OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Luke Belton

Luke Belton (9 August 1918 – 18 June 2006) was an Irish Fine Gael politician.
A publican from Rathcline, County Longford, he unsuccessfully contested the 1961 general election and was first elected to Dáil Éireann as a Fine Gael Teachta Dála (TD) for the Dublin North-Central constituency at the 1965 general election. He continued to be re-elected for the constituency (renamed Dublin Finglas in 1977) until losing his seat at the 1981 general election when he stood in the Dublin Central constituency. He was again unsuccessful at the February 1982 election and the 1987 general election and then retired from politics.
He was defeated in the Seanad election of 1981, but was elected to the Administrative Panel of the 16th Seanad in early 1982, and re-elected to serve in the 17th Seanad from 1983 to 1987.
He died in 2006, aged 87.
A number of other Belton family members have also served in the Oireachtas
# Kathleen Mannington Caffyn

Kathleen Mannington Caffyn, née Hunt (c. 1855 – 6 February 1926) was an Irish-Australian novelist.

## Life

Kathleen was born in County Tipperary, Ireland, daughter of William de Vere Hunt, and related to Aubrey de Vere, the poet. She was educated by English and German governesses and moved to London at about 21 years of age. She trained as a nurse and married in 1879 Stephen Mannington Caffyn, a medical practitioner (1851–1896), who was born at Salehurst, Sussex. She moved with him to Sydney in 1880.
In 1883 they went to Melbourne, where Dr Caffyn had suburban practices, and lived in Brighton until 1892, when they returned to London. Mrs Mannington Caffyn was a founder of the District Nursing Society in Victoria and served on its committee for around two years. Caffyn had a love of horses and kept up her interest in hunting and polo until her death in Turin, Italy on 6 February 1926. She was survived by a son.

## Writings

Mrs Caffyn contributed a story of some 60 pages to Cooee: Tales of Australian Life by Australian Ladies (1891), and wrote a novel A Yellow Aster, which was published in London in 1894 under the pseudonym "Iota", but had been written in Australia, as the saga of a free-thinking, agnostic family. It had immediate success and was quickly followed by Children of Circumstance (1892) and some 15 other volumes in the 20 years that followed. These included A Quaker Grandmother (1896), Anne Mauleverer (1899), He for God Only (1903), and Patricia: a Mother (1903), which rank among her better novels and were popular in their time. All her novels except her first were written after her return to England. Her last novel was Merry Mirrilies (1916).
In Australia her husband contributed to The Bulletin in its early days, and published Miss Milne and I (1889), a novel which ran into two or three editions. This was followed by Poppy's Tears (1890). He also wrote a few medical pamphlets.

## Reminiscence

Caffyn Place in the Canberra suburb of Garran is named in her honour.
# Iris histrio

Iris histrio, the Syrian iris, is a species in the genus Iris, it is classified in the subgenus Hermodactyloides and section Reticulatae. It is a bulbous perennial from Central Asia: Kyrgyzstan, Israel, Lebanon, Syria and southern Turkey.
It was first collected by Charles Gaillardot in Lebanon in 1854. In 1873, Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach (Rchb.f) wrote about the bulb in his 'Botanische Notizen'. This then joined the subspecies of iris reticulata, which has now been grouped with other under the subgenus of Hermodactyloides.
It is commonly known as the Syrian iris.
Iris histrio is an accepted name by the RHS.
It has baby blue flowers with intricate markings, shading to purplish blue at the base.
Like other members of the Reticulatae group, such as Iris vartanii and Iris danfordiae, it throws out a very large number of small bulbils round the base of the bulb. If these are planted separately in a reserve ground, they will develop into flowering bulbs in the course of two or three years. Seedlings of I. vartani certainly, and of I. histrio normally needs protection at all times, especially in the UK.
It can grow in loamy soils.

## Native

Originally located in Kyrgyzstan. It can also be found in Israel, Lebanon, Syria and as far west as southern Turkey. It's a commonly found plant in Lebanon compared to Iris sofarana and Iris cedreti which are considered to be highly threatened species in Lebanon.

## Subspecies

Iris histrio has been separated into two subspecies by Mathew (1989) as subsp. histrio and subsp. aintabensis because of variations in leaf, perigon tube and segment measurements.
Iris histrio subsp. aintabensis has pale smaller blue flowers that are splashed darker on the falls and with a yellow or orange ridge. It is reported to be easier to grow than the species. Also known as Iris histrio var. aintabensis. It was found in the rocky scrublands of southern Turkey, in the Gaziantep-Maras region.
Iris histrio subsp. atropurpurea (Dykes) has purple flowers but with no markings on the falls. Found in 1913. This is now thought, to be a synonym of Iris reticulata var. reticulata.
# Petritoli

Petritoli is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Fermo in the Italian region Marche, located about 90 kilometres (56 mi) south of Ancona and about 50 kilometres (31 mi) north of Ascoli Piceno.
Petritoli borders the following municipalities: Carassai, Monte Giberto, Monte Vidon Combatte, Montefiore dell'Aso, Monterubbiano, Ponzano di Fermo. It is one of I Borghi più belli d'Italia ("The most beautiful villages of Italy").

## Twin towns

* Vidor, Italy
# Millhouses engine shed

Millhouses engine shed was an engine shed in Millhouses, Sheffield. It was built by the Midland Railway in 1901 as Ecclesall engine shed, to serve the Midland Main Line. It was used mainly to stable passenger and mixed-traffic locomotives for use on trains from the nearby Sheffield Midland station. The shed was built next to Millhouses railway station; it had 8 dead end roads, and could handle about forty steam locomotives. Ecclesall shed was renamed Millhouses in 1920. Millhouses bore the shed code 25A, then 19B in 1935 and finally 41C in 1958.

## Locomotives

During LMS ownership the shed was home mostly to 4-4-0 engines until the arrival of Jubilee steam engines in 1937. In 1959 the shed had an allocation of thirty-three engines, including twelve Jubilee steam engines. 1960 saw the arrival of seven Royal Scots.

## Closure

Millhouses shed closed on 1 January 1962, the shed's remaining engines were transferred to Canklow, Barrow Hill Engine Shed and Staveley Great Central.
In December 2015 it was demolished and the site is now on the market as development land.
The former shed yard is now the home of the large Tesco supermarket on Abbeydale Road
# Olympus E-420

The Olympus E-420 (or Olympus EVOLT E-420 in North America) is a 10 megapixel digital single-lens reflex (DSLR) camera made by Olympus. The camera conforms to the Four Thirds System standard, and together with its siblings in the E-4XX series, it is marketed as the smallest DSLR in the world.

## Features

As with the E-400 (in Europe only) and E-410 before it, the E-420 is notable for its portability, especially when coupled with the simultaneously released Olympus 25mm f2.8 pancake lens. In addition to being based on the inherently more compact Four-Thirds system, its diminutive size is achieved by the use of a substantially smaller right hand grip than found on most dSLRs (similar to the grip design used on the E-400 and E-410, but with an added "ridge" for comfort and stability), as well as the continued exclusion of Olympus' well-known sensor-shift image stabilization from the package.
The E-420 uses Olympus' Supersonic Wave Filter to remove dust from the surface of the image sensor.
The E-420 was announced in March 2008 to replace the E-410, and shipping started two months later. In North America, it is marketed as the EVOLT E-420.
Advantages over the E-410 include Face Detection Technology for up to 8 faces, Imager AF (contrast-detect autofocus) in Live View mode with certain lenses (which provides 11 autofocus points as opposed to the usual 3), a redesigned grip, Shadow Adjustment Technology for greater perceived dynamic range, and wireless flash control for up to 3 flash units.

## Storage

According to the official specification, the E-420 can accept up to an 8 GB CF memory card.

## Gallery

* Front view, body only.
* Rear view.
* Top view.
* With 40–150 mm kit lens.
# RAF Rednal

Royal Air Force Rednal, or more simply RAF Rednal, is a former Royal Air Force station located near Oswestry in Shropshire, England.

## History
### R.A.F. use

The airfield was laid out in 1941. It involved the requisition of much farmland, notably at Haughton to the south where the perimeter track ran along the back of the Haughton Farm and only a few yards away from the farmhouse was a storage area holding 9,000 gallons of high octane aircraft fuel. Because of the latter home's closeness to the flight path, it was given by the RAF a reinforced steel kitchen table under which occupants could shelter in emergencies.
It began operational use the following year, when the airfield was initially a training base for Supermarine Spitfire pilots. At its highest strength it had 1,600 servicemen and women stationed there, accommodated in huts dispersed widely among the woods and fields for a considerable distance. The remote station arranged special stops at the nearest railway line for trains to embark or disembark personnel.
In the summer of 1944 it accepted wounded personnel from the Normandy landings for onward transmission to military hospitals elsewhere in Shropshire. In 1945 the services provided by the station were removed to Keevil, Wiltshire and the airfield was vacated in 1946 although it was not sold by the Air Ministry until 1962.

### Units stationed

The following units were here at some point:
* No. 6 Anti-Aircraft Co-operation Unit RAF
* No. 7 Anti-Aircraft Co-operation Unit RAF
* No. 61 Operational Training Unit RAF
** 'Q' Flight RAF was reformed here during October 1943 as part of No. 61 OTU and operated Gloster Gladiators and Vickers Wellingtons before being disbanded still here during January 1944
* No. 2803 Squadron RAF Regiment

### Present day

Many of the station outbuildings were extant as of 2013 and the airfield held the headquarters of The Classic and Vintage Aeroplane Company who operated displays of restored vintage aircraft at air shows and other major events.

## Memorials

At the roadside at the entrance to the airfield is a memorial stone with plaque to a Belgian pilot, Jean Joseph Albert Noizet who was killed in a training flight from Rednal on 22 August 1943 when his aircraft crashed into woods near Lilleshall, Shropshire. On an outbuilding of Haughton Farm (private property, above mentioned) is a plaque in memory of another trainee pilot, Sergeant Pilot S.P. Lister who was killed on 8 September 1942 when his Spitfire, while taking off from a runway, crash landed on the premises.
# Monsteroideae

Monsteroideae is a subfamily of flowering plants in the family Araceae.
This subfamily is notable for having many trichosclereids in the vegetative and floral parts of the plants, but rarely in the roots.

## Tribes and genera
### Monotypic tribes

* Anadendreae: genus Anadendrum - SE Asia
* Heteropsideae: genus Heteropsis - S America

### Monstereae

* Alloschemone - Amazon region (Bolivia, Brazil)
* Amydrium - SE Asia
* Epipremnum - Himalayas, SE Asia to Australia
* Monstera – tropical Americas and common houseplants
* Rhaphidophora - tropical Africa, Asia to W. Pacific.
* Rhodospatha – tropical Americas
* Scindapsus - SE Asia, New Guinea, Queensland, W Pacific Islands
* Stenospermation - central and South America

### Spathiphylleae

* Holochlamys - New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago
* Spathiphyllum - tropical Americas, SE Asia including the Philippines and east of the Wallace line
# Nizam Diamond

The Nizam Diamond, also known as the "little Koh-i-Noor", was a famous diamond in the 1800s. Its whereabouts today are unknown. It was named after its original owner Mir Osman Ali Khan, the last Nizam of Hyderabad. The diamond is said to have been around 340 carats (68 g) in size, and was mined from the now-submerged Kollur mine in the Krishna River valley in the year 1830.
Richard Francis Burton described it in an 1876 article:
   The stone is said to be of the finest water. An outline of the model gives a maximum length of 1 inch 10'25 lines, and 1 inch 2 lines for the greatest breadth, with conformable thickness throughout. The face is slightly convex, and the cleavage plane produced by the fracture is nearly flat, with a curious slope or groove beginning at the apex. The general appearance is an imperfect oval, with only one projection which will require the saw: it will easily cut into a splendid brilliant, larger and more valuable than the present Koh-i-núr. [The Koh-i-noor diamond was cut down from 191 modern carats (38.2 g) to 105.6 carats (21.1 g) in 1852.]
The stone went missing shortly after the 1948 Annexation of Hyderabad.
# Psilocybe ferrugineolateritia

Psilocybe ferrugineolateritia is a dark-spored agaric mushroom first described by the American mycologist Alexander H. Smith in an article titled "New and unusual dark-spored agarics from North America", published in the Journal of the Mitchell Society in December 1946.
# Caffeic acid phenethyl ester

Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) is a natural phenolic chemical compound. It is the ester of caffeic acid and phenethyl alcohol.

## Natural occurrences

CAPE is found in a variety of plants. It is also a component of propolis from honeybee hives.

## Potential pharmacology

A variety of in vitro pharmacology and effects in animal models have been reported for CAPE, but their clinical significance is unknown. It has antimitogenic, anticarcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties in vitro. Another study also showed that CAPE suppresses acute immune and inflammatory responses in vitro. This anti-cancer effect was also seen when mice skin was treated with bee propolis and exposed to TPA, a chemical that induced skin papillomas. CAPE significantly reduced the number of papillomas.
Recent study suggest that CAPE can also help in reducing oxidative stress caused by traumatic brain injury.
# Iphiseius

Iphiseius is a genus of mites in the Phytoseiidae family.

## Species

* Iphiseius degenerans (Berlese, 1889)
* Iphiseius martigellus El-Badry, 1968
# Petrivka

Petrivka may refer to several places in Ukraine:
* Petrivka, Kyiv, the historical neighborhood in Ukrainian capital Kyiv, as well as some notable objects located there, including:
** Petrivka Railway Station, railway station
* Petrivka, Khmelnytskyi Oblast, a village in Khmelnytskyi Raion of Khmelnytskyi Oblast
* Petrivka, Bakhmut Raion, Donetsk Oblast, an urban-type settlement in Donetsk Oblast
* Petrivka, Volnovakha Raion, Donetsk Oblast, a village in Donetsk Oblast
* Petrivka, Luhansk Oblast, an urban-type settlement in Luhansk Oblast
* Petrivka, Odesa Oblast, an urban-type settlement in Odesa Oblast
* Petrivka, Poltava Oblast [uk], a village in Poltava Oblast
* Petrivka, name of several other villages in Ukraine
# Lon Cardon

Lon Ray Cardon FMedSci is an American human geneticist who is President and Chief Executive Officer of The Jackson Laboratory. Previous to joining The Jackson Laboratory in 2021, he had roles as Chief Scientific Officer and Chief Scientific Strategy Officer at BioMarin Pharmaceutical and senior vice president at GlaxoSmithKline, where he worked to translate the results of genetic research regarding the causes of human diseases into improved medical treatments. Prior to his work in the pharmaceutical industry, he conducted academic research on the genetic basis of human diseases, serving as full professor at the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom from 1998 to 2006, and at the University of Washington and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in the United States from 2006 to 2008.
Cardon conducted his PhD research at the Institute for Behavior Genetics at the University of Colorado Boulder and received his postdoctoral training in the department of mathematics at Stanford University. He was elected to the Academy of Medical Sciences in 2005. He is also a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and a former Wellcome Trust Principal Research Fellow.
His research groups helped to create the present global genomics research infrastructure, including co-founding the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium and yielding the first Genome-Wide Association Studies.
# Military ranks of China

Military ranks of China can refer to:

## Military ranks of the People's Republic of China

* Ranks of the People's Liberation Army Ground Force
* Ranks of the People's Liberation Army Navy
* Ranks of the People's Liberation Army Air Force

## Military ranks of the Republic of China

* Republic of China Armed Forces rank insignia
# Olympus E-500

The Olympus E-500 (Olympus EVOLT E-500 in North America) is an 8-megapixel digital SLR camera manufactured by Olympus of Japan and based on the Four Thirds System. It was announced on 26 September 2005. Like the E-300 launched the previous year, it uses a Full Frame Transfer (17.3 x 13 mm) Kodak KAF-8300CE CCD imaging chip.

## Features

Unlike the E-300 and the E-300's successor, the Olympus E-330, the E-500 retains the traditional SLR appearance, with a humped pentamirror box instead of the E-300's unique Porro mirror arrangement. The mirror box also bears the onboard flash. The viewfinder hump means the E-500 is taller than the E-300, but in other dimensions it is smaller.
The E-500 uses Olympus' patented Supersonic Wave Filter dust reduction system to shake dust from the sensor during startup and when requested by the user; this largely eliminates the problem of dust accumulation on the surface of the image sensor. Image processing is done with Olympus' TruePic Turbo system.
Improvements over the E-300 include a 2.5-inch (64 mm) rear LCD screen, 49 zone metering (the E-300's total is undocumented, but believed to be 3), spot metering, an RGB histogram to identify clipping across the three color channels in post-shot review, optional improved noise filtering for low-light photography, and the ability to apply software color filters in black-and-white shooting.
In a buyers guide distributed by the UK Digital SLR magazine (December 06, 2nd edition), the Olympus E-500 camera was identified as an intermediate digital SLR camera — capable of functioning as a professional tool in most situations, well above what the average street price of £379 (at time of article) reflects.
The E-500 was available in five different packages in the United States; these were:
* Body only (no lens)
* Body plus 14–45 mm Zuiko Digital lens
* Body plus 17.5–45 mm Zuiko Digital lens
* Body plus 14–45 mm and 40–150 mm Zuiko Digital lenses
* Body plus 17.5–45 mm and 40–150 mm Zuiko Digital lenses (Costco in-store package)
The successor to the E-500 is the E-510. Released in 2007, the E-510 provides several feature improvements including a new 10-megapixel Live MOS Sensor with claimed lower image noise at high ISO compared to the E-500, LiveView and in-body Image Stabilization in approximately the same body size as the E-500.
# Outline of calculus

Calculus is a branch of mathematics focused on limits, functions, derivatives, integrals, and infinite series. This subject constitutes a major part of contemporary mathematics education. Calculus has widespread applications in science, economics, and engineering and can solve many problems for which algebra alone is insufficient.

## Branches of calculus

* Differential calculus
* Integral calculus
* Multivariable calculus
* Fractional calculus
* Differential Geometry

## History of calculus

* History of calculus
* Important publications in calculus

## General calculus concepts

* Continuous function
* Derivative
* Fundamental theorem of calculus
* Integral
* Limit
* Non-standard analysis
* Partial derivative
* Infinite Series

## Calculus scholars

* Sir Isaac Newton
* Gottfried Leibniz

## Calculus lists

* List of calculus topics
# Labūnava Reservoir

The Labūnava Reservoir is an artificial lake in Kėdainiai District Municipality, in central Lithuania. It is located 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) south from Kėdainiai, next to Labūnava village. It was created in 1977, when a dam on the Barupė river was built next to Labūnava village. In 2003, the dam was reconstructed and a small hydroelectric plant (of 160 kW) built.
The banks of the reservoir are curvy, often overgrown by reed beds. The reservoir is mostly surrounded by agriculture lands, but a small section of the Labūnava Forest is located nearby. The reservoir water is used for irrigation.
# Kitchen rudder

The Kitchen rudder is the familiar name for "Kitchen's Patent Reversing Rudders", a combination rudder and directional propulsion delivery system for relatively slow speed displacement boats which was invented in the early 20th century by John G. A. Kitchen of Lancashire, England. It turns the rudder into a directional thruster, and allows the engine to maintain constant revolutions and direction of drive shaft rotation while altering thrust by use of a control which directs thrust forward or aft. Only the rudder pivots; the propeller itself is on a fixed shaft and does not.
"Kitchener gear" or "Kitchener rudder" have been common misnomers for the Kitchen rudder.
It is held under British Provisional Patent No. 3249/1914 and US Patent No. 1186210 (1916) and has been improved with the design in US Patent 4895093 (1990).

## Description

The rudder consists of a pair of slightly conical (usually but not always - designs vary), semi-cones mounted on a pivot either side of the propeller with the long axis of the cone running fore and aft when the helm is midships. They are pivoted about a vertical axis such that the cone may close off the propeller thrust aft of the propeller, directing the thrust forwards and thus creating motion astern.
In addition to the "jaws" of the cone being controlled the direction of thrust is also controlled by rudder direction. In this way, it is unlike the azimuth thrusters used on many medium and large vessels, or the outboard motors or stern drives used by some small boats, since these all use the directed thrust to avoid the need of a rudder altogether.
Modern equivalent include certain types of pump jets or Kort nozzle.
While not strictly Kitchen rudder technology, the "bucket" on some aircraft jet engines is an aeronautical derivative of the device. When the deflectors are deployed, directing thrust forwards, they are equivalent to the Kitchen rudder in the "full astern" position.

## Operation

The operation of the Kitchen rudder is performed with the propeller engaged, even when the boat is stationary. The rudder is controlled by a small wheel on the tiller.

### Neutral

The engine is brought up to speed with the drive to the propeller engaged and with the Kitchen rudder in the "neutral" position. This is a position where an equal quantity of thrust is aimed forward and aft. Each vessel will have a unique "neutral" position.

### Moving ahead

The Kitchen gear is opened up to direct an increasing proportion of thrust aft. As the balance changes the vessel will move ahead.

### Moving astern

The Kitchen gear is closed to direct an increasing proportion of thrust forward. As the balance changes the vessel will move astern.