OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Atholl, Gauteng

Atholl is a suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa. It is located in Region E. Atholl was the name of a former district in the Scottish Highlands, which is now part of the Perth and Kinross council area.
# Atholhurst

Atholhurst is a suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa. It is located in Region E.
# Jack Short (betrayer of William Wallace)

Jack Short was the betrayer of Scottish legend Sir William Wallace. He was Wallace's servant, and relayed information to the Scottish baron John de Menteith, resulting in Wallace's capture and execution. According to the chronicler Piers Langtoft, Wallace had slain Jack's brother.
# Athletics at the 1975 Pan American Games – Men's long jump

The men's long jump event at the 1975 Pan American Games was held in Mexico City on 13 October.

## Medalists

| Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| João Carlos de Oliveira Brazil | Arnie Robinson United States | Al Lanier United States |

## Results
### Qualification

Qualification performance: 7.20
| Rank | Name | Nationality | Result | Notes |
| 1 | Al Lanier | United States | 7.98 | Q |
| 2 | João Carlos de Oliveira | Brazil | 7.65 | Q |
| 3 | Arnie Robinson | United States | 7.49 | Q |
| 4 | Henry Jackson | Jamaica | 7.34 | Q |
| 5 | Rick Cuttell | Canada | 7.32 | Q |
| 6 | Ronaldo Lobato | Brazil | 7.28 | Q |
| 7 | Francisco Gómez | Cuba | 7.27 | Q |
| 8 | Milán Matos | Cuba | 7.26 | Q |
| 9 | George Swanston | Trinidad and Tobago | 7.25 | Q |
| 9 | Barry Boyd | Canada | 7.25 | Q |
| 11 | Dennis Trott | Bermuda | 7.18 | q |
| 12 | Fletcher Lewis | Bahamas | 6.72 | q |

### Final

| Rank | Name | Nationality | #1 | #2 | #3 | #4 | #5 | #6 | Result |
| | João Carlos de Oliveira | Brazil | 8.02 | x | 8.19 | 7.95 | – | 7.98 | 8.19 |
| | Arnie Robinson | United States | 7.94 | 7.63 | x | – | 7.45 | x | 7.94 |
| | Al Lanier | United States | x | x | 7.60 | 7.91 | – | – | 7.91 |
| 4 | Milán Matos | Cuba | | | | | | | 7.69 |
| 5 | Ronaldo Lobato | Brazil | | | | | | | 7.67 |
| 6 | Francisco Gómez | Cuba | | | | | | | 7.66 |
| 7 | Rick Cuttell | Canada | 7.29 | x | 7.65 | 7.58 | x | x | 7.65 |
| 8 | George Swanston | Trinidad and Tobago | | | | | | | 7.44 |
| 9 | Barry Boyd | Canada | 7.22 | 6.99 | 6.92 | | | | 7.22 |
| 10 | Henry Jackson | Jamaica | | | | | | | 7.17 |
| 11 | Fletcher Lewis | Bahamas | | | | | | | 7.15 |
| 12 | Dennis Trott | Bermuda | | | | | | | 6.86 |
# Athletics at the 1991 Pan American Games – Men's 400 metres

The men's 400 metres event at the 1991 Pan American Games was held in Havana, Cuba on 4 and 5 August.

## Medalists

| Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| Roberto Hernández Cuba | Ian Morris Trinidad and Tobago | Jeff Reynolds United States |

## Results
### Heats

| Rank | Heat | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| 1 | 1 | Roberto Hernández | Cuba | 45.54 | Q |
| 2 | 2 | Ian Morris | Trinidad and Tobago | 45.63 | Q |
| 3 | 3 | Quincy Watts | United States | 46.02 | Q |
| 4 | 2 | Jeff Reynolds | United States | 46.06 | Q |
| 5 | 1 | Howard Burnett | Jamaica | 46.20 | Q |
| 6 | 2 | Jorge Valentín | Cuba | 46.22 | q |
| 7 | 1 | Seibert Straughn | Barbados | 46.63 | q |
| 8 | 3 | Michael Anderson | Jamaica | 46.67 | Q |
| 9 | 1 | Tommy Asinga | Suriname | 46.89 | NR |
| 10 | 3 | Carlos Morales | Chile | 47.00 | |
| 11 | 3 | Alvin Daniel | Trinidad and Tobago | 47.17 | |
| 11 | 3 | Ronald Thorne | Barbados | 47.17 | |
| 13 | 2 | Roberto Bortolotto | Brazil | 47.22 | |
| 14 | 2 | Anthony Wilson | Canada | 47.29 | |
| 15 | 1 | Mike McLean | Canada | 47.49 | |
| 16 | 3 | Desai Wynter | United States Virgin Islands | 47.97 | |
| 17 | 3 | Eversley Linley | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 48.15 | |
| 18 | 1 | Keith Smith | United States Virgin Islands | 48.22 | |
| 19 | 1 | William Archer | British Virgin Islands | 48.65 | |
| 19 | 2 | Howard Lindsey | Antigua and Barbuda | 48.65 | |
| 21 | 1 | Eswort Coombs | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 49.32 | |
| 22 | 3 | John Palacio | Belize | 50.18 | |
| | 2 | Michael Joseph | Belize | DNS | |

### Final

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time |
| | Roberto Hernández | Cuba | 44.52 |
| | Ian Morris | Trinidad and Tobago | 45.24 |
| | Jeff Reynolds | United States | 45.81 |
| 4 | Quincy Watts | United States | 46.01 |
| 5 | Jorge Valentín | Cuba | 46.03 |
| 6 | Howard Burnett | Jamaica | 46.10 |
| 7 | Seibert Straughn | Barbados | 46.67 |
| 8 | Michael Anderson | Jamaica | 47.92 |
# Aspergillopeptidase A

Aspergillopeptidase A may refer to:
* Penicillopepsin, EC 3.4.23.20
* Rhizopuspepsin, EC 3.4.23.21
* Endothiapepsin, EC 3.4.23.22
* Mucorpepsin, EC 3.4.23.23
* Candidapepsin, EC 3.4.23.24
* Saccharopepsin, EC 3.4.23.25
* Rhodotorulapepsin, EC 3.4.23.26
* Physaropepsin, EC 3.4.23.27, now EC 3.4.21.103, physarolisin
* Acrocylindropepsin, EC 3.4.23.28
* Polyporopepsin, EC 3.4.23.29
* Pycnoporopepsin, EC 3.4.23.30
# Aspergillopepsin I

Aspergillopepsin I (EC 3.4.23.18, Aspergillus acid protease, Aspergillus acid proteinase, Aspergillus aspartic proteinase, Aspergillus awamori acid proteinase, Aspergillus carboxyl proteinase, carboxyl proteinase, Aspergillus kawachii aspartic proteinase, Aspergillus saitoi acid proteinase, pepsin-type aspartic proteinase, Aspergillus niger acid proteinase, sumizyme AP, proctase P, denapsin, denapsin XP 271, proctase) is an enzyme. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
    Hydrolysis of proteins with broad specificity. Generally favours hydrophobic residues in P1 and P1', but also accepts Lys in P1, which leads to activation of trypsinogen. Does not clot milk
This enzyme is found in a variety of Aspergillus species.
# Aspergillic acid

Aspergillic acid is an organic chemical compound with the molecular formula C$_{12}$H$_{20}$N$_2$O$_2$. It has a pale yellow crystalline appearance. Aspergillic acid is most commonly known as an antibiotic and antifungal agent that is derived from certain strains of the fungus Aspergillus flavus.

## History

In 1940, Edwin C. White and Justina H. Hill discovered that a fungal strain of Aspergillus flavus growing in a surface culture on a tryptone-salt was capable of producing a bactericidal filtrate. It has also been shown to be a bactericidal for some Gram-negative as well as Gram-positive bacteria. Over the next few years they worked off this discovery and succeeded to isolate the active material in the crystalline form. In 1943 they managed to isolate this antibiotic compound and called it aspergillic acid primarily because of its origin and acidic properties. Scientists have since been working with the Aspergillus flavus strain to produce various types of antibacterial substances.

## Structure

The structure of aspergillic acid was identified by Dutcher and Spring and his co-workers. They suggested that it is a cyclic hydroxamic acid related to pyridine. It can be reduced to a neutral deoxyaspergillic acid, which is a racemization product found by Newbold, et al. to be identical with 3-isobutyl-6-sec-butyl-2-hydroxypyrazine. Because of this, aspergillic acid has been assigned the corresponding l-oxide or tautomeric pyridine hydroxamic acid structure show below.

## Toxicity

The toxicity of aspergillic acid is controlled by the hydroxamic acid functionality, and there is little effect on toxicity observed between the differences in the 3 and 6 position side chain substituents. Chelation of physiologically important ions, such as calcium by aspergillic acid appears to be the likely mechanism of its toxic action.

## Synthesis

Different Aspergillus strains are capable of making various hydroxypyrazine derivatives. Aspergillus flavus is used to produce an antibiotic substance called flavacol. Flavacol is then added to cultures of A. selerotiorum and is N-hydroxylated into neoaspergillic acid. It is then hydroxylated in the side-chain in order to make neohydroxyaspergillic acid
Other studies show that aspergillic acid can also be derived from one molecule of L-leucine and one molecule of L-isoleucine in Aspergillus flavus.

## Reactions

When aspergillic acid reactions with iron trichloride (FeCl$_3$), there is the formation of green cupric salt. This suggests that aspergillic acid is a hydroxamic acid derivative, which is also confirmed by the formation of deoxyaspergillic acid by dry distillation with copper chromite catalyst.
Bromination of aspergillic acid followed by reduction with zinc and acetic acid gives a diketopiperazine. Hydrolysis with HBr yields a mixture of DL-leucine and DL-isoleucine. These reaction schemes are presented here below:
# Jack Maitland

John Frederick Maitland (born February 8, 1948) is a former American football running back in the National Football League (NFL) in the 1970s and earned a Super Bowl ring. He attended Upper St. Clair High School near Pittsburgh, then Williams College. His pro-career was spent with both the Baltimore Colts and the New England Patriots. He played in and won Super Bowl V with the Colts.
# Ashok Das

Ashok Das is an Indian-American physicist. He is professor of physics at University of Rochester and adjunct professor of physics at both Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata, India and Institute of Physics, Bhubaneswar, India.

## Early life and education

Das was born in Puri, Odisha, on March 23, 1953. He received his BS (with honors) in 1972 and MS in physics in 1974 from the University of Delhi. He did his graduate studies in supersymmetry and supergravity at State University of New York at Stony Brook. He received his PhD in 1977.

## Career

Das was a research associate at the City College of New York, the University of Maryland, and Rutgers University. He was promoted to professor in 1993 and has been employed at the University of Rochester since 1982.
Das' research is in the area of theoretical High-energy physics. His research has focused on questions of symmetry in the fundamental laws of nature. He has worked on nonlinear integrable systems, finite temperature field theories, generalization of the Standard Model to incorporate CP violation, and problems in Quantum field theory and String theory.
In 2002, Das became a fellow of the American Physical Society "for contributions in the areas of supergravity, integrable models, and finite temperature field theory." In 2006, he was awarded a Fulbright scholarship to teach physics in Brazil.
Ashok Das has written books and monographs on various disciplines of theoretical physics at the advanced undergraduate and graduate level. Some of his books include: A Path Integral Approach (World Scientific publishers), Finite Temperature Field Theory (World Scientific publishers), Integrable Models (World Scientific Lecture Notes in Physics), Lectures on Gravitation (World Scientific publishers), and Lectures on Electromagnetism.
# Aubert

This surname has Anglo-Saxon pre-8th century origins; spelling variations include Albert, Albertson and Alberts in English names. It is derived from the Old German compound 'Aedelbeort' meaning 'noble-bright'. However, many sources show it as a French surname, with many spelling variations on the French form. It is now found in many locations of the world, spread by French Huguenot refugees, amongst others.
Notable people with this surname include the following:
* Abbé Aubert (1731–1814), French playwright, poet and journalist
* Louis Aubert (painter) (1720 – c. 1800), painter and composer
* Alexander Aubert, English merchant
* Alvin Aubert (1930–2014), American poet
* Anaïs Aubert, known as Mademoiselle Anaïs (1802–1871), French actress
* Andreas Aubert (art historian), Norwegian art historian
* Aristide Aubert Du Petit Thouars, French naval officer
* Arnaud Aubert, Catholic Chamberlain
* Étienne Aubert, later became Pope Innocent VI
* Aubert of Avranches, bishop of Avranches
* Axel Aubert (1873–1943), Norwegian businessman
* Ebba d'Aubert, Swedish pianist
* François d'Aubert, French politician
* Hermann Rudolph Aubert, German physiologist
* Jacques Aubert (1689–1753), French composer and violinist
* Jean Aubert (architect) (c. 1680–1741), French architect
* Jean Aubert (engineer) (1894–1984), French engineer
* Jean-Louis Aubert, French guitarist, singer and songwriter
* Jeanne Aubert, French singer and actress
* Joseph-Jean-Félix Aubert [fr], French painter
* Julien Aubert (born 1978), French politician
* K. D. Aubert, American actress
* Louis Aubert, French composer
* Louis-Marie Aubert du Petit-Thouars, French botanist
* Ludvig Cæsar Martin Aubert, Norwegian philologist
* Ludvig Mariboe Benjamin Aubert, Norwegian jurist and politician
* Marie-Hélène Aubert, French politician
* Philippe-Ignace François Aubert de Gaspé, Canadian writer
* Philippe-Joseph Aubert de Gaspé, French Canadian writer and seigneur
* Pierre Aubert, Swiss politician
* Puig Aubert, French rugby league footballer
* Raphaël Aubert, Swiss writer and essayist
* Suzanne Aubert, Catholic sister
* Vilhelm Aubert, Norwegian sociologist
* Vilhelm Mariboe Aubert, Norwegian jurist
# JR-Awaji Station

JR-Awaji Station (JR淡路駅, JR-Awaji-eki) is an railway station in Higashiyodogawa-ku, Osaka, Osaka Prefecture, Japan, and operated by West Japan Railway Company (JR West). The station was opened on 16 March 2019.

## Lines

JR-Awaji Station served by the Osaka Higashi Line, was completed on 16 March 2019.

## Layout

The station has two side platforms, each capable of accommodating eight-car trains.
# Jack Owen (trade unionist)

    He should not be confused with Jack Owen (1887–1957) who was also a British trade unionist.
Jack Owen (c.1890 – 22 October 1983) was a British trade unionist.
Born in Scarborough, North Yorkshire, Owen worked as a blastfurnaceman in a foundry for twenty-five years. He joined the National Union of Blastfurnacemen, Ore Miners, Coke Workers and Kindred Trades (NUB), and began working full-time for the union in 1937.
In 1948, Owen was elected as general secretary of the NUB, and also to the General Council of the Trades Union Congress. He retired in 1953, and wrote Ironmen, a history of the union.
Owen died at the age of 93 in 1983.
# Jack Oughton

John "Jack" Oughton (September 18, 1876 – after 1940) was a skilled stonemason in Lincoln County, Idaho. A number of his works are listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.
Oughton was born in Ireland and immigrated to the United States in 1886. At the time of the 1910 United States Census, he was living in Twin Falls, Idaho with Mary Oughton, age 16, and was employed as a mason. At the time of the 1920 United States Census he was living in Shoshone, Idaho with fellow stonemason and partner Alexander Reed. At the time of the 1940 Census, he was still living in Shoshone and employed as a mason.

## Works

* American Legion Hall, built in 1928, at 107 W. A St., Shoshone, Idaho (Oughton, Jack), NRHP-listed
* W. S. Kohl Barn, built in 1910, located northeast of Richfield Richfield, Idaho (Oughton, Jack), NRHP-listed
* James H. Laine Barn, built in 1910, located south of Richfield, Idaho, (Oughton, Jack), NRHP-listed
* W. H. Murphy House, built in 1928, at 607 S. Greenwood St., Shoshone, Idaho (Oughton, Jack), NRHP-listed
* Jack Oughton House, built in 1931, at 123 N. Beverly St., Shoshone, Idaho (Oughton, Jack), NRHP-listed
# Asterophora mirabilis

Asterophora mirabilis is a species of fungus that grows as a parasite on mushrooms. It was originally described as Nyctalis mirabilis by Australian mycologist Tom May in 1995, and later transferred to the genus Asterophora in 2001. The fungus grows in temperate rainforests of Australia (southern Victoria and Tasmania) on decaying fruit bodies of species in the genera Russula and Lactarius.
# Asterophrys slateri

Asterophrys slateri is a species of frog in the family Microhylidae. It is found in New Guinea. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, and heavily degraded former forest. It is threatened by habitat loss.
# Asongo Alalaparu

Asongo Alalaparu, also Ashongo Alalaparoe (1941–42 – 21 November 2021), was a Granman (paramount leader) of the indigenous Tiriyó people in Suriname.
He led the Tiriyó from 1997 to 2021 from his residence in Kwamalasamutu. During his rule, the Tiriyó established new small villages in the interior of Suriname.

## Biography

Alalaparu was born in 1941 or 42 as a member of the Tiriyó tribe. This tribe lived in the border area of Suriname and Brazil, and had been contacted in the early 20th century.$^{:12}$ In 1959, airfields were built in the interior of Suriname as part of Operation Grasshopper. In that same year, the Door-to-Life Gospel Mission was given permission to work among the Tiriyó.$^{:14}$ In 1961, American missionaries convinced the Tiriyó tribe to abandon their small villages, and settle in one big modern village.
The Tiriyó tribe did not have a clear hierarchy; therefore, President Wijdenbosch appointed Alalaparu as Granman of the tribe on 15 January 1997, and installed Captains to serve as village chiefs.
The main problems facing the tribe are food shortages, the activities of garimpeiros (illegal gold miners), and logging companies. In order to prevent soil depletion as well as defend tribal land against gold miners and tourist lodges, Granman Alalaparu encouraged the founding of new villages in the interior. Villages which were established during this period include Alalapadu, Sipaliwini Savanna, Vier Gebroeders, Kuruni, Amotopo and Wanapan.
At a 2005 meeting with the Organization of American States, Alalaparu expressed his desire to connect the villages with footpaths and link up to the Guyanese border. He also emphasized the potential danger of Kwamalasamutu and Pelelu Tepu, the two major villages on the Surinamese side, becoming divided by land not under tribal ownership. In 2012, Alalaparu protested against plans to build hydroelectric dams on the Tapanahony River near tribal villages.
In 2015, President Bouterse awarded Alalaparu the Grand Cordon of the Honorary Order of the Yellow Star. After Alalaparu's repeated requests to the government, Kwamalasamutu received a tap water system ahead of the 2020 elections. He also promoted the planting of highland rice to increase food self-sufficiency.
On 15 June 2017, Alalaparu named his grandson Jimmy Toeroemang as successor, due to Alalaparu's health. On 18 September 2021, Alalaparu formally handed over his granmanship to Toeroemang. As family members are not usually considered successors in Tiriyó tradition, Alalaparu obtained the assent from a large part of the community beforehand.
Alalaparu died on 21 November 2021, in Regional Hospital Wanica, from COVID-19-related complications.
# Astorino

Astorino is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Louis D. Astorino (born 1948), Pittsburgh architect
* Rob Astorino (born 1967), New York politician
# Jacob Moelaert

Jacob Moelart or Moelaert (1649–1732) was a Dutch Golden Age painter and art collector.

## Biography

He was born and died in Dordrecht. According to Houbraken he was a pupil of Nicolaes Maes and learned how to paint a good portrait, but was better at history paintings.
According to the RKD he is known for his art collection as well as his paintings.
# Sham feeding

Sham feeding is any procedure that mimics normal food consumption but where food and drink are not actually digested or absorbed. It is generally used in experiments studying hunger, eating or digestion, and is a predominant method used in studying binge eating disorder. In animal research it often involves inserting a tube into either the oesophagus or stomach, that leaks out anything that has been swallowed. Animals who are sham fed in this manner eat and swallow almost continually without becoming satiated. Chewing gum can also be considered sham feeding, as whilst very little or no nutrients are being absorbed into the body, the process of chewing still stimulates digestive system nerves which trigger the release of gastrointestinal hormones, and also increase the production of both saliva and pancreatic secretions. In human studies a process known as modified sham feeding (MSF) is typically used, which involves smelling, tasting and chewing food, then spitting it out when it would normally be swallowed.
# Fagius

Fagius is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Hans Fagius (born 1951), Swedish organist
* Paul Fagius (1504–1549), German scholar
# Kuvale language

Kuvale is a Southern Bantu language spoken in Angola, in the middle of a large Umbundu-speaking area. It has traditionally been considered a dialect of Herero; however, Maho (2009) has moved it from Bantu Zone R.30 to Zone R.10, which includes Umbundu and a few smaller languages. Ngendelengo may be a distinct language.
# DniproAzot

DniproAzot located in Kamianske, Dnipropetrovsk Oblast is an enterprise in the chemical industry of Ukraine. DniproAzot is a significant producer of ammonia, nitrogen fertilizers, urea, caustic soda, chlorine, and hydrochloric acid. DniproAzot is one of the five largest chemical enterprises in the country. In May 2018, the company celebrated its 80th anniversary.
# Saveasiʻuleo

Saveasiʻuleo is the God of Pulotu (Old concept of Heaven) the underworld of spirits or Hades in Samoan mythology.
He is the father of Nafanua the Goddess of War in Samoa. Nafanua's mother is Tilafaiga, the sister of Taema another figure of Samoan mythology.
Saveasiʻuleo is sometimes referred to as Elo.
The spirits of gods were able to take the form of animals and human beings and Saveasiʻuleo is believed to take the form of an eel or appear as half man and half eel. His ancestors were rocks. One story says that his mother was Taufa and his father, Aloa. His brothers were Salevao and Ulufanuaseʻeseʻe. The brothers agreed that Saveasiʻuleo would go and become king in Pulotu. Saveasiʻuleo would come up from his kingdom and wander the earth. There are different versions of stories told about him. He is referred to as a god and sometimes as a demon. One day Saveasiʻuleo met his twin nieces Tilafaiga and Taema swimming back to Samoa from Fiti where they had learned the art of tattooing. Saveasiʻuleo abducted Tilafaiga and she later gave birth to Nafanua, the goddess of war. The story of the sisters bringing a basket of tattoo tools for the peʻa to Samoa is another well known legend.

## Pulotu

According to Samoan beliefs, the entrance into the spirit world Pulotu is at the village of Falealupo, at the western end of the island of Savaiʻi.
# Goodeve

Goodeve may refer to:

## People

* Arthur Samuel Goodeve (1860–1920), Canadian pharmacist and politician
* Charles F. Goodeve (1904–1980), Canadian chemist and pioneer in operations research
* Florence Everilda Goodeve (1861–1915), English composer and lyricist
* Grant Goodeve (born 1952), American actor and television host
* Thyrza Nichols Goodeve, American writer, artist, and interviewer

## Places

* Goodeve, Saskatchewan
# Thermidarctia thermidoides

Thermidarctia thermidoides is a moth in the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by George Talbot in 1929. It is found in Venezuela.
# José Azcona Bocock

José Simón Azcona Bocock (born 13 May 1972 in La Ceiba) is a Honduran businessman and politician, currently acts as deputy of the National Congress of Honduras representing the Liberal Party of Honduras for Francisco Morazán.
He is son of the late former President of Honduras José Azcona del Hoyo.

## Political career

* 2000: Pre-candidate of the Liberal Party for Tegucigalpa
* 2002–2006: Council of Tegucigalpa
* 2006–2010: Deputy of the National Congress of Honduras for Francisco Morazán