OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Caudatario

In the Catholic Church, a caudatario from cauda (Latin for 'tail') – plural caudatari (Italian for 'train-bearer'), was a priest in charge of carrying the train (strascico in Romanesco) of the cassock or the cappa magna of a prelate (cardinals, archbishops and bishops) during solemn ceremonies.

## History

The use of robes with trains, capes and hoods for cardinals was introduced by Pope Nicholas III (r. 1277–1280– ). Since this would hinder their movement, the need arose to have an assistant, first a layman, later a religious, to hold the train of the cardinal's cassock. During the Avignon Papacy, the use of a caudatario spread among the minor prelates, such as the archbishops and bishops.
In 1546, Pope Paul III transformed the association of the caudatari into a collegio.

### Santa Maria della Purità

In 1538, Pope Paul III gave the custody of the small church of Santa Maria della Purità in the Roman rione of Borgo to the association of caudatari. They maintained the church until 1897, when it was abandoned.

## Function

At the beginning chaplain and Caudatario of a cardinal were two distinct figures, but then they merged into one. During the cardinal and papal solemn masses the caudatario was sitting next to the cardinal, holding his cap and reminding him what he had to do. The cardinal's vestments and furnishings were to be prepared by the caudatario to celebrate Mass in his domestic chapel, and to celebrate Mass itself.

## Dress

When the cardinals used the mitre, the caudatari wore a violet cape, and above it a white stole one palm wide, knee-length and ending in a golden fringe. For papal functions the crush was also purple, of woven fabric with wide and short sleeves and purple silk linings, and with a cape with a hood. One side of the hood had a pocket to hold the cardinal's breviary. Pope Paul V (r. 1605-21) added a purple skirt with black buttons and a sash with purple bows. On 30 November 1952, with the motu proprio Valde solliciti, pope Pius XII (r. 1939-58) shortened by half the train of the cardinals' cloaks(first 12 meters, today 6) and the decree of the Sacred Congregation of Rites of 4 December 1952, also shortened the bishops' cloaks by half (first 7 meters, today 3.5). John XXIII (r. 1958-63) restored the meters of the Cardinals' cloak to 12 meters and the bishop's cloak to 7 meters after the reform of Pius XII.
# 495 BC

Year 495 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Sabinus and Priscus (or, less frequently, year 259 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 495 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

## Events
### Roman Republic

* A temple is built on the Circus Maximus, between the Aventine and Palatine hills, in Rome, in honour of the god Mercury and was dedicated on 15 May.
* The number of Roman tribes is increased to 21.
* Additional colonists were sent to the colony at Signia.
* The Volsci launch an invasion against Rome, but are defeated, and in retaliation Rome plunders Suessa Pometia.
* Roman troops defeat an invading force of Sabines.
* Roman troops defeat an army of the Aurunci near the town of Aricia.
* The beginning of discord between the plebs and patricians leading to the first secession of the plebs.

### China

* King Fuchai of Wu ascends to the throne after his father, King Helü of Wu, reigning as the last king of Wu until 473 BC.

## Births

* Pericles, Athenian politician (d. 429 BC)

## Deaths

* Pythagoras of Samos
* Tarquinius Superbus, former king of Rome died in exile in Cumae
# Champlan

Champlan (French pronunciation: ) is a commune located 16 kilometres (10 mi) to the southwest of Paris, in the Essonne department in Île-de-France in northern France.
Although now completely enveloped in the Paris Metropolitan Area, the town has conserved its rural character in spite of its direct proximity to the capital, and thus retains its slogan of "Champlan, the meadow of Paris".

## Population

Inhabitants of Champlan are known as Champlanais in French.

## Climate

Champlan is located in the Île-de-France, and has a Maritime climate. The annual average temperature is about 11.2 °C (52 °F), with an average maximum temperature of 14.8 °C (59 °F), and a minimum of 7.1 °C (45 °F). The maximum summer temperature (from July to August), averages around 24 °C (75 °F) and the minimum winter temperature (from January to February), averages around 1 °C (34 °F). Its climate is distinguished from that of Paris by a temperature that is on average, 2 degrees Celsius (3.8 degrees Fahrenheit) less, explained by the Urban Heat Island phenomena. The record temperatures were caused by the influence from the continental climate located to the east, reaching a high of 38.2 °C (101 °F) on 1 July 1952, and a low of -15.8 °C (4 °F) on 17 January 1985.
# Châtelperron

Châtelperron (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the central French department of Allier.
It is the location of the site known as La Grotte des Fées.
# Kansai Maru

The MV Kansai Maru (Kanji:関西丸) was an 8,614-gross register ton (GRT) freighter built by Yokohama Dock Co., Yokohama, Japan, in 1930 for Harada Kisen KK. She was requisitioned by the Imperial Japanese Army as a transport in September 1941. The ship was one of the targets of the British attacks during the Battle off Endau in January 1942. Kansai Maru was sunk by the American submarine USS Scamp on 19 September 1943.
# Kandaswami Kandar's College

Kandaswami Kandar's College is a general degree college located in Velur, Namakkal district, Tamil Nadu. It was established in the year 1967. The college is affiliated with Periyar University. It offers different courses in arts, commerce and science.

## Departments
### Science

* Physics
* Chemistry
* Mathematics
* Botany
* Zoology
* Computer Science

### Arts and Commerce

* Tamil
* English
* History
* Physical Education
* Economics
* Business Administration
* Commerce

## Accreditation

The college is recognized by the University Grants Commission (UGC).
# 1994–95 Czech 1. Liga season

The 1994–95 Czech 1.liga season was the second season of the Czech 1.liga, the second level of ice hockey in the Czech Republic. Fourteen teams participated in the league, and HC Kometa Brno and HC Železárny Třinec were directly promoted to the Czech Extraliga.

## Regular season

| | Club | GP | W | T | L | Goals | Pts |
| 1. | HC Kometa Brno | 40 | 26 | 7 | 7 | 154:98 | 59 |
| 2. | HC Železárny Třinec | 40 | 23 | 8 | 9 | 175:118 | 54 |
| 3. | TJ Slovan Jindřichův Hradec | 40 | 21 | 8 | 11 | 144:117 | 50 |
| 4. | AZ Havířov | 40 | 21 | 5 | 14 | 170:134 | 47 |
| 5. | HC Baník Hodonín | 40 | 19 | 8 | 13 | 135:124 | 46 |
| 6. | H + S Beroun HC | 40 | 20 | 5 | 15 | 140:138 | 45 |
| 7. | HC Slezan Opava | 40 | 18 | 7 | 15 | 147:125 | 43 |
| 8. | HC Lev Hradec Králové | 40 | 16 | 9 | 15 | 123:113 | 41 |
| 9. | HC Slovan Ústí nad Labem | 40 | 14 | 8 | 18 | 120:129 | 36 |
| 10. | BK Havlíčkův Brod | 40 | 15 | 5 | 20 | 131:149 | 35 |
| 11. | IHC Písek | 40 | 14 | 4 | 22 | 121:137 | 32 |
| 12. | HC Prostějov | 40 | 8 | 11 | 21 | 91:149 | 27 |
| 13. | HC Baník Sokolov | 40 | 7 | 9 | 24 | 92:154 | 23 |
| 14. | HC Tábor | 40 | 8 | 6 | 26 | 108:166 | 22 |

## Playoffs
### Playoff qualification

* HC Baník Hodonín – HC Prostějov 2:1 (3:5, 4:1, 5:2)
* H + S Beroun HC – IHC Písek 2:1 (4:1, 3:5, 3:1)
* HC Slezan Opava – BK Havlíčkův Brod 2:0 (2:1, 3:0)
* HC Lev Hradec Králové – HC Slovan Ústí nad Labem 0:2 (2:5, 1:3)

### Quarterfinals

* HC Kometa Brno – HC Slovan Ústí nad Labem 3:1 (8:3, 3:0, 0:4, 6:3)
* HC Železáři Třinec – HC Slezan Opava 3:0 (5:3, 13:2, 2:0)
* TJ Slovan Jindřichův Hradec – HC Beroun 3:1 (2:3, 7:5, 3:2, 3:1)
* AZ Havířov – HC Baník Hodonín 3:0 (3:1, 4:2, 4:3)

### Semifinals

* HC Kometa Brno – AZ Havířov 3:0 (6:3, 5:0, 3:1)
* HC Železárny Třinec – TJ Slovan Jindřichův Hradec 3:0 (8:0, 4:2, 3:2)
HC Kometa Brno and HC Oceláři Třinec have been directly promoted to the Czech Extraliga.

## Relegation

| | Club | GP | W | T | L | GF | GA | Pts |
| 1. | HC Slavia Becherovka Karlovy Vary | 10 | 5 | 4 | 1 | 32 | 22 | 14 |
| 2. | HC Přerov | 10 | 6 | 1 | 3 | 43 | 30 | 13 |
| 3. | HC Stadion Liberec | 10 | 5 | 1 | 4 | 40 | 28 | 11 |
| 4. | HC Baník Sokolov | 10 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 32 | 27 | 11 |
| 5. | SK Horácká Slavia Třebíč | 10 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 27 | 42 | 8 |
| 6. | HC Tábor | 10 | 1 | 1 | 8 | 29 | 54 | 3 |
HC Tábor has been relegated to the Czech 2. Liga.
# 1890 in Canadian football

The following is an overview of the events of 1890 in Canadian football, primarily focusing on the senior teams that played in this era. This includes news, standings, playoff games, and championships. This was the eighth season since the creation of the Ontario Rugby Football Union (ORFU) and the Quebec Rugby Football Union (QRFU).

## Canadian Football News in 1890

In the ORFU, the points awarded for a try were reduced from four points to two, which was implemented in some college games in the previous year. Since the 1889 champion Ottawa College team had retired from playing, all teams were in contention for the ORFU championship. The Hamilton Tigers and Queen's University qualified for the final, on neutral ground, in Toronto. The Tigers were leading 7–4 near the end of the game when the referee called time at 5:30pm due to darkness (The game had also started late). Queen's protested the decision to the ORFU and another match was scheduled despite Hamilton being awarded the cup. In the second game at Rosedale Field, the Tigers defeated Queen's 8–6.
After seven seasons of dominance by the Montreal Football Club and slumping fan attendance as a result of this, the QRFU executive committee changed the schedule to be more equitable. After Britannia lost to Montreal, they then played their second game to an 18–18 draw. In the next game, McGill University scored a try near the end of the game to deliver Montreal their first loss in the QRFU. McGill had thought they had won the Quebec title, but the QRFU executive announced that McGill would have to accept a challenge from the newly formed Victoria Football Club for the championship. Due to lack of experience, Victoria easily lost 41–0 and McGill won their first QRFU championship.
There was no Canadian Championship played this year.

### Final regular season standings

Note: GP = Games Played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, PF = Points For, PA = Points Against, Pts = Points
Quebec Rugby Football Union :
| Team | GP | W | L | T | PF | PA |
| McGill University | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 52 | 9 |
| Montreal Football Club | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 46 | 38 |
| Britannia Football Club | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 27 | 37 |
| Victoria Football Club | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 41 |
*Bold text means that they have clinched the playoffs

## League Champions

| Football Union | League Champion |
| ORFU | Hamilton Tigers |
| QRFU | McGill University |
| Northwest Championship | Winnipeg Rugby Football Club |

## Playoffs
### QRFU Final

QRFU Final :
| McGill University 41 | Victoria Football Club 0 |
| McGill University wins 1890 QRFU Championship ||||

### ORFU Semi-Final 1

ORFU Semi-Final :
| Hamilton Tigers 40 | Strathroy FC 1 |
| Hamilton Tigers advance to the 1890 ORFU Championship ||||

### ORFU Semi-Final 2

ORFU Semi-Final :
| Queen's University 29 | University of Toronto 5 |
| Queen's University advance to the 1890 ORFU Championship ||||

### ORFU Final

ORFU Final :
| Hamilton Tigers 8 | Queen's University 6 |
| Hamilton Tigers win 1890 ORFU Championship ||||

## Dominion Championship

No dominion championship game was played.
# Chalma, Veracruz

Chalma is a village (pueblo) in the Mexican state of Veracruz. It is located in the state's Huasteca Alta region. It serves as the municipal seat for the surrounding municipality of Chalma.
In the 2005 INEGI Census, the village of Chalma reported a total population of 2,555.
# Kanaya

Kanaya may refer to:

## People

* Kanaya (surname)
* Kanaya Maryam, a character from the webcomic Homestuck (2009-2016)

## Places

* Kanaya, Shizuoka, a former town in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan
* Kanaya, Wakayama, a former town in Wakayama Prefecture, Japan
* Nikkō Kanaya Hotel in Tochigi Prefecture, Japan
* 5333 Kanaya, a minor planet

### Train stations

* Kanaya Station, an interchange railway station in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan
* Shin-Kanaya Station, a railway station in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan
* Kanaya-juku, a former station of the Tōkaidō, Japan
* Hamakanaya Station in Futtsu, Chiba, Japan
# Kanawolo

Kanawolo is a village in north-central Ivory Coast. It is in the sub-prefecture of Niakaramandougou, Niakaramandougou Department, Hambol Region, Vallée du Bandama District.
Kanawolo was a commune until March 2012, when it became one of 1126 communes nationwide that were abolished.
# RAF Stanton Harcourt

Royal Air Force Stanton Harcourt or more simply RAF Stanton Harcourt is a former Royal Air Force satellite station located 4.4 miles (7.1 km) southeast of Witney, Oxfordshire and 6.6 miles (10.6 km) west of Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK.

## Units

The following units were here at some point:
* No. 10 Operational Training Unit RAF
* No. 20 OTU
* No. 1341 (Special Duties) Flight RAF
* No. 1501 (Beam Approach Training) Flight RAF
* No. 1682 (Bomber) Defence Training Flight RAF
During the Second World War it was a satellite aerodrome for RAF Abingdon, to where No. 10 OTU crews would be sent once initial training was completed at Abingdon.

## Current use

The site is now used for light industrial work and gravel pits. It's now been developed into a housing estate with the original buildings destroyed.
# Karaš

The Karaš (in Serbian, also Cyrillic: Караш) or Caraș (in Romanian) is a 110-kilometre (68 mi) long river in the Banat region of Vojvodina, Serbia and Romania and a left tributary of the Danube. The Karaš drains an area of 1,400 square kilometres (540 sq mi) and although it has been channeled it is not navigable.

## Name

In Roman times the river was known as Apo, from a Thracian word meaning "water". The Hungarian name is Karas.

## Romania

The Caraș originates in the Anina Mountains, northeast of the town of Anina, close to the sources of the Bârzava and Nera rivers. It runs through Romania for 50 kilometres (31 mi), flowing to the north in its early reaches before turning southwest at the town of Carașova where it receives many short tributaries, most notably, the left tributary of the Lișava, then passes many villages (including Giurgiova, Ticvaniu Mare, Grădinari, Vărădia, Mercina, Vrani) before it enters the Serbian province of Vojvodina. In Romania, its length is 79 km (49 mi) and its basin size is 1,280 km$^2$ (490 sq mi).

## Serbia

Right after crossing the border, the Karaš receives its two major tributaries, the Borugu from the right, and the Vicinic from the left. It passes the villages of Kuštilj, Vojvodinci, Dobričevo, Straža and Jasenovo and reaches the eastern side of the Deliblatska Peščara and Dumača hill, the easternmost side of the Hills of Zagajica. From this point, the Karaš is channeled and incorporated into the last part of the Danube-Tisa Canal. It runs alongside the villages of Dupljaja, Grebenac, Kajtasovo and Banatska Palanka before it ends its 60-kilometre (37 mi) course through Serbia, emptying into the Danube near the village of Stara Palanka, across from the tourist resort of Ram.

## Settlements located near the river

In Romania: Carașova, Goruia, Ticvaniu Mare, Grădinari, Vărădia, Vrani
In Serbia: Kuštilj, Vojvodinci, Dobričevo, Straža, Jasenovo, Dupljaja, Grebenac, Kajtasovo, Banatska Palanka, Stara Palanka

## Tributaries

The following are tributaries of the Karaš (from source to mouth):
Left: Buhui, Raicovacea, Șereniac, Gârliște, Goruița, Jitin, Lișava, Mercina, Ciclova, Vicinic
Right: Izvoru Mare, Jervanu Mare, Comarnic, Gelug, Dognecea, Barheș, Ciornovăț, Vărădia, Borugu

## Krašovani

Krašovani or Karašani (Cyrillic: Крашовани or Карашани; People from the Karaš), are people of South Slavic origin, settled around the town of Carașova in the river's upper course. Known as good farmers and craftsmen with an estimated number of 20,000 after World War II.
# Charles Godfrey McAlester

Lieutenant Colonel Charles Godfrey McAlester 12th of Loup, Chief of Clan MacAlister (13 January 1765 – 7 October 1847), was the son of Angus MacAlester and Jane MacDonald.

## Early life

Born on 13 January 1765, he was the only son of Angus MacAlister of Loup and Jane MacDonald, daughter of John MacDonald of Ardnacroish and Grace MacAlester.

## Ruling

He succeeded his father in 1796, and took the name and Arms of Somerville in 1805 along with MacAlister of Loup and became known as Charles Godfrey Somerville McAlester of Loup and Kennox.
Colonel Charles McAlester, Laird of Loup and Kennox, became Deputy Lieutenant of Ayrshire, a Justice of the Peace of Ayrshire, and Commandant of the first regiment of Ayrshire Local Militia. It is recorded that when the regiment was disbanded, he kept the banners, instruments and other items at Kennox, saying that "if anyone had a better claim" he would release the items to them.

## Family life

McAlester married Janet Somerville of Kennox, daughter of William Somerville of Kennox and Lilian Porterfield, on 28 March 1792. Charles and Janet had four children: Charles Somerville MacAlester (b. 15 Sep 1797, d. 1891), James McAlester of Chapeltown, Williamina McAlester and Jane McAlester.

## Death

He died on 7 October 1847 and was succeeded as Chief of Clan MacAlister by his son Charles.
# Camponotus nearcticus

Camponotus nearcticus, commonly named smaller carpenter ant, is a relatively small carpenter ant. Its appearance is similar to Lasius niger, commonly named the black garden ant. The ant is a household pest.

## Identification

Workers can range from 3.5 to 7.5 mm (0.14 to 0.30 in) in length. The queen ant's size can range from 4 to 10 millimetres (0.16 to 0.39 in). This species can be distinguished from other subgenus by little amounts of erect hairs on the gena, limited erect hairs on the clypeal disc and finally by the color which is a concolorous dark brown-black.

## Distribution and habitat

Camponotus nearcticus colonies can be found in the United States and in Canada. They can be found in Ontario, and extend south from North Dakota to Colorado and Florida.
Prairies and woodlands are preferred habitats for Camponotus nearcticus ants. This ranges from deciduous forests, oaks and other pine forests. Colonies can be found in dead twigs, branches, logs, bark from trees in various conditions, pine cones and in wooden regions in buildings, usually around rooftops. Nests are small, consisting of only a few hundred individuals. However, a large nest which was studied on consisted of 531 individuals, not including the nest's brood, and reproductives were usually seen in nests from March to October. The ant is considered a household pest.
# Kandathil Mammen Philip

Kandathil Mammen Philip is an Indian entrepreneur from the South Indian state Kerala and a director of MRF Limited and Malayala Manorama group with business interests in tea, coffee and cardamom plantations and processing. He is also a director of many other companies such as Rembrandt and Vandykes Limited, Commercial Broadcasts Limited, India Coffee and Tea distributing Company Limited and Balanoor Plantations and Industries limited. Born to K. C. Mammen Mappillai and Kunjandamma (Modisseril family) as the sixth of their nine children, Philip is considered by many as the father of Indian rubber industry. Philip was honored by the Government of India, in 2001, with the fourth highest Indian civilian award of Padma Shri. His eldest brother, Kandathil Mammen Cherian and one of his younger brothers, Kandathil Mammen Mathew are recipients of Padma Bhushan awards while another younger brother, K. M. Mammen Mappillai and one of his nephews, K. M. Mammen Mathew have won Padma Shri awards.
# Charles Clayton (cricketer)

Charles Clayton (13 July 1813 – 18 October 1883) was an English first-class cricketer and clergyman.
The son of Robert Clayton, he was born at Cambridge in July 1813. He was educated at The Perse School, before going up to Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge in 1832. He gained his bachelor's degree in 1836, with Clayton being a recipient of the Browne Medal in 1833 and 1834. He remained at Cambridge to study for his master's degree, during which time he became a fellow of the college. He was ordained in the Church of England as a deacon at Salisbury in 1837, before becoming a priest at Rochester in 1838. Clayton graduated from Cambridge in 1839, returning to Cambridge to lecture on Hebrew language in 1842; concurrently he was the curate of St John's, Rochester until 1845, with his lecturing engagement at Cambridge coming to an end in 1844.
He served as secretary to the Pastoral Aid Society from 1845 to 1851. While based in Kent, Clayton made a single appearance in first-class cricket for the Gentlemen of Kent against the Gentlemen of England at Lord's in 1850. Batting twice in the match, he was dismissed for a single run in the Gentlemen of Kent first innings by Jones Nash, while in their second innings he was dismissed by the same bowler for 2 runs. He returned to Cambridge as a tutor at Gonville and Caius in 1851, where he also took up the post of vicar of Holy Trinity Church, Cambridge which he held until 1865. He was made an honorary canon of Ripon Cathedral in 1864, while the following year he moved north to County Durham, becoming the rector of Stanhope where he died 21 October 1883.
# Camille du Locle

Camille du Locle (16 July 1832 – 9 October 1903) was a French theatre manager and a librettist. He was born in Orange, France. From 1862 he served as assistant to his father-in-law, Émile Perrin, at the Paris Opéra. From 1870, he was co-director at the Opéra-Comique with Adolphe de Leuven, and sole director from 1874 to 1876. He is best remembered for mounting the original production of Bizet's Carmen in 1875.
Du Locle was responsible for completing the libretto of Giuseppe Verdi's Don Carlos (1867) after the death of Joseph Méry. He also played a key role in the genesis of Aida in 1869–70.
According to Charles Pigot, Du Locle inspired the subject, words and music of Bizet's Djamileh (1872). He was a pall-bearer at Bizet's funeral in 1875 and made a speech at his interment at Père Lachaise.
In 1876, a financial dispute arose with Verdi, and Du Locle moved to Capri, where he constructed and lived in the Villa Certosella, now a hotel. In Capri he was known for his reclusiveness, short temper, and sharp tongue. He often went around in a French suit, causing him to be regarded as a bit eccentric. One day he started attracting attention by wearing a suit and cape made of rough, uncoloured wool, a fabric usually only worn by fishermen. Soon many of the Germans and English on the island adopted attire made of similar material, which stimulated a local industry of hand-woven wool cloth which persisted until machine-made fabrics took over several decades later.
His friendship with Ernest Reyer led to him providing libretti for Sigurd (1884) and Salammbô (1890).
Du Locle died in Capri in 1903.
# Camilli

Camilli is an Italian surname, may refer to:
* Camillo Camilli
* Carlo Camilli, Italian footballer
* Dolph Camilli, American baseball player
* Doug Camilli, American baseball player
* Lou Camilli, American baseball player
* Frankie Campbell (born Francisco Camilli), American boxer