OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Venkataswamy

Venkataswamy may refer to:

## People

* B. Venkataswamy, Indian politician
* Dwaram Venkataswamy Naidu (1893–1964), Indian music violinist
* Govindappa Venkataswamy (1918–2006), Indian ophthalmologist
* Nandipaku Venkataswamy, Indian politician
* T. V. Venkataswamy, Indian politician

## Other uses

* G.Venkataswamy Naidu College, Kovilpatti, college in India
# Vegetative

Vegetative describes vegetation. Vegetative may also refer to:
* Vegetative reproduction, a type of asexual reproduction for plants
* Persistent vegetative state, a condition of people with severe brain damage
* Plant community, sometimes called a vegetative community, a collection of plants in a geographic area
* Vegetative (or somatic) cell, a non-reproductive cell
# Vereniging Rembrandt

Vereniging Rembrandt (Rembrandt Association) is a Dutch association of art patrons who raise funds to assist Dutch museums and art galleries in purchasing artworks. Since it was founded in 1883, it has helped purchase over two thousand works, including Vermeer's The Milkmaid.

## History

The 19th century saw a major exodus of Dutch art out of the country. In 1883 the 'de Vos' drawings collection came to auction, but remained out of reach of any Dutch museum's budget. A few private individuals in Amsterdam founded the Vereniging before the auction was completed and managed to help keep a large number of major drawings from the collection in the Netherlands. Its initial aims were to fund the conservation of Dutch artworks already in the Netherlands and buying back ones from abroad, though it is no longer limited to works by Rembrandt, and other 17th century Dutch Golden Age painters.
Its current aims include helping to acquire works for public collections in the Netherlands and/or supporting acquisitions by Dutch galleries and museums. Initially the Vereniging only loaned the funds, to be repaid later by the state or by the museum or gallery itself, but later donations were given to purchase works both in the Netherlands and overseas, both Dutch and non-Dutch works. After 1945 it expanded its remit from old masters to modern art and an educational aim was added in 2002.
It began with 250 members, rising to 300 by 1907, 900 by 1983, over 12,650 by the end of 2015 and around 15,700 members by the end of 2018. Museums supported by the Vereniging give free entry to their permanent displays to its members. Its other income streams include donations, bequests, returns on its investments and since 1960 an annual contribution from the Prins Bernhard Cultuurfonds.

## Selected campaigns

* 1885 - Provinciaal Museum van Oudheden (now known as the Drents Museum) in Drenthe - helped to buy eight medieval fonts
* 1887 - Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam - helped to purchase a silver drinking-bowl by Adam van Vianen
* 1931 - Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen - The Wayfarer by Hieronymus Bosch
* 1967 - Stedelijk Museum in Amsterdam - Cut-out by Henri Matisse
* 1976 - Rijksmuseum - helped buy a guild cup, again by van Vianen
* 2014 - Rijksmuseum - 4 million Euros to help buy a bronze bacchante by Adriaen de Vries
* 2015 - Rijksmuseum - 5 million Euros to help buy Rembrandt's marriage portraits of Marten Soolmans and Oopjen Coppit, which were ultimately bought jointly by the Rijksmuseum and the Louvre
* 2019-2021 - Rijksmuseum - 15 million Euros to help buy Rembrandt's Standard Bearer
# Vermilion Lake gold rush

The Vermilion Lake gold rush was a small gold rush to Lake Vermilion, Minnesota, when prospectors found small specks of gold in quartz stone in 1865. It was not profitable to try to process this, so the rush ended in 1866, and the prospectors mostly abandoned their land by 1867. Nonetheless, prospectors returned, spreading word of all the iron that they found, leading to the development of the Minnesotan iron ranges twenty years later, most notably in Shirley, Minnesota.
# Verlus

Verlus is a commune in the Gers department in southwestern France.
# Veronica Gerbi

Veronica Gerbi is an Italian curler.

## Teams
### Women's

| Season | Skip | Third | Second | Lead | Alternate | Coach | Events |
| 2011–12 | Diana Gaspari | Giorgia Apollonio | Chiara Olivieri | Claudia Alverà | Veronica Gerbi | Brian Gray (ECC, WCC) Daniel Rafael (WCC) | ECC 2011 (6th) WCC 2012 (10th) |

### Mixed

| Season | Skip | Third | Second | Lead | Alternate | Events |
| 2009–10 | Lucrezia Salvai | Gianandrea Gallinatto | Veronica Gerbi | Diego Bertoletti | Valentina Cal, Giovanni Battoni | EMxCC 2009 (18th) |
# Vernoil-le-Fourrier

Vernoil-le-Fourrier is a commune in the Maine-et-Loire department in western France.
The commune was formerly called Vernoil, and was officially renamed Vernoil-le-Fourrier on 7 July 2006.
# Vergeylen

Vergeylen is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Nico Vergeylen (born 1968), Belgian table tennis player
* Pierre Vergeylen (1891–?), Belgian footballer
# Vernon Keenan

Vernon Keenan may refer to:
* Vernon Keenan (law enforcement official)
* Vernon Keenan (coaster designer)
# Vernon Keenan (law enforcement official)

Vernon M. Keenan was the director of the Georgia Bureau of Investigation (GBI), the primary investigation and law enforcement agency of the U.S. state of Georgia.
He was voted one of the top 100 most influential Georgians by Georgia Trend magazine. He is a firm supporter of the state's Open Records Act. Keenan joined the GBI in 1973 and was appointed director of the agency in January 2003 by Governor Sonny Perdue. Prior to joining the GBI, he served as a patrolman with the DeKalb County Police Department (November 1972 - June 1973).
After nearly 40 years as a GBI employee and 15 years as its director, Keenan retired from GBI on January 1, 2019.

## Private life

He has been married for 30 years to Joan Thomas Keenan from St. Mary's, Georgia. They live in Cherokee County and have two sons, Mack and Jackson. Vernon Keenan is an Eagle Scout..
# Verreauxia

Verreauxia is the scientific name of two genera of organisms and may refer to:
* Verreauxia (bird), a genus of birds in the family Picidae
* Verreauxia (plant), a genus of plants in the family Goodeniaceae
# Verticordia serrata

Verticordia serrata is a flowering plant in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is a spindly or openly branched shrub with hairy, egg-shaped leaves and flowers which are golden at first, then fade to a greyish colour.

## Description

Verticordia serrata is an openly branched shrub which grows to a height of 1.5 m (5 ft) and which usually has one main branch. Its leaves are either elliptic to egg-shaped and 2.5–6 mm (0.1–0.2 in) long or linear in shape and 6–20 mm (0.2–0.8 in) long, depending on variety, but always have hairy eges.
The flowers are usually scented and are arranged in corymb-like groups on erect stalks from 3–8 mm (0.1–0.3 in) long with the longest stalks on the lowest flowers in each group. The floral cup is 0.5–1.0 mm (0.02–0.04 in) long, warty and glabrous. The sepals spread widely, are golden-yellow, turning greyish with age, 2.5–3.5 mm (0.098–0.14 in) long, with 6 to 8 hairy lobes. The petals are a similar colour to the sepals, 2.5–4 mm (0.1–0.2 in) long and egg-shaped with a toothed margin. The style is 2–4 mm (0.08–0.2 in) long, straight and glabrous. Flowering time differs, depending on the variety.

## Taxonomy and naming

This species was first formally described by John Lindley in 1839 and given the name Chrysohoe serrata. The description was published in A Sketch of the Vegetation of the Swan River Colony. In 1841, Johannes Conrad Schauer changed the name to Verticordi serrata.
Alex George undertook a review of the genus Verticordia in 1991 and described three varieties of this species:
* Verticordia serrata Schauer var. serrata which has elliptic to egg-shaped leaves with hairs up to 0.5 mm (0.02 in) long and a style that is up to 2.8 mm (0.11 in) long, and flowers from October to January;
* Verticordia serrata var. ciliata A.S.George which has similar leaves to var. serrata but longer leaf hairs and a longer style, flowering from September to December;
* Verticordia serrata var. linearis A.S.George which has linear-shaped, pointed leaves and flowers from September to October.
George placed this species in subgenus Chrysoma, section Sigalantha along with V. integra.

## Distribution and habitat

This verticordia occurs in the south-west of Western Australia, each variety with a different range. The most widespread is var. serrata which occurs from near Perth, inland as far as Koonadgin and as far east in coastal areas as Raventhorpe. All grow in sand, often with gravel, loam or clay in shrubland and woodland, often with other species of verticordia.

## Conservation

Variety linearis is classified as "Priority Three" meaning that it is poorly known and known from only a few locations but is not under imminent threat. The other two varieties are classified as "not threatened".

## Use in horticulture

All three varieties can be propagated from cuttings, but var. linearis is the easiest to strike. All are described as "ornamental" and "attractive" and also sometimes slow-growing, appear to be hardy when established.
# Vicente de Carvalho, Rio de Janeiro

Vicente de Carvalho is a middle-class neighborhood in the North Zone of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
# Victor Meyer apparatus

The Victor Meyer apparatus is the standard laboratory method for determining the molecular weight of a volatile liquid. It was developed by Viktor Meyer, who spelled his name Victor in publications at the time of its development. In this method, a known mass of a volatile solid or liquid under examination is converted into its vapour form by heating in a Victor Meyer's tube. The vapour displaces its own volume of air. The volume of air displaced at experimental temperature and pressure is calculated. Then volume of air displaced at standard temperature and pressure is calculated. Using this, mass of air displaced at 2.24 × 10$^{−2}$ m$^3$ of vapour at STP is calculated. This value represents the molecular mass of the substance. The apparatus consists of an inner Victor Meyer's tube, lower end of which is in form of a bulb. The upper end of tube has a side tube that leads to a trough filled with water. The Victor Meyer's tube is surrounded by an outer jacket. In the outer jacket, a liquid is placed, which boils at a temperature at least 30 K higher than the substance under examination. A small quantity of glass-wool or asbestos pad covers the lower end of the Victor Meyer's tube to prevent breakage, when a glass bottle containing the substance under examination is dropped to it

## Procedure

The liquid in the outer jacket is heated until no more air escapes from the side tube. Then, a graduated tube filled with water is inverted over the side tube dipping in a trough filled with water. A small quantity of substance is weighed exactly in a small stoppered bottle and is dropped in the Victor Meyer's tube and sealed immediately. The bottle falls on the asbestos pad and its contents suddenly change into vapour, blows out the stopper and displaces an equal volume of air in graduated tube. The volume of air displaced is measured by taking the graduated tube out, closing its mouth with thumb and dipping in a jar filled with water. When water levels inside and outside the tube is equal, the volume of air displaced is noted. The atmospheric pressure and laboratory temperature are noted.

## Victor Meyer method of alcohol distinction

Victor Meyer suggested a method for determining the types of alcohol i.e. (primary, secondary or tertiary). In this method the sample alcohol is treated with PI$_3$ to get the iodoalkane which is again treated with AgNO$_2$ to get the nitroalkane. The nitroalkane is then treated with nitrous acid which is obtained by NaNO$_2$ and HCl. The resulting solution is treated with KOH and the colour is observed. The red, blue and no colour indicates the primary, secondary and tertiary alcohol respectively.
# View on Clapham Common (J. M. W. Turner)

View on Clapham Common is a painting by J.M.W. Turner (23 April 1775 - 19 December 1851), painted c. 1800- 1805.
# Veur-Lent

Veur-Lent is the name of an island in the Dutch river Waal. It is part of the municipality of Nijmegen, situated in the Lent Quarter, north of both the city center and the main channel of the Waal.
Owing to the threat of dike breaches at high water, it was decided in 1995 that more water would need to flow through the river. Because the sharp bend in the Waal at Nijmegen created a bottleneck and restricted the water flow, a three kilometer long parallel gully, called the Spiegelwaal, was dug at this point. This resulted in the creation of the new island.
These activities were started in 2011 and as a result, the water level was lowered by 30 centimeters.
Various bridges were built to the island. The island can be reached by foot from the Waalbrug (Waal Bridge), Spoorbrug (Railway Bridge), the Oversteek, the Zaligebrug (Zalige Bridge) and the Lentloper. The latter was built at a later point from the side of Lent.
There are plans to build homes and shops on the island in the future. The costs of constructing the island amounted to 350 million euros.

## Footnotes

* ↑ Nijmegen krijgt eigen eiland in de Waal, NOS.nl, 29 November 2015
* ↑ Nijmegen met opening nevengeul veilig voor hoogwater, www.gelderlander.nl, 3 December 2015
* ↑ Nijmegen heeft nu eigen eiland in de Waal, RD.nl, 30 November 2015
51°51′15″N 5°51′54″E﻿ / ﻿51.8542°N 5.8650°E﻿ / 51.8542; 5.8650
* This Gelderland location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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* t
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* This article related to a river in the Netherlands is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Veur

Veur is a former municipality in the Dutch province of South Holland. It covered the northwestern part of the current town of Leidschendam.
Veur was a separate municipality between 1817 and 1938, when it merged with Stompwijk to form the new municipality of Leidschendam.
# Victoriano Guisasola y Menéndez

Victoriano Guisasola y Menéndez J.C.D. (21 April 1852 – 2 September 1920) was a Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and an archbishop of Toledo and Primate of Spain.

## Early life and priesthood

Victoriano Guisasola y Menéndez was born in Oviedo, Spain. He was the nephew of Victoriano Guisasola Rodríguez, Archbishop of Santiago de Compostela. He was educated at the Seminary of Oviedo and the University of Santiago de Compostela, where he earned a licentiate in theology and a doctorate in canon law.
He was ordained in 1876 by his uncle. He served as Professor of canon law at the Seminary of Ciudad Real from 1876 until 1882. He was chancellor-secretary to his uncle the bishop of Orihuela from 1882 until 1884. He served as vicar general of Orihuela until 1886.

## Episcopate

He was appointed as bishop of Osma on 15 June 1893 by Pope Leo XIII. He was consecrated on 1 October 1893 at the cathedral of Santiago de Compostela by José María Martín de Herrera y de la Iglesia, Cardinal Archbishop of Compostela. He was transferred to the Diocese of Jaén on 19 April 1897. He was appointed in 1899 as a Senator of the kingdom, a post he held until his death. He was transferred to the diocese of Madrid in December 1901. He was promoted to Archdiocese of Valencia on 14 December 1905. He was finally transferred to the metropolitan and primatial see of Toledo on 1 January 1914 by Pope Pius X.

## Cardinalate

He was made a cardinal in the consistory of 25 May 1914 but Pius X did not assign him a title before his death; his successor, Pope Benedict XV, made him the Cardinal-Priest of Santi Quattro Coronati (the pope's former title). He received the red biretta from King Alfonso XIII of Spain on June 3 of that year. He participated in the conclave of 1914 that elected Pope Benedict XV.
He died in 1920 while still in office and is buried at the chapel of the Seminary of Toledo.

## Recognition

Menéndez was awarded the Order of Isabella the Catholic; he was also recognised by the Academy of History.
Menéndez wrote many letters and newspaper articles during his life. His works are published in 25 volumes.
# Viktor Oskar Tilgner

Viktor Oskar Tilgner (25 October 1844 in Pressburg – 16 April 1896 in Vienna) was an Austrian sculptor and medailleur.

## Life

He was the son of Captain Carl Tilgner. The family moved to Vienna when he was a child. His talent was recognized early by the sculptor Franz Schönthaler [de], who became his first teacher. Then, at the Academy of Fine Arts, he studied under Franz Bauer and Josef Gasser. Later, he was attracted to engraving and worked with the medailleur Joseph Daniel Böhm [de]. One of Tilgner's student's was German sculptor John Walz.
He belonged to the circle of artists around Count Karol Lanckoroński. During the World Exhibition of 1873, he met the French sculptor Gustave Deloye, who strongly influenced his work. The following year, he took a trip to Italy with Hans Makart, whose "realistic academicism" also influenced Tilgner's style. For the last twenty years of his life, he had a large studio in what was originally a greenhouse at the Palais Schwarzenberg
Despite a long-standing heart condition and recurring chest pain, he spent a strenuous day working on his Mozart monument, to get it ready on schedule. He died of a heart attack the next morning. Often considered to be his greatest work, the monument was unveiled a few days after his death. The bulk of his estate was bequeathed to his hometown and is now on display at the Bratislava City Gallery.

## Selected major works

* Statue of Leopold V, Duke of Austria at the Heeresgeschichtliches Museum
* Statue of Peter Paul Rubens at the Künstlerhaus
* Statue of Peter Paul Rubens at the Telfair Academy of Arts and Sciences, Savannah, Georgia
* Statue of Raphael at the Telfair Academy of Arts and Sciences, Savannah, Georgia
* Statues at the Kunsthistorisches Museum: Christian Daniel Rauch, Peter von Cornelius and Moritz von Schwind.
* Statues at the Naturhistorisches Museum: Alexander von Humboldt, Leopold von Buch, Isaac Newton and Carl Linnaeus.
* Statues at the Austrian Parliament building: Archimedes, Marcus Terentius Varro, Homer and Phidias.
* Statues at the Telfair Academy building: Phidias, Raphael and Rembrandt
* Figures at the Burgtheater: Don Juan, Phaidra, Falstaff, Hanswurst, William Shakespeare, Pedro Calderón de la Barca, Molière, Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Friedrich Schiller, Friedrich Hebbel, Franz Grillparzer and Karl Felix Halm.
* Monument for Josef Werndl, Steyr
* Monument for Anton Bruckner in the Stadtpark. Due to vandalism, the female figure was removed and replaced with a simple pedestal.
* Monument for Johann Nepomuk Hummel, Bratislava
* Monument for Dr Johann Nepomuk Prix, Wiener Zentralfriedhof
* Monument for Franz Liszt, Ödenburg
* Peter Paul Rubens
* Hummel Monument
* Werndl Monument
* Bruckner Monument, original version
* Carl Linnaeus
* Dr Johann Nepomuk Prix Monument
* Phidias
# Villa de Madrid Indoor Meeting

Villa De Madrid Indoor Meeting is an annual indoor track and field competition which takes place in February in Madrid, Spain. The event was first held at the Gallur Municipality Sport Complex in 2016 and is currently an World Athletics Indoor Tour meeting.

## Editions

Villa de Madrid Indoor Meeting editions :
| Ed. | Name | Date |
| 1st | 2016 Reunión Internacional de Atletismo en Pista Cubierta | 26 Feb 2016 |
| 2nd | 2017 Meeting Internacional de Atletismo Villa de Madrid | 24 Feb 2017 |
| 3rd | 2018 Villa de Madrid Indoor Meeting | 8 Feb 2018 |
| 4th | 2019 Villa de Madrid Indoor Meeting | 8 Feb 2019 |
| 5th | 2020 Villa de Madrid Indoor Meeting | 21 Feb 2020 |
| 6th | 2021 Villa de Madrid Indoor Meeting | 24 Feb 2021 |
| 7th | 2022 Villa de Madrid Indoor Meeting | 2 Mar 2022 |
| 8th | 2023 Villa de Madrid Indoor Meeting | 22 Feb 2023 |
| 9th | 2024 Villa de Madrid Indoor Meeting | 23 Feb 2024 |

## Meeting records
### Men

Men's meeting records of the Villa de Madrid Indoor Meeting :
| Event | Record | Athlete | Nationality | Date | Meet |
| 60 m | 6.44 | Ronnie Baker | United States | 21 February 2020 | 2020 |
| 400 m | 45.19 | Bralon Taplin | Grenada | 24 February 2017 | 2017 |
| 800 m | 1:45.00 | Catalin Tecuceanu | Italy | 23 February 2024 | 2024 |
| 1500 m | 3:33.69 | Yared Nuguse | United States | 22 February 2023 | 2023 |
| 3000 m | 7:34.03 | Selemon Barega | Ethiopia | 2 March 2022 | 2022 |
| 60 m hurdles | 7.29 WR | Grant Holloway | United States | 24 February 2021 | 2021 |
| Pole vault | 5.85 m | Konstantinos Filippidis | Greece | 8 February 2018 | 2018 |
| Long jump | 8.41 m | Juan Miguel Echevarría | Cuba | 21 February 2020 | 2020 |
| Triple jump | 17.52 m | Jordan Díaz | Spain | 23 February 2024 | 2024 |
| Shot put | 22.16 m | Rajindra Campbell | Jamaica | 23 February 2024 | 2024 |

### Women

Women's meeting records of the Villa de Madrid Indoor Meeting :
| Event | Record | Athlete | Nationality | Date | Meet |
| 60 m | 7.08 | Aminatou Seyni | Niger | 22 February 2023 | 2023 |
| 400 m | 51.11 | Andrea Miklós | Romania | 23 February 2024 | 2024 |
| 800 m | 1:58.94 | Habitam Alemu | Ethiopia | 24 February 2021 | 2021 |
| 1000 m | 2:33.06 | Genzebe Dibaba | Ethiopia | 24 February 2017 | 2017 |
| 1500 m | 3:57.38 | Gudaf Tsegay | Ethiopia | 2 March 2022 | 2022 |
| 3000 m | 8:22.65 | Gudaf Tsegay | Ethiopia | 24 February 2021 | 2021 |
| 60 m hurdles | 7.68 | Devynne Charlton | Bahamas | 23 February 2024 | 2024 |
| High jump | 2.00 m | Mariya Lasitskene | Russia | 8 February 2018 | 2018 |
| Pole vault | 4.91 m | Anzhelika Sidorova | Russia | 8 February 2019 | 2019 |
| Long jump | 6.67 m | Lorraine Ugen | Great Britain | 2 March 2022 | 2022 |
| Triple jump | 15.43 m | Yulimar Rojas | Venezuela | 21 February 2020 | 2020 |
| Shot put | 19.76 | Sarah Mitton | Canada | 22 February 2023 | 2023 |