# Hague Evidence Convention

The Convention on the Taking of Evidence Abroad in Civil or Commercial Matters—more commonly referred to as the Hague Evidence Convention—is a multilateral treaty which was drafted under the auspices of the Hague Conference on Private International Law (HCPIL). The treaty was negotiated in 1967 and 1968 and signed in The Hague on 18 March 1970. It entered into force in 1972. It allows transmission of letters of request (letters rogatory) from one signatory state (where the evidence is sought) to another signatory state (where the evidence is located) without recourse to consular and diplomatic channels. Inside the US, obtaining evidence under the Evidence Convention can be compared to comity.
The Hague Evidence Convention was not the first convention to address the transmission of evidence from one state to another. The 1905 Civil Procedure Convention—also signed in The Hague—contained provisions dealing with the transmission of evidence. However, that earlier convention did not command wide support and was only ratified by 22 countries.

## Substantive provisions
### Central authorities and procedures

The convention establishes a procedure whereby each contracting state designates a "central authority" to receive and review incoming "letters of request" for taking evidence in that country.
The central authority reviews the letter of request to determine that it complies with the requirements of the convention. If the letter of request does comply, the central authority then "transmits" the letter of request "to the authority competent to execute" it (article 2), which essentially means to a court.
Under Article 9, the judicial authority that executes a letter of request applies its own law as to the methods and procedures for executing the letter of request.
Under article 13, (a) the documents establishing the execution of the letter of request are to be sent by the requested authority (the recipient of the letter of request) to the requesting authority by the same channel that was used by the requesting authority, and (b) whenever the letter of request is not executed (in whole or in part), the requesting authority is to be informed immediately and advised of the reasons.

### Pre-trial discovery

The convention also applies to pre-trial discovery: obtaining of evidence prior to trial without the prior approval of a judge. While this is a common practice in many common law countries, it was felt unacceptable by many others. Countries can however object to application to pre-trial discovery through an objection according to Article 23. As of April 2019, the convention applies to pre-trial discovery in 15 countries. 26 states have objected fully excluding pretrial discovery, while 17 others have restricted its applicability.
An example of a partial objection to pre-trial discovery is from Mexico, requiring the start of the judicial proceedings, identifiability of the documents and a clear relationship between the requested documents and the pending proceedings:
   C) FORMULATION OF PRE-TRIAL DISCOVERY OF DOCUMENTS
   4. With reference to Article 23 of the Convention, the United Mexican States declares that according to Mexican law, it shall only be able to comply with letters of request issued for the purpose of obtaining the production and transcription of documents when the following requirements are met: (a) that the judicial proceeding has been commenced; (b) that the documents are reasonably identifiable as to date, subject and other relevant information and that the request specifies those facts and circumstances that lead the requesting party to reasonable believe that the requested documents are known to the person from whom they are requested or that they are in his possession or under his control or custody;
   (c) that the direct relationship between the evidence or information sought and the pending proceeding be identified.

## Parties

As of 2023, there are 66 states which are parties of the Hague Evidence Convention. 60 of the HCPIL member states are party to the Hague Evidence Convention. In addition, six states that are not members of the HCPIL (Barbados, Colombia, Kuwait, Liechtenstein, Nicaragua and Seychelles) have joined the Hague Evidence Convention. Article 39 of the Hague Evidence Convention expressly permits states which were not members of the HCPIL at the time of the conclusion of the treaty to accede to the Convention.
| State | Date of Ratification | Comments |
| Albania | 16 July 2010 | |
| Andorra | 26 April 2017 | |
| Argentina | 8 May 1987 | |
| Armenia | 27 June 2012 | |
| Australia | 23 October 1992 | |
| Barbados | 5 March 1981 | |
| Belarus | 7 August 2001 | |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | 16 June 2008 | |
| Brazil | 9 April 2014 | |
| Bulgaria | 23 November 1999 | |
| China, People's Republic of | 8 December 1997 | including the Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong and Macao |
| Colombia | 13 January 2012 | |
| Costa Rica | 16 March 2016 | |
| Croatia | 1 October 2009 | |
| Cyprus | 13 January 1983 | |
| Czech Republic | 28 June 1993 | succession of the ratification of Czechoslovakia in 1976 |
| Denmark | 20 June 1972 | |
| El Salvador | 19 January 2023 | |
| Estonia | 2 February 1996 | |
| Finland | 7 April 1976 | |
| France | 7 August 1974 | Complete territory |
| Georgia | 31 May 2021 | |
| Germany | 27 April 1979 | |
| Greece | 18 January 2005 | |
| Hungary | 13 July 2004 | |
| Iceland | 10 November 2008 | |
| India | 7 February 2007 | |
| Israel | 19 July 1979 | |
| Italy | 22 June 1982 | |
| Kazakhstan | 26 September 2016 | |
| Kuwait | 8 May 2002 | |
| Latvia | 28 March 1995 | |
| Liechtenstein | 12 November 2008 | |
| Lithuania | 2 August 2000 | |
| Luxembourg | 26 July 1977 | |
| Macedonia | 13 March 2009 | |
| Malta | 24 February 2011 | |
| Montenegro | 16 January 2012 | |
| State | Date of Ratification | Comments |
| Mexico | 27 July 1989 | |
| Morocco | 24 March 2011 | |
| Monaco | 17 January 1986 | |
| Montenegro | 16 January 2012 | |
| Netherlands | 8 April 1981 | European Netherlands and Aruba |
| Nicaragua | 27 February 2019 | |
| Norway | 3 August 1972 | |
| Paraguay | 23 June 2023 | |
| Poland | 13 February 1996 | |
| Portugal | 12 March 1975 | |
| Romania | 21 August 2003 | |
| Russia | 1 May 2001 | |
| Serbia | 2 July 2010 | |
| Seychelles | 7 January 2004 | |
| Singapore | 27 October 1978 | |
| Slovakia | 15 March 1993 | succession of the ratification of Czechoslovakia in 1976 |
| Slovenia | 18 November 2000 | |
| South Africa | 8 July 1997 | |
| South Korea | 14 December 2009 | |
| Spain | 22 May 1987 | |
| Sri Lanka | 30 October 2000 | |
| Sweden | 2 May 1975 | |
| Switzerland | 2 November 1994 | |
| Turkey | 13 August 2004 | |
| Ukraine | 1 February 2001 | |
| United Kingdom | 16 July 1976 | Including Akrotiri and Dhekelia, Anguila, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Gibraltar, Guernsey, Isle of Man, Jersey |
| United States | 8 August 1972 | Including Guam, Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands |
| Venezuela | 1 November 1993 | |
| Vietnam | 3 May 2020 | |

## Practical operation in member states

At least two member states authorize private lawyers to be involved in the evidence-gathering process. Under the law of the British Virgin Islands, if a witness is summoned to testify pursuant to a letter of request, a legal practitioner for any party may administer the oath to the witness.
The availability of a private lawyer to be directly involved is even more broad under Israeli law. As noted above, Israel has not issued an article 23 declaration. Israeli law provides, pursuant to the Legal Assistance Among States Law 1998, for the possibility of the appointment of a private lawyer to oversee the process of taking evidence under the convention. That statute also governs the procedure for evidence-gathering in Israel in aid of foreign criminal investigations. As a result, even in civil matters (including Hague Evidence Convention requests), the Israeli court system usually assigns letters of request to judges in the criminal division. Due to that allocation, most Israeli decisions issued in connection with international evidence-gathering are stamped "closed doors," which essentially means that it is unlawful to publish the decision.
The American Bar Association conducted a survey to receive feedback from American lawyers concerning their experience with the letter of request procedures under the Hague Evidence Convention. The ABA published the results of the survey in October 2003, and its Conclusions section begins as follows:
   The Hague Evidence Convention has been remarkably successful in bridging differences between the common law and civil law approaches to obtaining evidence and has significantly streamlined the procedures for compulsion of evidence from abroad.

## Obtaining evidence outside the convention

Insofar as requests to United States courts are concerned, parties may also use the simpler discovery provision codified at 28 U.S.C. § 1782 (see Section 1782 Discovery).
Between states of the European Union, the convention has largely been supplanted by Council Regulation (EC) No. 1206/2001 on Cooperation Between the Courts of the Member States in the Taking of Evidence in Civil or Commercial Matters.