OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Grand Canyon Trail

Grand Canyon Trail is a 1948 American Western film starring Roy Rogers combining Western action with Three Stooges-style slapstick. Robert Livingston plays the head villain and James Finlayson plays the sheriff. The Republic Pictures film was shot in Trucolor, but only black and white prints survive.

## Plot

Sintown is a ghost town that was once believed to have had a lode of silver, but the mines have been depleted. J. Malcolm Vanderpool's determined secretary Carol Martin impersonates Vanderpool's daughter and travels west to help her boss, who had invested in the mine. She discovers that Regan, a mining engineer employed by Vanderpool, has kidnapped Old Ed Carruthers, an old prospector who has found silver, but Regan wishes to keep the information secret for his own benefit. He puts Carol up in the haunted Hangman's Hotel until Roy Rogers, Old Ed's mule Genevieve and Roy's singing posse, the Riders of the Purple Sage, attempt to rescue the prospector and bring the villains to justice.

## Cast

* Roy Rogers as Roy Rogers
* Trigger as Trigger, Roy's Horse
* Jane Frazee as Carol Martin aka Carol Vanderpool
* Andy Devine as Cookie Bullfincher
* Robert Livingston as Bill Regan
* Roy Barcroft as Dave Williams (Regan henchman)
* Charles Coleman as J. Malcolm Vanderpool
* Emmett Lynn as Old Ed Carruthers
* Ken Terrell as Mike Delaney (Regan henchman)
* James Finlayson as Sheriff
* Tommy Coats as Henchman Bannister
* Foy Willing as Singer, Rancher
* Riders of the Purple Sage as Singing Ranchers
# Half-side formula

In spherical trigonometry, the half side formula relates the angles and lengths of the sides of spherical triangles, which are triangles drawn on the surface of a sphere and so have curved sides and do not obey the formulas for plane triangles.
For a triangle $\triangle ABC$ on a sphere, the half-side formula is ${\begin{aligned}\tan {\tfrac {1}{2}}a&={\sqrt {\frac {-\cos(S)\,\cos(S-A)}{\cos(S-B)\,\cos(S-C)}}}\end{aligned}}$
where a, b, c are the angular lengths (measure of central angle, arc lengths normalized to a sphere of unit radius) of the sides opposite angles A, B, C respectively, and $S={\tfrac {1}{2}}(A+B+C)$ is half the sum of the angles. Two more formulas can be obtained for $b$ and $c$ by permuting the labels $A,B,C.$
The polar dual relationship for a spherical triangle is the half-angle formula,
${\begin{aligned}\tan {\tfrac {1}{2}}A&={\sqrt {\frac {\sin(s-b)\,\sin(s-c)}{\sin(s)\,\sin(s-a)}}}\end{aligned}}$
where semiperimeter $s={\tfrac {1}{2}}(a+b+c)$ is half the sum of the sides. Again, two more formulas can be obtained by permuting the labels $A,B,C.$

## Half-tangent variant

The same relationships can be written as rational equations of half-tangents (tangents of half-angles). If $t_{a}=\tan {\tfrac {1}{2}}a,$ $t_{b}=\tan {\tfrac {1}{2}}b,$ $t_{c}=\tan {\tfrac {1}{2}}c,$$t_{A}=\tan {\tfrac {1}{2}}A,$ $t_{B}=\tan {\tfrac {1}{2}}B,$ and $t_{C}=\tan {\tfrac {1}{2}}C,$ then the half-side formula is equivalent to:
${\begin{aligned}t_{a}^{2}&={\frac {{\biglt_{B}t_{C}+t_{C}t_{A}+t_{A}t_{B}-1{\bigr )}{\bigl{-t_{B}t_{C}+t_{C}t_{A}+t_{A}t_{B}+1}{\bigr )}}{{\biglt_{B}t_{C}-t_{C}t_{A}+t_{A}t_{B}+1{\bigr )}{\biglt_{B}t_{C}+t_{C}t_{A}-t_{A}t_{B}+1{\bigr )}}}.\end{aligned}}$
and the half-angle formula is equivalent to:
${\begin{aligned}t_{A}^{2}&={\frac {{\biglt_{a}-t_{b}+t_{c}+t_{a}t_{b}t_{c}{\bigr )}{\biglt_{a}+t_{b}-t_{c}+t_{a}t_{b}t_{c}{\bigr )}}{{\biglt_{a}+t_{b}+t_{c}-t_{a}t_{b}t_{c}{\bigr )}{\bigl{-t_{a}+t_{b}+t_{c}+t_{a}t_{b}t_{c}}{\bigr )}}}.\end{aligned}}$
# Contiguity (psychology)

In cognitive science, association by contiguity is the principle that ideas, memories, and experiences are linked when one is frequently experienced with the other. For example, if one constantly sees a knife and a fork together they become linked (associated). The more these two items (stimuli) are perceived together the stronger the link between them. When one of the memories becomes activated later on, the linked (contiguously associated) memory becomes temporarily more activated and thus easier to be called into working memory. This process is called priming, and the initial memory that primed the other is called the retrieval cue.
Association by contiguity is the root of association by similarity. Association by similarity is the idea that one memory primes another through their common property or properties. Thus, an apple may prime a memory of a rose through the common property of red. These two become associated even though one may have never experienced an apple and a rose together (consistent with association by contiguity).
In the study of human memory, the contiguity effect has been found in studies of free recall. Analyses of free recall data indicates that there tends to be the greatest number of +/- 1 transitions between words, suggesting that a person is more likely to recall words together that are closer together in a list. This is shown in a graph of conditional-response probability as a function of lag as originated by Dr. Michael Kahana. The probability of recall (y-axis) is plotted against the lag, or separation between subsequently recalled words. For example, if two items A and B are learned together, when cued with B, A is retrieved and vice versa due to their temporal contiguity, although there will be a stronger forward association (when cued with A, B is recalled). Changes in temporal contiguity in human subjects can be an indicator of mild cognitive impairment or an early stage of Alzheimer's disease, an observation that is assumed to be explained by the mechanism that the hippocampus and the entorhinal cortex generates sequences.
The contiguity effect appears relatively constant, and has been predicted to have long-term effects according to the temporal context model proposed by Howard and Kahana. This model explains the contiguity effect in the following manner: when an item is presented, it activates the temporal context that was active when the item was originally studied. Since contexts of neighboring items overlap, and that overlap increases with decreasing lag between items, a contiguity effect results. The contiguity effect has even been found between items in different lists, although it has been speculated that these items could simply be intrusions.
When one associated memory, a group of associated memories, or a whole line of associated memories becomes primed, this is known as spreading activation.
In conditioning, contiguity refers to how associated a reinforcer is with behaviour. The higher the contiguity between events the greater the strength of the behavioural relationship.
Edwin Ray Guthrie's contiguity theory deals with patterned movements.
# Emmalocera dimochla

Emmalocera dimochla is a species of snout moth in the genus Emmalocera. It is found in Australia.
# Insurance Continuing Education

Insurance Continuing Education are requirements for insurance agents in the United States to maintain their ability to sell different types of insurance products after getting licensed by the state department of insurance (DOI).
There is no nationwide accreditation since insurance agents are licensed by individual states. CFP, CPA, and CLU/ChFC (PACE) are an exception since these designations are administered by a national board.
Insurance continuing education, CFP, CPA and CLU/ChFC usually have a set credit hour requirement for a period of year(s), sometimes with specific hour requirements for special topics including but not limited to ethics, long term care and other topics.
Since late 1990s, all states allow insurance continuing education classes to be taken on-line. Often, a portion of the requirements may be satisfied through reading and other self-study as well.
The number of credit hours of study required to get insurance licenses renewed vary from state to state. All online courses are prepared based on the credit hour requirements set by the state's department of insurance. Only those courses that are approved are accepted towards fulfilling the state requirements of insurance continuing education .
# Faye McNeill

Vivian Faye McNeill is an American atmospheric chemist who is professor of chemical engineering at Columbia University. She leads the University's initiative Clean Air Toolbox for Cities. McNeill provided expert guidance on aerosols and ventilation throughout the COVID-19 pandemic.

## Early life and education

McNeill was an undergraduate student in chemical engineering at the California Institute of Technology. During her undergraduate degree. she became interested in aerosol science, watching the smog above the San Gabriel Mountains. McNeill suffered from asthma, and became increasingly aware of how much science could advance environmental policy and public health. She moved to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology for doctoral research, where she worked as a NASA Earth System Science Fellow. Her doctoral advisor was Mario Molina, the Nobel laureate who predicted that chlorofluorocarbons depleted stratospheric ozone.

## Research and career

McNeill joined Columbia University in 2007 and was awarded tenure in 2014. Her research looked to understand the interactions of trace gases with ice and snow. These interactions can be used to better predict how climate change will impact the composition of the atmosphere. The findings can also be used to understand ice core chemical records.
McNeill is interested in atmospheric aerosols and their role of atmospheric chemistry. Her research combines computational modelling with field work and lab-based experimental investigations. Air pollution is responsible for at least 6.7 million premature deaths a year. McNeill leads Clean Air Toolbox for Cities (CAToolbox), an interdisciplinary program that collects information about air quality in Africa, India and Indonesia.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, McNeill provided guidance about aerosols and ventilation to the general public.

## Awards and honors

* 2009 ACS Petroleum Research Fund Doctoral New Investigator
* 2009 National Science Foundation CAREER Award
* 2015 American Association for Aerosol Research Kenneth T. Whitby Award
* 2018 Mellichamp Emerging Leaders Lecturer

## Selected publications

* V Faye McNeill (22 January 2015). "Aqueous organic chemistry in the atmosphere: sources and chemical processing of organic aerosols". Environmental Science & Technology. 49 (3): 1237–1244. doi:10.1021/ES5043707. ISSN 0013-936X. PMID 25609552. Wikidata Q42696699.
* T. Bartels-Rausch; H.-W. Jacobi; T. F. Kahan; et al. (12 February 2014). "A review of air–ice chemical and physical interactions (AICI): liquids, quasi-liquids, and solids in snow". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 14 (3): 1587–1633. Bibcode:2014ACP....14.1587B. doi:10.5194/ACP-14-1587-2014. ISSN 1680-7316. Wikidata Q58613007.
* V Faye McNeill; Joseph L Woo; Derek D Kim; Allison N Schwier; Neal J Wannell; Andrew J Sumner; Joseph M Barakat (25 July 2012). "Aqueous-phase secondary organic aerosol and organosulfate formation in atmospheric aerosols: a modeling study". Environmental Science & Technology. 46 (15): 8075–8081. doi:10.1021/ES3002986. ISSN 0013-936X. PMID 22788757. Wikidata Q40048426.
# Echo, California

Echo, California may refer to:
* Echo, Inyo County, California
* Echo, California, former name of Echo Lake, California
# Karakhanid–Samanid wars

The Kara-Khanid Khanate and the Samanid Empire fought two wars in 990–991 and 999–1000. Satuq Buğra Khan's grandson, Hasan ibn Sulayman, attacked the Samanids in the late 10th century. Between 990 and 991, Hasan captured Sayram, Fergana, Ilaq, Samarkand and the Samanid capital, Bukhara. However, Hasan ibn Sulayman died in 992 and the Samanids returned to Bukhara.

## Hasan ibn Sulayman's campaign in (990–991)

Hasan ibn Sulayman Khan invaded Samanid lands in 991 upon the invitation of disgruntled vassals and the governor of Khorasan, Abu'l-Hasan Simjuri. Then he destroyed the army sent by Nuh II and captured Sayram. After the Samanid governor of Samarkand, Fa'iq, surrendered to Hasan, he marched towards Bukhara. Nuh II escaped and the Karakhanids entered the capital in the late spring of 992. Fa'iq, the Samanid governor of Samarkand surrendered to Hasan Khan, who then marched toward Bukhara. Nuh fled, and the Karakhanids entered the capital in the late spring of 992, where they managed to capture Abu Ali Damghani, vizier of Nuh II. In the same year, Hasan ibn Sulayman minted coins in Ilaq and adopted the titles "Sahib ud-Dawla" (Owner of the State) and "Zahir al-Dawaa (Supporter of the Cause). However, Hasan ibn Sulayman died from illness in 992 and the Samanids returned to Bukhara.

## Karakhanid's campaign in (999–1000)

Hasan ibn Sulayman's cousin Ali Arslan Khan (title: Kara Khan or Arslan Khan) continued the campaign against the Samanids in 999. Ali's son, Nasr Khan captured Samarkand and Bukhara. The Samanid lands were divided between the Ghaznavids, who captured Khorasan and Afghanistan, and the Karakhanids, who captured Transoxiana. All in all, the Amu Darya became the border between two rival empires.

## Aftermath

The Karakhanid state was divided into regions (Ülüş system), just like the Turkic and Mongolian nomads. The Karakhanid regions were associated with four major urban centers: Balasagun in Zhetysu (then the capital of the Karakhanid state), Kashgar in Xinjiang, Uzkend in Fergana, and Samarkand in Transoxiana. The original provinces of the dynasty, Zhetysu and Kashgar, and their khans had implicit seniority over those who ruled in Transoxiana and Fergana. Each of Ali Arslan Khan's four sons (Ahmed, Nasr, Mansur, Muhammad) had their own independent territory within the Karakhanid state. Nasr, the conqueror of Transoxiana, held the large central region of Transoxiana (Samarkand and Bukhara), Fergana (Uzkend) and other regions, but after his death his territory was further divided. Ahmet retained Zhetysu and Tashkent and became the head of the dynasty after Ali's death. Brothers Ahmed and Nasr pursued different policies against the Ghaznavids in the south; while Ahmed tried to form an alliance with Mahmud of Ghazni, Nasr tried to expand into Ghaznivid territory but failed.
# Severn River (Georgian Bay)

The Severn River is a river in central Ontario, Canada. Its headwaters are located at the north end of Lake Couchiching. It drains Lake Couchiching and Lake Simcoe. The river flows generally northwest into Georgian Bay, a large bay of Lake Huron.
The Severn forms part of the inland canal system known as the Trent–Severn Waterway, which links Port Severn on Georgian Bay with Trenton on Lake Ontario via the Trent Canal. From the middle of the 19th century up until the completion of the canal in 1920, the Severn was used to transport logs to sawmills down river. There are two hydroelectric stations at falls located on its course.
The central Ontario Severn River is only 30 km (19 mi) long. The river services seasonal cottagers, as many of the properties are accessible only by boat. Some year-round residents live on the Severn. The river sees many yachts/cruisers travelling from Lake Couchiching to Georgian Bay, or vice versa.
Located on the Severn River, Big Chute Marine Railway is a rare operating marine-railway. The Elbląg Canal in Poland is similar. The Big Chute is a major tourist attraction, and provides access to and from Gloucester Pool, below the Severn. The River sees many overnight campers, although overnight camping is forbidden on many sections of the Severn, including Lost Channel (location of the old fire tower) and Pretty Channel. This law is enforced by police supervision.
According to "Governor Simcoe's Visit in 1793," which can be found in the 1891 volume of the Transactions of the Canadian Institute, the river at that time was known as the River Matchetache.
# MEKO 140

The MEKO 140 is a frigate/corvette design by the German Blohm + Voss shipyard as part of the MEKO family of vessels. The MEKO 140 is a development of the Portuguese Navy's João Coutinho-class corvettes designed by the Portuguese naval engineer Rogério de Oliveira in the late 1960s – three ships of which were built Blohm + Voss in 1970, as an outsourcing.

## Concept and development

MEKO is a concept in modern naval shipbuilding based on modularity of armament, electronics, and other equipment, aiming at ease of maintenance and cost reduction. Vessels of similar classes can use different weapons systems, as required by the customer. The MEKO 140 was designed in the late 1970s, and was chosen by the Argentine Navy to complement the MEKO 360 destroyers.

## Variants

Six vessels of the MEKO 140 A16 variant were constructed in Argentina by the Río Santiago Shipyards (AFNE) near La Plata for the Argentine Navy. They are locally named as the Espora class and currently serve in the High Seas Fleet ("Flota de Mar").
Although considered by its designers to be frigates, the Espora-class vessels have been classed in Argentina as corvettes.
# MEKO 360

The MEKO 360 is a class of five ships built in Germany for the Argentine and Nigerian navies. The MEKO 360 was the first version of the MEKO family of vessels built by Blohm und Voss. The type comes in two variants, the MEKO 360H1, comprising one ship, and the MEKO 360H2, comprising four ships. They are alternatively classed as frigates and destroyers by different sources. The design is based on the modular concept which allows swapping out different armaments to fit mission requirements and allows for easier application of upgrades and refits.

## Variants
### MEKO 360H1

A single vessel of the MEKO 360H1 variant was produced for the Nigerian Navy. Called NNS Aradu, it is one of the largest vessels of that navy.

### MEKO 360H2

Six vessels were ordered and four vessels of a second variant, MEKO 360H2, were constructed for Argentina. They were locally named the Almirante Brown class. They are considered frigates and destroyers by different publications. The design is based on the concept of modular systems and is capable of changing the armament of the ship swiftly and can be modernized/refitted with more ease.
The ships have a standard displacement of 2,900 long tons (2,900 t) and 3,360 long tons (3,410 t) at full load. The vessels are 125.9 metres (413 ft 1 in) long overall and 119.0 metres (390 ft 5 in) between perpendiculars with a beam of 15 metres (49 ft 3 in) and a draught of 5.8 metres (19 ft 0 in). The vessels are powered by a COGOG system driving two shafts composed of two Olympus TM 3B gas turbines rated at 51,800 shaft horsepower (38,600 kW) and two Tyne RM-IC gas turbines rated at 10,200 shaft horsepower (7,600 kW). The ships have a maximum speed of 30.5 knots (56.5 km/h; 35.1 mph) while using their Olympus gas turbines at 18 knots (33 km/h; 21 mph) using their Tyne turbines. The MEKOs have a maximum range of 4,500 nautical miles (8,300 km; 5,200 mi) at 18 knots.
The Argentinian vessels are armed with eight Exocet surface-to-surface missiles in two quad launchers mounted centrally and one octuple launcher for Aspide surface-to-air missiles mounted aft of the superstructure. The MEKO 360H2 are also equipped with one OTO Melara 5-inch (130 mm)/54 calibre naval gun forward of the superstructure, eight Bofors 40 mm/70 calibre guns, and two triple-mounted 324-millimetre (12.8 in) ILAS torpedo tubes.

## Ships

| Name | Number | Laid down | Launched | Commissioned | Status |
| MEKO 360H1 ||||||
| NNS Aradu | F89 | 1 December 1978 | 25 January 1980 | 20 February 1982 | Laid up since at least 2017 |
| MEKO 360H2 ||||||
| ARA Almirante Brown | D-10 | 8 September 1980 | 28 March 1981 | 26 January 1983 | In service |
| ARA La Argentina | D-11 | 30 March 1981 | 25 September 1981 | 4 May 1983 | In service |
| ARA Heroína | D-12 | 24 August 1981 | 17 February 1982 | 31 October 1983 | Laid up |
| ARA Sarandí | D-13 | 9 March 1982 | 31 August 1982 | 16 April 1984 | In service |
| ARA Rivadavia | D-14 | Cancelled | Cancelled | Cancelled | Cancelled |
| ARA Moreno | D-15 | Cancelled | Cancelled | Cancelled | Cancelled |
# MEL&NYC festival

MEL&NYC festival was a cultural festival in Melbourne, Australia in 2018.
It was sponsored by the Victorian Government, and involved community programming from various Australian arts organisations.
Noteworthy performers at the festival included Ilana Glazer, Ronan Farrow, and Momofuku.
State tourism Martin Foley was involved in organising the event.
# Lynn Geisler

Lynn Geisler is a dirt late model driver from Cranberry Township, Butler County, Pennsylvania who is a member of the National Dirt Late Model Hall of Fame. He has won over 200 late model races over a racing career spanning four decades. Mr. Geisler has been driving dirt late models in Western Pennsylvania since 1981. In 2011, Mr. Geisler raced at his two home tracks: Lernerville Speedway and PPMS.

## Racing career

Lynn Geisler won at least one race a year at Lernerville Speedway from 1982 to 2006, and won 10 features in the 1993 season. He also won five track championships at Lernerville in 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, and 2006. In total, Geisler has won 108 features at Lernerville and 67 features at Pittsburgh's Pennsylvania Motor Speedway. He has also won six track championships at Pittsburgh. Geisler won the 1995 and 1996 NEWS late model championships and the 1999 and 2000 MACS Championships. More recently, he has only raced at local tracks, mainly Lernerville and Pittsburgh. In 2005, Geisler was inducted in the National Dirt Late Model Hall of Fame. In 2011, Lynn Geisler won a feature event at PPMS, his 71st overall. This makes him a winning driver in four different decades.

## Sponsors

Since 1981, #1 Cochran has sponsored Geisler's racing team. His car has been blue, red, and silver and number 1C since this sponsorship was established.

## Race Team

Geisler added an additional race team in the 2008 season with Mike Pegher Jr. driving the #1 Cochran Crate Late Model. Pegher has participated in the FASTRAK racing series in the 2008, 2009, and 2010 seasons.

## Family

Travis Geisler, Lynn Geisler's son, is also a former dirt and asphalt late model driver who has also raced in the NASCAR Busch Series. More recently, he was a member of NASCAR's Team Penske. He has served as crew chief in the past for Ryan Newman and Sam Hornish Jr. Currently, he is the competition director for Penske.
# Growmark

Growmark, Inc. (stylized as GROWMARK), is a regional agricultural supply cooperative operating in more than 40 states and one operation in Ontario, Canada. Its local member cooperatives commonly use the trademark FS.
Growmark ranks 74th on the ICA Global 300 2008 list of mutuals and cooperatives (ranked by revenue).

## History

The organization now known as Growmark started in 1927 when nine of the local agricultural supply cooperatives in Illinois, which had started early in the 1920s, formed Illinois Farm Supply Company.
In 1955, the company adopted the FS trademark, which has remained in use by its member cooperatives since then. In the 1960s, the company moved from Chicago to Bloomington, Illinois, merged with Farm Bureau Service Company of Iowa to form FS Services, Inc., then merged Wisconsin Farmco Service Cooperative and Producers Seed Company into itself as well.
FS Services and Illinois Grain Corporation merged in 1980 to form Growmark.
Growmark gained the 37 member cooperatives in Ontario when it acquired United Co-operatives of Ontario in 1994.
It entered the northeastern U.S. market in 2002 by purchasing Agway's seed and agronomy businesses, including Seedway.
Growmark cooperative members also operate the FAST STOP regional chain of convenience stores and fueling sites. The retail emphasis evolved due to reduced farmer fuel usage due to adoption of no-till and minimum-till farming methods that require fewer trips over crop fields.
# Jacob John Lansing

Jacob John Lansing was an American who served as Sheriff of New York County.

## Career

Lansing was appointed Sheriff of New York County on September 29, 1795, to succeed Marinus Willett. He was removed from office on December 28, 1798 "on account of his politics" during the administration of Gov. John Jay, and was succeeded by James Morriss.
# Harvey railway station

Harvey railway station may refer to:
* Harvey station (British Columbia), Canada
* Harvey station (Illinois), United States
* Harvey railway station, Western Australia