OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Levulinic acid

Levulinic acid, or 4-oxopentanoic acid, is an organic compound with the formula CH$_3$C(O)CH$_2$CH$_2$CO$_2$H. It is classified as a keto acid. This white crystalline solid is soluble in water and polar organic solvents. It is derived from degradation of cellulose and is a potential precursor to biofuels, such as ethyl levulinate.

## Synthesis

Levulinic acid was first prepared in 1840 by Dutch chemist Gerardus Johannes Mulder by heating fructose with hydrochloric acid. The first commercial production of levulinic acid began as a batchwise process in an autoclave by starch manufacturer A. E. Staley in the 1940s. In 1953 Quaker Oats developed a continuous process for the production of levulinic acid. In 1956 it was identified as a platform chemical with high potential. and in 2004 the US Department of Energy (U.S. DoE) identified levulinic acid as one of the 12 potential platform chemicals in the biorefinery concept.
The synthesis of levulinic acid from hexoses (glucose, fructose) or starch in dilute hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid. In addition to formic acid further, partly insoluble, by-products are produced. These are deeply colored and their complete removal is a challenge for most technologies.
Many concepts for the commercial production of levulinic acid are based on a strong acid technology. The processes are conducted in a continuous manner at high pressures and temperatures. Lignocellulose is an inexpensive starting material. Levulinic acid is separated from the mineral acid catalyst by extraction. Levulinic acid is purified by distillation.

## Reactions and applications

Levulinic acid is used as a precursor for pharmaceuticals, plasticizers, and various other additives. The largest application of levulinic acid is its use in the production of aminolevulinic acid, a biodegradable herbicide used in South Asia. Another key application is the use of levulinic acid in cosmetics. Ethyl levulinate, a primary derivative of levulinic acid, is extensively used in fragrances and perfumes. Levulinic acid is a chemical building block or starting material for a wide variety of other compounds including γ-valerolactone and 2-methyl-THF.

### Other occurrence and niche uses

Levulinic acid is used in cigarettes to increase nicotine delivery in smoke and binding of nicotine to neural receptors.
Levulinic acid, in its cyclic alternate structure, was the first pseudoacid to be described as such.

## Etymology

The former term “levulose” for fructose gave levulinic acid its name.

## Safety

Levulinic acid is relatively nontoxic, with an LD$_{50}$ of 1850 mg/kg.
# Live in Concert Newcastle City Hall 1974

Live in Concert Newcastle City Hall 1974 is a live album by the British progressive rock group Refugee, recorded on 16 June 1974 onto cassette straight from the soundboard. It was released under the Voiceprint Records in 2007. The album includes The Nice song "The Diamond Hard Blue Apples of the Moon" and a cover of Bob Dylan's "She Belongs to Me", all songs from the debut album (except for "Credo" and "Gatecrasher") and the four-minute "Refugee Jam".

## Reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| All About Jazz | |
Bruce Eder at AllMusic stated "To say it lives up to that promise is putting it mildly. If you were never overly impressed with the content of Refugee's one and only studio album, this performance really does justify the praise that they received in the British press".
John Kelman of All About Jazz wrote that the album "proves that Refugee was every bit as good as The Nice," and commented: "The recording quality... is clear enough, and demonstrates that Refugee live was even better than Refugee in the studio. Had Yes not recruited Moraz it's likely that a group stymied by the very average Jackson and Davison would never have achieved great commercial success, but this unearthed live recording does prove Refugee to be a group that, for Moraz alone, deserves to be remembered."
Writing for VintageRock.com, Shawn Perry stated that Moraz's "master strokes on 'Papillon' place him in the pantheon of the greats," and remarked: "At the same time, Moraz piles on scads of amorphous layers that both frighten and entice. He squeezes the Moog for a lot more juice and uses the Hammond to underscore his command of the harmonious flow of the music."

## Track listing

* "Outro - Rick Mickley" (Patrick Moraz) - 2:53
* "One Left Handed Peter Pan" (Moraz, Lee Jackson) - 8:44
* "The Diamond Hard Blue Apples of the Moon" (Keith Emerson, Jackson) - 7:00
* "Someday" (Moraz, Jackson) - 6:06
* "Papillon" (Moraz) - 8:00
* "She Belongs to Me" (Bob Dylan) - 8:54
* "Grand Canyon Suite" - 18:24
** a) "The Source" (Moraz)
** b) "Theme for the Canyon" (Moraz)
** c) "The Journey" (Moraz, Jackson)
** d) "Rapids" (Moraz)
** e) "The Mighty Colorado" (Moraz, Jackson)
* "Refugee Jam" (Moraz, Jackson, Brian Davison) - 4:13

## Personnel

* Lee Jackson: bass, guitars, vocals
* Patrick Moraz: keyboards, alpine horn
* Brian Davison: drums, percussion, tympani
# Michael Whelan (poet)

Michael Whelan (also known as The Poet of Renous) was a Canadian poet. He is best known for his poetry celebrating Miramichi, including the famous Dungarvon Whooper.
Whelan was born in 1858 in Renous, New Brunswick. He worked as a school teacher, and as a book-keeper for a local mill. He is, however, best known for his poetry celebrating the Miramichi, including the famous Dungarvon Whooper. He died at Chatham, New Brunswick (now Miramichi, New Brunswick) in 1937.
# Curtis Fish

Curtis "Curt" Fish is an American curler and 1989 national champion from Seattle, Washington.

## Curling career

In 1978, Fish on Jeff Tomlinson's team won US Juniors and placed fifth on Junior Worlds. In 1989 Fish played third on Jim Vukich's team, winning the US Men's Championship and placing tenth at World's.

## Teams

| Season | Skip | Third | Second | Lead | Alternate | Events |
| 1977–78 | Jeff Tomlinson | Ted Purvis | Curtis Fish | Marc McCartney | | 1989 USJCC 1978 WJCC (5th) |
| 1988–89 | Jim Vukich | Curtis Fish | Bard Nordlund | Jim Pleasants | Jason Larway | 1989 USMCC 1989 WMCC (10th) |
| 1999–00 | Tom Violette | Curt Fish | Bard Nordlund | Murphy Tomlinson | Doug Jones | 2000 USMCC (??? th) |
# Nicoletta Fabio

Nicoletta Fabio (born 13 March 1961) is an Italian politician.
A centre-right independent, she serves as Mayor of Siena since 2023, the first woman to hold the office.

## Biography

From 1986 to 1988, Fabio was editor-in-chief of the Imago Moda magazine, published by the Edifir publishing house in Florence, for which she also edited some volumes in collaboration with the Centro Moda. After enrolling in the national register of publicist journalists in 1988, she was part of the editorial staff of Gift magazine, the company newspaper of the Florence Gift Mart in Florence, from 1989 to 2003, then continuing her journalistic activity until 2015.
From 1987 to 1992 she was a tenured teacher in lower secondary school and then moved on to a tenured teacher for Literature and Latin in high schools until her mayoral run in 2023.

### Mayor of Siena

On 6 March 2023 the parties of the centre-right coalition officially presented Nicoletta Fabio as their candidate in view of the local elections.
In the first electoral round of May 14, 2023, she obtained 30.5% of the votes, against the candidate of the centre-left coalition Anna Ferretti, who instead obtained 28.8%, with which she goes to the ballot. Fabio won the second electoral round of 28-29 May, gaining 52.2%% of the preferences with 1,037 votes behind her challenger, becoming the first woman Mayor of Siena.
# Noir (Blue Sky Black Death album)

Noir (stylized as NOIR) is a studio album by American hip hop production duo Blue Sky Black Death. It was released on Fake Four Inc. in 2011.

## Release

Noir was originally released on Fake Four Inc. on April 26, 2011. Screwed versions of several of the tracks were released on Blue Sky Black Death's Bandcamp, as Noir + Violet. Later, the group also released a deluxe digital reissue of the album, titled Noir Dlxe, which includes the screwed versions, four alternate tracks from the original Noir release, and three more tracks, for a total of 29 tracks at a length of more than 2 hours.
In 2013, a limited-run two-disc vinyl pressing was done, featuring the original track listing, two alternates, as well as a previously unreleased track, "Thirteen", which does not appear on the deluxe digital release. It also features a new album cover. It was followed by a later re-pressing in 2014. A 10-year vinyl reissue was announced in March 2021.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Alarm | favorable |
| Beats Per Minute | 81/100 |
| Pitchfork | 7.5/10 |
| URB | |
Brett Uddenberg of URB gave the album 4 out of 5 stars, calling it "a brilliant culmination of reverb-coated keys and lush string arrangements". Marc Hogan of Pitchfork gave the album a 7.5 out of 10, writing: "Using an impressively nuanced deployment of strings, piano, and guitar as well as drum loops and hazy synths, the album has a patient, steady beauty, ranging from glowing panoramas evoking M83 to the classical-informed abstraction of Anticon acts like Dosh and Son Lux." Tom Harrison of Alarm described it as "an album of hazy instrumental beats that skirt the boundary between hip hop and electronica." Will Ryan of Beats Per Minute said, "they set out on another scratchy, emotionally momentous odyssey of gigantic synth melodies with a deluge of shape-shifting samples ranging from mournful vocal washes to chirping orchestral arrangements backed by stomping mid-tempo drum programming."

## Personnel

Credits adapted from liner notes.
* Blue Sky Black Death – instrumentation, arrangement, recording, mixing
* Raised by Wolves – additional musical contributions (1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13 14)
* Rob Harris – vocals (3, 4, 8)
* Shaprece Renee – vocals (7, 12)
* Alexander Chen – viola (9, 11, 12), vocals (12)
* Tim Green – artwork, layout
# Manfred Schüssler

Manfred Schüssler is a German solar physicist at the Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research. In 2017, he was awarded the George Ellery Hale Prize and the Senior Prize of the Solar Physics Division of the European Physical Society for his contributions to the study of the solar dynamo.
# Buckles, Virginia

Buckles was an unincorporated community in Lee County, Virginia, United States.
A post office was established at Buckles in 1922, and closed in 1934.
# Mokhtar Khattab

Mokhtar Khattab is the former Egyptian minister of public enterprise (1999–2004). He was appointed to the board of Telecom Egypt in 2004.
# Live in Concert 1979

Live in Concert 1979 is the title of a video by French singer Amanda Lear, first released in 1980.

## Background

The video originally consisted of highlights from Amanda's 1979 concert in Hamburg, Germany, filmed during her heyday as a disco singer and directed by Denis Taranto. The 30-minute material was released in 1980 with different covers as Amanda Lear Live and Live in Concert and featured mostly tracks from albums I Am a Photograph, Sweet Revenge and Never Trust a Pretty Face. Approximately half of the concert repertoire uses lip-synching.
In 2008, an expanded version of the video was released on DVD, including more songs, with the live material interspersed with clips from rehearsals. Behind-the-scenes footage is also included where Amanda is seen talking in French, Italian, English and occasionally German. Her husband, Alain-Philippe Malagnac d'Argens de Villèle, whom the singer had married just months before filming, also features in the video. In addition, on the 2008 DVD release a 1978 French interview was included.

## Credits

* Chief operators: Pablo Salas, Yves Dahan
* Assistant operators: Jean-Paul Sergent, Bernard Guibert
* Sound: Rene Moire
* Editor: Violette Marfaing
* All songs property of Ariola Eurodisc Munich
* World copyright: Jet Set 1979

## Release history

| Year | Title | Format |
| 1980 | Amanda Lear Live | VHS |
| 1980 | Live in Concert | VHS |
| 2008 | Live in Concert 1979 | DVD |
# Michael Layard

Admiral Sir Michael Henry Gordon Layard, KCB, CBE (born 3 January 1936) is a retired senior Royal Navy officer who served as Second Sea Lord from 1992 to 1995.

## Naval career

Educated at Pangbourne College and the Britannia Royal Naval College, Layard was commissioned into the Royal Navy in 1954. He trained as a fighter pilot and in 1970 he took command of 899 Naval Air Squadron flying Sea Vixens. He became Commander (Air) in HMS Ark Royal in 1977 and Chief Staff Officer to the Flag Officer, Naval Air Command in 1979. Promotion to captain followed on 30 June 1979. During the Falklands War he was Senior Naval Officer in the MV Atlantic Conveyor, which was sunk by two exocet missiles.
Layard became Commander of RNAS Culdrose in 1982, Captain of the destroyer HMS Cardiff in 1984 and Director Naval Warfare (Air) at the Ministry of Defence in 1985. He went on to be Flag Officer Naval Air Command in 1988, Director General, Naval Manpower and Training in 1990 and Second Sea Lord and Chief of Naval Personnel in 1992 (and, concurrently, President of the Royal Naval College, Greenwich from 1993). From 1994 he was asked to combine this role with that of Commander-in-Chief Naval Home Command.

## Later life

In retirement Layard became a Trustee of the Fleet Air Arm Museum, and a Governor of Pangbourne College.
Layard owns a 32-foot yacht, Banjo.

## Family

In 1966 Layard married Elspeth Horsley Fisher. They have two sons.
# Kids MBA Ltd

Kids MBA Ltd is a UK-based company. It provides educational services under the KidsMBA brand. It was formed to provide a training programme that introduces young people to many of the issues and skills needed in business and self-employment. Designed to complement and enhance pre-school leavers’ education with a real-world taster of the life skills, know-how and aptitude required to run a business or become an entrepreneur, the KidsMBA Programme opens up the concept of self-employment and business management to young people from all walks of life.

## History

Whilst school provides a broad-based education for children that education does not extend to preparing children with the skills needed in self-employment or to run their own business.
The KidsMBA Programme was developed in the UK by Barrister and Professor Mark Watson-Gandy as part of his call for children to receive basic business education at schools. First delivered in 2016 at St Columba's Catholic Boys' School in Bexleyheath, England, the KidsMBA programme has since been delivered internationally.

## The Programme

The 10 hour intensive programme is traditionally taught over 2 days by lecture, roll play, discussion and games. With participants receiving a KidsMBA badge and Certificate of Achievement which allow them to compete in an international competition.
# Nkoltang

Nkoltang is a small town in Estuaire Province in northwestern Gabon. It lies along the N1 road, 25.6 kilometres by road east of Libreville, and 13.8 kilometres by road west of Ntoum.
# Carl Otto von Eicken

Carl Otto von Eicken (31 December 1873, Mülheim an der Ruhr – 29 June 1960, Heilbronn) was a German otorhinolaryngologist.

## Biography

He studied medicine at the universities of Kiel, Geneva, Munich, Berlin, and Heidelberg, where he served as an assistant to surgeon Vincenz Czerny. He received his habilitation for laryngo-rhinology (1903) and otology (1909) at the University of Freiburg, and in 1911 he became a full professor at the University of Giessen, where subsequently, he was named head of the newly constructed ear, nose, and throat clinic. In 1920-21 he served as university rector. In 1922, he succeeded Gustav Killian (a former teacher) at the University of Berlin, where he maintained a professorship up until 1950.
In May 1935 and November 1944, he removed a polyp from the left vocal cord of Adolf Hitler.
He is largely known for developing methods of examination for the throat and pharynx. The eponymous "Eicken's method" is the facilitation of hypopharyngoscopy by means of forward traction on the cricoid cartilage by a laryngeal probe. He was the author of over 100 medical works — with Alfred Schulz van Treeck, he published an atlas on ear, nose and throat diseases, titled Atlas der Hals-, Nasen-, Ohren-Krankheiten (1940).
# Micra (disambiguation)

Micra is a car produced by Nissan.
Micra may also refer to:
* Medical Injury Compensation Reform Act, the California medical malpractice liability insurance act
* Micra (moth), a moth genus also known as Eublemma
* Micra (unit), the plural form of the old length unit "micron"
* M.I.C.R.A.: Mind Controlled Remote Automaton, unfinished comic series
# Ptilothyris serangota

Ptilothyris serangota is a moth in the family Lecithoceridae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1932. It is found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (North Kivu, Équateur) and Uganda.
# Levymanus

Levymanus is a genus of palp-footed spiders that was first described by S. Zonstein & Y. M. Marusik in 2013. As of June 2019 it contains only two species, found in the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Israel, and Ethiopia: L. gershomi and L. ras.
# Dadanawa Ranch

Dadanawa Ranch is located on the Rupununi River in the Rupununi savannah in the Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo Region of Guyana. It is the largest and one of the most isolated cattle ranches in Guyana.

## Location

Dadanawa Ranch is one of the most remote ranches in the world containing about 6,000 cattle. The ranch area is said to be 1,700 sq mi (4,400 km$^2$; 1,100,000 acres). It is located on the Rupununi River in the South Rupununi savannahs, in the Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo Region of Guyana. The habitat of the area is diverse, "ranging from riparian forest/scrub along the Rupununi River to savanna with few scattered trees".
The preferred means of travel to Dadanawa is by jeep. It takes about 3.5 hours to drive from Lethem to Dadanawa in the dry season, and as much as three days in the wet season. Tourists often stay at Dadanawa and use the ranch as a base for further journeys throughout the South Rupununi.

## History

The name "Dadanawa" is a distortion of the local Wapishana Amerindian name of Dadinauwau, or "macaw spirit creek hill".
Dadanawa started out as a trading post by a man of the name DeRooie about 1865 and was sold with 300 head of cattle in the late 1880s to H.P.C. Melville, a gold prospector from Barbados who found himself lost and near-dead of malaria in the area several years before. The ranch was sold to investors and established as the Rupununi Development Company in 1919.

## Workers

Ranch cowboys are called "vaqueros", most of whom are Wapishana Amerindians who operate barefoot and are responsible for managing ranch livestock. The ranch supports over 40 people in the main compound including the direct and extended families of the manager and staff, some of which extend for three generations.
The ranch is now run by Duane de Freitas, his wife Sandie and son Justin along with his Irish partner, Erin Earl. They run an ecotourism business from the ranch and visitors from all over the world come to birdwatch or go on river trips in the savannahs and Amazon rainforest. Duane and Justin have set up the Rupununi Conservation Society to protect the highly endangered siskins and other bird and river turtle species.

## Harry E Turner

Harry E Turner was an English ex-cavalry officer who said that he had ridden in the last British army cavalry charge in the Middle East during the First World War. He was the manager of Dadanawa up to 1965, and retired to England that year.
# Prionapteryx somala

Prionapteryx somala is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Graziano Bassi in 2013. It is found in Somalia.
# Nesbit, Mississippi

Nesbit is an unincorporated community in DeSoto County, Mississippi, United States.

## History

A post office operated under the name Nesbits Station from 1869 to 1881 and began operating under the name Nesbit in 1881.
In the early 1900s, an academy, two churches, and a sawmill were located in Nesbit.
Nesbit is located on the former Illinois Central Railroad.

## Geography

Nesbit is approximately 7 miles (11 km) south of Horn Lake, approximately 9 miles (14 km) south of Southaven and approximately 5 miles (8.0 km) north of Hernando near U.S. Route 51 and Interstate 55.

### Climate

Climate data for Nesbit, MS :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 80 (27) | 80 (27) | 91 (33) | 97 (36) | 98 (37) | 104 (40) | 110 (43) | 112 (44) | 103 (39) | 99 (37) | 87 (31) | 81 (27) | 112 (44) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 48 (9) | 54 (12) | 63 (17) | 72 (22) | 79 (26) | 87 (31) | 90 (32) | 89 (32) | 83 (28) | 74 (23) | 61 (16) | 51 (11) | 71 (22) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 28 (−2) | 32 (0) | 41 (5) | 50 (10) | 59 (15) | 67 (19) | 70 (21) | 68 (20) | 61 (16) | 50 (10) | 39 (4) | 32 (0) | 50 (10) |
| Record low °F (°C) | −6 (−21) | −5 (−21) | 10 (−12) | 27 (−3) | 36 (2) | 49 (9) | 41 (5) | 49 (9) | 38 (3) | 24 (−4) | 7 (−14) | −5 (−21) | −6 (−21) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 4.55 (116) | 4.29 (109) | 5.58 (142) | 6.02 (153) | 5.51 (140) | 4.93 (125) | 3.68 (93) | 3.15 (80) | 3.29 (84) | 3.34 (85) | 5.11 (130) | 5.61 (142) | 55.06 (1,399) |
| Average snowfall inches (cm) | 2.00 (5.1) | 1.20 (3.0) | 0.20 (0.51) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.10 (0.25) | 3.50 (8.9) |
| Source: http://www.intellicast.com/Local/History.aspx?location=USMS0257 ||||||||||||||

## Notable people

* Kenny Brown, blues guitarist (born 1953; grew up in Nesbit)
* Mississippi Joe Callicott, blues singer and guitarist (1899-1969; was born and lived in Nesbit)
* Olivia Holt, teen actress on TV series Kickin' It (born 1997)
* Jerry Lee Lewis, musician
# Joseph Fox

Joseph or Joe Fox may refer to:
* Joseph Fox the younger (1758–1838), British medical doctor
* Joseph Fox (Michigan politician), state legislator
* Joseph Fox (Pennsylvania politician), speaker of the Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly, 1764–66
* Joseph Fox (dental surgeon) (1775–1816), British pioneer of dental education
* Joseph John Fox (1855–1915), Roman Catholic bishop
* Joe Fox (boxer) (1894–1965), British boxer
* Joe Fox (footballer) (1879–1948), Australian rules footballer
* Joe Fox (politician) (1931–1981), Irish politician
* Joseph Francis Fox (1853–1903), Member of Parliament for Tullamore
# Mangelia myrmecodes

Mangelia myrmecodes is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Mangeliidae.

## Description

The length of the shell attains 5 mm, its diameter 2.55 mm.
(Original description) The solid shell is oblong and has a pale straw color. It contains six whorls. The protoconch is nipple-shaped and slightly translucent. The other whorls show pronounced noduled ribs (11 on the body whorl). The many spiral lirae form nodules when crossing the ribs. The aperture is narrow. The sinus is wide. The outer lip is incrassate and crenulate. The columella stands upright. It is best distinguished by its noduled ribs, which are particularly well defined.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off Pakistan.
# Mariah Denigan

Mariah Denigan (/ˈdɛnɪɡən/ DEN-ih-ghən; born May 3, 2003) is an American swimmer, who specializes in open water and freestyle events. At the 2022 FINA World Swimming Championships in Budapest Hungary, Denigan swim both the 10km open water (finishing 15th place), and the USA Mixed Team Relay (finishing in 7th).

## Medals

Denigan won the silver medal in the women's 800 metre freestyle event at the 2019 Pan American Games held in Lima, Peru. She also competed in the 400 metre and 1500 metre freestyle events. In the women's 400 metre individual medley event she finished in 5th place in the final.
# Dərvişli

Dərvişli (also, Dovrushlu and Dervishli) is a village and municipality in the Bilasuvar Rayon of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 1,374.