OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Litmus test (politics)

In politics, a litmus test is a question asked of a potential candidate for high office, the answer to which would determine whether the nominating official would proceed with the appointment or nomination. The expression is a metaphor based on the litmus test in chemistry, in which one is able to test the general acidity of a substance, but not its exact pH. Those who must approve a nominee may also be said to apply a litmus test to determine whether the nominee will receive their vote. In these contexts, the phrase comes up most often with respect to nominations to the judiciary.

## Usage

The metaphor of a litmus test has been used in American politics since the mid-twentieth century. During United States presidential election campaigns, litmus tests the nominees might use are more fervently discussed when vacancies for the U.S. Supreme Court appear likely. Advocates for various social ideas or policies often wrangle heatedly over what litmus test, if any, the president ought to apply when nominating a new candidate for a spot on the Supreme Court. Support for, or opposition to, abortion is one example of a common decisive factor in single-issue politics; another might be support of strict constructionism. Defenders of litmus tests argue that some issues are so important that it overwhelms other concerns (especially if there are other qualified candidates that pass the test).
The political litmus test is often used when appointing judges. However, this test to determine the political attitude of a nominee is not without error. Supreme Court Chief Justice Earl Warren was appointed under the impression that he was conservative but his tenure was marked by liberal dissents. Today, the litmus test is used along with other methods such as past voting records when selecting political candidates.
The Republican Liberty Caucus is opposed to litmus tests for judges, stating in their goals that they "oppose 'litmus tests' for judicial nominees who are qualified and recognize that the sole function of the courts is to interpret the Constitution. We oppose judicial amendments or the crafting of new law by any court."
Professor Eugene Volokh believes that the legitimacy of such tests is a "tough question", and argues that they may undermine the fairness of the judiciary:
   Imagine a justice testifies under oath before the Senate about his views on (say) abortion, and later reaches a contrary decision [after carefully examining the arguments]. "Perjury!" partisans on the relevant side will likely cry: They'll assume the statement made with an eye towards confirmation was a lie, rather than that the justice has genuinely changed his mind. Even if no calls for impeachment follow, the rancor and contempt towards the justice would be much greater than if he had simply disappointed his backers' expectations. Faced with that danger, a justice may well feel pressured into deciding the way that he testified, and rejecting attempts at persuasion. Yet that would be a violation of the judge's duty to sincerely consider the parties' arguments.
# Hazel Green, Kentucky

Hazel Green (also Trimbles Store) is a census-designated place and unincorporated community in Wolfe County, Kentucky, United States. It lies along Routes 191 and 205 northeast of the city of Campton, the county seat of Wolfe County. Its elevation is 922 feet (281 m). It has a post office with the ZIP code 41332.
A post office was established as Hazle Green [sic] in 1829, and named for the hazel shrubs prevalent in the area. The name of the post office was officially changed to its present spelling in 1889.

## Notable people

* Joseph L. Bristow, U.S. senator from Kansas, born in Hazel Green
* Pete Center, baseball player.
* South Trimble U.S. House of Representatives -Longest serving Clerk of the House of Representatives
* John A. Huff, MD, revolutionary Hospitalist, born in Hazel Green
# Hazel Green Airport

Hazel Green Airport (FAA LID: M38) is a privately owned airport, located four nautical miles (7 km) west of the central business district of Hazel Green, a community in Madison County, Alabama, United States.

## Facilities and aircraft

Hazel Green Airport covers an area of 30 acres (12 ha) at an elevation of 814 feet (248 m) above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 7/25 with an asphalt surface measuring 2,670 by 40 feet (814 x 12 m).
For the 12-month period ending October 29, 1997, the airport had 11,240 general aviation aircraft operations, an average of 30 per day. At that time there were 20 aircraft based at this airport: 90% single-engine and 10% glider.
# Hearty Paws 2

Hearty Paws 2 (Korean: 마음이 2; RR: Maeumi 2) is a South Korean drama film directed by Lee Jung-chul. It was released in South Korea by Lotte Entertainment on July 21, 2010.

## Cast

* Dal-i as Maeumi
* Sung Dong-il as Hyuk-pil
* Kim Jung-tae as Doo-pil
* Song Joong-ki as Dong-wook
* Hans Zhang as Zaoming
* Wang Seok-hyeon as video store patron
# Hedinichthys yarkandensis

Hedinichthys yarkandensis, the Kashgarian loach, is a species of stone loach. It is found in the Tarim River basin.

## Description

Hedinichthys yarkandensis reaches a total length of 30.0 cm (11.8 in).
# Livingston L. Biddle Jr.

Livingston Ludlow Biddle Jr. (May 26, 1918 – May 3, 2002) was an American author and promoter of funding of the arts, from a wealthy Pennsylvania family.

## Life

Livingston Ludlow Biddle was born in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania, on May 26, 1918. His mother was Rosalie Eugenia Carter Law and his father was Livingston Ludlow Biddle (1877–1959) of the Biddle family of Philadelphia, who published poems such as "The Understanding Hills". Ancestors included grandfather Edward Biddle (1851–1933) who married Emily Taylor Drexel (1851–1883), daughter of Anthony Joseph Drexel, and great grandfather Nicholas Biddle (1786–1844), linking to two major banking families. He attended the Montgomery School in Chester Springs, Pennsylvania and St. George's School in Middletown, Rhode Island. He graduated from Princeton University in 1940, majoring in English and French. He was also on the tennis team.
He went to work as a reporter for the Philadelphia Bulletin newspaper until World War II broke out. Several of his cousins and uncles were military leaders, but due to his poor eyesight, he served in the American Field Service as an ambulance driver in Africa. After the war he wrote short stories and four novels set in Philadelphia. From 1963 to 1965 he worked as staff assistant to Senator Claiborne Pell, who was a classmate from both St. George's and Princeton. He helped draft the legislation creating the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) and the National Endowment for the Humanities. He was appointed by President Jimmy Carter as the third chairman of the NEA in 1977 and served until 1981.
Biddle married Cordelia Fenton who died in 1972. In 1973 he married artist Catharina Baart (1912–2005), who had been born in the Netherlands. She taught art in the Washington, DC public schools from the 1950s to 1974.
He died on May 3, 2002, aged 83.

## Legacy

His daughter from his first marriage, Cordelia Frances Biddle (born 1947), also became an author.

## Works

* Livingston Biddle Jr. (1949). "The Vacation". The Best American Short Stories and the Yearbook of the American Short Story. Houghton Mifflin Company: 19–35. From Cosmopolitan
* Livingston Biddle (1950). Main Line: a Philadelphia novel. J. Messner.
* Livingston Biddle (1952). Debut. J. Messner.
* Livingston Biddle (1956). The Village Beyond. Lippincott.
* Livingston Biddle (1961). Sam Bentley's Island. Doubleday.
* Livingston Biddle (1988). Our government and the arts: a perspective from the inside. ACA Books. ISBN 978-0-915400-67-6.
# Lixus scrobicollis

Lixus scrobicollis, the ragweed weevil, is a species of true weevil in the beetle family Curculionidae.
# Liu Mai

Liu Mai (Chinese: 劉買, Liú Mǎi), posthumously named Prince Gong of Liang (梁恭王, Liáng Gōngwàng), was a prince of the Han dynasty. He was the eldest son and heir of Liu Wu, prince of Liang. He did not receive all of his father's inheritance; instead, his uncle the emperor Jing divided the realm of Liang into five pieces. Liu Mai ruled his part of Liang from 144–137 BC. He was succeeded by his son, Liu Xiang.
# Live at Club Mozambique

Live at Club Mozambique may refer to the following albums recorded at Club Mozambique in Detroit Michigan:
* Live at Club Mozambique (Lonnie Smith album), recorded in 1970 and released in 1995
* Live at Club Mozambique (Grant Green album), recorded in 1971 and released in 2006
# Live at Nottingham Rock City

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
Live at Nottingham Rock City is a live album by the British heavy metal band Tygers of Pan Tang, recorded in April 1981 and not released until 2001.

## Track listing

* "Take It" - 4:36
* "Rock and Roll Man" - 2:42
* "Blackjack" - 3:00
* "Tyger Bay" - 3:26
* "Insanity" - 5:17
* "Euthanasia" - 3:52
* "Mirror" - 4:45
* "Wild Catz" - 3:08
* "Money" - 3:59
* "Don't Stop By" - 3:49
* "Gangland" - 3:52
* "Silver and Gold" - 3:25
* "Hellbound" - 3:52
* "Slave to Freedom" - 5:30
* "All or Nothing" - 3:12 (Small Faces cover)

## Personnel
### Band members

* John Deverill - vocals
* John Sykes - guitars
* Robb Weir - guitars
* Rocky - bass
* Brian Dick - drums

### Production

* Chris Tsangarides - engineer
* Fred Purser - mixing
# Live at O-East 20040305

Live At O-East 20040305 is the first full-length live album by the Japanese horror punk band Balzac. It was released in a special package and was only available in the venues the band played during that tour. It was recorded at their performance at the O-East venue in 2004; the numbers in the album title represent the date of the event.

## Track listing

* "Beyond Evil 308 - The grave (Dreizehn)"
* "Zetsubou-no-ano-basho-e"
* "Season of the Dead"
* "Inside My Eyes"
* "Came Out of the Grave"
* "Shi wo yubi sasu"
* "In Your Face"
* "The Silence of the Crows"
* "The Pain (is all around)"
* "Beware of Darkness"
* "Art of Dying"
* "The World Without End"
* "Girl From Horrorwood"
* "The End Of Century"
* "Nowhere #13"
* "Into The Light of the 13 Dark Night"
* "Monster"
* "Violent Paradise"
* "Isolation From Nº 13"

## Credits

* Hirosuke - vocals
* Atsushi - guitar, vocals, chorus
* Akio - bass guitar, chorus
* Takayuki - drums, chorus
# Live at Oak Mountain

Live at Oak Mountain is a live DVD concert by American rock group Widespread Panic, filmed at Oak Mountain Amphitheater in Pelham, Alabama on August 12, 2000.

## Personnel
### Widespread Panic

* John Bell – Vocals, Guitar
* John "JoJo" Hermann – Keyboards, Vocals
* Michael Houser – Guitar
* Todd Nance – Drums, Vocals
* Domingo S. Ortiz – Percussion, Vocals
* Dave Schools – Bass, Vocals
# Local Technical Assistance Program

The Local Technical Assistance Program (LTAP) is a Federal Highway Administration technology transfer program that provides technical assistance and training to local highway departments in the United States. It transfers knowledge of innovative transportation technology to both urban and rural local communities in the United States.
The program is a partnership effort with funding provided from federal, state, and local agency resources. Each LTAP center is funded at a 50% federal share with the other half funded by the state and/or local agencies. There are 51 LTAP centers, one in each state and one which serves Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands.
LTAP centers assist nearly 38,000 local government agencies and over 540 federally recognized tribes in maintaining and improving transportation infrastructure and services with the latest technology and information available. Local transportation agencies expend over $30 billion annually to maintain 2.9 million miles (4.7 million kilometres) of roads with over 290,000 bridges.
LTAP provides a variety of tools such as training events, technology transfer resources, and personalized assistance. These items assist local agencies in improving their transportation operations. Many state transportation departments also benefit from LTAP services.
Common topics for training and assistance include pavement management and maintenance, road works safety, traffic signs and pavement markings, public works department management, snow and ice control, and drainage.
# Lizawice railway station

Lizawice railway station is a station in Lizawice, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, Poland.

## Connections

* 132 Bytom - Wrocław Główny

## Train Services

The station is served by the following service(s):
* Regional services (PR) Wrocław Główny - Oława - Brzeg
* Regional services (PR) Wrocław Główny - Oława - Brzeg - Nysa
* Regional service (PR) Wrocław - Oława - Brzeg - Nysa - Kędzierzyn-Koźle
* Regional services (PR) Wrocław Główny - Oława - Brzeg - Opole Główne
* Regional service (PR) Wrocław - Oława - Brzeg - Opole Główne - Kędzierzyn-Koźle
* Regional service (PR) Wrocław - Oława - Brzeg - Opole Główne - Kędzierzyn-Koźle - Racibórz
* Regional service (PR) Wrocław - Oława - Brzeg - Opole Główne - Gliwice
# Heidi (opossum)

Heidi (May 2008 – 28 September 2011) was a Virginia opossum housed at Germany's Leipzig Zoo. In December 2010, the two-and-a-half year old, cross-eyed animal made international headlines shortly after a photograph was published by Bild. Heidi inspired a popular YouTube song, a line of stuffed animals, and a Facebook page with over 290,000 followers.
The zoo's new tropical wildlife exhibit opened to the public in July 2011, and Heidi was exhibited alongside two other opossums – her sister Naira and a male named Teddy. International media has noted that Heidi was one of several animals either born or living in German zoos who have made headlines over the past few years; she followed in the footsteps of other German celebrity animals such as polar bears Knut and Flocke, as well as Paul the Octopus.

## Life

Heidi was given to Leipzig by Denmark's Odense Zoo in May 2010, although she was originally raised in a wild animal sanctuary in the U.S. state of North Carolina after being found as an orphan. It is speculated by zoo officials that Heidi's most notable attribute – her crossed eyes – may have been caused by fatty deposits behind her eyes, the result of poor diet from when she was younger. While this condition did not affect the opossum's health in any way, mainly because opossums are nocturnal, it would nonetheless have made her vulnerable to predators in the wild. The zoo put Heidi on a strict diet shortly after her arrival; it was reported in late January that she had already lost 400 grams (about one pound).
Heidi was euthanised by the zoo veterinary staff on 28 September 2011 after several weeks of struggle against arthritis and other old age health conditions. The life span of opossums in the wild is normally two years.

## Popularity

In December 2010, German tabloid Bild featured photographs of various animals to be featured in Leipzig Zoo's upcoming Gondwanaland exhibit. Pictures showing Heidi, the cross-eyed Virginia opossum, quickly became a phenomenon on the Internet. Although the zoo declined any plans for marketing the small marsupial, Heidi's quick rise to fame led to a popular Facebook page.
Despite the opossum's sudden fame, the Zoo had no plans to change the upcoming exhibit to better showcase its new star. Leipzig Zoo spokeswoman Maria Saegebart stated in early January: "We understand that Heidi has become so popular and that people will want to see her, but that will not change the zoo's strategy with the exhibit – she's one animal of many." Heidi reportedly received an offer to appear at the 83rd Academy Awards on 27 February 2011 via video broadcast, but instead appeared on the late-night show Jimmy Kimmel Live! in a series of pre-taped vignettes, in which she predicted the winners of three Oscar categories. She missed one prediction, choosing the long-shot Oscar-nominated 127 Hours to win over the eventual Oscar-winning The King's Speech for Best Film. A Heidi stuffed animal was included in some gift bags available to Oscar guests.
# Lode Claes

Lode Claes (born June 1913 - died February 1997) was a Belgian economist author, journalist and politician who was active within the Flemish nationalist movement.

## Biography

Claes studied political and social sciences and law at the Catholic University of Leuven and began training as a lawyer in Antwerp and Munich during the late 1930s. Upon returning to Belgium in 1940, he was drafted into the Belgian army. Following the German invasion of Belgium (1940), Claes was appointed as a civil servant at the National Agriculture and Food Corporation but went into hiding in 1944. After the Second World War, he was accused of being a collaborator due to his work in the civil service during the Nazi occupation and was sentenced to 15 years in prison, but was released early.

### Politics

In 1965, Claes became a member of the Volksunie and was elected as a councilor in Brussels. In 1968, he was elected to the Senate as a directly elected senator for the Brussels arrondissement. In the Senate, he was mainly concerned with financial and economic issues, in which he had an outspoken neoliberal vision In 1975 he ran for the leadership of the Volksunie but lost to Hugo Schiltz. Due to dissatisfaction with the Egmont Pact and disagreements with Schiltz, he left the Volksunie in 1977 and founded his own party: the Flemish People's Party (VVP). His split with the Volksunie coincided with Karel Dillen who had founded the Flemish National Party. The VVP took a more national liberal discourse whereas Dillen's party was seen as radical conservative. Despite the differences, the two formed a cartel (electoral alliance) under the banner Vlaams Blok. Both parties subsequently merged to form Vlaams Blok as a political party. Claes took part in the 1979 European Parliament election under the Flemish People's Party ticket but was not elected and left politics soon after.

### Later career

After politics, Claes initially worked in journalism as a columnist and a director for the Belgian financial-economic magazine Trends. In the early 1990s, he founded a think-tank One October Group. The objective of the think-tank was to create a new party of conservative Christian Democrats, Flemish nationalists and classical liberals. A number of well-known Flemish political and academic figures such as Edwin Truyens, Paul Belien, Raoul Bauer, Boudewijn Bouckaert, Chris Van Sumeren, Jaak Gabriels, Gerolf Annemans and Guy Verhofstadt became members of the think-tank and it had ties to the Party for Freedom and Progress and later set the groundwork for forming the Open VLD party, although Claes did not take part in founding the VLD and did not become a member.
Claes died in 1997.
# Ljubomir Marić (general)

Ljubomir Marić (Serbian Cyrillic: Љубомир Марић; 18 January 1878 – 11 August 1960) was a Serbian military officer and a Yugoslav army general, who served as the Chief of the General Staff of the Royal Yugoslav Army from 12 May 1935 to 8 March 1936, and as the Minister of the Army and Navy of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia from 8 March 1936 to 25 August 1938. He was also a professor at the Military Academy.

## Gallery

* Meeting of the Polish Foreign Minister Józef Beck with members of the Yugoslav Government. From left visible: Yugoslav Trade and Industry Minister Milan Vrbanić, General Marić, Beck and Yugoslav Prime Minister Milan Stojadinović. Belgrade, 28 May 1936.
# Heaven Is a Traffic Jam on the 405

Heaven Is a Traffic Jam on the 405 is a 2016 American documentary film directed by Frank Stiefel. Its subject is the artist Mindy Alper. The film earned a nomination for Best Short from the IDA Awards, and won both audience and jury awards at both the Full Frame Film Festival and the Austin Film Festival. It won the Oscar for Best Documentary Short Subject at the 90th Academy Awards.

## Overview

Heaven Is a Traffic Jam on the 405 is a film created from more than 20 hours of interviews between the film's subject, Mindy Alper, and director Frank Stiefel. Alper is a visual artist who channels her inner anxiety, depression, trauma and other demons into vivid drawings and papier-mâché sculptures.
The title comes from Alper, who says that one of the only situations in which she feels at home besides art is sitting in bumper-to-bumper traffic.
# Helders

Helders is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Gerard Helders (1905–2013), Dutch politician
* Matt Helders (born 1986), British drummer, vocalist and songwriter
# Lokam

Lokam may refer to:
* Kotha Bangaru Lokam, a 2008 Indian Telugu-language film
* Maya Lokam, a 1945 Indian Telugu-language film
* Tava lokam, one of the Seven Logas/Lokas (Seven Upper Worlds) in Ayyavazhi mythology
# Helen Reimensnyder Martin

Helen Reimensnyder Martin (October 18, 1868 – June 29, 1939) was an American author.

## Early life and education

Martin was born on October 18, 1868, in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. She was the fifth child born to Reverend Cornelius and Henrietta Thurman Reimensnyder. Her father was a German immigrant and a Lutheran pastor who worked in Ohio before settling in Lancaster. Martin was called “Bill” by those who knew her because her parents expected a boy and wanted to name her William Allen after her mother’s uncle, a governor of Ohio. Martin was a student at Swarthmore and Radcliffe Colleges.

## Career

Martin published 35 novels and numerous short stories between 1896 and 1939. Her work focused on the oppression of women and can be split into two topics: sophisticated white high society and rural Pennsylvania Dutch society. Her high society novels were not successful until after she achieved success with her more ethnic local color novels. According to Beverly Seaton, Martin used the Pennsylvania Dutch to critique society and advance her feminist viewpoint because their culture was unfamiliar to most Americans, making it safer for Martin to express controversial opinions about the rights of women and children in her stories. However, Martin's work also created negative stereotypes of the Pennsylvania Dutch.
Martin's most well-known novel is one of her earliest books, Tillie: A Mennonite Maid. As is typical of Martin's work, Pennsylvania Dutch women are oppressed by brutish, stingy men and a patriarchal society in Tillie. Like all of Martin's heroines, Tillie escapes her repressive society through education and independent employment.
Sabina, A Story of the Amish (1905) may be the first Amish romance novel ever published. It tells the story of a young Amish woman with clairvoyant powers.
Tillie: A Mennonite Maid and Barnabetta (Erstwhile Susan) were turned into Broadway plays. Four of Martin's literary works were turned into the films Erstwhile Susan (1919), Tillie (1922), The Snob (1924), and The Parasite (1925).
Numerous Pennsylvania Germans objected to her stereotypical depictions of their culture.
# London-class container ship

The London class is a series of six container ships built for Zodiac Maritime (4 ships) and Eastern Pacific Shipping (2 ships). The ships are charted to Mediterranean Shipping Company (MSC). The ships have a maximum theoretical capacity of 16,652 twenty-foot equivalent units (TEU). The ships were built by STX Offshore & Shipbuilding in South Korea.

## List of ships

| Ship | Yard number | IMO number | Delivery | Status |
| MSC London | 1527 | 9606302 | 10 Jul 2014 | In service |
| MSC New York | 1528 | 9606314 | 20 Oct 2014 | In service |
| MSC Istanbul | 1529 | 9606326 | 15 Jan 2015 | In service |
| MSC Amsterdam | 1530 | 9606338 | 15 Apr 2015 | In service |
| MSC Hamburg | 1551 | 9647461 | 26 Oct 2015 | In service |
| MSC Venice | 1552 | 9647473 | 25 Jan 2016 | In service |