OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Koenigs–Knorr reaction

The Koenigs–Knorr reaction in organic chemistry is the substitution reaction of a glycosyl halide with an alcohol to give a glycoside. It is one of the oldest glycosylation reactions. It is named after Wilhelm Koenigs (1851–1906), a student of von Baeyer and fellow student with Hermann Emil Fischer, and Edward Knorr, a student of Koenigs.
In its original form, Koenigs and Knorr treated acetobromoglucose with alcohols in the presence of silver carbonate. Shortly afterwards Fischer and Armstrong reported very similar findings.
In the above example, the stereochemical outcome is determined by the presence of the neighboring group at C2 that lends anchimeric assistance, resulting in the formation of a 1,2-trans stereochemical arrangement. Esters (e.g. acetyl, benzoyl, pivalyl) generally provide good anchimeric assistance, whereas ethers (e.g. benzyl, methyl etc.) do not, leading to mixtures of stereoisomers.

## Mechanism

In the first step of the mechanism, the glycosyl bromide reacts with silver carbonate upon elimination of silver bromide and the silver carbonate anion to the oxocarbenium ion. From this structure a dioxolanium ring is formed, which is attacked by methanol via an SN $_2$ mechanism at the carbonyl carbon atom. This attack leads to the inversion. After deprotonation of the intermediate oxonium, the product glycoside is formed.
The reaction can also be applied to carbohydrates with other protecting groups. In the oligosaccharide synthesis in place of the methanol other carbohydrates are used, which have been modified with protective groups in such a way that only one hydroxyl group is accessible.

## History

The method was later transferred by Emil Fischer and Burckhardt Helferich to other chloro-substituted purines and produced thus for the first time synthetic nucleosides. It was later improved and modified by numerous chemists.

## Alternative reactions

Generally, the Koenigs–Knorr reaction refers to the use of glycosyl chlorides, bromides and more recently iodides as glycosyl donors. The Koenigs–Knorr reaction can be performed with alternative promoters such as various heavy metal salts including mercuric bromide/mercuric oxide, mercuric cyanide and silver triflate. When mercury salts are used, the reaction is normally called the Helferich method. Other glycosidation methods are Fischer glycosidation, use of glycosyl acetates, thioglycosides, glycosyl trichloroacetimidates, glycosyl fluorides or n-pentenyl glycosides as glycosyl donors, or intramolecular aglycon delivery.
# Gabon at the 1996 Summer Olympics

Gabon competed at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, United States.

## Competitors

The following is the list of number of competitors in the Games.
| Sport | Men | Women | Total |
| Athletics | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| Boxing | 2 | – | 2 |
| Judo | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Total | 6 | 1 | 7 |

## Athletics
### Track and road events

| Athletes | Events | Heat Round 1 | Heat Round 1 | Heat Round 2 | Heat Round 2 | Semifinal | Semifinal | Final | Final |
| Athletes | Events | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank |
| Patrick Mocci-Raoumbé | 100 m | 10.87 | 86 | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance |
| Antoine Boussombo | 200 m | 21.06 | 56 | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance |
| Patrick Mocci-Raoumbé Antoine Boussombo Charles Tayot Eric Ebang Zué | 4 × 100 m | 39.97 | 21 | N/A | N/A | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance |

## Boxing
### Men

| Athlete | Event | Round of 32 | Round of 16 | Quarterfinal | Semifinal | Final |
| Athlete | Event | Opposition Result | Opposition Result | Opposition Result | Opposition Result | Opposition Result |
| Guy-Elie Boulingui | Flyweight | Ballo (INA) L 6-2 | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance |
| Julio Mboumba | Lightweight | Doroftei (ROM) L (RSC-2) | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance |

## Judo
### Women

| Athlete | Event | Round of 32 | Round of 16 | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Repechage 1 | Repechage 2 | Repechage 3 | Final / BM | Final / BM |
| Athlete | Event | Opposition Result | Opposition Result | Opposition Result | Opposition Result | Opposition Result | Opposition Result | Opposition Result | Opposition Result | Rank |
| Mélanie Engoang | −66 kg | BYE | Aneta Szczepańska (POL) L 0000–1000 | did not advance | did not advance | BYE | Rowena Sweatman (GBR) L 0000–1000 | did not advance | did not advance | 9 |
# Paolo Buzzi

Paolo Buzzi (15 February 1874 in Milan – 18 February 1956) was an Italian futurist playwright and poet.

## Biography

Buzzi studied law in Pavia, and at the same time attended lectures in literature. In 1891, he won the milanese Concorso di Poesia award. In 1898 with Rapsodie leopardiane his poetry career begun in ernest. In 1905 he won the title of Best Italian Language Poet in a competition in the literary magazine Poesia, founded by Marinetti and Sem Benelli. He started thus to write for Poesia, and became a noted futurist, experimenting with poetical and theatrical form. He also tried filming. In later years he left the futurist work ethos and worked with traditional forms of poetry.

## Works

* Poesie leopardiane 1898, Galli e Raimondi, Milan
* L'esilio, 1906, Galli e Raimondi, Milan
* Aeroplani, 1909, Edizioni di "Poesia", Milan
* Versi liberi Treves, 1913, Milan
* L'Elisse e la spirale, 1915, Edizioni di "Poesia", Milan
* Bel canto, 1916, Studio Editoriale, Lombardo
* Popolo, canta così! 1920, Facchi, Milan
* Poema dei quarantanni, 1922, Edizioni di "Poesia", Milan
* Canti per le chiese vuote, 1930, Foligno Campitelli
* Poema di radioonde, 1940
* Atomiche, 1950
# Nanping (disambiguation)

Nanping (南平) is a prefecture-level city in Fujian, China.
Nanping may also refer to:

## Modern locations
### Towns

* Nanping, Lintao (南屏), a town in Lintao County, Gansu, China
* Nanping, Guangdong (南屏), a town in Xiangzhou District, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
* Nanping, Guangnan County (南屏), a town in Guangnan County, Yunnan, China
* Nanping, Pu'er City (南屏), a town in Simao District, Pu'er City, Yunnan, China
* Nanping, Nan'an District (南坪), a town in Nan'an District, Chongqing, China
* Nanping, Sichuan (南坪), a town created in 2013 in Jiuzhaigou County, Sichuan, China
* Nanping, Anhui (南坪), a town in Suixi County, Anhui, China
* Nanping, Jilin (南坪), a town in Helong, Jilin, China
* Nanping, Nanchuan District (南平), a town in Nanchuan District, Chongqing, China
* Nanping, Gong'an County (南平), a town in Gong'an County, Hubei, China

### Townships

* Nanping Township, Shaanxi (南屏乡), a township in Ningqiang County, Shaanxi, China
* Nanping Township, Zhejiang (南屏乡), a township in Tiantai County, Zhejiang, China
* Nanping Township, Guangxi (南屏乡), a township in Shangsi County, Guangxi, China
* Nanping Township, Hubei (南坪乡), a township in Lichuan, Hubei, China
* Nanping Township, Gansu (南坪乡), a township in Zhuanglang County, Gansu, China
* Nanping Township, Sichuan (南坪乡), a township in Xuanhan County, Sichuan, China

### Subdistricts

* Nanping, Changde (南坪街道), Wuling District, Changde City, Hunan Province

### Railway stations

* Nanping Station (南坪站), a Chongqing Rail Transit station in Nanping, Nan'an District, Chongqing, China

## Former locations

* Jingnan, a 10th-century kingdom during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, also known as Nanping
* Yanping District in Nanping City, formerly known as Nanping District
* Jiuzhaigou County in Sichuan, China, formerly known as Nanping County
# Cayman Islands at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships

Cayman Islands competed at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships in Shanghai, China between July 16 and 31, 2011.

## Swimming

Cayman Islands qualified 2 swimmers.

### Men

| Athlete | Event | Heats | Heats | Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final |
| Athlete | Event | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank |
| Brett Fraser | Men's 50m Freestyle | 22.65 | 25 | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance |
| Brett Fraser | Men's 100m Freestyle | 48.98 | 17 | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance |
| Shaune Fraser | Men's 200m Freestyle | 1:47.73 | 10 Q | 1:48.46 | 14 | did not advance | did not advance |
| Shaune Fraser | Men's 100m Butterfly | 54.19 | 38 | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance |
# Paracanthocephaloides

Paracanthocephaloides is a genus in Acanthocephala (thorny-headed worms, also known as spiny-headed worms).

## Taxonomy

The genus was described by Golvan in 1969. The National Center for Biotechnology Information does not indicate that any phylogenetic analysis has been published on any Paracanthocephaloides species that would confirm its position as a unique order in the family Arhythmacanthidae. P. chabanaudi is the type species.

## Description

Paracanthocephaloides species consist of a proboscis covered in hooks and a long trunk without spines.

## Species

The genus Paracanthocephaloides Golvan, 1969 contains six species.
* Paracanthocephaloides bartonae Smales, 2022
Found in Australia and has 14 to 16 rows of 3 large, 7 spiniform hooks on their proboscis.
* Paracanthocephaloides chabanaudi (Dollfus, 1951)
* Paracanthocephaloides hustoni Smales, 2022
Found in Australia and has 12 rows of five to six hooks, two of which are large, and three to four are spiniform.
* Paracanthocephaloides incrassatus (Molin, 1858) Meyer, 1932
* Paracanthocephaloides shamsiae Smales, 2022
Found in Australia and has 12 rows of five to six hooks, two of which are large, and three to four are spiniform.
* Paracanthocephaloides tripathii Golvan, 1969

## Distribution

The distribution of Paracanthocephaloides is determined by that of its hosts.

## Hosts

The life cycle of an acanthocephalan consists of three stages beginning when an infective acanthor (development of an egg) is released from the intestines of the definitive host and then ingested by an arthropod, the intermediate host. Although the intermediate hosts of Paracanthocephaloides are ???. When the acanthor molts, the second stage called the acanthella begins. This stage involves penetrating the wall of the mesenteron or the intestine of the intermediate host and growing. The final stage is the infective cystacanth which is the larval or juvenile state of an Acanthocephalan, differing from the adult only in size and stage of sexual development. The cystacanths within the intermediate hosts are consumed by the definitive host, usually attaching to the walls of the intestines, and as adults they reproduce sexually in the intestines. The acanthor is passed in the feces of the definitive host and the cycle repeats. There may be paratenic hosts (hosts where parasites infest but do not undergo larval development or sexual reproduction) for Paracanthocephaloides.
Paracanthocephaloides parasitizes animals. There are no reported cases of Paracanthocephaloides infesting humans in the English language medical literature.
* Hosts for Paracanthocephaloides species
# Knutzen

Knutzen is a surname. Notable people with this surname include:
* Egill Knutzen (1914–1990), Norwegian fencer
* Jan Knutzen (born 1943), Norwegian documentary filmmaker
* Martin Knutzen (1713–1751), German philosopher
* Matthias Knutzen (1646–after 1674), German atheist
* Thea Knutzen (1930–2016), Norwegian politician
* William Knutzen (1913–1983), Norwegian ceramist
# Catocala relicta

Catocala relicta, the white underwing or relict, is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was first described by Francis Walker in 1858. It lives in southern Canada, from Newfoundland to Vancouver Island, south to Missouri, and Arizona.
The wingspan is 67–75 mm. Adults are on wing from July to September in one generation depending on the location.
The larvae feed on Betula papyrifera, Carya ovata, Populus alba, Populus balsamifera, Populus deltoides, Populus nigra, Populus tremuloides, Quercus species, and Salix species (including Salix eriocephala).

## Subspecies

Catocala relicta elda, recorded from Oregon, was formerly considered a subspecies, but is now thought to be a synonym of Catocala relicta.
# Knutzon

Knutzon is a surname. Notable people with this surname include:
* Jason Knutzon (born 1976), American golfer
* Lars Knutzon (born 1941), Danish actor and director
# Malo Soula

Malo Soula (Serbian: A Little Bit of Soul) is a 1996 album by Serbian pop duo K2. It was released in spring 1996.
The album contains 10 songs. The producers of all the songs off album were sisters Kovač themselves, with Kristina being the main and Aleksandra, a co-producer. The main single was "Dabadamdam", was released in December 1995. In total, three songs were released off the album, and videos were shot for all of the singles.

## Track list

* "Malo Soula" — 3:41
* "Zašto?" — 4:02
* "Sestre" — 3:10
* "Rano je" — 3:56
* "Luda" — 3:38
* "Dabadamdam" — 3:27
* "Dal' i tebi?" — 3:58
* "Biću tvoja devojka" — 3:15
* "Svrha ljubavi" — 4:18
* "Your Woman" — 4:23
# Knutzen Peak

Knutzen Peak is a sharp, rocky summit of elevation 3,373 metres (11,066 ft) standing on the north edge of Taylor Ledge in the Sentinel Range of the Ellsworth Mountains, Antarctica. It surmounts Branscomb Glacier to the east and south.
The peak was named by US-ACAN in 2006 after Donald H. Knutzen, topographic engineer with the U.S. Geological Survey in the Sentinel Range, 1979–80.

## Location

Knutzen Peak is located at 78°29′47″S 85°56′35″W﻿ / ﻿78.49639°S 85.94306°W﻿ / -78.49639; -85.94306, which is 3.83 miles (6.16 km) southwest of Mount Shinn, 3.68 miles (5.92 km) west-northwest of Branscomb Peak and 5.1 miles (8.2 km) north of Brichebor Peak. US mapping in 1961, updated in 1988.
# Malo Selo, Bulgaria

Malo Selo is a village in Bobov Dol Municipality, Kyustendil Province, south-western Bulgaria.
# Parastenomordella

Parastenomordella is a genus of South American beetles in the family Mordellidae, containing the following species:
* Parastenomordella ensifera Franciscolo, 1989
* Parastenomordella flavolongevittata Ermisch, 1950
# Malo Solomona

Malofou Solomona (born 10 May 1987) is a former Samoa international rugby league footballer who plays on the wing for the Point Chevalier Pirates in the Auckland Rugby League.

## Background

Solomona was born in Auckland, New Zealand. He is of Samoan and Maori descent.

## Early years

Solomona attended Mt Albert Grammar School, and played rugby league for the Richmond Rovers club.
Between 2005 and 2006 Solomona spent time in Townsville, as part of the North Queensland Cowboys development squad.
He then returned to the Auckland Rugby League competition and also played for the Auckland Lions at Bartercard Cup level before being signed by the New Zealand Warriors.
He is a cousin of Superleague player David Solomona and Se'e Solomona is his uncle.

## Warriors

After signing for the Warriors he played for the Auckland Lions in the NSWRL Premier League where he scored 15 tries in 21 matches in the 2007 season.
In 2008 he played for both the Auckland Vulcans in the NSW Cup, and the Junior Warriors in the Toyota Cup. In Round 16 he made his National Rugby League debut on 29 June 2008 against the Wests Tigers at Leichhardt Oval. In only his third first-class game he scored a hat-trick of tries against the Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs at ANZ Stadium, Sydney on 19 July 2008.

## Later years

In 2010 Solomona played for the Te Atatu Roosters in the 2010 Fox Memorial. He was selected to represent Auckland in the 2010 National Zonal Competition.
Solomona joined the Glenora Bears for 2011 before moving to the Point Chevalier Pirates for the 2013 and 2014 seasons.

## Representative career

He is a Samoan international, playing for the side in 2006.
In 2008 he was named in the Samoa training squad for the 2008 Rugby League World Cup but did not make the final 24-man team.
He was named in the New Zealand Māori squad in 2015 to play Auckland.
# Nanhermanniidae

Nanhermanniidae is a family of mites belonging to the order Sarcoptiformes.
Genera:
* Bicyrthermannia Hammer, 1979
* Cosmohermannia Aoki & Yoshida, 1970
* Cyrthermannia Balogh, 1958
* Dendrohermannia Balogh, 1985
* Masthermannia Berlese, 1913
* Nanhermannia Berlese, 1913
* Notohermannia Balogh, 1985
# Narcissus bujei

Narcissus bujei is a species of the genus Narcissus (daffodils) in the family Amaryllidaceae. It is classified in Section Nevadensis. The flower is a plain yellow. It is native to the Andalusia region of Spain, in particular the Comarca of Subbética (Córdoba) and the Sierra de las Nieves in the Serranía de Ronda (Málaga). It is considered an endangered species. Its preferred habitat is calcareous soils in small forests and irrigated land.

## Taxonomy

Narcissus bujei has had a chequered history. It is considered an ancient hybrid of N. pseudonarcissus where they overlap with species from Nevadensis. It was first described as N. longispathus var. bujei Fern. Casas, then as a variety of N. hispanicus, then a subspecies of N. hispanicus and then as a separate species, all by Fernandez Casas at various times. Although still listed as a synonym of N. longispathus on the World Checklist, its species rank was confirmed by Zonneveld on the basis of DNA content (30 vs. 36 pg) and included in the new Section Nevadensis, distinct from Pseudonarcissus, being from southern Spain with a DNA content of 30–39 pg.
An alternative spelling of Narcissus bugei is accepted.
# Pardosa pauxilla

Pardosa pauxilla is a species of wolf spider in the family Lycosidae. It is found in the United States.
# Malo River (Teno)

The Malo River is a river of Chile.
# Pardosa ramulosa

Pardosa ramulosa is a species of wolf spider in the family Lycosidae. It is found in the United States and Mexico. The spider feeds primarily on prey near salt marsh habitat, and requires a varied diet.
# Ganeshana Galate

Ganeshana Galate is a 1995 Kannada film directed by Phani Ramachandra. J. M. Prahlad wrote the story, which uses Phani Ramachandra's favourite screen-title Ganesha. Shashikumar replaced Ananth Nag in the titular character. The film also stars Sithara while Ramesh Bhat plays a supporting role.
The movie was based on the 1978 British movie The Odd Job. The film was an inspiration for the 2013 Kannada film Victory.

## Cast

* Shashi Kumar as Ganesha
* Sithara as Ganesha's Wife
* Ramesh Bhat as policy agent Bhatta
* Silk Smitha as Contract Killer
* Anant Nag as Lambhodhara Cameo appearance
* Anjana

## Soundtrack

Soundtrack was composed by Rajan-Nagendra.
* "Ganda Hendathi Emnare" - P. B. Sreenivas
* "Bhagyada Lakshmi Bandaaythu" - S. Janaki, S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
* "Don’T Worry Chinna" - S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
* "Preethiya Selethave" - S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
* "Come Come Darling" - S. Janaki
* "Killer Naane Killer" - S. Janaki
# Nanson, North Dakota

Nanson is an unincorporated community in Rolette County, in the U.S. state of North Dakota.

## History

Nanson was laid out in 1905. A post office was established at Nanson in 1905, and remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1982. The community was named for Fridtjof Nansen, a Norwegian scientist and explorer. By the 1960s, the town had withered to just a handful of residents, and by the 1990s, it was completely abandoned. Today, only a few abandoned homes and outbuildings remain.
# Mallinathaswamy Jain Temple, Mannargudi

Mallinathaswamy Jain Temple (மன்னார்குடி மல்லிநாதசுவாமி ஜினாலயம்) is a Jain temple dedicated to the deity Jain, located in Mannargudi, an ancient town in the erstwhile Chola Empire in Tiruvarur District of Tamil Nadu, India. Mallinathaswamy or Māllīnātha is the 19th Tirthankara of the Jain faith.

## Other temples

There are also Jain temples in Kumbakonam, Thanjavur, Deepankudi and other places in Tamil Nadu.

## History

This is an ancient temple built during the reign of the Chola dynasty in the twelfth century. It is very famous among all the ancient tirths of Tamil Nadu. Apart from the idol of Bhagawan Mallinathar which is divine and very impressive there are idols of Dharma Devi, Saraswathi Devi, Padmavathy Devi, Jawalamalini Amman and other in the temple which are also miraculous and impressive.
The temple has sanctum sanctorum, Rajagopura, artha mandapa, front mandapa and maha mandapa. In front of the mandapa flagpost is found. Rajagopura has three tiers. The vimana has two tiers. In the front mandapa Rishabadeva is found, flanked by two yakshas. The Mahamandapa is found in the Maratta style. In the prakara sculptures of Tirttankara and Mahavira are found. Chariot mandapa and Vahana mandapa are also found in this temple.

## Presiding deity

The presiding deity is known as Mallinathaswamy and Mallinathar. The sculpture is of 56 cm height, and was made in 1986. The sculpture which was kept in sanctum sanctorum earlier is now found in the arthamandapa, as the nose of sculpture was found broken. The Processional deity is found in the mahamandapa.

## Festivals

Daily pujas are held. During Fridays Sukravara Puja and archana is done to Jwalamalini. Pournami is celebrated. During Tamil months of Vaikasi (Vaikasi Saptami is held after hoisting of flags), Adi, Avani, Puratassi, Aippasi (Mahaveer Parinivara Day), Karthigai (lighting of lamps) and Panguni (eight day festival known as Nandisvara Dveepa) are held. Bhajans are held during Marghazhi, with lighting of Mukkudai Deepam. Every year during the summer 11 day festival i.e. Thiruvizha or Bramorchavam will be celebrated in grand manner. Currently in Tamil Nadu it's happening in very few Jain temples. Last two days of the festival is very famous. 11th day Thiruvizha is called "Kannadi Pallakku", in this Sri Jawalamaini Amman will give darshan to the devotees. No other Jain temples in Tamil Nadu is having this unique Pallakku.
# Nardoo Hills Reserves

The Nardoo Hills Reserves (including the Judith Eardley Reserve) comprise two adjoining parcels of land, with a combined area of 5.9km2, as a nature reserve in north-central Victoria, Australia. They are located 12km north of Wedderburn, 100km north-west of Bendigo and 240km north-west of Melbourne. They are owned and managed by Bush Heritage Australia (BHA), by which they were purchased in 2005 and 2006. With the nearby Wychitella Nature Conservation Reserve, they protect remnant grassy woodlands, a habitat much cleared in the past. A threatened bird species found on the reserves is the Hooded Robin In 2007 an endangered plant, the Northern Golden Moth Orchid was found on the reserve. In 2009 a species of orchid thought to be extinct, the Robust Greenhood, was rediscovered there.
# Napoleonic Tureen (Metropolitan Museum of Art)

The Metropolitan Museum of Art possesses in its collection a gilt-silver tureen from the Napoleonic era. Designed by Charles Percier, Pierre François Léonard Fontaine and made by Martin-Guillaume Biennais, the tureen was given to Napoleon I by his sister Pauline and her husband, Prince Camillo Borghese. The tureen was later donated to the Met as part of the bequest of Joseph Pulitzer.