OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dartmoor Commons Act 1985

The Dartmoor Commons Act 1985 is an Act of Parliament of the United Kingdom that legislates for access to land within Dartmoor, an upland area in southern Devon, South West England.
The Act establishes the Dartmoor Commoners' Council, a statutory body responsible for regulation of livestock husbandry on and public access to the commons, and delimits its regulatory and enforcement powers.
The Act was granted royal assent on 30 October 1985.

## Public access

Section 10 of the Act grants the general public "a right of access to the commons on foot and on horseback for the purpose of open-air recreation". The exact nature of the meaning of "open-air recreation" has been disputed, specifically in regard to wild camping, with a High Court ruling in January 2023 prohibiting the practice. Following a Court of Appeal judgment in July 2023, it was established that camping was an activity covered by the Act, permitting legal wild camping on Dartmoor.
# Daniel Siebert (ethnobotanist)

Daniel J. Siebert was an ethnobotanist, pharmacognosist, and author who lived in Southern California.
Siebert had studied Salvia divinorum for over twenty years and was the first person to unequivocally identify (by human bioassays in 1993) Salvinorin A as the primary psychoactive substance of Salvia divinorum. In 1998, Siebert appeared in the documentary Sacred Weeds shown in the United Kingdom. He had discussed Salvia divinorum on National Public Radio, Fox News, CNN, Telemundo and his comments have appeared in the Los Angeles Times, USA Today, and The New York Times.
In 2002, Siebert wrote a letter to the United States Congress in which he objected to bill H.R. 5607 introduced by Rep. Joe Baca (D-California) which sought to place Salvia divinorum in Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act.
# Killing the Chickens, to Scare the Monkeys

Killing the Chickens, to Scare the Monkeys is a 2011 short film directed by Jens Assur. The story is set in the People's Republic of China and consists of nine scenes where national politics and strategy have unforeseen consequences on a young teacher's life. The first scene of the movie is a 15-minute single take, without cuts.
The movie was shot in Sweden and Thailand and it was Assur's second short as a director and writer.

## Background

The idea for the movie is based on a photograph, smuggled out of China, depicting a group of prisoners kneeling, awaiting their execution. Around the group, people can be seen chatting and even laughing.

## Title

The title paraphrases an old Chinese idiom "Kill the chicken to scare the monkey" (杀鸡儆猴, lit. kill chicken scare monkey), which refers to making an example out of someone in order to threaten others, in the manner of pour encourager les autres. The movie implies that the Chinese government policy of executing dissidents is meant to deter others.

## Festivals and awards

Directors' Fortnight Cannes, France May 2011
Nordisk Panorama Århus, Denmark Winner Best Short September 2011
Festival de Cine de Alcalá de Henares [es] Madrid, Spain Special Jury Mention: Alcine November 2011
Vendôme Film Festival Vendome, France Winner December 2011
Prague Short Film Festival 2012 Prague, Czech Republic Special Jury Mention
Clermont-Ferrand 2012 Clermont-Ferrand, France Special Jury Mention
Minimalen Short Film Festival 2012 Trondheim, Norway Best Film - Nordic Competition Best Fiction - Nordic Competition
# No Place for Bravery

No Place for Bravery is a 2D top-down action role-playing video game developed by the studio Glitch Factory and published by Ysbryd Games. The game was released for Microsoft Windows and Nintendo Switch on September 22, 2022.

## Gameplay

Its combat style is inspired by Sekiro. According to the game's developers, the game's plot is based on the developers' own real experiences of the importance of father figures and the far-reaching implications of their decisions. Narrative is focused on Thron, a man tormented by nightmares from the past who risks a dangerous adventure to save his kidnapped daughter.

## Reception

On the review aggregator website Metacritic, the game received a score of 70 out of 100 based on 12 reviews for Switch version and 66 out of 100 based on 8 reviews for Windows version.
Khee Hoon wrote to Polygon that the game "revels in the violence and harshness of its battles". The editor criticized the game's excessive violence and also the difficulty of the battles: "It feels as if developer Glitch Factory drew the wrong lessons from the oeuvre of Dark Souls creator Hidetaka Miyazaki, an entire genre of games that thrive on challenging combat but still remain technically fair".
# Dap Izaaks

David Jacobus "Dap" Izaaks (1932/1933–2005), also known as Oom Dap, was a Namibian Baster politician who served as Acting Captain of the Rehoboth Baster between February 1998 and January 1999. He also served as Mayor of Rehoboth.

## Life and death

In 1968, Izaaks founded the Rehoboth People's Party. He was interim Baster Captain, after the death of Johannes Diergaardt, from 12 February 1998 to 11 January 1999. Izaaks lost the 1999 election as Baster Captain to John McNab. Izaaks received 17.6 per cent of the vote.
Izaaks died on 21 October 2005, after a road traffic collision in Windhoek.
# Normal score

The term normal score is used with two different meanings in statistics. One of them relates to creating a single value which can be treated as if it had arisen from a standard normal distribution (zero mean, unit variance). The second one relates to assigning alternative values to data points within a dataset, with the broad intention of creating data values than can be interpreted as being approximations for values that might have been observed had the data arisen from a standard normal distribution.
The first meaning is as an alternative name for the standard score or z score, where values are standardised by subtracting the sample or estimated mean and dividing by the sample or other estimate of the standard deviation. Particularly in applications where the name "normal score" is used, there is usually a presumption that the value can be referred to a table of standard normal probabilities as a means of providing a significance test of some hypothesis, such as a difference in means.
The second meaning of normal score is associated with data values derived from the ranks of the observations within the dataset. A given data point is assigned a value which is either exactly, or an approximation, to the expectation of the order statistic of the same rank in a sample of standard normal random variables of the same size as the observed data set. Thus the meaning of a normal score of this type is essentially the same as a rankit, although the term "rankit" is becoming obsolete. In this case the transformation creates a set of values which is matched in a certain way to what would be expected had the original set of data values arisen from a normal distribution.
# Darius Dimavičius

Darius Dimavičius (born April 8, 1968) is a retired Lithuanian professional basketball player, who won the bronze medal with the Lithuania national basketball team at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain.
# Nocardioides kribbensis

Nocardioides kribbensis is a bacterium from the genus Nocardioides which has been isolated from alkaline soil in Korea.
# Dark Gate

The Dark Gate (or alternatively Dark Portal, Hungarian: Sötétkapu) is a tunnel located under the artificial slopes of Castle Hill near St. Adalbert's Basilica in Esztergom, Hungary.
The tunnel is 90 metres long and follows the line of the castle's former eastern walls. The entire tunnel is vaulted and built in Neo-classical style.

## History

Construction of the Dark Gate started in 1824 by Alexander Rudnay, Archbishop of Esztergom, two years after the foundation stones of St. Adalbert's Basilica were laid. It became known as Dark Gate due to the lack of lighting. The main purpose of the tunnel was to directly connect the Canonic houses with the Seminary, but it also connects the Szentgyörgymező neighborhood with downtown Esztergom. Above the southern entrance, a Latin sign carved in red marble commemorates Archbishop Rudnay and the year of construction: "PRINCEPS PRIMAS ALEXANDER A RUDNA MDCCCXXIV" ("Prince Primate Alexander Rudnay 1824"). From both sides of the tunnel, a huge 3700 m$^2$ wine cellar opens, where the wines of the Archdiocese of Esztergom were kept.
During the 1956 revolution, significant events occurred in Esztergom. On 26 October 1956, fourteen people died in the Dark Gate when a T-34 tank shot into a bus heading towards the seminary, which was used as a Russian military facility at the time.
The Dark Gate, the seminary, and its surroundings were completely renovated by 2006, the 150th anniversary of the dedication of the cathedral. Architectural lighting was added to both the basilica and the tunnel. One-way traffic is allowed from the seminary to downtown Esztergom.

## Gallery

* Commemorative plaque with the names of people who died in 1956 in the tunnel
* The southern entrance from downtown
* The cathedral and the northern entrance
* A door to the wine cellar at the end of the tunnel
# Noise reduction (disambiguation)

Noise reduction may refer to:
* Audio noise reduction
* Image noise reduction
* Soundproofing
* Record restoration
# Dasysyrphus tricinctus

Dasysyrphus tricinctus is a European species of hoverfly in the genus Dasysyrphus, a member of the family Syrphidae. It is found across Europe, although reported in highest density from the British Isles and Scandinavia. While not uncommon it is generally only seen in modest numbers, typically in lowland woods with peak numbers in late May and early June and again in late August and early September.

## Description

External images For terms see Morphology of Diptera Wing length 7·25-10·25 mm. Eyes hairy. Wing stigma black. Tergite 3 with yellow pattern much broader than on tergite 4 and yellow pattern on tergite 2 small or absent/
Male genitalia are figured by Hippa (1968) . The larva is illustrated by Rotheray (1993).

## Distribution

Palaearctic. Iceland South to the Pyrenees and North Spain. Ireland and Fennoscandia eastwards through Central and North Europe and Russia to the Pacific coast and Japan.

## Biology

Habitat: deciduous forest, coniferous forest and conifer plantations, Picea plantations, scrub Betula, tracksides, clearings, parkland. Arboreal, but descends to visit flowers of yellow composites and white umbellifers Calluna, Campanula, Convolvulus, Cornus, Euphorbia, Geranium, Parnassia, Plantago, Polygonum, Ranunculus, Sedum, Sorbus, Stellaria, Succisa, Valeriana. The flight period is April to October in two generations. The larva has been observed feeding on sawfly larvae on Picea and Lepidoptera larvae.
# Dasytanobium

Dasytanobium is a genus of beetles in the family Ptinidae. There is at least one described species in Dasytanobium, D. timberkalei.
# Klaas Bruinsma

Klaas Bruinsma may refer to:
* Klaas Bruinsma (drug lord) (1953–1991), major Dutch drug lord
* Klaas Bruinsma (translator) (1931–2018), West Frisian language translator
# Kocaköy (disambiguation)

Kocaköy can refer to:
* Kocaköy
* Kocaköy, Ayvacık
* Kocaköy, Çal
# Kocalar

Kocalar can refer to:
* Kocalar, Bismil
* Kocalar, Çanakkale
* Kocalar, Kızılcahamam
# Dark City

Dark City may refer to:

## Film

* Dark City (1950 film), an American film noir
* Dark City (1990 film), a British-Canadian crime drama
* Dark City (1998 film), an American-Australian neo-noir science fiction film

## Music

* "Dark City", a song by Electric Light Orchestra from Eldorado, 1974
* "Dark City", a song by Iced Earth from Dystopia, 2011
* "Dark City", a song by Machinae Supremacy from Overworld, 2008
# Noriko Ogawa

Noriko Ogawa may refer to:
* Noriko Ogawa (pianist) (小川典子), born 1962, classical musician
* Noriko Ogawa (singer) (小川範子), born 1973, singer and actress
* Noriko Ishigaki (born Noriko Ogawa (小川 のり子), 1974), a politician
# Mohammad Ghodsi

Mohammad Ghodsi (Persian: محمد قدسی) is an Iranian computer scientist, electrical engineer, and professor. Ghodsi is also the project director of FarsiTeX, a Persian typesetting language derived from TeX.
# Mezhove

Mezhove may refer to several places in Ukraine:
* Mezhove, Crimea [uk]
* Mezhove (urban-type settlement), Donetsk Oblast
* Mezhove (village), Donetsk Oblast [uk]
* Mezhove, Dnipropetrovsk Oblast [uk]
* Mezhove, Kirovohrad Oblast [uk]
* Mezhove, Kyiv Oblast
# Pitch circularity

Pitch circularity is a fixed series of tones that are perceived to ascend or descend endlessly in pitch. It's an example of an auditory illusion.

## Explanation

Pitch is often defined as extending along a one-dimensional continuum from high to low, as can be experienced by sweeping one’s hand up or down a piano keyboard. This continuum is known as pitch height. However pitch also varies in a circular fashion, known as pitch class: as one plays up a keyboard in semitone steps, C, C♯, D, D♯, E, F, F♯, G, G♯, A, A♯ and B sound in succession, followed by C again, but one octave higher. Because the octave is the most consonant interval after the unison, tones that stand in octave relation, and are so of the same pitch class, have a certain perceptual equivalence—all Cs sound more alike to other Cs than to any other pitch class, as do all D♯s, and so on; this creates the auditory equivalent of a Barber's pole, where all tones of the same pitch class are located on the same side of the pole, but at different heights.

## Research on pitch perception

Researchers have demonstrated that by creating banks of tones whose note names are clearly defined perceptually but whose perceived heights are ambiguous, one can create scales that appear to ascend or descend endlessly in pitch. Roger Shepard achieved this ambiguity of height by creating banks of complex tones, with each tone composed only of components that stood in octave relationship. In other words, the components of the complex tone C consisted only of Cs, but in different octaves, and the components of the complex tone F♯ consisted only of F♯s, but in different octaves. When such complex tones are played in semitone steps the listener perceives a scale that appears to ascend endlessly in pitch. Jean-Claude Risset achieved the same effect using gliding tones instead, so that a single tone appeared to glide up or down endlessly in pitch. Circularity effects based on this principle have been produced in orchestral music and electronic music, by having multiple instruments playing simultaneously in different octaves.
Normann et al. showed that pitch circularity can be created using a bank of single tones; here the relative amplitudes of the odd and even harmonics of each tone are manipulated so as to create ambiguities of height. A different algorithm that creates ambiguities of pitch height by manipulating the relative amplitudes of the odd and even harmonics, was developed by Diana Deutsch and colleagues. Using this algorithm, gliding tones that appear to ascend or descend endlessly are also produced. This development has led to the intriguing possibility that, using this new algorithm, one might transform banks of natural instrument samples so as to produce tones that sound like those of natural instruments but still have the property of circularity. This development opens up new avenues for music composition and performance.
# Out of Dreams

Out of Dreams is the debut EP by Hoylake indie rock band The Rascals, first released on 9 December 2007.
The EP features "Out of Dreams", the second track of their debut album Rascalize, along with three other songs.

## Track listing

All music is composed by The Rascals
# Porto Vitória

Porto Vitória is a municipality in the state of Paraná in the Southern Region of Brazil.
# Wesley Morgan (actor)

Wesley Francis Morgan (born October 5, 1990) is a Canadian actor and model, whose roles have included Skander Hill on Harriet the Spy: Blog Wars, the recurring role of Sam on Degrassi: The Next Generation and Prom King Josh in The Rocker. He played Brody Cooper on the show Really Me.
Morgan was born in Canada. He played Sam in Degrassi: The Next Generation's ninth season two-part episode "Beat It". He played Skander Hill in the Disney Channel Original Movie Harriet the Spy: Blog Wars, with Jennifer Stone and Melinda Shankar, and Brody Cooper in Disney channel's Really Me.

## Filmography

Film and television :
| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 2007 | Overruled! | Matt | TV series |
| 2008 | Paradise Falls | Ethan Banning | TV series, season 3 |
| 2008 | The Rocker | Prom King Josh | |
| 2009–10 | Majority Rules! | Jack Braddock | TV series, 17 episodes |
| 2009 | Degrassi: The Next Generation | Sam | TV series, episode: "Beat It" (parts 1 and 2) |
| 2010 | Harriet the Spy: Blog Wars | Skander Hill | TV movie |
| 2010 | Falling Skies | Simms | TV series, episode: "The Armoury" |
| 2010 | Score: A Hockey Musical | Sensitive Player | |
| 2010 | Unnatural History | Hunter O'Hurlary | TV series, recurring role |
| 2011–13 | Really Me | Brody | TV series, recurring role |
| 2013 | Kick-Ass 2 | Simon | Minor Role |
| 2013 | Pete's Christmas | Jake Kidder | TV movie |
| 2013 | Skating to New York | Rudy Bouchard |
| 2015–16 | Between | Kevin | TV series, recurring role |
# Naked Maja (disambiguation)

The Naked Maja is an 1800 painting by Francisco Goya.
Naked Maja may also refer to:
* Naked Maja (postage stamps), a series of 1930 Spanish postage stamps depicting the painting by Francisco Goya
* The Naked Maja (film), a 1958 film
# Liavaag

Liavaag may refer to:
* Ove Liavaag (1938–2007), Norwegian civil servant
* Mount Liavaag, mountain in Ellsworth Land, Antarctica
# Knut H. Raudstein

Knut Harold Raudstein (15 April 1917 in La Center, Washington – 13 December 1988 in San Antonio, Texas) was an American Major in the United States Army during World War II. He was a recipient of the Distinguished Service Cross which was awarded for having distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism against an armed enemy.

## Awards

* Parachutist Badge
* Distinguished Service Cross in 1944 as Captain in Company C, 1st Battalion, 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment, 101st Airborne Division
* Bronze Star Medal
* Purple Heart with oak leaf cluster
# Paphiopedilum spicerianum

Paphiopedilum spicerianum is a species of flowering plant in the family Orchidaceae. It is said to be endemic to Assam (India) but might actually be rather widespread, though nowhere common, between Bhutan and northwestern Myanmar.
# Paphiopedilum stonei

Paphiopedilum stonei is a species of orchid, native to Borneo.

## Distribution and habitat

Paphiopedilum stonei is endemic to Borneo, where it is confined to Sarawak. Its habitat is on limestone cliff slopes at elevations of 60–700 m (200–2,300 ft).

## Conservation

Paphiopedilum stonei has been assessed as critically endangered on the IUCN Red List. Its distribution is limited to a few disjoint subpopulations in Sarawak. It is threatened by unsustainable collection as an ornamental plant and by destruction of its habitat due to logging and land conversion for agriculture.
# Paphiopedilum sangii

Paphiopedilum sangii is a species of orchid endemic to northern Sulawesi.
* This Cypripedioideae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Paracantha forficula

Paracantha forficula is a species of tephritid or fruit flies in the genus Paracantha of the family Tephritidae.

## Distribution

United States.
# Liber Papiensis

The Liber Papiensis (Latin for "Pavian Book"), also called the Liber Legis Langobardorum ("Book of the Law of the Lombards"), is a collection of legal texts compiled in the first half of the 11th century in Pavia, then the capital of the kingdom of Italy. The Liber includes all the edicts issued by the Lombard kings between 643 and 755 in chronological order, the laws issued by the Carolingians between 774 and 887 (collectively called the Capitulare Italicum), and the edicts of the Ottonian and Salian emperors thereafter.
The Liber Papiensis survives in several manuscripts, no two of which contain exactly the same set of laws. The earliest manuscript, written down between 1028 and 1039, contains only Carolingian laws relevant to Italy.
# Paquita Madriguera

Francisca "Paquita" Madriguera Rodon (15 September 1900 — 2 November 1965) was a Catalan pianist and composer, based for much of her adult life in Uruguay.

## Early life

Francisca Madriguera was born in Igualada, Barcelona, the daughter of Enric Madriguera Haase and Francesca Rodon Canudas. Her younger brother was violinist and conductor Enric Madriguera. She was a child prodigy on piano, and studied with Enrique Granados as a girl. At age 11 she gave a concert in Madrid. At age 13 she played at the Royal Albert Hall in London.

## Career

Madriguera toured American cities in 1916 and 1917, billed as "The Mozart of Spain." A reviewer in 1916 found her "interesting though ridiculously spoiled", explaining that "she is extremely talented, possesses a powerful touch and well-developed technique, and will no doubt be one of the established artists of tomorrow." In 1917 she played at a benefit concert in New York, for the National League for Women's Service. During that same stay in the United States, she gave a joint concert with her brother in Chicago's Aeolian Theatre. She gave another recital at the Aeolian Hall in New York in 1919. Madriguera made piano roll recordings of her playing in the 1910s.
Her promising career was suspended when she married in 1922 and went to live in Uruguay. In widowhood in 1932, she moved back to Spain with her three young daughters, and resumed her musical career. She married again, to fellow musician Andres Segovia, and they returned to Uruguay to live in 1937.
Compositions by Madriguera included Humorada for guitar.

## Personal life

Paquita Madriguera married lawyer and editor Arturo Puig in 1922 in Montevideo, Uruguay. They had three daughters, Paquita (born 1923), Sofia (born 1925), and Maria Rosa (born 1927). She was widowed in 1931. She married Spanish guitarist Andres Segovia in 1935, and they had a daughter Beatriz (1938-1967). They divorced in 1948. She died in 1965, and was buried in Montevideo's Central Cemetery.
There is a street in Igualada, Carrer de Paquita Madriguera, named after her.
# Nancy J. Holland

Nancy J. Holland (January 12, 1947-January 25, 2020) was an American philosopher and Professor of Philosophy at Hamline University. She was known for her works on continental philosophy.

## Books

* Ontological Humility: Lord Voldemort and the Philosophers, SUNY Press, 2013
* Heidegger and the Problem of Consciousness, Indiana University Press, 2018,
* Feminist Interpretations of Martin Heidegger, edited with Patricia Huntington, Pennsylvania State University Press, 2001
# Koenigia polystachya

Koenigia polystachya is a species of flowering plant in the knotweed family, known by the common names Himalayan knotweed and cultivated knotweed. It has several regularly used synonyms, including Polygonum polystachyum, Aconogonon polystachyum and Persicaria wallichii.
Koenigia polystachya is native to Asia (southwestern China, Indian Subcontinent, Myanmar, Afghanistan) and it is planted many places as an ornamental. It has the capacity to become an invasive species and has established itself in some parts of North America, primarily the Pacific Coast of the United States and Canada. It is an invasive weed in the mountains of Sri Lanka.
Koenigia polystachya is a rhizomatous perennial herb producing thick, hollow, erect stems easily exceeding one meter (40 inches) in length. Via its rhizomes it can form dense colonies. It may also spread asexually if sections of the stem containing rooting nodes are separated and moved to a new area; chopping the plant into small pieces does not necessarily keep it from growing. The hairy leaves are up to 20 centimeters (8 inches) long. The branching inflorescence is an array of lacy clusters of many small white flowers.
Called thothnay in Sikkim and Darjeeling areas of India, the pleasantly sour-tasting edible shoots and stems are used as vegetable or used to make piquant condiments and accompaniments for meals.