OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Subjacency

Subjacency is a general syntactic locality constraint on movement. It specifies restrictions placed on movement and regards it as a strictly local process. This term was first defined by Noam Chomsky in 1973 and constitutes the main concept of the Government and Binding Theory. The revised definition of subjacency from Chomsky (1977) is as follows: "A cyclic rule cannot move a phrase from position Y to position X (or conversely) in … X … [α… [β… Y … ] … ] … X …, where α and β are cyclic nodes. Cyclic nodes are S and NP", (where S=Sentence and NP=Noun Phrase).
This principle states that no movement can move an element over more than one bounding node at a time. In more recent frameworks, bounding nodes which are hurdles to movement are AgrP (Agreement phrase) and DP (Determiner phrase) (S and NP in Chomsky’s definition respectively). Therefore, Subjacency condition limits movement by defining bounding nodes. It also accounts for the fact that all movements are local.

## The subjacency condition in examples

The notion of bounding was first observed in the early generative grammar by, for instance, John R. Ross (1967). He noticed that movement is impossible out of certain phrases called Extraction islands. This evidence was further interpreted in terms of the Government and Binding Theory and Subjacency condition in the following way:
(1) who$_i$ did [$_{AGRP}$ Bill think [$_{CP}$ t$_i$ [$_{AGRP}$ John saw t$_i$ ]]]
(2) *who$_i$ did [$_{AGRP}$ John ask [$_{CP}$ when$_j$ [$_{AGRP}$ t$_i$ fixed the car t$_j$ ]]]
(3) *who$_i$ did [$_{AGRP}$ John believe [$_{DP}$ the statement [$_{CP}$ t$_i$ that [$_{AGRP}$ Bill hit t$_i$ ]]]]
In (1) the wh-element moves out of the object position of the embedded clause via cyclic movement, crossing only one AgrP at a time. Thereby, it respects the Subjacency condition and the sentence is grammatical. The details of this movement are presented in the diagram below:
(1)
As the specifier of CP position is empty in (1), the wh-element may use it as an escape hatch before moving further. In the example (2), on the other hand, the specifier of CP position is already taken and the wh-element moves over two AgrP at a time, violating the Subjacency condition and yielding the ungrammatical sentence.
# Belgium at the 1968 Summer Olympics

Belgium competed at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City, Mexico. 82 competitors, 77 men and 5 women, took part in 55 events in 13 sports.

## Medalists

| Medal | Name | Sport | Event | Date |
| Silver | Serge Reding | Weightlifting | Men's Heavyweight | |
| Bronze | Daniel Goens Robert van Lancker | Cycling | Men's Tandem | |

## Cycling

Fifteen cyclists represented Belgium in 1968.

### Individual road race

* Jean-Pierre Monseré
* Roger De Vlaeminck
* André Dierickx
* Jozef Schoeters

### Team time trial

* Michel Coulon
* Frans Mintjens
* Marcel Grifnée
* Englebert Opdebeeck

### Sprint

* Robert Van Lancker
* Daniel Goens

### 1000m time trial

* Dirk Baert

### Tandem

* Daniel Goens
* Robert Van Lancker

### Individual pursuit

* Paul Crapez

### Team pursuit

* Ernest Bens
* Ronny Vanmarcke
* Willy Debosscher
* Paul Crapez

## Fencing

Three fencers, all men, represented Belgium in 1968.

### Men's foil

* Michel Constandt
* Florent Bessemans

### Men's épée

* Michel Constandt
* Florent Bessemans

### Men's sabre

* Yves Brasseur

## Sailing

* Jacques Rogge

## Shooting

Three shooters, all men, represented Belgium in 1968.

### 50 m rifle, three positions

* Frans Lafortune

### 50 m rifle, prone

* Frans Lafortune

### Trap

* Guy Rénard

### Skeet

* Francis Cornet

## Volleyball
### Men's Team Competition

* Round Robin
** Defeated Brazil (3-1)
** Lost to Bulgaria (0-3)
** Lost to Poland (0-3)
** Lost to East Germany (0-3)
** Lost to Japan (0-3)
** Defeated Mexico (3-2)
** Lost to Czechoslovakia (0-3)
** Lost to Soviet Union (0-3)
** Lost to United States (0-3) → 8th place
* Team Roster
# Dionysius of Vienne

Dionysius was Bishop of Vienne. He was among the ten missionaries sent by Pope St. Sixtus I with St. Peregrinus to Gaul. Dionysius later succeeded St. Justus as Bishop of Vienne, in Dauphiné, France.
# Toms Creek

Toms Creek may refer to:
* Toms Creek, Virginia, an unincorporated community and coal town in Wise County
* Toms Creek, Montgomery County, Virginia, an unincorporated community
* Toms Creek (Missouri), a stream in Missouri
* Toms Creek (Uwharrie River tributary), a stream in North Carolina
* Toms Creek (Ararat River tributary), a stream in Surry County, North Carolina
* Toms Creek (Monocacy River), a stream in Pennsylvania and Maryland
* Toms Creek Falls, a waterfall in North Carolina
# Nosphistica effrenata

Nosphistica effrenata is a moth in the family Lecithoceridae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1918. It is known from southern India.
The wingspan is about 16 mm. The forewings are dark purplish fuscous with a small cloudy-white spot above the dorsum beyond the middle and a small rather oblique wedge-shaped white mark on the costa beyond four-fifths. The hindwings are blackish with small white marks on the costa at the middle and five-sixths.
# William Weir (aviator)

William James Alexander Weir, DFC (born 4 April 1891) was an Australian flying ace of the First World War credited with six aerial victories. He received the Distinguished Flying Cross for "conspicuous gallantry in air combats and attacking ground objectives".

## Sources of information

* ↑ "TO ACCOMPANY LIST No. 385 APPOINTMENTS, COMMISSIONS, REWARDS" (PDF).
* ↑ "SECOND SUPPLEMENT TO The London Gazette. Of Friday, the 7th of FEBRUARY, 1919". The London Gazette. The Gazette. pp. 2034, 2044. Retrieved 17 June 2022.
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# Golędzinów

Golędzinów may refer to the following places in Poland:
* Golędzinów in Gmina Oborniki Śląskie, Trzebnica County in Lower Silesian Voivodeship (SW Poland)
* Other places called Golędzinów (listed in Polish Wikipedia)
# Eleutheria (disambiguation)

Eleutheria is an ancient and modern Greek term for, and personification of, liberty.
Eleutheria may also refer to:
* Eleutheria (hydrozoan), a genus of hydrozoans
* Eleutheria (play), a posthumously published play by Samuel Beckett
* "Eleutheria", a song by Jason Webley from the 1999 album Against the Night
* "Eleutheria", a song by Lenny Kravitz from the 1993 album Are You Gonna Go My Way
* Eleutheria, a student co-operative at Michigan State University; see Student Housing Cooperative at Michigan State University
# Generations (Steve Wilson album)

Generations is an album by the American musician Steve Wilson, released in 1998. The album title refers to Wilson's desire to record with different generations of jazz musicians. It was his first album for Chick Corea's Stretch Records; Wilson had been a member of Corea's Origin band. Wilson supported the album with a North American tour.

## Production

Wilson was backed by drummer Ben Riley, pianist Mulgrew Miller, and bassist Ray Drummond. He chose the musicians due in part to the subtlety of their playing. Wilson wrote five of the album's songs. "Chelsea Bridge" is a version of the Billy Strayhorn composition.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| Entertainment Weekly | B |
| The Penguin Guide to Jazz on CD | |
| The Philadelphia Inquirer | |
Entertainment Weekly wrote that "a cooking backing unit nudged along by the great drummer Ben Riley keeps Wilson on his toes." The New York Times determined that, "with a light but commanding sound, he plays lines that sound fresh and airily bluesy, unencumbered by the too-common will to overwhelm"; the paper's Peter Watrous listed the album as the 10th best of 1998. The Washington Post noted that "A Joyful Noise" is "a splendid showcase for Wilson's lithe soprano sax and a tune that exudes an insinuating charm even before Miller leisurely and elegantly expands upon the theme."
The Chicago Tribune concluded that "the distinctively keening quality of his tone, inventiveness of his melody lines and high quality of his compositions ... point to an artist of considerable accomplishment and promise." The Richmond Times-Dispatch said that "the saxophonist's technically fluent, crisply lyrical style sets the tone in a varied set." The Toronto Star stated that "Wilson's fluent style fits myriad moods and the musicianship level is high."
AllMusic wrote that Wilson's "mesmerizing soprano sax on 'A Joyful Noise', his spirited flute on the lovely 'Trapaceria', and strong alto sax on his intense 'Sisko' all [merit] strong praise."
# Subjazz

Subjazz is a Norwegian choreographic duo consisting of Karl-Erik Nedregaard and Knut Arild Flatner that made a new dance style called Samtidsjazz, but the style was changed into contemporary in the So You Think You Can Dance - Scandinavia article.
* This dance-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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* This Norway-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Dikgonnye

Dikgonnye is a village in Kgatleng District of Botswana. The village is located 40 km north-west of Mochudi, and it has a primary school. The population was 431 in 2011 census.
# Toms Cove

Toms Cove is an embayment on the southern end of Assateague Island in Virginia with the mouth near Chincoteague Inlet. A U.S. Coast Guard station was located there. Toms Cove also contains the Toms Cove Visitor Center run by the U.S. National Park Service.
37°52′40″N 75°21′59″W﻿ / ﻿37.87778°N 75.36639°W﻿ / 37.87778; -75.36639
# Si-Kunda Forest Park

Si-Kunda Forest Park is a forest park in the Gambia. Established on January 1, 1954, it covers 445 hectares.
It is located in the Central River area at an estimated altitude of 18 meters.
# Nosphistia

Nosphistia is a genus of skippers in the family Hesperiidae.
# William Pyne

William Pyne may refer to:
* William Henry Pyne, English writer and painter
* William Pyne (MP) for Melcombe Regis (UK Parliament constituency)
# Greg Krause

Greg Krause (born April 4, 1976, in Boston, Massachusetts) was an Arena Football League offensive lineman for the Los Angeles Avengers.
# Luke Glavenich

Luke Frank Glavenich (January 17, 1893 – May 22, 1935) was a Major League Baseball pitcher who played for one season. He pitched for the Cleveland Naps for one game during the 1913 Cleveland Naps season. He attended Saint Mary's College of California.
Glavenich was raised in Jackson, California and, as his father was from Slavonia, spoke Slavonian as his first language. As a youth, he dropped out of school to pursue gold mining but was persuaded by his father to return to his education and complete high school and eventually college. As a pitcher at St. Mary's College, he once threw two one-hitters in the span of four days against Stanford University.
# Sir Robert Jenkinson, 1st Baronet

Sir Robert Jenkinson, 1st Baronet (1621 – 30 March 1677), was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1654 to 1659.
Jenkinson was the son of Sir Robert Jenkinson of Walcot, Oxfordshire, and his wife Anna-Maria Lee, daughter of Sir Robert Lee of Billeslee. He matriculated at Trinity College, Oxford, aged 16 on 16 December 1636 and was called to the bar at Inner Temple in 1649.
In 1654, Jenkinson was elected Member of Parliament for Oxfordshire in the First Protectorate Parliament. He was re-elected MP for Oxfordshire in 1656 for the Second Protectorate Parliament and in 1659 for the Third Protectorate Parliament. He was created baronet on 18 May 1661.
Jenkinson died at the age of 56.
Jenkinson married Mary Banks, daughter of Sir John Bankes of Kingston Hall, Dorset. He was succeeded in the baronetcy by his son Robert.
# Subiza

Subiza may refer to:

## General

* Subiza (album)
* Subiza (town)
# Dikgobe

Dikgobe, also known as izinkobe, is a South African word for samp and beans cooked together. The dish is commonly served at Setswana celebrations of life, such as marriage, and those marking death, the passage out of life. For funerals, dikgobe is one of the two acceptable starches to be served, with sorghum as the other.
# Bénigne Basset Des Lauriers

Bénigne Basset Des Lauriers (c. 1639 – 4 August 1699) was born in France and gained historic importance after he emigrated to New France in 1657.
Bénigne Basset was almost immediately involved in the justice system becoming a seigneurial notary and, for a period, a royal notary. He also worked as a surveyor and was responsible for the first street layouts in Montreal in 1672. As a notary there are over 2500 acts that he signed that still exist with his signature.
# Tom Wickert

Tom Wickert (born April 5, 1952) is a former American football tackle and guard. He played for the Miami Dolphins in 1974, the New Orleans Saints from 1975 to 1976 and for the Detroit Lions and Kansas City Chiefs in 1977.
# Si-cology 1

Si-cology 1: Tales and Wisdom from Duck Dynasty's Favorite Uncle is an autobiography by American television personality Silas Robertson, co-written by Mark Schlabach.

## Summary

In this book Si talks about his life. He talks about what life was like for him as a young boy living in Louisiana, how he went overseas to Vietnam as a soldier during the war, to what his life is like being Uncle Si on A&E show Duck Dynasty.

## Release

It was first published on September 3, 2013, by Simon & Schuster. They also published an audiobook adaption narrated by Si Robertson. On September 27, 2016, it had a Christian follow-up titled Si-renity: How I Stay Calm and Keep the Faith.

## Reception

The book became a New York Times Best Seller, and Publishers Weekly wrote "The Duck Dynasty empire rolls on. Si Robertson, a member of the extravagantly bearded Robertson clan, who struck it rich in the duck call business and then got famous thanks to a reality TV show, is the latest member of the family to hit the bestseller lists." The book was positively received and became recommended reading by Entertainment Weekly and PopSugar.
# Kleeman

Kleeman is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Alexandra Kleeman (born 1986), American writer
* Jenny Kleeman, British documentary film-maker and journalist
* Jessie Kleemann (born 1959), Greenlandic artist and writer
* Otto Kleemann (1855–1936), American architect
# Williams High School

Williams High School may refer to schools in the United States:
* Williams High School (Arizona), Williams, Arizona
* Williams High School (Stockbridge, Massachusetts), Stockbridge, Massachusetts
* Archbishop Williams High School, Braintree, Massachusetts
* T. C. Williams High School, Alexandria, Virginia
* T. H. Williams High School, Plano, Texas
* Walter M. Williams High School, Burlington, North Carolina
# Goldkopf

Goldkopf (Gold Head) is a mountain of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is 324 m above sea level.
49°32′01″N 8°41′40″E﻿ / ﻿49.53361°N 8.69444°E﻿ / 49.53361; 8.69444
* This Baden-Württemberg location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# El Montmajor

El Montmajor is a mountain of Catalonia, Spain. It has an elevation of 1,073 metres above sea level.
# Sir Robert Jenkinson, 5th Baronet

Sir Robert Jenkinson (1720–1766) was the 5th baronet Jenkinson of Walcot and Hawkesbury.

## Early life and education

The son of Sir Banks Jenkinson, 4th Baronet, and Catherine Dashwood. Jenkinson was baptised on 13 August 1720 at Charlbury. He was educated at John Roysse's Free School in Abingdon, (now Abingdon School) and later St John's College, Oxford and was awarded an Honorary Master of Arts degree; matriculated 31 May 1738 aged 17.

## Career

He earned a Doctor of Civil Law on 17 April 1749 but it is unknown if he practiced. He was a Steward of the OA Club in 1748.

## Peerage

He succeeded his father Sir Banks Jenkinson, 4th Baronet, to the title on 2 July 1738. He married Mary Cope but did not have any children. He died on 8 August 1766, aged 46 and was succeeded by Sir Banks Jenkinson, 6th Baronet. He was buried on 12 August at Hawkesbury, Gloucestershire.
# Direct seeded rice

Direct seeded rice (DSR) is a practice of sowing paddy which involves planting rice seeds directly into the field, instead of the traditional method of growing seedlings in nurseries and then transplanting them into the fields. This method significantly reduces the demand for labor, one of the major costs associated with rice farming. By eliminating the need for transplanting, farmers can cut down on labor costs and effectively manage the workforce during peak periods. It also provides flexibility in timing the planting, helping farmers to adapt to changing climate conditions. Moreover, DSR offers water efficiency. Traditional rice farming involves flooding fields, which is water-intensive and often unsustainable. Direct seeding of rice, on the other hand, requires less water during the establishment period, making it an attractive solution in regions experiencing water scarcity. Reduced water usage in DSR systems can help lower methane emissions, a potent greenhouse gas significantly produced in flooded rice paddies.

## Challenges

One of the most significant hurdles is weed control. In flooded paddies, water serves as a natural barrier to weed growth. However, in DSR systems, weeds can grow alongside rice, reducing yield. Thus, effective weed management strategies are critical for the successful application of DSR.
Another concern is the need for precision in seed placement. Unlike transplanting, where seedlings are carefully placed in fields, direct seeding requires accurate equipment to ensure optimal plant density and uniform growth. Technological advancements, such as laser-assisted land leveling and drill seeders, are paving the way for overcoming these challenges, making DSR an increasingly feasible option for farmers.
# Bénifontaine

Bénifontaine (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region in northern France.

## Geography

A farming village situated just 4 miles (6.4 km) north of Lens at the junction of the N47 and D39 roads.
The airport of Lens-Bénifontaine (code LFQL) is located in the commune.

## History

The commune owes its name to the quality of the local water, which is used for brewing the regional Ch'Ti beer. During World War I, the village, along with many others, was completely destroyed.

## Sights

* The Castelain Ch’ti brewery.
* The aerodrome.
# Shqiponjat (police unit)

The Eagles (Albanian: Shqiponjat) also known as Team Eagles (Skuadra Shqiponjat) is a quick intervention unit of the Albanian State Police. They are the most specialized quick intervention unit after RENEA and FNSH. The Eagles were created in 2006 by the idea and the direct support of Mr. Muhamet Rrumbullaku (Police Director of Tirana at the time) disbanded in 2013 but were quickly reinstated in 2014.
# St. Monance railway station

St. Monance railway station served the village of St Monans, Fife, Scotland from 1863 to 1965 on the Fife Coast Railway.

## History

The station was opened on 1 September 1863 by the Leven and East of Fife Railway when it opened the extension of its line from Kilconquhar to Anstruther.
Its name was changed to St Monans in October 1875 but changed back to St Monance in February 1936.
A camping coach was positioned here by the Scottish Region from 1954 to 1963 and two coaches from 1956 to 1958, in the final year a Pullman camping coach was used.
The station closed to passengers on 6 September 1965. The line closed to goods traffic on 18 July 1966.
# Electron transfer complex I

Electron transfer complex I may refer to:
* NADH dehydrogenase, an enzyme
* NADH:ubiquinone reductase (non-electrogenic), an enzyme
# Geoffrey II (archbishop of Bordeaux)

Geoffrey II (died 1043) was a Frankish archbishop of Bordeaux. He was selected by William V of Aquitaine and Sancho VI of Gascony at Blaye in 1027.
As a Frank, he directed his attention northwards, in the Limousin (1028) and Saintonge (1030). He founded the monastery of Barbezieux in 1037.
# Gustav Ferdinand Hertz

Gustav Ferdinand Hertz (born August 2, 1827, as David Gustav Hertz in Hamburg, died September 8, 1914) was a German lawyer and senator of the Free Imperial City of Hamburg. He was the father of the pioneering physicist Heinrich Hertz.
Hertz converted from Judaism to Lutheranism upon marrying Anna Elisabeth Pfefferkorn, the daughter of a Lutheran minister.
# Diplacodes nebulosa

Diplacodes nebulosa (the black-tipped percher, black-tipped ground skimmer or charcoal-winged percher) is a species of dragonfly in the family Libellulidae. It is a widely distributed species in many Asian countries. and northern Australia.

## Description and habitat

Diplacodes nebulosa is a very small and slender dragonfly. Males have a black abdomen and black wing tips; females are yellow and black, and their wings can be hyaline, or with an orange base, or, like the male, have black tips.

## Gallery

* Male
* Female
* Sub-adult male
* Mating pair
* Male, north Queensland, Australia
* Female wings
* Male wings
It prefers marshes and heavily weeded ponds.
# John Akec

John Apuruot Akec is a South Sudanese professional educator who served from May 2010 to March 2014 as the vice chancellor of the newly established university of Northern Bahr el Ghazal in Sudan. In 2014, Akec was appointed vice chancellor of the University of Juba.

## Education

He studied at Gogrial Primary School (1967–73), Kuajok Junior (1973-76), and Rumbek Secondary School (1976–79), He graduated with B.Sc. (Honours) in applied physics and electronics from the University of Gezira in 1985. He obtained a masters of science in system engineering from the University of Wales, College of Cardiff (UK) in 1992. Akec was awarded a doctorate of manufacturing and mechanical engineering from the University of Birmingham, United Kingdom in 2000. In 2005, he was awarded a postgraduate certificate in environmental innovation by the University of Manchester, UK and 1992 respectively, specialising in automation and robotics.

## Work experience

He worked at the Radiation and Isotopes Center Khartoum from 1986 to 1987, where he served in the Ministry of Health in Khartoum, worked as a freelance analyst for mobile phone markets in Africa for Jupiter Research Limited in 2006, and a member of the IEEE computer society in the UK. Outside his work Akec has been writing in popular blogs that bear his name. Akec is rather an ambitious man and he is looking forward to opening his own university that would not operate like the rest, rather it will concentrate at looking at the social gaps and creating a curriculum that would train young people to fill them.

## Politics

Akec has opposed some decisions made by the government. which has made him to be branded as opposition by many. He criticized the media for censoring views that are opposing government initiative to dredging the Nile River tributaries of weed to enable water flow. He has put up a public consultation forum within the university of Juba. He organized the fight for Sudd wetlands in response of the governments resumption of the Jonglei canal project despite elites opposing it.

## Controversies

The professor has been accused of being self centered and exploitative to the students in his plan to build a new lecture hall.
# Isabelle Le Maresquier

Isabelle Le Maresquier was a French equestrian and a prominent socialite of Parisian high society from the late 1950s and during the 1960s.

## Horseriding

A noted equestrian during the 1960s and 1970s, she became the first woman to win in a mixed horserace on 8 November 1975.

## Family

Born in Paris, she was a daughter of the prominent architect Noël Le Maresquier and Spanish noblewoman Conchita López de Tejada, and was the niece of French Prime Minister Michel Debré. Her family was referred to as French "state nobility" by Pierre Bourdieu. She was the mother-in-law of the Chancellor of Austria, Alexander Schallenberg.