OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Titus Aebutius Helva

Titus Aebutius Helva was a Roman senator and general from the early Republic, who held the consulship in 499 BC. He was magister equitum under Aulus Postumius Albus at the Battle of Lake Regillus. He was the father of Lucius Aebutius Helva, consul in 463 BC.

## Consulship

Aebutius was elected consul for the year 499 BC, with Gaius Veturius Geminus. Livius relates that during their consulship, the town of Fidenae was besieged, Crustumeria was taken, and Praeneste joined the Roman cause. However, there is no report of which actions were undertaken by each consul.

## Battle of Lake Regillus

For some time, the expectation of war between Rome and the Latins had been growing. The year after Aebutius' consulship, Aulus Postumius Albus was chosen as dictator, and as his magister equitum he nominated Aebutius. They marched into Latium, where they met a Latin army under the command of Octavius Mamilius, the dictator of Tusculum.
In the course of the battle, Aebutius and Mamilius, both on horseback, charged at one another and inflicted serious injuries. The Tuscan prince was wounded in the breast, and taken to the rear, while Aebutius' arm was so severely injured by Mamilius' lance that he had to withdraw from the fighting, and direct his forces at a distance. The battle ended in a decisive victory for the Romans.

## Envoy

About 493 BC, Aebutius was one of ten envoys sent by the senate to treat with the plebeians during the first seccessio plebis.
# Titus Dixon

Titus Dixon (born June 15, 1966) is an American former professional football player who played in the National Football League (NFL), Canadian Football League (CFL), and Arena Football League (AFL). He was selected by the New York Jets in the sixth round of the 1989 NFL draft.
Dixon was born in Clewiston, Florida. He spent his collegiate years at Troy State University in Troy, Alabama, where he currently holds several records for both football and track and field. He also spent time in the US Olympics tryouts for track and field. He was selected by the Jets in 1989. After spending 12 or so seasons playing professional football, Dixon spent time doing something he has always dreamed of which is teaching. While at Troy State University he majored in criminal justice and business. After his tenure in football he went on to be a deputy and teacher in Florida. He now spends his time teaching criminal justice and coaching football, track and field, and cross country. He also spends a lot of his time volunteering with youth for track and field and football.
# To the End

To the End may refer to:
* "To the End" (Blur song), a 1994 song by the rock band Blur
* To the End (2022 film), 2022 climate change film
* To the End (2024 film), 2024 film about Blur
* "To the End" (My Chemical Romance song), a song by the rock band My Chemical Romance
* "To the End" (Yohio song), 2014 song by Yohio
# Tmesisternus obliquelineatus

Tmesisternus obliquelineatus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1939. It is known from Papua New Guinea.
# Tmesisternus olthofi

Tmesisternus olthofi is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Gressitt in 1984. It is known from Papua New Guinea.
# Titus Canyon

Titus Canyon is a deep, narrow gorge cut into the steep face of the Grapevine Mountains of the Mojave Desert, within Death Valley National Park in southeastern California and southwestern Nevada. The canyon features limestone rock formations, petroglyphs, and native plants and wildlife.

## Geology

Although the Grapevine Mountains were uplifted relatively recently, most of the rocks that make up the range are over half a billion years old. The gray rocks lining the walls of the western end of Titus Canyon are Cambrian age (570–505 million years old) limestone. These ancient Paleozoic rocks formed at a time when the Death Valley area was submerged beneath tropical seas. By the end of the Precambrian, the continental edge of North America had been planed off by erosion to a gently rounded surface of low relief. The rise and fall of the Cambrian seas periodically shifted the shoreline eastward, flooding the continent, then regressed westward, exposing the limestone layers to erosion.
The sediments have since been upturned, upfolded (forming anticlines), downfolded (forming synclines) and folded back onto themselves (forming recumbent folds).
Although some of the limestone exposed in the walls of Titus Canyon originated from thick mats of algae (stromatolites) that thrived in the warm, shallow Death Valley seas, most of the gray limestone shows little structure. Thousands of feet (hundreds of meters) of this limey goo were deposited in the Death Valley region. Similar limestone layers may be seen at Lake Mead National Recreation Area and at the bottom of the Grand Canyon. At one of the bends in the canyon, megabreccia can be seen.

## History

Timbisha Native Americans carved petroglyphs on some of the rock faces in Titus Canyon, especially near natural springs.

### Ghost towns

Adjacent to the canyon proper is Leadfield, a former mining town and now ghost town where in the 1920s prospectors mined for ore after hearing exaggerated claims that lead would be easy to find and the living conditions in the area would be easy to endure. Another mining town-ghost town dating from the early 20th century, Rhyolite, Nevada, on the Tonopah and Tidewater Railroad, is also nearby to the east.

## Ecology

Several different types of flowering plants, including the sacred datura, inhabit the area. Desert Bighorn Sheep herds live in Titus Canyon, and the Funeral Mountains, particularly in the Klare Spring area of the canyon.

## Access

Titus Canyon is located above the east side of Death Valley, within Death Valley National Park. Access by foot from the west via Death Valley, or by vehicles from the east via Nevada. The one-way rough dirt road access begins west of the town of Beatty, Nevada. Vehicle travel is allowed only east to west through Titus Canyon, from the Daylight Pass Road−Nevada Highway 374 on the east, over a pass and down to the mouth of the canyon in Death Valley on the west.
# Iredale

Iredale is an English family name. It is habitational name from a lost hamlet in Cumbria, so named from Old Norse Íradalr "valley of the Irish".
* Fiona Iredale (born 1967), New Zealand judoka
* Frank Iredale (1867–1926), Australian Test cricketer
* Jack Iredale (born 1996), Australian footballer
* Tim Iredale (born 1972), British television journalist of BBC
* Tom Iredale (1880–1972), English-born ornithologist and malacologist who lived in Australia

## Others

* 25690 Iredale, asteroid belt minor planet. It was discovered by the Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research project in Socorro, New Mexico, on January 5, 2000. It is named after Marley Elizabeth Iredale, an American high school student whose earth and planetary science project won first place at the 2009 Intel International Science and Engineering Fair.
* Iredale, Queensland, a rural locality in the Lockyer Valley Region, Australia
* Peter Iredale, built in England four-masted steel barque sailing vessel that ran ashore October 25, 1906, on the Oregon coast en route to the Columbia River.
# Mudanjiang–Jiamusi high-speed railway

The Mudanjiang–Jiamusi high-speed railway, or Mudanjiang–Jiamusi section of Shenyang–Jiamusi high-speed railway, is a high-speed railway line in China. It is 371.6 kilometres (230.9 mi) long and have a maximum speed of 250 kilometres per hour (160 mph). It was opened on December 6, 2021.

## History

Construction on the railway began in November 2016.

## Stations

The line will have seven stations:
* Mudanjiang
* Linkou South
* Jixi West
* Qitaihe West
* Huanan East
* Shuangyashan West
* Jiamusi
# Orri

Traditionally, an orri referred to an "enclosed area for gathering sheep" in the Eastern Pyrenees. In the late twentieth century, the word has taken on the meaning of "drystone hut" in Ariège.

## Ariège orris
### In scholarly studies

In higher Vicdessos, a part of the French département of Ariège, the word orri traditionally referred to a summer mountain habitat consisting of an enclosed area for gathering sheep and a number of stone huts used as dwellings or for cheese making.
In the 1960s, when the long-deserted orris of Ariège were rediscovered by scholars, their ancient name was erroneously construed as applying only to the "stone hut" used as a seasonal dwelling. Since then, the new meaning has caught on and is now prevalent in touristic literature.

### In touristic literature

An orri is a type of small stone hut found in the Ariège département. Orris are dome-shaped, mortarless huts, often with a top made of slate or wood. Inside they contain just one low room, with half the floor space taken up by a bed made of wood or stone.
Orris were mostly used as night shelters by shepherds and cowherds after sheep and cows were moved to higher ground for grazing in the summer and early autumn. They vary in their arrangements: some appear to stand alone; others are clustered in small groups.
At times, especially among the clustered orris, they were used for other purposes, such as food storage.

## Roussillon orris

According to French scholar André Péré, in the Roussillon region orri means "an enclosure surrounded by a dry stone wall in which young lambs or such animals are kept."
The name of the shepherd's hut was barraca in Catalan. 18th-century archival records in French contain mentions of orri and barraque (the Frenchified form of barraca) as in "l'orri avec les barraques qui y sont construites pour la demeure des gardiens" ("the orri together with the barraques which are built in it to serve as abodes for the guardians").
# Osazone

Osazone are a class of carbohydrate derivatives found in organic chemistry formed when reducing sugars are reacted with excess of phenylhydrazine at boiling temperatures.

## Formation

Osazone formation was developed by Emil Fischer, who used the reaction as a test to identify monosaccharides.
The formation of a pair of hydrazone functionalities involves both oxidation and condensation reactions. Since the reaction requires a free carbonyl group, only "reducing sugars" participate. Sucrose, which is nonreducing, does not form an osazone.
    A typical reaction showing the formation of an osazone. D-glucose reacts with phenylhydrazine to give glucosazone. The same product is obtained from fructose and mannose.
    General steps in osazone formation

## Appearance

Osazones are highly coloured and crystalline compounds. Osazones are readily distinguished.
* Maltosazone (from maltose) forms petal-shaped crystals.
* Lactosazone (from lactose) forms powder puff-shaped crystals.
* Galactosazone (from galactose) forms rhombic-plate shaped crystals.
* Glucosazone (from glucose, fructose or mannose) forms broomstick or needle-shaped crystals.

## Historic references

* Fischer, Emil (1908). "Schmelzpunkt des Phenylhydrazins und einiger Osazone". Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft. 41: 73–77. doi:10.1002/cber.19080410120.
* Fischer, Emil (1894). "Ueber einige Osazone und Hydrazone der Zuckergruppe". Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft. 27 (2): 2486–2492. doi:10.1002/cber.189402702249.
* Barry, VINCENT C.; Mitchell, PW (1955). "Mechanism of Osazone Formation". Nature. 175 (4448): 220. Bibcode:1955Natur.175..220B. doi:10.1038/175220a0. PMID 13235861.
# Kepler-23

Kepler-23 is a G-type main-sequence star about 2,860 light-years (880 parsecs) away in the northern constellation of Cygnus, the swan. With an apparent visual magnitude of 13.5, it is too faint to be seen with the naked eye. This star is similar in mass and temperature to the Sun, but is larger and more luminous. Kepler-23 is orbited by three known exoplanets.

## Planetary system

Three transiting exoplanets orbit this star, discovered using the Kepler space telescope. Two planets, Kepler-23b and Kepler-23c, were discovered in 2011 and were confirmed in 2012. A third planet, Kepler-23d, was confirmed in 2014 as part of a study validating hundreds of Kepler candidates. All three planets are between Earth and Neptune in size (sub-Neptunes), and their masses have been measured via transit-timing variations, showing that they have lower densities than Earth.
The Kepler-23 planetary system :
| Companion (in order from star) | Mass | Semimajor axis (AU) | Orbital period (days) | Eccentricity | Inclination | Radius |
| b | 2.56+0.43 −0.40 M$_🜨$ | 0.075 | 7.106995(73) | 0.017+0.019 −0.014 | — | 1.638±0.047 R$_🜨$ |
| c | 7.81+1.32 −1.20 M$_🜨$ | 0.099 | 10.742434(39) | 0.021+0.009 −0.014 | — | 3.005±0.074 R$_🜨$ |
| d | 4.44+1.30 −1.21 M$_🜨$ | 0.124 | 15.27429(17) | 0.010+0.014 −0.008 | — | 2.206±0.057 R$_🜨$ |
# Orto Botanico di Cascina Rosa

The orto botanico Cascina Rosa recently renamed to orto botanico Città Studi (about 22,000 m$^2$) is a botanical garden maintained by the University of Milan, and located at the end of Via Camillo Golgi 18, Milan, Italy.
The garden was established on disused farmland in 2002 for research and education. Its primary research facilities are three greenhouses that include a total of 10 separate compartments that support modern technology including cryopreservation, molecular testing, etc. Current research includes genetic improvement of rice, and exploration of useful genes in Arabidopsis thaliana. The garden's grounds contain many labeled plants, lawns, a lake, and about 1 km of walking paths.
# Lawrence Louis Barrett

Lawrence Barrett or Lawrence Louis Barrett (1897 – 1973) was an American artist. He is known for his lithographs and as a printmaking teacher.
Barrett was born in Guthrie, Oklahoma on December 11, 1897. He studied at the Broadmoor Art Academy (now the Colorado Springs Fine Arts Center). He taught at the Colorado Springs Fine Arts Center from 1938 through 1952.
In 1940 he was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship.
Barrett died in Colorado Springs in 1973.
His work is in the Blanton Museum of Art, the Kirkland Museum of Fine & Decorative Art, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art. He created lithographs with Howard Cook, George Biddle and Adolf Arthur Dehn.
# Laurel Griggs

Laurel Griggs (June 28, 2006 – November 5, 2019) was an American child actress, primarily acting in Broadway theatre, and also appearing in films and on television, including two appearances in Saturday Night Live and a small part in the Woody Allen film Café Society.

## Career

Griggs' first appearance on Broadway was at the age of six as Polly in Cat on a Hot Tin Roof. She played Ivanka in the musical Once for a record-setting 17-month stint between 2013 and 2015. Her Broadway career was reported to have encompassed over a thousand performances. She also appeared on episodes of the television series Louie, Saturday Night Live, and Bubble Guppies.

## Death

Griggs died of an undiagnosed massive asthma attack on November 5, 2019, at Mount Sinai Hospital in Manhattan. She was 13 years old. Griggs was Jewish. She is buried at New Montefiore Cemetery. Her mother, Elizabeth Rivlin, and her father, Andrew Griggs, are among her survivors.
# Hydroptila acuta

Hydroptila acuta is a species of Trichoptera in the large genus Hydroptila.
# Krida Bakti Stadium

Krida Bakti Stadium is a multi-use stadium in Purwodadi, Indonesia. It is currently used mostly for football matches. The stadium holds 12,000 people.
# Mataiva Airport

Mataiva Airport is an airport on Mataiva in French Polynesia (IATA: MVT, ICAO: NTGV). It is west of Pahua village. It was constructed in 1999. It received just over 10000 passengers in 2021.

## Airlines and destinations
### Passenger

| Airlines | Destinations |
| Air Tahiti | Papeete, Rangiroa |
# Fidel Surco

Fidel Andrés Surco Cañasaca (born 30 November 1975) is a Bolivian lawyer, politician, and unionist who served as a Senator for La Paz from 2010 to 2015. A member of the Movement for Socialism, Surco served as secretary general of the Departmental Federation of Colonizers of La Paz in 2004 and as Executive of the Syndicalist Confederation of Colonizers of Bolivia from 2006 to 2011. He is the vice president of the Movement for Socialism, having been elected on 3 January 2017.

## Biography

Fidel Surco was born on 30 November 1975. He was active for years in the trade union movement in Alto Beni, working as technical facilitator for the Syndicalist Confederation of Colonizers of Bolivia (CSCB) from 1997 to 2003 before moving on to become secretary general of the Departmental Federation of Colonizers of La Paz in 2004. Surco gained national visibility for his participation in the social movements which engulfed Bolivia in the early 2000s. With the support of these sectors, the Movement for Socialism (MAS) was elevated to power in 2005, with Surco aiding the new administration in its first few years in his capacity as executive secretary of the CSCIB from 2006 to 2010.
In the 2009 general elections, Surco's political and union position facilitated his inclusion on the MAS party list for the position of La Paz senator. The first year of his senatorial term was marred by conflict between the unions and the MAS with Surco caught in the middle. At a meeting held in La Paz on 14 May 2010, the CSCIB censured him for his support for the installation of a citrus processing plant in Alto Beni, after two of the union's members were shot dead while protesting its construction. On 29 August, the 19th Congress of the CSCIB held in Ivirgarzama elected to dismiss Surco as the organization's executive secretary. Nearing the end of his term in 2014, he was not renominated for reelection, but remained a close affiliate of the MAS base.
In December 2016, he sought to become the vice president of the MAS at the party's 9th Congress, obtaining support of the majority of the members of the Syndicalist Confederation of Intercultural Communities (CSCIOB). His nomination resulted in internal struggles within the MAS between himself and Gerardo García. On 3 January 2017, the CSCIOB proclaimed Surco as the new vice president of the party with García as a member of the Ethics and Discipline Commission. However, this was overturned on 12 January when President Evo Morales announced that the National Directorate of the MAS had reached a consensus and decided to elect García.
# Maddy (surname)

Maddy is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Darren Maddy (born 1974), English cricketer
* Joseph E. Maddy (1891–1966), American music educator
* Kenneth L. Maddy (1934–2000), American politician
* Paul Maddy (born 1962), Welsh former footballer
* Penelope Maddy, Professor of Logic and Philosophy of Science and of Mathematics at the University of California, Irvine
* Yulisa Pat Amadu Maddy (1936-2014), Sierra Leonean actor, dancer, director and playwright
# Mataika House

Mataika House (in Tamavua, Suva, Fiji) is the building that houses, and the informal name for, what is formally now called the Fiji Centre for Disease Control (Fiji CDC), and what used to be called the "Fiji Centre for Communicable Disease Control (FCCDC)" and before that the National Centre for Scientific Services for Virology and Vector Borne Diseases (NCSSVVBD), a subdivision of the Fiji Ministry of Health.
For the purposes of the World Health Organization's Global Influenza Programme (GISN), the FCCDC is the National Influenza Centre designated by the government of Fiji, having been designated as such in 2004.
Officially opened as the NCSSVVBD on 1999-12-02 by Dr Shigeru Omi, the WHO regional director for the Western Pacific, the Centre's name was changed to the FCCDC on 2005-02-09 and then Fiji CDC on March 11, 2020.
# Iredalea agatho

Iredalea agatho is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Drilliidae.
# Laurel Haak

Laurel L. Haak, known as Laure, was the founding Executive Director (2012-2020) of ORCID, an international non-profit which generates and maintains unique identifiers for individuals to participate in the research lifecycle.
Haak received BS and MS degrees in Biology from Stanford University in 1988. She received her doctorate in neurosciences from the Stanford University School of Medicine in 1997.
Haak served as a postdoctoral fellow at the National Institutes of Health, as editor and manager of the Postdoctoral Network for Science's Next Wave, and as Chief Science Officer at Discovery Logic, an IT startup company later acquired by Thomson Reuters. In 2012, she was the first person appointed to the Executive Director and CEO role at ORCID, and served as its Executive Director until 2020. As of 2020, Haak is the Founder and CEO of Mighty Red Barn, a consultancy that specializes in research infrastructure. Laure was a Research Scholar at the Ronin Institute from 2020-2024.
She has received the following awards:
* Distinguished Service Award, National Postdoctoral Association (2006)
* Director's Award, National Institutes of Health (2009)
* Award for Excellence in Mentoring, Association for Women in Science Bethesda chapter (2007)
* Medal of Honour, Vietsch Foundation (2021)
* Fellow, American Association for the Advancement of Science (2023)
# Jack Gardner (musician)

Francis Henry "Jumbo Jack" Gardner (August 14, 1903 – November 26, 1957) was an American jazz pianist.

## Career

Gardner played locally in Denver in the early-1920s, including with Doc Becker's Blue Devils and Boyd Senter's band. He moved to Chicago in 1923, where he led his own band in addition to playing with musicians like Wingy Manone, Jean Goldkette, and Gene Austin. He remained in Chicago through 1937, playing with Jimmy McPartland in 1936. Moving to New York City, he began associations with Sandy Williams's orchestra and Harry James, but returned to Chicago early in the 1940s, where he led his own group. In 1944, he recorded with Baby Dodds. He spent much of his later life playing in Dallas, Texas, where he died in 1957.
Gardner's compositions include the song "Bye, Bye, Pretty Baby," co-written with George Hamilton.
# Pierre Petit

Pierre Petit may refer to:
* Pierre Petit (engineer) (1594–1677), French military engineer, mathematician, and physicist
* Pierre Petit (scholar) (1617–1687), French poet, doctor, and classicist
* Pierre Petit (photographer) (1832–1909), French photographer
* Pierre Petit de Julleville (1876–1947), French Catholic archbishop
* Pierre Petit (cinematographer) (1920–1997), French cinematographer
* Pierre Petit (composer) (1922–2000), French composer
* Pierre Petit (politician) (born 1930), Martinique politician
* Pierre Petit (racing driver) (born 1957), French racecar driver