OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Graphs with few cliques

In graph theory, a class of graphs is said to have few cliques if every member of the class has a polynomial number of maximal cliques. Certain generally NP-hard computational problems are solvable in polynomial time on such classes of graphs, making graphs with few cliques of interest in computational graph theory, network analysis, and other branches of applied mathematics. Informally, a family of graphs has few cliques if the graphs do not have a large number of large clusters.

## Definition

A clique of a graph is a complete subgraph, while a maximal clique is a clique that is not properly contained in another clique. One can regard a clique as a cluster of vertices, since they are by definition all connected to each other by an edge. The concept of clusters is ubiquitous in data analysis, such as on the analysis of social networks. For that reason, limiting the number of possible maximal cliques has computational ramifications for algorithms on graphs or networks.
Formally, let $X$ be a class of graphs. If for every $n$-vertex graph $G$ in $X$, there exists a polynomial $f(n)$ such that $G$ has $O(f(n))$ maximal cliques, then $X$ is said to be a class of graphs with few cliques.

## Examples

* The Turán graph $T(n,\lceil n/3\rceil )$ has an exponential number of maximal cliques. In particular, this graph has exactly $3^{n/3}$maximal cliques when $n\equiv 0\mod 3$, which is asymptotically greater than any polynomial function.$^{:441}$ This graph is sometimes called the Moon-Moser graph, after Moon & Moser showed in 1965 that this graph has the largest number of maximal cliques among all graphs on $n$ vertices. So the class of Turán graphs does not have few cliques.
* A tree $T$ on $n$ vertices has as many maximal cliques as edges, since it contains no triangles by definition. Any tree has exactly $n-1$ edges,$^{:578}$ and therefore that number of maximal cliques. So the class of trees has few cliques.
* A chordal graph on $n$ vertices has at most $n$ maximal cliques,$^{:49}$ so chordal graphs have few cliques.
* Any planar graph on $n$ vertices has at most $8n-16$ maximal cliques, so the class of planar graphs has few cliques.
* Any $n$-vertex graph with boxicity $b$ has $O(n^{b})$ maximal cliques,$^{:46}$ so the class of graphs with bounded boxicity has few cliques.
* Any $n$-vertex graph with degeneracy $d$ has at most (n−d)3$^{d/3}${\textstyle (n-d)3^{d/3}} maximal cliques whenever $d\equiv 0\mod 3$ and $n\geq d+3$, so the class of graphs with bounded degeneracy has few cliques.
* Let $G$ be an intersection graph of $n$ convex polytopes in $d$-dimensional Euclidean space whose facets are parallel to $k$ hyperplanes. Then the number of maximal cliques of $G$ is O(n$^{dkd+1}$){\textstyle O\left(n^{dk^{d+1}}\right)},$^{:274}$ which is polynomial in $n$ for fixed $d$ and $k$. Therefore, the class of intersection graphs of convex polytopes in fixed-dimensional Euclidean space with a bounded number of facets has few cliques.
# Gail McGrane

Gail McGrane (née Gail Pirie: born 1975) is a television weather forecaster, previously the senior forecaster for BBC Scotland. Born in Dingwall, Ross-shire, McGrane attended Dingwall Academy before moving to Glasgow to attend the University of Strathclyde. She took a job at the Met Office in 1999 and began presenting breakfast weather reports in 2000, before moving to Reporting Scotland in early 2009. She has appeared as a weather consultant on several BBC Scotland productions.

## Early life and education

McGrane was born in Dingwall, Ross-shire in 1975 and educated at Dingwall Academy. She moved to Glasgow, where she received an honours degree in geography and an MSc in environmental studies from the University of Strathclyde. She studied for one year at the University of Iowa in the United States, as part of her third-year studies.
She decided on a career as a forecaster during her studies, in particular due to an experience in Iowa where she had to escape from a tornado in her car. She recalls being mocked for her decision by a lecturer.

## Weather career

McGrane joined the Met Office in 1999, with Bill Giles as her mentor. Following her training at the Met Office College in Reading as a forecaster, she moved to the BBC Television Centre as a broadcast assistant, then moved to BBC Scotland as a weather forecaster at the end of 2000.
McGrane spent nine years as the #2 forecaster for BBC Scotland, spending much of her time working on the breakfast shift covering regular radio slots Good Morning Scotland, and Breakfast TV, where her job required her to get up at 3 am.
She covered the Weather on Reporting Scotland once or twice a week, but became lead weather presenter on Reporting Scotland in late December 2009, after the departure of Heather Reid, following the latter's decision to leave for a role at Learning and Teaching Scotland after fifteen years of presenting.
McGrane took maternity leave in 2011, along with her two female BBC Weather colleagues, Gillian Smart and Judith Ralston. In February 2012, it was announced that Gail would not return to the BBC, after deciding to quit.
In July 2012, Gail made her first appearance as a weather presenter on STV, where she was a relief forecaster for a short time. She later returned to the BBC.

## Other broadcasting

McGrane presents on Landward and previously appeared on The Beechgrove Garden as a forecaster.

## Personal life

McGrane lives in Glasgow with her husband Jon, an accountant. Her mother still lives in Dingwall. Together with her husband, McGrane has been a volunteer speaker for the Children's Hospice Association Scotland (CHAS), raising £30,000 in a gala ball.
She is a regular visitor to the United States, in particular Chicago, where she had her first direct experience of a tornado.
She is an avid fan of football club Ross County, having frequently stayed with her grandparents in a house adjacent to the club's ground Victoria Park as a child.
# De Heuvel

De Heuvel is the name of several locations in the Netherlands:
* De Heuvel, Gelderland
* De Heuvel, North Brabant
See also:
# Goico

Laerte Fontana (born 13 September 1975), better known as Goico, is a Brazilian former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper.

## Career

Goico is the player with most appearances by Inter de Santa Maria, with 213 matches.
On 17 August 2008, in the match Inter de Santa Maria vs. Engenheiro Beltrão valid for Campeonato Brasileiro Série C, Goico scored a bicycle kick goal in the injury time of match.
Laerte is called "Goico" in reference to Sergio Goycochea, an Argentine goalkeeper who became famous for his performance in penalty shoot-outs.

## Honours
### São José-CS

* Campeonato Gaúcho Série A2: 1997

### Cachoeira

* Campeonato Gaúcho Série B: 2001
# Jif

Jif, Jiff, JIFF or JIF may refer to:

## Brand names

* Cif, a Unilever cleaning product, branded as "Jif" in Australia, New Zealand, Middle East and the Nordic countries
* Jif (lemon juice), a brand of lemon juice sold in the United Kingdom and Ireland by Unilever
* Jif (peanut butter), made by the J.M. Smucker Co.

## Festivals

* Jaipur International Film Festival, India
* Jeonju International Film Festival, Korea

## Other uses

* Jiffs, British army slang for soldiers of the Indian National Army
* Journal impact factor, a metric of an academic journal importance
* JPEG Interchange Format, the file format for the JPEG image compression standard
# Longyuan Rudong Intertidal Wind Farm

The Longyuan Rudong Intertidal Wind Farm is a 150MW offshore wind farm close to the Rudong County, Jiangsu province, China.
# Serrano Water District

The Serrano Water District is a California special district that maintains the groundwater of parts of eastern Orange County. The agency serves a 4.7 square mile area that encompasses the entirety of Villa Park and a small portion of Orange. The population served is approximately 6,500.
The agency was created in 1876 as the Serrano Irrigation District, making it one of the oldest standing water districts in Southern California. Serrano Water District helped to create the Santiago Dam and Irvine Lake. Currently, the agency owns their own water treatment plant, 50% of Irvine Lake, and 43 miles of pipeline.
In 2019, Serrano Water District successfully negotiated with the county, OC Parks, and Irvine Ranch Water District to reopen Irvine Lake to public recreation.
# Messier 80

Messier 80 (also known as M80 or NGC 6093) is a globular cluster in the constellation Scorpius. It was discovered by Charles Messier in 1781, being one of his first discoveries.
This star cluster is, as to its angle from the solar system, midway between α Scorpii (Antares) and β Scorpii in a field in the Milky Way Galaxy that is rich in nebulæ. With low levels of light pollution it can be viewed below the 67th parallel north with modest amateur telescopes, appearing as a mottled ball of light.
It has an apparent angular diameter of about 10 arcminutes. Since it is 32,600 light-years (10,000 pc) away, this translates into a true (spatial) diameter of about 95 light-years. It contains several hundred thousand stars, and ranks among the densest globular clusters in the Milky Way. It is at more than twice the distance of the Galactic Center in regions considered the Galactic halo.
It hosts relatively many blue stragglers, stars that appear to be much younger than the cluster. It is thought these have lost part of their outer layers due to close encounters with other cluster members or perhaps from collisions between stars in the dense cluster. Images from the Hubble Space Telescope have shown pronounced districts of these stragglers in M80, suggesting the center of the cluster to have a very high capture and collision rate.
On May 21, 1860, a nova was found in M80 that delivered a magnitude of +7.0 to telescopes, binoculars and astute eyes. This variable star, given designation T Scorpii, reached an absolute magnitude of −8.5, briefly outshining the cluster.

## Gallery

* M80 is on the far right edge of this image of Rho Ophiuchi cloud complex toward the top
* Map showing the location of M80
# Hypercone (spacecraft)

A hypercone is a mechanism for atmospheric reentry deceleration proposed for use by future Mars landing missions. It is an inflatable structure combining characteristics of both heat shields and parachutes.
The hypercone is intended to supplement other deceleration mechanisms, bridging a gap in capability between conventional heat shields (which are useful for taking a spacecraft from orbital velocity down to several times the speed of sound) and conventional parachutes or landing rockets (which are only useful below the speed of sound). Mars' combination of thin atmospheric density and relatively large gravity makes it impossible for a conventional heat shield to brake landing capsules of more than a few tons' mass to subsonic velocity before they would impact the surface.
A hypercone consists of a large donut-shaped balloon that supports a cone-shaped sheet of heat-resistant fabric thirty to forty meters in diameter, with the capsule located at the point of the cone. The balloon is rapidly inflated to expand the cone to full size and the resulting drag slows the capsule to a velocity where other landing mechanisms can finish the job of bringing it to a soft landing.
NASA's Low Density Supersonic Decelerator (LDSD) program is testing out some of these new devices and in April 2012 performed a trial run on a rocket sled test to replicate the forces a supersonic spacecraft would experience prior to landing.
# Star City, Saskatchewan

Star City is a town of 460 inhabitants in Saskatchewan, Canada, approximately 120 kilometres (75 mi) southeast of Prince Albert and 18 kilometres (11 mi) east of Melfort.
It is named after its first postmaster, Walter Starkey. The town's economy is based primarily on agriculture. It has numerous services and a small K-12 school.

## Demographics

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Star City had a population of 374 living in 182 of its 206 total private dwellings, a change of -3.4% from its 2016 population of 387. With a land area of 0.7 km$^2$ (0.27 sq mi), it had a population density of 534.3/km$^2$ (1,383.8/sq mi) in 2021.

## Historic buildings

The town has two historic buildings:
* The Town Office Building was constructed between 1919 and 1920 for the Bank of Commerce; the building currently houses a library.
* Golden Age Club Buildings
# Frundsberg

Frundsberg may refer to:
* SMS Frundsberg, an Austro-Hungarian corvette
* 10th SS Panzer Division Frundsberg

## People with the surname

* Georg von Frundsberg
# De Heuvel, Gelderland

De Heuvel is a hamlet in the Dutch province of Gelderland. It is a part of the municipality of Buren, and lies about 11 km northwest of Tiel.
It was first mentioned in 1844 as De Heuvel, and means hill. It is not a statical entity, and the postal authorities have placed it under Beusichem. It consists of about 10 houses.
# Solomon Schechter High School of New York

Solomon Schechter High School of New York was a coeducational Jewish high school located in the New York City borough of Manhattan. The school, which was affiliated with the Conservative Movement of Judaism and a member of the Solomon Schechter Day School Association, merged in 2006 with the New Jersey–based Schechter Regional High School, to form the Metro Schechter Academy, which in turn closed permanently in 2007.
SSHSNY was a laboratory school of the Jewish Theological Seminary, and provided students with a dual general and Judaic studies curriculum.

## History

In 1974, two seniors from Solomon Schechter High School were expelled after their involvement in what was called "the biggest cheating scandal to touch New York's Regents exams...since they were introduced in 1878)." They confessed to having broken into the principal's office, stolen the key to the strongbox, and photocopied the answers, which were sold with the help of two college students at $50 a piece.

## Curriculum

The school's core curriculum included studies in English, history, math, science, Hebrew, Tanakh (Bible), and Talmud. In addition, students learned a foreign language (French, Spanish, and at one point, Japanese), the arts, and physical education. A high priority was placed on scientific inquiry, on integrating Jewish and general studies, and on promoting Hebrew both as a living language and as a portal to advanced Jewish study. The core curriculum was complemented by a variety of elective courses in the arts and sciences.

## Extracurricular activities

Extracurricular activities included student government, mock trial, debate, yearbook, and sports teams (cross country, soccer, volleyball, basketball, soccer, softball). Community service was an integral part of the school program, and was required for all students in grades 10 and 11.
# Eclipta minuens

Eclipta minuens is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Giesbert in 1991.
# Freedom Swimmer

Freedom Swimmer is a 2021 Australian animated short film directed by Olivia Martin McGuire. The short is a fifteen minute documentary telling the story of a man and his daughter who swam from China to Hong Kong during the Cultural Revolution. Following its premiere at the Melbourne International Film Festival, the short has been featured in several film festivals including Slamdance Film Festival, Palm Springs International ShortsFest and the Calgary International Film Festival, where it was awarded for Best Documentary Short.

## Plot

A grandfather’s embarks on a courageous journey and a perilous swim from China to Hong Kong that parallels his granddaughter’s own quest for a new freedom.

## Reception

Since its launch, the film has been selected in various festivals and academies around the world:
| Year | Festivals | Award/Category | Status |
| 2021 | Sydney Film Festival | Best Animated Film | Won |
| 2021 | Kendal Mountain Festival | Best Creative Film | Won |
| 2022 | Palm Springs International ShortsFest | HP Bridging the Borders Award | Won |
| 2022 | Manhattan Short Film Festival | Bronze Medal | Nominated |
| 2022 | Aspen Shortsfest | Ellen Jury Award for Best Animation | Won |
| 2022 | GLAS Animation Festival | Grand Prix | Nominated |
| 2022 | Calgary International Film Festival | Best Documentary Short | Won |
| 2022 | Grierson British Documentary Awards | Special Mention for Best Documentary Short | Won |
| 2022 | Santa Fe International Film Festival | Best Documentary Short | Won |
| 2022 | AIDC Awards | Best Short-Form Documentary | Won |
# Vicente de Espona

Vicente de Espona (24 March 1918 – 23 October 1995) was a Spanish painter and sculptor. He was born in Valencia, but completed the majority of his work in São Paulo, Marbella, and San Pedro de Alcántara, where many of his public works are displayed today.
Prior to his career as an artist, de Espona worked as a consulting lawyer at the Banco Popular Español in Barcelona. In 1950, he requested a leave of absence from the bank to move to Brazil, where he dedicated his life to artistic pursuits.

## Works

De Espona's publicly-displayed work is primarily located in São Paulo, Marbella, and San Pedro de Alcántara.

### São Paulo

De Espona lived in São Paulo, Brazil, from 1957 to 1968. During this period, he produced paintings, sculptures, and engravings. In Brazil, de Espona conducted two annual art exhibitions which were held in various cities. De Espona's art studio in the city was later opened to the public.
During his time in Brazil, de Espona also completed freelance work with international advertising agencies and illustrated books and magazine covers. One of his projects was chosen as part of a building contest at the Igapó lakeside, a large summer residence which came to be called a "Spiritual Retreat". For this project, he created a large stone mural 125 square meters in size at the entrance of Londrina.

### Marbella

Between 1971 and 1995 de Espona worked in Marbella. Many of his public works are installed in the streets and squares of the city. These works include a throne dedicated to Jesus for a confraternity in Marbella, which was made of wood and bronze. He created a sculptural mural for the House of Culture of Marbella, called Marbella sun. He also created the Andalusia Memorial, whose central obelisk stands 6 feet tall. Other works, although not as monumental as the previous ones, also had their place in the architecture for the municipality of Marbella, include a mural on the facade of the Parish of Nueva Andalucía building and a six-meter-tall mural on the Gimnasio Atenas, called Auto Modelación.

### San Pedro Alcántara (Málaga)

De Espona's sculpture Síntesis (English: synthesis) measures 12 meters high and is located in San Pedro de Alcántara. Síntesis represents the patron saint San Pedro de Alcántara and was originally located in the plaza of the church. The work was transferred in the early 1990s to the edge of the main road, at the junction adjacent to the Avenida del Mediterráneo. In 2008 it was removed due to the danger it posed to highway workers, and was abandoned for two years. However, in 2010 it was restored, repainted, repaired, and placed in the Teodoro García Díez roundabout next to Ronda Road and the industrial area of the city, welcoming visitors who come to San Pedro by the A357 in Spain.
De Espona's sculpture Return of the Olivar, is also located in Malaga. The piece depicts a family, with one family member riding on a donkey. It is much smaller than Síntesis and is located in the gardens of the famous palm grove of San Pedro de Alcántara, south of Marqués del Duero. It was also in a state of disrepair for some years, until 2008 when it was finally repaired and restored.
# Messier 78

Messier 78 or M78, also known as NGC 2068, is a reflection nebula in the constellation Orion. It was discovered by Pierre Méchain in 1780 and included by Charles Messier in his catalog of comet-like objects that same year.
M78 is the brightest diffuse reflection nebula of a group of nebulae that includes NGC 2064, NGC 2067 and NGC 2071. This group belongs to the Orion B molecular cloud complex and is about 1,350 light-years distant from Earth. M78 is easily found in small telescopes as a hazy patch and involves two stars of 10th and 11th magnitude. These two B-type stars, HD 38563 A and HD 38563 B, are responsible for making the cloud of dust in M78 visible by reflecting their light.
The M78 cloud contains a cluster of stars that is visible in the infrared. Due to gravity, the molecular gas in the nebula has fragmented into a hierarchy of clumps, whose cores have masses ranging from 0.3 M$_☉$ to 5 M$_☉$. About 45 variable stars of the T Tauri type, young stars still in the process of formation, are members as well. Similarly, 17 Herbig–Haro objects are known in M78.
On May 23, 2024, the European Space Agency released an initial set of images from their Euclid mission. This included an unprecedented image of the region including M78. It showed hundreds of thousands of new objects including sub-stellar sized ones for the first time.

## Gallery

* VISTA image of Messier 78.
* Spitzer image of Messier 78.
* Euclid image of star-forming region Messier 78
# The Plague (American band)

The Plague was an American hardcore punk band formed in Cleveland, Ohio, United States, by Bob Sablack. They were part of the second wave of punk rock music and toured extensively throughout the United States and Europe, recording several EP's.

## History

The Plague started out in October 1982 as a three-person band. Bob Sablack recruited his cousin John Korosec of his previous band The Defnics on drums and Duke Snyder, the younger brother of his best friend who lived down the street, on bass, with himself on guitar and vocals. Influenced by bands such as Discharge and The Stooges, the three recorded an eight-song demo almost immediately.
They played nearly every venue in Cleveland and Kent, and went through several vocalists before recruiting Mike Duncan of Agitated for vocals in 1985. That same year, they attempted to record their masterpiece, but showed up to the studio too drunk to play and did not record anything else for a while. Finally, in 1987, after much insistence from The Pagans' Mike Metoff, the Plague hit the studios, recording "Just Say No". The record got a glowing three-sentence review in Maximumrocknroll that would send them on their way to a European tour.
Swedish record producer Stefan Wicklander heard the single and wanted to sign The Plague. They accepted, and Wicklander produced a split LP called Distortion Head with Swedish band Rosvette (Ass Sweat), a tour promotion single "Unresting Place" and The Plague's full LP Chain Sawng Massacre.

## European tour

The band proceeded to tour Europe, where they had the biggest following outside of the Cleveland area. They were the first band from Cleveland's second wave of punk to tour Europe, The Dead Boys and Pere Ubu having toured there a decade earlier during the first wave of punk. The Plague's song "Nazi Submarine" was always a crowd pleaser. But when the band toured Germany, they decided to drop it from their set list, fearing it might offend audiences. When they got there, however, the crowds screamed for "Nazi Submarine" everywhere they went.

## Demise

The Plague recorded one final session in 1989 before calling it quits. Nearly thirty years later, all of their vinyl recordings as well as some previously unreleased recordings were released in a two-volume set entitled Thumper, which is also downloadable.

## Discography

* "Just Say No"
* Distortion Head
* Unresting Place
* Chain Sawng Massacre
* Thumper, Volume 1
* Thumper, Volume 2