OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Yuri Tschinkel

Yuri Tschinkel (Юрий Чинкель, born 31 May 1964 in Moscow) is a Russian-German-American mathematician, specializing in algebraic geometry, automorphic forms and number theory.

## Education and career

Tschinkel attended from 1979, the Erweiterte Oberschule Heinrich-Hertz-Gymnasium in East Berlin and passed there in 1983 the Abitur. He graduated with honors from Lomonosov Moscow State University in 1990 and received his doctorate in 1992 from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology with thesis Rational points on algebraic surfaces under the supervision of Yuri Manin and Michael Artin. From 1992 to 1995 Tschinkel was a junior fellow at Harvard University. In 1995 he became an assistant professor at the University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC) and from 1999 to 2003 he was an associate professor there. From 2003 to 2008 he was a professor at the University of Göttingen. He has been a professor at the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences of New York University since 2005 and, since 2012, director of the Simons Foundation's Department of Mathematics and Physics.
He has been a visiting scholar at the École Polytechnique, the Institut des hautes études scientifiques, the Max Planck Institute for Mathematics in Bonn, the Isaac Newton Institute at the University of Cambridge, Stanford University, Princeton University (1999 to 2003), Kyoto's Research Institute for Mathematical Sciences, and the University of Tokyo.
Tschinkel does research on rational points on algebraic varieties and other questions of arithmetic geometry. He is the author or co-author of over 110 research publications. He has been a co-editor of several anthologies and conference reports on arithmetic geometry, e.g., co-editor with William Duke of the Gauß–Dirichlet conference in Göttingen in 2005 and also co-editor with Yuri Zarhin of the Festschrift for his teacher Yuri Manin.
In 1995–1996 Tschinkel was a Leibniz Fellow of the European Union at the École normale supérieure in Paris, and in 2001–2002 he was Clay Mathematics Institute Fellow. In 2006, he was an Invited Speaker with talk Geometry over nonclosed fields at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Madrid. Tschinkel has German and American citizenships. He was elected a Fellow of the American Mathematical Society in 2012. In 2018 he was elected a member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina.

## Selected publications

* as editor with Emmanuel Peyre: "Rational points on algebraic varieties", Birkhäuser 2001
* as editor with Bjorn Poonen: Arithmetic of higher dimensional algebraic varieties , Birkhäuser 2004
* as editor with Fedor Bogomolov: "Geometric methods in algebra and number theory", Birkhäuser 2005
* as editor with Fedor Bogomolov: "Cohomological and geometric approaches to rationality problems: new perspectives", Birkhäuser 2009
* as editor with William Duke: Analytic Number Theory – a tribute to Gauss and Dirichlet , American Mathematical Society 2007
* as editor with Yuri Zarhin: Algebra, Arithmetic and Geometry – In Honor of Yuri Manin , Birkhäuser 2010
* as editor with Wee-Teck Gan and Stephen Kudla: "Eisenstein Series and Applications", Birkhäuser 2008
# Zachary Lippman

Zachary B. Lippman (born 1978) is an American plant biologist and the Jacob Goldfield Professor of Genetics at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator and a member of the National Academy of Sciences Lippman has used gene editing technology to investigate the control of fruit production in various crops. In 2019 he was awarded a MacArthur Fellowship and in 2020 he received the National Academy of Sciences Prize in Food and Agriculture Sciences.

## Early life and education

Lippman worked on a farm in Milford, Connecticut growing up where he grew giant pumpkins. He attended Cornell University as an undergraduate, graduating in 2000. During his time as an undergraduate he worked with Steven D. Tanksley studying tomatoes. He joined the research group of Robert A. Martienssen at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory where he studied the role of the DDM1 gene in methylation of transposons and how this process can alter the expression of other nearby genes. After completing his PhD in 2004, Lippman was a postdoc with Dani Zamir at Hebrew University of Jerusalem where he studied genes controlling branching in tomatoes. Lippman was hired as a principal investigator at Cold Spring Harbor in 2008.

## Research

Lippman's research group, collaborating with Joyce Van Eck at the Boyce Thompson Institute used genome editing to improve domestication traits in the wild ground cherry, Physalis pruinosa. They targeted three genes known to be important in the domestication of tomato. The first gene made plants more compact and caused them to produce fruit in clusters rather than individually. The second gene increased the number of fruit produced per unit of stem. The final of the three genes increased the size of the fruit by increasing the number of seed compartments inside of each fruit.

## Awards

* Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator (2018)
* MacArthur Fellowship, commonly referred to as a "Genius grant" (2019).
* National Academy of Sciences, Prize in Food and Agricultural Sciences (2020).
# Zachary Mason

Zachary Mason (born 1974) is an American computer scientist and novelist. He wrote the New York Times bestselling The Lost Books of the Odyssey (2007; revised edition 2010), a variation on Homer, and Void Star (2017), a science fiction novel about artificial intelligence. In 2018, he published Metamorphica, based on Ovid's Metamorphoses.
Mason grew up in Silicon Valley, attended Bard College at Simon's Rock, and received a doctorate from Brandeis University, publishing his thesis A computational, corpus-based metaphor extraction system in 2002. He works for a Silicon Valley startup.
# Yves Fromion

Yves Fromion (born 15 September 1941) was a member of the National Assembly of France. He represented Cher department's 1st constituency from 1997 to 2017 as a member of the Union for a Popular Movement.
# Zahoor Ahmad Mir

Zahoor Ahmad Mir (born 24 February 1972) is an Indian politician, social activist and the former member of Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly. He represented Pampore assembly constituency of Pulwama district thrice in 2003, 2008 and 2014 until PDP-BJP alliance ended in 2018.
A member of Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party, he was appointed as the state minister for Forests, Environment and Ecology. He also served minister for Animal & Sheep Husbandry minister and Cooperative and Fisheries.

## Biography

He was born on 24 February 1972 to Abdul Aziz Mir in Konibal area of Jammu and Kashmir. He did his secondary education from the Jammu and Kashmir State Board of School Education in 1994.
In 2007, he was awarded the Certificate of Excellence and Rashtriya Gaurav Award in recognition of his contribution to the Economic Growth and National Integration. He was presented the awards by Bhishma Narain Singh, former governor of Assam and Tamil Nadu during a seminar Economic Growth and National Integration held in New Delhi. He also became the recipient of Adarsh Yuva Vidhayak Puraskar presented by Indian Student Parliament in recognition of his contribution to promote parliamentary system.
# Z. A. Morshed

Z. A. Morshed (died 2013) was an additional deputy inspector general of the Bangladesh Police. He died in the Mirpur textile factory fire in 2013.

## Career

Morshed joined the police cadre from the 12 batch of Bangladesh Civil Service.
During the 2001-2006 Bangladesh Nationalist Party rule, Morshed was denied promotions and prestigious postings due to being from Gopalganj District, which is viewed as a stronghold of the opposition Awami League. The Bangladesh Nationalist Party government denied promotions to police officers from Gopalganj District, Faridpur District and religious minority communities. In 2001, he was transferred to the Armed Police Battalion in Bilaychchari, Rangamati District. He went on to serve with the Armed Police Battalion in Uttara and Sylhet.
In 2010, Morshed was the superintendent of police of Chittagong District. During his time, Hefazate Islam Bangladesh emerged as a political force in Chittagong District, indulging in violent clashes with the police. He detained 250 students at the University of Chittagong following violent clashes between students and vandalism. While he was there, the 2012 Hathazari violence took place, which was a communal clash between the majority Muslim community and the minority Hindu community. The clashes started after a rumor went viral on Facebook alleging some Hindus had desecrated the Koran.

## Death

Morshed died at a fire on 2 May 2013 in the factory of Tung Hai Sweater Limited in Darus Salam Thana. He was rescued from the fire and died at the National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases emergency room. He was then an additional deputy inspector general of the police. Six others were killed in the fire, including Sohel Mostafa Swapan, president of Comilla District North unit of Jubo League, and Mahbubur Rahman, managing director of Tung Hai Sweater Limited and Morshed's friend. There were 200-300 workers in the garment factory at the time of the fire. The fire took place at around the same time Rana Plaza collapsed. His bodyguard, Ripon Chakma, also died in the fire.
# Z-plan castle

Z-plan is a form of castle design common in Scotland and England. The Z-plan castle has a strong central rectangular tower with smaller towers attached at diagonally opposite corners.
Prominent examples of the Z-plan include Brodie Castle in Moray, Castle Menzies in Perthshire, Glenbuchat Castle in Aberdeenshire, Castle Fraser in Aberdeenshire, Claypotts Castle in Dundee and Hatton Castle, Angus, Scotland.
# Z-plane

Z-plane may refer to:
* z = e$^{sT}$, the domain of the z-transform
* z = x + iy, the complex plane in general
# Yushe County

Yushe County (Chinese: 榆社县; pinyin: Yúshè Xiàn) is a county in the east of Shanxi province, China. It is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Jinzhong. Cao Shui, a famous poet, novelist, screenwriter, was born here. It is a predominantly rural county.

## Climate

Climate data for Yushe, elevation 1,041 m (3,415 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 14.7 (58.5) | 19.5 (67.1) | 27.8 (82.0) | 34.7 (94.5) | 36.7 (98.1) | 39.1 (102.4) | 37.9 (100.2) | 33.9 (93.0) | 34.5 (94.1) | 27.3 (81.1) | 24.6 (76.3) | 16.2 (61.2) | 39.1 (102.4) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 2.1 (35.8) | 5.7 (42.3) | 12.1 (53.8) | 19.3 (66.7) | 24.6 (76.3) | 28.1 (82.6) | 28.8 (83.8) | 27.2 (81.0) | 22.8 (73.0) | 17.1 (62.8) | 9.8 (49.6) | 3.2 (37.8) | 16.7 (62.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −6.2 (20.8) | −2.2 (28.0) | 4.0 (39.2) | 11.2 (52.2) | 16.8 (62.2) | 20.6 (69.1) | 22.4 (72.3) | 20.8 (69.4) | 15.7 (60.3) | 9.2 (48.6) | 1.9 (35.4) | −4.7 (23.5) | 9.1 (48.4) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −12.1 (10.2) | −8.2 (17.2) | −2.7 (27.1) | 3.7 (38.7) | 9.0 (48.2) | 13.7 (56.7) | 17.2 (63.0) | 15.9 (60.6) | 10.3 (50.5) | 3.4 (38.1) | −3.8 (25.2) | −10.3 (13.5) | 3.0 (37.4) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −25.1 (−13.2) | −21.3 (−6.3) | −15.6 (3.9) | −8.7 (16.3) | −1.7 (28.9) | 3.5 (38.3) | 9.1 (48.4) | 8.0 (46.4) | −1.3 (29.7) | −8.3 (17.1) | −18.1 (−0.6) | −24.3 (−11.7) | −25.1 (−13.2) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 3.9 (0.15) | 7.1 (0.28) | 9.9 (0.39) | 28.7 (1.13) | 38.1 (1.50) | 63.9 (2.52) | 140.1 (5.52) | 98.5 (3.88) | 66.0 (2.60) | 34.6 (1.36) | 15.5 (0.61) | 4.1 (0.16) | 510.4 (20.1) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 2.9 | 3.7 | 3.9 | 5.9 | 7.1 | 10.8 | 13.8 | 12.1 | 8.9 | 6.4 | 4.4 | 2.5 | 82.4 |
| Average snowy days | 4.0 | 5.2 | 3.5 | 1.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.2 | 3.1 | 3.9 | 20.9 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 51 | 50 | 46 | 46 | 50 | 59 | 72 | 75 | 73 | 65 | 59 | 53 | 58 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 177.7 | 169.6 | 199.6 | 228.4 | 246.8 | 217.5 | 198.7 | 194.0 | 178.5 | 188.9 | 175.7 | 180.4 | 2,355.8 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 58 | 55 | 54 | 58 | 56 | 50 | 45 | 47 | 48 | 55 | 58 | 61 | 54 |
| Source: China Meteorological Administration ||||||||||||||
# Zanthoxylum laetum

Zanthoxylum laetum is a species of woody plant from the Rutaceae family.

## Description

Z. laetum is a vine that grows up to 4 meters tall. Its stems and branches have barbs. Leaf shafts feature many spines. The plant has short puberulent hairs on the leaf shafts, petioles, and midribs, and the leaflets have scattered transparent oil spots.
The leaves have 5-13 leaflets which alternate. They are whole, ovate or ovate-elliptic, sparsely oblong, 8–15 cm long, 4–7 cm wide. The apex caudate is long or short, pointed, blunt head, slightly concave, symmetrical on both sides. The thinner side is slightly slanted. The leaf surface is bright after drying. The oil spots are not obvious. The midrib is flat or slightly recessed on the leaf surface. The side veins are 9–14 on each side, and the reticulated leaf veins are more obvious. The petiole is 2–6 mm long.
Inflorescences are axillary. The pedicels are approximately as long as petals. The sepals and petals are in 4 pieces. The sepals are light purple-green, narrow ovate, less than 1 mm in length. The petals are yellow-green, broad ovate, about 4 mm in length. The male flowers are threadlike, yellowish green, 6–8 mm long. The staminodes are terete, 4-parted; staminodes short linear in female flowers.
The fruit stems are 2–5 mm long. The fruits are separated from each other. They are reddish-brown and the edges are often purple-red, a single diameter of 7–9 mm, with a beak tip no more than 1 mm long at the top. The oil spots are recessed after drying, and they are visibly smooth with slight raised edges.
The seeds are nearly spherical, 6–7 mm in diameter, brownish-black, and shiny. The flowering period is from March to May, while the fruit period is from September to December.

## Habitat

It is native to North Vietnam and Guangdong (Zhanjiang region), Hainan, southwestern Guangxi, and southern Yunnan in China.It is found at 500–1200 meters in mountain mixed woods. It grows in limestone mountains and soil mountains. It is common in humid dense forests and climbs on other trees.

## Applications

In Hainan, its roots and stem bark are used as fish poisoning agents. It is used as herbal medicine in folk. It is used to treat pains such as toothache.
# Zanthoxylum lindense

Zanthoxylum lindense is a species of plant in the family Rutaceae. It is endemic to Tanzania.
# Zanthoxylum leprieurii

Zanthoxylum leprieurii is a low branching medium-sized tree of the Rutaceae family. It can reach 24 m (79 ft) in height and up to 40 cm (16 in) in diameter. Some parts of the plant are used in African folk medicine.

## Description

Stems often have conical, woody prickle-bearing protuberances up to 6 cm (2.4 in) long. Leaves alternate, and are imparipinnately compound, with 8-17 leaflets. Leaflets are 15-55 cm (22 in) long.

## Distribution

This plant spans Tropical Africa, from Senegal to Ethiopia and reaches Mozambique.

## Uses

Extracts from the stem and root bark have applications in traditional healing practices. They are used as part of a decoction to treat venereal diseases, body pain, dysentery, urinary infections, male impotence and intestinal worms. Leaf extracts are used as a topical wound treatment, kidney pain arthritis, bleeding gums and sores.
Though not known for its durability, its wood is used to build canoes and boats, drums, crates and boxes.
# Zanthoxylum kauaense

Zanthoxylum kauaense, commonly known as aʻe or Kauaʻi pricklyash, is a species of flowering plant in the family Rutaceae, that is endemic to Hawaii. It usually inhabits mixed mesic forests at elevations of 300–1,980 m (980–6,500 ft), but can also be found in dry and wet forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.
# Zanthoxylum kwangsiense

Zanthoxylum kwangsiense is a woody plant from the Rutaceae family, it is native to northwestern Guangxi, Guizhou (Libo), and Sichuan (Wushan, Fengjie) China.

## Description

Climbing vine; the upper branches of the plant are thornless, and the young branches, leaf shafts and inflorescence shafts are densely pubescent. The leaves have 5–9 leaflets; the leaflets are irregularly opposite or alternate individually, lanceolate or ovate, sometimes oblanceolate, 4–10 cm long, 2–3 cm wide, short tip or long tail-like tip, The base is wide wedge-shaped, papery, the leaf margin has fine round cracked teeth or not obvious cracked teeth above the middle, and there are oil spots in the teeth, and the rest of the oil spots are not obvious. The midrib is slightly concave on the leaf surface and is puberulent. At least the lower half of the veins are pubescent, and the lateral veins of the tender leaves are also sparsely pilose. Cymes axillary and terminal. The infructescence is 2–15 cm long, and the stalk is 5–10 mm long; a single lobule is about 5 mm long, with a short awn tip at the top; the seeds are nearly spherical, with a diameter of about 4 mm. It is found in sloping bushes or under sparse forests at an altitude of 600–700 meters. Sometimes the 2 ovules in a carpel develop into seeds. The root has a soft cork layer, and the inner cortex has a sulfur-yellow powdery substance, which tastes very bitter and numb. Contains alkaloids nitidine and oxynitidine; fresh leaves contain furfuraldehyde and cuspidiol, a derivative of dihydrocinnamic acid; seeds contain 25.1% oil.
# ZMP INC.

ZMP Inc. is a Japanese robotics company. The company was established in January 2001, based on the research results encouraged the Kitano Symbiotic System Project, under the jurisdiction of Japan's MEXT. Their first product released was the humanoid robot PINO in 2001.
The company's name comes from the Zero Moment Point, a physical quantity related to the dynamics of legged systems.
More recently, they released the humanoid robot nuvo in 2005 and the music robot miuro in 2006.
In 2009, the research platform for next generation cars RoboCar was released.
In 2008, ZMP and 3 other Japanese robot companies (Tmsuk Co Ltd, Vstone Co Ltd, and Business Design Laboratory Co Ltd) teamed up in an effort to promote the diffusion of robotic technologies in everyday life. This effort was called the 'Association for Market Creation of the Future Generation Robots'.
In July 2015, Sony teamed up with ZMP Inc. to form a Joint venture called Aerosense, to create commercial drones for the survey and inspection of difficult to access (e.g. remote) areas. The following month, Aerosense released videos of two prototypes, the AS-DTO1-E VTOL, and the AS-MCO1-P quadcopter.

## Sony Electric Vehicle

ZMP is also working together with Sony in another area. Google is working on automobile technology, self-driving cars and even perhaps a driverless taxi service. More recently, Apple was rumoured (later confirmed) to be working on electric vehicles (iCar/Project Titan) to rival those made by the likes of Tesla. Sony hopes to do well from this emerging self-driving automotive industry and has therefore invested $842,000 in ZMP.

## PATORO disinfection robot

To help building managers deal with the COVID-19 pandemic, ZMP is leasing PATORO, an "autonomous security and disinfection robot", for spraying disinfectant over surfaces, such as the hallways of large structures; PATORO also has building security functions.
# Nilsimsa Hash

Nilsimsa is an anti-spam focused locality-sensitive hashing algorithm originally proposed the cmeclax remailer operator in 2001 and then reviewed by Ernesto Damiani et al. in their 2004 paper titled, "An Open Digest-based Technique for Spam Detection". The goal of Nilsimsa is to generate a hash digest of an email message such that the digests of two similar messages are similar to each other. In comparison with cryptographic hash functions such as SHA-1 or MD5, making a small modification to a document does not substantially change the resulting hash of the document. The paper suggests that the Nilsimsa satisfies three requirements:
* The digest identifying each message should not vary significantly (sic) for changes that can be produced automatically.
* The encoding must be robust against intentional attacks.
* The encoding should support an extremely low risk of false positives.
Subsequent testing on a range of file types identified the Nilsimsa hash as having a significantly higher false positive rate when compared to other similarity digest schemes such as TLSH, Ssdeep and Sdhash.
Nilsimsa similarity matching was taken in consideration by Jesse Kornblum when developing the fuzzy hashing in 2006, that used the algorithms of spamsum by Andrew Tridgell (2002).
Several implementations of Nilsimsa exist as open-source software.
# Jugular blenny

The jugular blenny (Alloblennius jugularis) is a combtooth blenny (family Blenniidae) found in the western Indian Ocean. Klunzinger originally placed this species in the genus Blennius. It is a tropical, marine and freshwater blenny which is known from the Gulf of Aqaba and the Red Sea, in the western Indian Ocean. Male jugular blennies can reach a maximum standard length of 5 centimetres (1.97 inches). The blennies are oviparous.
# Emsworth Town Hall

Emsworth Town Hall is a former chapel which later served as an events venue in St Peter's Square in Emsworth, a town in Hampshire, in England. It currently serves as a café.

## History

The building was commissioned as St Peter's Chapel, a chapel of ease to St Thomas a Becket's Church, Warblington. It was designed by John Painter and John Sueter in the Italianate style, built in red brick with stone dressings at a cost of £1,400, and was completed in 1790. The original design involved a symmetrical main frontage of three bays, with a gable above, facing towards St Peter's Square. The central bay featured a three-stage tower with a Venetian window at the top of the first stage, a blind second stage, and a clock face in the third stage. The outer bays were fenestrated by tall round headed windows on the ground floor with oval-shaped windows above. At roof level, there was a small bell tower with an ogee-shaped roof and a weather vane.
In 1845, St James' Church was erected in North Street, and the chapel closed in 1852. It then fell vacant and, after two decades, became quite derelict. In 1876, it was bought by the Emsworth Proprietary Hall Company, for use as an events venue. The directors of the company initiated an extensive refurbishment project, which involved the removal of the original three stage clock tower. In 1881 the building was renamed Emsworth Town Hall. Although it was never used for municipal purposes, it was a popular venue for lectures, theatrical performances and concerts.
In 1912, the building was converted for cinema use. As part of the conversion works the main frontage was remodelled. The ground floor was clad in rusticated stone and a wide opening was installed, flanked by pairs of Doric order pilasters. The new frontage recaptured many of the features of the original design including the Venetian window on the first floor, the pediment, the clock face and the bell tower. It operated as the Town Hall Cinema and started showing silent films.
The building was rebranded as the Pavilion Cinema in 1930. It continued in that use for another two decades until 1953, when the cinema closed, and the building became a builders' merchant, trading as Reeves Limited. However, there was a serious fire, causing considerable damage to the business, in July 1994.
The former chapel was then converted into a café and re-opened as such in 1998. It began trading as the Greenhouse Café in 2002, and was briefly renamed the Redhouse Café in April 2015, as part of a promotion led by the comedian, Hugh Dennis, to raise money for Comic Relief. After it was acquired by Steve and Gemma Cross, it was renamed the Cross Kitchen in October 2021. The business was awarded the title of "Best Cafe" in the "Muddy Stilettos Awards", which recognise small independent lifestyle businesses, in 2023.