter of king Valaivanan of Manipallavam. When the boy grew up the princess wanted to send her son to the Chola kingdom. So she entrusted the prince to a merchant who dealt in woolen blankets called Kambala Chetty when his ship stopped in the island of Manipallavam. During the voyage to the Chola kingdom, the ship was wrecked due to rough weather and the boy was lost. He was later found washed ashore with a Tondai twig (creeper) around his leg. So he came to be called Tondaiman Ilam Tiraiyan meaning the young one of the seas or waves. When he grew up the northern part of the Chola kingdom was entrusted to him and the area he governed came to be called Tondaimandalam after him. He is considered by some scholars to be the progenitor of the Pallava dynasty and the dynasty he founded took its name after the native place of his mother, that is Manipallavam.
According to the Ulas(historical poems in honor of Chola kings) written by poet Ottakoothar, Killivalavan is said to have married a Naga princess by entering the bilvadara(cave) and also it is known that Tiraiyan was the son of a Chola prince who married the Naga princess, Pilivalai by entering the bilvadara in Nagapattinam. So that Tiraiyan was the son of Killivalavan is not without force". According to P. T. Srinivasa Iyengar, Ilandiraiyan ascended the throne of Kanchi during the reign of the Chola king Karikalan and was probably, a feudatory of the latter.

## In poetry

Uruttiragannanar who wrote the Paṭṭiṉappālai, gives a vivid description of Ilandiraiyan's kingdom and capital city of Kanchi in his poem Perumpāṇāṟṟuppaṭai. He advises "poets seeking rewards" to go to the court of Tondaiman Ilandiraiyan, "the great patron of bards". The Perumpāṇāṟṟuppaṭai contains 500 lines in the akaval metre eulogising Ilandiraiyan as well as providing a mythical origin for the Tondaiman clan.
Ilandiraiyan was also a poet himself with four of his songs still extant. One of them is on the importance of personal character and its benefits on good rule. Ode 185 of the Puṟanāṉūṟu is attributed to Tondaiman Ilandiraiyan.
# Marmaduke Constable (disambiguation)

Marmaduke Constable (c. 1456/7–1518) was an English soldier.
Marmaduke Constable may also refer to:
* Sir Marmaduke Constable I, High Sheriff of Yorkshire in the 1360s
* Marmaduke Constable (died 1545), MP
* Marmaduke Constable (died 1574), MP for Warwickshire (UK Parliament constituency)
* Marmaduke Constable, 2nd Baronet (1619–c. 1680) of the Constable baronets
* Marmaduke Constable, 4th Baronet (1682–1746) of the Constable baronets
# Igor Pretnar

Igor Pretnar (3 April 1924 – 8 April 1977) was a Slovenian film director.
Pretnar won the Golden Arena for Best Director for his film Wild Growth (Samorastniki, 1963) at the 1963 Pula Film Festival. His 1976 film Idealist was entered into the 10th Moscow International Film Festival.

## Selected filmography

* Five Minutes of Paradise (Pet minuta raja, 1959)
* Wild Growth (Samorastniki, 1963)
* Idealist (1976)
# Marmaroplegma conspersa

Marmaroplegma conspersa is a moth in the family Eupterotidae described by Per Olof Christopher Aurivillius in 1921. It is found in South Africa.
# Ik Doli

Ik Doli (Punjabi: اک ڈولی) is a 1982 Punjabi-language action comedy film from Pakistan. The film was directed by M. Akram. The story was written by Hazeen Qadri and the music was composed by Nazir Ali.

## Story

Johnny Machhi (Sultan Rahi) was a 'Kahar'. From the village of Chaudhry (Ilyas Kashmiri) a 'doli' was about to travel on the shoulders of this 'Kahar' today. Chaudhry's daughter (Shama) Shano's doli that on this occasion Chaudhry's two nephews Badru and Jiro (Adib) and (Jagi Malik) attacked. They strongly asserted their right that Chaudhry's daughter Ming was ours. We will not let her doli go to a third house. Chaudhry revealed in clear words that both of you are considered by the society as the leaders of rogue elements. I am a noble man and I have married my daughter to another noble man.

## Cast

* Sultan Rahi
* Mustafa Qureshi
* Aasia
* Ishrat Chaudhary
* Nazli
* Ilyas Kashmiri
* Imrozia
* Nanha
* Rangeela
* Khalid Saleem Mota
* Adeeb
# Martin Greven

Martin Greven is a Distinguished McKnight University Professor at the University of Minnesota, specializing in experimental condensed matter physics. He is the Director of the University of Minnesota Center for Quantum Materials. His research group investigates quantum many-body phenomena in correlated-electron materials with spectroscopic, transport and other experimental methods.
Greven was born in Germany and started his physics education at the University of Heidelberg, where he obtained his Vordiplom in physics and mathematics in 1988. After a year as an exchange student at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, he went on to obtain his Ph.D. degree at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1995. He spent two additional years at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology as a postdoctoral research associate before joining the faculty of Applied Physics and Photon Science at Stanford University. In 2009, he moved to the University of Minnesota, where he was appointed Full Professor in 2011. In 2018, he was named Distinguished McKnight University Professor.

## Awards and honors

* Distinguished McKnight University Professorship, University of Minnesota, 2018
* Fellow, Neutron Scattering Society of America, 2018
* Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2015
* Fellow, American Physical Society, 2007
* Hellman Family Faculty Fund Award, 2003
* NSF CAREER Award, 2000-2004
* Alfred P. Sloan Fellow, 1999-2001
# Marta Dassù

Marta Dassù (born 8 March 1955) is an Italian politician who served as Undersecretary of Foreign Affairs in the government led by Mario Monti from 2011 to 2013 and as Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs in the government of Enrico Letta from 2013 to 2014. She serves as Senior Director of European Affairs at the Aspen Institute and Editor-in-Chief of Aspen Institute Italia's journal, Aspenia. She is a regular contributor to the Italian newspaper La Stampa.
In 2020, Dassù was appointed by NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg to join a group of experts to support his work in a reflection process to further strengthen NATO's political dimension.

## Other activities
### Corporate boards

* Finmeccanica, Member of the board of directors
* Trevi Finanziaria, Non-executive and Independent Member of the board of directors

### Non-profit organizations

* European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR), Member of the Board (since 2019)
* The Center for American Studies in Rome, Vice President
* European Institute of Peace (EIP), Member of the Advisory Council
* European Policy Centre (EPC), Member of the Strategic Council
* Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei, Member of the Board
* International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS), Member of the Board
* Istituto Affari Internazionali (IAI), Member board of directors
* LUISS School of Government, Member of the Scientific Committee
* Trilateral Commission, Member of the European Group
# Martin Pohl

Martin Pohl may refer to:
* Martin Pohl (writer) (1930–2007), German poet and playwright
* Řezník (rapper) (born 1986), real name of Czech rapper
* Martin Pohl (footballer) (born 1981), German footballer
* Martin Pohl (diplomat) (born 1967), Czech diplomat, ambassador to Australia after Hynek Kmoníček
# Ike Rogers

Isaac J. "Ike" Rogers was a college football player.

## Early years

Rogers attended the Florence State Normal School in Florence, Alabama.

## University of Alabama

Rogers was a prominent tackle for the Alabama Crimson Tide of the University of Alabama, He was a member of the Sigma Nu fraternity.

### 1919

He was captain of the 1919 Alabama team that lost just one game. Rogers had been previously elected captain, but had to serve in the First World War. He was twice selected All-Southern. In his last game, a 14–6 win over Mississippi A & M, he scored a touchdown on a punt he blocked.
# Martin Cooke (baritone)

Martin Cooke is a baritone singer of opera and classical music. He attended St Aloysius' College, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
# Martino da Como

Martino da Como (or Martino de Rossi; Martino de Rubeis, called Maestro Martino from Como), was an Italian 15th-century culinary expert who was unequalled in his field at the time and could be considered the Western world's first celebrity chef. He made his career in Italy and was the chef at the Roman palazzo of the papal chamberlain ("camerlengo"), the Patriarch of Aquileia. Martino was applauded by his peers, earning him the epitaph of the prince of cooks. His book Libro de Arte Coquinaria (The Art of Cooking) (c. 1465) is considered a landmark in Italian gastronomic literature and a historical record of the transition from medieval to Renaissance cuisine.

## Biography

Maestro Martino was born around 1430 in Torre, a village in the Blenio Valley, then in the Duchy of Milan, today in Canton Ticino, Switzerland. His early career probably began in northern Italy, as he is referred to variously as both Martino di Como and Martino di Milano, but it seems likely that he spent some time in Naples as many of his recipes show the influence of Spanish cuisine and with the Catalan manuscript Llibre de Sent Soví [ca], Naples having come under lasting Catalan influence after its conquest by Alfonso V of Aragon in 1442.
Between 1460 and 1470 he made his way to Rome in order to cook for Ludovico Trevisan, Cardinal Patriarch of Aquileia, who made a name out of lavish banquets and opulent receptions. Later, his services passed on to Gian Giacomo Trivulzio, a Milanese condottiere (adventurer) and eventually he ended up at the Vatican.
Little more is known about Martino but he was described by his friend Bartolomeo Sacchi (known as Platina) as "Prince of cooks from whom I learned all about cooking" in De honesta voluptate et valetudine (On Honorable Pleasure and Good Health) (1474). Platina openly acknowledges in his book that most of his recipes came from Martino whom he compared to a Greek philosopher in his ability to improvise on a culinary theme.
# Magnus Kihlberg

Magnus Kihlberg (born 25 October 1973 in Örebro) is a former Swedish football midfielder. After playing for two local clubs, he joined Örgryte IS in 1995 before moving to Norwegian club Lillestrøm SK in 1997. He then moved on to Molde FK in 2002 before going back to Sweden and IFK Göteborg for the 2006 season. After just one season in Sweden he returned to Norway when he signed for Aalesunds FK in December 2006. Kihlberg ended his career with four seasons at Örebro, retiring in 2011.

## Clubs

* Karlslunds IF, BK Forward (-1995)
* Örgryte IS (1995–96)
* Lillestrøm SK (1997–2002)
* Molde FK (2002–05)
* IFK Göteborg (2006)
* Aalesunds FK (2007–08)
* Örebro SK (2008–11)
# Ole Moe (editor)

Ole Moe (9 October 1918 – 14 January 2014) was a Norwegian newspaper editor and politician for the Labour Party.
He hailed from Steinkjer Municipality and started his press career in Arbeider-Avisen in 1939. The Second World War interrupted the career, but he was back in Arbeider-Avisen in 1945. He was then editor-in-chief of Rana Blad from 1949 to 1970 and Sarpsborg Arbeiderblad from 1970 to 1984. During his career he also represented the Labour Party in the municipal council of Rana Municipality and also on the Nordland county council. Also, he was the leader of the Sarpsborg Labour Party. He was a board member of the Association of Norwegian Editors, Biblioteksentralen and Borgarsyssel Museum and active in Rotary.
He resided in Sarpsborg, was married and had three children. He died in January 2014.
# Manonga River

Manonga River, also known as Manyonga, is a river in located between Tabora Region and Shinyanga Region, Tanzania. The river flows eastwards into Lake Kitangiri. During the dry season, from June to November, the Manonga River is completely dry.
# Mary Blagg Huey

Mary Blagg Huey (January 19, 1922 – June 27, 2017) was an American educator. She served as president of Texas Woman's University from 1976 to 1986.
She was born Mary Evelyn Blagg in Wills Point and was educated at North Texas High School, going on to earn a bachelor's degree in English and music and a master's degree in English literature from Texas State College for Women, a master's degree in public administration from the University of Kentucky and a PhD in political science from Duke University.
From 1943 to 1945, she taught English at the Texas State College for Women. She was assistant director of the Bureau of Public Administration at the University of Mississippi from 1946 to 1947. From 1947 to 1971, she was a member of the faculty of government at North Texas State University and, from 1971 to 1976, was dean of the graduate school at Texas Woman's University.

## Life and legacy

She married Griffin B. Huey, a dentist; the couple had one son. She died on June 27, 2017, at the age of 95.
In 1984, she was inducted into the Texas Women's Hall of Fame. Huey also received the Secretary of Defense Medal for Outstanding Public Service, the Otis Fowler Citizen of the Year Award and the Outstanding Women of Texas Award from the Texas division of the American Association of University Women.
# Iladi

Iladi is a village development committee in Syangja District in the Gandaki Zone of central Nepal. At the time of the 2011 Nepal census it had a population of 1765 people living in 417 individual households.
# Nellie Yip Quong

Nellie Yip Quong (née Nellie Towers; 1882-1949) was a Canadian midwife, feminist, and social activist. She and her husband Charlie Yip Quong were among the first mixed Chinese/European married couple in Vancouver. For over four decades, she worked tirelessly to improve the conditions of Chinese living in Canada. In 2008, she was designated a Person of National Historic Significance for being a "bold and outspoken advocate for her adopted community, she served as an intermediary between the Euro-Canadian and Chinese Canadian societies."

## Biography

Yip Quong was born in Saint John, New Brunswick née Nellie Towers. She went to the United States for private education. Afterwards, she worked as an English teacher in New York City. While teaching, she met Charlie Yip Quong, a Chinese jeweller from Vancouver.
In 1900, she married Charlie Yip Quong in New York City, back when interracial marriages were rare. After some time in both New York City and Vancouver, the couple went to China. In 1904, they returned to Vancouver.
Nellie was accepted into Vancouver's Chinese community and was actively involved in the Ladies Empire Reform Association, the only non-Chinese woman, in this political organization. There is a 1904 photograph of the Ladies Chinese Reform Association in the City of Vancouver Archives, which includes her image.
In 1917, Charlie and Nellie moved to 783 East Pender Street where they raised their daughter Eleanor (Lum). There she provided health and social services in Chinese, that were not available in Vancouver due to racism. Among the services provided was midwifery, where she aided in the delivery of about 500 babies. She also arranged adoptions for single mothers.
Eventually, she was hired by the Chinese Benevolent Association of Vancouver as the first public health nurse for the Chinese population. She also acted as an interpreter in Vancouver and translated court cases. In addition, she "convinced the Vancouver General Hospital to end their policy of keeping all non-Caucasian patients in the basement."

## Designation

Yip Quong's designation was initiated by Dr. Imogene Lim, Professor, Anthropology, Vancouver Island University, a relative by marriage, and supported by Mrs. Yip Quong's daughter Eleanor Lum and her granddaughter Starlet Lum. Her plaque was unveiled, May 13, 2017, in a ceremony in Vancouver's Chinatown.

## Legacy

On May 35, 2013, the Nellie Yip House received a 'Places That Matter' plaque, written in English and Chinese, from the Vancouver Heritage Foundation. Nellie has also been honoured by the Vancouver Public Library; the nə́c̓aʔmat ct Strathcona Branch has named a community room after her.

## Trivia

* Yip Quong spoke Cantonese, four regional dialects and some Mandarin.
* Yip Quong was colour blind.
* Jimi Hendrix's grandparents, Ross and Nora Hendrix, lived in the same house in Vancouver as the Yip Quoungs. Subsequent to the Yip Quong's departure, the house had become a brothel.