OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Neutron interferometer

In physics, a neutron interferometer is an interferometer capable of diffracting neutrons, allowing the wave-like nature of neutrons, and other related phenomena, to be explored.

## Interferometry

Interferometry inherently depends on the wave nature of the object. As pointed out by de Broglie in his PhD thesis, particles, including neutrons, can behave like waves (the so-called wave–particle duality, now explained in the general framework of quantum mechanics). The wave functions of the individual interferometer paths are created and recombined coherently which needs the application of dynamical theory of diffraction. Neutron interferometers are the counterpart of X-ray interferometers and are used to study quantities or benefits related to thermal neutron radiation.

## Applications

In 1975 Werner and Overhauser demonstrated quantum phase shifts on neutron matter waves due to gravity. The interferometer was oriented such that two paths are at different heights in Earth's gravitational field. The interferometer was sufficiently sensitive to detected the phase shift due to different acceleration. The phase shift originates from time-dilation differences along the two paths.

## Construction

Like X-ray interferometers, neutron interferometers are typically made from a single large crystal of silicon, often 10 to 30 or more centimeters in diameter and 20 to 60 cm or more in length. Modern semiconductor technology allows large single-crystal silicon boules to be easily grown. Since the boule is a single crystal, the atoms in the boule are precisely aligned, to within small fractions of a nanometer or an angstrom, over the entire boule. The interferometer is created by removing all but three slices of silicon, held in perfect alignment by a base. (image) Neutrons impinge on the first slice, where, by diffraction from the crystalline lattice, they separate into two beams. At the second slice, they are diffracted again, with two beams continuing on to the third slice. At the third slice, the beams recombine, interfering constructively or destructively, completing the interferometer. Without the precise, angstrom-level alignment of the three slices, the interference results would not be meaningful.

## Cold neutrons

The first neutron interferometer experiments were performed in the 1980s. Experiments with cold neutrons are more recent. Only recently, a neutron interferometer for cold and ultracold neutrons was designed and successfully run. Neutron-optical components in this case comprise three gratings. They are artificially holographically produced, i.e., by means of a light-optic two-wave interference setup illuminating a photo-neutron-refractive polymer. Mechanical stability and count rates are crucial for such an experiment. Therefore, efficient, thermally and mechanically stable optical devices are needed.
# Ness Foundation

The Ness Foundation was a research charity based near Inverness, Scotland. It was active from 1999 and was a constituent partner of the University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI) until the foundation became insolvent and by 2008 and parts were then acquired by UHI.

## History

The Highland Psychiatric Research Group had been founded in the 1980s with the involvement of Iain Glen, a consultant psychiatrist. Glen had an interest in cell membrane biochemistry, and theorised that there was a relationship to a group of mental health disorders.
The Ness Foundation was registered as a charity in 1998 and the following year became an associate partner of the project that went on to become the UHI Millenium Institute. Between 2001 and 2004 the Foundation was run by Dr. Brian M. Ross during which time the Foundation received support from the European Regional Development Fund and various other private and public partners. The ties between the University and the Ness Foundation grew closer with the Foundation contributing significantly to the total research output and income of UHI. It was involved with carrying out research into diagnosing conditions such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, autism spectrum disorder, developmental coordination disorder, dyslexia, depression and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Its principal area of research was the relevance of lipids in these disorders but later this has been extended to include the role of genetics.
Through its wholly owned commercial subsidiary, Pan Diagnostics Limited, the foundation worked to develop a tool kit intended to enable early detection of people at a higher risk of serious mental illness. The kit consisting of a skin patch, breath test (measuring how a person's body breaks down Omega-3 fatty acid) and if these were positive a genetic test was also run.
The foundation was a constituent partner of UHI when it became insolvent and by 2008 parts had been absorbed into UHI.
# Cycling at the 2019 Pan American Games – Women's team sprint

The women's team sprint competition of the cycling events at the 2019 Pan American Games was held on August 1 at the Velodrome.

## Records

Prior to this competition, the existing world and Games records were as follows:
| World record | China | 32.034 | Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Mexico | 18 February 2015 |
| Games record | Canada | 33.584 | Toronto, Canada | 16 July 2015 |

## Schedule

| Date | Time | Round |
| August 1, 2019 | 12:30 | Qualification |
| August 1, 2019 | 19:07 | Finals |

## Results
### Qualification

Fastest 4 teams advanced to the final.
| Rank | Nation | Name | Time | Notes |
| 1 | Mexico | Daniela Gaxiola Jessica Salazar | 33.759 | QG |
| 2 | Canada | Kelsey Mitchell Amelia Walsh | 34.189 | QG |
| 3 | Colombia | Martha Bayona Juliana Gaviria | 34.437 | QB |
| 4 | Argentina | Mariana Díaz Natalia Vera | 36.609 | QB |
| 5 | Ecuador | Katheryne Cargua Genesis Lozano | 37.482 | |
| 6 | Peru | Ghillma Bendezu Estephany Valdivia | 38.830 | |

### Finals

The final classification is determined in the medal finals.
| Rank | Nation | Name | Time | Notes |
| Gold medal final |||||
| | Mexico | Daniela Gaxiola Jessica Salazar | 33.424 | GR |
| | Canada | Kelsey Mitchell Amelia Walsh | 34.096 | |
| Bronze medal final |||||
| | Colombia | Martha Bayona Juliana Gaviria | 34.313 | |
| 4 | Argentina | Mariana Díaz Natalia Vera | 35.983 | |
# Keith Guthrie (diplomat)

Donald Keith Guthrie (June 23, 1936 – March 18, 2010) was an American diplomat who was a career Foreign Service Officer. He served as charge' d'affaires in Belize from July 1985 until September 1987.,

## Life and career

Guthrie was born on June 23, 1936, and grew up in Las Cruces, New Mexico, with his parents who were professors at New Mexico State University. He attended Las Cruces High School and New Mexico State University. Guthrie graduated from University of California, Berkeley and the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy. He studied at the University of Los Andes (Colombia) as a Fulbright Scholar. Guthrie began his career with the State Department in 1961 and stayed until he retired in 1991.
Guthrie died due to complications from Parkinson's Disease at his home in Albuquerque, New Mexico, on March 18, 2010, at the age of 73.
# Neurotrimin

Neurotrimin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NTM gene.
This gene encodes a member of the IgLON (LAMP, OBCAM, Ntm) family of immunoglobulin (Ig) domain-containing glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored cell adhesion molecules. The encoded protein may promote neurite outgrowth and adhesion via a homophilic mechanism. This gene is closely linked to a related family member, opioid binding protein/cell adhesion molecule-like (OPCML) on chromosome 11. Multiple alternatively spliced variants have been found but only two variants have had their full-length sequences determined.
# Neurotrichini

Neurotrichini is a tribe within the subfamily Talpinae of the mole family. It includes the living genus Neurotrichus with a single living species, the American shrew-mole (Neurotrichus gibbsii). While today restricted to the New World, fossils are known from Eurasia.
# Cycling at the 1896 Summer Olympics – Men's track time trial

The men's time trial was one of 5 track cycling events on the Cycling at the 1896 Summer Olympics programme. It was the fourth event on the cycling schedule and was held on 11 April. The first time trial competition was the only time that Olympic time trials were held over the distance of one-third of a kilometre; when the event returned to the programme at the 1928 Summer Olympics the distance was set at one kilometre.

## Background

This was the first appearance of the event, which would not be held again until 1928 (after which it would be held every Games until dropped from the programme after 2004). This was the only time the event was held over a distance of one-third of a kilometre, rather than the one kilometre usually used. Paul Masson of France was the most significant cyclist in the small field, having won a "major international race" in 1894.

## Competition format

The event was a time trial on the track. In 1896, the distance was one-third of a kilometre, which was one lap around the track. A flying start was used.

## Schedule

The exact time of the event is not known; the cycling events began shortly after 2 p.m. and the time trial was the third event, after the 2 kilometres and 10 kilometres races.
| Date | Date | Time | Round |
| Gregorian | Julian | Time | Round |
| Saturday, 11 April 1896 | Saturday, 30 March 1896 | | Final |

## Results

The time trial race was once around the track, or one-third of a kilometre. It was held on 11 April and eight cyclists competed. Masson won his third race of the day, with Schmal and Nikolopoulos tying for second place and having to compete in a race-off for the second position.
| Rank | Cyclist | Nation | Time | Notes |
| | Paul Masson | France | 24.0 | |
| 2 | Stamatios Nikolopoulos | Greece | 26.0 | Race-off |
| 2 | Adolf Schmal | Austria | 26.0 | Race-off |
| 4 | Edward Battell | Great Britain | 26.2 | |
| 5 | Frederick Keeping | Great Britain | 27.0 | |
| 5 | Theodor Leupold | Germany | 27.0 | |
| 5 | Léon Flameng | France | 27.0 | |
| 8 | Joseph Rosemeyer | Germany | 27.2 | |

### Race-off

In this race, Nikolopoulos improved upon his time from the first round, winning the race for an overall second-place finish. Schmal was slower in this race than he had been in the first one.
| Rank | Cyclist | Nation | Time |
| | Stamatios Nikolopoulos | Greece | 25.4 |
| | Adolf Schmal | Austria | 26.6 |
# Nether region

Nether region may refer to:
* Hell, the Underworld, or any place of darkness or eternal suffering
* Subterranea (geography)
* Euphemism or slang for the buttocks, groin and genitals of human body, separately or collectively
# Cycle graph

In graph theory, a cycle graph or circular graph is a graph that consists of a single cycle, or in other words, some number of vertices (at least 3, if the graph is simple) connected in a closed chain. The cycle graph with n vertices is called C$_n$. The number of vertices in C$_n$ equals the number of edges, and every vertex has degree 2; that is, every vertex has exactly two edges incident with it.
If $n=1$, it is an isolated loop.

## Terminology

There are many synonyms for "cycle graph". These include simple cycle graph and cyclic graph, although the latter term is less often used, because it can also refer to graphs which are merely not acyclic. Among graph theorists, cycle, polygon, or n-gon are also often used. The term n-cycle is sometimes used in other settings.
A cycle with an even number of vertices is called an even cycle; a cycle with an odd number of vertices is called an odd cycle.

## Properties

A cycle graph is:
* 2-edge colorable, if and only if it has an even number of vertices
* 2-regular
* 2-vertex colorable, if and only if it has an even number of vertices. More generally, a graph is bipartite if and only if it has no odd cycles (Kőnig, 1936).
* Connected
* Eulerian
* Hamiltonian
* A unit distance graph
In addition:
* As cycle graphs can be drawn as regular polygons, the symmetries of an n-cycle are the same as those of a regular polygon with n sides, the dihedral group of order 2n. In particular, there exist symmetries taking any vertex to any other vertex, and any edge to any other edge, so the n-cycle is a symmetric graph.
Similarly to the Platonic graphs, the cycle graphs form the skeletons of the dihedra. Their duals are the dipole graphs, which form the skeletons of the hosohedra.

## Directed cycle graph

A directed cycle graph is a directed version of a cycle graph, with all the edges being oriented in the same direction.
In a directed graph, a set of edges which contains at least one edge (or arc) from each directed cycle is called a feedback arc set. Similarly, a set of vertices containing at least one vertex from each directed cycle is called a feedback vertex set.
A directed cycle graph has uniform in-degree 1 and uniform out-degree 1.
Directed cycle graphs are Cayley graphs for cyclic groups (see e.g. Trevisan).
# Kedron, Illinois

Kedron is an unincorporated community in Eagle Creek Township, Gallatin County, Illinois, United States. Kedron is 5 miles (8.0 km) south of Equality.
# New England News Collaborative

The New England News Collaborative (NENC) is a 10-station consortium of public media newsrooms located throughout New England. NENC produced NEXT, a show about New England with WNPR. The final episode of the show was broadcast on May 27, 2021.
NENC was formed with a grant from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting in 2016.
The collaborative is composed of: lead station Connecticut Public Broadcasting, WBUR in Boston, Rhode Island Public Radio, Maine Public Broadcasting Network, New Hampshire Public Radio, Vermont Public Radio, WSHU Public Radio in Westport, Connecticut, and New England Public Radio in Amherst, Massachusetts.
NENC is built upon collaboration that has its roots in the Environmental Reporting Initiative started by WNPR in 2006.
# Nicolas de Thou

Nicolas de Thou (1528 – 5 November 1598) was a French prelate of the Catholic Church. He was a cleric, Bishop of Chartres, and, in politics, a figure instrumental in the coronation of Henry IV of France, the first monarch of the Bourbon dynasty in France.
Born in Paris, de Thou was a son of Augustin de Thou [fr] (d. 1544), Président of the Parlement of Paris; brother to Christophe de Thou (1508–82), who became Premier Président of the Parlement of Paris; and later, uncle to noted historian Jacques-Auguste de Thou.
De Thou became a canon of the Cathedral of Paris in 1547, and Bishop of Chartres by a bull of 8 April 1573. As bishop, he played a prominent role in the War of the Three Henrys (1584-1598), in which power was transferred from Henry III of France to Henry of Navarre, who then became Henry IV.
His antipathy for the Catholic League, shared by his brother Président Christophe de Thou, made his position difficult when the people of Chartres, who were devoted to the League, shut their gates to the troops of King Henry III on 17 January 1589 and subsequently welcomed Charles of Lorraine, Duke of Mayenne, recognizing the aged Cardinal de Bourbon as king.
Nicholas de Thou temporised, and on 20 April 1591 received in his place Henry of Navarre, the future Henry IV. On 21 September 1591 he attended the assembly of bishops, which declared "null, unjust and suggested by the malice of the enemies of France Pope Gregory XIV's Bull of Excommunication against Henry of Navarre, and on 25 July 1593 he assisted at Henry IV's abjuration in St.-Denis.
As Reims was still in the power of the Duke of Mayenne, Chartres was chosen for the coronation. To end the dispute with Renaud de Beaune, Archbishop of Bourges, who had just been appointed Archbishop of Sens and who claimed the honour of anointing the king, de Thou by a skillful move had himself appointed by Nicolas de Pellevé, the Archbishop of Reims, as his representative and was thus commissioned to proceed with the coronation. Instead of the Sainte Ampoule there was brought from Tours a miraculous oil preserved in Marmoutier Abbey. The anointing took place on 27 February 1594, and the next day Nicolas de Thou bestowed on the king the Collar of the Order of the Holy Ghost.
De Thou died at Villebon-sur-Yvette on 5 November 1598. He left various pastoral writings and a book entitled Cérémonies observées au sacre et couronnement d'Henri IV, roi de France.
# Ondo State Ministry of Education, Science and Technology

Ondo State Ministry of Education, Science and Technology is part of the state ministries in Ondo State, Nigeria.

## Background

The Ministry has responsibility of ensuring quality education and development of policies to enhance science and technology. The ministry was created in 1999. Its current commissioner is Hon. Femi Agagu. Agagu formulated an education endowment fund with the aim of advancing the education sector of the state.
The departments under the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology include:
* Accounts
* Inspectorate and Quality Assurance
* School Services
* Sciences and Technology
* Planning, Research and Statistics etc.
# Liberton

Liberton may refer to:
* Liberton, Edinburgh, Scotland, a suburb
** Liberton High School
* Liberton, New Zealand, a suburb of Dunedin
# Muhammad Ibrahim Khan

Muhammad Ibrahim Khan may refer to:
* Sardar Muhammad Ibrahim Khan (1915–2003), founder and first President of Azad Kashmir
* Muhammad Ibrahim Khan (judge, died 1963), Judicial Commissioner of the Peshawar High Court
* Muhammad Ibrahim Khan (judge, born 1962), Justice of the Peshawar High Court
* Mohammad Ibrahim Khan Jhagra, Pakistani politician
* Muhammad Ibrahim Khan Khattak, member of the Pakistani parliament
* Muhammad Ibrahim Khan (Hazara leader)
* Muhammad Ibrahim Khan (Pakistani senator)
# Llandingat House

Llandingat House is a late Georgian detached town house in the town of Llandovery, Carmarthenshire, Wales. The house was built in the early nineteenth century and is set back some way from the road, surrounded by its own grounds.

## History

The building dates from the early nineteenth century, probably 1813 to 1814; such substantial town houses are relatively rare in West Wales in that period. The house was built for David Lloyd Harries who had been an attorney in the town since 1808. In 1870, it passed into the hands of Lieutenant-Colonel Edward Pryse Lloyd, who changed his name to Lloyd-Harries when he came into his inheritance. In the 1890s, his brother Tudor Lloyd Harries became the owner, and since then the house has been let to Llandovery College as a boarding house.

## The house

The house is painted roughcast and has a hipped, slate roof with deep eaves, and Greek Revival mutules under the eaves, similar to those found at the nearby Tabernacle Chapel. Semi-circular stone steps lead up to the half-glazed door, the porch having two large Roman Doric columns.
This house was designated a Grade II-listed building on 26 February 1981, as an example of "a very substantial late Georgian detached town house with good surviving interior detail".
# Lob Gott getrost mit Singen

"Lob Gott getrost mit Singen" (literally: Praise God confidently with singing) is a Lutheran hymn in German, a paraphrase of the Latin Te Deum, by the Bohemian Brethren. The hymn is part of the current Protestant hymnal. The hymn was translated into English as "Praise God, praise God with singing". The hymn tune was used for several hymns in different languages, denominations and centuries.

## History

The text of "Lob Gott getrost mit Singen" was written by the Bohemian Brethren, in six stanzas as a loose paraphrase of the Latin Te Deum. It has been arttibuted to Johann Horn [de] from Domascbitz near Leitmeritz in Bohemia, a bishop of the Brethren. He published the song in a 1544 hymnal, with a 1532 melody which was originally secular, "Entlaubet ist der Walde".
The hymn appears in the German Protestant hymnal Evangelisches Gesangbuch as EG 243. It is part of several other hymnals and songbooks. The song was translated into English as "Praise God, praise God with singing", providing four stanzas.

## Tune and musical settings

The tune was first secular, and appeared in 1532 with the text "Entlaubet ist der Walde". It was first associated with a hymn in 1535 in Nürnberg. The hymn tune was also used for the hymn for Pentecost "O komm, du Geist der Wahrheit" by Philipp Spitta. In English, "Let me be Thine forever" is a translation of Nicolaus Selneccer's 1688 hymn "Lass mich dein sein und bleiben" (lit: Let me be Yours and remain it) by Matthias Loy. Other hymns to the melody include "Through Jesus' Blood and Merit", a free translation of Simon Dach's "Ich bin bei Gott in Gnaden", and "Redeemed, restored, forgiven" by Henry Williams Baker. In German, Petronia Steiner wrote a Catholic offertory hymn "Wir weihn der Erde Gaben" (We devote the gifts of the earth) to the tune in 1945. In 1989, a few weeks before the fall of the Berlin Wall, Klaus-Peter Hertzsch, a pastor in Eisenach, used the melody for a song for a wedding of a relative: "Vertraut den neuen Wegen" (Trust the new ways).
Adam Gumpelzhaimer composed a four-part motet. Torsten Sterzik wrote a cantata, with the same cantus firmus but different vocal settings for the six stanzas, and two instrumental settings for winds. It was published by Strube-Verlag [de]. Johannes Petzold wrote a four-part setting in 1961, published by Merseburger Verlag [de] in 1963, and left sketches for other settings for both voices and organ. Michael Schopen composed a chorale prelude for organ.
Slightly paraphrased as Lobt Gott getrost mit Singen, the beginning is the title of a songbook of 51 popular songs from Evangelisches Gesangbuch, intended for use in services and especially senior citizens' homes.
# Lousie Wood Law

Lousie Wood Law is a hill in the Lowther Hills range, part of the Southern Uplands of Scotland. The terminal northeast Donald on the main ridge in the northern portion of the Lowthers range, it is most easily climbed from its northern and eastern flanks.
# Turing tarpit

A Turing tarpit (or Turing tar-pit) is any programming language or computer interface that allows for flexibility in function but is difficult to learn and use because it offers little or no support for common tasks. The phrase was coined in 1982 by Alan Perlis in the Epigrams on Programming:
   54. Beware of the Turing tar-pit in which everything is possible but nothing of interest is easy.
In any Turing complete language, it is possible to write any computer program, so in a very rigorous sense nearly all programming languages are equally capable. However, having that theoretical ability is not the same as usefulness in practice. Turing tarpits are characterized by having a simple abstract machine that requires the user to deal with many details in the solution of a problem. At the extreme opposite are interfaces that can perform very complex tasks with little human intervention but become obsolete if requirements change slightly.
Some esoteric programming languages, such as Brainfuck or Malbolge, are specifically referred to as "Turing tarpits" because they deliberately implement the minimum functionality necessary to be classified as Turing complete languages. Using such languages is a form of mathematical recreation: programmers can work out how to achieve basic programming constructs in an extremely difficult but mathematically Turing-equivalent language.
# Tõstamaa Landscape Conservation Area

Tõstamaa Landscape Conservation Area is a nature park which is located in Pärnu County, Estonia.
The area of the nature park is 1288 ha.
The protected area was founded in 1976 to protect the islets Heinlaid and Kivilaid.