OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Gravitational focusing

The concept of gravitational focusing describes how the gravitational attraction between two particles increases the probability that they will collide. Without gravitational force, the likelihood of a collision would depend on the cross-sectional area of the two particles. However, the presence of gravity can cause particles that would have otherwise missed each other to be drawn together, effectively increasing the size of their cross-sectional area.
Assuming two bodies having spherical symmetry, a collision will occur if the minimum separation between the two centres is less than the sum of the two radii. Because of the conservation of angular momentum, we have the following relationship between the relative speed when the separation equals this sum, $v_{\text{max}}$ and the relative speed when the objects are very far apart $v_{\text{rel}}$:
    $v_{\text{max}}(r_{1}+r_{2})=v_{\text{rel}}\Delta$
where $\Delta$ is the minimum separation that would occur if the two bodies were not attracted one to the other. This means that a collision will occur not only when $\Delta <r_{1}+r_{2},$ but when
    $\Delta <(r_{1}+r_{2})v_{\text{max}}/v_{\text{rel}}$
and the cross-sectional area is increased by the square of the ratio, so the probability of collision is increased by a factor of $v_{\text{max}}^{2}/v_{\text{rel}}^{2}.$ However, by the conservation of energy we have
    $v_{\text{max}}^{2}=v_{\text{esc}}^{2}+v_{\text{rel}}^{2}$
where $v_{\text{esc}}$ is the escape velocity. This gives the increase in probability of a collision as a factor of $1+v_{\text{esc}}^{2}/v_{\text{rel}}^{2}.$ When neither body can be treated as having a negligible mass, the escape velocity is given by:
    $v_{\text{esc}}^{2}=2G(M_{1}+M_{2})/(r_{1}+r_{2})$
When the second body is of negligible size and mass, we have:
    $v_{\text{esc}}^{2}/v_{\text{rel}}^{2}={\frac {8}{3}}\pi G\rho r_{1}^{2}/v_{\text{rel}}^{2}$
where $\rho$ is the average density of the large body.
The eccentricity of the hyperbolic trajectory is below or above $\epsilon =1+2v_{\text{rel}}^{2}/v_{\text{esc}}^{2}$ depending on whether there is or isn't a collision, respectively. When there is no collision, the trajectories turn by $2\operatorname {arccsc} \epsilon$ in the centre-of-mass fame of reference.

## Function

Gravitational focusing applies to extended objects like the Moon, planets and the Sun, whose interior density distributions are well known. Gravitational focusing is responsible for the power-law mass function of star clusters. Gravitational focusing plays a significant role in the formation of planets, as it shortens the time required for them to form and promotes the growth of larger particles.

## Dark matter

Gravitational focusing typically only has a small impact on the relaxed halo dark matter component, with effects typically remaining at around the 5% level. However, the impact of gravitational focusing on dark matter substructures could potentially be much greater.
# Efterslægten

HF-Centret Efterslægten (Danish, "future generations") was founded as Efterslægtselskabets Skole by the philanthropic society Selskabet for Efterslægten on 4 March 1786 as a lower middle school and started teaching on 3 January 1787. In 1881 it also became a Latin school (grammar school) and in 1886 the first students with the Danish Studenter-eksamen graduated. In 1919 the institution was taken over by the Copenhagen Municipality, and 1958 the school began admission of girls. In 1991, the school changed name into "HF-Centret Efterslægten", and in 1993 the last students were graduated with Studenter-eksamen, as now the Higher Preparatory Examination (HF) is offered instead, both as a two-year programme and as individual courses for young people and adults. School motto: Non nobis (Latin: Not for our own sakes).
Adam Oehlenschläger described his time at the school with great satisfaction.
From 1790, Efterslægten was housed in a beautiful renaissance building, demolished in 1913 to make room for the department store Illum. The demolition contributed to endeavours to legislate about conservation of cultural heritage buildings in Denmark, successful in 1918. Since 1940, the school has been housed in its buildings by architect Henning Hansen [da] in the Nordvest quarter of Copenhagen, near Utterslev Mose and Brønshøj.
Throughout parts of the 20th century, leading handball and basketball teams in Denmark were named Efterslægten, as they had their origin in the school.

## Notable students

* Adam Oehlenschläger (b. 1779)
* Jørgen Jørgensen (b. 1780)
* Ole Sarvig (b.1921)

## Sources

* Jørgen Brager, 200 år : Efterslægtselskabets Skole 1786-1986, Efterslægtselskabets Skole, 1986.
* Jørgen Hatting, Efterslægtselskabet og dets Skole gennem halvandet hundrede Aar, 2 volumes, Reitzel, 1936.
* Ole Vadmand (ed.), "Et alternativ siden 1786: Samfund og skole gennem 225 år", HF-Centret Efterslægten, 2011.
55°42′34″N 12°30′47″E﻿ / ﻿55.70944°N 12.51306°E﻿ / 55.70944; 12.51306
# Eric Records

Eric Records is an American record company that produced singles from 1968 to 1996, mainly with reissues of successful oldies, continuing today with compact disc compilations.

## History

Eric Records was founded in 1968 by Bill Buster in Philadelphia with the intention to re-release old songs of popular pop music in the original version as heard on the radio. He started with The Paris Sisters, of which he brought their successful titles "I Love How You Love Me" and "He Knows I Love Him Too Much" of 1961 and 1962 to the market. As a result, Buster published a series of evergreens and lesser-known titles. While the majority of the titles were number-one hits and re-released between 1950 and 1979, others such as Jerry Butler's "For Your Precious Love" (ranked 99 in the Billboard pop chart) also hit the market.
In 1974, the company was relocated to New Jersey. When vinyl records were superseded by the compact disc in the early 1990s, Eric Records switched its production to compact discs in 1996.

### Compilation series

* Big Band Releases
* Complete Hits
* Hard to Find 45s On CD
* Hard to Find Instrumentals
* Hard to Find Jukebox Classics (via Hit Parade Records)
* Teen Time
# Andrew Michael (businessman)

Andrew Michael (born 10 January 1980) is a British-Cypriot tech entrepreneur and founder of Fasthosts, Livedrive and Bark.com.

## Early life and Fasthosts

Andrew Michael was born in Cyprus, and grew up in Charlton Kings, near Cheltenham, United Kingdom. Aged 17, and as part of an A-level project, Michael started web hosting company, Fasthosts. In 2002, Fasthosts was listed in the Sunday Times as one of the fastest growing technology companies in the UK, and by 2005 reported a turnover of £20m and a profit of £5m. In 2006 the company was sold to German internet company United Internet for a reported £61m, with Michael owning a 75% share in the company.

## Livedrive

In 2008, Michael founded UK-based cloud storage and cloud backup company Livedrive, which offered customers unlimited online storage. Nicholas Cowell was also an investor in the company. In late 2009 he launched the company in the US.
In 2014 Michael sold Livedrive to J2 Global.

## Bark.com

In 2014 Andrew co-founded Bark.com with Kai Feller. The company enables customers to easily contact local service professionals, avoiding the need to make multiple calls. In March 2015 Nick Hewer signed on as brand ambassador.
# HLA-B41

HLA-B41 (B41) is an HLA-B serotype. The serotype identifies HLA-B*4101, *4102, *4103 gene products. (For terminology help see: HLA-serotype tutorial)

## Serotype

B41 serotype recognition of Some HLA B*41 allele-group gene products :
| B*41 | B41 | | Sample |
| allele | % | % | size (N) |
| 4101 | 87 | | 543 |
| 4102 | 87 | | 478 |
| 4103 | 91 | | 11 |

## Allele frequencies

HLA B*4101 frequencies :
| | | freq |
| ref. | Population | (%) |
| | Cameroon Pygmy Baka | 20.0 |
| | Cameroon Sawa | 15.4 |
| | Bulgaria Gipsy | 9.1 |
| | Sudanese | 6.8 |
| | Israel Arab Druse | 5.5 |
| | Cameroon Bakola Pygmy | 4.0 |
| | Saudi Guraiat and Hail | 3.9 |
| | Kenya Nandi | 3.1 |
| | Bulgaria | 2.7 |
| | Burkina Faso Mossi | 1.9 |
| | Israeli Jews | 1.8 |
| | Finland | 1.7 |
| | France South East | 1.6 |
| | Macedonia | 1.6 |
| | Czech Republic | 1.4 |
| | Kenya | 1.4 |
| | Romanian | 1.4 |
| | Mexico Mestizos | 1.2 |
| | Spain Eastern Andalusia | 1.2 |
| | Brazil Belo Horizonte | 1.1 |
| | Burkina Faso Rimaibe | 1.1 |
| | Kenya Luo | 1.1 |
| | Zambia Lusaka | 1.1 |
| | Jordan Amman | 1.0 |
| | Tunisia | 1.0 |
HLA B*4102 frequencies :
| | | freq |
| ref. | Population | (%) |
| | Cameroon Bakola Pygmy | 12.0 |
| | Morocco Nador Metalsa | 6.5 |
| | Tunisia Tunis | 5.7 |
| | Cameroon Pygmy Baka | 5.0 |
| | C. Afr. Rep. Mbenzele | 4.0 |
| | Cameroon Sawa | 3.8 |
| | Zambia Lusaka | 2.3 |
| | Portugal North | 2.2 |
| | Czech Republic | 1.9 |
| | Saudi Guraiat and Hail | 1.5 |
| | Tunisia | 1.5 |
| | Senegal Niokholo Mandenka | 1.1 |
| | Croatia | 1.0 |
| | Portugal South | 1.0 |
# Dream (musical)

Dream is a musical revue based on the songs of Johnny Mercer. The book is by Jack Wrangler and co-producer Louise Westergaard. The show ran on Broadway in 1997.

## Production

The revue opened on Broadway on April 3, 1997 at the Royale Theatre after twenty-four previews. Directed and choreographed by Wayne Cilento, the costumes are by Ann Hould-Ward, lighting by Ken Billington and sets by David Mitchell. The cast featured Lesley Ann Warren, John Pizzarelli, Margaret Whiting, Jessica Molaskey and Brooks Ashmanskas.
It closed on July 6, 1997 after 109 performances.

## Songs

All lyrics by Mercer.
| Song | Music |
| "Dream" | Mercer |
| "Lazybones" | Hoagy Carmichael |
| "On Behalf of the Traveling Salesmen" | Walter Donaldson |
| "Pardon My Southern Accent" | Matt Malneck |
| "You Must Have Been a Beautiful Baby" | Harry Warren |
| "Have You Got Any Castles, Baby?" | Richard Whiting |
| "Goody, Goody" | Malneck |
| "Skylark" | Carmichael |
| "The Dixieland Band" | Bernie Hanighen |
| "I Had Myself a True Love / I Wonder What Became Of" | Harold Arlen |
| "Jamboree Jones Jive" | Mercer |
| "Fools Rush In" | Rube Bloom |
| "Come Rain or Come Shine" | Arlen |
| "Out of This World" | Arlen |
| "I Remember You" | Victor Schertzinger |
| "Blues in the Night" | Arlen |
| "One for My Baby" | Arlen |
| "You Were Never Lovelier" | Jerome Kern |
| "Satin Doll" | Billy Strayhorn and Duke Ellington |
| "I'm Old Fashioned" | Kern |
| "Dearly Beloved" | Kern |
| "This Time the Dream's on Me" | Arlen |
| "Something's Gotta Give" | Mercer |
| "Too Marvelous for Words" | Whiting |
| "I Thought About You" | Jimmy Van Heusen |
| "And the Angels Sing" | Ziggy Elman |
| "The Fleet's In" | Schertzinger |
| "G.I. Jive" | Mercer |
| "I'm Doin' It for Defense" | Arlen |
| "Tangerine" | Schertzinger |
| "Day In, Day Out" | Bloom |
| "Jeepers Creepers" | Warren |
| "That Old Black Magic" | Arlen |
| "Laura" | David Raksin |
| "You Go Your Way" | Mercer |
| "My Shining Hour" | Arlen |
| "Hooray for Hollywood" | Whiting |
| "Accentuate the Positive" | Arlen |
| "In the Cool, Cool, Cool of the Evening" | Carmichael |
| "Charade / Days of Wine and Roses" | Henry Mancini |
| "Moon River" | Henry Mancini |
| "On the Atchison, Topeka and the Santa Fe" | Warren |

## Awards and nominations

* Tony Award for Best Choreography (Wayne Cilento, nominee)
# Dr. Rick

Dr. Rick is a fictional character appearing in advertisements for Progressive Corporation insurance. The character, portrayed by Bill Glass, is a self-help coach who helps new homeowners keep from "turning into" their parents.

## Concept and creation

In 2015, the chief marketing officer of Progressive Corporation, Jeff Charney, began searching for ideas for a new advertising campaign that would revolve around the "stages of life". Charney eventually decided to use the idea of parental introjection. After consulting with psychologists, Charney and his team found that people tend to experience this phenomenon after buying their first home.
Initially, Arnold Worldwide created a series of advertisements that revolved around "parentamorphosis", a portmanteau of "parent" and "metamorphosis". The advertising firm created Dr. Rick for a 2017 "parentamorphosis" advertisement where he was identified as "Rick". The campaign soon evolved to feature Dr. Rick as its central character.

## Appearances

As of February 2023, Dr. Rick, who is portrayed by actor Bill Glass, has appeared in 18 commercials for Progressive.
In 2021, Progressive released a book titled Dr. Rick Will See You Now. The book, which was advertised as being authored by Dr. Rick, is a comedic guide containing the character's teachings. Progressive has published five thousand copies of the 119-page book.

## Reception

According to a 2022 poll by Ad Age and The Harris Poll, Dr. Rick has a 59% favorability rating and a 54% awareness rating, making him the seventh-most popular insurance advertisement character in the United States.
The Dr. Rick commercials have received praise for their relatability. Barbara Mellers, a marketing and psychology professor at the University of Pennsylvania, also noted that the campaign's simplicity and surprise factor are what makes the character successful: "I think we all experience it, but I don’t know how much has been written on it or how broad a topic it is in the general conversation of life." According to Ad Age, viewers respond well to the character's dry humor.
# Dr. Reuben Chase House

The Dr. Reuben Chase House is a historic house located in Bothell, Washington, United States, listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Built in 1885 in a small settlement along the Sammamish River known as Stringtown, It was occupied by Bothell's first doctor, Reuben Chase starting in 1889 and served as his residence, office and the city's first hospital. Still in its original location, the house was fully restored in 2001 and is now part of the University of Washington Bothell campus, housing the Commuter Services office for the college.
# Chalou-Moulineux

Chalou-Moulineux (French pronunciation: ) is a commune in the Essonne department in Île-de-France in northern France.
Inhabitants of Chalou-Moulineux are known as Calo-Moulinotins.
# Goi Domain

Goi Domain (五井藩, Goi-han) was a feudal domain under the Tokugawa shogunate of the Edo period, located in, Kazusa Province (modern-day Chiba Prefecture), Japan. The domain was centered on what is now the city of Ichihara, Chiba. It was ruled for the entirety of its history by a branch of the Arima clan. The site of the Goi Domain jin'ya is now Goi Station on the JR-East Uchibō Line.

## History

Goi Domain was created on November 28, 1781, when Arima Ujiyoshi, the daimyō of Nishijo Domain in Ise Province relocated his jin'ya from Ise to Kazusa. He died two years later, at the age of 23, and his successors likewise had unusually short lifespans. His son Ujiyasu died at the age of 29, successor Hiroyasu at age 35 and son Ujisada at age 24. The 5th daimyō of Goi Domain, Arima Ujishige, decided to relocate his residence to Fukiage Domain in Kōzuke Province on April 17, 1842, and Goi Domain was thus dissolved.
As with most domains in the han system, Goi Domain consisted of several discontinuous territories calculated to provide the assigned kokudaka, based on periodic cadastral surveys and projected agricultural yields.

## List of daimyō

* Arima clan (fudai) 1781-1842
| # | Name | Tenure | Courtesy title | Court Rank | kokudaka |
| 1 | Arima Ujiyoshi (有馬氏恕) | 1781–1783 | Hyogo-no-kami (兵庫頭) | Lower 5th (従五位下) | 10,000 koku |
| 2 | Arima Ujiyasu (有馬氏保) | 1783–1790 | Bingo-no-kami (備後守) | Lower 5th (従五位下) | 10,000 koku |
| 3 | Arima Hisayasu (有馬久保) | 1790–1814 | Bingo-no-kami (備後守) | Lower 5th (従五位下) | 10,000 koku |
| 4 | Arima Ujisada (有馬氏貞) | 1814–1833 | Hyogo-no-kami (兵庫頭) | Lower 5th (従五位下) | 10,000 koku |
| 5 | Arima Ujishige (有馬氏郁) | 1833–1842 | Bingo-no-kami (備後守) | Lower 5th (従五位下) | 10,000 koku |
# Commandant of the Volunteer Force

Commandant Sri Lanka Army Volunteer Force (SLAVF) has been the title of the head of the Sri Lanka Army Volunteer Force. The post is held by a regular officer of the rank of major general and is the fourth senior position in the army. Commandant is in charge of the Volunteer Force Headquarters and is assisted by a deputy commandant.

## History

Established in 1956 as the Commandant Ceylon Volunteer Force, it was head by the second-ranking member of the General Staff from 1956 to 1966. Since 1966, it became the third-ranking after that of Commander of the Army and Chief of Staff. In the early 1990s with the creation of the post of Deputy Chief of Staff it became the fourth-ranking position in the army and has become a two-star (Major General) since the early 1980s.

## List of commandants

* Colonel H. W. G. Wijeyekoon OBE ED
* Colonel M A G De Mel psc
* Colonel B R Heyn
* Colonel S. D. Ratwatte ED
* Brigadier B K V J E Rodrigo VSV ndc psc MA
* Brigadier H V Athukorale psc FBIM
* Brigadier E G Thewanaygam VSV
* Brigadier C. A. M. N. Silva VSV USAWC
* Major General H Wanasinghe ndc
* Major General S M A Jayawardena VSV ndc psc
* Brigadier N G A L D S De Wijesekara
* Major General Y Balarathna Rajah ndc
* Major General G H De Silva ndc
* Major General C J Abayaratna
* Major General A M U Seneviratne ndc
* Major General T N De Silva
* Major General W R Wijeyaratne
* Major General H S Hapuarachchi USP
* Major General E H Samaratunga USP
* Major General J Nammuni USP
* Major General A K Jayawardhana RWP RSP rcds psc
* Major General H N W Dias RWP RSP VSV USP ndc IG
* Major General A E D Wijendra RSP USP ndc psc MSC
* Major General S H S Kottegoda WWV RWP RSP USP ndc
* Major General A M C W P Seneviratna UPS ndc psc
* Major General G S C Fonseka RWP RSP VSV USP rcds psc
* Major General M D S Chandrapala USP ndu psc
* Major General N Mallawaarachchi RWP USP ndc psc
* Major General D V S Y Kulatunga RSP USP ndc psc
* Major General U B L Fernando RWP RSP ndu psc
* Major General S R Balasuriya USP ndc psc IG
* Major General J J P S T Liyanage RSP USP ndc IG ldmc
* Major General D R A B Jayathilaka RWP RSP VSV USP ldmc
* Major General A W J C De Silva RWP USP ndu psc
* Major General S A P P Samarasinghe RSP USP psc
* Major General S W L Daulagala RSP USP ndu
* Major General HCP Goonetilleke RSP VSV USP ndc psc
* Major General MHSB Perera RWP RSP USP ndu psc PhD
* Major General A P de Z Wickramaratne RWP ndu psc
* Major General G R H Dias VSV USP ndc psc IG
* Major General S D T Liyanage WWV RWP USP ndc psc
* Major General L M Mudalige RWP RSP ndu
* Major General N A Dharmaratne WWV RWP RSP ndu psc
* Major General H J S Gunawardena RSP VSV USP ndc psc
* Major General T S Bangsajayah RWP RSP VSV USP ndu
* Major General P R Wanigasooriya VSV USP ndu USACGSC
* Major General J M U D Jayasinghe
* Major General K N S Kotuwegoda ndc IG
* Major General C D Weerasuriya RWP RSP ndu
* Major General D G S Senarath Yapa RWP RSP ndu
# Driver and Mechanic Badge

The Driver and Mechanic Badge is a military special skill badge of the United States Army which was first created in July 1942. The badge is awarded to drivers, mechanics, and special equipment operators to denote the attainment of a high degree of skill in the operation and maintenance of motor vehicles. The badge was originally referred to as the “Motor Vehicle Badge” and adopted its current title of Driver and Mechanic Badge during the Korean War.
The Driver and Mechanic Badge is awarded to soldiers who have received training and have met specific qualification standards to operate or repair military motor vehicles. For example, the Driver and Mechanic Badge for wheeled vehicles requires successful completion of military vehicle operations and maintenance training and be assigned duties and responsibilities as a driver or assistant driver of government vehicles for a minimum of 12 consecutive months or have driven at least 8,000 miles with no vehicle accidents or traffic violations before one can be awarded the badge.
The badge is issued with a number of metal bars, suspended beneath the decoration, which denote the qualification received. The current bars which are issued to the Driver and Mechanic Badge are as follows:
* DRIVER - A (for amphibious vehicles)
* DRIVER - M (for motorcycles)
* DRIVER - T (for tracked vehicles)
* DRIVER - W (for wheeled vehicles)
* MECHANIC (for automotive or allied vehicles)
* OPERATOR - S (for special mechanical equipment)
From November 1962 to January 1966, the U.S. Army awarded this badge to Army aviation mechanics and crew chiefs. To distinguish them from other Driver and Mechanic Badges, aviation mechanics had a two-bladed propeller bar that hung suspended beneath the badge, just like the driver bars. Crew chiefs hung two metal bars from the badge, one with "Crew Chief" embossed on a bar followed by the propeller bar. The Driver and Mechanic Badge-Aviation Mechanic and Driver and Mechanic Badge-Crew Chief were replaced by the Army Aircrewman Badge, now known as the Army Aviation Badge.
The Driver and Mechanic Badge is a permanently awarded skill badge and is worn suspended beneath a service member’s standard decorations and to the wearer's right of any Weapons Qualification Badges.
# Frank Woodhead

Frank Ellis Woodhead (29 May 1868 – 25 August 1943) was an English amateur first-class cricketer, who played five games of first-class cricket for Cambridge University and Yorkshire from 1889 to 1894.

## Biography

Woodhead was born in Woodthorpe, Huddersfield, Yorkshire, a son of Joseph Woodhead. He was educated at St John's College, Cambridge. He was a right-handed batsman and right-arm medium-pace bowler, who achieved little success, although he retired with the bowling average of 4.00, as his solitary spell of twenty balls gained him the wicket with only four runs conceded. In ten innings, he made a total of 57 runs, with a best score of 18, for an average of 5.70.
In his only appearance for his University, he recorded a pair in a heavy defeat against Surrey at The Oval in a two-day match on 13 and 14 June 1889. He did take his only first-class wicket in this match, bowling J.W. Sharpe for a duck. His next match was for Yorkshire against Cambridge University at Fenner's in 1893, when he compiled five and eight runs when opening the innings, in a low scoring match won by Cambridge by twenty seven runs. In the same year, he turned out against the touring Australians at Bramall Lane, Sheffield, but was dismissed for three and eight runs at the top of the order.
In 1892, he played for Yorkshire in a non-first-class, two-day fixture, against the then Minor Counties outfit Durham at Thrum Hall, Halifax, making eight runs in Yorkshire's first innings, and then 15 not out from number three in the order, to steer them to a seven wicket victory.
His last season, in 1894, saw him feature in a two-day loss against Leicestershire in a friendly first-class match when, demoted in the order to number seven, he scored eight and a duck, and his swan song came against his old University when Yorkshire lost by 119 runs. Woodhead did post his career best score of 18 in his final first-class innings, before he was bowled by Burrough.
Woodhead died, aged 75, in August 1943 in Huddersfield.
# Elaphidion tomentosum

Elaphidion tomentosum is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Chevrolat in 1862.