OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Paul Tedman

Major General Paul Terence Tedman CBE is a senior British Army officer. Since May 2024, he has been commander of United Kingdom Space Command.

## Early life and education

Tedman has a bachelor's degree in aerospace engineering and a master's degree in war studies.

## Military career

Tedman was commissioned into the Army Air Corps on 29 July 1995. Having qualified as a pilot, he was awarded his wings in 1999. He became officer commanding No. 661 Squadron AAC in 2008, Deputy Commander, Joint Special Forces Aviation Wing in 2010 and commanding officer 1 Regiment Army Air Corps in 2012. He went on to be commander of the Aviation Reconnaissance Force in 2016, Deputy Commander Joint Helicopter Command in October 2019 and commander 1st Aviation Brigade in April 2020. He was promoted to brigadier on 30 June 2020.
From 2021 to 2023, he served as an exchange officer at US Space Command in the role of deputy director of strategy, plans and policy. On 12 May 2024, he was appointed Commander United Kingdom Space Command and promoted to major general.
Tedman was awarded the Queen's Commendation for Valuable Service for services in Iraq on 23 April 2004 and the Queen's Commendation for Valuable Service for services in Afghanistan on 21 March 2014. In the 2020 New Year Honours, he was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) on 28 December 2019. In 2023, he was awarded the Legion of Merit by the President of the United States of America.
# John van der Wiel

John van der Wiel (born 9 August 1959) is a Dutch chess grandmaster. He is a two-time Dutch Chess Champion.

## Chess career

Born in 1959, Van der Wiel won the Daniël Noteboom tournament in Leiden in 1976 and 1977. He won the European Junior Chess Championship in 1978, and was awarded the Grandmaster title in 1982.
He won the Dutch Chess Championship in 1984 and 1986. He was between 1979 and 2004 playing in this championship for 26 consecutive times. Besides winning two times, he came in second nine times.
He was a participant in the Chess Olympiads of 1980, 1982, 1984 and from 1988 up to 1998.
He has competed in several Interzonal tournaments: Moscow (1982) where he finished in 11th–12th place, and Biel (1985) 4th–6th place (where he lost a playoff for the final Candidates Tournament place to Nigel Short). His best results in the other international tournaments have included Sochi (1980) 4th–5th place; Wijk aan Zee (1981, additional tournament) 1st place; and Wijk aan Zee (1982) 3rd–4th.
He won tournaments in Novi Sad 1982, Århus 1983, Ostend 1983, San Bernardino 1986, Amsterdam OHRA 1987, Baden-Baden II 1992, Elgoibar 1998 and Brasschaat 2010.
In 1999 he played with the team Panfox Breda at the European Club Cup in Belgrade.
In the past, he was a notable "computer killer".
# CAX

CAX may refer tco:
* Carlisle Lake District Airport in Carlisle, Cumbria, England (IATA airport code: CAX)
* Combined arms Exercise (abbreviated as CAX)
* Computer-aided technologies (sometimes abbreviated as CAx)
* Container Availability Index (abbreviated as CAx)
# Jacaré River (Purus River tributary)

Jacaré River is a river of Amazonas state in north-western Brazil. It is a tributary of the Purus River.
# Meriton (surname)

Meriton is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* George Meriton (died 1624), English churchman
* Henry Meriton (1762–1826), English sea captain
* Thomas Meriton (born 1638), English dramatist and cleric
* Vincent Meriton (born 1960), Seychellois politician
# Villette-d'Anthon

Villette-d'Anthon (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Isère department in southeastern France.

## Population

| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1793 | 420 | — |
| 1800 | 742 | +8.47% |
| 1806 | 515 | −5.90% |
| 1821 | 698 | +2.05% |
| 1831 | 702 | +0.06% |
| 1836 | 785 | +2.26% |
| 1841 | 823 | +0.95% |
| 1846 | 802 | −0.52% |
| 1851 | 781 | −0.53% |
| 1856 | 865 | +2.06% |
| 1861 | 982 | +2.57% |
| 1866 | 982 | +0.00% |
| 1872 | 1,029 | +0.78% |
| 1876 | 1,032 | +0.07% |
| 1881 | 951 | −1.62% |
| 1886 | 987 | +0.75% |
| 1891 | 998 | +0.22% |
| 1896 | 937 | −1.25% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1901 | 858 | −1.75% |
| 1906 | 733 | −3.10% |
| 1911 | 665 | −1.93% |
| 1921 | 678 | +0.19% |
| 1926 | 669 | −0.27% |
| 1931 | 643 | −0.79% |
| 1936 | 626 | −0.53% |
| 1946 | 584 | −0.69% |
| 1954 | 580 | −0.09% |
| 1962 | 646 | +1.36% |
| 1968 | 861 | +4.90% |
| 1975 | 1,334 | +6.45% |
| 1982 | 2,711 | +10.66% |
| 1990 | 3,534 | +3.37% |
| 1999 | 3,906 | +1.12% |
| 2007 | 4,143 | +0.74% |
| 2012 | 4,524 | +1.78% |
| 2017 | 4,936 | +1.76% |
Source: EHESS and INSEE (1968-2017) :
# Józef Zawadzki (chemist)

Józef Zawadzki (July 14, 1886 in Warsaw – February 22, 1951 in Zalesie, near Warsaw) was a Polish physical chemist and technologist. Father of Tadeusz (Zośka) and Anna Zawadzka.
Zawadzki was a co-founder, President and Vice-President of the Polskie Towarzystwo Chemiczne. He was a professor (from 1923) and rector (1936–1939) of Warsaw University of Technology, and a member of the Polish Academy of Learning (since 1947).
The oldest and largest traditional lecture hall at the Warsaw University of Technology is named Prof. Józef Zawadzki Auditorium.

## Research

His main field of research was physicochemical fundamentals of chemical technology. He was researching contact oxidation of ammonia, naphthalene and anthracene, mechanism of ammonia oxidation on platinum at low temperatures, reduction of iron dioxide by a methane, methods of obtaining aluminium oxide from Polish kaolinite and aluminosilicate, use of Polish anhydrite and gypsum deposit to production sulfuric acid and cementum, kinematics of thermal dissociation.
Under the German occupation of Poland during World War II, he was involved in the clandestine operation of the Warsaw University of Technology. Together with Marceli Struszyński, Zawadzki analyzed captured German V-2 rocket for its fuel composition. In 1947, he was recognized with a Doctor Honoris Causa.

### Mechanism of ammonia oxidation on platinum at low temperatures

The mechanism of ammonia oxidation on platinum at low temperature was postulated by F. Rachsig (1927) and later adapted by Zawadzki (1948, 1950) to proceed via formation on imide (NH). In this proposal formation of nitroxyl and hydrazine (N$_2$H$_4$) is involved:
    NH$_3$ + O$_{(a)}$ → NH$_{(a)}$ + H$_2$O
    NH$_{(a)}$ + O$_{(a)}$ → HNO$_{(a)}$ + *
    NH$_{(a)}$ + NH$_3$ → N$_2$H$_{4(a)}$
    HNO$_{(a)}$ + NH$_3$ → N$_2$H$_{4(a)}$ + ½O$_2$
    N$_2$H$_{4(a)}$ + O$_2$ → N$_2$ + 2H$_2$O + *
Later, Y. M. Fogel (1964) disproved the Zawadzki theory that NH is formed via the oxidation of ammonia. In his proposal, NO is an important intermediate of the reaction. The formation of N$_2$O is not detected, therefore the mechanism does not involve its production.

## Works

* Technologia chemiczna nieorganiczna vol. 1–2 (1948–1949)
# South African Class 8Z 2-8-0

The South African Railways Class 8Z 2-8-0 of 1904 was a steam locomotive from the pre-Union era in the Cape of Good Hope.
In 1904, the Cape Government Railways placed its last eight 8th Class 2-8-0 Consolidation type steam locomotives in service. Most of its other 8th Class locomotives were built with a 4-8-0 Mastodon type wheel arrangement. In 1912, when they were assimilated into the South African Railways, these eight were renumbered and designated Class 8Z.

## Manufacturer

The first locomotive in the Cape Government Railways (CGR) 2-8-0 Consolidation type 8th Class, later to become the South African Railways (SAR) Class 8X, was designed by H.M. Beatty, the CGR's Chief Locomotive Superintendent from 1896 to 1910.
In 1904, a third batch of eight of these locomotives was delivered from the North British Locomotive Company of Glasgow, Scotland. All eight were allocated to the Western System of the CGR, numbered in the range from 821 to 828.

## Characteristics

These locomotives were very similar to the previous four Kitson-built Consolidations, but slightly larger in boiler and firegrate area dimensions. They also used saturated steam and cylinders with overhead slide valves, actuated by inside Stephenson valve gear. Of the three models of Type XE1 tender which were in use at the time, these locomotives were equipped with the version which had the 10 long tons (10.2 tonnes) coal capacity.

## Class 8 sub-classes

When the Union of South Africa was established on 31 May 1910, the three Colonial government railways (CGR, Natal Government Railways and Central South African Railways) were united under a single administration to control and administer the railways, ports and harbours of the Union. Even though the South African Railways and Harbours came into existence in 1910, the actual classification and renumbering of all the rolling stock of the three constituent railways were only implemented with effect from 1 January 1912.
In 1912, these locomotives were designated Class 8Z on the South African Railways (SAR) and renumbered in the range from 900 to 907.
In spite of the difference in wheel arrangement, the CGR grouped its 2-8-0 Consolidation and post-7th Class 4-8-0 Mastodon locomotives together as the 8th Class. In 1912, all these 2-8-0 and 4-8-0 locomotives, together with the Classes 8-L1 to 8-L3 4-8-0 Mastodon locomotives from the Central South African Railways (CSAR), were grouped into ten different sub-classes by the SAR. The 4-8-0 locomotives became SAR Classes 8 and 8A to 8F and the 2-8-0 locomotives became Classes 8X to 8Z.

## Service

In SAR service, the Class 8Z was used mainly in the Western Cape, shedded at Touws River. A few later ended up at Bloemfontein in the Orange Free State and Klerksdorp in Transvaal. They were withdrawn by 1935.

## Illustration

The main picture shows no. 804 at Touws River, c. 1930.
* Class 8Z as depicted on a SAR museum playing card
# Leon Jooste

Leon Jooste (born 18 February 1969 in Grootfontein, Otjozondjupa Region) is a Namibian politician and businessperson who served as Minister of Public Enterprises until 1 December 2022.

## Education and early life

Jooste attended school at Paul Roos Gymnasium in Stellenbosch and at Abbott's College in Cape Town, both South Africa. In 1991 he graduated from Stellenbosch University with a BA in archaeology and anthropology. He is a professional helicopter pilot since 1993, and upon his return to Namibia became managing director of Eden Wildlife Trust, a tourism enterprise near Grootfontein.

## Political career

A member of SWAPO, Jooste was appointed to replace Gerhard Tötemeyer in the National Assembly of Namibia in 2004. He had not been placed high enough on the SWAPO Party list in the 2004 general election to directly enter Parliament after the election. Jooste was appointed Deputy Minister for Local and Regional Government the same year. In 2005, he was shifted to the Environment and Tourism portfolio in Hifikepunye Pohamba's first cabinet, again as deputy minister.
Jooste resigned in late 2009 in order to take over the family business in Cape Town after the death of his father.
Under president Hage Geingob, Jooste was appointed as Minister of Public Enterprises in March 2015. Decisions under his reign were often controversial and unpopular and included the closures of state-owned Air Namibia and the Road Contractor's Company. In 2021 he suggested that the ministry he heads should be downgraded to a department within the Ministry of Finance, effectively abolishing his own ministerial position.
Jooste resigned as member of Parliament and cabinet minister on 31 March 2022. He had served in Parliament from 2004 to 2006, from 2015 till 2020, and from 2020 till 2022. He was replaced by Ephraim Nekongo (SWAPO), effectively on 9 May 2022.
# Linkuwa Pokhari

Linkuwa Pokhari is a village and Village Development Committee in Khotang District in the Sagarmatha Zone of eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 2,655 persons living in 516 individual households.
# Paulin Tay Straughan

Paulin Tay Straughan (born 8 April 1963) is the dean of students at Singapore Management University (SMU), where she is also a professor of sociology (practice).
She was an associate professor and vice-dean at the National University of Singapore from 1991 to 2017.

## Early life and education

Straughan was educated at the Convent of the Holy Infant Jesus and Catholic Junior College, before going on to complete a Bachelor of Arts degree in sociology and statistics at the National University of Singapore. She then went on to the University of Virginia in the United States, where she earned a Master of Arts and a PhD in sociology.

## Public service

From 2009 to 2012, Straughan served as a Nominated Member of Parliament (NMP). She received the Public Administration Medal (Bronze), Prime Minister's Office in 2010. On 24 August 2018, Straughan was appointed as one of the 86 Justice of Peace by President of Singapore, Halimah Yacob.

## Research

Straughan has researched on cancer and fatalism, marriage, parenthood and ageing population, and public cleanliness in Singapore.

## Selected bibliography
### Books

* Jones, Gavin W.; Straughan, Paulin Tay; and Chan, Angelique Wei Ming (2012). Ultra-low fertility in Pacific Asia: Trends, causes and policy issues. Research Collection School of Social Sciences. Paper 2194. ISBN 9780415540780
* Straughan, Paulin Tay (2011). Towards a cleaner Singapore: Sociological study on littering in Singapore. National Environment Agency. ISBN 978-981-08-9598-3
* Straughan, Paulin Tay (2009). Marriage dissolution in Singapore: Revisiting family values and ideology in marriage. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9789004171619

### Book chapters

* Straughan, Paulin Tay (2015). Marriage and parenthood in Singapore. In David Chan (Ed.), 50 Years of Social Issues in Singapore (pp. 61–73) Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Company. http://doi.org/10.1142/9789814632621_0004

### Articles

* Feng, Qiushi; Straughan, Paulin Tay (2017). "What does successful aging mean? Lay perception of successful aging among elderly Singaporeans." Journals of Gerontology, Series B, 72 (2), 204-213. http://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbw151
* Straughan, Paulin Tay; Seow, Adeline (2000). "Attitudes as barriers in breast screening: a prospective study among Singapore women." Social Science and Medicine, 51 (11), 1695-1703. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(00)00086-1
* Straughan, Paulin Tay; Seow, Adeline (1998). "Fatalism reconceptualized: A concept to predict health screening behavior." Journal of Gender, Culture, and Health, 3 (2), 85-100. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023278230797
# Johnny Bester

Johannes Lodewyk Augustinus 'Johnny' Bester (25 December 1917 – 14 May 1977) was a South African rugby union player.

## Playing career

Bester matriculated at Jan van Riebeeck High School in Cape Town, after which he joined the Gardens Rugby Football Club, also situated within the Cape Town City Bowl. Shortly thereafter, the 19-year-old Bester became the youngest member of Phil Nel's famous 1937 touring team to Australia and New Zealand. Although he did not play in any test matches on tour, he did play in twelve tour matches, scoring eight tries.
Bester, one of the few players to represent the Springboks before playing for his provincial team, (Danie Craven was another) made his debut for Western Province against Sam Walker's touring British Isles team at Newlands on the 25th of June 1938. Bester scored two tries in this match and Western Province won 21–11. Bester made his test debut for the Springboks, in the second test match against the touring British Isles team on the 3rd of September 1938 at the Crusaders Ground in Port Elizabeth. He also played in the third test against the British Isles and scored a try in each of his test matches.

### Test history

| No. | Opposition | Result (SA 1st) | Position | Tries | Date | Venue |
| 1. | British Isles | 19–3 | Wing | 1 | 3 September 1938 | Crusaders Ground, Port Elizabeth |
| 2. | British Isles | 16–21 | Wing | 1 | 10 September 1938 | Newlands, Cape Town |
# CAZy

CAZy is a database of Carbohydrate-Active enZYmes (CAZymes). The database contains a classification and associated information about enzymes involved in the synthesis, metabolism, and recognition of complex carbohydrates, i.e. disaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, and glycoconjugates. Included in the database are families of glycoside hydrolases, glycosyltransferases, polysaccharide lyases, carbohydrate esterases, and non-catalytic carbohydrate-binding modules. The CAZy database also includes a classification of Auxiliary Activity redox enzymes involved in the breakdown of lignocellulose.
CAZy was established in 1999 in order to provide online and constantly updated access to the protein sequence-based family classification of CAZymes, which was originally developed in early 1990s to classify the glycoside hydrolases. New entries are added shortly after they appear in the daily releases of GenBank. The rapid evolution of high-throughput DNA sequencing has resulted in the continuing exponential growth of the CAZy database, which now covers hundreds of thousands of sequences. CAZy continues to be curated and developed by the Glycogenomics group at AFMB, a research centre affiliated with the French National Centre for Scientific Research and Aix-Marseille University.
The CAZy database is coupled with CAZypedia, which was launched in 2007 as a research community-driven, wiki-based encyclopedia of CAZymes.

## Classification

CAZy identifies evolutionarily related families of glycosyl hydrolases using the classification introduced by Bernard Henrissat. These families are given a number to identify them, so for example Glycosyl hydrolase family 1 contains enzymes that possess a TIM barrel fold. These families are clustered into 14 different clans that share structural similarity. CAZy contains 94 families of Glycosyl transferase enzymes, 22 families of polysaccharide lysases and 16 families of carbohydrate esterases.
# Jacaré River (Sergipe, Piauí River tributary)

The Jacaré River is a river of Sergipe state in northeastern Brazil. It is a tributary of the Piauí River.
# Kepler Mire

The Kepler Mire, or Dismal Swamp east of Lake Manapouri, is the largest wetland in the Te Anau basin complex in New Zealand, covering more than 900 ha (altitude 220–230 m). Like the neighbouring mountain range, it is named in honour of astronomer Johannes Kepler.
Its dome is about three metres higher at the centre than at the margins. The peat development reaches depths of up to 4.7 m. The total volume of peat in this mire is estimated at 20.5 million cubic metres.
The Kepler Mire is internationally biologically significant because it is the most extensive pool system of the string bog form found in New Zealand.
The best public viewing is from the Mount York Road, some 2 km from the Highway 95 intersection.

## In popular culture

The Mire was filmed by helicopter for the Peter Jackson film The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers, in which it was used to portray the Dagorlad Battlefield or Dead Marshes.
# Violin Concerto (Somervell)

The Violin Concerto in G minor is a composition for Violin and orchestra by Sir Arthur Somervell. In addition to being the composers second work for these forces following the Concertstück he had composed in 1913, it was also the composer's last major orchestral work.

## Background

The concerto was composed in 1930 by Somervell for violinist Adila Fachiri, the great-niece of violinist Joseph Joachim, who first performed the work in Edinburgh in 1932 supported by the Reid Orchestra under Mary Grierson, further performances, most notably featuring the BBC Symphony Orchestra under Adrian Boult followed in 1933.
It would appear that this success led the composer to choose, unlike his earlier Highland Concerto, to have the work published by Boosey & Co. in 1933.
Despite the initial success and publication, the work was not performed again after 1933 until Hyperion Records recorded it in 2004 as part of their "Romantic Violin Concerto" series with Anthony Marwood as the soloist paired with Martyn Brabbins and the BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra.

## Movements

The concerto is in three movements:
* Allegro moderato e con grazia
* Adagio
* Allegro giocoso
A typical performance takes around 33 minutes.
# Martinsburg, Mainz

The Martinsburg is a former plains castle in Mainz. It lay on the banks of the Rhine, adjacent to the space where the Electoral Palace now stands.

## History

The castle was built from 1478 to 1481 at the order of Diether von Isenburg. Its position suggests that the Archbishop and Elector did not have it built as a defense against strangers, but as a retreat against the citizens of the city of Mainz. The actual location of the electoral residence in the city center, next to the Cathedral, had become uncertain in the Mainz Diocesan Feud. The location of the castle on the banks of the Rhine on the other hand allowed a quick escape to the other residence places Eltville and Aschaffenburg. The arrangement of the trench towards the city favors this thesis.
Napoleon finally decided on the end of Martinsburg at the beginning of the 19th century. In 1806 or 1807 the castle was demolished in favor of the bridge and harbor construction. As a testimony of their existence a few stone blocks of its walls in the former trench can be seen in front of the electoral castle towards the river Rhine today.
# Pilot logbook

A pilot logbook is a record of a pilot's flying hours. It contains every flight a pilot has flown, including flight time, number of landings, and types of instrument approaches made. Pilots also log simulator time, as it counts towards training.$^{:FCL.630.H}$
In most countries, pilots are required to maintain a logbook, per their government's aviation regulations. The primary purpose is to show that certain requirements have been met for a certificate or rating, and for currency purposes.
Time logged is block time, which includes time spent taxiing, not just time in the air.

## Flight logging requirements by country
### Australia

In Australia, pilot logbooks must be retained for seven years after the last entry.

### European Union

The European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) provides a sample logbook format in which all flights should be logged.$^{:FCL.050}$ Information to be logged includes location and time of departure and arrival, the aircraft registration, the aircraft make, model and variant, the name of the pilot in command, whether the flight was single-pilot or multi-pilot, and for single-pilot flights whether the aircraft was single-engine or multi-engine. Time in a flight simulator (FSTD) is also logged.
In addition to the requirements of Part-FCL.050, whether a flight was cross-country should also be logged for the issue of an airline transport pilot licence (ATPL).$^{:FCL.510.A}$

#### Ireland

In Ireland, electronic logbooks are not acceptable for the issue of an ATPL. All PICUS (pilot in command under supervision) entries must be countersigned by the pilot in command, including the PIC's licence number; electronic signatures are not acceptable. Time recorded as PICUS but not signed off may not be used at all. All time under instruction must be countersigned by the instructor.

### United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, personal logbooks must be retained for at least 2 years after the date of the last entry.

### United States

In the United States, a pilot is required to log all flight time that is used to meet the minimum requirements for a certificate, rating, flight review, or instrument proficiency check, and for currency. This means that a pilot does not need to record every single one of his or her flights.
The Federal Aviation Administration does not require the flights logged to be logged in an official logbook or format, so long as the conditions CFR Title 14 §61.51 paragraph b are met. This requires information about the flight, such as date, total time, locations of takeoff and landing, and information regarding pilot in command, etc.
Because the FAA does not require an official logbook or official format, many formats are available to pilots. Some pilots even use digital methods, such as recording this information in a spreadsheet, or using a specially-designed app.