OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Sunday Times Rich List

The Sunday Times Rich List is a list of the 1,000 wealthiest people or families resident in the United Kingdom ranked by net wealth. The list is updated annually in April and has been published as a magazine supplement by British national Sunday newspaper The Sunday Times since 1989. The editorial decisions governing the compilation of the Rich List are published in the newspaper and online as its "Rules of engagement".
The Rich List is not limited to British citizens and it includes individuals and families born overseas but who predominantly work and/or live in Britain. This excludes some individuals with prominent financial assets in Britain.
The editors estimate subjects' wealth from a range of public information, based on values in January each year. They typically explain their actions by stating: "We measure identifiable wealth, whether land, property, racehorses, art or significant shares in publicly quoted companies. We exclude bank accounts—to which we have no access... We try to give due consideration to liabilities."
The 2015 list marked the first year Queen Elizabeth II was not among the list's top 300 most wealthy since the list began in 1989. She was number one on the inaugural Sunday Times Rich List 1989.
The most recent list was published online on 17 May 2024 and in print on 19 May 2024.
The Sunday Times Tax List was inaugurated on 27 January 2019 in the Sunday Times Magazine, using data collected for the Rich List and edited by Robert Watts.

## Giving List

Since 2005, as part of the Rich List, The Sunday Times has produced an annual Giving List, which tracks the most generous philanthropists in the UK as a proportion of their wealth. In 2018, it was reported that, of the 300 philanthropists listed in the Giving List, a total of £3.207 billion was given away.
Jamie Cooper, the former wife of hedge fund manager Sir Christopher Anthony Hohn, was ranked in first place with a giving index of 88.89%, which amounted to donations in 2018 of £299.6 million.

## Book version

A fuller version of the Rich List is also published in a reference book edition, edited by Philip Beresford. This list covers the top 5,000 richest people, rather than the top 1,000, and includes their business addresses:
* Sunday Times Rich List 2006–2007 was published by A & C Black in December 2006 (ISBN 978-0713679410).
* Sunday Times Rich List 2007–2008 was due to be published by A & C Black in November 2007 (ISBN 978-0713685152) but no book appeared due to a deadlock between the publishers and The Sunday Times. The publisher was keen to carry on but only if a CD version was attached to the book. The Sunday Times would not allow this as it would give competitors a chance to develop their own database and launch rival rich lists.
# Sunday Times Rich List 2005

The Sunday Times Rich List 2005 was published in April 2005.
Since 1989 the UK national Sunday newspaper The Sunday Times (sister paper to The Times) has published an annual magazine supplement to the newspaper called the Sunday Times Rich List. The list is based on an estimate of the minimum wealth of the richest 1,000 people or families in the United Kingdom as of January of that year, and is compiled by Dr Philip Beresford.
This article is concerned with the 2005 list only. For discussion of the lists generally, see Sunday Times Rich List.
A separate section lists the 250 richest Irish, including both Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland.
As in previous years, the List was widely previewed in the UK media and extensively covered on the day of its publication.

## Wealthiest Irish

| Rank | Value (£m) | Name | Source of wealth | 2004 Rank | 2004 Value (£m) |
| 1 | 5,100 | Hilary Weston and family | Retailing | NEW | N/A |
| 2 | 1,328 | Sir Tony O'Reilly and Chryss Goulandris | Food, media and inheritance | 2 | 1,268 |
| 3 | 1,300 | John Dorrance, III | Inheritance | 1 | 1,300 |
| 4 | 1,002 | Dermot Desmond | Finance | 3 | 846 |
| 5 | 810 | Sean Quinn and family | Quarries, hotels, insurance and industry | 4 | 771 |
| 6 | 780 | Tony Ryan and family | | | |
# Sunday Times Rich List 2008

The Sunday Times Rich List 2008 was published on 27 April 2008.
Since 1989 the UK national Sunday newspaper The Sunday Times (sister paper to The Times) has published an annual magazine supplement to the newspaper called the Sunday Times Rich List. The list is based on an estimate of the minimum wealth of the richest 1,000 people or families in the United Kingdom as of January of that year, and is compiled by Dr Philip Beresford.
A separate section lists the 250 richest Irish, including both Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland.
The list was previewed on ITV1 on 24 April 2008 in Britain's Rich List: Giving It Away, presented by millionaire Duncan Bannatyne.
As in previous years, the List was widely covered in other UK media on the day of its publication; The Daily Telegraph, for example, noted that "Kirsty Bertarelli, a former Miss United Kingdom from Staffordshire, is the highest placed woman, appearing at number six on the list alongside her husband, the biotechnology tycoon Ernesto Bertarelli."
The top four places in the List were unchanged from the previous year. Only six of the top 20 were born in Britain.
Among the most notable changes were three new names on the List entering in the top 12: Alisher Usmanov, Leonard Blavatnik, both Russian entrepreneurs with homes in London, and Ernesto Bertarelli.

## Top 12 fortunes

| 2008 | 2008 | Name | Citizenship | Source of wealth | 2007 | 2007 |
| Rank | Net worth £ bn | Name | Citizenship | Source of wealth | Rank | Net worth £ bn |
| 1 | £27.70 | Lakshmi Mittal | India | Steel | 1 | £19.25 |
| 2 | £11.70 | Roman Abramovich | Russia | Oil, industry | 2 | £10.80 |
| 3 | £7.00 | The Duke of Westminster | United Kingdom | Property | 3 | £7.00 |
| 4 | £6.20 | Srichand and Gopichand Hinduja | | Industry and finance | 4 | £6.20 |
| 5 | £5.73 | Alisher Usmanov | | Steel and mining | n/a | not listed |
| 6 | £5.65 | Ernesto and Kirsty Bertarelli | | Pharmaceuticals | n/a | not listed |
| 7 | £5.40 | Hans Rausing | | Food packaging | 6 | £5.40 |
| 8 | £4.65 | John Fredriksen | | Shipping | 8 | £3.50 |
| 9 | £4.33 | Sir Philip Green | United Kingdom | Retailing | 7 | £4.90 |
| 10 | £4.30 | David and Simon Reuben | | Property | 8 | £3.49 |
| 11 | £3.97 | Leonard Blavatnik | | Industry | n/a | not listed |
| 12 | £3.73 | Seán Quinn | | Quarrying, property, insurance | 12 | £3.05 |
# Amina Warsame

Amina Mahmoud Warsame is a Somali social scientist who served as executive director of Nagaad, a women's group in Hargeisa Somaliland. Co-author of Social and Cultural Aspects of Female Circumcision and Infibulation: A Preliminary Report (1985), she was one of the early voices raised in Africa against female genital mutilation, along with Raqiya Abdalla, Asma El Dareer, Efua Dorkenoo, and Nahid Toubia.
Warsame lived in Sweden after fleeing Somalia to escape the Somali Civil War. She helped found the Somaliland Women's Research and Action Group (SOWRAG), and in 2005 she stood for a seat in Somaliland's parliament, one of the first women to do so.

## Education

Warsame was awarded a master's degree in human development by the Institute of Social Studies in The Hague.

## Selected works

* Warsame, Aamina; Ahmed, Sayida; Talle, Aud (1985). Social and Cultural Aspects of Female Circumcision and Infibulation: A Preliminary Report. Mogadishu: Somali Academy of Sciences and Arts. OCLC 31827718.
* Warsame, Amina Mohamoud (2004). Queens without Crowns: Somaliland women's changing roles and peace building. Uppsala, Sweden: Somaliland Women's Research and Action Group and Life & Peace Institute. ISBN 918774855X. OCLC 63135935.
* Warsame, Amina Mahmoud (September 2011). Female Genital Cutting: The Transition From Infibulation to Smaller Cutting in Somaliland. Oslo: Somaliland Women’s Research and Action Group, Oslo University.
* Fried, Sarah; Warsame, Amina Mahmoud; et al. (2013). "Outpatients' perspectives on problems and needs related to female genital mutilation/cutting: a qualitative study from Somaliland". Obstetrics and Gynecology International. 2013: 165893. doi:10.1155/2013/165893. PMC 3784275. PMID 24151505.
# Blakeley Township, Scott County, Minnesota

Blakeley Township is a township in Scott County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 408 at the 2020 census.
Blakely Township was organized in 1874, and named after its largest settlement, Blakeley.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 27.6 square miles (71 km$^2$), of which 26.9 square miles (70 km$^2$) is land and 0.7 square miles (1.8 km$^2$) (2.50%) is water.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 496 people, 166 households, and 132 families residing in the township. The population density was 18.4 inhabitants per square mile (7.1/km$^2$). There were 169 housing units at an average density of 6.3 per square mile (2.4/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the township was 97.58% White, 0.40% African American, 0.40% Asian, 0.60% from other races, and 1.01% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.02% of the population.
There were 166 households, out of which 37.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 68.7% were married couples living together, 4.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.9% were non-families. 12.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.99 and the average family size was 3.33.
In the township the population was spread out, with 29.2% under the age of 18, 9.1% from 18 to 24, 29.4% from 25 to 44, 22.4% from 45 to 64, and 9.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.9 males.
The median income for a household in the township was $59,583, and the median income for a family was $64,375. Males had a median income of $39,375 versus $29,167 for females. The per capita income for the township was $22,530. About 4.1% of families and 3.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under age 18 and 20.5% of those age 65 or over.
# Glyceryl behenate

Glyceryl behenate is a fat used in cosmetics, foods, and oral pharmaceutical formulations. In cosmetics, it is mainly used as a viscosity-increasing agent in emulsions.
In pharmaceutical formulations, glyceryl behenate is mainly used as a tablet and capsule lubricant and as a lipidic coating excipient. It has been investigated for the encapsulation of various drugs such as retinoids. It has also been investigated for use in the preparation of sustained release tablets as a matrix-forming agent for the controlled release of water-soluble drugs and as a lubricant in oral solid dosage formulations. It can also be used as a hot-melt coating agent sprayed onto a powder.
It is used widely in cosmetics as non-comedogenic (non- pimple causing substance) ingredient. It does not clog the oil pores of facial skin.
It is also used widely as ingredient for preparation of lipidic nano-particles such as solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC). Chemically, glyceryl behenate is a mixture of various esters of behenic acid and glycerol (glycerides). The mixture predominantly contains the diester glyceryl dibehenate.
# Kittyhawk Down

Kittyhawk Down is a crime novel by Garry Disher published in 2003.
# Edward J. Zore

Edward J. Zore (born 1945) is the former president and CEO of Northwestern Mutual and current chairman. He became Northwestern Mutual's 16th president on March 31, 2000 and chief executive officer on June 1, 2001. Zore joined Northwestern Mutual investment department in 1969. He served as the company's Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer, Chief Investment Officer and trustee of Northwestern Mutual. He was inducted as an honoree of the SMEI Academy of Achievement in 2003, and was named among the 100 most influential people in business ethics in 2008. Zore retired from Northwestern Mutual CEO on June 30, 2010. He was succeeded by John Schlifske.
He is a former chairman of the board of the American Council of Life Insurers and an honorary board member of the Million Dollar Round Table Foundation. Additionally, he serves as an advisory board member of the Millstein Center for Corporate Governance and Performance at the Yale School of Management.
Zore obtained his B.A. and M.A. in Economics from the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee.
# Ford Falcon (XY)

The Ford Falcon (XY) is a full-size car produced by Ford Australia from 1970 to 1972. It was the fourth and last iteration of the second generation of the Falcon and included the Ford Fairmont (XY)—the luxury-oriented version.

## Overview

The XY Falcon was released in October 1970 replacing the XW Falcon. The XY was a facelift of the XW, featuring a new divided grille and redesigned tail lights. A new range of six-cylinder and V8 engines was introduced, and improvements were made to seating, safety equipment and ride quality.

## Model range

The XY Falcon range featured eight passenger vehicles and three commercial models.
* Ford Falcon Sedan
* Ford Falcon Wagon
* Ford Falcon 500 Sedan
* Ford Falcon 500 Wagon
* Ford Futura Sedan
* Ford Fairmont Sedan
* Ford Fairmont Wagon
* Ford Falcon GT Sedan
* Ford Falcon Utility
* Ford Falcon Van
* Ford Falcon 500 Utility
* Ford Falcon Limousine
* Ford Falcon Panel Van
Futura and Fairmont models, whilst marketed as part of the XY Falcon range, were not officially referred to or badged as Falcons.
A GS Rally Pack was available as an option on the Falcon 500, Futura and Fairmont Sedans and Wagons.
* Ford Falcon sedan
* Ford Falcon 500 sedan
* Ford Falcon 500 wagon
* Ford Fairmont sedan
* Ford Fairmont sedan with GS Rally Pack
* Ford Fairmont wagon with GS Rally Pack
* Ford XY Falcon GTHO (non-standard wheels)
* Ford Falcon Utility
* Ford Falcon Panel Van (non-standard wheels & front spoiler)

### Falcon GTHO Phase III

A high-performance Falcon GTHO Phase III was released in May 1971.

### Falcon 4-wheel-drive utility

A four-wheel-drive version of the Utility was produced in 1972. It was marketed simply as the Falcon 4-wheel-drive utility and 432 examples were built.

## Engines

New 200 cu in (3.3 L) and 250 cu in (4.1 L) inline six-cylinder engines replaced the smaller-capacity sixes offered in the XW. The 302 cu in (4.9 L) and 351 cu in (5.8 L) V8s were carried over from the previous range, though the larger capacity small block was dropped and only the Cleveland engine was available. A 250 hp (190 kW) version of the Cleveland engine, with a two-barrelled 2V (venturi) carburetor was the top option on the XY Falcon and ZD Fairmont range. The 300 hp (220 kW), four-barrelled, 4V version of the engine was only offered on the XY GT and GTHO.

## Production

Production of the XY Falcon range totalled 118,666 vehicles. 1,557 XY Falcon GTs and 300 XY GT-HOs were built.

## Replacement

The XY range was replaced by the XA Falcon in March 1972.
# Huntley Mountain Formation

The Huntley Mountain Formation is a late Devonian and early Mississippian mapped bedrock unit in Pennsylvania, in the United States.

## Description

The formation is composed of relatively soft grayish-red shale and olive-gray sandstone. It is located in north central Pennsylvania.

### Haystacks

The Haystacks are enigmatic mounds of sandstone that outcrop in Loyalsock Creek south of Dushore in Sullivan County. They are a single bed of quartz sandstone with an undulating upper surface with up to one meter relief. The origin of the mounds is debatable.

### Notable Exposures

* The type section of the formation is at Huntley Mountain in Lycoming County, Pennsylvania, on the mountainside just north of the village of Waterville.
* Base of the Loyalsock Creek gorge in Worlds End State Park
* Haystacks beds, also in Loyalsock Creek

## Stratigraphy

Geologist William E. Edmunds argues that the Huntley Mountain Formation is laterally equivalent to the Rockwell Formation (originally described in West Virginia) and the Spechty Kopf Formation. He proposes that the Pocono Formation be reinstated as "the dominantly non-red, non-marine clastic sequence between the Catskill and Mauch Chunk Formations", with the Huntley Mountain, Beckville, Burgoon, Rockwell, Mt. Carbon, and Spechty Kopf Formations demoted to the status of members of the Pocono Formation. Other workers support this interpretation.
# Enoch Lewis (mathematician)

Enoch Lewis (born in Radnor Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania 29 January 1776; died in Philadelphia, 14 June 1856) was a mathematician. He early exhibited a talent for mathematics, at the age of fourteen was usher in a country school, and at fifteen became principal. In the autumn of 1792 he removed to Philadelphia, studied mathematics, teaching half of each day to earn his support, and in 1795 was engaged as a surveyor in laying out towns in western Pennsylvania under the direction of Andrew Ellicott.
He belonged to the Society of Friends (Quakers) and he was teaching in the mathematical department in William Penn Charter School (Friends' academy) in Philadelphia, in 1796–1799, subsequently was mathematical tutor at the Westtown School, Pennsylvania, and in 1808 opened a private school for mathematical students in New Garden Township, Pennsylvania, which he successfully taught for several years.
In an article on early American mathematics journals, D.E. Zitarelli writes
   We describe six of its major contributors, two of whom are known somewhat (Robert Adrain and Robert M. Patterson), but the other four seem to have slipped into obscurity in spite of accomplishments that deserve more recognition (William Lenhart, Enoch Lewis, John Gummere, and John Eberle).
He edited mathematical works of John Bonnycastle and Thomas Simpson, and he is well known for the first American edition of Thomas Simpson's Trigonometry with an appendix written by him using the initial E.L.
* Thomas Simpson: Trigonometry, Plane and Spherical: With the Construction and Application of Logarithms. With an appendix on spherical projections. First American edition. Philadelphia 1810.
* John Bonnycastle: An introduction to algebra; with notes and observations: designed for the use of schools and places of public education, Philadelphia, 1806 . and in the second edition in 1811 Lewis writes "errors of former editions and some improprieties in the original are corrected and removed".
He published an advanced textbook on spherical projections expanding the Appendix in Simpson's Trigonometry book.
In a review in The Friend it says
   This valuable work supplies a vacuum which has long been known to exist in the list of mathematical works, suitable to our colleges and seminaries ... [and] many of the demonstrations are new
Enoch Lewis is an author of text books for schools and colleges:
* The arithmetical expositor, or, A treatise on the theory and practice of arithmetic: suited to the commerce of the United States : in two parts, Philadelphia 1824. Second edition came in 1929.
* The practical analyst; or, A treatise on algebra, containing the most useful parts of that science, illustrated by a copious collection of examples, designed for the use of schools. Philadelphia 1826 in four editions.
Other textbook that Lewis had a hand in producing was A Treatise on Surveying published in 1814 by Lewis’ former student, John Gummere (1784–1845) who acknowledged that several of the demonstrations were furnished by Lewis. 40 years after the first edition 17 editions had been published.
# Equestrian at the 2005 Islamic Solidarity Games

Equestrian at the 2005 Islamic Solidarity Games was held in King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah from April 9 to April 14, 2005. The competition included only jumping events.

## Medalists

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| Individual speed | Khaled Al-Eid Saudi Arabia | Kamal Bahamdan Saudi Arabia | Meftah Al-Zaheri United Arab Emirates |
| Individual | Faisal Al-Shalan Saudi Arabia | Mohamed Al-Kumaiti United Arab Emirates | Adel Khamis Saeed United Arab Emirates |
| Team | Saudi Arabia Ramzy Al-Duhami Khaled Al-Eid Abdullah Al-Saud Kamal Bahamdan | United Arab Emirates Mohamed Al-Kumaiti Abdullah Al-Muhairi Mohamed Al-Owais Mohamed Al-Suwaidi | Egypt |
| All-around | Faisal Al-Shalan Saudi Arabia | Khaled Al-Eid Saudi Arabia | Mohamed Al-Kumaiti United Arab Emirates |

## Medal table

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| 1 | Saudi Arabia (KSA) | 4 | 2 | 0 | 6 |
| 2 | United Arab Emirates (UAE) | 0 | 2 | 3 | 5 |
| 3 | Egypt (EGY) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (3 entries) | Totals (3 entries) | 4 | 4 | 4 | 12 |
# Environmentally Sensitive Habitat Areas

An Environmentally Sensitive Habitat Area (ESHA - pronounced ē'-sha) is a designated protective area within the Coastal Zone of California, United States, as described in the California Coastal Act and Certified Local Coastal Programs for local government. An example of an ESHA location is Oceano Dunes.
# Maga of Characene

Maga was a King of Characene a vassal state of the Parthian Empire and important trading city in the Persian Gulf.
He probably ruled at the end of the second century (195 - 210 AD) and is known only from the numerous coins that he minted. His coins are in a Parthian style, and the name on his coins is written in Aramaic as mʼg – which is interpreted as Maga. On these coins, he describes himself as the son of a King Attambelos who is otherwise unrecorded in history. Maga was the last ruler of Characene for which there is contemporary records.

## Predecessor

Attambelos VIII was a King of Characene, who ruled around 190 AD. He is known only by the coins of his son of Maga, who calls himself son of King Attambelos. The reading of the name is, however, uncertain and reflects the poor quality of the coins of this time.

## Successor

Maga may have had possibly one successor, the twenty-third and last ruler Characene, Abinergaios III, who was defeated in 222 by a Persian named Ardašir. Ardašir had just revolted against his Parthian overlord and was in the process of establishing the Sasanian Empire.
However, the historicity of Abinergaios III is open to question, as he is known only from later Arabic sources while Maga is the last ruler of Characene who is documented by contemporary sources. It should also be noted that the king list of Characene is a modern construct and given the sparsity of records could well be inaccurate.

## Significance

Although a minor and poorly recorded vassal king on the edge of the ancient civilisations, Maga’s rule is of some interest as Characene was the last rump state remaining from the Seleucid Empire. Maga, therefore, can be considered to be the last recorded successor of Alexander the Great and the end of his rule also marks the end of the Hellenistic Age.
# Eosentomon alcirae

Eosentomon alcirae is a species of proturan in the family Eosentomidae. It is found in South America.
# Eocarterus propagator

Eocarterus propagator is a species of ground beetle in the genus Eocarterus.
# Eosentomon solarzi

Eosentomon solarzi is a species of proturan in the family Eosentomidae. It is found in Europe and Northern Asia (excluding China).
# Maeda Toshimasa

Maeda Toshimasa (前田 利昌, ? – August 4, 1560) was a Japanese samurai of the Sengoku period. Also known as Toshiharu (利春), he was the son of Maeda Toshitaka. His seat was Arako Castle in Owari Province. Toshimasa was a vassal of Oda Nobuhide, who nominally ruled Owari Province from his seat at Kiyosu Castle.

## Family

* Father: Maeda Toshitaka
* Wife: Nagayowai-in (d. 1573)
** First son: Maeda Toshihisa (d. 1587?)
** Second son: Maeda Toshifusa
** Fourth son: Maeda Toshiie (1539–1599), lord of the "Million Koku Kaga Domain".
** Fifth son: Sawaki Yoshiyuki (d. 1573)
* unknown
** Third son: Maeda Yasukatsu (d. 1594)
** Sixth son: Maeda Hidetsugu (d. 1586)
** First daughter: Maeda Masa (given in marriage to Takabatake Sadayoshi)

## Popular culture

Maeda Toshimasa was depicted by Bunta Sugawara in the 2002 NHK historical drama Toshiie to Matsu (利家とまつ).