OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Westerlund 1 W237

Westerlund 1 W237, also known as Wd 1-237 or Westerlund 1 BKS B, is a possible red supergiant (RSG) in the constellation of Ara. It is one out of four known red supergiants in the Westerlund 1 super star cluster. As a red supergiant, it would be one of the largest known stars and one of the most luminous of its type.

## Physical characteristics

Westerlund 1 W237 is classified as a luminous cool supergiant emitting most of its energy in the infrared spectrum. It is surrounded by a radio nebula which is similar in mass to those of Westerlund 1-20 and Westerlund 1 W26, and moreover directly comparable to that of VY Canis Majoris. The elliptical structure of this nebula however indicates that it has been less affected by the cluster wind of Westerlund 1 (W20 and W26 have pronounced cometary shaped nebulae). The outflow velocity for the RSG wind is assumed to be around 30 km/s. The nebula itself seems to have a mass of 0.07 M$_☉$ and a radius of about 0.11 parsecs. This results in a kinematic age around 3,600 years and a time averaged mass loss rate of 2×10$^{−5}$ M$_☉$ per year.
The star occupies the upper right corner of the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram. With an effective temperature of 3,550 K and a bolometric luminosity of 219,000 L$_☉$, the radius of Westerlund 1 W237 would be 1,241 times the solar radius (R$_☉$), making it larger than the orbit of Jupiter. The initial mass of W237 has been calculated from its position relative to theoretical stellar evolutionary tracks to be around 28 M$_☉$ or 32 M$_☉$ for a non-rotating star.

## Distance

The distance of Westerlund 1 W237 is assumed to be around 8,500+2,000 −1,300 light years or 2,600+600 −400 parsecs based on it being commonly thought of as a member of the Westerlund 1 star cluster (the elliptical shape of its nebula indicates that it might not be near the center of W1, while other RSGs like W20 and W26 are). Another but older source suggests a similar distance of 3,000±500 parsecs.
Westerlund's 1987 analysis assigned a spectral type of M6$^+$ III to W1-237 and considered it to be a foreground giant with a luminosity only around 1,000 L$_☉$. Gaia Data Release 2 gives a parallax of 1.64±0.2608 mas for W237, implying a distance of 623+139 −96 pc and a luminosity of 7,178–7,379 L$_☉$ with a corresponding radius of 216 R$_☉$. In 2020, the parallax was revised to the much smaller value of 0.3370±0.1235 mas, corresponding to a distance of 2967±1087 pc (9670±3540 ly).
# Whatever

Whatever may refer to:

## Music
### Albums

* Whatever (Adore Delano album), 2017
* Whatever (Aimee Mann album), 1993
* Whatever (Danny Thompson album), 1987
* Whatever (The Friends of Distinction album), 1970
* Whatever (Green Velvet album), 2001
* Whatever (Hot Chelle Rae album) or the title song, 2011
* Whatever (Jennifer Batten album) or the title song, 2007
* Whatever..., a comedy album by Guido Hatzis, 2000
* Whatever: The '90s Pop & Culture Box, a Rhino Records box set, 2005
* Whatever, by Megumi Hayashibara, 1992
* Whatever, an EP by bbno$, 2018

### Songs

* "Whatever" (Ayumi Hamasaki song), 1999
* "Whatever" (Cro song), 2013
* "Whatever" (En Vogue song), 1997
* "Whatever" (Godsmack song), 1998
* "Whatever" (Ideal song), 2000
* "Whatever" (Jill Scott song), 2005
* "Whatever" (Kygo and Ava Max song), 2024
* "Whatever" (Oasis song), 1994
* "Whatever" (The Statler Brothers song), 1982
* "Whatever", by 4minute from Name Is 4Minute, 2013
* "Whatever", by DJ Khaled from Grateful, 2017
* "Whatever", by Gnarls Barkley from The Odd Couple, 2008
* "Whatever", by Hüsker Dü from Zen Arcade, 1984
* "Whatever", by Imogen Heap from I Megaphone, 1998
* "Whatever", by Lil Tecca from We Love You Tecca 2, 2021
* "Whatever", by Our Lady Peace recorded for Gravity, 2002
* "Whatever", by Pitchshifter from PSI, 2002
* "Whatever", by Róisín Murphy from Take Her Up to Monto, 2016
* "Whatever", by Zoé from Rocanlover, 2003

## Other uses

* Whatever (slang)
* Whatever (novel) (Extension du domaine de la lutte), a 1994 novel by Michel Houellebecq
** Whatever (1999 film), a French adaptation of the novel, directed by directed by Philippe Harel
* Whatever (1998 film), an American teen drama by Susan Skoog
* Whatever with Alexis and Jennifer, a 2005–2010 American radio talk show
* Whatever, a blog by John Scalzi
# White Act of 1898

The White Act of 1898 (30 Stat. 755), formally known as An Act To amend the laws relating to American seamen, for the protection of such seamen, and to promote commerce, is a United States Federal statute governing mariners in the United States Merchant Marine.
Among other things, the act:
* abolished the practice of imprisoning sailors who deserted from vessels in "American or nearby waters."
* abolished corporal punishment of seamen
Prior to the White Act of 1898 "'bully mates'...had relied on their fists, belaying pins, and handspikes to enforce discipline."
# Wheat warehouse itch

Wheat warehouse itch is a cutaneous condition caused by a mite, Cheyletus malaccensis.
# Wheat spindle streak mosaic virus

Wheat spindle streak mosaic virus (WSSMV) is a plant pathogenic virus of the family Potyviridae.
# White Coat Rebels

White Coat Rebels is a 2021 American documentary film directed and produced by Greg Barker. It follows corruption of Big Pharma, and its influence on doctors.
The film had its world premiere at AFI Docs on June 24, 2021.
# White Township, Benton County, Missouri

White Township is a township in Benton County, in the U.S. state of Missouri. It has an area of 114.6 square miles (297 km$^2$) and had a population of 2,474 in 2021.
White Township was formed on November 12, 1838, taking its name from Judge William White, one of the first settlers, and then county judge.
# Wiggonholt

Wiggonholt is a village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Parham, in the Horsham district of West Sussex, England. It is 1.5 miles (2.4 km) southeast of Pulborough on the A283 road. The village consists of a farm, a few houses and a small Church of England parish church. In 1931 the parish had a population of 54. On 1 April 1933 the parish was abolished and merged with Parham.
The RSPB Pulborough Brooks wildfowl reserve is north of the parish church, on the floodplain of the River Arun. Wiggonholt Common is an area of open woodland south of the village that adjoins Parham Park and is popular with walkers.
A Roman road, the Greensand Way, from north of Lewes passed north of the village to join Stane Street at Hardham on the west bank of the River Arun. The remains of a Roman bath house have been excavated beside the Roman road.
The small rectangular medieval parish church of unknown dedication has a bell turret and Horsham Stone roof, and has a Sussex marble font.

## Notable residents

John Broadwood (song collector), curate from 1832 to 1851.
Admiral Sir Reginald Hugh Spencer Bacon, KCB, KCVO, DSO (6 September 1863 – 9 June 1947)
# White-spined Atlantic spiny rat

The white-spined Atlantic spiny rat (Trinomys albispinus) is a spiny rat species endemic to Brazil.

## Description

This is one of the smaller spiny rats, with a head-body length of 15 to 21 cm (5.9 to 8.3 in), and a tail 12 to 18 centimetres (4.7 to 7.1 in) long. Adult weight can be anything from 120 to 230 g (4.2 to 8.1 oz). The fur on the upper body and flanks is tawny to buff, interspersed with much paler (although usually not pure white) spines. The underparts, including the lower surface of the tail, are white.
Females are pregnant between January and June, and give birth to litters of up to four young.

## Distribution and habitat

T. albispinus is found in a relatively small region of eastern Brazil, in the states of Sergipe and Bahia. Compared with other spiny rats, they are adapted for a relatively dry climate, and the region is dominated semi-arid caatinga forest with a mix of deciduous trees and cactuses, among other plants.
Three subspecies are recognised from different parts of this region:
* T. a. albispinus - southern coastal parts of the range
* T. a. minor - inland parts of the range
* T. a. sertonius - northern coastal parts of the range
# Whole number rule

In chemistry, the whole number rule states that the masses of the isotopes are whole number multiples of the mass of the hydrogen atom. The rule is a modified version of Prout's hypothesis proposed in 1815, to the effect that atomic weights are multiples of the weight of the hydrogen atom. It is also known as the Aston whole number rule after Francis W. Aston who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1922 "for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes, in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his enunciation of the whole-number rule."

## Law of definite proportions

The law of definite proportions was formulated by Joseph Proust around 1800 and states that all samples of a chemical compound will have the same elemental composition by mass. The atomic theory of John Dalton expanded this concept and explained matter as consisting of discrete atoms with one kind of atom for each element combined in fixed proportions to form compounds.

## Prout's hypothesis

In 1815, William Prout reported on his observation that the atomic weights of the elements were whole multiples of the atomic weight of hydrogen. He then hypothesized that the hydrogen atom was the fundamental object and that the other elements were a combination of different numbers of hydrogen atoms.

## Aston's discovery of isotopes

In 1920, Francis W. Aston demonstrated through the use of a mass spectrometer that apparent deviations from Prout's hypothesis are predominantly due to the existence of isotopes. For example, Aston discovered that neon has two isotopes with masses very close to 20 and 22 as per the whole number rule, and proposed that the non-integer value 20.2 for the atomic weight of neon is due to the fact that natural neon is a mixture of about 90% neon-20 and 10% neon-22). A secondary cause of deviations is the binding energy or mass defect of the individual isotopes.

## Discovery of the neutron

During the 1920s, it was thought that the atomic nucleus was made of protons and electrons, which would account for the disparity between the atomic number of an atom and its atomic mass. In 1932, James Chadwick discovered an uncharged particle of approximately the mass as the proton, which he called the neutron. The fact that the atomic nucleus is composed of protons and neutrons was rapidly accepted and Chadwick was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1935 for his discovery.
The modern form of the whole number rule is that the atomic mass of a given elemental isotope is approximately the mass number (number of protons plus neutrons) times an atomic mass unit (approximate mass of a proton, neutron, or hydrogen-1 atom). This rule predicts the atomic mass of nuclides and isotopes with an error of at most 1%, with most of the error explained by the mass deficit caused by nuclear binding energy.
# White Hall Plantation House

White Hall Plantation House is an 1840s Italianate and Greek Revival plantation house attributed to the architect Henry Howard and built in 1848-49 by Elias Norwood. It is located in Legonier, a hamlet on the east bank of the Atchafalaya River, today part of the unincorporated town of Lettsworth, Louisiana. White Hall's most notable owner and slaveholder was Bennet Barton Simmes, founder of Simmesport, state senator, and contributor to the Louisiana Articles of Secession prior to the Civil War. He is also said to have been a steamboat captain and Confederate general. The home is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Union General Nathaniel P. Banks used the house as a military headquarters in 1863. During the 20th century, the mansion was twice moved back from the encroaching river waters. In late 2013, after a decade of restoration work, the White Hall Plantation & Gardens were opened to public view for the first time.
# Wiccan Laws

The Wiccan Laws, also called the Craft Laws, the Old Laws, the Ardanes (or Ordains) or simply The Laws are, according to claims made by Gerald Gardner in the 1950s, ancient laws governing the practice of Covens, passed from initiate to initiate as part of the Book of Shadows.
The laws were first revealed by Gardner to other members of the Craft in 1957, after a disagreement arose over Gardner's continued interviews with the media despite his own rules of secrecy. The laws were originally unnumbered, and used the spelling wica, rather than Wicca or Wiccan.
The Laws contain correctly used archaic language. However, they mix modern and archaic phrases. The Laws do not appear in earlier known Wiccan documents, including Gardner's Ye bok of Ye Art Magical, Text A or B, or in any of Doreen Valiente’s notebooks including one commonly referred to as Text C. The Laws have several anachronisms and refer to the threat of being burnt for witchcraft even though this did not happen in England or Wales, where witches were hanged during the witch hunts. Parts also seemed suspiciously similar to extracts from Gardner's books. If Gardner did forge the Laws, this would have implications for earlier aspects of Wiccan history.
To Gardner's original 30 Laws Alexandrian Wicca added another 130. This much larger set of Laws was first published in King of the Witches by June Johns in 1969, and later, in slightly altered form, in both The Book of Shadows (1971) and The Grimoire of Lady Sheba (1972) by Lady Sheba (Jessie Wicker Bell). In these two books, Bell also published the bulk of the Wiccan Book of Shadows, introducing to the general public for the first time the possibility of practicing Wiccan-style ritual. The Laws are sometimes known as Lady Sheba's Laws or 161 Rules of the Witch (her title for them).
In 1979 a Council of Elders at a festival in America produced a set of heavily revised Laws which made them more acceptable to modern Wiccans.
# Wicat Systems

Wicat Systems, Inc., was an American computer and software company founded in 1980 in Orem, Utah. Originally a branch of WICAT, the World Institute for Computer-Assisted Teaching (later the Wicat Education Institute), the company manufactured multi-user systems for educational institutions before focusing their efforts on educational software development in the early 1990s. The company was among the first to use the Motorola 68000 microprocessor in a computer with the introduction of the Wicat System 100 in 1980. Both Wicat Systems and its parent institution were founded by Dustin H. Heuston, originally of New York.

## History

At its peak in the mid-1980s, Wicat Systems employed 500 and had an annual budget of US$40 million. The company formed a joint venture with Control Data Corporation in early 1985. Named Plato/Wicat after Control Data's Plato educational software, the venture was intended to "address the entire educational process, including computer-based instructional courseware, testing and evaluation, and classroom management and administration".
In 1992, the company was acquired by Jostens in a stock swap valuated at roughly $111 million. Jostens, who had a rival educational software division Jostens Learning which was aimed at preschools, planned to use the Wicat Systems repertoire to increase their presence in high schools and higher education.
During the period from the late 1980's to 1996, Wicat Systems also operated a UK branch in Camberley in Surrey. During this period, Wicat produced CBT (computer based training - the forerunner of eLearning), and partial cockpit simulations for aviation clients. These included many of the then-leading airlines and aircraft manufacturers and training covered pilot, cabin crew and ground crew training. Norfolk Southern Railway was another of many non-aviation clients.

## Citations

* 1 2 Rogerson 1990.
* ↑ Hogan 1981, p. 3; Staff writer 1992b.
* ↑ Fiske 1986, p. C1.
* ↑ Staff writer 1985.
* ↑ Staff writer 1992a.
# WideAngle

WideAngle is a free social media and photo aggregating mobile application that initially launched for the iPad in March 2013 with an additional launch for the iPhone in May 2013. An Android version of the app is expected within 2013.

## History

WideAngle began development in the summer of 2012. The WideAngle team is currently made up of seven people. The iPhone version of WideAngle launched in May 2013. At the time, over 14 million Facebook and Instagram photos were viewed by users in 125 countries. WideAngle reached 100,000 users within 15 weeks after its initial launch in July 2013.

## Photo discovery

WideAngle combines photos from Facebook, Instagram, Photo Stream, text messages and iPad/iPhone devices. Personal photos from those sources and friends’ photos from Instagram and Facebook are shown within the app. Photos can be sorted by date taken, location, source, camera type, resolution, event, saved status and an interactive map feature. New albums can be created within the app, and photos can be shared by email, Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and other platforms from within the app.

## Social media aggregation

WideAngle combines photos from Facebook and Instagram. Users are able to read and add comments as well as like photos. Comments and likes added within WideAngle appear in the original social media platform. WideAngle plans to add more social media and photo sources as well as launch an Android version of their app in the near future.
# Wilhelm Winternitz

Wilhelm Winternitz (March 1, 1835), Josefov (Jaroměř) Josefstadt (now a part of Jaroměř, Okres Náchod), Bohemia – February 22, 1917, Vienna) was a Czech-Austrian Jewish physician and hydropathist. He was an influential neurologist and hydropathist who at the time was commonly characterized as "the father of scientific hydrotherapy".

## Biography

Winternitz was educated at Vienna and at Prague (M. D. 1857), where he settled and became an assistant at the institute for the insane. In 1858 he entered the Austrian Navy, but resigned his position as surgeon in 1861 and established a practice in Vienna. There he became interested in hydropathy, and was soon regarded as one of the leading authorities. Admitted to the medical faculty of the University of Vienna as privat-docent for hydropathy in 1865, he was one of the founders of the General Vienna Dispensary, where by 1905 he had become departmental chief. In the same year (1865?) he opened a private hospital at Kaltenleutgeben, near Vienna. One of the people influenced by Winternitz was one of the Kellogg brothers involved in the Battle Creek Sanitarium. In 1874 Winternitz became privat-docent in medicine, and was appointed assistant professor seven years later, becoming a full professor in 1899.
Winternitz was a collaborator for hydropathy on Von Ziemssen's Handbuch der Allgemeinen Therapie (ed. 1881), Albert Eulenburg's Realencyclopädie der Gesammten Heilkunde (ed. 1897), and Eulenburg's Lehrbuch der Allgemeinen Therapie und der Therapeutischen Methodik (Berlin, 1898–99). In 1890 he founded the Blätter für Klinische Hydrotherapie, of which he was still the editor in 1905.
Winternitz advocated a strict milk diet to treat diabetes.

## Works

In addition to several essays and monographs in medical journals, Winternitz was the author of the following works:
* Kaltenleutgeben und Meine Wasserheilanstalt (Vienna, 1869)
* Die Hydropathie auf Physiologischer und Klinischer Grundlage (ib. 1877-80; 2d ed. 1890-92; translated into English, French, Italian, Spanish, and Russian)
* Cholera, Lungenphthise und Fieber: Klinische Studien (ib. 1887-88)
# William Drysdale

William Drysdale DSO (4 November 1876 – 29 September 1916) was a Scottish first-class cricketer and British Army officer.
The son of William Drysdale senior, he was born at Kirkcaldy in November 1876. He was educated at Loretto School, where he played rugby union. After leaving Loretto, he decided on a career in the British Army and attended the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. He graduated as a second lieutenant into the Royal Scots in September 1896. Shortly after graduating he served in British India and British Burma, with promotion to lieutenant coming in August 1898. While in British India, he played first-class cricket for the Europeans cricket team on four occasions all against the Parsees cricket team in the Bombay Presidency between 1900 and 1902. He scored 92 runs in his four matches, with a high score of 55. He was awarded a medal for attempting to save the life of comrade from drowning in 1902. He was promoted to captain in November 1902. He married Mary Louisa Mackenzie, the daughter of Sir John Muir Mackenzie, in January 1904. Drysdale later attended the Staff College in 1908 and 1909, captaining their cricket team.
Drysdale served in the First World War, where he was wounded in action and earned the Distinguished Service Cross during the First Battle of Ypres for showing “an unsurpassed example of fearlessness and courage, refusing to quit his brigade when wounded”. In February 1915 he was promoted to major. He was given command of the 7th Battalion of the Leicestershire Regiment in October 1915. He was made a brevet lieutenant colonel in June 1916, while the following month he was again wounded in action during the Battle of Bazentin Ridge when storming the village of Bazentinle-Petit. After recovering from his wounds, he returned to his battalion September, but was killed on the 29th of the same month by a German sniper when looking over a trench near Gueudecourt. He is buried at the Caterpillar Valley Cemetery.
# William Baldock (cricketer, born 1815)

William Baldock (1815 – 23 June 1878) was an English first-class cricketer.
The son of William Henry Baldock, was born in Kent at Bapchild and made his debut in first-class cricket for the Gentlemen of Kent against the Gentlemen of England at Lord's in 1842. He made a further seven appearances in the fixture between 1842–49, scoring 127 runs in his eight first-class matches for the Gentlemen of Kent, which he made at an average of 10.58 and with a high score of 28. In addition to playing first-class cricket, Baldock also served in the 35th (Royal Sussex) Regiment of Foot, having formerly served in the East Kent Yeomanry from 1840 as a cornet. Baldock died at Surbiton in June 1878, and was survived by his son, William junior, who played first-class cricket for Hampshire. His grandson, also called William, played first-class cricket for Somerset.
# William Bateman-Hanbury, 1st Baron Bateman

William Bateman-Hanbury, 1st Baron Bateman of Shobdon (24 June 1780 – 22 July 1845) was a Member of Parliament and later a Baron in the Peerage of the United Kingdom.
At birth his name was William Hanbury, although he was a distant descendant of Sir James Bateman who had been Lord Mayor of London and was his 2nd great-grandfather. Hanbury studied at Eton College and then Christ Church, Oxford graduating from the later in 1798. In 1802 he inherited Shobdon Court, near Leominster, Herefordshire from John Bateman, 2nd Viscount Bateman.
He served as a Whig MP from Northampton from 1810 to 1818. From 1819 to 1820 he was High Sheriff of Herefordshire. In 1835 Hanbury made an unsuccessful run for Parliament as a liberal.
In January 1837 Hanbury became the first Baron Bateman of Shobdon. In February he had his name legally changed to William Bateman-Hanbury. In 1822 he had married Elizabeth Chichester, the granddaughter of Arthur Chichester, 1st Marquess of Donegall. They had four sons and four daughters. He was succeeded by his eldest son William Bateman-Hanbury, 2nd Baron Bateman.

## Arms

Coat of arms of William Bateman-Hanbury, 1st Baron Bateman :
* Crest1st out of a mural crown Sable a demi-lion Or holding in the dexter paw a battleaxe Sable helved Gold (Hanbury). 2nd a duck's head and neck between two wings Proper (Bateman).
* EscutcheonQuarterly 1st & 4th Or on a bend engrailed Vert plain cottised Sable in chief a crescent on a crescent for difference (Hanbury) 2nd & 3rd Or on a fess Sable between three Muscovy ducks Proper a rose of the field (Bateman).
* SupportersTwo lions Argent gorged with plain collars each charged with a rose between two fleurs-de-lis Or and chains of the latter affixed to each collar and reflexed over the back.
* MottoNec Prece Nec Pretio