# Hofmannophila

Hofmannophila is a genus of moths in the concealer moth family Oecophoridae. It is monotypic, with the single species Hofmannophila pseudospretella, the brown house moth, which appears to be closely related to species of the genus Borkhausenia.

## Description
### Egg

The egg is elliptical with parallel longitudinal grooves joined by fine transverse lines. The colour ranges from shining white to yellow.

### Larvae

Larvae have a brown head with a translucent dull white body and pale yellowish-brown legs. Because of the translucency of the body, it may change colour depending on gut content, in turn dependent on the colour of the fabrics ingested.

### Pupa

The pupa is yellowish brown and composed of strongly hooked setae on terminal abdominal body segments.

### Adults

Mature individuals have pale ochre forewings interspersed with blackish brown patches. Each wing has a prominent discal spot and smaller blackish brown cellular spots. The hindwing is brownish grey, while the head, thorax, and abdomen dark grey-brown. Antennae are simple and threadlike. Wing span is 15 – 26 mm.

## Distribution and habitat

This species was introduced from Asia to Europe and other continents in the 1840s. It is now found almost worldwide and is especially common in Britain. This is a synanthropic species that lives in private houses and commercial buildings. Smaller numbers of individuals also occur outside human settings, with larvae being found in birds’ nests, feeding on droppings and detritus.

## Reproduction and life history

Usually up to 260 ova are laid by a female during one life cycle, either singly or in batches. Large females have been reported to lay 400 – 500 ova. Under favourable conditions, eggs hatch 10 – 20 days after being laid.
Larvae are active June – April, during which they spin silken tubes with the food they eat, leaving behind deposits of frass and silk. They require relatively high humidity for successful development to maturity, and the duration of their pupal stage is shortened by a higher ambient temperature. Although they can enter diapause under unfavourable conditions, they are killed by severe frost. Before pupation, larvae leave their natal feeding site and may travel for 2 – 3 days before finding a new suitable place to pupate.
Adults are active May – September, although they can be found all year round in heated buildings. They are especially attracted to light and can fly all year round. The mite species Cheyletus eruditus appears to be a significant predator of this moth.

## Pest status

The brown house moth is considered a serious pest in domestic and commercial settings because of the larvae's destructive feeding habits. Larvae feed on various manmade foodstuffs and household materials. These include stored cereals, dried fruit, seeds, clothes and furniture fabric, fur, and wood floor inlays. Other commodities reportedly eaten include book bindings, wine bottle corks and leather. Their destructive power is probably largely attributable to their unusual ability to degrade keratin, which is mediated by lactic acid bacteria present in their midgut. Larvae also bite through synthetic carpet fibres to construct their pupation cells, and since they rarely ingest the fibres, they are little affected by conventional moth-proofing agents. Moreover, this species is reported to be a more serious pest in Britain than elsewhere in the world.

## Footnotes

* ↑ See references in Savela (2003)
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Carter DJ. 1984. Pest Lepidoptera of Europe. Dr W Junk Publishers
* ↑ Hinton HE, Greenslade RM. 1943. Observations on species of Lepidoptera infesting stored products. XI. Notes on some moths found in bird guano. Entomologist 76: 182 -184.
* ↑ Cox PD, Bell CH. 1981. A review of the biology of moth pests on stored products. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. Slough.
* 1 2 3 4 Woodroff GE. 1951. A life-history study of the brown house moth, Hofmannophila pseudopretella (Staint.) (Lep., Oecophoridae). Bulletin of Entomological Research 41: 529 – 553.
* ↑ Emmett AM. 1979. A Field Guide to Smaller British Lepidoptera. British Entomological & Natural History Society. London.
* ↑ Cornwell PB. 1971. Rising cost of damage by insect pests of fabrics in Britain. Int. Pest Control 5, September/October 1971: 22-27
* ↑ Adkin R. 1932. Borkhausenia pseudospretella Stt. attacking book-bindings. Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 68: 40 -41.
* ↑ Cameron AE. 1938. Insect and other pests of 1937. Transactions of Highland Agricultural Society of Scotland 1938, reprinted, 35 pp.
* ↑ Musgrave A J. 1947. Entomology and the leather industry. Progr. Leath. Sci. 1920-45, chap. 22, pp. 473-485. London, Brit. Leath. Manuf. Res. Ass.
* ↑ Shannon A L, Attwood G, Hopcroft DH, Christeller JT. 2001. Characterization of lactic acid bacteria in the larval midgut of the keratinophagous lepidopteran, Hofmannophila pseudospretella. Letters in applied microbiology, 32(1): 36-41.
* ↑ Ebeling W. 1975. Urban Entomology, University of California division of Agricultural Sciences, Los Angeles.