OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# National Institute for the Promotion of Science

The National Institution for the Promotion of Science organization was established in Washington, D.C., in May 1840, and was heir to the mantle of the earlier Columbian Institute for the Promotion of Arts and Sciences. The National Institution for the Promotion of Science was later renamed the National Institute and eventually became a part of the Smithsonian Institution.
The National Institute was the initial repository for collections of artifacts brought to the US by the United States Exploring Expedition, as well as various other object accumulated by the government, such as items owned by early American politicians, patent models, and natural objects. Housed in the Patent Office Building, these were the precursor to the Smithsonian Institution collection.
The cabinet was managed by a group of scientists in 1840 and others to secure control of the Smithson bequest and create a National Museum in Washington.
Among those who were elected as corresponding members were such distinguished men as:
* Matthew Fontaine Maury 1st superintendent of the United States Naval Observatory in Washington, D.C.,
* Jacob Whitman Bailey, professor of chemistry and mineralogy at the U.S. Military Academy at West Point;
* Professor Joseph Henry, of the College of New Jersey, at Princeton;
* Alexander Dallas Bache, president of Girard College of Orphans, Philadelphia;
* Denison Olmsted, professor of natural history at Yale College;
Foreign scientists were also represented:
* Professor Charles Wheatstone of King's College, London
* Adolphe Quetelet, the astronomer royal of Belgium;
* Professor Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve, director of the Russian Imperial Central Observatory near St. Petersburg.
# Lucky Ladders

Lucky Ladders is a United Kingdom daytime game show based on the American format titled Chain Reaction that was produced by Anglia and aired on ITV from 21 March 1988 until 14 May 1993. It was hosted by Lennie Bennett and narrated by Peter Simon.

## Format
### Competition rounds

Two teams of two people were taken from the "Player's Paddock" (an enclosure containing enough fresh players to enable the producers to make five programmes in one studio session). They were shown a "lucky ladder"—a chain of seven words that connect to each other in some way. The top and bottom words were revealed at the outset, and the contestants would have to try to guess what words belonged in-between, one letter at a time.
The contestants in play would be offered the choice to "give a letter" (a tactical move that would reveal the next letter to the opposing team in the hope that they wouldn't be able to guess the word correctly) or "guess a letter" (generally a safer bet, ensuring that the team remained in play, provided they didn't get the word wrong.) A wrong guess or taking too long would make it the opposing team's turn. No conferring between players on the same team was allowed. After each round the players would switch roles.
10 points were awarded per correct word guessed, with 20 points for the final word to complete the ladder. At each game's completion, Bennett explained the connections for the benefit of any viewers in the audience or at home who may not have understood the connections. The points were then increased to 20/40. If the game was not won at this point, the points could be increased to 30/60 or 40/80.

### Jackpot round

The first team to 200 points won the game, and were invited to complete a "jackpot ladder", which took exactly the same format as the main game but without the bottom word being revealed at the outset, but the first letter of each word below the previous word would be revealed. The players were only allowed five free letter clues instead of the unlimited supply they had in the main game. Any teams who completed five jackpot ladders were retired from the game, usually with a big prize.

### Prizes

The entire show was made cheaply and en masse in order to fill a weekday half-hour slot, and the prizes were not generally of a great equivalent cash value. All winning contestants received a Lucky Ladders trophy. Lennie Bennett revealed in Yorkshire Television's One Day in the Life of Television (1 November 1989) that only six of these trophies were made for promotional purposes, and that players were required to hand them back after recording. Defeated newcomers would receive Lucky Ladders watches. Defeated champions would win a greater prize depending on how many "prize ladders" they completed.

## Transmissions

| Series | Start date | End date | Episodes |
| 1 | 21 March 1988 | 22 April 1988 | 25 |
| 2 | 31 October 1988 | 23 December 1988 | 40 |
| 3 | 8 January 1990 | 16 February 1990 | 30 |
| 4 | 11 March 1991 | 26 April 1991 | 35 |
| 5 | 24 February 1992 | 10 April 1992 | 35 |
| 6 | 12 April 1993 | 14 May 1993 | 25 |
# Mark M. Boatner III

Mark Mayo Boatner III (June 28, 1921 – June 10, 2006) was an American soldier, historian, and author. He graduated from the United States Military Academy at West Point in the June 1943 class and fought in World War II and the Korean War. While teaching military history at West Point he wrote and published The Civil War Dictionary in 1959. The Encyclopedia of the American Revolution followed in 1966. Both works have had several revised editions published. He authored Landmarks of the American Revolution in 1973.

## Career

Boatner was born in 1921. His father was Mark Mayo Boatner Jr, who retired from the army in 1947.
Mark Mayo Boatner III went to the United States Military Academy at West Point and graduated in the June 1943 class. He served as a combat infantryman in Italy during World War II. He also saw active duty during the Korean War.
Married twice, he had one daughter and six sons. While he was serving in Korea, one of his sons died in an automobile accident. He was awarded the Combat Infantryman Badge and the Croix de Guerre for his war service.
In 1952 Boatner coauthored Battery Duties: A Ready Reference Manual for Battery Personnel with Robert F. Cocklin. He wrote Army Lore and the Customs of the Service in 1954. While an assistant professor of military history at West Point, he researched and wrote The Civil War Dictionary, which was published in 1959. The work was dedicated to his wife Patricia Dilworth Boatner. Soon after, he served at Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe at Paris, France.
In 1966, Boatner published Encyclopedia of the American Revolution. Revised editions would be released in 1974 and 1994. The book was dedicated to his grandmother Emily Nelson Gunnell (1869–1969), who was the great-granddaughter of Thomas Nelson Jr., a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence.
Boatner wrote Landmarks of the American Revolution in 1973. During his career, he earned a master's degree in international affairs from the US Army War College and George Washington University. He retired from the army with the rank of colonel.
# Graeme Cowan

Graeme Cowan (born March 10, 1958) is an Australian author of four books. He also helped Gavin Larkin create and launch the charity R U OK?.

## Career

His book, Back from the Brink, includes a testimonial from the former UK Prime Minister Tony Blair, a foreword by actress Glenn Close and has been launched in China. It was written from his first-hand knowledge of surviving four suicide attempts and suffering from clinical depression. His book, Back from the Brink Too, won the 2009 SANE Australia Book of the Year Award.
He has also written Elephant in the Boardroom and Thriving Naturally. He is a non executive director for R U OK?, a columnist for PsychCentral and Psychology Today and a motivational speaker.

## Personal life

In 2000, Cowan went through a five-year episode of depression, including four suicide attempts, before recovering. On September 10, 2019, World Suicide Prevention Day, Graeme shared his 2004 suicide note on LinkedIn to spark a conversation about depression. The post went viral with over 70,000 views and 250 comments. He is married to Professor Karen Canfell and lives in Sydney.
# KickStart International

KickStart International is a nonprofit social enterprise headquartered in Nairobi, Kenya. KickStart designs and mass-markets climate-smart irrigation technology to smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa, in order to enable a transition from subsistence agriculture to commercial irrigated agriculture. Donor funds are used to design the irrigation pumps, establish supply chains, demonstrate and promote the pumps, and educate farmers on the benefits and methods of small-scale irrigation.

## Background

Food supply across sub-Saharan Africa is highly unstable due to its unpredictable climate and water reserves. Only 6% of Africa's cultivated land is irrigated, limiting the volume of crops that can be grown out of season, but increased access to irrigation systems stands to increase food productivity by up to 50%.

## History

KickStart was founded in 1991 by Dr. Martin Fisher and Nick Moon. Fisher first went to Kenya on a Fulbright Fellowship to study the Appropriate Technology Movement, where he met Moon, who was in Kenya with the Voluntary Service Overseas (VSO). The two worked closely together on a variety of development interventions, including building rural water systems, constructing schools, and creating job training programs. Out of frustration with traditional development models, Fisher and Moon developed an alternative model for poverty alleviation. Their model was based on a five-step process to develop, launch and promote simple money-making tools that poor entrepreneurs could use to create their own profitable businesses. Together, they founded ApproTEC, which later became KickStart International in 2005.
Starting in 1998, KickStart began developing a line of manually operated irrigation pumps, designed to enable farmers to easily pull water from a river, pond, or shallow well, and pressurize it through a hose pipe to reach their crops. Through this small-scale technological intervention, farmer can harvest their crops year-round, facilitating a transition from rain-fed subsistence farming to year-round commercial irrigated agriculture. The MoneyMaker Max can pressurize water to a total height of 50 feet (15 m), pushing it through a hose pipe as far as 200 metres (660 ft), and can irrigate as much as two acres (0.81 ha) of land.

## Recognition

KickStart has received the following awards: Schwab Foundation's Outstanding Social Entrepreneurs (2003), US State Department "Innovation Award for the Empowerment of Women and Girls" (2012), Forbes Magazine Impact 30 List - World's leading social entrepreneurs (2011), Lemelson-MIT Award for Sustainability (2008), Social Capitalist Award Fast Company Magazine & the Monitor Group (2008), Skoll Award for Social Entrepreneurship (2005), Gleitsman Award of Achievement (2003).
# Morshansky Uyezd

Morshansky Uyezd (Моршанский уезд) was one of the subdivisions of the Tambov Governorate of the Russian Empire. It was situated in the central part of the governorate. Its administrative centre was Morshansk.

## Demographics

At the time of the Russian Empire Census of 1897, Morshansky Uyezd had a population of 270,392. Of these, 99.5% spoke Russian, 0.1% Polish, 0.1% Yiddish, 0.1% German and 0.1% Ukrainian as their native language.
# Masiphyini

Masiphyini is a tribe of flies in the family Tachinidae.

## Genera

* Alsopsyche Brauer & von Bergenstamm, 1891
* Belvosiella Curran, 1934
* Manteomasiphya Guimarães, 1966
* Masiphya Brauer & von Bergenstamm, 1891
* Masiphyoidea Thompson, 1963
* Micromasiphya Townsend, 1934
* Mystacomyia Giglio-Tos, 1893
* Mystacomyoidea Thompson, 1963
* Neomasiphya Guimarães, 1966
* Oromasiphya Townsend, 1927
* Paraphasiopsis Townsend, 1917
* Prophasiopsis Townsend, 1927
* Pseudomasiphya Thompson, 1963
* Thelairophasia Townsend, 1919
# Polynesian Spa

Polynesian Spa is a developed geothermal spa facility in Rotorua, North Island, New Zealand.
Local Māori acclaimed the therapeutic benefits of the water and bathed for centuries in the acidic pool 'Te Pupunitanga', now called Priest’s Bath. European thermal bathing history at Polynesian Spa began in 1878 when a Catholic Priest named Father Mahoney bathed regularly in the thermal spring water of hand dug pools where Polynesian Spa is now located on the shores of Lake Rotorua. Over several months his arthritis was greatly alleviated, initiating an international reputation for the therapeutic properties of the hot mineral spring water.
The first bath house on site, the Pavilion Bath House opened in 1882, followed by the Ward Baths in 1931. Early bath houses on the site were government-run, the Pavilion Bath, the Duchess Bath, named for the Duchess of Cornwall and York who visited in 1901 and the Ward Baths, named for an early New Zealand Prime Minister, Sir Joseph Ward, who had a passion for thermal waters.
In 1902 Mary MacKillop or Saint Mary of the Cross came to Rotorua to seek treatment in the therapeutic waters of the Duchess Bath. On 16 March Mother Mary MacKillop wrote "I feel the baths are doing me good. The rheumatism in my knees is becoming less and I can walk easily now... This is such a nice private house. We have had a priest resident here most of the time..." In 1972, the government of the day leased the Ward Baths to Polynesian Pools Limited and the spa is now known as the Polynesian Spa.
# Nixi (disambiguation)

Nixi may refer to:
* National Internet Exchange of India (NIXI)
* Nixi chicken, a breed of chicken from Yunnan, China
* Di nixi, childbirth deities in ancient Rome
* Nixi, one of the names for Neck (water spirit)
# Jinnah's People's Memorial Hall

The Jinnah's People's Memorial Hall, is located inside the compound of the Indian National Congress building near Lamington Road, in Mumbai, India.
The hall was built in the honour of Jinnah after the historic victory of citizens of Bombay under the brave and brilliant leadership of Muhammad Ali Jinnah in front of the Town Hall of Bombay against the outgoing crown governor of Bombay, Wellingdon.
His admirers contributed sixty five thousand rupees to build this memorial Hall which stands still today in spite of the ravages of partition.
# Limboria

Limboria is a genus of fungi in the Ascomycota phylum. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the phylum is unknown (incertae sedis), and it has not yet been placed with certainty into any class, order, or family.
# Pipes (surname)

Pipes is an English surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Alan Pipes (born 1947), English writer and artist
* Ben Pipes (born 1986), British volleyball player
* Cam Pipes (born 1977), Canadian musician
* Daniel Pipes (born 1949), American historian and writer
* David Pipes (disambiguation), multiple people
* Douglas Pipes, American composer
* Felix Pipes (1887–?), Austrian tennis player
* Greg Pipes (1946–2021), American football player
* James Pipes (1840–1928), American awarded soldier
* Leah Pipes (born 1988), American actress
* Martin L. Pipes (1850–1932), American judge
* Richard Pipes (1923–2018), Polish-American historian
* Wade Hampton Pipes (1877–1961), American architect
* William Thomas Pipes (1850–1909), Canadian politician
# Menka

Menka may be,
* Menka language
* Orestis Menka
* Menka (queen)
# King Hazen

King Hazen (30 September 1885 – 4 July 1974) was a Progressive Conservative party and National Government member of the House of Commons of Canada. He was born in Fredericton, New Brunswick and became a barrister by career.
He was first elected to Parliament under the National Government (Conservative) party banner at the St. John—Albert riding in the 1940 general election after an unsuccessful campaign there as a Conservative in 1935. He was re-elected in 1945 as a Progressive Conservative for another term then defeated in the 1949 election by Daniel Aloysius Riley of the Liberal party.

## Electoral record

vte1949 Canadian federal election: Saint John—Rothesay :
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Liberal | Daniel Riley | 18,691 | 48.9 | +7.8 |
| | Progressive Conservative | King Hazen | 17,052 | 44.7 | -2.1 |
| | Co-operative Commonwealth | Raymond McAfee | 2,445 | 6.4 | -5.6 |
| Total valid votes | Total valid votes | Total valid votes | 38,188 | 100.0 |
vte1945 Canadian federal election: Saint John—Rothesay :
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Progressive Conservative | King Hazen | 16,205 | 46.8 | -3.5 |
| | Liberal | David Lawrence MacLaren | 14,248 | 41.1 | -6.1 |
| | Co-operative Commonwealth | William Arrowsmith | 761 | 12.0 | +9.5 |
| Total valid votes | Total valid votes | Total valid votes | 31,214 | 100.0 |
vte1940 Canadian federal election: Saint John—Rothesay :
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | National Government | King Hazen | 15,110 | 50.3 | +13.4 |
| | Liberal | Allan McAvity | 14,197 | 47.2 | -0.8 |
| | Co-operative Commonwealth | James Fritch | 761 | 2.5 | +2.5 |
| Total valid votes | Total valid votes | Total valid votes | 30,068 | 100.0 |
Note: popular vote is compared to 1935 general election.
# Moralı Ibrahim Pasha

Moralı Ibrahim Pasha ("Ibrahim Pasha of Morea"; died April or May 1725), also known as Aşçı Ibrahim Pasha ("the Cook") or Hacı Ibrahim Pasha or Ibrahim Pasha al-Kapudan, was an Ottoman statesman and grand admiral (Kapudan Pasha, 1707–09, 1717–18).
Ibrahim Pasha served as the Ottoman governor of Egypt Eyalet (1709–10) but was then jailed and exiled to Sinop. After being pardoned in 1713, he was appointed to the governorship of Aleppo Eyalet (1714, 1717), Sidon Eyalet (1714–16), Sanjak of Jerusalem (1716), and Damascus Eyalet (1716).
In his second term as Kapudan Pasha, he reportedly destroyed a Venetian navy fleet. He died in April or May 1725. Today, there is a street in Istanbul named after him (Moralı İbrahim Paşa Sokak).
# Masirah Bay

The Masirah Bay or Khalīj Maṣīrah may refer to:
* Masirah Channel
* Gulf of Masirah
# Lauretta Masiero

Lauretta Masiero (25 October 1927 – 23 March 2010) was an Italian actress and singer.

## Early life and career

Venetian-born Lauretta Masiero debuted in the theater of varieties as a dancer with Wanda Osiris. In 1945 she debuted with Erminio Macario.
In 1962 she began acting in films. She worked with such stars as Totò, Ugo Tognazzi, Johnny Dorelli, Raimondo Vianello and Oreste Lionello. She portrayed the protagonist in the television series, The Adventures of Storm Laura.

## Death

Masiero died on 23 March 2010, aged 82, in a clinic in Rome, following a long hospitalization from Alzheimer's disease. She is entombed at the San Michele cemetery on the Isola di San Michele in Venice.

## Personal life

Masiero had a relationship with Johnny Dorelli; the couple had a son, actor Gianluca Guidi.

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 1952 | The Tired Outlaw | Susanna | |
| 1952 | Canzoni di mezzo secolo | | |
| 1953 | Siamo tutti Milanesi | | |
| 1954 | Gran Varietà | Yvette la mondana | (episodio 'Fregoli') |
| 1954 | It Happened at the Police Station | Silvana Moretti | |
| 1954 | Baracca e burattini | | |
| 1958 | Toto in Paris | Aiutante del marchese / La zingara | |
| 1958 | Vento di primavera | Diana | |
| 1958 | Marinai, donne e guai | Mademoiselle Ester | |
| 1959 | Pensione Edelweiss | | |
| 1959 | Lui, lei e il nonno | Sandra | |
| 1959 | Le confident de ces dames | Une cliente | |
| 1959 | Tipi da spiaggia | Silvia Barenson | |
| 1960 | Ferragosto in bikini | Paola Piccoli | |
| 1960 | Caravan petrol | | |
| 1961 | Sua Eccellenza si fermò a mangiare | Ernesto's Lover | |
| 1961 | Cacciatori di dote | Alba Ibanez | |
| 1964 | Napoleone a Firenze | | |
| 1965 | Le avventure di Laura Storm | Laura Perruchetti alias Laura Storm | |
| 1977 | Peccatori di provincia | Concetta Lo Curcio | |
| 1990 | Captain Fracassa's Journey | Lady Leonarde | |
| 1992 | Ostinato destino | Carolina Rambaldi | |
# Justice of Appeal (Fiji)

Justices of Appeal in Fiji are judges who sit on the Court of Appeal and on the Supreme Court, but not on the High Court.
Justices of Appeal are appointed by the President on the nomination of the Judicial Service Commission, which is required to consult first with the appropriate Cabinet Minister and with the committee of the House of Representatives overseeing the administration of justice. A Justice of Appeal is required by the Constitution to be a qualified barrister or solicitor with a minimum of seven years' experience in Fiji or another country prescribed by law, or a past or present senior judicial officer in Fiji or another country prescribed by Parliament. The judiciary is the only branch of government from which non-citizens are not excluded. This is in recognition that as a developing country, the government may deem it in the national interest to look abroad for judges with expertise in various aspects of the law. Accordingly, judges from the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand, among other countries, have sometimes served on Fiji's courts, including as Justices of Appeal.
Justices of Appeal are required to retire on reaching the age of 70. The retirement age may be waived, however, for a term of not more than three years or for the duration of one or more sessions of the court concerned, to allow that person to continue in office, or to transfer to another judicial office, for a term of not more than three years. The waiver may be repeated, but not after the judge has reached the age of 75. No person, therefore, may serve as a Justice of Appeal after the age of 78.
Compulsory retirement does not prohibit retired judges from acting in that capacity on a temporary basis. Judges, including Justices of Appeal, who are past retirement age may therefore be called out of retirement, from time to time, to temporarily fill vacancies or to act in the place of one who is absent or otherwise unable to carry out his or her duties.
# Patrik Björck

Patrik Björck (born 1957) is a Swedish politician, trade unionist and member of the Riksdag, the national legislature. A member of the Social Democratic Party, he has represented Västra Götaland County East since October 2006.
Björck was born and educated in Gothenburg. He is the son of architect Folke Björck and sociologist Helena Björck (née Nolin). He has held various jobs including food worker, brewery worker, tram driver, nursing assistant and wood worker. He has held various roles at the GS trade union. He has been a member of the municipal council in Falköping Municipality since 1998.
Björck lives in Solberga near Åsarp. He is married and has five children and three grandchildren.