OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Daewoo dissolution and corruption scandal

The Daewoo dissolution and corruption scandal was a 1999–2006 scandal in South Korea involving the bankruptcy of Daewoo, then-country's second largest company, and a subsequent corruption investigation, involving arrests, escapes and eventual conviction of dozens of company's top executives. The resulting scandal has been described as one of the biggest scandals in South Korea.

## Background

Daewoo was a major South Korean conglomerate. Prior to the Asian financial crisis, Daewoo was the second largest conglomerate in Korea. By 1999, Daewoo went bankrupt, with debts of about US$50-80 billion.

## Corruption scandal

Soon after the demise, South Korean prosecutors filed charges against over 40 top executives, in what BBC described as the Daewoo corruption scandal. This was related to the discovery that company's auditors concealed the amount of debt, and that bribes of about 470 billion won were involved (close to US$400 million). Loss from bribery and corruption has been estimated to over US$1 billion.
Daewoo Chairman Kim Woo-choong fled to Vietnam, and former Daewoo factory workers put up "Wanted" posters with his picture. Kim returned to Korea in June 2005 and was promptly arrested. He was charged with masterminding accounting fraud of 41 trillion won (US$43.4 billion), illegally borrowing 9.8 trillion won (US$10.3 billion), and smuggling US$3.2 billion out of the country. On 30 May 2006, Kim was sentenced to 10 years in prison after being convicted of fraud and embezzlement. On the last day of the trial, Kim tearfully addressed the court, "I cannot dodge my responsibility of wrongly buttoning up the final button of fate." On 30 December 2007, Kim was granted amnesty by President Roh Moo-hyun.
# D. H. Lawrence: An Unprofessional Study

D. H. Lawrence: An Unprofessional Study was Anaïs Nin's first book in print, published by Edward W. Titus in Paris, 1932. The original edition saw 550 copies, and was relatively well received in the literary community. It is a study of the works of her literary hero D. H. Lawrence. The book is notable because it was published at a time when many critics were turning their backs on Lawrence. At the time, it was virtually unheard of for a woman to praise Lawrence, a man whose works had been very controversial, and in several cases, banned for their sexual content.
# DCMA Distinguished Civilian Service Award

The Distinguished Civilian Service Award is the highest honorary award of the United States Defense Contract Management Agency (DCMA). The award consists of a gold medal, lapel pin and certificate.
The award can be made to civilian employees of DCMA.
# Dalea mollis

Dalea mollis is a species of flowering plant in the legume family which is known by the common name hairy prairie clover.

## Distribution

This wildflower is native to the deserts of California, Arizona, and Northwestern Mexico.
It is a common member of the Mojave Desert and Sonoran Desert ecoregions. It forms a small, flat patches on the gravelly desert floor and on slopes and weedy roadsides.

## Description

Dalea mollis is a small cloverlike mat-forming annual legume with gland-dotted foliage covered thickly in long white hairs. The leaves are made up of several pairs of small, folded, oval-shaped leaflets each about a centimeter long. The plant flowers in pea-like blooms just under a centimeter wide which may be lavender, yellow, or white, sometimes bicolored. The fruit is a small, single-seeded legume pod.
# DAX1

DAX1 (dosage-sensitive sex reversal, adrenal hypoplasia critical region, on chromosome X, gene 1) is a nuclear receptor protein that in humans is encoded by the NR0B1 gene (nuclear receptor subfamily 0, group B, member 1). The NR0B1 gene is located on the short (p) arm of the X chromosome between bands Xp21.3 and Xp21.2, from base pair 30,082,120 to base pair 30,087,136.

## Function

This gene encodes a protein that lacks the normal DNA-binding domain contained in other nuclear receptors. The encoded protein acts as a dominant-negative regulator of transcription of other nuclear receptors including steroidogenic factor 1. This protein also functions as an anti-testis gene by acting antagonistically to SRY. Mutations in this gene result in both X-linked congenital adrenal hypoplasia and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism.
DAX1 plays an important role in the normal development of several hormone-producing tissues. These tissues include the adrenal glands above each kidney, the pituitary gland and hypothalamus, which are located in the brain, and the reproductive structures (the testes and ovaries). DAX1 controls the activity of certain genes in the cells that form these tissues during embryonic development. Proteins that control the activity of other genes are known as transcription factors. DAX1 also plays a role in regulating hormone production in these tissues after they have been formed.

## Role in disease

X-linked adrenal hypoplasia congenita is caused by mutations in the NR0B1 gene. More than 90 NR0B1 mutations that cause X-linked adrenal hypoplasia congenita have been identified. Many of these mutations delete all or part of the NR0B1 gene, preventing the production of DAX1 protein. Some mutations cause the production of an abnormally short protein. Other mutations cause a change in one of the building blocks (amino acids) of DAX1. These mutations are thought to result in a misshapen, nonfunctional protein. Loss of DAX1 function leads to adrenal insufficiency and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, which are the main characteristics of this disorder.
Duplication of genetic material on the X chromosome in the region that contains the NR0B1 gene can cause a condition called dosage-sensitive sex reversal. The extra copy of the NR0B1 gene prevents the formation of male reproductive tissues. People who have this duplication usually appear to be female, but are genetically male with both an X and a Y chromosome.
In some cases, genetic material is deleted from the X chromosome in a region that contains several genes, including NR0B1. This deletion results in a condition called adrenal hypoplasia congenita with complex glycerol kinase deficiency. In addition to the signs and symptoms of adrenal hypoplasia congenita, individuals with this condition may have elevated levels of lipids in their blood and urine and may have problems regulating blood sugar levels. In rare cases, the amount of genetic material deleted is even more extensive and affected individuals also have Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

## Interactions

DAX1 has been shown to interact with:
* COPS2,
* NRIP1,
* Steroidogenic factor 1, and
* SREBF1.
# Daily Local News

The Daily Local News is a daily newspaper based in Chester County, Pennsylvania. The newspaper covers Chester County news and provides limited coverage of neighboring Lancaster and Delaware counties. It covers local and national news, sports, culture, and entertainment. The paper published its first issue in West Chester on November 19, 1872. The paper is owned by Digital First Media.

## History

Daily Local News was founded by William H. Hodgson, son of John Hodgson, who published The Jeffersonian, a West Chester weekly affiliated with the Democratic Party, from 1855 to 1910. The Daily Local News began as a proceedings of the Chester County Teachers' Institute but rapidly morphed into Chester County's first daily newspaper, gaining 800 subscribers by June 1873 and becoming the highest circulating daily outside Philadelphia. Circulation rose to 14,741 subscribers in 1904. Hodgson remained publisher through 1909, when the Daily Local News Company formed to manage the newspaper.
The Daily Local News continued to circulate briskly throughout the twentieth century, adding a Sunday edition in 1986. As of 2013, it had a daily circulation of more than 25,000 and a Sunday reach of more than 28,000. The newspaper downsized in 2017, relocating its headquarters to its printing plant in Uwchlan and selling the West Chester building that had housed the paper since 1970.
Humorist Dave Barry worked at the paper from 1971 to 1977, starting as a reporter and becoming news editor in 1975. He continued to write a weekly humor column until the mid-1980s. Barry met his second wife, Beth Lenox, while they were both reporters at the paper.
# Leinesfjorden

Leinesfjorden or Myklebostad is the administrative centre of Steigen Municipality in Nordland county, Norway. The village is located about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) west of the village of Nordfold along the Leinesfjorden, the fjord after which the village is named. The local school is located here as well as Leinesfjord Chapel.
The 0.27-square-kilometre (67-acre) village has a population (2023) of 251 and a population density of 930 inhabitants per square kilometre (2,400/sq mi).
# DBridge

dBridge, also known as Velvit (born Darren White), is an English drum and bass record producer whose career began during the genre's conception in the early 1990s. dBridge was part of the duo Future Forces Inc., a project made with DJ Maldini, with releases on the record label Renegade Hardware. Later, they joined Fresh and Vegas to form the drum and bass supergroup Bad Company, of which dBridge was a member of during the late 1990s and early 2000s. During his time with Bad Company, they released the tracks "Planet Dust", "Nitrous", and "The Nine".
dBridge released his first solo album, The Gemini Principle, in 2008. dBridge owns his own record imprint, Exit Records. In 2011, Exit released a compilation called Mosaic Vol 1. Mosaic Vol 2 followed in 2013. In 2013 he collaborated with Kid Drama on Heart Drive, a project consisting of a series of podcasts previewing autonomic tracks from the duo. dBridge started creating techno and house music in 2015 under the alias Velvit. Other projects of his include collaborations with producers Instra:mental (see autonomic podcasts), Fierce, Break, Survival, Calibre, and Skream.
# Czechoslovak myth

The Czechoslovak myth is a narrative that Czechoslovakia between 1918 and 1938 was a tolerant and liberal democratic country, oriented towards Western Europe, and free of antisemitism compared to other countries in Central Europe and Eastern Europe. For example, the country was described as "a welcoming and tolerant place for Jews," and an "island of democracy in Eastern Europe".

## Jewish aspect

The alleged architects of the myth were Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk and Edvard Beneš. Tatjana Lichtenstein notes that these politicians were "often depicted as tolerant, progressive, and politically sophisticated strategists bestowing rights on 'their' Jews". However, Masaryk endorsed antisemitic theories about Jewish control of the press, writing to Beneš in October 1918: "Hilsner helped us a lot now: Zionists and other Jews have publicly accepted our programme." Beneš refused to sign a treaty guaranteeing minority rights to Czechoslovak Jews because he declared it to be a form of defamation against Czechoslovakia. When Jewish activists pressed the issue, Beneš referred to increasing antisemitism in Czechoslovakia and warned that further demands could "provoke renewed recriminations from one side or the other". The myth of Czechoslovak exceptionalism was promoted in polemic fashion and exploited for political gain by Czechoslovak politicians from the Paris Peace Conference after World War I, throughout the First Czechoslovak Republic and the Czechoslovak government-in-exile, and in the Third Czechoslovak Republic until the 1948 Communist coup. Jan Láníček emphasizes the importance of a 1930 issue of the Jewish Daily Bulletin, dedicated to Masaryk and featuring praise from American Jewish leaders Stephen Samuel Wise and Felix Frankfurter, as well as the Zionist Vladimir Jabotinsky and American vice president Charles Curtis, especially for Masaryk's support for Zionism.

## "Masaryk cult"

According to Andrea Orzoff the "Masaryk cult", an element in the Czechoslovak myth, exaggerates the importance and positive qualities of Masaryk, while downplaying the role that domestic resistance played in securing Czechoslovak independence. However, historians disagree on whether "cult of personality" is the right term, noting the differences between Masaryk and Joseph Stalin.

## Historicity

Orzoff notes that "all successful myths incorporate elements of generally recognized truth": Czechoslovakia was the last central European state to retain its democracy, up until 1938; its minorities enjoyed greater protections than in other countries; and Czechoslovakia was in many respects closer to Western Europe than its neighbors. She does not intend the term "myth" to be pejorative: "Rather, the term “myth” helps highlight the essentialist, fabulistic narrative underscoring political and academic discourse on the “natively democratic” Czechs and Czechoslovakia since 1918". However, the narrative is inconsistent with some events in Czechoslovak history, such as antisemitic violence between 1918 and 1920.
# Lemyra costimacula

Lemyra costimacula is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by John Henry Leech in 1899. It is found in China (Sichuan and Yunnan).
# Lemyra eximia

Lemyra eximia is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by Charles Swinhoe in 1891. It is found in southern India.
# Lehmer pair

In the study of the Riemann hypothesis, a Lehmer pair is a pair of zeros of the Riemann zeta function that are unusually close to each other. They are named after Derrick Henry Lehmer, who discovered the pair of zeros
    ${\begin{aligned}&{\tfrac {1}{2}}+i\,7005.06266\dots \\[4pt]&{\tfrac {1}{2}}+i\,7005.10056\dots \end{aligned}}$
(the 6709th and 6710th zeros of the zeta function).
More precisely, a Lehmer pair can be defined as having the property that their complex coordinates $\gamma _{n}$ and $\gamma _{n+1}$ obey the inequality
    ${\frac {1}{(\gamma _{n}-\gamma _{n+1})^{2}}}\geq C\sum _{m\notin \{n,n+1\}}\left({\frac {1}{(\gamma _{m}-\gamma _{n})^{2}}}+{\frac {1}{(\gamma _{m}-\gamma _{n+1})^{2}}}\right)$
for a constant $C>5/4$.
It is an unsolved problem whether there exist infinitely many Lehmer pairs. If so, it would imply that the De Bruijn–Newman constant is non-negative, a fact that has been proven unconditionally by Brad Rodgers and Terence Tao.
# Dale Church

Dale Church may refer to several churches:
* Dale Church (Fjaler), a church in Fjaler Municipality in Vestland county, Norway
* Dale Church (Luster), a church in Luster Municipality in Vestland county, Norway
* Dale Church (Vaksdal), a church in Vaksdal Municipality in Vestland county, Norway
* Norddal Church, also known as Dale Church, a church in Fjord Municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway
# DEPT

DEPT may refer to:
* DEPT (medicine), directed enzyme prodrug therapy
* Distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer
* Céline Dept, Belgian influencer (born 1998)
* Department (disambiguation)
# D. Harold McNamara

Delbert Harold McNamara, Ph.D. (June 28, 1923 - January 9, 2014) was an American astronomer at Brigham Young University and an internationally recognized authority in intrinsic variable and eclipsing binary stars.
McNamara received his Ph.D. from the University of California at Berkeley in 1950. His dissertation was entitled "A Two Color Photometric Study of the Eclipsing Variable, YZ Cassiopeia". Following his Ph.D. he spent five years teaching and researching with the renown Professor Otto Struve. In 1955, he joined Brigham Young University as the first faculty member whose training was primarily in the field of astronomy. He then inaugurated the graduate program in astrophysics at BYU in 1957. He authored or co-authored more than 100 publications and has presented in different countries around the world.
McNamara was a recipient of the Lick Observatory Fellowship while a graduate student at Berkeley. He was a guest investigator at the McDonald Observatory in Texas, guest investigator at the Mount Wilson and Mount Palomar Observatories in California, guest investigator at the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory in Chile and principal scientist at the Space Sciences Laboratory in California.
From 1968 to 1991, McNamara was editor of the Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. In 1987 he founded the Conference Series, which has grown to become one of the community's leading publishers of conference proceedings. McNamara was also a member of the Board of Directors of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific from 1968 to 1969.
In 2000 McNamara received the George Van Biesbroeck Prize by the American Astronomical Society for "long-term extraordinary or unselfish service to astronomy". He was honored in 2010 with the Distinguished Service Award by the Utah Academy of Sciences, Arts & Letters. Other rewards and recognition include the Karl G. Maeser Research Award in 1966, the Fourth Distinguished Annual Faculty Lecture from Brigham Young University in 1967 and the Wesley P. Lloyd Memorial Award in 1982-83.
McNamara served in the United States Navy during World War II (1943–1946) and retired as a Lieutenant JG.
McNamara was a member of the American Astronomical Society, Astronomical Society of the Pacific, the International Astronomical Union and Sigma Xi.
# Leo E. Litwak

Leo E. Litwak (May 28, 1924 – July 27, 2018) was an American short story writer and novelist.

## Life

He attended Wayne State University and Columbia University. He taught at San Francisco State University. He was a medic in World War II, which was the subject of his 2001 memoir, The Medic: Life and Death in the Last Days of WWII.
His work appeared in The New York Times and TriQuarterly. His papers are held at Washington University Libraries.
Litwak's daughter is playwright and actress Jessica Litwak. He has two grand children, Emil Weinstein and Sophia Litwak. He was the son of union leader Isaac Litwak, whose life was the basis of Leo Litwak's novel, Waiting for the News.

## Awards

* 1970 Guggenheim Fellow
* 1970 National Jewish Book Award for Waiting for the News
* 1990 O. Henry Award

## Works

* "The Eleventh Edition" TriQuarterly, No. 74, Winter 1989

### Novels

* To the Hanging Gardens (1964) Andre Deutsch
* Waiting for the News (1969)

### Non-fiction

* College Days in Earthquake Country (1971)
* Medic 2001

### Anthologies

* Leonard Michaels; David Reid; Raquel Scherr, eds. (1995). "Spirits". West of the West: imagining California : an anthology. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-20164-4.
* Jerome Charyn, ed. (1969). The single voice: an anthology of contemporary fiction. Collier Books.
* Saul Bellow, ed. (1963). Great Jewish Short Stories. Dell. ISBN 9780440331223.

### Criticism

* Leo E. Litwak (January 29, 1967). "Hell's Angels". The New York Times Book Review.
* LEO E. LITWAK (January 29, 1967). "On the Wild Side". The New York Times.
* Leo E. Litwak (December 31, 1967). "A Trip to Esalen Institute--". The New York Times.
# Chaloupka

Chaloupka (feminine Chaloupková) is a Czech surname meaning "little cottage". People with the surname include:
* Eva Chaloupková, Czech swimmer
* Frank Chaloupka, American health economist
* George Chaloupka (1932–2011), Czechoslovak-born Australian anthropologist
* Pavel Chaloupka (born 1959), Czech footballer
* Petr Chaloupka (born 1985), Czech ice hockey player
# Bighorn Cave

Bighorn Cave, in Mohave County, Arizona near Oatman, is an archeological site that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988. It has also been listed as archeological site AZ F:15:1 (BLM) and as NA 18,616 (Museum of Northern Arizona).
It is located in the Black Mountains in west-central Arizona. Humans occupied the site during a 3,000 year period.
# Earl B. Thompson

Earl B. Thompson (died 1924) was an American football coach, and the very first football coach of Harding College, in 1924.
According to the Harding yearbook The Petit Jean, he was killed in a car wreck 3 or 4 games into the season. Afterward, the team dissolved for the year:
   "Our coach was killed in a car wreck... For this reason we did not play anymore. He was a competent Coach and loved by all of us, we did not feel disposed to play after that. Next year we hope to have a strong team, with the ones who are here his year that expect to be back."
It is not known if that statement was written by representatives of the team itself, or by editors of the yearbook staff. Thompson's name was not mentioned in the entry. He was referred to as "our coach."
The first game in Harding football history was a 0–38 loss to College of the Ozarks. The next two games were a win over Dardanelle High School and a 10–7 victory over Arkansas Tech University's third string team. Arkansas Tech would still be a Harding rival a century later.
# St. Lucy's Chapel (Cochecton, New York)

The Chapel of St. Lucy is a former Roman Catholic parish church under the authority of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York, located in Cochecton, Sullivan County, New York. The parish was established in 1884 as a mission of Holy Cross in Callicoon; the parish closed after 1965.
# Luftwaffe order of battle April 1940

For its campaign against Norway and Denmark during World War II, the German Luftwaffe had the following order of battle on 9 April 1940.

## X. Fliegerkorps

Commanded by Generalleutnant Hans Geisler
| Parent unit | Geschwader Base | Unit (Gruppe/Staffel) | Aircraft Type | Commanding Officer |
| Jagdgeschwader 77 | Husum | II. Gruppe | Messerschmitt Bf 109E | Hauptmann Karl Hentschel |
| Zerstörergeschwader 26 | Barth | I, II. Gruppe | Messerschmitt Bf 110C | Hauptmann Karl Kaschka/ Wilhelm Makrocki |
| Zerstörergeschwader 76 | Westerland | I. Gruppe | Messerschmitt Bf 110C | |
| Zerstörergeschwader 1 | Westerland | III. Gruppe | Messerschmitt Bf 110C | |
| Kampfgeschwader 4 | Fassberg | Stab, and II. Gruppe | Heinkel He 111 | |
| Kampfgeschwader 4 | Perleberg | I. Gruppe | Heinkel He 111 | |
| Kampfgeschwader 4 | Lüneburg | III. Gruppe | Heinkel He 111 | |
| Kampfgeschwader 26 | Varel | Stab, and I. Gruppe | Heinkel He 111 | |
| Kampfgeschwader 26 | Marx | II. Gruppe | Heinkel He 111 | |
| KGr100 | Nordholz | | Heinkel He 111 | |
| Kampfgeschwader 30 | Westerland | Stab, I., II., III., and Z. Gruppe | Heinkel He 111 | |
| Sturzkampfgeschwader 1 | Kiel-Holtena | I. Gruppe | Junkers Ju 87B and R | Major Paul-Werner Hozzel |
| 1.(F)/Aufklärungs-Gruppe 122 | Hamburg–Fuhlsbüttel | I. Gruppe | Heinkel He 111 | |
| Wetterkette | Hamburg-Fuhlsbüttel | | Heinkel He 111 | |
| Korpstransportstaffel | Hamburg-Fuhlsbüttel | | Junkers Ju 52 | |
| 1.(F)/Aufklärungs-Gruppe 120 | Lübeck/Kiel | | Dornier Do 17 and Heinkel He 111 | |
# Gedan

Gedan (下段), meaning roughly "lower level", is one of the three heights commonly referred to in Japanese martial arts. It refers specifically to the lower part of the body, from the belt on the karategi and below.