# List of historical separatist movements in Africa

This is a list of historical separatist movements in Africa. Separatism includes autonomism and secessionism.

## Criteria

What is and is not considered an autonomist or secessionist movement is sometimes contentious. Entries on this list must meet three criteria:
* They are no longer an active movement with active members.
* They are demanded greater autonomy or self-determination for a geographic region (as opposed to personal autonomy).
* They were citizens/people of the conflict area and did not come from another country.
Under each region listed is one or more of the following:
* De facto state (de facto entity): for unrecognized regions with de facto autonomy.
* Proposed state: proposed name for a seceding sovereign state.
* Proposed autonomous area: for movements towards greater autonomy for an area but not outright secession.
** De facto autonomous government: for governments with de facto autonomous control over a region.
** Government-in-exile: for a government based outside of the region in question, with or without control.
** Political party (or parties): for political parties involved in a political system to push for autonomy or secession.
** Militant organisation(s): for armed organisations.
** Advocacy group(s): for non-belligerent, non-politically participatory entities.
** Ethnic/ethno-religious/racial/regional/religious group(s).

## List
### Algeria

(To Gain independence from Algeria on July 5, 1962)
* Political party: Mouvement D'Auto-Détermination De la Kabylie (MAK)
* Rebel organization: Front de Libération Nationale is calling for its dissolution. The French is describing it as a terrorist movement.
* Parallel government: Provisional

### Angola

* Political party: Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA)
* Parallel government: Revolutionary Government of Angola in Exile (GRAE)

### Botswana

* Political party: Botswana Democratic Party (BDP), Botswana People's Party (BPP)

### Burundi

* Political party: Union for National Progress (UPRONA)

### Cameroon

* Political party: Rassemblement camerounais (RACAM), Union of the Peoples of Cameroon (UPC)
* Rebel organizations: National Liberation Army of Kamerun (ALNK)

### Cape Verde and Guinea-Bissau

* Political party: African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC), Struggle Front for the National Independence of Guinea (FLING)

### Central African Republic

* Political party: Movement for the Social Evolution of Black Africa (MÉSAN)

### Côte d'Ivoire

* Rebel organization: Patriotic Movement of Côte d'Ivoire (MPCI)

### Democratic Republic of the Congo

* Political party: Mouvement National Congolais (MNC), ABAKO

#### Katanga

* Political party: Confederation of the Tribal Associations of Katanga (CONAKAT)

### Egypt

* Political party: Wafd Party

### Eritrea

* Rebel organization: Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF), Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF)

### France (associated territories)

* Réunion

   #### Autonomist movement

   * Political party: Communist Party of Réunion (which still exists, but has abandoned its goal of autonomy)

### Ghana

* Political party: Convention People's Party (CPP), United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC)
* Self-government experiment: Fante Confederation

### Kenya

* Political party: East Africa Association, Kenya African National Union (KANU), Kikuyu Central Association, Young Kikuyu Association
* Rebel organization: Kenya Land and Freedom Army (KLFA or Mau Mau)

### Mali

* Political party: Sudanese Union (US)

### Mauritius

* Political party: Mauritius Labour Party (MLP), Mauritian Militant Movement (MMM)

### Morocco

* Political party: Istiqlal Party, National Action Bloc

### Mozambique

* Political party: Mozambican Liberation Front (FRELIMO)

### Namibia

* Political party: South-West Africa People's Organisation (SWAPO), South West Africa National Union (SWANU)
* Rebel organizations: People's Liberation Army of Namibia (PLAN),

### Niger

* Political party: Nigerien Progressive Party, Sawaba

### Nigeria

* Political party: Nigerian National Democratic Party (NNDP), National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC), Action Group, Egbe Omo Oduduwa, Northern People's Congress
* Sessionist Entity: Indigenous People of Biafra

### São Tomé and Príncipe

* Political party: Committee for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe (CLSTP), Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe (MLSTP)

### Seychelles

* Political party: Seychelles Democratic Party (SDP), Seychelles People's United Party (SPUP)

### Sierra Leone

* Political party: Sierra Leone People's Party (SLPP), West African Youth League (WAYL)

### Somalia

* Political party: Somali Youth League (SYL)

#### Somaliland

* Rebel organization: Somali National Movement (SNM)

### South Africa

* Secessionist movement: Eastern Cape Separatist League

### Sudan

* Political party: Democratic Unionist Party (DUP), Sudanese Communist Party, Umma Party

### Tanzania
#### Tanganyika

* Political party: Tanganyika African Association, Tanganyika African National Union

#### Zanzibar

* Political party: Afro-Shirazi Party (ASP), Zanzibar Nationalist Party (ZNP)

### Tunisia

* Political party: Destour, Young Tunisians, Neo Destour (ND)

### Uganda

* Political party: Rwenzururu Secessionist Movement, Uganda People's Congress (UPC)

### Zambia

* Political party: Northern Rhodesian African National Congress, United National Independence Party (UNIP), Zambian African National Congress (ZANC)

### Zimbabwe

* Political party: Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU), Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU)
* Rebel organizations: Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army (ZANLA), Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA)