OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Irina Bogacheva (mezzo-soprano)

Irina Petrovna Bogacheva (née Komyakova, 2 March 1939 – 19 September 2019) was a Russian mezzo-soprano at the Mariinsky Theatre and a professor of voice at the Saint Petersburg Conservatory. Trained in Leningrad and at La Scala in Milan, she performed leading roles of the Russian and Italian repertoire at major international opera houses. Dmitri Shostakovich composed his Six Poems by Marina Tsvetayeva for her.

## Life and career

Born in Leningrad, Bogacheva studied at the Rimsky-Korsakov Leningrad State Conservatory, and won the Glinka competition during her studies in 1962. She joined the Kirov Theatre, where she made her debut as Polina in Tchaikovsky's The Queen of Spades. She performed at the Mariinsky Theatre from 1963, and also elsewhere in the Soviet Union.
Bogacheva achieved a grand prize and gold medal at the international vocal competition in Rio de Janeiro in 1967, which enabled her to study further at La Scala in Milan with Gennaro Barra-Caracciolo. She performed at the opera house first in 1969 as Ulrica in Verdi's Un ballo in maschera. She appeared in leading mezzo roles in the Russian repertoire, such as Marfa in Mussorgsky's Khovanshchina, Lyubasha in Rimsky-Korsakov's The Tsar's Bride, and Marina in Mussorgsky's Boris Godunov. She performed the title role in Bizet's Carmen, and roles by Verdi including Eboli in Don Carlo, Amneris in Aida and Azucena in Il trovatore, among others. She appeared as a guest abroad, at the Opéra Bastille in Paris, the Royal Opera House in London, La Scala, and the Metropolitan Opera in New York City, among others. She toured with the Mariinsky Theatre in the U.S., Japan and Europe.
Dmitry Shostakovich composed his Six Poems by Marina Tsvetayeva for her, which she premiered in 1973.
Bogacheva lectured voice at the Saint Petersburg Conservatory from 1980, and was appointed professor in 1982. She became head of the faculty of solo singing, and initiated an international singing competition there. Her students include Olga Borodina and Natalia Yevstafieva. She died on 20 September 2019.

## Awards

Bogacheva achieved a grand prize and gold medal at the international vocal competition in Rio de Janeiro in 1967. She was a People's Artist of the USSR in 1970, and received the State Prize of the USSR in 1974, the State Prize of the Russian Federation in 1976, and became a member of the Order for Services to the Fatherland in 1984. She was an honorary citizen of Saint Petersburg.

## Recording

* Bogacheva recorded Russian vocal music, Irina Bogacheva Vocal Recital in 1995, including Valentyn Borysov's "The Stars in the Sky", Pyotr Bulakhov's "Don't Wake Me Up", Dargomizhsky's aria from The Stone Guest, songs by Gavrilin, A. I. Shishkin's "No, It Is Not You I Love So Passionately", Solovyov-Sedoy's "In the boat", Aleksandr Yegorovich Varlamov's "O Do Not Kiss Me".
# Geert Lap

Gerardus Johannes (Geert) Lap (born Venlo, 24 December 1951- 26 April 2017 ) was a Dutch ceramist, known for his new approach to ceramics characterized as clay minimalism.

## Life and work

Geert Lap studied at the AKV St. Joost from 1974 to 1976, and at the Gerrit Rietveld Academie is from 1976 to 1979 under Jan van der Vaart. The first two years in Amsterdam Lap shared a studio with Barbara Nanning, and in 1980 he started his own studio in Amsterdam in his basement apartment. In 1985–86 he lectured at the Design Academy Eindhoven and from 1985 to 1987 also at the Minerva Academy in Groningen.
The Metropolitan Museum of Art recapitulated, that "his earliest works—pure cylindrical forms usually associated with functionality but devoid of spouts, handles, and surface decoration—presage his future ceramic output, although now he has exchanged porcelain for stoneware, a material which he feels is sturdier and allows for sharper forms. Lap works in traditional methods making vases, bowls, and dishes, although he is not concerned with their usability. Each piece is one-of-a-kind and made by his own hand. Color and form are integral."
The Ceramics, Art and Perception journal characterized Geert lap as a "lonely traveller in the field of contemporary Dutch ceramics." They further explained that "Dutch ceramics is as versatile as international ceramics and, at the moment, shows a tendency to the bold, sculptural and narrative postmodernism, whereas Geert Lap has found his power in the consistent exercises in restraint."

## Gallery

* Bowl with small foot ring gray green, 1989
* Vase with as met funnel-shaped collar, 1992
* Vase in terra color with bulging belly, 1990-2000
* Container shape from series of 99, 1993
* Container shape from series of 99, 1993
* Container shape from series of 99, 1993
* Container shape from series of 99, 1993
# William H. K. Lee

William Hung Kang Lee, also known professionally as Willie H. K. Lee or the moniker W. H. K. Lee, was a seismologist affiliated with the U.S. Geological Survey; elected a Fellow of the American Geophysical Union in 1992. He was an expert on the application of personal computers on monitoring seismic events, as the "Willie Lee System" of recording seismic networks on computers is named for him. A book he was first author on, International Handbook of Earthquake and Engineering Seismology, received multiple scholarly reviews.
During his life, he held many posts within IASPEI, including on the Commission on Practice in the late 1980s, which included serving as chair of the Working Group on Personal Computers during the year 1989. He was also the editor of the IASPEI Software Library, published in multiple volumes from 1989–93 and chairman of the Committee on Education from 1995–2001. He is mentioned as an important figure in the official IASPEI Brochure.
Lee joined the Geological Survey in 1967, and retired to become a Scientist Emeritus around 1995–96.
He was unanimously picked by the IASPEI Bureau to win the 2015 IASPEI Medal.

## Education

* University of Alberta (B.S. (Physics and Geology), 1962)
* University of California, Los Angeles (Ph.D. (Planetary and Space Physics), 1967)
# Gooch shading

Gooch shading is a non-photorealistic rendering technique for shading objects. It is also known as "cool to warm" shading, and is widely used in technical illustration.

## History

Gooch shading was developed by Amy Gooch et al. at the University of Utah School of Computing and first presented at the 1998 SIGGRAPH conference. It has since been implemented in shader libraries, software, and games released by Autodesk, NVIDIA, and Valve.

## Process

Gooch shading defines an additional two colors in conjunction with the original model color: a warm color (such as yellow) and a cool color (such as blue). The warm color indicates surfaces that are facing toward the light source while the cool color indicates surfaces facing away. This allows shading to occur only in mid-tones so that edge lines and highlights remain visually prominent. The Gooch shader is typically implemented in two passes: all objects in the scene are first drawn with the "cool to warm" shading, and in the second pass the object’s edges are rendered in black.
# El Peñol, Nariño

El Peñol is a town and municipality in the Nariño Department, Colombia.
* This Department of Nariño location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Hamersen

Hamersen is a municipality in the district of Rotenburg, in Lower Saxony, Germany.
Hamersen belonged to the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen, established in 1180. In 1648 the Prince-Archbishopric was transformed into the Duchy of Bremen, which was first ruled in personal union by the Swedish Crown - interrupted by a Danish occupation (1712-1715) - and from 1715 on by the Hanoverian Crown. In 1807 the ephemeral Kingdom of Westphalia annexed the Duchy, before France annexed it in 1810. In 1813 the Duchy was restored to the Electorate of Hanover, which - after its upgrade to the Kingdom of Hanover in 1814 - incorporated the Duchy in a real union and the Ducal territory, including Hamersen, became part of the new Stade Region, established in 1823.
# George Ropes

George Ropes Jr. (1788–1819) was an American artist, known for his maritime oil paintings.
The son of a sea captain, and the nephew of a ship owner (Jerathmiel Peirce), in Salem, Massachusetts, George Ropes Jr. was a deaf-mute. He lived in Salem all his life, except for the years 1798–1801, when his father tried his hand at farming (but later went back to sea).
George Jr. received training in painting as a boy from Michele Felice Corne (1752-1845), and demonstrated skill as early as age 14. The diary of William Bentley states, "Mr. George Ropes' dumb (mute) boy is very successful at painting. He is instructed by Corne, an Italian artist in Salem."
George, Jr's. father died when he was 19 years old, and he turned to painting carriages and signs as a way of supporting his mother and eight siblings. He did not give up painting though, and became one of the prominent artists in the region, painting maritime subjects, landscapes and portraits. His paintings are prized for their accuracy and attention to detail. His career was cut short by consumption, which took his life, at the age of thirty, on 24 January 1819.
One of his paintings is a painting of Mount Vernon, which is in the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C. Other examples of his work are in the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C, and the USS Constitution Museum in Charlestown, Boston. Several of his paintings are in the collection of the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem, Massachusetts, including one of the Friendship of Salem. A replica of this sailing ship (built using his painting as a reference) is at the Salem Maritime National Historic Site in Salem.
# Belarus at the World Single Distance Championships

This page is an overview of the results of Belarus at the World Single Distance Championships.

## List of medalists

| Medal | Championship | Name | Event |
| Bronze | 2003 Berlin | Anzhelika Kotyuga | Women's 500 m |
| Silver | 2014 Seoul | Anzhelika Kotyuga | Women's 500 m |

## Medal table
### Medals by discipline

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total | Rank |
| Women's 500m | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | =8 |

### Medals by championship

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total | Rank |
| 2003 Berlin | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | =7 |
| 2004 Seoul | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | =6 |
# Invincible ignorance fallacy

The invincible ignorance fallacy, also known as argument by pigheadedness, is a deductive fallacy of circularity where the person in question simply refuses to believe the argument, ignoring any evidence given. It is not so much a fallacious tactic in argument as it is a refusal to argue in the proper sense of the word. The method used in this fallacy is either to make assertions with no consideration of objections or to simply dismiss objections by calling them excuses, conjecture, anecdotal, etc. or saying that they are proof of nothing, all without actually demonstrating how the objections fit these terms. It is similar to the ad lapidem fallacy, in which the person rejects all the evidence and logic presented, without providing any evidence or logic that could lead to a different conclusion.

## History

The term invincible ignorance has its roots in Catholic theology, as the opposite of the term vincible ignorance; it is used to refer to the state of persons (such as pagans and infants) who are ignorant of the Christian message because they have not yet had an opportunity to hear it. The first Pope to use the term officially seems to have been Pope Pius IX in the allocution Singulari Quadam (9 December 1854) and the encyclicals Singulari Quidem (17 March 1856) and Quanto Conficiamur Moerore (10 August 1863). The term, however, is far older than that. Aquinas, for instance, uses it in his Summa Theologica (written 1265–1274), and discussion of the concept can be found as far back as Origen (3rd century).
When and how the term was taken by logicians to refer to the very different state of persons who deliberately refuse to attend to evidence remains unclear, but one of its first uses was in the book Fallacy: The Counterfeit of Argument by W. Ward Fearnside and William B. Holther in 1959.
# Gbangbégouiné

Gbangbégouiné is a town in western Ivory Coast. It is a sub-prefecture of Biankouma Department in Tonkpi Region, Montagnes District.
Gbangbégouiné was a commune until March 2012, when it became one of 1126 communes nationwide that were abolished.
In 2014, the population of the sub-prefecture of Gbangbégouiné was 3,449.

## Villages

The five villages of the sub-prefecture of Gbangbégouiné and their population in 2014 are:
* Blégouin (680)
* Ganlé 1 (297)
* Ganlé 2 (1 254)
* Gan-Santa (254)
* Gbangbégouiné (964)
# Kobylnice (Kutná Hora District)

Kobylnice is a municipality and village in Kutná Hora District in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 200 inhabitants.
# William Nast

William Nast may refer to:
* William Nast (Methodist) (1807–1899), German-American religious leader and editor
* William F. Nast (1840–1893), American business manager
# Gooch crucible

A Gooch crucible, named after Frank Austin Gooch, is a filtration device for laboratory use (and was also called a Gooch filter). It is convenient for collecting a precipitate directly within the vessel in which it is to be dried, possibly ashed, and finally weighed in gravimetric analysis.
The device was originally a standard platinum laboratory crucible with a perforated base into which asbestos pulp was placed to form the filter mat. The crucible was then heated in an oven to dry out until it attained constant weight. The use of these materials meant that after filtration, the crucible and its contents could be subjected to high temperature to dry the filtrate and possibly oxidize or ash it to minimum weight. However, because of the high cost of platinum, versions made of porcelain were introduced in 1882. Some Gooch crucibles, such as the one in the drawing, permit two layers of asbestos to be used, separated by a perforated porcelain plate.
Other inorganic fibers, notably glass, have been used in place of asbestos. Gooch crucibles made of borosilicate glass with fritted glass bases are more common today. Gooch crucibles made of platinum may still be required for the most corrosive materials, porcelain is used where ashing at high temperature is required, and those made of borosilicate glass are adequate for drying.
They may also be used for collection and processing of biological tissue samples within the same container.
# Eisuke Fujishima

Eisuke Fujishima (藤嶋 栄介, Fujishima, Eisuke, born 16 October 1987) is a Japanese footballer who plays for Montedio Yamagata.

## Club statistics

Updated to 28 July 2022.
| Club performance | Club performance | Club performance | League | League | Cup | Cup | League Cup | League Cup | Total | Total |
| Season | Club | League | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Japan | Japan | Japan | League | League | Emperor's Cup | Emperor's Cup | J.League Cup | J.League Cup | Total | Total |
| 2013 | Sagan Tosu | J1 League | 2 | 0 | – | – | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| 2014 | Sagan Tosu | J1 League | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2015 | Sagan Tosu | J1 League | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| 2016 | JEF United Chiba | J2 League | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | – | 0 | 0 |
| 2017 | Matsumoto Yamaga | J2 League | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | – | – | 2 | 0 |
| 2018 | Renofa Yamaguchi | J2 League | 25 | 0 | 2 | 0 | – | – | 27 | 0 |
| 2019 | Kawasaki Frontale | J1 League | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2020 | Kawasaki Frontale | J1 League | 0 | 0 | – | – | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2020 | Montedio Yamagata | J2 League | 11 | 0 | – | – | – | – | 11 | 0 |
| 2021 | Montedio Yamagata | J2 League | 21 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | – | 21 | 0 |
| 2022 | Montedio Yamagata | J2 League | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | – | – | 1 | 0 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 61 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 66 | 0 |
# Grão Pará

Grão-Pará is a municipality in the state of Santa Catarina in the South region of Brazil.
The municipality contains part of the 1,330 hectares (3,300 acres) Serra Furada State Park, created in 1980.
# Genoplesium tectum

Genoplesium tectum, commonly known as the Cardwell midge orchid, is a small terrestrial orchid endemic to a small area in north-eastern Queensland. It has a single thin leaf fused to the flowering stem and up to thirty light red flowers with a dark reddish-black, hairy labellum.

## Description

Genoplesium tectum is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, herb with an underground tuber and a single thin leaf with a reddish base and 150–300 mm (6–10 in) long, fused to the flowering stem with the free part 10–20 mm (0.4–0.8 in) long. Between five and thirty flowers are well spaced along a flowering stem 40–50 mm (1.6–2.0 in) long, reaching to a height 200–400 mm (8–20 in). The flowers lean downwards, are light red, about 5 mm (0.2 in) long and 4 mm (0.2 in) wide. As with others in the genus, the flowers are inverted so that the labellum is above the column rather than below it. The dorsal sepal is broadly egg-shaped, about 3 mm (0.1 in) long, 2 mm (0.08 in) wide and light reddish with prominent reddish-black bands. The lateral sepals are linear to lance-shaped, about 3.5 mm (0.1 in) long, 1 mm (0.04 in) wide, have a small gland on their tips and spread widely apart from each other. The petals are narrow egg-shaped, about 2.5 mm (0.1 in) long and 1 mm (0.04 in) wide with dark reddish bands. The labellum is elliptic to egg-shaped with the narrower end towards the base, about 5 mm (0.2 in) long, 2.5 mm (0.1 in) wide with its edges densely covered with short, purplish hairs. There is a dark reddish-black callus in the centre of the labellum and extending almost to its tip. Flowering occurs from November to March.

## Taxonomy and naming

Genoplesium tectum was first formally described in 1991 by David Jones and the description was published in Australian Orchid Research. In 2002, David Jones and Mark Clements changed the name to Corunastylis tecta but the change is not accepted by the Australian Plant Census. The specific epithet (tectum) is a Latin word meaning "covered", "concealed" or "secret", referring to the dense vegetation usually concealing this orchid.

## Distribution and habitat

The Cardwell midge orchid grows with dense sedges and grass in woodland and is only known from an area south of Cardwell.
# Beggarington

Beggarington, also known as Beggerington and Begerington is a hamlet consisting of a few houses about 0.4 miles (0.6 km) north of Hartshead in Kirklees, West Yorkshire. It is situated in a bend of the B6119 road at the junction with the road from Roberttown. Beggerington has traditionally been considered a part of Hartshead. The place name means either "where the berries grow" or is related to beggar.
A coal mine was recorded here in the 19th century as "Beggarington Pit, Hartshead".
A waste water treatment works named Beggarington is located off Green Lane, a public bridleway.
# Differenced one-way doppler

Differenced one-way doppler (DOWD) is a method of spacecraft navigation. The process uses two TDRSS communications relay satellites receiving the same telemetry broadcast from a satellite. The Doppler shifts experienced by both TDRS satellites can be processed using ground equipment to generate trajectory estimates without the need for onboard GPS solutions. The Flight Dynamics Facility at GSFC provides this trajectory processing for NASA missions, though commercial software can also be used.
Before spacecraft GPS navigation was common, satellite navigation in Earth orbit required ground antennas or radar to follow a satellite's transponder signal and interpret range measurements, which could then be fed into a computer to determine the trajectory. The system continues to be in operation as of the third generation of TDRS satellites, which began operations in 2013.
The DOWD concept was described as early as 1980 and the capability was tested first on the WIND and NOAA-J satellite launches in 1994. While the trajectory estimates generated through DOWD for these tests were only marginally useful on their own, it was found that ground-based trajectory estimates were significantly improved by combining their results with the DOWD solution.
# Irene Vera Young

Irene Vera Young (1895 – 19 June 1975), born Irene Vera Carter, was an Australian dancer and dance educator.

## Early life

Irene Vera Carter was born in Bowral, New South Wales, the daughter of Arthur Edward Hanslow Carter and Emily Pryor Barton Carter. She attended a convent school in Wagga Wagga. From 1926 to 1932, she lived in New York City, training in modern dance as a member of the Sara Mildred Strauss Dancers.

## Career

After she returned to Australia from New York in 1932, Young ran a dance and movement school in Sydney. She gave modern "German dance" performances and lectures as a solo artist, and with her Motion Choir. Her style of dancing was likened to (or sometimes contrasted with) that of Mary Wigman. "Dance, for Miss Young, is not primarily, or necessarily, a matter of the legs," explained a 1934 reviewer, adding that in one work, "all the dancers stood rooted to the spot with widely-spread green skirts to emphasize their stationary state."
In 1934, she danced the title role in Oscar Wilde's Salome, in a production created by Raoul Cardamatis, with original music by Ramsay Pennicuick. Young "proved herself to be not only a dancer of genius, which is already well known, but an actress of marked ability," commented the report in the Australian Women's Weekly. She danced in a Doris Fitton production of George Bernard Shaw's Candida in 1937.
Young toured in Japan in 1935. She won a gold medal for her dancing at the International Dance Competition, held in conjunction with the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin. In 1941, she and Austrian dancer Gertrud Bodenwieser organized the Australian Association of the Creative Dance. She later published a guide, A System of Body Culture for Young and Old.

## Personal life

Irene Vera Carter married solicitor Charles Throsby Young in 1914. Their daughter, Barbara, born in 1915, danced with her mother's Motion Choir in the 1930s. Irene Vera Young died in 1975, aged 80 years. Her papers are in the State Library of New South Wales.
# Galby

Galby may refer to:
* Gaulby, a village in Leicestershire, England
* Galby (surname), an English surname
* Galby, nickname for the Galbatorix character in the Inheritance Cycle books and Eragon film
# Junshan Zhang

Junshan Zhang from the Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ was named Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in 2012 for contributions to cross-layer optimization of wireless networks.

## Education

* Ph.D., electrical engineering, Purdue University, 2000
* M.S., statistics, University of Georgia, 1996
* B.S., electrical engineering, HUST – China, 1993,
# William Longsword (disambiguation)

William Longsword (c. 893–942) was the second ruler of Normandy, from 927 until his assassination in 942.
William Longsword may also refer to:
* William II of England or William Longsword (c. 1056–1100)
* William Longsword, a crusader who led English troops at the Siege of Lisbon (1147)
* William FitzEmpress (1136-1164), who subscribed a charter as 'Willelmi Longespe'
* William of Montferrat, Count of Jaffa and Ascalon (c. 1140–1177), crusader
* William of Winchester, Lord of Lüneburg (1184–1213), son of Henry the Lion
* William Longespée, 3rd Earl of Salisbury (1167–1226), illegitimate son of Henry II of England
* William II Longespée (1212–1250), crusader