OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Mahadalit

Mahadalit is a term which was coined in 2007 by the government of Bihar for the poorest social groups within the Dalits$^{:38}$ another called Aazad people who are original inhabitants of South Asian sub-continent. However, the term "Mahadalit" is not a part of the Indian constitutional terminology.

## Composition

The Nitish Kumar led NDA government in Bihar set up the State Mahadalit Commission in the year 2007 to recommended inclusion of extremely weaker castes amongst the Scheduled Castes in the Mahadalit category. The commission has recognized Bihar's 21 Scheduled Castes out of the state's total 22 Scheduled Castes as the Mahadalits.$^{:38}$

## Demographics and occupation

The Dalits form over 15% of the population of Bihar,$^{:38}$ and the Mahadalits form around 10% of the state's population.$^{:971}$ According to Mithilesh Kumar, the Mahadalits do not own land and work as sharecroppers on the farms of the Yadavs.

## Politics

During the election year of 2010, Nitish Kumar launched a slew of government schemes to woo mahadalit voters. Nitish said, "My aim is to see the social, economic and political growth of certain castes who need a special campaign for their overall development." The Mahadalit status entails benefits of over a dozen government welfare schemes including free land to the landless.
# Krupy

Krupy may refer to the following places:
* Krupy, Lublin Voivodeship (east Poland)
* Krupy, Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
* Krupy, West Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-west Poland)
# Jima Abajo

Jima Abajo is a town in the La Vega province of the Dominican Republic.
# Oreälven

A smaller influx of Lake Orsasjön is the Oreälven in Sweden with a length of approx. 110 kilometres. The river has an extensive set of salmons and the water quality is class I. Many athletes like to use the river for rafting purposes.
# Geoffrey Robert Quaife

Geoffrey Robert Quaife, is an Australian social historian, specialising in the history of the peasantry and witchcraft in early modern Europe. He was an associate professor, Head of the History Department, Chair of the Academic Board and Dean of Arts at the University of New England (Australia), from which he received an honorary doctorate in the year 2000.

## Personal life

Quaife married Linifred Gretel Williams in 1959, and has three children, Evan, Christian and Verity, twelve grandchildren and four great grandchildren. Both his wife and his son, Evan, have been credited in the prefaces of his books as having assisted Quaife in his research.
Since retirement from the University of New England in 2000 Quaife has written fourteen historical murder mysteries, The Luke Tremayme Adventures.

## Works

* Quaife, G.R. (1975). Gold and Colonial Society, 1851-1870. North Melbourne: Cassell Australia. ISBN 9780726973192.
* Quaife, G.R. (1979). Wanton Wenches and Wayward Wives: Peasants and Illicit Sex in Early Seventeenth Century England. Oxfordshire: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9780429615122.
* Quaife, G.R. (1987). Godly Zeal and Furious Rage: The Witch in Early Modern Europe. Oxfordshire: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781136740251.
# Heosphora baliora

Heosphora baliora is a moth in the family Pyralidae. The species was first described by Alfred Jefferis Turner in 1913. It is found in Australia.
# Conasauga, Polk County, Tennessee

Conasauga is a CDP (Census-designated place) in southern Polk County, Tennessee, United States. It is located approximately 1.2 miles north of the Tennessee-Georgia state line and roughly 17 miles southeast of Cleveland. The Conasauga River Lumber Company is located at Conasauga.
Conasauga has its own zip code, 37616, but does not have a post office.

## History

Tornadoes struck the community during the 1932 Deep South tornado outbreak and again on March 21, 1974, damaging the local school, which then closed. Tragedy occurred in Conasauga on March 28, 2000, when a Murray County, Georgia school bus crossed a railroad track north of Tennga, Georgia and was struck by a train, causing fatalities.
# Ienashi church

The Ienashi church of the Prophet Jonah (Georgian: იენაშის იონა წინასწარმეტყველის ეკლესია, romanized: ienashis iona ts'inasts'armet'q'velis ek'lesia), also known as the church of Ian (Svan: ჲან), is a medieval Georgian Orthodox church in Mestia, Upper Svaneti. The church was built sometime between the 12th and 14th centuries, but reflects an earlier Georgian practice by having a semi-open aisle—an ambulatory—terminating in an apse to the east of the main nave of the building. The church is inscribed on the list of the Immovable Cultural Monuments of National Significance of Georgia.

## Location

The church of the Prophet Jonah is situated in the village of Ienashi, at 1360 m above sea level, in the Latali territorial unit of the Mestia Municipality, at the foothills of the Greater Caucasus. This part of Svaneti was known as Free Svaneti in the 19th century. There are no contemporary literary sources on the construction and history of Ienashi. The church and the items preserved in it were first described, in greatest details, by the scholar Ekvtime Taqaishvili during his expedition to Svaneti in 1910.

## Layout

The Ienashi church is built of evenly cut limestone blocks. It is a hall church, with an ambulatory running on three sides and terminating in an apse on the east. The interior is divided up into bays by a pair of two-step pilasters which support a vaulted arch. The church is lit by windows cut in the sanctuary apse and central west wall; a window in the south wall is blocked by an outer annex attached to the wall. Arched niches flank the window in the apse. There are two doors, on the south and west. The church has two annexes, both arched in the interior and covered with architraves on the exterior. The façades are scarcely decorated in stonework. The building is based on a two-step socle and crowned by a pronounced cornice.
The interior is adorned with a series of frescoes, but they are heavily damaged. The style of the paintings is a local take on the late Byzantine Palaeologan art. Depicted are the Savior, the cross of Golgotha, David, Solomon, Jonah and the whale, the saints Peter and Paul, the Church Fathers, and an unidentified royal person, probably Constantine I of Imereti (r. 1293–1327).
The church formerly housed many unique items; some of them were lost in a series of burglaries, others were recovered and removed for safekeeping to the Svaneti Museum of History and Ethnography in Mestia. Among these items were the Ienashi Gospel book—a 13th-century illuminated Georgian manuscript—as well the icons with gilded and silver elements, such those of the Savior and the saints George and Theodore, and precious metal crosses, one being an Italian import of the 13th–14th century.
# Long Tailed Winter Bird

"Long Tailed Winter Bird" is a song by English musician Paul McCartney, released by Capitol Records. The song is featured on McCartney's 2020 album McCartney III and was released on 18 December 2020.

## Recording

McCartney stated that the song began "as a piece of film music which I extended. The title came about because it was extended into a full length song, we just called it ‘Long Tailed Winter Bird’" and further noted that "there is actually in my bird book I saw a long tailed duck, a long tailed winter duck I think". The piece of film music in question was "Winter Bird" (also included on McCartney III), which McCartney noted he liked so much that after recording it he "then thought ‘OK let’s keep going’ and I started jamming on the same ideas but I lengthened it and then I started putting it on a guitar and drums and bass." Audio engineer Steve Orchard noted it was the first full song recorded during the album's sessions, stating there were "a couple of versions of the outro music that sort of morphed into this groove that Paul’s playing - the main acoustic riff in that... that was the beginning of the whole record, it kind of took us off on this route.”

## Critical reception

In his review of McCartney III in Rolling Stone, critic Rob Sheffield referred to the song as "marvelous", citing its "frenzied folk guitar" as a highlight. The Independent reviewer Helen Brown also praised the song, calling it an "exhilarating blast of swamp blues" and noted that its "finger-hammering fretwork and slam-strumming of the hypnotic, interwoven guitar patterns is so wild and vigorous that you'd never guess the man making it was well into the pandemic’s “vulnerable” demographic". NME reviewer Mark Beaumont echoed Brown's assessment of the song as "swamp blues" while adding that the song helped "to shroud [McCartney III] in a rootsy, pastoral intimacy fitting for the times".
Writing for Uncut, John Robinson positively compared the track to works by The Byrds and Crowded House. Less impressed, Pitchfork reviewer Stuart Berman wrote that the song is "ultimately all warm-up with little payoff... always teasing that it's about to grow into something more peculiar and powerful, yet never quite getting there."

## Other versions

Along with every other song on McCartney III, partial sheet music was made available for "Long Tailed Winter Bird" prior to the album's release as part of a promotional campaign called "12 Days of Paul", leading to a number of cover versions. One of these, by The Umoza Music Project, was released as the b-side to their 2022 single "Home", which features McCartney on bass.
As part of the remix album McCartney III Imagined (2021), "Long Tailed Winter Bird" received a remix by Damon Albarn. Another remix made by Idris Elba was added as a bonus track to physical copies of the album. Elba's remix features additional lyrics performed by himself and McCartney.

## Personnel

* Paul McCartney – lead vocals, Hofner bass, acoustic guitar, recorder, harmonium, drums
# Paul Palango

Paul Palango (born 1950) is a Canadian author and investigative journalist. Palango worked as a journalist and editor for The Hamilton Spectator and The Globe and Mail. He has written four non-fiction books about policing in Canada, including 22 Murders.

## Early life

Palango was born in 1950 in Ontario, Canada.

## Career

In the 1970s he worked for The Hamilton Spectator before moving to The Globe and Mail in 1977 and remaining there until 1990 when he retired as an editor. Palango is noted for his reporting on authority figures including the Canadian police, Canadian Security Intelligence Service, the Canadian media, and business leaders. In 2000, he opened a glass art business in Lunenburg, Nova Scotia.
He returned to writing, publishing 22 Murders in 2022, his critical account of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police response to the 2020 Nova Scotia attacks. The book was the second on the Toronto Star's list of bestselling non-fiction in Canada in April 2022.
The Georgia Straight editor, Charlie Smith, described Palango as "one of Canada's last remaining investigative reporters." in August 2022.

## Books

* Above the Law, 1994, McClelland & Stewart, ISBN 978-0-7710-6905-5
* The Last Guardians: The Crisis in the RCMP - and Canada, 1998, McClelland & Stewart, ISBN 978-0-7710-6906-2
* Dispersing the Fog: Inside the Secret World of Ottawa and the RCMP, 2008, Key Porter Books, ISBN 978-1-55470-042-4
* 22 Murders, 2022, Random House Canada, ISBN 978-1-0390-0127-5

## Personal life

Palango lives in Nova Scotia.
# John Moner

John Moner was the member of the Parliament of England for Salisbury for the parliament of January 1397. He was also mayor of Salisbury.
# Paul N. Yu

Paul N. Yu (1915 – October 8, 1991) was an American cardiologist, physician-scientist and educator of Chinese descent, and a product of Chinese, British and American medical education. Over a career spanning several decades he trained numerous individuals in clinical cardiology who went on to leadership positions in academia throughout this country.

## Early life

Yu was born and raised in China.

## Career

Yu performed pioneering research in cardiac physiology, making seminal observations about the pulmonary circulation in health and disease, and the relationship to ventricular function, and key observations about the care of patients with coronary artery disease. He cared for prominent individuals such as the Taiwanese president Chiang Kai-shek and his family. He served in numerous leadership roles during his career, including a term as President of the American Heart Association (1972-3). Subsequently, he was awarded the American Heart Association's prestigious James Bryan Herrick Award for distinguished service to clinical cardiology during the course of his career. Yu served on the editorial boards of the American Heart Journal, Circulation and the Journal of Electrocardiology and was a senior editor of Modern Concepts of Cardiovascular Disease, co-editor of the 16-volume Progress in Cardiology and author of the textbook Pulmonary Blood Volume in Health and Disease.
The Paul N. Yu Professorship of Cardiology at the University of Rochester was first awarded to Bradford C. Berk, MD, PhD, who is the current Chair of Medicine, and served as Chief of the Cardiology Unit, and Director of the Center for Cardiovascular Research until 2002. Since then current Chief of Cardiology and Director of the Center for Cellular and Molecular Cardiology Mark B. Taubman, M.D. has held the Paul N. Yu Professorship of Cardiology. The Paul N. Yu Heart Center contains clinical inpatient and outpatient facilities for the treatment of Cardiovascular disease at Strong Memorial Hospital, with Nuclear Cardiology, Echocardiography, Electrophysiology, Interventional Cardiology Laboratories as well as Cardiac Rehabilitation facilities.

## Death

Yu died in 1991 in Taiwan.

## Selected bibliography

* "Progress in cardiology," ed. by Paul N. Yu. Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger, Volumes 1 - 16, 1972 - 1988 (Yearly).
* "Pulmonary blood volume in health and disease," by Paul N. Yu. Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger, 1969.
# Multivariate optical element

A multivariate optical element (MOE), is the key part of a multivariate optical computer; an alternative to conventional spectrometry for the chemical analysis of materials.
It is helpful to understand how light is processed in a multivariate optical computer, as compared to how it is processed in a spectrometer. For example, if we are studying the composition of a powder mixture using diffuse reflectance, a suitable light source is directed at the powder mixture and light is collected, usually with a lens, after it has scattered from the powder surface. Light entering a spectrometer first strikes a device (either a grating or interferometer) that separates light of different wavelengths to be measured. A series of independent measurements is used to estimate the full spectrum of the mixture, and the spectrometer renders a measurement of the spectral intensity at many wavelengths. Multivariate statistics can then be applied to the spectrum produced.
In contrast, when using multivariate optical computing, the light entering the instrument strikes an application specific multivariate optical element, which is uniquely tuned to the pattern that needs to be measured using multivariate analysis.
This system can produce the same result that multivariate analysis of a spectrum would produce. Thus, it can generally produce the same accuracy as laboratory grade spectroscopic systems, but with the fast speed inherent with a pure, passive, optical computer. The multivariate optical computer makes use of optical computing to realize the performance of a full spectroscopic system using traditional multivariate analysis. A side benefit is that the throughput and efficiency of the system is higher than conventional spectrometers, which increases the speed of analysis by orders of magnitude.
While each chemical problem presents its own unique challenges and opportunities, the design of a system for a specific analysis is complex and requires the assembly of several pieces of a spectroscopic puzzle. The data necessary for a successful design are spectral characteristics of light sources, detectors and a variety of optics to be used in the final assemblage, dispersion characteristics of the materials used in the wavelength range of interest, and a set of calibrated sample spectra for pattern-recognition-based analysis. With these pieces assembled, suitable application specific multivariate optical computer designs can be generated and the performance accurately modeled and predicted.
# Charles-Gaspard Delestre-Poirson

Charles-Gaspard Delestre-Poirson, known as Delestre-Poirson (22 August 1790, in Paris – 19 November 1859) was a French playwright and theatre director.
Delestre-Poirson was the director of the Gymnase dramatique, from 1820 to 1844 ; his resistance to the decisions taken by the Société des auteurs dramatiques provoked part of the SACD to boycott using that theatre for 2 years. This conflict, in which only Narcisse Fournier remained loyal to Delestre-Poirson, led in the end to Delestre-Poirson's retirement.
Delestre-Poirson is to be credited with the discovery of all the parts Rachel could play thanks to her deep and penetrating voice, her noble bearing and heroic fits of anger, thus bringing about a renaissance in French classical tragedy, which had been in decline and which Delestre-Poirson thus rejuvenated.
He wrote several comedies, alone (e.g. Le Fat en province ou Le plan de comédie, a 3-act comedy ; Inès et Pédrille ou La cousine supposée, a 3-act comedy ; Spectacle demandé ou Rien qu'en famille, a one-act divertissement "mêlée de couplets" ; Les Anglais supposés ou Lequel est mon gendre ?, at Théâtre de la Porte Saint-Martin, 1815), or in collaboration with Eugène Scribe and Mélesville (such as La Petite Pinson ou Une nuit à Beaune, a one-act folie-vaudeville, with Mélesville, put on at the Théâtre des Variétés from 20 February 1819). He also wrote a novel, Un Ladre, récit d’un vieux professeur émérite (Paris, Lenormant, 1859), a touching and moral book whose excellent intentions excuse its implausibility.

## Sources

* Gustave Vapereau, L’Année littéraire et dramatique, Paris, Hachette, 1860, p. 458
# Marchreisenspitze

The Marchreisenspitze, at 2,620 m, is the fifth highest summit of the Kalkkögel in the Stubai Alps. Together with the Ampferstein and the Malgrubenspitze, they form the well known Dreigestirn ("Three Stars") above the Axamer Lizum, which are visible far into the Inn valley.

## Ascent

The most popular route to the top is the "Lustige Bergler Steig", an easy klettersteig, that runs from Halsl over the Ampferstein and up to the Marchreisenspitze. From Ampferstein, the route climbs past the southern side of the Kehlbachlspitzen before leading to the south flank of the Marchreisenspitze. It crosses a boulder-strewn ravine and several ledges before reaching the summit.
Another ascent is the one from the Gsallerweg through the southwest flank.
There are also several routes through the large gravel field of the Lizum or from the Schlick valley head to the south.

## Gallery

* From the southwest
* From the Axamer Lizum to the north
* From the southeast

## Literature

Walter Klier (2006), Alpenvereinsführer Stubaier Alpen alpin (in German) (13th ed.), Munich: Bergverlag Rudolf Rother, p. 446, ISBN 3-7633-1271-4
# Naduvannur

Naduvannur is a Grama Panchayath and a Census town in Kozhikode district in the state of Kerala, India. It lies at the center of the district. Naduvannur is part of Kozhikode Urban Agglomeration. The name Naduvannur denotes that it was the center of the territory of Kurumbranad. 'Nadu' means center and ur(oor) means place.
Naduvannur is well connected with nearby towns. PUKC road ( SH38) connecting Puthiyangadi to Chovva passes through here. Regular bus services are available from Kozhikode, Perambra, Koyilandy, Balussery and Meppayur. Kozhikode is the nearest city. Other nearby towns include Koyilandy, Balussery and Perambra.

## Education

* Govt. higher secondary school Naduvannur
* Malabar ITI Naduvannur
* Naduvannur higher secondary school Vakayad
* Kavumthara AUP School
* Govt.Welfare LP school Kavil
* Karuvannur GUP school
* Naduvannur south AMUP school
* Elankamal AMLPS
* GMLPS Naduvannur
* Noorul Huda public school Naduvannur
* Mannankave ALPS
* Virtue public school
* Mahathma Vidya Nikethan public school
* Little Flower school Naduvannur
* Markazuddunnurain

## Demographics

As of the 2011 Census of India, Naduvannur had a population of 25,979 with 12,260 males and 13,719 females.

## Transportation

Naduvannur village connects to other parts of India through Kozhikode and Koyilandy towns. The nearest airport is Kozhikode. The nearest railway station is at Koyiandy. State Highway 38 and State Highway 54 pass through Naduvannur which start from Puthiyangadi in Kozhikode and end in Chovva in Kannur and Mananthavady in Wayanad respectively.

## Nearby Hospitals

* Malabar Medical College
* Naduvannur Metro Hospital
* Care and Cure
# Lokichogio Mixed Secondary School

Lokichogio Mixed Secondary School, also known as Lokichogio AIC Secondary School, is a secondary school in Lokichogio, Turkana County, Kenya.

## Attack

In October 2017 a militia attacked the school, killing six students and a security guard. The accused mastermind was a former student from the South Sudanese Toposa ethnic group, who was upset over being suspended for fighting.
The attack occurred at 3 AM. The militia members, from South Sudan, failed to find the head teacher and the students believed to have been behind the suspension. Instead they attacked other students. They killed students in a boys' dorm, then attacked a girls' dormitory. The news reports stated two girls were victims of rape. Students with serious injuries were sent to Lodwar Referral Hospital while those with minor injuries were sent to Lopiding Hospital. The school was placed in an indefinite closure as a result.
The primary suspect was placed into police custody on Saturday October 14, 2017, but died when a mob overwhelmed the police and lynched him.
# Hemphillia glandulosa

Hemphillia glandulosa, the warty jumping-slug, is a species of air-breathing land slug, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Binneyidae.
Hemphillia glandulosa is the type species of the genus Hemphillia.

## Distribution, conservation status

It lives in British Columbia in Canada, where the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) has assessed it as a species of special concern. The Canadian Species at Risk Act listed it in the List of Wildlife Species at Risk as being a species of special concern in Canada.