OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# George Hutchison (British politician)

Sir George Aitken Clark Hutchison KC JP (6 July 1873 – 22 December 1928) was an advocate mainly remembered in his role as a politician as a Scottish Unionist who served as the Member of Parliament for Midlothian and Peebles Northern from 1922 to 1923, and from 1924 until his death.

## Life

Hutchinson was born in Renfrew, the son of Rev. John B. A. Hutchinson (d.1926) of the United Presbyterian Church of Scotland on Paisley Road in Renfrew. In 1877 the family moved to Leith on the east coast of Scotland where he was minister of the Bonnington United Free Church.
George was educated at Edinburgh Academy and the University of Edinburgh, and was called to the Scottish bar in 1896. He first stood for Parliament at the December 1910 general election in Argyll, a marginal seat where he lost by 257 votes (3.0%).
In 1906 he sold his house, Afton Lodge, to the church and it was demolished to create Holy Cross Academy (a training school for Roman Catholic teachers) then demolished in turn to create Holy Cross RC Primary School. Hutchison moved to a large West End townhouse at 34 Drumsheugh Gardens.
He did not stand again until the 1922 general election, when he held the Midlothian and Peebles Northern seat after the sitting Unionist MP had retired. He was defeated at the 1923 general election by the Labour Party candidate Andrew Clarke, but won again at the 1924 general election.
He was knighted in the 1928 Birthday Honours, for political and public services, but because of declining health did not stand in the 1929 general election.
He died on 22 December 1928 in Edinburgh, aged 55. He is buried in the northern (independent) extension to Dean Cemetery on Queensferry Road. The grave lies on one of the central east–west paths, towards the eastern side.

## Family

He was married to Peggie Blair (1876–1960). Their son Ronald Blair Clark Hutchison was a Commander in the Royal Navy. Their sons Ian Clark Hutchison and Michael Clark Hutchison were also MPs.
# Benefit period

A benefit period is a length of time during which a benefit is paid. This may be a government benefit such as the British Housing Benefit, or a healthcare benefit system such as the American Medicare, or payment from an insurance policy such as a Payment protection insurance which covers mortgage or other commitments after accident, illness or redundancy. It may also be known as the Payment period.
A related terms is Benefit week used in calculation of entitlement to benefits.

## Medicare

In the context of the United States healthcare system Medicare, a benefit period begins the day a beneficiary is admitted to a hospital or skilled nursing facility (SNF). The benefit period ends when the beneficiary has not received any inpatient hospital care (or skilled care in a SNF) for 60 days in a row. If a beneficiary is readmitted into a hospital or SNF after one benefit period has ended, a new benefit period begins.

## Benefit year or season

A Benefit year or season is a period during which a sports person is granted the benefit of various activities by his or her club or other organisation.
See Benefit (sports)
# George Bowman (baseball)

George Bowman (August 5, 1883 – 1958) was an American Negro league second baseman in 1909 and 1910.
A native of Coraopolis, Pennsylvania, Bowman was the brother of fellow Negro leaguer Emmett Bowman. He played for the Buxton Wonders in 1909, and for the St. Paul Colored Gophers the following season.
# Trapelia coarctata

Trapelia coarctata is a lichenised fungus in the family, Trapeliaceae.
It was first described as Lichen coarctatus in 1799 by Dawson Turner in Smith & Sowerby's, English Botany., and transferred to the genus, Trapelia by Maurice Choisy in 1932.
It has been found in mallee woodland dry sclerophyll forest, on soil and rocks, in Western Australia, and on Kangaroo Island in South Australia. It has a continuous grey thallus, containing gyrophoric acid, and is a first coloniser after fire. It was among the first lichen species to be found on Surtsey island after its inception from the sea.
# Minsk 1

Minsk 1 may refer to:
* the first of the Minsk agreements
* the former Minsk-1 Airport
# Stable process

In probability theory, a stable process is a type of stochastic process. It includes stochastic processes whose associated probability distributions are stable distributions.
Examples of stable processes include the Wiener process, or Brownian motion, whose associated probability distribution is the normal distribution. They also include the Cauchy process. For the symmetric Cauchy process, the associated probability distribution is the Cauchy distribution.
The degenerate case, where there is no random element, i.e., $X(t)=mt$, where $m$ is a constant, is also a stable process.
# M11

M11 or M-11 may refer to:

## Aviation

* Miles M.11 Whitney Straight, a 1936 two-seater light aircraft
* Shvetsov M-11, an aircraft engine produced in the Soviet Union

## Science

* Messier 11 (M11), an open star cluster also known as the Wild Duck Cluster
* Mathieu group M11 in the mathematical field of group theory
* Ritter M11 UltraClave, a model of autoclave made by Midmark

## Transportation

* M-11, a state highway in the metropolitan area of Grand Rapids, Michigan
* M11 (East London), a Metropolitan Route in East London, South Africa
* M11 (Cape Town), a Metropolitan Route in Cape Town, South Africa
* M11 (Johannesburg), a Metropolitan Route in Johannesburg, South Africa
* M11 (Pretoria), a Metropolitan Route in Pretoria, South Africa
* M11 (Durban), a Metropolitan Route in Durban, South Africa
* M11 (Bloemfontein), a Metropolitan Route in Bloemfontein, South Africa
* M11 (Port Elizabeth), a Metropolitan Route in Port Elizabeth, South Africa
* M11 motorway in England
* M11 motorway (Pakistan) Sialkot - Lahore Motorway in Pakistan
* the Moscow–Saint Petersburg motorway, designated M11
* Highway M11 (Ukraine)
* M11 motorway, portion of the N11 road in Ireland
* M11 (New South Wales), the NorthConnex motorway tunnel in Sydney, Australia
* Mornington Peninsula Freeway in Victoria, Australia designated M11
* New York City Bus M11, a New York City Bus route in Manhattan
* M11 (Istanbul Metro), a rapid transit line of the Istanbul Metro
* M11 road (Zambia), a road in Zambia
* M11 road (Malawi), a road in Malawi

## Firearms and military equipment

* M11, a United States military designation for the SIG Sauer P228 semi-automatic pistol
* Ingram MAC-11, a sub-compact machine pistol
* M-11 Shtorm, a 1959 Russian naval surface-to-air missile system
* Fiat M11/39, an Italian medium tank used during World War II
* Grigorovich M-11, a 1916 Russian single-seat fighter flying boat
* Mk 11 Mod 0 Sniper Weapon System, a variant of the SR-25 used by the United States Navy
* Remington 11-87, a semi-automatic shotgun
* Panhard ULTRAV M11, a reconnaissance variant of the Véhicule Blindé Léger marketed to the US Army

## Other

* M11, an abbreviation used to refer to the 11 March 2004 Madrid train bombings
* Change 2011, a Finnish political party which advocates direct democracy
* M-11 (comics), a fictional robot in Atlas Comics and Marvel Comics
* Magic 2011, the twelfth core set in Magic: The Gathering
* M11, a difficulty grade in mixed climbing
# Dixonius lao

Dixonius lao is a species of lizard in the family Gekkonidae. It is endemic to Laos.
# Benefit year

A benefit year is a 12-month period in which individuals are eligible to collect compensation, typically related to insurance policies or unemployment benefits.
In the United Kingdom, the Jobseeker's Allowance for individuals who have contributed to National Insurance is paid during a benefit year that runs from the first Sunday in January until the Saturday before the first Sunday in January. It is distinct from the UK tax year which runs from 6 April to 5 April each year.
# Geitodoris pusae

Geitodoris pusae is a species of sea slug or dorid nudibranch, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Discodorididae.

## Description

The maximum recorded body length is 60 mm.

## Ecology

Minimum recorded depth is 0 m. Maximum recorded depth is 68 m.
# Tread mark

Tread mark may refer to:
* Skid mark, a mark left by the skidding of an object, often a tire
* Tread Marks, a tank combat computer game
* TreadMarks, distributed shared computer memory system
# Sun Shine 36

The Sun Shine 36 is a French sailboat that was designed by Tony Castro as an International Offshore Rule One Ton class racer and first built in 1982.
The Sunshine 36 is the production version of an original prototype one ton racer and shares a hull design with the Regatta 39 and the Sun Shine 38, which has a longer transom.

## Production

The design was built by Jeanneau in France, starting in 1982, but it is now out of production.

## Design

The Sun Shine 36 is a racing keelboat, built predominantly of fiberglass, with wood trim and a masthead sloop rig. The hull has a raked stem, a reverse transom, an internally mounted spade-type rudder controlled by a wheel and a fixed fin keel or optional stub keel and centerboard.
The keel equipped version displaces 11,872 lb (5,385 kg) and carries 4,850 lb (2,200 kg) of ballast, while the centerboard equipped version displaces 12,544 lb (5,690 kg).
The keel-equipped version of the boat has a draft of 6.30 ft (1.92 m), while the centerboard-equipped version has a draft of 6.80 ft (2.07 m) with the centerboard extended and 4.10 ft (1.25 m) with it retracted, allowing operation in shallow water.
The boat is fitted with a Japanese Yanmar diesel engine for docking and maneuvering. The fuel tank holds 22 U.S. gallons (83 L; 18 imp gal) and the fresh water tank has a capacity of 53 U.S. gallons (200 L; 44 imp gal).
The design has sleeping accommodation for eight people, with a double "V"-berth in the bow cabin, an L-shaped settee and a straight settee in the main cabin and two aft cabins, each with double berths. The galley is located on the port side just forward of the companionway ladder. The galley is L-shaped and is equipped with a two-burner stove, ice box and a double sink. A navigation station is opposite the galley, on the starboard side. The head is located just aft of the bow cabin on the port side.
For sailing downwind the design may be equipped with a symmetrical spinnaker.
The design has a hull speed of 7.42 kn (13.74 km/h).

## Operational history

The boat was at one time supported by an active class club that organized racing events, the One Ton class, and more recently by the Jeanneau Owners Network.
# Minsk Cup

The Minsk Cup is a one-day cycling race held annually in Minsk, Belarus. It is part of UCI Europe Tour in category 1.2.

## Winners

| Year | Country | Rider | Team |
| 2015 | Ukraine | Oleksandr Golovash | Kolss BDC Team |
| 2016 | Russia | Alexandr Kulikovskiy | Russia (national team) |
| 2017 | Ukraine | Yegor Dementyev | ISD–Jorbi |
| 2018 | Poland | Maciej Paterski | Wibatech Merx 7R |
| 2019 | Belarus | Yauheni Karaliok | |
| 2020 | No race due to COVID-19 pandemic | No race due to COVID-19 pandemic | No race due to COVID-19 pandemic |
| 2021 | No race due to COVID-19 pandemic | No race due to COVID-19 pandemic | No race due to COVID-19 pandemic |
# Stable range condition

In mathematics, particular in abstract algebra and algebraic K-theory, the stable range of a ring $R$ is the smallest integer $n$ such that whenever $v_{0},v_{1},...,v_{n}$ in $R$ generate the unit ideal (they form a unimodular row), there exist some $t_{1},...,t_{n}$in $R$ such that the elements $v_{i}-v_{0}t_{i}$ for $1\leq i\leq n$ also generate the unit ideal.
If $R$ is a commutative Noetherian ring of Krull dimension $d$ , then the stable range of $R$ is at most $d+1$ (a theorem of Bass).

## Bass stable range

The Bass stable range condition $SR_{m}$ refers to precisely the same notion, but for historical reasons it is indexed differently: a ring $R$ satisfies $SR_{m}$ if for any $v_{1},...,v_{m}$ in $R$ generating the unit ideal there exist $t_{2},...,t_{m}$ in $R$ such that $v_{i}-v_{1}t_{i}$ for $2\leq i\leq m$ generate the unit ideal.
Comparing with the above definition, a ring with stable range $n$ satisfies $SR_{n+1}$. In particular, Bass's theorem states that a commutative Noetherian ring of Krull dimension $d$ satisfies $SR_{d+2}$. (For this reason, one often finds hypotheses phrased as "Suppose that $R$ satisfies Bass's stable range condition $SR_{d+2}$...")

## Stable range relative to an ideal

Less commonly, one has the notion of the stable range of an ideal $I$ in a ring $R$. The stable range of the pair $(R,I)$ is the smallest integer $n$ such that for any elements $v_{0},...,v_{n}$ in $R$ that generate the unit ideal and satisfy $v_{n}\equiv 1$ mod $I$ and $v_{i}\equiv 0$ mod $I$ for $0\leq i\leq n-1$, there exist $t_{1},...,t_{n}$ in $R$ such that $v_{i}-v_{0}t_{i}$ for $1\leq i\leq n$ also generate the unit ideal. As above, in this case we say that $(R,I)$ satisfies the Bass stable range condition $SR_{n+1}$.
By definition, the stable range of $(R,I)$ is always less than or equal to the stable range of $R$.
# YRP

YRP may refer to:
* The Turkish New Welfare Party
* The three-letter code for Ottawa/Carp Airport
* The initials for the three protagonists of the game Final Fantasy X-2: Yuna, Rikku and Paine
* Yellow Ribbon Project, a community initiative organised by the Community Action for Rehabilitation of Ex-offenders Network in Singapore
* Yokosuka Research Park
* Initials for York Regional Police
* "YRP", a song by Swans from Soundtracks for the Blind
# Luttrell's Tower

Luttrell's Tower is a three-storey stuccoed yellow brick folly south of Southampton, Hampshire, England, near the village of Calshot. It has a six-storey circular stair turret extending above the rest. It stands on the shore of the Solent, close to the grounds of Eaglehurst House. It is owned by the Landmark Trust.

## History

The tower was built circa 1780 for Temple Simon Luttrell by Thomas Sandby, who was a founder member and first Professor of Architecture at the Royal Academy. Temple Luttrell was a Member of Parliament who was allegedly involved in smuggling on the south coast (though no firm evidence of this exists). The tower's lookout, extending above the height of the main building, would have afforded a commanding view of the activities of the customs men in the area, both out to sea and inland. A tunnel running from an entrance just above the beach straight into the cellar of the tower would have made transferring contraband from the Isle of Wight a low risk operation. It is possible that the tunnel predates the tower. Once the goods were on the mainland, the proximity of Southampton would have made distribution expeditious. In the early 19th century the tower was sold to Richard Lambart, 7th Earl of Cavan. The earl set up tents around the base of the tower and lived in it for a while. Finding the tower too small he later built Eaglehurst House slightly further inland. Documentation in the tower suggests there may have been tunnels from the base of the tower into the cellars of Eaglehurst House; if so they are now blocked up.
Marconi used the tower for his wireless experiments of 1912. He rented Eaglehurst House and the tower between 1911 and 1916, and used the top of the tower for his transmissions. His youngest daughter, Gioia, was christened at Fawley Church in 1916. Steps down to the beach were added in 1927 to a design by Clough Williams-Ellis.
During World War 2 the tower was taken over by the military who fitted steel shutters over the windows. After the war the tower along with the house was purchased by Valder Gates who had the wartime damage the buildings had suffered repaired.

## Modern use

The tower became a Grade: II* Listed building on 8 October 1959. Since 1968 it has been owned by the Landmark Trust, a charity that rescues and restores historical buildings. It is now let as a holiday home.
# Slip knot

The slip knot is a stopper knot which is easily undone by pulling the tail (working end). The slip knot is related to the running knot, which will release when the standing end is pulled. Both knots are identical and are composed of a slipped overhand knot, where a bight allows the knot to be released by pulling on an end; the working end for a slip knot, and the standing end for a running knot. The slip knot is used as a starting point for crochet and knitting.
   The slip knot is a stopper knot that may be spilled or slipped instantly by pulling on the end to withdraw a loop. There is but one knot entitled to the name; any others having a similar feature are merely "slipped" knots.

## Standard creation

   The slip knot is closely related to the overhand knot, the difference between the two being in the treatment of the end. In the former the end is doubled before it is finally tucked. To untie, all that is required is a smart pull on the end of the rope, which withdraws the loop and causes the knot to spill instantly. A slip knot may be tied in the bight as readily as in the end, but the load must be on the standing part of the knot only. It is used wherever the necessity to cast off suddenly may arise.
The slip knot is formed by first creating a loop in the shape of a "p". Place a hand or hook through the loophole and grab a bight on the working end. Draw this bight through the first loop. Seat the knot and pull the bight until a small loop is created.
# Dixonius pawangkhananti

Dixonius pawangkhananti is a species of lizard in the family Gekkonidae. The species is endemic to Thailand.

## Etymology

The specific name, pawangkhananti, is in honor of Thai herpetologist Parinya Pawangkhanant.

## Geographic range

D. pawangkhananti is found in Phetchaburi Province, peninsular Thailand.

## Description

Large for its genus, D. pawangkhananti may attain a snout-to-vent length (SVL) of 4.26 cm (1.68 in).

## Reproduction

The mode of reproduction of D. pawangkhananti is unknown.
# Bengeri

Bengeri is a village in the Hubballi City of Karnataka, India.
It is well known for its national famous "Khadi Gramodyog" i.e. the only official & aunthorised manufacturer of Indian Flag in the whole country. It also has number of small and local industries involving in the food sector like Chikki, Barfi, Soda factories. These are sent through almost all over Dharwad district.
# Geitoneura minyas

Geitoneura minyas, the western xenica, is a species of butterfly from the family Nymphalidae, found in the south-west of the Australian state of Western Australia.

## Description

The adults have orange wings with brown veins and markings. They have an eyespot on each forewing, and a vestigial eyespot on each hindwing. Their wingspan is approximately 3.5 cm.
The caterpillar is green and has a round head. It feeds on various types of grasses such as veldt grass.
# Travicom

Travicom was the trading name of Travel Automation Services Ltd, a travel technology company based in the United Kingdom providing a global distribution system between airlines and travel agencies.
In 1976, Videcom with British Airways, British Caledonian and CCL launched Travicom, the world's first multi-access reservations system, (wholly based on Videcom technology), forming a network providing distribution for initially 2 and later 49 subscribing international airlines (including British Airways, British Caledonian, TWA, Pan American World Airways, Qantas, Singapore Airlines, Air France, Lufthansa, SAS, Air Canada, KLM, Alitalia, Cathay Pacific and JAL). The initial system supported little more than 100 terminals but subsequent developments allowed most of the IATA licensed agencies in the UK to access the system. The system allowed agents to use the same entry formats for all the connected airlines' systems. The displays were returned in the format used by each airline system. By 1987 Travicom was handling 97% of UK airline business trade bookings.
The system was replicated by Videcom in other areas of the world including the Middle East (DMARS), New Zealand, Kuwait (KMARS), Ireland, the Caribbean, United States and Hong Kong.
The Travicom UK multi-access system was closed and replaced by the system called Galileo in the UK today and in 1988 Travicom changed its trading name to Galileo UK. Later, British Airways sold Galileo UK to Galileo International.

## British Airways and Sabre controversy

In 1987, Sabre's success in selling to European travel agents was inhibited by the refusal of the big European carriers led by British Airways to grant the system ticketing authority for their flights, even though Sabre had obtained BSP clearance for the UK in 1986. American Airlines brought a High Court action which alleged that British Airways, after the arrival of Sabre on its doorstep, immediately offered financial incentives to travel agents who continued to use Travicom and would tie any override commissions to use of the Travicom system.
British Airways eventually bought out the stakes in Travicom held by Videcom and British Caledonian to become the sole owner, and although Sabre's vice-president in London, David Schwarte, made representations to the US Department of Transportation and the British Monopolies Commission, BA defended the use of Travicom as a truly non-discriminatory system in flight selection because an agent had access to some 50 carriers worldwide, including Sabre, for flight information.
# Hans Besser (chess player)

Hans Besser (4 February 1935 – 11 December 2002) was a German chess FIDE Master (FM) who won West Germany Chess Championship (1967).

## Biography

Hans Besser born in the East Germany, in the mid-1950s he moved to West Germany. He was one of the strongest chess players in West Germany in the 2nd half of the 1960s - early 1970s.
In 1967 in West Germany Chess Championship Hans Besser shared 1st-2nd places with Robert Hübner, additional match ended in a draw - 2:2.
With West German Chess Team Hans Besser participated in European Team Chess Championship in 1965, in Clare Benedict Cups in 1967 and 1970 where West Germany team in 1967 became the winner of the competition, and in 1970 won bronze, in Nordic Cup Chess Team Tournament in 1972, and a number of international matches.
In 1967 he represented West Germany in the FIDE World Chess Championship cycle (1966–1969) Zonal Tournament.
# Ministry of Information & Cultural Affairs (West Bengal)

The Department of Information & Cultural Affairs of West Bengal, previously known as the Department of Information & Public Relations, is a Bengal government ministry. It is a nodal ministry mainly responsible for the information, culture, film and archaeological heritage related activities of the State. The principal objectives of the department are to disseminate information about the activities & achievements of the state government through different media, to keep the ministers & other senior government functionaries aware of the public reaction reflected through the media & other sources, to promote & preserve Bengali cultural heritage (including the folk culture), to preserve West Bengal's archaeological heritage, to coordinate with important personalities and facilitate all activities related to films, theatre, art, etc., to organize state ceremonies, and to extend hospitality to visiting Indian and foreign dignitaries.

## Ministerial team

The ministerial team is headed by the Cabinet Minister for Information & Cultural Affairs, who may or may not be supported by Ministers of State. Civil servants are assigned to them to manage the ministers' office and ministry.
The current head of the ministry is Mamata Banerjee who is also the Chief Minister of West Bengal.
# Gorno Osenovo

Gorno Osenovo is a village in Simitli Municipality, in Blagoevgrad Province, in southwestern Bulgaria.
# YVR Skylynx

YVR Skylynx is a bus operator operating in Vancouver, Squamish and Whistler.

## Description

As of December 12, 2018, YVR Skylynx runs direct from Vancouver International Airport, Vancouver City Centre to Squamish, Creekside Village and Whistler with their Skylynx coach service. This service was previously operated by Pacific Coach Lines. There are 16 daily departures in winter and up to eight during the summer.

### Whistler route stops

YVR Skylynx serves five stops:
* Vancouver International Airport
* Pacific Central Station
* Hyatt Regency Vancouver (near Burrard station)
* Squamish
* Whistler