OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1971 European Athletics Championships – Women's 1500 metres

The women's 1500 metres at the 1971 European Athletics Championships was held in Helsinki, Finland, at Helsinki Olympic Stadium on 13 and 15 August 1971.

## Medalists

| Gold | Karin Burneleit East Germany |
| Silver | Gunhild Hoffmeister East Germany |
| Bronze | Ellen Tittel West Germany |

## Results
### Final

15 August
| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| | Karin Burneleit | East Germany | 4:09.62 | WR |
| | Gunhild Hoffmeister | East Germany | 4:10.31 | |
| | Ellen Tittel | West Germany | 4:10.35 | NR |
| 4 | Rita Ridley | Great Britain | 4:12.65 | NR |
| 5 | Regine Kleinau | East Germany | 4:13.71 | |
| 6 | Lyudmila Bragina | Soviet Union | 4:13.93 | |
| 7 | Jaroslava Jehličková | Czechoslovakia | 4:14.79 | |
| 8 | Joan Allison | Great Britain | 4:14.81 | |
| 9 | Sara Ligetkuti | Hungary | 4:16.06 | NR |
| 10 | Vasilena Amzina | Bulgaria | 4:17.27 | |
| 11 | Sheila Carey | Great Britain | 4:17.54 | |
| 12 | Inger Knutsson | Sweden | 4:21.45 | |

### Heats

13 August

#### Heat 1

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| 1 | Ellen Tittel | West Germany | 4:14.2 | Q |
| 2 | Lyudmila Bragina | Soviet Union | 4:15.0 | Q |
| 3 | Regine Kleinau | East Germany | 4:15.3 | Q |
| 4 | Sheila Carey | Great Britain | 4:16.2 | Q |
| 5 | Zsuzsa Völgyi | Hungary | 4:18.0 | NR |
| 6 | Sinikka Tyynelä | Finland | 4:22.0 | NR |
| 7 | Maria-Belen Azpeitia | Spain | 4:24.0 | NR |
| 8 | Anneke de Lange | Netherlands | 4:24.2 | |
| 9 | Vera Nikolić | Yugoslavia | 4:24.5 | |
| 10 | Angela Ramello | Italy | 4:30.3 | |

#### Heat 2

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| 1 | Karin Burneleit | East Germany | 4:14.9 | Q |
| 2 | Vasilena Amzina | Bulgaria | 4:16.8 | NR Q |
| 3 | Rita Ridley | Great Britain | 4:17.4 | Q |
| 4 | Inger Knutsson | Sweden | 4:18.2 | Q |
| 5 | Magdolna Kulcsár | Hungary | 4:21.2 | |
| 6 | Đurica Rajher | Yugoslavia | 4:22.4 | |
| 7 | Joke van der Stelt | Netherlands | 4:23.0 | |
| 8 | Catherine Bultez | France | 4:23.1 | NR |
| 9 | Gerda Klöpfer | West Germany | 4:25.8 | |

#### Heat 3

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| 1 | Gunhild Hoffmeister | East Germany | 4:17.2 | Q |
| 2 | Joan Allison | Great Britain | 4:17.2 | Q |
| 3 | Jaroslava Jehličková | Czechoslovakia | 4:17.4 | Q |
| 4 | Sara Ligetkuti | Hungary | 4:17.6 | NR Q |
| 5 | Christa Merten | West Germany | 4:18.2 | |
| 6 | Galina Kuzmina | Soviet Union | 4:19.1 | |
| 7 | Els Gommers | Netherlands | 4:19.3 | |
| 8 | Grete Andersen | Norway | 4:23.0 | |
| 9 | Bronisława Doborzyńska | Poland | 4:24.2 | |
| 10 | Zina Boniolo | Italy | 4:31.4 | |
| 11 | Lena Sjöstedt | Sweden | 4:34.0 | |

## Participation

According to an unofficial count, 30 athletes from 16 countries participated in the event.
* Bulgaria (1)
* Czechoslovakia (1)
* East Germany (3)
* Finland (1)
* France (1)
* Hungary (3)
* Italy (2)
* Netherlands (3)
* Norway (1)
* Poland (1)
* Soviet Union (2)
* Spain (1)
* Sweden (2)
* Great Britain (3)
* West Germany (3)
* Yugoslavia (2)
# Pickapeppa Sauce

Pickapeppa Sauce, also known as Jamaican ketchup, is a brand-name Jamaican condiment, the main product of the Pickapeppa Company, founded in 1921. It is made in Shooters Hill, Jamaica, near Mandeville. The ingredients (in order on the product label) are cane vinegar, sugar, tomatoes, onions, raisins, sea salt, ginger, peppers, garlic, cloves, black pepper, thyme, mangoes, and orange peel, aged in oak barrels. The sauce is sweet, sour, and mildly spicy. The company makes several variants of the sauce, including mango and extra-hot Scotch bonnet pepper varieties.
One traditional use of the sauce is to pour it over a block of cream cheese, to be spread on crackers.
A noted fan of Pickapeppa sauce is supermodel Naomi Campbell, who carries a bottle with her.
# Chaetocalathus

Chaetocalathus is a genus of fungus in the mushroom family Marasmiaceae.
# Carex palawanensis

Carex palawanensis is a tussock-forming perennial in the family Cyperaceae. It is native to parts of Asia.
# 2023 UAE Tour Women

The 2023 UAE Tour Women was a road cycling stage race that took place between 9 and 12 February 2023 in the United Arab Emirates. It was the inaugural edition of the UAE Tour Women, and the third race of the 2023 UCI Women's World Tour.
The race was won by Italian rider Elisa Longo Borghini of Trek–Segafredo.

## Teams

Thirteen UCI Women’s WorldTeams and seven UCI Women’s Continental Teams took part in the race.
UCI Women's WorldTeams
* Canyon–SRAM
* FDJ–Suez
* Human Powered Health
* Liv Racing TeqFind
* Movistar Team
* Israel Premier Tech Roland
* Team Jayco–AlUla
* Team DSM
* SD Worx
* Trek–Segafredo
* UAE Team ADQ
* Uno-X Pro Cycling Team
* Fenix–Deceuninck
UCI Women's Continental Teams
* Ceratizit–WNT Pro Cycling
* Team Coop–Hitec Products
* Top Girls Fassa Bortolo
* Laboral Kutxa–Fundación Euskadi
* Bepink
* Zaaf Cycling Team
* St. Michel–Mavic–Auber93

## Route

The route was announced in January 2023, with three sprint stages and one mountain stage.
Stage characteristics and winners :
| Stage | Date | Course | Distance | Type | Type | Stage winner |
| 1 | 9 February | Port Rashid to Dubai Harbour | 109 km (68 mi) | | Flat stage | Charlotte Kool (NED) |
| 2 | 10 February | Al Dhafra Castle to Al Mirfa | 133 km (83 mi) | | Flat stage | Lorena Wiebes (NED) |
| 3 | 11 February | Hazza bin Zayed Stadium to Jebel Hafeet | 107 km (66 mi) | | Mountain stage | Elisa Longo Borghini (ITA) |
| 4 | 12 February | Fatima Bint Mubarak Ladies Sports Academy to Abu Dhabi Breakwater | 119 km (74 mi) | | Flat stage | Charlotte Kool (NED) |
| Total | Total | Total | 468 km (291 mi) | 468 km (291 mi) | 468 km (291 mi) | 468 km (291 mi) |

## Result

The race was dominated by Trek–Segafredo, with Elisa Longo Borghini and her teammate Gaia Realini winning stage three to Jebel Hafeet by a minute ahead the peloton. Amanda Spratt of Trek–Segafredo retained the leaders jersey of the UCI Women's World Tour.
Final general classification :
| Rank | Rider | Team | Time |
| 1 | Elisa Longo Borghini (ITA) | Trek–Segafredo | 12h 08' 48" |
| 2 | Gaia Realini (ITA) | Trek–Segafredo | +7" |
| 3 | Silvia Persico (ITA) | UAE Team ADQ | +1' 18" |
| 4 | Anna Shackley (GBR) | SD Worx | +1' 35" |
| 5 | Elise Chabbey (SUI) | Canyon–SRAM | +1' 58" |
| 6 | Mikayla Harvey (NZL) | UAE Team ADQ | +2' 02" |
| 7 | Soraya Paladin (ITA) | Canyon–SRAM | +2' 06" |
| 8 | Esmée Peperkamp (NED) | Team DSM | +2' 22" |
| 9 | Liane Lippert (GER) | Movistar Team | +2' 35" |
| 10 | Mareille Meijering (NED) | Zaaf Cycling Team | +2' 37" |
# 2024 Córdoba Open

The 2024 Córdoba Open was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts. It was the 6th edition of the Córdoba Open, and part of the ATP Tour 250 series of the 2024 ATP Tour. It took place at the Estadio Mario Alberto Kempes in Córdoba, Argentina, from 3 February until 11 February 2024.

## Finals
### Singles

* Luciano Darderi def. Facundo Bagnis, 6–1, 6–4

### Doubles

* Máximo González / Andrés Molteni def. Sadio Doumbia / Fabien Reboul, 6–4, 6–1

## Singles main draw entrants
### Seeds

| Country | Player | Rank$^1$ | Seed |
| ARG | Francisco Cerúndolo | 22 | 1 |
| ARG | Sebastián Báez | 25 | 2 |
| ARG | Tomás Martín Etcheverry | 28 | 3 |
| AUT | Sebastian Ofner | 40 | 4 |
| GER | Daniel Altmaier | 52 | 5 |
| CHI | Alejandro Tabilo | 54 | 6 |
| GER | Yannick Hanfmann | 58 | 7 |
| ESP | Roberto Carballés Baena | 65 | 8 |
* $^1$ Rankings are as of 29 January 2024.

### Other entrants

The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:
* Juan Manuel Cerúndolo
* Francisco Comesaña
* Mariano Navone
The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
* Facundo Bagnis
* Román Andrés Burruchaga
* Luciano Darderi
* Federico Agustín Gómez
The following player received entry as a lucky loser:
* Thiago Agustín Tirante

### Withdrawals

* Alejandro Tabilo → replaced by Thiago Agustin Tirante

## Doubles main draw entrants
### Seeds

| Country | Player | Country | Player | Rank$^1$ | Seed |
| ARG | Máximo González | ARG | Andrés Molteni | 26 | 1 |
| FRA | Sadio Doumbia | FRA | Fabien Reboul | 70 | 2 |
| BRA | Marcelo Melo | NED | Matwé Middelkoop | 94 | 3 |
| COL | Nicolás Barrientos | BRA | Rafael Matos | 119 | 4 |
* $^1$ Rankings are as of 29 January 2024.

### Other entrants

The following pairs received wildcards into the doubles main draw:
* Facundo Bagnis / Nicolás Kicker
* Federico Agustín Gómez / Renzo Olivo
The following pair received entry as alternates:
* Luciano Darderi / Hugo Dellien

### Withdrawals

* Tomas Barrios Vera / Alejandro Tabilo → replaced by Luciano Darderi / Hugo Dellien
* Pedro Cachín / Federico Coria
* Roberto Carballés Baena / Bernabé Zapata Miralles
* Tomás Martín Etcheverry / Thiago Agustin Tirante
* Pedro Martínez / Albert Ramos Viñolas → replaced by Fernando Romboli / Marcelo Zormann
* Andrea Pellegrino / Andrea Vavassori → replaced by Guido Andreozzi / Guillermo Durán
# Burning of Dungannon

The Burning of Dungannon took place in June 1602 when Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone, abandoned and set fire to Dungannon, the traditional capital of the O'Neills. It marked the beginning of the final stage of Tyrone's Rebellion when the Earl became a fugitive, before his sudden reprieve the following year.
Following the defeat of his army at the 1601 Battle of Kinsale, Tyrone retreated into his heartland in County Tyrone, Ulster. Courted by the Crown, many of his allied Gaelic lords now changed sides, which turned much of the local population against him. Tyrone was faced with a three-pronged pincer movement with separate forces under Henry Docwra, Arthur Chichester, and Lord Mountjoy advancing on him from Derry, Carrickfergus, and Dundalk respectively. A major tactic of Tyrone's had been to avoid fighting pitched battles, preferring to retreat and ambush. He therefore decided to abandon the town and gave orders to torch it.
Soon after his cousin and enemy, Conn MacShane O'Neill, the son of Shane O'Neill, seized the castle and held it against the Earl. Mountjoy then occupied the ruins of Dungannon. Tyrone and what remained of his followers retreated into the Glenconkeyne Woods where he continued to evade capture. Despite his military defeat, Tyrone was restored to royal favour following political developments in London. The resulting Treaty of Mellifont gave Tyrone a full pardon and restored his territories to him. Tyrone then travelled to London to submit to the new King James I. Following the Treaty, the Earl repossessed his lands and began the rebuilding of Dungannon.
# Burst dimming

Burst dimming is a method to control dimming of cold cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFLs) and LEDs by using pulse width modulation (PWM) at approximately 100-300 Hz which is supposed to be above the noticeable flicker limit for the human eye. This technique is sometimes used with TFT displays to control backlighting. An alternative dimming method is to control lamp current.
# Kakusei (album)

Kakusei (覚醒, Kakusei) is the fifth solo studio album by Japanese hip hop producer DJ Krush. It was released in 1998. It peaked at number 95 on the Oricon Albums Chart.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| JazzTimes | unfavorable |
| The Stranger | favorable |
Ned Raggett of AllMusic gave the album 4.5 stars out of 5, calling it "another invigorating, moody, and powerful release." Dave Segal of The Stranger said, "Krush certainly isn't the first producer to apply minimalism to hiphop, but unlike nearly every other work in the art form, Kakusei seems to exist in a hermetic world, a stark temple of funk."
In 2014, Metro Weekly included it on the "20 Great Stoner Albums" list.

## Charts

| Chart | Peak position |
| Japanese Albums (Oricon) | 95 |
# Butterfield Overland Despatch

The Butterfield Overland Despatch was a mail and freight service operating across the Great Plains of America in the 1860s.
Due to increased travel to Colorado after the discovery of gold in 1858. David A. Butterfield, backed by New York capital, organized a joint-stock express and passenger carrying service between the Missouri River and Denver. In July 1865, the route via the Smoky Hill River was surveyed and soon thereafter coaches were in operation. Ben Holladay, acting for a competing organization, bought the Butterfield Overland Despatch in March 1866, when Eastern express companies threatened to take it over and establish a service between the Missouri River and Sacramento, California.
# Portrait of Professor Benjamin H. Rand

The Portrait of Professor Benjamin H. Rand is an 1874 painting by the American artist Thomas Eakins. It is an oil on canvas that depicts Benjamin H. Rand, a doctor at Jefferson Medical College who taught Eakins anatomy. It is held at the Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art, in Bentonville, Arkansas.

## History and description

In the painting, Rand is sitting at the desk in his home office, which appears cluttered with both scientific and academic objects as well as everyday things, while reading a book and absentmindedly petting his cat. The doctor thus finds himself between the world of intellectual effort and home comfort.
The portrait was the first made by Eakins of someone outside of his family. It was exhibited at the 1876 Philadelphia World's Fair, where it was praised by critics. It is a prelude to what he considered his most important painting, The Gross Clinic (1875).

## Provenance

Rand donated it to Jefferson Medical College when he retired for health reasons in 1877. It was subsequently purchased by Alice L. Walton for an estimated US$20 million in April 2007, to be housed at the Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art.
# Portrait of Queen Christina of Denmark

Portrait of Queen Christina of Denmark is an oil on canvas painting attributed to the Italian Renaissance painter Jacopo Tintoretto, painted c. 1555–56 and now in the National Museum of Serbia in Belgrade. It depicts Christina of Denmark. This painting, formerly attributed to Titian, was part of the collection of Mary of Hungary (1505–1558) already in 1556. Before the World War II was part of the Contini Bonacossi Collection.
# 2023–24 Sindh budget

The 2023–24 Sindh budget was presented by Syed Murad Ali Shah, the chief minister and the minister of finance of Sindh, on 11 June 2023 in front of the Sindh Assembly.

## Details

The budget's outlay for the upcoming fiscal year 2023–2024 is Rs2247.581 billion.
The budget is focused on helping those harmed by the floods and giving the province poor social protection. To reach Rs700 billion, the development budget has grown by 72%. The development budget does not, however, include any funding for environmental protection.
A number of important initiatives are included in the budget that are intended to improve education quality and increase access to learning opportunities.
# Bushey Hall (disambiguation)

Bushey Hall was the name of two historic buildings in Hertfordshire.
Bushey Hall may also refer to:
* Bushey Hall School, former name of The Grange Academy
* Bushey Hall Golf Club
# 2024 Southern California Open – Doubles

This was the first edition of the tournament.
Ryan Seggerman and Patrik Trhac won the title after defeating Thai-Son Kwiatkowski and Alex Lawson 6–2, 7–6$^{(7–3)}$ in the final.

## Seeds

* Ryan Seggerman / Patrik Trhac (champions)
* Ruben Gonzales / Mitchell Krueger (first round)
* Markos Kalovelonis / Benjamin Lock (semifinals)
* Mac Kiger / Benjamin Sigouin (quarterfinals)

## Draw
### Key

* Q = Qualifier
* WC = Wild card
* LL = Lucky loser
* Alt = Alternate
* SE = Special exempt
* PR = Protected ranking
* ITF = ITF entry
* JE = Junior exempt
* w/o = Walkover
* r = Retired
* d = Defaulted
* SR = Special ranking
| First round | First round | First round | First round | First round | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final | Final | Final |
| 1 | R Seggerman P Trhac | 6 | 3 | [10] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | G Lama M Trungelliti | 4 | 6 | [7] | 1 | R Seggerman P Trhac | 7$^7$ | 6$^4$ | [10] | | | | | | | | | |
| | Y Oliel M Soto | 7$^7$ | 6 | | | Y Oliel M Soto | 6$^0$ | 7$^7$ | [7] | | | | | | | | | |
| | Ezekiel Clark G Debru | 6$^5$ | 1 | | | | | | | 1 | R Seggerman P Trhac | 7$^7$ | 4 | [10] | | | | |
| 3 | M Kalovelonis B Lock | 7$^7$ | 6 | | | | | | | 3 | M Kalovelonis B Lock | 6$^4$ | 6 | [3] | | | | |
| | F Gaio G Oradini | 6$^5$ | 3 | | 3 | M Kalovelonis B Lock | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | |
| Alt | T Handel Tennyson Whiting | 6 | 6 | | Alt | T Handel T Whiting | 2 | 2 | | | | | | | | | | |
| | S Fanselow Lucas Gerch | 3 | 1 | | | | | | | | | | | | 1 | R Seggerman P Trhac | 6 | 7$^7$ |
| Alt | D King H Reese | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | T-S Kwiatkowski A Lawson | 2 | 6$^3$ |
| WC | K Smith E Zhu | 1 | 1 | | Alt | D King H Reese | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | |
| Alt | Patrick Brady E Leshem | 6$^3$ | 2 | | 4 | M Kiger B Sigouin | 4 | 4 | | | | | | | | | | |
| 4 | M Kiger B Sigouin | 7$^7$ | 6 | | | | | | | Alt | D King H Reese | 4 | 6 | [5] | | | | |
| | G Goldhoff J Trotter | 6 | 3 | [6] | | | | | | | T-S Kwiatkowski A Lawson | 6 | 1 | [10] | | | | |
| | T-S Kwiatkowski A Lawson | 3 | 6 | [10] | | T-S Kwiatkowski A Lawson | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | |
| | D Cukierman R Stepanov | 7$^7$ | 6 | | | D Cukierman R Stepanov | 4 | 4 | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2 | R Gonzales M Krueger | 6$^5$ | 4 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
# 2024 Nonthaburi Challenger II – Doubles

Arthur Fery and Joshua Paris were the defending champions but withdrew from their quarterfinals match against Luke Johnson and Skander Mansouri.
Manuel Guinard and Grégoire Jacq won the title after defeating Francis Alcantara and Sun Fajing 6–4, 7–6$^{(7–5)}$ in the final.

## Seeds

* Luke Johnson / Skander Mansouri (semifinals)
* Saketh Myneni / Ramkumar Ramanathan (quarterfinals)
* Manuel Guinard / Grégoire Jacq (champions)
* Hans Hach Verdugo / Nam Ji-sung (quarterfinals)

## Draw
### Key

* Q = Qualifier
* WC = Wild card
* LL = Lucky loser
* Alt = Alternate
* SE = Special exempt
* PR = Protected ranking
* ITF = ITF entry
* JE = Junior exempt
* w/o = Walkover
* r = Retired
* d = Defaulted
* SR = Special ranking
| First round | First round | First round | First round | First round | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final | Final | Final |
| 1 | L Johnson S Mansouri | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | A-u-H Qureshi C Rungkat | 1 | 4 | | 1 | L Johnson S Mansouri | w/o | | | | | | | | | | |
| | ND Ionel Kai Wehnelt | 1 | 4 | | | A Fery J Paris | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | A Fery J Paris | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | 1 | L Johnson S Mansouri | 4 | 6$^3$ | | | | |
| 3 | M Guinard G Jacq | 6 | 7 | | | | | | | 3 | M Guinard G Jacq | 6 | 7$^7$ | | | | |
| | L Castelnuovo E Donskoy | 1 | 5 | | 3 | M Guinard G Jacq | 7$^7$ | 4 | [10] | | | | | | | | |
| | RC Bollipalli N Kaliyanda Poonacha | 6 | 6 | | | RC Bollipalli N Kaliyanda Poonacha | 6$^3$ | 6 | [6] | | | | | | | | |
| | D Novak A Santillan | 2 | 4 | | | | | | | | | | | 3 | M Guinard G Jacq | 6 | 7$^7$ |
| | FC Alcantara F Sun | 6 | 7$^7$ | | | | | | | | | | | | FC Alcantara F Sun | 4 | 6$^5$ |
| | S Duncan K Stevenson | 4 | 6$^4$ | | | FC Alcantara F Sun | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | |
| WC | P Isaro Maximus Jones | 3 | 3 | | 4 | H Hach Verdugo J-s Nam | 1 | 2 | | | | | | | | | |
| 4 | H Hach Verdugo J-s Nam | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | FC Alcantara F Sun | 6 | 6 | | | | |
| WC | Natthayut Nithithananont K Samrej | 3 | 7$^7$ | [3] | | | | | | Alt | S Caruso G Fonio | 4 | 3 | | | | |
| Alt | S Caruso G Fonio | 6 | 6$^3$ | [10] | Alt | S Caruso G Fonio | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | |
| | T Matsui K Uesugi | 3 | 5 | | 2 | S Myneni R Ramanathan | 3 | 2 | | | | | | | | | |
| 2 | S Myneni R Ramanathan | 6 | 7 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
# 24 cm Haubitze 39

The 24 cm houfnice vz.39 (German designation: 24 cm Haubitze 39) (Howitzer model 39) was a Czechoslovak-designed siege howitzer used in the Second World War. It was kept in production after the German occupation of Czechoslovakia in March 1939 and eighteen were delivered to the Germans. It was only used by the Army's Artillery Regiment 814 and entered service shortly before the Battle of France in 1940. The regiment participated in Operation Barbarossa and in the Sieges of Sevastopol and Leningrad.

## Description and development

Škoda designed it for export and Turkey ordered a batch, but only received two before the Germans occupied Czechoslovakia in March 1939. It was a stablemate of the Škoda 21 cm Kanone 39 and used virtually the same mounting and transport arrangements. It used an interrupted screw breech with a de Bange obturator to provide the gas seal with bagged propellant. The carriage revolved on a ball-race firing platform that had to be dug-in before firing, a task that took six to eight hours to accomplish. It broke down into three loads for transport, the barrel, carriage and the ground platform. A modified version entered service in 1942 as the H 39/40 although the changes merely simplified production. A total of eighteen were delivered to Germany.

### Ammunition

It used both Czechoslovak and German-designed ammunition. The Czechoslovak-designed 24 cm Gr 39(t) HE shell had a weight of 166 kilograms (366 lb). It used both nose and base fuses, two copper driving bands and contained a 23.66 kilograms (52.2 lb) bursting charge of TNT. The German copy, the 24 cm Gr 39 umg had only a German nose fuze, soft-iron driving bands and a smaller charge of 22.9 kilograms (50 lb). It also used a Czechoslovak-designed anti-concrete shell, the 24 cm Gr 39 Be, that had copper driving bands. It used 5 bagged charges that were enclosed in a single larger bag. Increments were simply removed to adjust range as necessary.

## Combat history

The 1st Battalion of Artillery Regiment 814 was formed on 15 March 1940 with four batteries of H39s. A month later, the Third and Fourth Batteries were used to form the 2nd battalion of the regiment. The 2nd Battalion was still forming when the Battle of France began on 10 May 1940, but the 1st Battalion was assigned to Army Group B's reserve – it is uncertain if it saw any combat during the campaign. The regiment was assigned to 1st Panzer Group in Army Group South for Operation Barbarossa. It was transferred to 11th Army for the Siege of Sevastopol in late 1941—42. It accompanied that army as part of its siege train when it was transferred north to attack Leningrad in the late summer of 1942. It remained under the command of Army Group North until it re-equipped with smaller guns in July 1944. Nothing is known of any units that might have been equipped with the howitzers after July 1944. Artillery Regiment 814 is the only unit known to have been equipped with the H39 howitzer.