OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Lead castle

A lead castle, also called a lead cave or a lead housing, is a structure composed of lead to provide shielding against gamma radiation in a variety of applications in the nuclear industry and other activities which use ionizing radiation.

## Applications
### Shielding of radioactive materials

Castles are widely used to shield radioactive "sources" (see notes) and radioactive materials, either in the laboratory or plant environment. The purpose of the castle is to shield people from gamma radiation. Lead will not efficiently attenuate neutrons. If an experiment or pilot plant is to be observed, a viewing window of lead glass may be used to give gamma shielding but allow visibility.

### Shielding of radiation detectors

Plant radiation detectors that are operating in a high ambient gamma background are sometimes shielded to prevent the background swamping the detector. Such a detector may be looking for alpha and beta particles, and gamma radiation will affect this. Laboratory or health physics detectors, even if remote from nuclear operations, may require shielding if very low levels of radiation are to be detected. This is the case with, for instance, a scintillation counter measuring low levels of contamination on a swab or sample.

### Construction

The castle can be made from individual bricks; usually with interlocking chevron edges to prevent "shine paths" of direct radiation through the gaps. They can also be made from lead produced in bespoke shapes by machining or casting. Such an example would be the annular ring castle commonly used for shielding scintillation counters.
A typical lead brick weighs about ten kilograms. Lead castles can be made of hundreds of bricks and weigh thousands of kilograms, so the floor must be able to withstand a heavy load. It is best to set up on a floor designed to carry the weight, or in the basement of a building built on a concrete slab. If the castle is not put directly on such a floor, it will require a suitably strong structure to safely support it.
# Inverse problem in optics

The inverse problem in optics (or the inverse optics problem) refers to the fundamentally ambiguous mapping between sources of retinal stimulation and the retinal images that are caused by those sources.
For example, the size of an object, the orientation of the object, and its distance from the observer are conflated in the retinal image. For any given projection on the retina there are an infinite number of pairings of object size, orientation and distance that could have given rise to that projection on the retina. Because the image on the retina does not specify which pairing did in fact cause the image, this and other aspects of vision qualify as an inverse problem.
# Oliver D. Mann

Oliver Davis Mann (December 10, 1877 – July 9, 1956) was an American football player and coach. A native of Danville, Illinois, he attended Rutgers College, graduating in the Class of 1901. He played college football for the Rutgers Scarlet Knights from 1897 to 1900. The New York Times wrote that Mann "for three years was the Captain of the best team Rutgers College ever had on the gridiron." He was also Rutgers' head football coach in the 1903 and 1905 seasons. In two seasons as head coach, Mann compiled a record of 7–10–1. He later resided in Danville, Illinois. In a draft registration card completed at the time of World War I, Mann indicated that he was a self-employed lawyer in Danville. He died in July 1956 and was buried at the Spring Hill Mausoleum in Danville.

## Head coaching record

| Year | Team | Overall |
| Rose Polytechnic (Independent) (1901) ||||||
| 1901 | Rose Polytechnic | 0–6 |
| Rose Polytechnic: | Rose Polytechnic: | 0–6 |
| Rutgers Queensmen (Independent) (1903) ||||||
| 1903 | Rutgers | 4–4–1 |
| Rutgers Queensmen (Independent) (1905) ||||||
| 1905 | Rutgers | 3–6 |
| Rutgers: | Rutgers: | 7–10–1 |
| Total: | Total: | 7–16–1 |
# Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Saint Kitts and Nevis)

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs is the ministry responsible for handling the Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis' external relations and its diplomatic missions abroad. The ministry's current director is Minister of Foreign Affairs and Aviation, Denzil Douglas.

## Diplomacy

Although Saint Kitts and Nevis maintains formal and friendly ties with many of its neighbors and major regional and world powers, countries such as the United States do not have permanent representatives on the islands. The U.S. State Department, for example, has ambassadors and consular staff present in nearby Barbados and Antigua.

## List of ministers

This is a list of ministers of foreign affairs of Saint Kitts and Nevis:
* 1983–1995: Kennedy Simmonds
* 1995–2000: Denzil Douglas
* 2000–2001: Sam Condor
* 2001–2008: Timothy Harris
* 2008–2010: Denzil Douglas
* 2010–2013: Sam Condor
* 2013–2015: Patrice Nisbett
* 2015–2022: Mark Brantley
* 2022: Vincent Byron
* 2022–present: Denzil Douglas
# Nicholas Collon

Nicholas Collon (born 7 February 1983 in London) is a British conductor.

## Biography

A viola player, organist and pianist by training, Collon played viola in the National Youth Orchestra of Great Britain (NYOGB). He studied at Eton and was an organ scholar at Clare College, Cambridge. One of his conducting mentors was Sir Colin Davis, and Collon has served as an assistant conductor to Sir Mark Elder.
In 2004, Collon, Robin Ticciati and fellow NYOGB musicians founded the Aurora Orchestra, with Collon as its artistic director. He was awarded the 2008 Arts Foundation Fellowship for conducting, from a list of twenty nominated British conductors. For the 2011–2012 season, Collon was Assistant Conductor of the London Philharmonic Orchestra.
In April 2007, Collon conducted Mozart's The Magic Flute, directed by Samuel West, in Ramallah and Bethlehem, the first-ever staged opera production in the West Bank, and returned in 2009 with the same team for performances of La bohème. His English National Opera conducting debut was in September 2012. In June 2013, he conducted the British stage premiere of Jonathan Harvey's opera Wagner Dream for Welsh National Opera.
In June 2015, the Residentie Orchestra in The Hague announced the appointment of Collon as its co-principal conductor, effective 1 August 2016, for a minimum term of three years, with an estimate of 6 weeks of appearances per season. In June 2017, the Residentie Orchestra announced Collon's appointment as the Residentie Orchestra's sole chief conductor and artistic advisor, effective 1 August 2018, with a minimum of 8 weeks of appearances per season. He stood down as chief conductor of the Residentie Orchestra at the close of the 2020–2021 season.
In 2017, Collon first guest-conducted the Finnish Radio Symphony Orchestra (FRSO). In May 2019, the FRSO announced the appointment of Collon as its next chief conductor, effective with the 2021–2022 season. He is the first non-Finnish conductor to be named chief conductor of the FRSO. In February 2023, the FRSO announced the extension of Collon's contract as its chief conductor through the 2027–2028 season.
Collon has conducted commercial recordings with the Aurora Orchestra for Warner Classics.
Collon is married to flautist Jane Mitchell, creative leader of the Aurora Orchestra.
# Helge (Danish king)

Helge was a Danish king who ruled at the end of the 9th century. There is no contemporary evidence for his existence, since he is only mentioned in a source from the 11th century.

## Adam of Bremen's account

Danish Viking armies in the Frankish kingdoms suffered a series of defeats in the late 9th century, culminating with the Battle of Leuven (891). In the last-mentioned confrontation the Vikings, according to the Annales Fuldenses were killed or drowned in the hundreds or thousands, and the Danish kings Sigfred and Gudfred were among the slain. It has been guessed that Sigfred is identical with a king in the Danish homeland mentioned in 873. According to the ecclesiastic chronicle of Adam of Bremen (c. 1075), a certain king Helge ruled in Denmark after the defeat of the Norsemen. He was beloved by his people on account of his sense of justice and sanctity. Helge's reign ended abruptly when a conqueror called Olof came down from the land of the Swedes. Olof subdued the Danish kingdom with the arms, after which his dynasty ruled for three generations. What happened to Helge we are not told. Adam claims the Danish King Sven Estridsen as his informant; on the request of Adam, the king enumerated his forefathers.

## Later accounts

High medieval Norse tradition took up elements of Adam's account and blended them with Scandinavian saga characters. According to the Tale of Ragnar's sons, one of the kings killed in 891 was a son of the Viking ruler Ragnar Lodbrok, Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye, thus Sigfred of the older sources. His companion Gudfred is identified as Gudrød Olafsson of the Dagling Dynasty of Ringerike in Norway. "Helge the Sharp was the name of Gudrød’s brother. He escaped from the battle with the standard of Sigurd Snake-in-the-Eye, and his sword and shield. He went home to Denmark with his own forces and there found Aslaug, Sigurd’s mother, and told her the tidings." Since Sigurd's son Hardeknud I was still young, Helge stayed with Aslaug and acted as protector-ruler in Denmark, thus performing the same role as the legendary hero Beowulf in the Geatic court. Later on he married Hardeknud's twin sister Aslaug the Younger and sired a son, Sigurd Hart. Sigurd was a contemporary of the next Danish ruler Gorm the Old and acquired the kingdom of Ringerike. He was the maternal grandfather of Harald Fairhair.
# Krusa (harvestman)

Krusa is a genus of harvestmen in the family Sclerosomatidae from Mexico.

## Species

* Krusa amazonica Roewer, 1953
* Krusa annulata C.J.Goodnight & M.L.Goodnight, 1945
* Krusa boliviana Roewer, 1953
* Krusa flava C.J.Goodnight & M.L.Goodnight, 1946
* Krusa metallica C.J.Goodnight & M.L.Goodnight, 1946
* Krusa mexicana C.J.Goodnight & M.L.Goodnight, 1947
* Krusa peruviana Roewer, 1953
* Krusa pilipes (Roewer, 1953)
* Krusa stellata C.J.Goodnight & M.L.Goodnight, 1946
* Krusa tuberculata C.J.Goodnight & M.L.Goodnight, 1946
# Lockington

Lockington may refer to:

## Placenames

* Lockington, East Riding of Yorkshire, England
** Lockington rail crash, 1986 derailment in the East Riding of Yorkshire
** Lockington railway station, former station in the East Riding of Yorkshire
* Lockington-Hemington, Leicestershire, England
** Lockington, Leicestershire, a village in the parish of Lockington-Hemington
* Lockington, Ohio
* Lockington, Victoria

## Surname

* Andrew Lockington (born 1974), Canadian film score composer
* David Lockington (born 1956), music director of the Grand Rapids Symphony
* William Neale Lockington (1840-1902), English zoologist
# Messalonskee Lake

Messalonskee Lake is a body of water in the Belgrade Lakes region of Maine. It is bordered by the towns of Oakland, Sidney, and Belgrade. The lake is a 9 miles (14 km) long, narrow, natural creation, resulting from continental collision and glacial scouring. A dam originally built in the town of Oakland in 1905 increased the lake's size.
In the first part of the 20th century, Messalonskee Stream provided waterpower for Oakland's Cascade Woolen Mill, as well as for a number of factories responsible for Oakland's long-defunct title as "axehead capital of the world."
Messalonskee Lake is home to a great variety of wildlife, including great blue herons, bass, yellow perch, white perch, sunfish, painted and snapping turtles, loons, and occasionally Bald Eagles can be seen soaring above the lake. The surrounding community has recently formed the Messalonskee Lake Association in the interest of its protection and preservation.
Like some Maine lakes, Messalonskee Lake has seen infestations of Milfoil.
The lake is also more commonly called "Snow Pond", a reference to Philip Snow who settled in the area in 1774.
Many summer camps and related tourist accommodations are located on Messalonskee Lake, among them the New England Music Camp, which was founded in 1937.
# Magic City Memoirs

Magic City Memoirs is a 2011 American coming of age drama film directed by Aaron J. Salgado, and stars Natalie Martinez, Dominik Garcia-Lorido, Nestor Serrano, Julio Oscar Mechoso, J.R. Villarreal and Michael Cardelle. The film is based on the true stories from Salgado's adolescence.
The film takes place in Miami, Florida, and follows the story of three lifelong friends, from very different backgrounds, who are on the verge of high school graduation who indulge in reckless behavior that finds them on the brink of either their graduation or their mortality.

## Synopsis

Magic City Memoirs follows the lives of three lifelong friends: Mikey Acosta, Angel and Stok. Mikey Acosta is a star high school baseball prospect, while Angel is a whiz of a student as well as the son of a prominent Miami politician. Stok is the son of an incarcerated drug lord. These three best friends attempt to navigate through their senior year amongst the pressures and temptations of the city.

## Cast

* Natalie Martinez as Mari
* Dominik Garcia-Lorido as Veronica Suarez
* Nestor Serrano as Angel Suarez Sr.
* Julio Oscar Mechoso as Alejandro Acosta
* J.R. Villarreal as Mikey Acosta
* Michael Cardelle as Angel Suarez Jr.
* Andres Dominguez as Stok
* Jordi Vilasuso as Eric
* Granville Adams as Scout

## Release

The film premiered at the Miami International Film Festival, where it won the Pursuit of Perfection Award.

## Accolades

List of awards and nominations :
| Award | Category | Recipients and nominees | Result |
| Miami International Film Festival | Pursuit of Perfection Award | Aaron J. Salgado Andy García | Won |
# Inverse psoriasis

Inverse psoriasis or flexural psoriasis is a form of psoriasis that selectively, and often exclusively, involves the folds, recesses, and flexor surfaces such as the ears, axillae, groin folds, inframammary folds, navel, intergluteal cleft, penis, and lips.$^{:193}$

## Signs and symptoms

Well-defined, erythematous patches are the clinical hallmark of inverse psoriasis. The perianal area, umbilicus, axillae, inframammary folds, inguinal folds, and retroauricular areas are the areas most frequently affected. Interdigital spaces and the popliteal and antecubital fossae may also be affected. In contrast to plaque psoriasis, the lesions' surface appears wet, smooth, and shiny, and yellowish scales are usually minor or absent.

## Causes

Psoriasis is a cellular autoimmune reaction caused by T-cells to what are thought to be skin-resident self-antigens. The psoriasiform reaction is brought on by an increase in interferon-γ and interleukin-17, which interact with mast cells, neutrophils, macrophages, and dermal cells. There is little evidence to suggest that the pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying inverse and common psoriasis vary from one another. The amount of CD161+ cells in the inverse psoriasis plaques, however, might be diminishing. This is thought to be caused by the ongoing microbial colonization of the inverse psoriasis-affected regions.

## Diagnosis

The diagnosis of inverse psoriasis is typically clinical, and a physical examination should check for psoriasis in other parts of the body besides skin folds, such as mucosae.
When inverse psoriasis is the sole symptom of the illness, diagnosis might be challenging in certain situations and necessitate skin biopsies. In terms of histopathology, inverse psoriasis exhibits the typical pattern of plaque psoriasis, which includes rete ridge elongation and epidermal hyperplasia along with parakeratosis, acanthosis, suprapapillary plate thinning, granulosus layer reduction, and, in certain situations, Munro microabcesses and Kogoj micropustules. Spongiosis is more widespread and epidermal hyperplasia is less prominent than in classical plaque psoriasis.

## Treatment

The cornerstone of treatment for all types of psoriasis, including inverse psoriasis, is topical corticosteroids.
# On Stage at World Cafe Live (disambiguation)

On Stage at World Cafe Live is a DVD by American band Living Colour.
On Stage at World Cafe Live may also refer to:
* On Stage at World Cafe Live, a DVD by Duncan Sheik
* On Stage at World Cafe Live, a DVD by Jennifer Glass and Danielia Cotton
* On Stage at World Cafe Live, a DVD by Joshua Redman
* On Stage at World Cafe Live, a DVD by Marshall Crenshaw
* On Stage at World Cafe Live, a DVD by Naked Eyes
* On Stage at World Cafe Live, a DVD by Rhett Miller
* On Stage at World Cafe Live, a DVD by Rita Coolidge
* On Stage at World Cafe Live, a DVD by Shemekia Copeland
* On Stage at World Cafe Live, a DVD by Steve Forbert
* On Stage at World Cafe Live, a DVD by The Knack
# Johanne Schjørring

Helene Johanne Caroline Schjørring (née Krohne; 4 June 1836 in Skive – 9 March 1910 in Frederiksberg) was a Danish author of Bildungsroman novels, a genre of coming of age novels, such as Esther's History (1884), Sirius (1900), Lange Skygger (1904) and Iris (1907). A member of the Danish Women's Society, she was one of the first ten women in Denmark to be awarded state support for her writing in 1883.
# Heliophanus montanus

Heliophanus montanus is a jumping spider species in the genus Heliophanus. It was first described by Wanda Wesołowska in 2006 in Namibia.
# Oak Grove High School (North Carolina)

Oak Grove High School is a public high school in Midway, North Carolina, which opened in August 2017. The school is a part of the Davidson County Schools system, and is to help with the overcrowded Ledford Senior and North Davidson High Schools.

## History

Oak Grove first came to light in 2012, when the Davidson County Schools Board of Education approved a middle school in the Oak Grove area, to help with overcrowding at North Davidson and Ledford Middle schools. At the time, North Davidson High and Ledford Senior were past max student capacity. The long-awaited news came when the board approved for a new high school to be built near the current Oak Grove Middle School, and a bid was formally accepted in November 2015, for Samet to start construction. Hiring for Oak Grove began in early January 2017, with the posting guidance and athletic staff. Most of the school officially opened to students on August 28, 2017, (excludes the gym, Auxiliary gym, Fine Arts department, auditorium, and athletic facilities). The second half of the building opened on October 2, 2017.
For the first year of the school, it was only open to Freshman and Sophomores. Juniors were added in year two, and Seniors the following year. The "Class of 2020" was Oak Grove's first graduating class, and the "Class of 2021" was the first four-year graduating class.

## Feeder schools

* Friedberg Elementary
* Midway Elementary
* Wallburg Elementary
* Oak Grove Middle

## Athletics

The school is a part of the 3A Mid Piedmont Conference. The 2018–19 school year was the first year the school had a varsity football team. The athletic director for Oak Grove is Stan Smith.
The sports teams of Oak Grove are:
* Baseball
* Basketball
* Cross Country
* Golf
* Football
* Soccer
* Softball
* Swimming
* Tennis
* Track and field
* Volleyball
* Wrestling

### Sporting achievements

| Year | Achievements |
| 2019 | NCHSAA 1A/2A Girls' Golf Champions |
# Helena Guttormsdotter

Helena Guttormsdotter, fl 1205, was a Swedish noble and landholder, known as the royal mistress of Valdemar II of Denmark.
Helena was the daughter of a Swedish Jarl, Guttorm. She married the Danish noble Esbern Snare and became the mother of Lady Ingeborg of Kalundborg. She was widowed in 1204, and had a relationship with Valdemar II, with whom she had Canute, Duke of Estonia. The relationship was terminated when he married Dagmar of Bohemia. Helena returned to Sweden, where she founded the chapel Vår Frus kapell in Linköping. She was a landholder in Sweden, and left her estates there to her son after her death.
# List of gliders (J)

This is a list of gliders/sailplanes of the world, (this reference lists most gliders with references, where available) Note: Any aircraft can glide for a short time, but gliders are designed to glide for longer.

## J
### Jach

(Franciszek Jach)
* Jach Bimbuś (Bimbo) No.3 – Second Polish Glider Contest 17 May – 15 June 1925
* Jach Żabuś (Froggy) – First Polish Glider Contest August 1923
* Jach Żabuś 2 (Froggy 2) No.4 – Second Polish Glider Contest 17 May – 15 June 1925

### Janka

(Zoltán Janka)
* Janka Gyöngyös 33
* Janka Kócsag
* Janka-Rotter Vándor (Zoltán Janka – Lajos Rotter / MOVERO workshop, Gyöngyös)

### Jansson-Thor

(Bengt Jansson & Hank Thor)
* Jansson-Thor BJ-1B Duster
* Jansson-Thor BJ-1 Dyna Mite

### Japanese Imperial Army Gliders

* Ku-5
* Ku-9
* Ku-10
* Ku-12
* Ku-14

### Janowski

(Jaroslaw Janowski)
* Janowsky J-5 Marco –
* Janowsky J-6 Fregata

### Jasiński-Czarnecki Czajka

(Jasiński & Czarnecki)
* Jasiński & Czarnecki Czajka (Lapwing) No.15 – Second Polish Glider Contest 17 May – 15 June 1925

### Jastreb

(Jastreb Fabrika Aviona i Jedrilica – Jastreb Aeroplane and Glider Factory)
* Jastreb Cirrus 17-VTC
* Jastreb Cirrus 75-VTC
* Jastreb Cirrus G/81
* Jastreb Kosava-2-S
* Jastreb Vuk-T (Tomislav Dragović)
* Jastreb Šole 77

### Jaworski

(Wiktor Jaworski)
* Jaworski WJ 3

### Jefferson

(G. Jefferson)
* Jefferson 1933 glider

### Jelgava

* Jelgava I
* Jelgava-Hütter 17

### Jensen

(Volmer S. Jensen, Burbank, CA)
* Martin M-1
* Volmer J-14
* Jensen VJ-11
* Jensen VJ-21
* Volmer VJ-22 Sportsman
* Volmer VJ-23 Swingwing
* Volmer VJ-24W SunFun

### Jobagy

(John Jobagy)
* Jobagy Bagyjo

### Johnson

(Dick Johnson)
* Johnson RHJ-6 Adastra

### Joly

(Édouard Joly)
* Joly Motoplaneur
* Joly CAB 44

### Jongblood

(Mike Jongblood)
* Jongblood Primary

### Jonker

(Jonker Sailplanes / Attie Jonker)
* Jonker JS-1 Revelation
* Jonker JG-1
* Jonker JS-3 Rapture

### Jubi

(Jubi Sportflugzeugbau GmbH)
* Jubi K-13

### Junkers

(Junkers Flugzeug-Werke A.G.)
* Junkers Ju 322 Mammut – Mammoth
# Museum of Contemporary Art, Isfahan

The Museum of Contemporary Art is a contemporary art museum in Isfahan, Iran, located next to the Museum of Natural History. The museum is housed in the Chaharbagh Palace, originally built in 17th century under Safavid rule.

## Building

Dates from the 17th century, the building was a small royal museum during the Safavid period, located near Chehel Sotoun palace and the center of Isfahan. It was known as Jobbeh Khaneh (house of weapons) in the Safavid period, as the museum housed a collection of military artifacts. Rebuilt during Qajar rule, the building has been decorated by stuccoed forms, which are the principal architectural feature of the Qajar period. There are many patterns of flowers and vase, which are a distinctive feature of decoration in the Qajar period. This feature is one that distinguishes the Qajar age from the Safavid age, in which flowers were never in vases.

## Museum

The museum is open from 9 a.m. to 12 p.m. and from 5 to 8 p.m. in the spring and summer. In the autumn and winter, it is open from 9 a.m. to 12 p.m. and 4 to 7 p.m.
# McGirt

McGirt is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Buddy McGirt (born 1964), American boxing trainer and retired boxer
* Daniel McGirt (c. 1750–1804), American outlaw and soldier
* Dan McGirt (born 1967), American comic fantasy author
* Eddie McGirt (1920–1999), American football and basketball coach
* James Ephraim McGirt (1874–1930), American poet, publisher, and businessman
* William McGirt (born 1979), American professional golfer
# Prionovolva brevis

Prionovolva brevis is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Ovulidae, the ovulids, cowry allies or false cowries.

## Description

The shell size varies between 6 mm and 22 mm

## Distribution

This species is distributed in the Pacific Ocean along Japan, Taiwan, the Philippines, Papua New Guinea and New South Wales, Australia and in the Indian Ocean along Somalia.