OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Mauer (Baden)

Mauer is a village in southwestern Germany. It is located between Heidelberg and Sinsheim in the Rhein-Neckar district in the state of Baden-Württemberg.
On 1 June 2012, John Ehret (no party) took office as mayor. He is the first black mayor in Baden-Württemberg and thought to be the first black mayor in Germany in modern times.

## Geography

Mauer is located at an altitude of 130–240 m, and covers an area of 630 hectares. Of this area, 22.8% is covered by settlements, roads and paved areas, 55.3% is agricultural, and 18.6% is forested. Adjacent municipalities are, starting in the north and moving clockwise, Wiesenbach, Meckesheim, Wiesloch, Leimen and Bammental.

## Religion

In 1522, the Reformation was introduced into Mauer; probably by Franz von Sickingen. Today it hosts both an evangelical and a Roman Catholic church community.

## Geology/Archaeology

Mauer is the location where the first remains of Homo heidelbergensis were found. The remains, a jaw, were discovered in 1907 in the local sand quarry by Daniel Hartmann, a worker there. The sandpit remained active for some time, and the original resting place of the remains no longer exists. However, the sandpit is now a nature park, and the sedimentary layers corresponding to those of the original find can be viewed on a 25 meter high section.

## Demographics

Population development:
| Year | Inhabitants |
| 1990 | 3,372 |
| 2001 | 3,571 |
| 2011 | 3,962 |
| 2021 | 4,136 |

## Persons of Interest
### Honored Citizens

* Daniel Hartmann (1854-1952) found the lower jaw of Homo heidelbergensis.
* Gerhard Weiser (1931-2003) was Mayor of Mauer from 1962 to 1976. In 1968 he moved to the Landtag for the first time and later became the Minister of Agriculture in Baden-Württemberg from 1976 to 1996. From 1996 to 2001 he was vice-president of the state parliament. In spite of his political commitment, he remained connected to his hometown and also managed a farm there.
* Erich Mick, mayor from 1976 to 2001, founder of the association Homo heidelbergensis of Mauer e.V.

### Other Notables Associated with Mauer

* Karl von Zyllnhardt (forestry officer) (1744-1816), German landlord and forestry officer.
* Karl von Zyllnhardt (jurist) (1779-1828), German jurist and politician.
# Boll (surname)

Boll or Böll is a German, Danish & English surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Buzz Boll (1911–1990), Canadian ice hockey player
* Don Boll (1927–2001), American football player
* Ernst Boll (1817–1868), German naturalist and historian
* Fabian Boll (born 1979), German football player
* Franz Boll (philologist) (1867–1924), German historian of astrology
* Franz Boll (historian) (1805–1875), theologian and historian
* Franz Christian Boll (1849–1879), discoverer of rhodopsin
* Greg Boll (born 1960), American politician
* Heinrich Böll (1917–1985), German novelist (Nobel Prize Literature 1972)
* Jacob Boll (1828–1880), Swiss naturalist and entomologist
* Jared Boll (born 1986), American ice hockey player
* Monika Boll (born 1971), German footballer
* Robert Henry Boll (1875–1956), preacher in the Churches of Christ
* Timo Boll (born 1981), German table tennis player
* Uwe Boll (born 1965), German movie director
# Pithoprakta

Pithoprakta (1955–56) is a piece by Iannis Xenakis for string orchestra (with 46 separate solo parts), two trombones, xylophone, and wood block, premièred by conductor Hermann Scherchen in Munich in March 1957. A typical performance of the piece lasts about 10 minutes.
The word Pithoprakta translates to "actions through probability". This relates to Jacob Bernoulli's law of large numbers which states that as the number of occurrences of a chance event increases, the average outcome approaches a determinate end. The piece is based on the statistical mechanics of gases, Gauss's law, or Brownian motion. Each instrument is conceived as a molecule obeying the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution law, with Gaussian distribution of temperature fluctuation. This theory states that "the temperature of a gas derives from the independent movement of its molecules." Xenakis drew an analogy between the movement of a gas molecule through space and that of a string instrument through its pitch range. To construct the seething movement of the piece, he governed the 'molecules' according to a coherent sequence of imaginary temperatures and pressures. Brownian motion is a four-dimensional phenomenon (three spatial dimensions and time), and Xenakis created the score by first creating a two-dimensional graph, necessitating some simplifications. The abscissa (x) represents time at 5 cm = 26 MM, while the ordinates (y) represent pitch at 1 semitone = .25 cm, when transcribed into musical notation 5 cm = 1 measure. This length is subdivided into three, four, and five equal parts, allowing for fine differences in duration but also creating a steady pulse in each instrumental part, reducing the rhythm of the random walk to steady footsteps. Composer Simon Emmerson notes that this regularity is "impossible in reality and fails to use his ‘stochastic’ approach in this instance." Each part gets nowhere, but as a whole the mass's pitch is freely modulated and its speed-determined "temperature" varies.
This piece was made into a ballet by George Balanchine, Metastaseis and Pithoprakta, along with the earlier Metastaseis.
# Guido del Giudice

Guido del Giudice (born August 14, 1957) is an Italian philosopher and writer.He is one of the most influential experts on life and works of the philosopher Giordano Bruno.

## Biography

Del Giudice was born in Naples, Italy, where he still lives. He obtained a degree in medicine from the University of Naples Federico II in 1982, but he continued to cultivate his literary and philosophical studies, becoming a leading expert on the philosopher Giordano Bruno. He has written several works about Bruno and translated his texts.
Members of the scientific advisory board of Nicolas Benzin Stiftung, Frankfurt am Main.
In 2008 he received from the International Academy Partenopea Federico II, the first International Giordano Bruno Award for his book La disputa di Cambrai, in the category "best work dedicated to the philosopher". In a review in the journal Bruniana & Campanelliana in 2008, Filippo Mignini has pointed out the remarkable similarities between Del Giudice's translation and that of Barbara Amato in a doctoral thesis of 2006.
Guido del Giudice demonstrated in a detailed reply, the originality of his translation and the falsity of the arguments put forward by Mignini to justify the failed attempt to appropriate the work of one of his students.

## Works

* "WWW. Giordano Bruno" (2001), Marotta & Cafiero, Naples;
* "The coincidence of opposites: Giordano Bruno between East and West" (2005) Di Renzo Editore, Rome. Expanded second edition with the essay "Bruno, Rabelais and Apollonius of Tiana." (2006) Di Renzo Editore, Rome;
* "Two Orations: Oratio valedictoria e Oratio consolatoria". (2006) Di Renzo Editore, Rome;
* "The dispute in Cambrai: Camoeracensis acrotismus". (2008) Di Renzo Editore, Rome;
* "The god of geometricians – four dialogues". (2009) Di Renzo Editore, Rome;
* "Summa of metaphysical terms", with the essay: "Giordano Bruno in Switzerland between alchemists and Rosicrucians". (2010) Di Renzo Editore, Rome;
* "I'll say the truth. Interview with Giordano Bruno". (2012) Di Renzo Editore, Rome.
* "Giordano Bruno. Against the mathematicians". (2014) Di Renzo Editore, Rome.
* "Giordano Bruno. The prophet of the infinite universe". (2015) Amazon.
* "Giordano Bruno. Latin epistles". (2017) Fondazione Mario Luzi, Rome.
* "Giordano Bruno. Scintille d'infinito". (2020) Di Renzo Editore, Rome.
* "Giordano Bruno. Candelaio". (2022) Di Renzo Editore, Rome.
# Kungshuset

Kungshuset, the "King's House", is a building in Lund in Sweden, built by the Danish king Frederick II between 1578 and 1584 and originally intended as the residence for the bishop of Lund. After the secession of the Scanian lands to Sweden at the Treaty of Roskilde 1658 Lund University was founded in 1666 to enhance the Swedification of the Danish provinces. King Charles XI of Sweden donated the building to the university in 1688 to serve as its main building and library. Until around 1800 the entire university was contained in Kungshuset, which as well as the library contained a theatre for the demonstration of anatomical dissection. The building was used as an observatory by, amongst others, the university's first astronomer, Anders Spole.
An often related local legend has it that king Charles XII of Sweden, who resided in Lund for a time between campaigns in the 1710s, rode up the wide wooden stairs in the tower. The legend is easily debunked, as the tower was added to the building only later in the 18th century.
The house held the University Library in the mid-19th century, but was in a bad shape, with a leaking roof for instance. The professor of Greek language at the time, Carl Georg Brunius, whose prolific work as an amateur architect is seen in many characteristic Lund buildings, took it as upon himself to improve the condition of the building. Until 2014 Kungshuset housed the Department of Philosophy.
The nearest buildings are the towering Lund Cathedral located 50 meters south, and the 19th century main building of the university immediately to the north.
# Hyperolius fuscigula

Hyperolius fuscigula is a species of frog in the family Hyperoliidae. It is endemic to Angola. Its natural habitats are rivers, freshwater marshes, and intermittent freshwater marshes.
# João Duarte

João Duarte may refer to:
* João Duarte de Sousa (1862–1909), Portuguese politician
* João Duarte (numismatist) (born 1954), Portuguese numismatist
* João Duarte (footballer) (born 1993), Portuguese footballer who plays as a right-back
* João Ferreira Duarte (born 1947), Portuguese academic
# Mauern

Mauern is a municipality in the district of Freising in Bavaria in Germany.
# Ibai

Ibai is a Basque male name. Notable people with the name include:
* Ibai Azurmendi (born 1999), Spanish cyclist
* Ibai Gómez (born 1989), Spanish footballer
* Ibai Llanos (born 1995), Spanish internet celebrity, streamer, and esports announcer
* Ibai Salas (born 1991), Spanish cyclist
# Lyse Lafontaine

Lyse Lafontaine (born 1942) is a Canadian film producer known for working with directors Jean-Claude Lauzon and Xavier Dolan. She works at Lyla Films in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

## Early life

Born to La Presse reporter Gaston Lafontaine, Lyse studied literature at the Université de Montréal and earned her degree. She married Stéphane Venne and managed the rock band Offenbach in 1972. She became a stage manager on the 1974 film The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz, and married her second husband, moving to The Bahamas for two years before returning to Canada.

## Career

In 1976, Lafontaine served as location manager for the film The Little Girl Who Lives Down the Lane, starring Jodie Foster. Lafontaine met Lauzon when he was pitching his screenplay for Léolo (1992), which other producers had rejected. It became the first film she produced, with Aimée Danis, for which they were nominated for the Genie Award for Best Motion Picture. While in Italy during filming, Lauzon gave Lafontaine a letter thanking her for her ineptitude in business, which he considered necessary to make a film with feeling. She kept it as a cherished keepsake.
Working with Dolan, she produced Laurence Anyways (2012) and served as an associate producer for Mommy (2014). Dolan's Laurence Anyways was inspired by Lafontaine's ex-girlfriend Luce Baillairgé, the mother of her son Mikaël, who had a small part in Léolo. With Dolan, she personally traveled to London in 2017 to work on his The Death and Life of John F. Donovan.
In 2015, Lafontaine produced La Passion d’Augustine with François Tremblay, winning the Québec Cinéma Award for Best Film. On 1 June 2017 at the 19th Quebec Cinema Awards, she was awarded the Iris Hommage for 30 years of contributions to Quebec cinema.

## Filmography

Her films include:
* The Decline of the American Empire (1986)
* Jesus of Montreal (1989)
* Léolo (1992)
* A Sunday in Kigali (2006)
* Mommy Is at the Hairdresser's (2009)
* Barney's Version (2010)
* Laurence Anyways (2012)
* Mommy (2014)
* Love Project (2014)
* The Passion of Augustine (2015)
* A Bag of Marbles (2017)
* Worst Case, We Get Married (2017)
* The Death and Life of John F. Donovan (2018)
* Hotel Silence (2024)
# Marty Morton

Marty Morton (30 September 1941 – 6 September 2024) was an English-born Australian TV presenter and actor in television, theatre and commercials in Australia and other countries including England. He started his career as a stage performer and ventriloquist

## Career

Morton appeared on Crackerjack and Seaside Special in England. In Australia he acted in TV shows including Spyforce, Division 4, The Young Doctors, All Saints, and The Restless Years.
When comedian Rod Hull and his Emu puppet character left the Super Flying Fun Show and Australia, a duplicate of Emu was made so the character could continue on the show. Morton took over Hull's co-hosting position on the Super Flying Fun Show alongside Marilyn Mayo. In 2003 he was a guest on Channel 4 documentary on Hull, Rod Hull: A Bird in the Hand.
Morton's pantomime credits include Cinderella, Dick Whittington, Mother Goose and Our Own-Bush Homebush. He entertained with his 'sidekicks' Emu, Camel, Jake the Peg and Talkin' Horse.
Morton appeared with Dorothy Lamour, Diana Trask, Florence Henderson, Al Martino and Human Nature.
Among his talents was the production of sets and props.

## Personal life and death

Marty Morton was born in the north of England on 30 September 1941, and later emigrated to Australia.
Morton died from cancer on 6 September 2024, at the age of 82.

## Awards
### Mo Awards

The Australian Entertainment Mo Awards (commonly known informally as the Mo Awards), were annual Australian entertainment industry awards. They recognise achievements in live entertainment in Australia from 1975 to 2016. Marty Morton won three awards in that time.
| Year | Nominee / work | Award | Result (wins only) |
| 1982 | Marty Morton | Versatile Variety Act of the Year | Won |
| 1983 | Marty Morton | Versatile Variety Act of the Year | Won |
| 1986 | Marty Morton | Versatile Variety Act of the Year | Won |
# Guido et Ginevra

Guido et Ginevra, ou La Peste de Florence (French: Guido and Ginevra, or the Plague at Florence) is a grand opera in five acts by Fromental Halévy to a libretto by Eugène Scribe. It was premiered on 5 March 1838 by the Paris Opera at the Salle Le Peletier.

## Performance history

Guido et Ginevra was only a moderate success for Halévy, not nearly as applauded as his previous grand opera La Juive (1835) or as La reine de Chypre which followed it (1841). However, after its premiere it was soon played in all the major European centres. When the opera was revived in Paris in 1840 it was cut to four acts. It was translated into Italian and performed in three acts by the Théâtre-Italien at the Salle Ventadour beginning on 17 February 1870. It was performed in German in Mannheim beginning on 3 April 1879, and Hamburg, on 20 March 1882. No recent productions are known.
The opera contains touches of the composer's innovative orchestration, with a mélophone in Act II, and with Ginevra's tomb scene set to dark woodwind and brass instruments using diminished seventh harmonies.

## Roles

| Role | Voice type | Premiere Cast, 5 March 1838 (Conductor: ) |
| Cosme de Médicis | bass | Nicolas Levasseur |
| Manfredi, Duke of Ferrara | bass | Nicolas-Prosper Dérivis |
| Guido, a young sculptor | tenor | Gilbert Duprez |
| Forte-Braccio, condottiere | tenor | Jean-Étienne-Auguste Massol |
| Lorenzo, steward to Médicis | bass | Molinier |
| Téobaldo, sacristan of Florence Cathedral | bass | Ferdinand Prévost |
| Ginevra, daughter of Médicis | soprano | Julie Aimée Dorus-Gras |
| Ricciarda, a singer | mezzo-soprano | Rosine Stoltz |
| Léonore, chambermaid of Ginevra | soprano | Mme Morin |
| Antonietta, young peasant | soprano | Maria Flécheux |

## Synopsis

Scribe drew the elements of his plot from the history of Florence by Louis-Charles Delécluze

### Act 1

The Medici court
Ginevra is to be married to the Duke of Ferrara.

### Act 2

During the ceremony, a poisoned veil she has been given causes her to faint away in a deathlike trance; the sculptor Guido mourns her. It is assumed that she has the plague.

### Act 3

The Medici vault
Buried in the Medici vault she awakes.

### Act 4

Guido offers her shelter.

### Act 5

The village of Camaldoli
Ginevra is reunited with her father, who agrees to her marriage with Guido. A procession of thanksgiving ends the opera.
# Death of the Virgin Mary of Košátky

The Death of the Virgin Mary of Košátky is a Bohemian panel painting from the period around 1340–1350.

## History of the painting

The picture was discovered in 1922 in the Chapel of the Black Madonna at Košátky Castle near Mladá Boleslav and loaned to the Gallery of the Society of Patriotic Friends of Art. It originally belonged to the Krabice of Veitmile family that purchased Košátky fortress in 1420, and its actual owner was in all likelihood Beneš Krabice of Veitmile (Benesch von Weitmühl), the chronicler and director of the construction of St Vitus Cathedral. From this family, the picture came into the Kolowrat family through marriage. The Kolowrats owned it until 1946. The picture is now in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.

## Description and context

The picture is painted in tempera on an oak panel covered with stretched canvas. A preparatory drawing is etched into the chalk base and its contours outlined in black.
The work is a highly advanced example of the Gothic style, combining elements of Northern European Gothic and the strong influence of Italian, more specifically Sienese painting. It was painted by an unknown master during the reign of Charles IV and belongs to the broader circle of paintings executed in a similar way, such as the Vyšší Brod Altarpiece, the Kaufmann Crucifixion and the panels of the Morgan Collection (the Small Morgan Panels). The panel was probably originally the wing of a diptych, the second part of which was the Wrocław Holy Trinity.
In the quality of its execution, the picture ranks among the finest known works dating from the 14th century. It is at the same time the most Italian work of the entire Bohemian school. The construction of space reveals that the artist was acquainted with the central Italian painting of Siena (namely that of Simone Martini). Its composition is monumental and complex, while the facial type is derived from the Venetian school (namely Paolo di Venezia). A peculiar aspect of the work is the figure of Christ (holding the soul of Mary), who doesn’t ascend in a mandorla above the group but stands among the apostles. The mandorla is substituted by small stylised clouds around the figure.
The theme of depicting the death of the Virgin Mary itself is Byzantine in origin. In Bohemia, the oldest depiction of this kind (the Koímēsis) is a miniature on parchment inserted into the relic panels of a St George reliquary dating from 1306. Later works then gradually abandon the Byzantine scheme, replacing it with the motif of Last Prayer of the Virgin Mary. This was first recorded in the Czech lands from the 1360s.
# Lydia Kelly

Lydia Rose Ellen Kelly (born 25 September 1990 in Manchester) is a British actress best known for her portrayal of Lydia Hart in the long-running Channel 4 soap opera Hollyoaks. Kelly departed the show in 2009, with her final scenes airing on 1 January 2010.
# Clem Coetzee

Clem Coetsee (c. 1939 – 7 September 2006) was a Rhodesian conservationist. He developed new methods of big game conservation.

## History

Coetsee was at the forefront of the campaign to de-horn rhinos under sedation, to make them safe from poachers who kill for the horn.
He also pioneered the practice of managing elephant populations by sedating and moving entire family groups, from bulls and cows down to calves, in contrast to the practice of slaughtering the mature animals and relocating only youngsters. Moving family groups was seen as more successful in relocating the animals without ill effects, and has been repeated in several countries. In 1992 he had tracking microchips implanted under the skin of more than 40 elephants, which were being relocated from Zimbabwe's Gonarezhou National Park to South Africa because of drought. This was the first time an elephant relocation had used this technology for follow-up.
He died of a heart attack on the 4th of September 2006.
# Mahlon Clark

Mahlon Clark (March 7, 1923 – September 20, 2007) was an American musician who was a member of the Lawrence Welk orchestra from 1962 to 1968. His primary instrument was the clarinet.

## Biography

Born and raised in Portsmouth, Virginia, Clark started out in vaudeville as a child. Later as a teenager, he became a big band musician playing for the Ray McKinley and Will Bradley bands, among others. Relocating to California during World War II, after serving in the armed forces, found employment at Paramount Pictures where he performed music on many movie soundtracks.
He was hired by Welk in 1962 to join his orchestra and his television show. For six years, he played both the clarinet and saxophone for a weekly national television audience and on stage when the Musical Family went out on tour. He was replaced by reedman Dave Edwards before the new TV taping sessions in 1968. After leaving the Welk organization, Clark continued to perform on many more movie soundtracks and with numerous artists such as Frank Sinatra and Madonna.

## Personal life

He was married twice, first to big band vocalist Imogene Lynn, whom he met while with Ray McKinley's band and later to Kathy Lennon of the Lennon Sisters.

## Discography

With Louis Bellson
* Louis Bellson Swings Jule Styne (Verve, 1960)
* Clarinetist for "Members of the Benny Goodman Orchestra" recordings for Crown Records 1960s-late 1970s.
# Leslie Blackett Wilson

Leslie Blackett Wilson (born 1930) was chair of Computing Science at the University of Stirling, appointed in August 1979. Previously, he was a Senior Lecturer in Computer Science at the Computing Laboratory of the University of Newcastle upon Tyne. He joined the Computing Laboratory in 1964. Before that, since 1951, he was a Senior Scientific Officer at the Naval Construction Research Establishment at Dunfermline.
He has written four books in computer science and combinatorics. His book Comparative Programming Languages was regarded among the major textbooks on programming languages and has received positive reviews since its first edition. This book was translated into French in its second edition. As a researcher, he is best known for his contributions to extensions of the stable marriage problem.
He was the doctoral advisor of Jayme Luiz Szwarcfiter.

## Education

Leslie Blackett Wilson got a B.Sc. in Mathematics from Durham University in 1951 and a D.Sc. degree from the University of Newcastle upon Tyne in 1980.

## Books

* Wilson, Leslie Blackett; Clark, Robert George (1993). Comparative programming languages (second ed.). Boston, MA, USA: Addison-Wesley. p. 374. ISBN 978-0-201-56885-1.. Translated into French.
* Page, Ewan Stafford; Wilson, Leslie Blackett (1983). Information Representation and Manipulation Using Pascal. Cambridge Computer Science Texts. Vol. 15. New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press. p. 284. ISBN 978-0-521-24954-6.
* Page, Ewan Stafford; Wilson, Leslie Blackett (1979). An introduction to computational combinatorics. Cambridge Computer Science Texts. Vol. 9. New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press. p. 228. ISBN 978-0-521-29492-8.
* Page, Ewan Stafford; Wilson, Leslie Blackett (1978). Information, Representation and Manipulation in a Computer (second ed.). New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-29357-0.