OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Mandated choice

Mandated choice or mandatory choice is an approach to public policy questions in which people are required by law to state in advance whether or not they are willing to engage in a particular action. The approach contrasts with "opt-in" and "opt-out" ("presumed consent") models of policy formation. The approach has most frequently been applied to cadaveric organ donation, but has increasingly been considered for advance directives as well. One bioethicist, in advocating for a mandatory choice model for living wills, argues that "while all Americans should have a right to decide how they want their lives to end, it does not follow that they should be able to avoid confronting such a choice."

## History

One of the first considerations of mandated choice appeared in Great Britain's Gore Report, a 1989-1990 study funded by the British Department of Health. From 2011 all those applying for or renewing driving licences online in the UK are required to state whether they wished to donate their organs.
The American Medical Association endorsed a mandated choice model for organ donation in 1994.

## Practicalities

It has been suggested that individuals could be compelled to choose as part of tax returns, driver's licence applications, and/or state benefits claims.

## Public attitudes

A 1992 survey found that 90% of American college students favored a mandated choice model for organ donation, compared with only 60% who favored presumed consent. However, Texas implemented such a program, requiring drivers to make a choice on organ donation when obtaining licenses, and found that 80% of drivers declined to donate.

## Academic debate

Chouhan and Draper propose a modified scheme of mandated choice, in which though all patients are given a choice whether to donate they are actively encouraged to do so.
# Eustace de Ribemont

Sir Eustace de Ribemont (died 19 September 1356) was a French nobleman, who was the French standard-bearer in 1346.

## Biography

Eustace was lord of Ribemont in Tierasche, Picardy. He fought in the Hundred Years' War, where he fought during the battle of Calais in 1350. The French knight Geoffroi de Charny, bribed Amerigo de Pavia of the Calais garrison to open a gate for the French forces. Ribemont was engaged in combat by King Edward III of England, who fought incognito, whom Ribemont knocked down a couple of times during the fight and was later captured. He was later released without ransom for his bravery.
He was the French standard-bearer at the battle of Poitiers on 19 September 1356, where he was killed.

## Citations

* ↑ Harari 2007, p. 117.
* ↑ Smith 1807, p. 246.
# Eustace de Normanville

Eustace de Normanville (also Eustachius de Normanvyle) was an English medieval academic and university chancellor.
Eustace de Normanville was a Master of Arts and Doctor of Decrees. From 1276 to 1280, he was Chancellor of the University of Oxford.
# Euphaedra athena

Euphaedra athena, the Nigerian striped forester, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Nigeria. The habitat consists of dense forests.
Adults feed on fallen fruit.

## Similar species

Other members of the Euphaedra zaddachii species group q.v.
# Manuel De La Mare

Manuel De La Mare (born 28 November 1979 in Barga, Italy) is an Italian music producer and recording artist.

## Biography

Manuel De La Mare is also known as Sara Galli, After Tea, and Combo. His music combines elements of Italo dance, filtered and deep house, techno beats, and minimal melodies. Manuel launched his own labels - 303lovers and hotfingers - in 2007 alongside Alex Kenji and Luigi Rocca. He has collaborated with artists including Mark Knight, John Acquaviva, and Feddle Le Grand and has worked with multiple music labels, including Universal, Toolroom, Ministry of Sound, Tiger Records, Spinnin, Definitive, and Stealth. Beatport awarded him as the best remixer in 2011, following his nomination for Best Deep House and Techno Artist in 2010.
Manuel says that his remix of Ian Round’s track ‘Dancin’ was the turning point of his career as the track went on to the reach the Top 10 Beatport chart and pick up support from acclaimed stars like Roger Sanchez. Manuel’s production skills grabbed the attention of DJs worldwide and he soon found himself remixing for names such as Robbie Rivera.
In 2011 Manuel did a collaboration with the UK producer and owner of Toolroom Records Mark Knight called ‘Snapshot’, followed by other originals "La Musica Me Hace Mas Feliz","Shaken Not Slurred" together with John Acquaviva and Luigi Rocca,"Ameno" released on Spinnin' Records. On the remix front he had a number of exciting projects throughout the 2012 summer. First up is a remix for Fedde Le Grand’s new track ‘Metrum’.Other remixes duties included Wally Lopez, Paolo Mojo and one for Sander Van Doorn's new single ‘Love is Darkness’.
In 2012 started his dj residency at Hard Rock, Las Vegas, followed gigs at Ultra Music Festival In Miami, Space Ibiza, Ministry Of Sound London, Amnesia Miami and many others.
In 2012 Manuel remixed the well known house anthem together with Alex Kenji - called I Love The Music by Cevin Fisher, Seamus Haji released on Strictly Rhythm which was one of the top 10 house tracks for a month. He also remixed the electronic music composer Bostich - Yello released in 2012 on Tiger Records. In November 2012 was released his mixed compilation together with Alex Kenji and Luigi Rocca for Toolroom Records.
# Manfredonia (disambiguation)

Manfredonia is a town in Italy and an Italian language name. It may also refer to:

## Places

* Gulf of Manfredonia
* Manfredonia Cathedral
* Manfredonia Lighthouse

## People

* Francesco Capuano Di Manfredonia, 15th century Italian astronomer
* Giulio Manfredonia (b. 1967), Italian film director and screenwriter
* Lionello Manfredonia (b. 1956), Italian footballer
* Valentino Manfredonia (b. 1989), Italian boxer

## Organizations

* Manfredonia Calcio, an association football club in Italy
# Eva Kolodner

Eva Kolodner is a former independent film producer and co-founder of New York-based Salty Features.

## Early life and education

Eva Marie Kolodner was born c. 1970 to Dorothy M. Chiavetta and Ignace I. Kolodner and grew up in Pittsburgh. Her father was a mathematics professor at Carnegie Mellon University. Her mother headed the department of nutrition services for the Allegheny County Health Department. She graduated from Winchester Thurston School in 1988 and earned a B.A. in psychology from Yale University in 1992.

## Career

Kolodner got her start in the independent film industry as an unpaid assistant to Christine Vachon at Vachon's independent production company, Killer Films. She worked at Killer Films for five years, working on films including Kids, I Shot Andy Warhol, Safe and Happiness as she "worked her way through the producing hierarchy", according to trade journal Independent. While working with Killer Films, Kolodner produced with Kimberly Peirce, then an undergrad at Columbia University, the Academy Award-winning film Boys Don't Cry based on Peirce's script.
In 2000, she became Head of Production at Madstone Films, where she produced Rhinoceros Eyes, directed by Aaron Woodley and starring Michael Pitt, which won the Discovery Award at the 2003 Toronto International Film Festival. At Madstone she hired Yael Melamede, who had trained as an architect but moved into the film industry in 1996, as a production supervisor. The two launched Salty Features in 2003. Kolodner left the company in 2009 to switch careers, becoming a fundraiser for nonprofits.

## Recognition

Kolodner was nominated for the Independent Spirit Producer's Award, and in 2002 was selected for Crain's New York Business’ “40 Under 40.”

## Production

* Finn at the Blue Line (2008)
* Afterwards (2008)
* Brief Interviews with Hideous Men (2008)
* The Inner Life of Martin Frost (2007)
* Bam Bam and Celeste (2005)
* Evergreen (2004)
* Rhinoceros Eyes (2003)
* Boys Don't Cry (1999)

## Personal life

Kolodner married Eliza Starr Byard, whom she'd met while they were undergraduates at Yale, in 2004. The couple adopted a child.
# Eupatorium linearifolium

Eupatorium linearifolium is a fall-blooming herbaceous plant native to North America.
Like other members of the genus Eupatorium it has inflorescences containing a large number of small white flower heads, each with 5 disc florets but no ray florets.
Works such as Flora of North America define E. linearifolium to include all the plants which in the past were treated as E. cuneifolium. The most distinctive feature of E. linearifolium, compared with other Eupatorium species, is that the stems branch near the ground.
Eupatorium linearifolium is found in the southeastern and south-central United States, found in all the coastal states from Texas to Virginia, through probably extirpated from Virginia.
# Euphorbia uniglans

Euphorbia uniglans is a species of plant in the family Euphorbiaceae. It is endemic to Ethiopia.
# Mamming

Mamming is a municipality in the district of Dingolfing-Landau in Bavaria in Germany.
# Euphorbia hamaderoensis

Euphorbia hamaderoensis is a species of plant in the family Euphorbiaceae. It is endemic to Socotra in Yemen. Its natural habitat is rocky areas.
# Manzini (disambiguation)

Manzini may refer to:
* Manzini, Eswatini, a town in the Manzini Region of Eswatini
* Manzini Region, a region of Eswatini
* Manzini (surname), an Italian surname
# Manzenreiter

Manzenreiter is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Robert Manzenreiter (born 1966), Austrian luger
* Sonja Manzenreiter (born 1975), Austrian luger
# Eurysacca acutivalva

Eurysacca acutivalva is a moth in the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Povolný in 1986. It is found in Argentina.
# Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E family

In molecular biology, the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E family (eIF-4E) is a family of proteins that bind to the cap structure of eukaryotic cellular mRNAs. Members of this family recognise and bind the 7-methyl-guanosine-containing (m7Gppp) cap during an early step in the initiation of protein synthesis and facilitate ribosome binding to an mRNA by inducing the unwinding of its secondary structures. A tryptophan in the central part of the sequence of human eIF-4E seems to be implicated in cap-binding.
Members of this family include EIF4E, EIF4E2, EIF4E3 and EIF4E1B.
# Mangal Das Pakvasa

Mangaldas M. Pakvasa, મંગળદાસ પક્વાસ (Bombay, 7 May 1882 – 6 November 1968) a freedom fighter and one of the first five Indian Governors, served as the first President of the Bharat Scouts and Guides from 1953 to November 1960.
In the first years after India's independence, leading politicians, including Jawaharlal Nehru, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad and Mangal Das Pakvasa, as well as Scout leaders tried to unify India's Scouts and Guides.
He was Governor of Madhya Pradesh, Bombay and Mysore, and a confidante of Mahatma Gandhi.
His daughter-in-law is Poornima Pakvasa, and his granddaughter is Sonal Mansingh.
| Preceded byfirst incumbent | Presidents of the Bharat Scouts and Guides 1953–1960 | Succeeded byAmmu Swaminathan |
# Eulimella kaisensis

Eulimella kaisensis is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.
# Eurata semiluna

Eurata semiluna is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Francis Walker in 1854. It is found in Brazil.
# Eurata strigiventris

Eurata strigiventris is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Félix Édouard Guérin-Méneville in 1830. It is found in Brazil and Argentina.
# Evonne

Evonne is a given name, an English respelling of Yvonne. Well-known women named Evonne include:
* Evonne Britton (born 1991), American hurdler
* Evonne Goolagong, one of the world's leading women's tennis players in the 1970s and early-1980s
* Evonne Hsu, Taiwanese pop singer
# Eutelia pyrastis

Eutelia pyrastis is a species of moth in the family Euteliidae. It is found in the Caribbean Sea and North America.
The MONA or Hodges number for Eutelia pyrastis is 8968.1.
# Eutelia catephioides

Eutelia catephioides is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in South Africa, Ethiopia and Saudi Arabia.
# Manso II of Amalfi

Manso II the Blind was the duke of Amalfi on three separate occasions: from 1028 to 1029, from 1034 to 1038, and from 1043 to 1052. He was the second son of Sergius II and Maria, sister of Pandulf IV of Capua. His whole ducal career consisted of wars with his brother, John II, over the throne. The Chronicon Amalfitanum (c. 1300) is an important source for his reign.
In 1028, he and his mother seized the throne, while Sergius and John fled to Constantinople. This was probably at the instigation of his uncle Pandulf. In 1029, John, but not Sergius, returned and reasserted his authority, deposing Manso and Maria. In April or May 1034, John was forced to flee Amalfi again for Naples and Manso and Maria retook the throne with the support of Pandulf. Maria took the titles ducissa et patricissa, but Manso received no titles from Byzantium: clearly, they had aligned themselves with the Lombards and not the Greeks.
In 1038, the Holy Roman Emperor Conrad II deposed Pandulf and John was able to return to Amalfi. He blinded Manso and exiled him to the island of Sirenuse, with the support of Maria, whom he allowed to co-reign. The cruelty of this act turned the citizenry against the duke and duchess and, in April 1039, they ousted John and Maria and accepted Guaimar IV of Salerno as duke. Guaimar appointed Manso to act as duke in 1040 or 1043, under Salernitan suzerainty. Manso named his son after Guaimar and appointed him co-duke in 1047. In 1052, the Amalfitans, who loved Manso, rebelled nevertheless over the burden of Salernitan taxation. John was able to seize power again.
In addition to his son Guaimar, he had a son named Manso, who in turn had a son named Manso, who married a Gaitelgrima and had a son named John. Either one of these may be the viceduke Manso known only from coins of the period. He may have had a daughter who married Ranulf Drengot.
# European Day of Jewish Culture

The European Day of Jewish Culture is an event celebrated in several countries in Europe. Its aim is to organize activities related to Jewish culture and promote them to a wide public in order to highlight the cultural and historical heritage of the Jewish people. The activities are coordinated by the European Association for the Preservation and Promotion of Jewish Culture (AEPJ), the European Council of Jewish Communities, B'nai B'rith Europe and the Network of Jewish Quarters in Spain. Events are organised to raise awareness about the cultures, traditions and lifestyles of different communities living in the same country or city, helping people to understand the "other", and thus, strengthening communication and dialogue between cultures.

## History

The annual event was initiated in 1996 by the B'nai Brith of Strasbourg in the French département Bas-Rhin together with the local Agency for development of tourism. It is now observed by twenty-seven European countries including Turkey and Ukraine. The original aim of the day was to permit access to, and ultimately restore, long abandoned synagogues of architectural value like those of Wolfisheim, Westhoffen, Pfaffenhoffen, Struth, Diemeringen, Ingwiller or Mackenheim. In 2000, a partnership was created between B'nai B'rith and the other organizations that currently participate in organizing the day's events.

## Activities

On this day exhibitions, concerts, panel discussions, lectures and excursions are organized in many European countries. Topics such as Jewish neighborhoods, the coexistence of cultures, exhibitions on sculpture, painting, print, music and Jewish religious objects are discussed.

## Celebration Days

* 1999: September 5
* 2000: September 6
* 2001: September 6 - "Judaism and the Arts"
* 2002: September 6 - "Jewish Calendar and celebrations in Art, Music and Gastronomy"
* 2003: September 6 - "Pesach"
* 2004: September 6 - "Judaism and Education"
* 2005: September 6 - "The Heritage of Jewish Cooking"
* 2006: September 6 - "The European Routes of Jewish Heritage"
* 2007: September 8 - "Testimonials"
* 2008: September 4 - "Jewish Music"
* 2009: September 6 - "Jewish Celebrations and Traditions"
* 2010: September 5–15 - "Art in Judaism"
* 2014: September 14 - "Women in Judaism"
* 2015: September 6 - "Bridges"
* 2016: September 4 - "Jewish languages"
* 2017: September 3 - "Diaspora"
* 2018: September 2 - "Storytelling"
* 2019: September 1- "Jubilee"
* 2020: September 6 - "Journey
* 2021: September 5- "Dialog"
* 2022: September - "Renewal"
# European Day of Radiology

The European Day of Radiology (EDoR) is an annual day of action that will take place for the first time on February 10, 2011. The day is an initiative of the European Society of Radiology, an organisation that represents the interests of radiology and its practitioners throughout Europe and also hosts the European Congress of Radiology.

## History

The European Day of Radiology will be held for the first time on February 10, 2011, in honour of the anniversary of the death of Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, who first discovered x-rays. The goal of the EDoR is to celebrate the achievements and benefits of radiology from its beginnings up to the present day and to raise public awareness.

## Participating countries

National radiological societies from Austria, Belgium, the Czech Republic, Croatia, France, Georgia, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom are taking part in this initiative.

## The EDoR in English speaking countries

In Ireland, the First European Day of Radiology will be celebrated by the Faculty of Radiologists, Royal college of Surgeons, and in the UK by the Royal College of Radiologists.

## International Day of Radiology (IDoR)

The International Day of Radiology is the successor to the European Day of Radiology which was established in 2011. The first and only European Day of Radiology was held on February 10, 2011, to commemorate the anniversary of Röntgen's death.
# Maracás

Maracás is a municipality in the state of Bahia in the North-East region of Brazil.
# Euxoa apopsis

Euxoa apopsis is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is known only from high elevations in the mountains of south-western British Columbia.
The forewing length is 14–15 mm (0.55–0.59 in).
# Eva Converse

Evelyn "Eva" Converse was an American film and stage actress and model.

## Early life

Evelyn was born in Eau Claire, Wisconsin, the daughter of Henry E. Converse and Emma Gilbert.

## Career

In 1911, Converse was in the moving picture that illustrated the song showing at the Palace Theater "Won't You Share My Bungalow?" In 1917, Converse appeared in the silent film drama, The Slacker, which was produced and distributed by Metro Pictures. The film caused a spike in recruitment for the U.S. Army just after the U.S. entry into World War I.
In 1909, Converse posed for a portrait by the artist Edwin Austin Abbey titled "The Coronation of Edward VII", which now hangs in Buckingham Palace. Converse portrayed Queen Alexandra. Abbey had searched for two years for a model.

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 1912 | Prince Charming | Countess Moneybags | |
| 1917 | The Slacker | | |
# Maratus anomalus

Maratus anomalus or the unusual peacock spider, is a species of peacock spider in the family Salticidae. M. anomalus was described by Karsch in 1878 in Queensland Australia and New South Wales.

## Description and behaviour

The abdomen of Maratus anomalus is shiny and colourful with the colour changing depending on the side someone views it on. Colours include turquoise and purple. Males often show off this colour. The spider lacks a extendable flap.
# Evelyn Murray (civil servant)

Sir George Evelyn Pemberton Murray, KCB (25 July 1880 – 30 March 1947) was an English civil servant. The son of the civil servant Sir George Murray, he was educated at Christ Church, Oxford, before entering the civil service in 1903 as an official in the Board of Education. In 1912, he was made a Commissioner of Customs and Excise and in 1914 became Secretary of the Post Office, serving until 1934. He was then Chairman of the Board of Customs and Excise from 1934 until 1940. His son George was killed in action in 1945 and, in 1957, George's son inherited the dukedom of Atholl from a distant relative.
# Eurydema oleracea

Eurydema oleracea is a species of shield bug in the family Pentatomidae and is commonly known as the rape bug, the crucifer shield bug, the cabbage bug or the brassica bug.
Its specific name oleracea means "related to vegetables/herbs" in Latin and is a form of holeraceus (oleraceus).

## Morphology and biology

The rape bug has a shiny, flat dark-colored body about 5–7 millimetres (0.20–0.28 in) long and 4 millimetres (0.16 in) wide. The species has a dark ground colour which is overlain with red, yellow, cream, white or orange markings. There is an oval spot on the top of the mesonotum and one on each of the elytra as well as a longitudinal stripe on the prothorax. In young adults these spots are yellow but change to white or red in older bugs. The colour of the abdomen changes at the same time from buff to black. Such age-specific changes in the imago coloration, are connected with sexual maturation of the bugs and often take place in diapausing imagos at the time they are becoming active again.
The eggs are cylindrical, buff-colored with a dark pattern. They are laid on the stems and inflorescences of host plants in batches usually of about twelve eggs in two neat rows. Each female lays sixty to eighty eggs over a period of four to six weeks. The nymph is pale gray with a dark-brown pronotum and spots on the dorsal side of the abdomen. It moults five times, and the adults and nymphs live quite openly on plants. Adults overwinter, hibernating in leaf debris at the edge of woods or in bushes.

## Distribution

This species has a wide distribution in the eastern Palearctic realm. It is found in Western Europe except for northern Scandinavia, Kazakhstan, most of Russia, the mountainous regions of west and central Asia, and in North Africa.

## Ecology

These species overwinters as an adult, emerging in late spring. There is one generation in the northern part of their range and two in the south. The adults and nymphs are consumers of a wide range of cruciferous plants (Brassicaceae), feeding mainly on the flowering parts. Among cultivated crops the bugs damage cabbage, radish, turnip, rutabaga, horseradish and rape. They can also develop on many species of wild cruciferous plants. Natural enemies include a number of species of parasitoid wasps in the family Scelionidae, some species of predatory bugs in the family Nabidae, a rare parasitic fly Clytiomya continua, some spiders and ants. They can be controlled by crop rotation, the destruction of cruciferous weeds and the use of insecticides.

## Gallery

* Gluvia dorsalis eating a Eurydema oleracea
* Mating pair
* Nymph
* Adult
# Eva Kurilets

Evelina Kurilets (or Eva Kurilets) is a Ukrainian human rights activist and is the executive director of Razom, an organization that secures aid for Ukraine.
Prior to the Russo-Ukrainian War, Kurilets worked in the finance industry, as well as several charities. She was forced to flee Kyiv for the United States when the Russians invaded Ukraine. In 2021, she was appointed to lead Razom for Ukraine, operating in Ukraine, the U.S., and Canada. The organization is the largest Ukrainian aid program, and provides financial, medical, logistical, and other forms of aid to Ukrainian civilians and soldiers.