OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Bryan–College Station

Bryan–College Station is a metropolitan area centering on the twin cities of Bryan and College Station, Texas, in the Brazos Valley region of Texas. The 2010 census placed the population of the three-county metropolitan area at 255,519. The 2019 population estimate was 273,101.
The area's economic and social life is centered on the main campus of Texas A&M University College Station. The area is popularly known as "Aggieland" based on the Aggies nickname for the university's sports teams and students.

## Geography

The College Station–Bryan, TX metropolitan statistical area (MSA) encompasses three counties: Brazos, Burleson, and Robertson. The College Station–Bryan MSA encompasses 2,123 sq mi (5,524 km2) of area, of which 2,100 sq mi (5,439 km2) is land and 33.5 sq mi (87 km2) is water.

## Counties

* Brazos
* Burleson
* Robertson

## Communities
### Places with more than 75,000 people

* College Station
* Bryan

### Places with 1,000 to 10,000 people

* Caldwell
* Calvert
* Franklin
* Hearne
* Somerville
* Navasota (extremely small portion; primarily in Grimes County)

### Places with fewer than 1,000 people

* Anderson
* Bremond
* Snook
* Kurten
* Millican
* Todd Mission
* Wixon Valley
* Iola
* Bedias

### Unincorporated places

* Benchley
* Chriesman
* Cooks Point
* Deanville
* Easterly
* Frenstat
* Hammond
* Lyons
* Mumford
* New Baden
* Ridge
* Tidwell Prairie
* Wheelock

## Demographics

As of the census of 2020, there were 268,248 people, 95,194 households, and 55,487 families residing within the MSA. The racial makeup of the MSA was 60.71% White (non-Hispanic White 53.61%), 10.63% African American, 0.69% Native American, 5.52% Asian, 0.09% Pacific Islander, 9.84% from other races, and 3.33% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino residents of any race were 26.21% of the population.
The median income for a household in the MSA was $30,339 and the median income for a family was $40,442. Males had a median income of $30,818 versus $21,951 for females. The per capita income for the MSA was $15,847.
# Krasnogorsky

Krasnogorsky (masculine), Krasnogorskaya (feminine), or Krasnogorskoye (neuter) may refer to:
* Krasnogorsky District, several districts and city districts in Russia
* Krasnogorsky Urban Settlement (or Krasnogorskoye Urban Settlement), several municipal urban settlements in Russia
* Krasnogorsky (inhabited locality) (Krasnogorskaya, Krasnogorskoye), several inhabited localities in Russia
# Colin Pask

Colin Pask (born 1943) is a British mathematical physicist and science writer.

## Life

He was born in Great Gonerby, on the outskirts of Grantham in Lincolnshire, where his father was a dairy farmer. He was educated at King's School, Grantham from age 11, and went to Queen Mary College, London for a degree course in theoretical physics and mathematics. He graduated B.Sc. there in 1964.

## Career

Pask studied for a Ph.D. in nuclear physics under John M. Blatt at the University of New South Wales from 1964, graduating in 1967 with a dissertation entitled Studies in the Nuclear Three-Body Problem. He spent a period at Duke University, then returned to the University of New South Wales as lecturer in the Department of Applied Mathematics.
In 1971 Pask moved to the Australian National University, with an Australian Research Council fellowship to work in the Department of Applied Mathematics there. He was made a Fellow in 1973, and Senior Fellow in 1978. He moved in 1986 to become head of University College at UNSW Canberra at ADFA, retiring from that post after 12 years.
Pask is now Emeritus Professor of Mathematical Sciences and History at University of New South Wales.

## Research interests

As a post-doctoral researcher, Pask turned to optical physics and biological vision, among other topics. In 1973 he published with Allan Snyder an optical waveguide explanation of the Stiles–Crawford effect. Pask and McIntyre reviewed the theory and experimental results in the area, in a survey from 2013. Work of Pask and Kevin Barrell from 1980 contributed to the theory of the apposition eye.
During the 1970s, Pask also published on attenuation effects in optical fibres. He collaborated in this area with Adrian Ankiewicz.

## Works

Pask has written some works of popularisation:
* Math for the Frightened: Facing Scary Symbols and Everything Else That Freaks You Out About Mathematics (2011)
* Magnificent Principia: Exploring Isaac Newton's Masterpiece (2013)
* Great Calculations: A Surprising Look Behind 50 Scientific Inquiries (2015)
# Hybrid bill

In the United Kingdom a hybrid bill (which becomes a hybrid instrument or hybrid act) is a government measure which affects a particular individual or organisation in a different manner to other individuals or companies in the same class; it thus bears some resemblance to a private bill. No definitive rules dictate whether a bill is hybrid in substance; the decision is entrusted via the Speaker, to one or more House of Commons officials designated as the 'Examiners of petitions for Private Bills'. It is thus possible that a government unexpectedly finds itself promoting a private measure, upsetting its planned legislative timetable.
The government tends to initiate these on behalf of other bodies and authorities. The default procedure is they are treated like a private bill for the beginning of passage through the Parliament, laid before select committees of both houses empowered to hear petitions from individuals or bodies opposing it. Nevertheless a government can dispense with this additional procedure if it can muster a Commons majority to do so. The bill is then treated as a public bill. It thus proceeds to possible amendment before a select committee in either or in both Houses.
Examples have been those to construct the Channel Tunnel, the Dartford Crossing, Crossrail and High Speed 2.
Acts that were deemed to be hybrid bills include:
* Aircraft and Shipbuilding Industries Act 1977
* Channel Tunnel Rail Link Act 1996
* Crossrail Act 2008
* High Speed Rail (London–West Midlands) Act 2017
* High Speed Rail (West Midlands-Crewe) Act 2021
Their use originated as part of British parliamentary procedure, but the procedure is also occasionally used by other parliaments and assemblies set up on a similar vein to Westminster.
Hybrid instruments have found an ideal purpose in legislating on behalf of railway companies and transport agencies to obtain authorisation for major projects voted to be in the national interest and which would affect many private interests significantly.
Statutory instruments can be hybrids. When opposed, such instruments are referred to the Hybrid Instruments Committee to report to the House on whether a select committee should be appointed to consider the petition or petitions against the instrument.
In Canada, they are specifically disallowed by Beauchesne's Rules and Forms of the House of Commons of Canada, which states that "According to Canadian standing orders and practice, there are only two kinds of bills – public and private. The British hybrid bill is not recognized in Canadian practice."
# Mrs. Armytage

Mrs. Armytage; or Female Domination is an 1836 novel by the British writer Catherine Gore, originally published in three volumes. It is a silver fork novel focusing on fashionable high society, a popular genre to which Gore contributed several books. The novel functions as an analogy for the contemporary political situation, with Gore advancing a pro-Whig viewpoint. It was very successful on its release, and was reissued by Gore's publisher Henry Colburn in 1848.

## Synopsis

At the country estate of Holywell Park the widowed Mrs. Armytage wields a heavy hand over her grown children Arthur and Sophy due to her financial control over them. Arthur rejects her influence, marrying without her permission, and then standing in a by-election and defeating his mother's favoured candidate. She drives her daughter to an early grave, after concealing a marriage proposal from her beloved, sees her son bankrupted without offering any assistance and plays a part in ruining her daughter-in-law's reputation. However, it is discovered that a codicil to her husband's will has no legal validity, and in thank all his father's property really belongs to Arthur. Mrs. Armytage then leaves for the Continent, but finally returns very ill for a final reconciliation with her son and his wife.
# Postage stamps and postal history of Upper Senegal and Niger

Upper Senegal and Niger was a colony in French West Africa created in 1904 from Senegambia and Niger. Niger became a separate military district in 1911 and a separate colony in 1922, Upper Volta was split off in 1919, and the remainder reorganized as French Sudan in 1920. The capital was Bamako.
The colony issued a number of postage stamps during its short existence. The first issue was part of the 1906 omnibus issue of the French West Africa, consisting of 17 stamps in three designs: portraits of Louis Faidherbe, Eugene Ballay, and an oil palm, with values ranging from 1 centime to 5 francs. Another series of 17 followed in 1914, all of same design—a camel with its rider—but each printed in a different pair of colours.
In addition, in 1915 the 10c stamp of 1914 was surcharged an additional 5c and sold as a semi-postal stamp. Sets of postage due stamps were also issued in 1906 and 1914. Stamps of French Sudan superseded all of these in 1921.
# National Economic Empowerment Fund Limited of Malawi

The National Economic Empowerment Fund Limited (NEEF), formerly Malawi Enterprise Development Fund (MEDF) is a Malawian government owned Microfinance Institution with intention to economically empower people in rural and urban areas, (particularly women, girls and people with disabilities), by providing quality, affordable and sustainable microfinance services for better health. In May 2021, NEEF gave K5.56 billion in cash to various women and youths groups. The institution is located in Lilongwe, Malawi.
# Neorickettsia

Neorickettsia is a genus of bacteria. Species or strains in this genus are coccoid or pleomorphic cells that reside in cytoplasmic vacuoles within monocytes and macrophages of dogs, horses, bats, and humans.
Neorickettsia sennetsu causes Sennetsu ehrlichiosis. Unlike other forms of ehrlichiosis, Neorickettsia sennetsu is transmitted by trematodes from fish. Neorickettsia risticii causes Potomac horse fever. Neorickettsia helminthoeca is found in association with the trematode Nanophyetus salmincola, and causes salmon poisoning disease in dogs and other canids. Neorickettsia elokominica causes a similar disease, Elokomin fluke fever, in canids and other species.

## Species

* Neorickettsia risticii
* Neorickettsia sennetsu
* Neorickettsia elokominica
* Neorickettsia helminthoeca
# Lepturges insignis

Lepturges insignis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Melzer in 1928.
# Lyde Browne (British Army officer)

Lyde Browne (died 1803) was an officer in the 18th-century British Army.

## Life

The son of the antiquary Lyde Browne, his baptism probably occurred on 3 May 1759 at St John Zachary, London. He entered the army as cornet in the 3rd Dragoons on 11 June 1777, and was soon promoted to command a troop in the 20th Light Dragoons (a corps produced for the American War of Independence by pulling the light troops out of other cavalry regiments). That regiment was disbanded in 1783 and Browne put on half-pay, though he returned to full pay in May 1794 with a position in the 40th Regiment of Foot. He served with them in the West Indies, where in 1794 he joined the 4th West India Regiment as a major. Next he was commissioned as major in the 90th Regiment of Foot (1798), then in 1800 lieutenant-colonel in the 35th Regiment of Foot (serving with them in Malta), followed by a lieutenant-colonelcy in the 85th Regiment of Foot (1801) and subsequently in the 21st Regiment of Foot.
On 25 January 1802, Browne was stationed with his regiment in Dublin). Alerted as to the uprising by Robert Emmet, he was shot dead by United Irishmen while returning to his men at dusk on 23 July. The rebels then straight afterwards moved to the next-door street, where they killed Lord Kilwarden.
# Koudougou, Ivory Coast

Koudougou is the name of three clustered villages in western Ivory Coast. They in the sub-prefecture of Vavoua, Vavoua Department, Haut-Sassandra Region, Sassandra-Marahoué District. The villages are named Koudougou 1, Koudougou 2, and Koudougou 3, and are each separated by a few kilometres.
Koudougou was a commune until March 2012, when it became one of 1126 communes nationwide that were abolished.
# Hybrid argument (cryptography)

In cryptography, the hybrid argument is a proof technique used to show that two distributions are computationally indistinguishable.

## History

Hybrid arguments had their origin in a papers by Andrew Yao in 1982 and Shafi Goldwasser and Silvio Micali in 1983.

## Formal description

Formally, to show two distributions D$_1$ and D$_2$ are computationally indistinguishable, we can define a sequence of hybrid distributions D$_1$ := H$_0$, H$_1$, ..., H$_t$ =: D$_2$ where t is polynomial in the security parameter n. Define the advantage of any probabilistic efficient (polynomial-bounded time) algorithm A as
    ${\mathsf {Adv}}_{H_{i},H_{i+1}}^{\mathsf {dist}}(\mathbf {A} ):=\left|\Pr[x{\stackrel {\$}{\gets }}H_{i}:\mathbf {A} (x)=1]-\Pr[x{\stackrel {\$}{\gets }}H_{i+1}:\mathbf {A} (x)=1]\right|,$
where the dollar symbol ($) denotes that we sample an element from the distribution at random.
By triangle inequality, it is clear that for any probabilistic polynomial time algorithm A,
    ${\mathsf {Adv}}_{D_{1},D_{2}}^{\mathsf {dist}}(\mathbf {A} )\leq \sum _{i=0}^{t-1}{\mathsf {Adv}}_{H_{i},H_{i+1}}^{\mathsf {dist}}(\mathbf {A} ).$
Thus there must exist some k s.t. 0 ≤ k < t(n) and
    ${\mathsf {Adv}}_{H_{k},H_{k+1}}^{\mathsf {dist}}(\mathbf {A} )\geq {\mathsf {Adv}}_{D_{1},D_{2}}^{\mathsf {dist}}(\mathbf {A} )/t(n).$
Since t is polynomial-bounded, for any such algorithm A, if we can show that it has a negligible advantage function between distributions H$_i$ and H$_{i+1}$ for every i, that is,
    $\epsilon (n)\geq {\mathsf {Adv}}_{H_{k},H_{k+1}}^{\mathsf {dist}}(\mathbf {A} )\geq {\mathsf {Adv}}_{D_{1},D_{2}}^{\mathsf {dist}}(\mathbf {A} )/t(n),$
then it immediately follows that its advantage to distinguish the distributions D$_1$ = H$_0$ and D$_2$ = H$_t$ must also be negligible. This fact gives rise to the hybrid argument: it suffices to find such a sequence of hybrid distributions and show each pair of them is computationally indistinguishable.

## Applications

The hybrid argument is extensively used in cryptography. Some simple proofs using hybrid arguments are:
* If one cannot efficiently predict the next bit of the output of some number generator, then this generator is a pseudorandom number generator (PRG).
* We can securely expand a PRG with 1-bit output into a PRG with n-bit output.
# Mrs. Bernard Beere

Fanny Mary Whitehead (5 October 1851 – 25 March 1915) was an English actress in the mid 19th-century. She was also known, after her marriage as Fanny Bernard-Beere, billed as Mrs. Bernard Beere.

## Early life

She was born in 1851 in King's Lynn in Norfolk, England, the daughter of Francis Wilby Whitehead, who was listed on the 1861 England census as an "Artist and Picture Dealer". Her birth was the result of an affair - it is family lore that her mother was a housekeeper who died shortly after her birth, but it is unknown who this woman could be, since Francis Wilby didn't seem to have any servants. Francis Wilby Whitehead's wife, Elizabeth Jane Jarrold, left him in 1855 because of "his drunkenness and other causes" (adultery) and took her children, except for their son, Francis Wilby, Jr., and emigrated to America. In the 1861 England Census Francis Whitehead is shown as living with his common law wife, Mary Elizabeth Linford, her son James, Francis Wilby, Jr., and Fanny Mary. Her father Francis Wilby Whitehead died in 1862, when Fanny was just 11 years old.

## Theatrical career

Beere was trained for the stage by Hermann Vezin, appearing first in London at the Opera Comique in 1877. Later she played Emilia in Othello and various English comedy roles at the St. James's Theatre. She appeared in W. S. Gilbert's play Gretchen in 1879. In 1883 she was engaged by the Bancrofts to play leading parts in Fédora and other dramas at the Haymarket Theatre. In 1891 she played Lady Teazle in Charles Wyndham's production of School for Scandal, and two years later played Mrs. Arbuthnot with Herbert Beerbohm Tree in Oscar Wilde's A Woman of No Importance.
Beere married three times; firstly in 1874 to Edward Cholmeley Dering (1833–1874), with whom she had a daughter, Janet Elizabeth Adela Dering (1874–1875). In 1876 as a young widow she married merchant Edward Beer (1850–1915) at St. George's church in Bloomsbury in London. After her second marriage she retired a short time from the stage, presently returning to it as Mrs. Bernard Beere. They presumably divorced before in 1900 as a 'widow' she married wine merchant Alfred Charles Seymour Olivier (1867–1922) in St. Mary's church in Kilburn. In 1892 she toured Australia with Otho Stuart as her leading man and in the same year visited the United States professionally.
She is mentioned in Women of History where she is referred to as an operatic soprano.
# Born Free (disambiguation)

Born Free is a 1966 film directed by James Hill. It may also refer to:
Born Free may also refer to:

## Music

* "Born Free" (Matt Monro song), a 1966 composition by John Barry and Don Black for the film
** Born Free (Andy Williams album), featuring the above song
** Born Free (Milt Jackson album), featuring the above song
* "Born Free" (M.I.A. song), a 2010 song by M.I.A.
** Born Free (music video), the music video/short film
* Born Free (Kid Rock album), a 2010 album by Kid Rock
** "Born Free" (Kid Rock song), featured in the above album
* Born Free (Humble Gods album), 2004

## Television

* Born Free (TV series), a 1974 television series based on the film
* Kyōryū Tankentai (Dinosaur Exploration Team) Born Free, a 1976 anime series by Sunrise and Tsuburaya Productions unrelated to the above series, movie, or book. Released by Celebrity Home Entertainment as an English-dubbed compilation film entitled "Return of the Dinosaurs".
* "Born Free" (Dexter), a 2006 episode of the television series Dexter

## Other uses

* Born Free (book), a 1960 nonfiction book by Joy Adamson upon which the film was based
* Born Free Foundation, a UK-based charitable organisation named after the film
# Kakaiku

Kakaiku was a popular Ghanaian band in the 1960s and 1970s. The band was formed by Moses Kweku Oppong. The band's main instrument was the guitar. It had famous members such as C.K. Mann.The band was formed on August 1, 1954, and was given the name "Kakaiku" his childhood nickname.
# Pavy Formation

The Pavy Formation is a geologic formation in Nunavut. It preserves fossil insects of Carabites feildenianus, dating back to the Thanetian stage of the Paleocene period.

## Description

The Pavy Formation is interpreted to be fluvial in origin. Trough-crossbedded sandstone facies dominate this formation and were probably channel deposits of a braided river system, with interbeds of siltstone and mudrock representing floodplain deposits. Where thicker intervals of mudrock occur, backswamp ponds or shallow-lake conditions were probably present. Only at Watercourse Valley and Pavy River did conditions stabilize long enough for swamps to develop, producing thick coal beds.
# Pirí Lugones

Pirí Lugones (nickname of Susana Lugones Aguirre; 30 April 1925 – 17 February 1978) was an Argentine journalist, writer, editor, and translator. In December 1977, she was disappeared and subsequently killed by "task groups [es]" of the military dictatorship that ruled the country from 1976 to 1983.

## Biography

Pirí Lugones was born in Buenos Aires on 30 April 1925, the daughter of Leopoldo Lugones, son of the poet of the same name, and Carmen Aguirre, daughter of renowned pianist and composer Julián Aguirre [es]. She had an older sister, Carmen, nicknamed Babú.
Her father, nicknamed Polo, was infamous for having developed the picana, an electrical torture device, during the de facto government of General José Félix Uriburu. Pirí, for her part, always had a completely different ideology. It led her to join the ranks of the political left, to be considered "subversive", and later disappeared by the military government of the self-styled National Reorganization Process. She used to introduce herself as "Pirí Lugones, granddaughter of the poet, daughter of the torturer."
She worked as a teacher, and later entered the Faculty of Philosophy and Letters of the University of Buenos Aires to study writing. There she met her future husband, with whom she would have three children, Carlos Peralta. In 1958, they separated.
As a writer and editor for Ediciones de la Flor, she compiled the anthology El libro de los autores in 1967, and translated letters of Dylan Thomas into Spanish, making use of a Buenos Aires form of Lunfardo.
During the 1970s, she joined the Peronist Armed Forces and, later, the Montoneros, adopting the nom de guerre Rosita. Her missions consisted mainly of intelligence, press, and charity work. She was friends with other militants, such as Paco Urondo, Juan Gelman, Lili Massaferro, Jorge Cedrón [es], and Rodolfo Walsh (with whom she lived for a time in Tigre).
She was abducted by a Navy "task group [es]" on 24 December 1977. According to journalist Horacio Verbitsky, she was held in concentration camps known as El Atlético and El Banco, and harshly interrogated, at one point taunting her captors, "I'm the daughter of the torturer Lugones, who invented everything that you're doing."
Although the exact date of her murder is unknown, accounts of fellow detainees indicate that it coincided with a massive transfer of prisoners on 17 February 1978, after which nothing was heard of her.
# Marshall Houts

Marshall Houts (1919–1993) was an American academic, attorney, and author. Educated at Brevard College and the University of Minnesota Law School, Houts authored 44 books and helped create the television series Quincy, M.E. He authored a book on the death of Sir Harry Oakes and a book (co-authored with Harold Stassen) on Dwight Eisenhower. He was in the FBI, Office of Strategic Services, and CIA. He served as a municipal-court judge, married, and had seven children.
Earl Stanley Gardner dedicated his 63rd Perry Mason book, The Case of the Shapely Shadow, to Houts for the "outstanding work he is doing in the field of legal medicine."
# Koudougou Department

Koudougou is a department or commune of Boulkiemdé Province in central Burkina Faso. As of 2019 it has a population of 216,774. Its capital is the town of Koudougou.

## Towns and villages

· Koudougou · Boulsin · Doulou · Gninga · Godin-Oualogtinga · Kamedji · Kikigogo · Kolgrogogo · Lattou · Nayalgué · Péyiri · Saria · Sigoghin · Toêga · Tiogo Mossi · Villy