OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Lufttransport Staffel 4

Lufttransport Staffel 4 (Lt St 4 or Lt 4) is a transport squadron of the Swiss Air Force. The squadron forms part of the Berufsfliegerkorps but hosts also militia pilots. Together with Lufttransport Staffel 3 it is subordinated to Lufttransportgeschwader 3, Which for its part belongs to the airfield command 2 at the Alpnach Air Base. The home base of the Lufttransport Staffel 4 is Dübendorf Air Base. The Lufttransport Staffel 4 carries a white numeral 4 as coat of arms, stylized to form the trunk of a helicopter against a blue background.

## History

The Lufttransport Staffel 4 was founded in 1964. Until 1973 the Lufttransport Staffel 4 also used the Piper Super Cub. From 1968 to 1992 the Lufttransport Staffel 4 used Alouette II, and Alouette III from 1974 to 2010. After the retirement of the Alouettes, a transition followed to the helicopter types Super Puma, Cougar and EC635. The main task of the squadron is transport as well as Search and rescue operations. Lufttransport Staffel 4 can be called up by civilian authorities (eg, police operations, firefighting or in the case of evacuations due to natural disaster) The squadron also flies surveillance flights for the Grenzwachtkorps. In the 2014, the Lufttransport Staffel 4 was celebrating its 50th anniversary and a Super Puma was fitted with a white Lufttransport Staffel 4 logo. This helicopter was part of the flying display at the Air14, where among others it was flown in formation with the specially painted F/A-18 J-5014, celebrating the 100th anniversary of the Swiss Air Force. On September 28, 2016, the Cougar T-338 crashed near the Gotthard Hospice; two militia pilots of the Lufttransport Staffel 4 were killed and the loadmaster seriously injured.

## Aircraft

* Piper PA-18 Super Cub
* Alouette II
* Alouette III
* AS332M1 Super Puma
* AS532UL Cougar
* Eurocopter EC635
# Plasma treatment (textiles)

Plasma treatment is a surface modification process for textiles that imparts various functional properties at a lower cost, with fewer chemical adverse effects, and with a reduced environmental impact all while maintaining important textile properties.

## Plasma

After solid, liquid, and gas, plasma is referred to as the fourth state of matter. Non-thermal and cold plasma are used to modify the surfaces of textiles. Interactions with cold plasma have little effect on the bulk characteristics of textiles. When a cold plasma interacts with a material contained within it (substrate), a variety of events occur, individually or in combination. Four major types of effects are: Cross-linking, etching, functionalization, and the formation of a deposit on the substrate's surface.

## Advantages

Plasma treatment in textiles can produce various functional properties, such as antimicrobial textiles, and water repellent textiles. In comparison to conventional finishing procedures, plasmas have the significant advantage of lower chemical, water, and energy use. Plasma treatment is environmentally friendly because it is comparable to a dry process.
# Hemlock (painting)

Hemlock is a 1956 oil on canvas painting by the American New York School abstract expressionist artist Joan Mitchell. On this canvas Mitchell mixed horizontal strokes of green with white. The work is in the collection of the Whitney Museum of American Art, in New York.
The painting was named by Mitchell after it was completed for what she termed the "dark and blue feeling" of Wallace Stevens 1916 poem Domination of Black and has several mentions and references to Hemlock and hemlocks.
# Morgan, Montana

Morgan is an unincorporated community in Phillips County, Montana, United States.

## Description

Morgan is located at the Canada–United States border on U.S. Route 191, 44 miles (71 km) north of Malta.
In the footnotes of The Big Roads (2011) by Earl Swift, the author says that Morgan is the U.S. settlement farthest away (191.4 miles) from an Interstate highway.

## Climate

According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Morgan has a cold semi-arid climate, abbreviated "BSk" on climate maps. The hottest temperature recorded in Morgan was 103 °F (39.4 °C) on August 6, 1983, while the coldest temperature recorded was −42 °F (−41.1 °C) on December 24, 1983.
Climate data for Morgan, Montana, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1976–present :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 60 (16) | 67 (19) | 73 (23) | 89 (32) | 97 (36) | 101 (38) | 102 (39) | 103 (39) | 100 (38) | 88 (31) | 76 (24) | 61 (16) | 103 (39) |
| Mean maximum °F (°C) | 45.6 (7.6) | 47.5 (8.6) | 60.6 (15.9) | 75.1 (23.9) | 83.7 (28.7) | 88.8 (31.6) | 93.7 (34.3) | 96.3 (35.7) | 88.7 (31.5) | 75.2 (24.0) | 59.2 (15.1) | 46.8 (8.2) | 97.4 (36.3) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 22.7 (−5.2) | 27.6 (−2.4) | 40.3 (4.6) | 55.9 (13.3) | 66.8 (19.3) | 74.0 (23.3) | 83.0 (28.3) | 82.7 (28.2) | 71.5 (21.9) | 55.8 (13.2) | 38.4 (3.6) | 25.9 (−3.4) | 53.7 (12.1) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 13.5 (−10.3) | 17.7 (−7.9) | 29.3 (−1.5) | 42.9 (6.1) | 53.1 (11.7) | 61.2 (16.2) | 68.4 (20.2) | 67.5 (19.7) | 57.0 (13.9) | 43.2 (6.2) | 28.4 (−2.0) | 16.7 (−8.5) | 41.6 (5.3) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 4.4 (−15.3) | 7.8 (−13.4) | 18.2 (−7.7) | 29.9 (−1.2) | 39.4 (4.1) | 48.3 (9.1) | 53.8 (12.1) | 52.2 (11.2) | 42.6 (5.9) | 30.7 (−0.7) | 18.5 (−7.5) | 7.6 (−13.6) | 29.5 (−1.4) |
| Mean minimum °F (°C) | −24.0 (−31.1) | −15.2 (−26.2) | −7.2 (−21.8) | 13.6 (−10.2) | 24.5 (−4.2) | 37.1 (2.8) | 43.9 (6.6) | 39.4 (4.1) | 27.9 (−2.3) | 10.2 (−12.1) | −3.4 (−19.7) | −16.0 (−26.7) | −28.7 (−33.7) |
| Record low °F (°C) | −40 (−40) | −39 (−39) | −29 (−34) | −4 (−20) | 14 (−10) | 29 (−2) | 36 (2) | 31 (−1) | 18 (−8) | −14 (−26) | −32 (−36) | −42 (−41) | −42 (−41) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 0.46 (12) | 0.19 (4.8) | 0.25 (6.4) | 0.90 (23) | 1.83 (46) | 3.01 (76) | 1.82 (46) | 1.29 (33) | 1.28 (33) | 0.77 (20) | 0.44 (11) | 0.37 (9.4) | 12.61 (320.6) |
| Average snowfall inches (cm) | 3.5 (8.9) | 3.0 (7.6) | 4.6 (12) | 1.4 (3.6) | 0.6 (1.5) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.3 (0.76) | 1.8 (4.6) | 3.6 (9.1) | 4.1 (10) | 22.9 (58.06) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 3.7 | 3.5 | 3.3 | 5.3 | 8.5 | 11.5 | 7.4 | 6.3 | 5.8 | 4.6 | 3.8 | 3.7 | 67.4 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 3.7 | 3.1 | 2.5 | 1.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.9 | 2.0 | 2.9 | 16.4 |
| Source 1: NOAA ||||||||||||||
| Source 2: National Weather Service ||||||||||||||
# Kangro (surname)

Kangro is a common Estonian surname.

## Notable persons

* Bernard Kangro (1910-1994), writer and poet
* Eva Merike Kangro-Pennar (1950–1997), journalist and linguist
* Evald Kangro (1913–1941), military man
* Gunnar Kangro (1913–1975), mathematician
* Karl Kangro (1861–1935), veterinarian
* Kirke Kangro (born 1975), artist
* Kristjan Kangro, entrepreneur and investor
* Maarja Kangro (born 1973), translator and poet
* Mart Kangro, dancer and choreographer
* Peeter Kangro (1901-1990), military man
* Raimo Kangro (1949-2001), composer and pedagogue
* Rasmus Kangro-Pool (1890-1963), literary and theatre critic
* Tauno Kangro (born 1966), sculptor
* Tiina Kangro (born 1961), journalist and politician
# Jan Gonda

Jan Gonda (14 April 1905 – 28 July 1991) was a Dutch Indologist and the first Utrecht professor of Sanskrit. He was born in Gouda, in the Netherlands, and died in Utrecht. He studied with Willem Caland at Rijksuniversiteit, Utrecht (since 1990 Universiteit Utrecht) and from 1932 held positions at Utrecht and Leiden. He held the positions of Chair of Sanskrit succeeding Caland from 1929, as well as of Indology from 1932. He published scholarly articles on Indian Sanskrit and Indonesian Javanese texts for sixty years. In 1952, he published his monumental work on Sanskrit in Indonesia. His contributions to philology and Vedic literature has been oft-cited.
Gonda is recognized as one of the twentieth century's leading scholars of Asian language, literature and religion, particularly on texts and topics related to Hinduism and Buddhism. He wrote with ease and elegance in Dutch, English and German, and had a breath-taking range of interests from the ancient literature of Indonesia and India to comparative religion and philology. Like many Orientalists of the 20th century, Gonda never visited Asia although some of his publications appeared under the auspices of the "Koninklijk Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen", e.g. his comparative study on the Kavi-edition of the "Bhīşmaparwa", printed in Bandung (Java), 1937. However, his lack of field experience was more than compensated for by his encyclopedic knowledge of Indic literature and his profound empathy for the religious culture of Asia. Among his many students was J. A. B. van Buitenen who moved to the University of Chicago in 1961, and Henk Bodewitz succeeded Gonda to the chair of Sanskrit at Utrecht in 1976.
Gonda left a bequest to Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, of which he was member since 1957, and in 1992 the Gonda Foundation was set up in his name. The foundation offers publication subsidies and grants to projects relating to Indology, the size of the grants and scope of activities being determined by the return on invested capital. The Gonda Lectures and Gonda Indological Series are also named in his honour.
Gonda died suddenly on 28 July 1991.

## Publications

Gonda produced a substantial number of books and articles during his long career. The most useful starting point is Jan Gonda, Selected Studies, 6 vols. (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1975–1991). These volumes contain most of his key articles.
# Khalispur, Siwan

Khalispur is a village in Siwan block, Siwan district, Bihar, India. This village has a huge Mosque called as "The Jama Masjid of Khalishpur" and has a Madrsa at Khalishpur Bazar.There are many students who are in different reputed institutions of India from Khalishpur and listed001(NA) is one of them. The population was 4,285 at the 2011 Indian census.
# Milica Bodrožić

Milica Bodrožić (Serbian Cyrillic: Милица Бодрожић) is a Serbian writer and academic specialized on the political history of Yugoslavia. She was a member of the Museum of the Yugoslav People's Revolution in Belgrade.

## Work

* Stranke šestojanuarske diktature 1931–1941. godine: doktorska disertacija, 1987
* Jugoslovenska nacionalna stranka pod vladom Bogoljuba Jevtića i Petomajski izbori 1935. godine, Matica srpska, 1991
* O ustašama i četnicima u dubrovačkom kraju 1941–1944. godine
* O nekim pitanjima politike Hrvatske seljačke stranke prema narodnooslobodilačkom pokretu u Hrvatskoj 1943. godine
* Inteligencija Kosova i Metohije u oslobodilačkom ratu i socijalističkoj revoluciji 1941–1944. godine
# Canoas District

Canoas is a district of the Corredores canton, in the Puntarenas province of Costa Rica.

## History

Canoas was created on 19 October 1973 by Ley 5373. Segregated from Golfito canton.

## Geography

Canoas has an area of 122.54 km$^2$ and an elevation of 128 metres.

## Demographics

For the 2011 census, Canoas had a population of 11,527 inhabitants.

## Transportation
### Road transportation

The district is covered by the following road routes:
* National Route 2
* National Route 238
* National Route 614
# List of fish species that protect their young

Some species of fish will actively protect their eggs or young from predators.

## Mouthbrooding species

Some species gather up fertilized eggs in their mouth and keep them safe until they hatch, a process called mouthbrooding.
* Cichlid. In addition to being mouthbrooders, some species continue to protect their young after they hatch, calling out to them when there is danger, and letting them swim back into their mouth to hold them safely away.
* Apogonidae
* Ariidae males carry a clutch of a few dozen eggs in their mouths, for about two months before they hatch.
* Luciocephalus pulcher
* Jawfishes
* Osteoglossid are all mouthbrooders. The parents can hold hundreds of eggs in their mouths. Once hatched, the young may make several trips outside the parent's mouth before deciding to leave permanently. Some species also build nests and protect the young after they hatch.
* Gourami

## Other

* Suckermouth armored catfish males guard their mate's eggs until they hatch, and sometimes the larvae.
* Siamese fighting fish males build bubble nests and protect the eggs until they hatch.
# Ludwig Bieler

Ludwig Josef Georg Bieler (20 October 1906 – 2 May 1981) was an Austrian-born scholar of Hiberno-Latin. He immigrated to the United States in 1939 and became a professor at various universities there.
# Plasma wave instrument

A plasma wave instrument (PWI), also known as a plasma wave receiver, is a device capable of detecting vibrations in outer space plasma and transforming them into audible sound waves or air vibrations that can be heard by the human ear. This instrument was pioneered by then-University of Iowa physics professor, Donald Gurnett. Plasma wave instruments are commonly employed on space probes such as GEOTAIL, Polar, Voyager I and II (see Plasma Wave Subsystem), and Cassini–Huygens.

## Operating principle

Vibrations in the audible frequency range are perceived by humans when air vibrates against their eardrum. Air, or some other vibrating medium such as water, is essential for sound perception by the human ear. Without a medium to transmit it, the sound produced by a source will not be heard by a human. There is no air in outer space, nor is there any other type of medium capable of transmitting vibrations from a source to a human ear. However, there are sources in outer space that vibrate at frequencies audible to humans if only there were some transmitting medium to carry those vibrations from the source to a human eardrum.
One such source capable of vibrating at audible frequencies (ranging from 45 to 20,000 vibrations per second) is plasma. Plasma is a collection of charged particles, such as free electrons or ionized gas atoms. Examples of plasma include solar flares, solar wind, neon signs, and fluorescent lamps. Plasma interacts with electrical and magnetic fields in ways that can result in vibrations across various frequencies, including the audible range.

## Other applications

The recordings of interplanetary and outer space plasma vibrations, captured by plasma wave instruments, were provided by NASA to composer Terry Riley and Kronos quartet founder David Harrington as inspiration for the composition of "Sun Rings", a 85-minute multimedia piece for a string quartet and choir. "Sun Rings" was performed November 3, 2006, at the Veteran's Auditorium, in Providence, Rhode Island.
# Jonas Finn-Olsson

Jonas Finn-Olsson (born 5 November 1971) is a retired Swedish ice hockey player. Finn-Olsson was part of the Djurgården Swedish champions' team of 2001. Finn-Olsson made 45 Elitserien appearances for Djurgården.
# Renate Cerljen

Renate Veronica Cerljen (born 26 March 1988 in Staffanstorp, Sweden) is a Swedish model and beauty pageant titleholder who the first ever winner of the Miss Universe Sweden pageant, which she won on 6 June 2009. Cerljen represented Sweden at the Miss Universe 2009 pageant on the Bahamas on 23 August 2009, reaching the Top 15. Renate was the first non-winner of the Miss Sweden pageant since 1952 to represent Sweden at Miss Universe since Miss Sweden lost its rights to crown a contestant for Miss Universe earlier in 2009.
Cerljen represented Sweden in Miss Earth 2011, which took place in Manila, Philippines on 3 December. She was chosen internally by the organization as Miss Earth Sweden 2011. In the final she made the Top 16.
Cerljen has previously been an elite gymnast but had to quit in 2005 because of an injury during training.
# Lebe lauter

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
Lebe lauter (English: Live Louder) is the third studio album by Austrian recording artist Christina Stürmer. It was released by Polydor Records on 15 September 2006 in German-speaking Europe. After the success of her international debut Schwarz Weiss (2005), Stürmer collaborated with producer Thorsten Brötzmann on most songs. Another major success, it became her third album to debut on top of the Austrian Albums Chart and her first to do so in Germany. Lebe lauter was eventually certified 2× Platinum in Austria, and Gold in Switzerland. The songs "Nie genug", "Um bei dir zu sein", and "Ohne Dich" from this album were released as singles.

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| Austria (IFPI Austria) | 2× Platinum | 60,000$^*$ |
| Switzerland (IFPI Switzerland) | Gold | 15,000$^^$ |
| $^*$ Sales figures based on certification alone. $^^$ Shipments figures based on certification alone. |||
# Lucky Bhembe

Lucky Willie Bhembe (born 25 October 1973) is a Liswati athlete. He competed at the 2000 Summer Olympics.

## Achievements

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
| Representing Eswatini ||||||
| 2000 | Olympic Games | Sydney, Australia | 51st | Marathon | 2:23:08 |
# Frea unicolor

Frea unicolor is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1938.
# Léo Torres

Léo Torres is a Brazilian auto racing driver. He currently drives in the NASCAR Brasil Sprint Race.

## Career

In the 2021 season, Torres and teammate Júlio Campos won the Brazilian Championship in the Pro category. In the 2023 season, Torres' race number was changed to #1. He won the Brazilian Championship in the Pro category once again, alongside Campos, as well as his first overall title, becoming the first champion under the NASCAR banner.
# Outlaw Pete

Outlaw Pete is a 2014 book by Bruce Springsteen, with artwork by Frank Caruso, based on the song of the same name from Springsteen's album, Working on a Dream.
Outlaw Pete is about a bank-robbing baby whose exploits become a meditation on sin, fate, and free will. According to Springsteen, "Outlaw Pete is essentially the story of a man trying to outlive and outlast his sins." The story came from many sources, including the many colorful characters on his album The Wild, the Innocent & the E Street Shuffle, every western he had seen since he was a kid, and bedtime stories of Brave Cowboy Bill his mother used to recite to him as a child.
# Lycophotia erythrina

Lycophotia erythrina is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found around the Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Ocean coast of Europe in Spain, Portugal, Southern France, Northern Italy and Albania.
It has a wingspan of 26–33 mm. Adults are on wing from May to July depending on the location.
The larvae feed on Erica species.
# Manifest Destiny (Brand X album)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
| All About Jazz | (positive) |
Manifest Destiny is the eighth and final studio album by jazz fusion group Brand X.

## Track listing

* "True to the Clik" (Goodsall, Pusch) – 5:31
* "Stellerator" (Jones) – 6:17
* "Virus" (Goodsall, Pusch) – 7:56
* "XXL" (Goodsall) – 5:51
* "The Worst Man" (Jones) – 4:33
* "Manifest Destiny" (Goodsall, Jones, Katz, Wagnon) – 4:11
* "Five Drops" (Wagnon) – 3:52
* "Drum Ddu" (Jones) – 5:50
* "Operation Hearts and Minds" (Goodsall) – 4:39
* "Mr. Bubble Goes to Hollywood" (Jones, Katz) – 2:56

### Hidden Tracks on European release

* "Disco Suicide" - Live (Robin Lumley) – 8:06
* "Bass and Drum Solo Improvisation" - Live – 9:44

## Personnel

* John Goodsall – guitars (1, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9), MIDI guitar [orchestra pad + vapor guitar] (2), MIDI guitar Hammond organ samples (3), "reverse" guitar solo (3), narrator (3), wah guitar (4), MIDI guitar sitar sample solo and triggered bass line (4), MIDI guitar synth sets (5), rhythm guitar (5, 9), tubular bells (5), MIDI guitar synth pad (6), acoustic guitar (7), MIDI guitar Arabian reed sample (8)
* Franz Pusch – keyboards (1, 3), percussion samples (1), sound effects (1), bass section (3), sequenced drums (3), percussion (3), vocals (3), Rhodes piano (4), synth pad + lick (4), samples (4), berimbau (4)
* Percy Jones – fretless bass (1, 2, 3, 5-10), keyboards (2, 8), wal bass effects (4), sequencing (5)
* Frank Katz – drums (1-6, 8, 9, 10), vocals (4), lower kick samples (5)
* Pierre Moerlen – drums (on hidden live tracks)
* Marc Wagnon – MIDI vibraphone (2, 5), synth percussion effects + orchestra pad (2), triggered brass (5), MIDI vibe synth pad (6, 7, 9), percussive orchestra hits (8)
* Danny Wilding – flute (5)
Additional personnel
* Ronnie Ciago – rainstick (3), shaker (3), tamtam (3), udu (3)

### Production

* Shawn Ahern – executive producer
* Sami Kaneda – executive producer
* David Hentschel – producer, engineer
* Keith Lewis – technical assistance, equipment
* Franz Pusch – pre-production and programming (1, 3, 4)
* Mark Tessler – photography
# Rotarod performance test

The rotarod performance test is a performance test based on a rotating rod with forced motor activity being applied, usually by a rodent. The test measures parameters such as riding time (seconds) or endurance. Some of the functions of the test include evaluating balance, grip strength and motor coordination of the subjects; especially in testing the effect of experimental drugs or after traumatic brain injury.

## Rationale

In the test, a rodent is placed on a horizontally oriented, rotating cylinder (rod) suspended above a cage floor, which is low enough not to injure the animal, but high enough to induce avoidance of fall. Rodents naturally try to stay on the rotating cylinder, or rotarod, and avoid falling to the ground. The length of time that a given animal stays on this rotating rod is a measure of their balance, coordination, physical condition, and motor-planning. The speed of the rotarod is mechanically driven, and may either be held constant, or accelerated.
A human analog to rotarod test might be treadmill running. Hamster, gerbil, and mouse owners can observe the principle in action when an animal climbs on the outside of its wheel, instead of inside of it. In the rotarod test, however, the rotation of the cylinder in experiments is mechanically driven.

## Scientific use

The advantage of this test is that it creates a discretely measurable, continuous variable (length of time) that can be used for statistical purposes to quantify the effects of different drugs, conditions, and procedures. This test does not use subjective judgments of ability, and inter-rater reliability will be virtually perfect. Inter-laboratory reliability will only be achieved if the various parameters (size of cylinder, speed of cylinder, composition material of surface, and amount of practice/training given the animal) are also replicated. The experiment is also very replicable from lab to lab (ibid). Moreover, these parameters may be adjusted variously to optimize the statistical separation of different conditions. For instance, alcohol effects on mice become less apparent when the speed is increased.
Because of concern for impairment in human motor behavior from the use of prescription medications, the rotarod test is frequently used in early stages of drug development to screen out drugs that might later cause subtle impairments, which might not be detected epidemiologically in a human population for a very long time. The test may be useful as a sensitive indicator of trauma induced by brain injury to laboratory rats. Alcohol markedly impairs mouse performance in the rotarod test. Research using the rotarod test with various chemical agonists and antagonists may help scientists determine which components of neurons mediate the effects of chemicals. Testing of genetic knockout animals may help determine the genes most responsible for maintaining mammalian balance and coordination. Comparing the performance of different animals with specific brain lesions helps scientists map which structures are critical for maintaining balance.
# Obscurity

Obscurity may refer to:
* Security through obscurity, a controversial principle in security engineering which attempts to use secrecy to provide security
* Obscurity (band), German melodic metal band