OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dirk Padgett

Dirk Padgett is an American lawyer and officer in the United States Navy Reserve's Judge Advocate corp. Padgett is notable for his appointment to serve as a prosecutor for a Guantanamo military commission.
In civilian life Padgett is a Prosecutor in Bedford County Virginia. He was hired as the Assistant Commonwealth Attorney for Bedford County in late 1995. He was recalled to serve a hitch of active duty in Iraq on October 14, 2004.
On January 5, 2005 the Roanoke Times published an op-ed by Padgett, entitled ""Beware uninformed blathering about Iraq from the safety of home". Padgett, then a Lieutenant Commander serving in Iraq, was critical of civilians at home who criticized the conduct of the war, without ever experiencing military service.
Carol Rosenberg, writing in the Lakeland Ledger, on July 15, 2009, described the Military Commission's new electronic audio management system malfunctioning when Commander Padgett tried to make his opening remarks. According to Rosenberg Padgett requested a delay, while the Obama administration reviewed the military commission system.
# KTM CTY

KTM CTY is a Nepalese sportswear company that creates and produces apparel. It is best known for supplying the kit for the Nepalese national football team as well as supplying the official uniform for the Nepal Scouts.

## Sponsorships

KTM CTY provided kits to the following teams and athletes:

### Football
#### National teams

* Nepal

#### Club teams

* Butwal Lumbini F.C.
* Himalayan Sherpa Club
* Manang Marshyangdi Club

### Cricket

* Pokhara Rhinos
# Gourdou-Leseurre Type A

The Gourdou-Leseurre Type A, retrospectively named the GL.1, was a prototype fighter aircraft built in France in 1918. It was a conventional parasol-wing monoplane with fixed tailskid undercarriage, with main units connected by a cross-axle. The pilot sat in an open cockpit. Construction was of fabric-covered wood and steel. Initial flight testing revealed performance superior to most contemporary biplane fighters and led to an order of 100 aircraft being placed. However, further tests suggested that the aircraft structure could be considerably lightened, and that the wing needed to be stiffened, leading to a cancellation of the order.
Only a single prototype was built, but this led to the development of the successful Gourdou-Leseurre Type B.

## Operators
### France

* French Air Force

## Specifications

General characteristics
* Crew: One pilot
* Length: 6.60 m (21 ft 8 in)
* Wingspan: 9.00 m (29 ft 6 in)
* Height: 2.30 m (7 ft 7 in)
* Wing area: 16.6 m$^2$ (179 sq ft)
* Empty weight: 594 kg (1,309 lb)
* Gross weight: 780 kg (1,720 lb)
* Powerplant: 1 × Hispano-Suiza 8Ab , 134 kW (180 hp)
Performance
* Maximum speed: 242 km/h (150 mph, 130 kn)
* Range: 300 km (190 mi, 170 nmi)
* Service ceiling: 7,000 m (23,000 ft)
* Rate of climb: 5.8 m/s (1,140 ft/min)
Armament
* 2 × fixed, forward-firing .303 Vickers machine guns
# Emma Ingold

Emma Ingold (born 12 August 2002) is a Swiss ice hockey player and member of the Swiss national ice hockey team, currently playing in the Women's League (SWHL A) with the Neuchâtel Hockey Academy.
Ingold represented Switzerland at the 2021 IIHF Women's World Championship. As a junior player with the Swiss national under-18 team, she participated in the IIHF Women's U18 World Championships in 2018, 2019, and 2020.
# Benslow Music Trust

Benslow Music Trust is a charitable trust established to promote music education. The trust is based in the Benslow area of Hitchin in Hertfordshire, England, and primarily operates as an adult education college.
Under its trading name of Benslow Music, Benslow Music Trust operates a wide range of courses for instrumentalists and singers at all competency levels and also offers courses in music appreciation. Most are two- or three-day residential courses, but there are also day courses and longer summer schools. Courses in classical, early, jazz and folk music take place all through the year both at weekends and in midweek.
The trust also promotes its own International Concert Series, with concerts held at the trust headquarters throughout the year. The President until his death in March 2016 was Sir Peter Maxwell Davies. The current President is Judith Weir. Vice-Presidents include Steven Isserlis, Melvyn Tan and John Rutter.
The trust is the parent charity for the Benslow Music Instrument Loan Scheme which lends musical instruments to school and college students throughout the United Kingdom.
# Simhadri Ramesh Babu

Simhadri Ramesh Babu is an Indian politician and member of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly. He has represented the Avanigadda Assembly constituency since 2019.
# George Messier

George Messier (1896–1933) was a French inventor, best known as the pioneer of hydraulically-operated landing gear for aircraft. He also specialized in hydropneumatic suspensions.
# Hans Munch-Petersen

Hans Wilhelm Munch-Petersen (26 March 1869 - 8 September 1934) was a Danish scholar, jurist and author who pushed for legal reforms, more rights for women and other social justice issues in Denmark. His most influential work was Den danske Retspleje.

## Early life

Munch-Petersen was son of the medical historian, Professor Julius Petersen and the brother of Jon Julius Munch-Petersen [da; sv] studied at the Metropolitan School in 1886, cand. jur. in 1891, and received the 1893 University Gold Medal for a forensic essay. His dissertation was Løftet og dets Causa (1896) He received his law degree in 1896.
His children were Arne and Erwin Munch-Petersen.

## Career

In 1896 Munch-Petersen became an assistant in the Department of Justice for the Government of Denmark. In 1899, he named a docent, in 1901 a university professor. In 1921, he was named university administrator and in 1923 university rector (Rector Magnificus). He left his position as rector in 1924.
From 1918 until 1922, Munch-Petersen was also chairman of the board of rent cases for Copenhagen and Frederiksberg. He also served on several government commissions including the universitets komimissionen from 1912 and the commission for the reform of the military justice.
Influenced by reforms in Austria, Munch-Petersen advocated in his publications for legal reform in Denmark. Although not politically active, he wanted to transform the laws in a socialist spirit as described in his books. His social interests have also influenced his role as an arbitration judge in disputes between workers and employers.

## Legal papers

* Ugeskrift for Retsvæsen [da; no],
* Tidsskrift for Retsvidenskab ("Den saakaldte negative Kontraktsinteresse", XI, 1898)
* Tilskueren ("Procesret og Menneskeret", 1899) .
* Den borgerlige Ret i Hovedtræk (The Civil Court of Main) (1901, 5th edition 1921 plus 1922),
* Retstilfælde til Brug ved det juridiske Studium (Legal Cases to Use at the Law Study) (1901, 3rd edition 1922)
* Den danske Retspleje (IV, 1917–19, with the addition and professional register in 1919, 2nd edition 1923 et seq.), Retsplejeloven af 11 April 1916 (Procedural Laws of 11 April 1916).
* Den danske Lovgivning og den sociale Retfærdighed (The Danish Law and Social Justice) (1906)
* April 1916 med senere Tillægsbestemmelser, Henvisninger og udførligt Fagregister (1919) with Appendix (1922), and jurors. En almenfattelig Oversigt (1919). I
* Retsreformen med Hensyn til vor Strafferetspleje (1902),
* Den nye Retspleje belyst i sine Grundtræk (1908)
* Retspleje og Kultur (University Programme 1913),
* En danske Civilproces i Hovedtræk (In 1906, II 1908 III 1915 IV 1911 2nd edition, 1915)
* Sociale Retfærdighedskrav i dansk Lovgivning (Social Justice Demands in Danish Law)
Munch-Petersen also published articles in Tilskueren, Det ny Aarhundrede and especially Ugeskrift for Retsvæsen, whose literary department he edited 1906-20, and in its edition of Lov om Rettens Pleje (1908, 1909).

## Death and legacy

Munch-Petersen died on 8 September 1934. He is buried at the Western Cemetery. His grandson was the literary scholar and librarian Erland Munch-Petersen.
# Disjoining pressure

In surface chemistry, disjoining pressure (symbol Π$_d$) according to an IUPAC definition arises from an attractive interaction between two surfaces. For two flat and parallel surfaces, the value of the disjoining pressure (i.e., the force per unit area) can be calculated as the derivative of the Gibbs energy of interaction per unit area in respect to distance (in the direction normal to that of the interacting surfaces). There is also a related concept of disjoining force, which can be viewed as disjoining pressure times the surface area of the interacting surfaces.
The concept of disjoining pressure was introduced by Derjaguin (1936) as the difference between the pressure in a region of a phase adjacent to a surface confining it, and the pressure in the bulk of this phase.

## Description

Disjoining pressure can be expressed as:
    $\Pi _{d}=-{1 \over A}\left({\frac {\partial G}{\partial x}}\right)_{T,V,A}$
where (in SI units):
* Π$_d$ - disjoining pressure (N/m$^2$)
* A - the surface area of the interacting surfaces (m$^2$)
* G - total Gibbs energy of the interaction of the two surfaces (J)
* x - distance (m)
* indices T, V and A signify that the temperature, volume, and the surface area remain constant in the derivative.
Using the concept of the disjoining pressure, the pressure in a film can be viewed as:
    $P=P_{0}+\Pi _{d}$
where:
* P - pressure in a film (Pa)
* P$_0$ - pressure in the bulk of the same phase as that of the film (Pa)
Disjoining pressure is interpreted as a sum of several interactions: dispersion forces, electrostatic forces between charged surfaces, interactions due to layers of neutral molecules adsorbed on the two surfaces, and the structural effects of the solvent.
Classic theory predicts that the disjoining pressure of a thin liquid film on a flat surface as follows,
    $\Pi _{d}=-{\frac {A_{H}}{6\pi \delta _{0}^{3}}}$
where:
* A$_H$ - Hamaker constant (J)
* δ$_0$ - liquid film thickness (m)
For a solid-liquid-vapor system where the solid surface is structured, the disjoining pressure is affected by the solid surface profile, ζ$_S$, and the meniscus shape, ζ$_L$
    ${\Pi _{d}(x,{\zeta _{\text{L}}(x)})}=\int d^{2}\rho {\int _{\zeta _{\text{L}}(x)-\zeta _{\text{S}}(x+\rho )}^{+\infty }}dz\omega (\rho ,z)$
where:
* ω(ρ,z) - solid-liquid potential (J/m$^6$)
The meniscus shape can be by minimization of total system free energy as follows
    ${\delta W_{\text{total}}}={{\partial W_{\text{total}}} \over {\partial {\zeta _{\text{L}}}}}\delta \zeta _{\text{L}}+{{\partial W_{\text{total}}} \over {\partial \zeta _{\text{L}}^{'}}}\delta \zeta _{\text{L}}^{'}=0$
where:
* W$_{total}$ - total system free energy including surface excess energy and free energy due to solid-liquid interactions (J/m$^2$)
* ζ$_L$ - meniscus shape (m)
* ζ'$_L$ - slope of meniscus shape (1)
In the theory of liquid drops and films, the disjoining pressure can be shown to be related to the equilibrium liquid-solid contact angle θ$_e$ through the relation
    $\cos \theta _{e}=1+{\frac {1}{\gamma }}\int _{h_{0}}^{\infty }\Pi _{D}(h)dh,$
where γ is the liquid-vapor surface tension and h$_0$ is the precursor film thickness.
# Nunziatina, Todi

The Nunziatina is a Baroque-style, Roman Catholic oratory or small church at the north end of Via del Seminario, near the Todi Cathedral, in the center of Todi, province of Perugia, region of Umbria, Italy.

## History

The oratory was founded in the 17th century through a gift of land by the Bishop Angelo Cesi, to a local confraternity of the Santissima Annunziata, which had been active since the 13th-century. The confraternity was putatively involved in ministering to passing pilgrims. Over the years, the prayer hall was enriched with frescoes and paintings. Putatively a former paneled ceiling was destroyed in a fire in 1700. Among the paintings present now are works by Andrea Polinori, including a 1627 depiction of Jacopone da Todi.
42°47′02″N 12°24′22″E﻿ / ﻿42.783764°N 12.406009°E﻿ / 42.783764; 12.406009
# Standing Female Faun

Standing Female Faun or Standing Fauness is a sculpture by Auguste Rodin in 1910. It is sculpted from white marble and its dimensions are 70.1 x 44.7 x 38.4 cm.

## Description

The work represents the conception of a being of hybrid nature which is half human and half ram. On the left-hand-side of the base it is signed "A Miss Gladys Deacon / Auguste Rodin", testifying to the close relationship between the artist and Gladys Deacon.
# Emanation of the state

Emanation of the state is a term used in European law to describe any body which provides a public service under the control of government. The term was defined by the European Court of Justice (ECJ) in 1990, in the case of Foster, A and others v. British Gas plc. The ECJ's ruling defines the term as:
   A body, whatever its legal form, which has been made responsible, pursuant to a measure adopted by the state, for providing a public service under the control of the state and has for that purpose special powers beyond that which result from the normal rules applicable in relations between individuals.
The term is most obviously used to describe public sector employers, such as the police, fire service, local government bodies or schools.

## Foster, A and others v. British Gas plc

This case was referred to the ECJ by the House of Lords in 1990. The issue to be decided was whether employees of a nationalised industry (in this case British Gas plc) could rely upon the Equal Treatment Directive when making claims in the English courts.
British Gas dismissed female employees when they reached 60, the compulsory retirement age for women at the time, but male employees were not required to retire until 65. At the time, the Sex Discrimination Act did not prevent discrimination in retirement age, so the employees' only recourse was to the Equal Treatment Directive.
The court found in favour of the employees. The gist of the finding was that when a state has failed to implement a directive as required, that state should not be allowed to benefit from the failure. Therefore, the provisions of the Equal Treatment Directive (and any other EU directive) can be relied upon against any organisation that is an emanation of the state.
# Beraba cheilaria

Beraba cheilaria is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Martins in 1967.
# George Seaman Gray

George Seaman Gray (July 10, 1835 – August 26, 1885) was an American minister and author.

## Biography

Gray, eldest son of John and Jane E. (Seaman) Gray, was born in New York City, July 10, 1835. He was prepared for College at the age of fourteen, but was then on account of his youth put into a business house for four years. He entered Yale College in February, 1854 and graduated in 1857.
On leaving College he spent two years in the Auburn Theological Seminary at Auburn, N. Y , and a third year in Union Seminary, New York City. For a year he preached as a stated supply in the suburbs of Portland, Maine, and in the meantime married, May 1, 1861, Sarah Brown, the only daughter of Robert Brown, of Cincinnati, Ohio, and sister of a classmate. Later, he supplied the Presbytenan Church in Englewood, New Jersey, from the spring of 1862, till February, 1863, during the regular pastor's absence, but a constitutional weakness of the throat induced him to relinquish preaching, after this time. He was then solicited to open a preparatory school for boys in Englewood, and spent over three years in that employment. In 1866 he removed to Cincinnati and entered into business, in which he spent the rest of his life. He died in Cincinnati, after a short illness from typhoid fever, August 26, 1885, in his 51st year. His wife survived him, without children.
Gray was an honored elder in the Mount Auburn Presbyterian Church, from December, 1871, until his death, except for a brief interval of voluntary retirement; and as the faithful teacher for half that time of a very large class in the Sunday School exercised a great influence over the young. He published anonymously in 1884 a volume entitled Eight Studies on the Lord's Day, which attracted attention widely as a scholarly and thoughtful defense of the Christian Sabbath.
# Troll (Swedish band)

Troll is a Swedish pop band most noted for the single "Jimmy Dean". Their first band name was Trollrock because they dressed up as Trolls on stage.
Band members Annika Larsson, Helena Caspersson, Erica Bergman, Nina Norberg, Petra Norén Dahl, Jenny Jons and Monica Blom were childhood friends from Falun.

## Discography
### Albums

* Stoppa Sabbet (1986)
* Troll (1989)
* Put Your Hands in the Air (1990)
* Flashback #07 (1995)

### Singles

* "It's a Miracle" (1987)
* "Calling on Your Heart" (1988)
* "On a Kangaroo" (1988)
* "Jimmy Dean" (1989)
* "It's Serious" (1990)
* "Midsummer Night" (1990)
* "Put Your Hands in the Air" (1990)
* "The Greatest Kid in Town" (1991)
# Gushcloud International

Gushcloud International is a global influencer, entertainment, and talent acquisition company. It is headquartered in Singapore and began in 2011.

## History

Althea Lim and Vincent Ha are the co-founders of Gushcloud International, which has offices in Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, Philippines, Vietnam, South Korea, Japan, and the US, and 300+ employees. Gushcloud International works with influencers, content creators, and celebrities in Asia. The establishment has five working units: marketing, talent, investment, entertainment, and technology.
In 2015, Yello Digital Marketing Global (YDMG), based in South Korea, gained control of the company by buying 62% of its shares for USD 7.5 million but in November 2018, the co-founders bought back the 62% shareholding from investor YDMG for USD 8.2 million. Between 2015 - 2018, it grew from three to nine markets.
Russell Simmons, the co-founder of Def Jam Recordings, became the President in September 2019.

## Scandal

In 2014, a blogger from Singapore, Xiaxue, alleged that Gushcloud had unethical practices, to which Gushcloud issued a point-by-point rebuttal. In 2015, Xiaxue once again alleged that Gushcloud had paid celebrity bloggers to write negatively against the rivals of Singtel, which Singtel and Gushcloud initially denied but later apologised.

## Investments and Acquisitions

In 2017, the company raised USD 3 million from South Korea’s YG Group, a record label and media company, and an unspecified amount from Japan's D2C Inc, which is a joint venture between NTT Docomo, Dentsu Inc, and NTT Advertising, Inc. In 2018, Gushcloud entered into a joint venture with YAN Digital, the digital arm of YAN Media Group and Hahm Shout, a Korean public relations firm.
In May 2018, the company invested in Summer Beauty House, a social commerce venture. In February 2019, Gushcloud International acquired the marketing agency, DSTNCT and launched Ribbit, a micro influencer network, in April 2019. In February 2020, it acquired MODA Creative. In September 2019, it raised USD 11 million from Korea Investment Partners, Golden Equator Ventures, and Kejora Ventures.
# Doda (surname)

Doda is a surname of multiple origins.

## People with this surname

* Bib Doda, 19th-century Albanian chieftain
* Anton Doda (c. 1680 – 1766), Albanian vice consul and merchant
* Carol Doda (1937–2015), American stripper
* Federico Seismit-Doda (1825–1893), Italian politician
* Haruna Doda (born 1975), Nigerian footballer
* Xhevdet Doda, Kosovan resistance fighter during World War II
# Ministry of Roads and Bridges (South Sudan)

The Ministry of Roads and Bridges is a ministry of the Government of South Sudan. The incumbent minister is Gier Chuang Aluong, while Simon Majok Majak serves as deputy minister.

## List of Ministers of Roads and Bridges

| # | Name | Office | Office | Party | President | Note(s) |
| 1 | Gier Chuang Aluong | 2011 | 2011 | Sudan People's Liberation Movement | Salva Kiir Mayardit | In office |
| 2 | Agnes Kwaje Lasuba | 2011 | 2011 | Sudan People's Liberation Movement | Salva Kiir Mayardit | |
| 3 | Mary Ayen Mayardit | 2011 | 2012 | Sudan People's Liberation Movement | Salva Kiir Mayardit | |
| 4 | Mary Kiden Kimbo | 2012 | 2012 | Sudan People's Liberation Movement | Salva Kiir Mayardit | |
| 5 | Riek Machar | 2013 | 2013 | Sudan People's Liberation Movement | Salva Kiir Mayardit | |
| 6 | Salva Kiir Mayardit | 2013 | 2015 | Sudan People's Liberation Movement | Salva Kiir Mayardit | |
| 7 | Taban Deng Gai | 2015 | 2015 | Sudan People's Liberation Movement | Salva Kiir Mayardit | |
| 8 | James Wani Igga | 2015 | 2015 | Sudan People's Liberation Movement | Salva Kiir Mayardit | |
| 9 | Aluel William Nyuon Bany | 2015 | 2016 | Sudan People's Liberation Movement | Salva Kiir Mayardit | |
| 10 | Angelina Teny | 2016 | 2016 | Sudan People's Liberation Movement | Salva Kiir Mayardit | |
| 11 | Rebecca Nyandeng De Mabior | 2016 | 2017 | Sudan People's Liberation Movement | Salva Kiir Mayardit | |
| 12 | Peter Cirillo | 2017 | 2017 | Sudan People's Liberation Movement | Salva Kiir Mayardit | |
| 13 | Johnson Gony | 2017 | 2018 | Sudan People's Liberation Movement | Salva Kiir Mayardit | |
| 14 | Peter Gadet | 2018 | 2019 | Sudan People's Liberation Movement | Salva Kiir Mayardit | |
| 15 | Rebecca Joshua Okwaci, | 2019 | 2019 | Sudan People's Liberation Movement | Salva Kiir Mayardit | |
| 16 | Simon Mijok Mijak | 2019 | Since | | | |
# Yellow-green tanager

The yellow-green tanager (Bangsia flavovirens) is a species of bird in the family Thraupidae. It was formerly known as the yellow-green bush tanager or yellow-green chlorospingus as it used to be placed in the genus Chlorospingus with other bush tanagers. Chlorospingus as a whole was formerly placed in the tanager family Thraupidae, but was transferred to the New World sparrows when genetic analysis of two Chlorospingus species revealed they were embedded within the latter family. However, more recently, molecular analysis of additional Chlorospingus species found that the yellow-green tanager is not a member of Chlorospingus (or any other New World sparrow) but a true tanager after all, most closely related to the blue-and-gold tanager, so the species was returned to Thraupidae and placed in the genus Bangsia.
The yellow-green tanager is found in Colombia and Ecuador. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest and subtropical or tropical moist montane forest. It is threatened by habitat loss.
# Grand Falls, Minnesota

Grand Falls is an unincorporated community in Koochiching County, Minnesota, United States.
The community is located immediately north of Big Falls at the junction of County Roads 13 and 31; and U.S. Highway 71.
Grand Falls is located within ZIP code 56627, based in Big Falls.

## Geography

Grand Falls is located within South Koochiching Unorganized Territory.
Big Falls Municipal Airport is nearby.
The community of Grand Falls is located across the Big Fork River from the city of Big Falls. Grand Falls is also located 38 miles southwest of International Falls.

### Climate

Grand Falls has a warm-summer continental climate. Some applications of Köppen classification place it with a dry season (Dwb, rare in the American continent, most common in East Asia) or wet subtype all year round (Dfb), unlike International Falls which is close to Rainy Lake/River that moderates temperatures, the climate is drier and rigorous.

## History

A post office was established at Grand Falls from 1906 until 1911. The community took its name from a nearby waterfall.
# M. Erfan Hidayatullah

Erfan Hidayatullah (born on April 30, 1984) is an Indonesian former footballer.
# Gekko khunkhamensis

Gekko khunkhamensis is a species of gecko. It is found in Laos.