OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Chapman Snowfield

Chapman Snowfield (81°30′S 157°20′E﻿ / ﻿81.500°S 157.333°E﻿ / -81.500; 157.333) is a large snowfield lying west of the central ridge in the Churchill Mountains in the Ross Dependency region of Antarctica.

## Location

Download coordinates as:
* KML
* GPX (all coordinates)
* GPX (primary coordinates)
* GPX (secondary coordinates)
Chapman Snowfield is bounded to the north by Elder Peak and the massif surmounted by Mount Wharton, to the south by Soza Icefalls, Black Icefalls and the head of Starshot Glacier, and to the west by the Wallabies Nunataks and the All-Blacks Nunataks. The Gamble Glacier flows northwest from Chapman Snowfield between Green Nunatak to the southwest and Keating Massif to the northeast. The Soza Icefalls and Black Icefalls extend south to near the head of Starshot Glacier.
Chapman Snowfield was named after William H. Chapman, topographic engineer, United States Geological Survey, leader of the 1961–62 Topo North – Topo South survey of mountains west of the Ross Sea from Cape Roget, Adare Peninsula, to Otway Massif at the head of Beardmore Glacier, a traverse totalling 1,570 miles (2,530 km). This first helicopter-supported traverse with electronic-distant-measuring instruments resulted in the establishment of ground control making possible the mapping of a 100,000-square-mile (260,000 km$^2$) area of the Transantarctic Mountains.

## Features
### Elder Peak

81°7′S 157°20′E﻿ / ﻿81.117°S 157.333°E﻿ / -81.117; 157.333. A peak at the north margin of Chapman Snowfield in the Churchill Mountains. The peak rises to 2,360 metres (7,740 ft) 6 nautical miles (11 km) southwest of Mount Wharton. It was named after William C. Elder, a United States Geological Survey topographic engineer with the Topo North – Topo South survey expedition in these mountains, 1961–62.

### Rutland Nunatak

81°36′S 156°8′E﻿ / ﻿81.600°S 156.133°E﻿ / -81.600; 156.133. A cone-shaped nunatak with associated rock outcrops, 2,070 metres (6,790 ft) high, in the west part of Chapman Snowfield. The nunatak is 10 nautical miles (18 km) east-northeast of Wilhoite Nunataks. Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) after cartographer Jane Rutland Brown, Antarctic map compilation specialist in the United States Geological Survey (USGS) Branch of Special Maps, 1951–71.

### Wallabies Nunataks

81°12′S 156°20′E﻿ / ﻿81.200°S 156.333°E﻿ / -81.200; 156.333. A large group of nunataks near the polar plateau, lying 10 miles (16 km) northeast of All-Blacks Nunataks at the east side of the Byrd Névé. Named by the NZGSAE (1960-61) for the well known Australian rugby team.

### All-Blacks Nunataks

81°29′S 155°45′E﻿ / ﻿81.483°S 155.750°E﻿ / -81.483; 155.750 A group of conspicuous nunataks lying midway between Wallabies Nunataks and Wilhoite Nunataks at the southeast margin of the Byrd Névé. Named by the NZGSAE (1960-61) for the well known New Zealand rugby team.
# Carl d'Unker

Carl Henrik Lützow d'Unker (9 February 1828 – 24 March 1866) was a Swedish artist. He was the first in a large number of Swedish artists who studied in Düsseldorf between 1850 and 1870. He was known mostly as a socially oriented genre painter whose works depicted contemporary subjects, such as waiting rooms at railway stations or scenes from pawnshops.

## Biography

He was born in Stockholm, Sweden. His father, Carl Henning d'Unker, was a Norwegian soldier, while his mother, Anna Christina Brunstedt, was a Swedish citizen. He began his career as a soldier and served in the Svea Life Guards for a short time. In 1848 he volunteered for the First Schleswig War (1848–1849). Shortly after his return to Sweden he abandoned his military career in favor of an artistic one. He moved to Düsseldorf from 1851-1853 to study painting where he became a student of Karl Ferdinand Sohn (1805–1867).
During the years 1856 and 1857, he conducted study trips in Westphalia, Belgium and Paris. He attended the art academy in Amsterdam during 1859. He became a very popular artist on the continent. From 1861 he suffered from sickness in his right arm and was forced to paint with his left arm. He made a brief visit to Sweden in 1865 and was appointed professor by King Charles XV of Sweden. He died the following year in Düsseldorf.

## Personal life

On 25 June 1859, he married Clara Wilhelmine Therese Karoline Antonie Schnitzler (b. 1839), the daughter of master builder Peter Heinrich Gregor Anton Schnitzler (1796–1873), after which he was able to live a carefree life financially. In 1864 he and his wife had a son, Detlev Wilhelm Albert d'Unker Luetzow.

## Gallery

* Woman with a Rosary (1853)
* Second-class waiting room (ca 1865)
* Third-class waiting room II (1865)
* Gypsy Family in Prison (1864)
* The Pawnshop II (1859)
* The Pawnshop (V) (1860)
* A gambling party - illustration to scene 1 of La traviata.
# 1893 City of Auckland by-election

The City of Auckland by-election of 1893 was a by-election held on 4 August 1893 during the 11th New Zealand Parliament in the urban upper North Island electorate of the City of Auckland.

## Background

In 1893, William Lee Rees accused Alfred Cadman, the Member for Thames, of using his position as Minister for Native Affairs for his own personal benefit. Cadman then sued Rees for libel but the trial proved inconclusive. The jury in the libel case found that "the letters of Mr Rees to the Premier were defamatory, and that the defamatory matter was not only not fair and bona fide comment on the acts and conduct of the plaintiff, but that it was not true", however they only awarded damages of £1 which "implied [Cadman's] acts and conduct were yet not above suspicion."
On 11 July 1893 while in the debating chamber of New Zealand's parliament Cadman challenged Rees to vacate his seat and contest the subsequent by-election against him. Rees accepted the challenge although Cadman was ultimately successful.

## Results

The following table gives the election results:
1893 City of Auckland by-election :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Liberal | Alfred Cadman | 1,888 | 62.51 |
| | Liberal | William Lee Rees | 1,132 | 37.48 |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 751 | 24.86 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 3,020 | |
A by-election was later held in Thames for Cadman's newly vacant seat.
# Reel Life

Reel Life may refer to:
* Reel Life (Boy Meets Girl album)
* Reel Life (Sonny Rollins album)
* Reel Life Productions, a record label
* Reel Life, an album by Will Taylor
* Reel Life, an album by Trout Fishing in America
* Reel Life, Vol. 1, an album by Wild Colonials
# Certificate of Sixth Year Studies

In the Scottish secondary education system, the Certificate of Sixth Year Studies (CSYS) was the highest level of qualification available to pupils from 1968 until circa 2000.
Overseen by the Scottish Examination Board (SEB), it was taken by students in their sixth year (final year) of secondary education (ages 16–18) and was available for a range of different subjects. Examinations were administered by the SEB (and latterly by its successor, the Scottish Qualifications Authority, which absorbed and replaced it eventually). Unlike the Standard and Higher Grade examinations, it was not a part of the Scottish Certificate of Education.
The CSYS followed on from Higher Grade examinations and was considered broadly equivalent to the English A-Level qualification. However, it never quite gained the same level of universal recognition as the Higher or A-Level. In particular, universities (at least in Scotland) rarely used it when considering potential students. The academic demands placed on students by these examinations were the highest of the Scottish secondary school examination system at that time. One important and distinguishing feature of the CSYS examinations (for some subjects) was the inclusion of a dissertation and/or viva examination conducted by a visiting external examiner.
The CSYS was replaced by the Advanced Higher examinations in 2000.
# Carlo Perosi

Carlo Perosi (18 December 1868 – 22 February 1930) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church who served as Secretary of the Sacred Consistorial Congregation from 1928 until his death, and was elevated to the cardinalate in 1926.

## Biography

Carlo Perosi was born in Tortona as one of twelve children, only six of whom survived infancy; he was the brother of Father Lorenzo Perosi and Marziano Perosi. He attended the seminary in Tortona, and was ordained to the priesthood on 8 November 1891. He then went to Rome, where he studied at the Pontifical Gregorian University and the Pontifical Lombard Seminary, alongside Luigi Sincero and Mario Nasalli Rocca di Corneliano.
Upon returning to Tortona, Perosi undertook his pastoral ministry, also serving as a diocesan official and professor and vice-rector at its seminary. He became counselor adjunct for the Provincial Councils in Rome on 21 September 1904, and apostolic visitor to the seminaries of Sicily in 1907. He was raised to the rank of Domestic Prelate of His Holiness on 15 May 1907.
On 20 October 1908, Perosi entered the service of the Roman Curia as substitute of the Sacred Consistorial Congregation. He was later appointed regent of the Apostolic Penitentiary (7 December 1911), canon of the Liberian Basilica (1915), assessor of the Holy Office (8 December 1916), and canon of St. Peter's Basilica (6 March 1917).
Elevated to the College of Cardinals before receiving his episcopal consecration, Perosi was created Cardinal-Deacon of S. Eustachio by Pope Pius XI in the consistory of 21 June 1926. He was named Pro-Secretary of the Sacred Consistorial Congregation on 10 February 1928, rising to become full Secretary on the following 1 November. As Secretary, Perosi was effectively the head of that dicastery, as the Pope held the nominal title of Prefect at that time.
The Cardinal died in Rome, at age 61, and was buried at the Campo Verano.
Lorenzo Perosi dedicated the score of his oratorio Il sogno interpretato to the memory of his brother Carlo.
# Rampur, Jalandhar

Rampur is a village in Phillaur in Jalandhar district of Punjab State, India. It is located 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) from sub district headquarter and 39 kilometres (24 mi) from district headquarter. The village is administrated by Sarpanch an elected representative of the village.

## Demography

As of 2011, The village has a total number of 95 houses and the population of 443 of which 221 are males while 222 are females. According to the report published by Census India in 2011, out of the total population of the village 161 people are from Schedule Caste and the village does not have any Schedule Tribe population so far.
# .369 Nitro Express

The .369 Nitro Express, also known as the .369 Purdey Nitro Express, is a centerfire, rifle cartridge developed by James Purdey & Sons and introduced in 1922.

## Overview

The .369 Nitro Express is a rimmed cartridge originally designed for use in Purdey's own double rifles. The cartridge offers almost identical ballistic performance to the .375 H&H Flanged Magnum, firing a projectile of the same .375 in (9.5 mm) caliber.
As is common with cartridges for double rifles, due to the need to regulate the two barrels to the same point of aim, the .369 Nitro Express was offered in one loading, firing a 270 gr (17 g) projectile at 2,525 ft/s (770 m/s).
In his African Rifles and Cartridges, John "Pondoro" Taylor said of the .369 Nitro Express that you "would need to go a very long way to get a better general purpose weapon".
# Chelliah

Chelliah may refer to:
* AR Chelliah, Indian religious leader, Bishop of Kanyakumari Diocese
* Devasahayam David Chelliah (1894–1979), JP OBE, the first Asian Archdeacon of Singapore
* Leaena Chelliah (born 1937), PBM BBM, founded Singapore's first school for children with multiple disabilities
* M. Chelliah, Indian politician and former Member of the Legislative Assembly
* Raja Chelliah (1922–2009), economist and founding chairman of the Madras School of Economics
* Shobhana Chelliah, Distinguished Professor of Linguistics, University of North Texas
* Chelliah Kumarasuriar, Sri Lankan politician
* Chelliah Loganathan (1913–1981), the first Ceylonese general manager of the Bank of Ceylon
* Chelliah Paramalingam (born 1936), Malaysian field hockey player
* Chelliah Thurairaja, USP, SLMC, Sri Lankan military physician, Army general, sportsman
# 1523 in poetry

Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).

## Works published

* Alexander Barclay, The Mirror of Good Manners, publication year uncertain, translated from Dominic Mancini's De quatuor virtutibus, in English and Latin; London: Richard Pynson
* Hans Sachs, die Wittenbergische Nachtigall, allegorical story in verse in praise of Luther
* John Skelton, The Garland of Laurel

## Births

Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:
* February 20 – Jan Blahoslav (died 1571), Czech poet and translator
* Approximate date – Girolamo Maggi (died 1572), Italian scholar, jurist, poet, military engineer, urban planner, philologist, archaeologist, mathematician and naturalist

## Deaths

Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:
* Stephen Hawes, death year uncertain, birth year unknown; English
* Ulrich von Hutten (born 1488), German
* Faustino Perisauli (born 1450), Italian, Latin-language poet
* Tang Yin died this year, according to some sources, or 1524 according to others (born 1470), Chinese poet, painter and calligrapher
# 1523 in Ireland

"none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive
Events from the year 1523 in Ireland.

## Incumbent

* Lord: Henry VIII

## Events

* January – Gerald FitzGerald, 9th Earl of Kildare was permitted to return to Ireland.
* Calendar of Papal Letters relating to Great Britain & Ireland, Volume XXIII, Part 1 (1523-1534) Clement VII on The Irish Manuscripts Commission (IMC)

## Births

* Richard Creagh Born in Limerick about 1523.
# Ramalina polyforma

Ramalina polyforma is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), fruticose lichen in the family Ramalinaceae. This greenish-grey shrubby lichen, endemic to the Galápagos Islands, was formally described as a new species in 2007 by Dutch lichenologist André Aptroot.

## Taxonomy

Ramalina polyforma was first identified and described in 2007 by Dutch lichenologist André Aptroot. The species epithet, polyforma, reflects the variable physical structure of this species, aptly capturing its morphological diversity. The type specimen for this species was collected by the author on the coastal lava cliffs east of Puerto Ayora near the Charles Darwin Research Station in the Galápagos Islands.

## Description

Characterised by its highly variable branching pattern, Ramalina polyforma is generally shrubby with a dull appearance, its greenish-grey thallus reaching diameters up to 3 cm (1.2 in). The branching pattern can range from few, stout, and broadly flattened branches reminiscent of antlers with curled tips, to densely ramified, irregularly angular branches. These branches tend to become rounder at their tips and occasionally display curled ends, resembling hooks.
The surface of this lichen is irregularly striate and wrinkled due to the cartilaginous cortical strands. The yellowish soredia, capitate or irregular in form, usually appear terminal and can reach diameters of approximately 1 mm.
Neither apothecia nor pycnidia have been observed to occur in this species. The medulla reacts to a K spot test by turning orange-yellow and then red, and emits a white glow under UV light. The presence of salazinic acid, sekikaic acid, and divaricatic acids is a distinctive chemical characteristic of the species, along with the presence of usnic acid in the cortex.

## Habitat and distribution

Ramalina polyforma inhabits the rocky landscapes of the Galápagos Islands and is commonly found across all vegetation zones, particularly on rocks with moderate exposure to sheltered conditions. This lichen is especially prevalent along coastal areas, throughout the arid zone, and the lower transition zone. It is notably the most commonly found saxicolous Ramalina on the Galapagos and often serves as the dominant species in its habitats; more than a dozen species of Ramalina have been recorded from the islands. At the time of its publication, only a single specimen of Ramalina polyforma had been documented from higher altitudes.
# 2006 Speedway Grand Prix of Italy

The 2006 Speedway Grand Prix of Italy was the sixth round of the 2006 Speedway Grand Prix season (the world championship). It took place on 29 July 2006 at the Santa Marina Stadium in Lonigo, (Italy).
It was the third time that the Speedway Grand Prix of Italy had been held.
The Grand Prix was by the Australian rider Jason Crump (his 16th career Grand Prix win).

## Grand Prix result

| Placing | Rider | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | Pts | SF1 | SF2 | Final | GP Pts |
| | (10) Jason Crump | | | 3 | | | 2 | | | | | | 2 | | | 3 | | 3 | | | | 13 | | 2 | 3 | 25 |
| | (9) Scott Nicholls | | | 2 | | 1 | | | | | | 0 | | | | | 3 | | 3 | | | 9 | 2 | | 2 | 20 |
| | (13) Hans Andersen | | | | 3 | 3 | | | | | | | 3 | | 2 | | | | | 3 | | 14 | 3 | | 1 | 18 |
| 4 | (8) Leigh Adams | | 3 | | | | | | 2 | | | 3 | | | 1 | | | 1 | | | | 10 | | 3 | 0 | 16 |
| 5 | (6) Matej Žagar | | 1 | | | | 3 | | | 3 | | | | | | | 2 | | | 1 | | 10 | f | | | 10 |
| 6 | (5) Bjarne Pedersen | | 2 | | | 2 | | | | | 1 | | | | | 2 | | | | | 3 | 10 | | 1 | | 10 |
| 7 | (16) Nicki Pedersen | | | | 2 | | | | 3 | 2 | | | | | | 1 | | | 1 | | | 9 | | 0 | | 9 |
| 8 | (2) Greg Hancock | 1 | | | | | 0 | | | | 3 | | | | 3 | | | | 2 | | | 9 | 1 | | | 9 |
| 9 | (14) Andreas Jonsson | | | | 1 | | 1 | | | | | 2 | | 3 | | | | | | | 2 | 9 | | | | 9 |
| 10 | (1) Tomasz Gollob | 2 | | | | 0 | | | | 1 | | | | 2 | | | | 2 | | | | 7 | | | | 7 |
| 11 | (11) Niels Kristian Iversen | | | 1 | | | | 3 | | 0 | | | | | 0 | | | | | | 1 | 5 | | | | 5 |
| 12 | (3) Antonio Lindbäck | x | | | | | | 1 | | | | 1 | | | | 0 | | | | 2 | | 4 | | | | 4 |
| 13 | (12) Jarosław Hampel | | | 0 | | | | | 1 | | 2 | | | 1 | | | | | | 0 | | 4 | | | | 4 |
| 14 | (4) Lee Richardson | 3 | | | | | | | 0 | | | | 1 | | | | 0 | | | | 0 | 4 | | | | 4 |
| 15 | (15) Piotr Protasiewicz | | | | 0 | | | 2 | | | 0 | | | | | | 1 | 0 | | | | 3 | | | | 3 |
| 16 | (7) Mattia Carpanese | | 0 | | | | | 0 | | | | | 0 | 0 | | | | | 0 | | | 0 | | | | 0 |
| R1 | (R1) Daniele Tessari | 0 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 0 | R1 |
| R2 | (R2) Simone Terenzani | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 0 | R2 |
m - exclusion for exceeding two minute time allowance • t - exclusion for touching the tapes • x - other exclusion • e - retired or mechanical failure • f - fell • ns - non-starter • nc - non-classify
| gate A - inside | gate B | gate C | gate D - outside |
# Ramaria cystidiophora

Ramaria cystidiophora, commonly known as the fuzzy-footed coral, is a coral mushroom in the family Gomphaceae. It is in the Laeticolora subgenus of Ramaria. The branches are yellow, sometimes brighter at the tips, growing from a fuzzy white stem. The odour is sweet.
While the species is relatively unlikely to be confused with another, several varieties exist – for instance var. anisata, which is of a peach hue.

## Taxonomy

The species was first described as Clavaria cystidiophora by Calvin Henry Kauffman in 1928. E.J.H. Corner transferred it to the genus Ramaria in 1950.
# Ramaria decurrens

Ramaria decurrens, commonly known as the ochre coral, is a coral mushroom in the family Gomphaceae. It is found in Europe and North America.

## Taxonomy

The species was originally described under the name Clavaria decurrens by Christian Hendrik Persoon in 1822.
# 11/2

11/2 may refer to:
* November 2 (month-day date notation)
* February 11 (day-month date notation)
* February 11 AD (month-year date notation)
* 2 AD November (year-month date notation)
* 11 shillings and 2 pence in UK predecimal currency
* A type of hendecagram
# 11/3/00 – Boise, Idaho

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
11/3/00 – Boise, Idaho is a two-disc live album and the seventieth in a series of 72 live bootlegs released by the American alternative rock band Pearl Jam from the band's 2000 Binaural Tour. It was released along with the other official bootlegs from the second North American leg of the tour on March 27, 2001.

## Overview

The album was recorded on November 3, 2000, in Nampa, Idaho at the Idaho Center. The show features a particularly intense version of "Better Man". The band selected it as one of 18 "Ape/Man" shows from the tour, which, according to bassist Jeff Ament, were shows the band found "really exciting." Allmusic gave it two and a half out of a possible five stars. "Go" from this show appears on the Touring Band 2000 DVD.

## Track listing
### Disc one

* "Of the Girl" (Gossard) – 4:58
* "Go" (Dave Abbruzzese, Jeff Ament, Stone Gossard, Mike McCready, Eddie Vedder) – 2:47
* "Corduroy" (Abbruzzese, Ament, Gossard, McCready, Vedder) – 4:29
* "Grievance" (Vedder) – 3:22
* "Last Exit" (Abbruzzese, Ament, Gossard, McCready, Vedder) – 2:37
* "Tremor Christ" (Abbruzzese, Ament, Gossard, McCready, Vedder) – 6:17
* "Elderly Woman Behind the Counter in a Small Town" (Abbruzzese, Ament, Gossard, McCready, Vedder) – 3:39
* "Insignificance" (Vedder) – 4:16
* "Animal" (Abbruzzese, Ament, Gossard, McCready, Vedder) – 3:28
* "Nothing as It Seems" (Ament) – 5:38
* "I Got Id" (Vedder) – 4:28
* "Better Man" (Vedder) – 5:27
* "Even Flow" (Vedder, Gossard) – 5:57
* "Daughter" (Abbruzzese, Ament, Gossard, McCready, Vedder) – 7:58
* "Light Years" (Gossard, McCready, Vedder) – 4:53

### Disc two

* "Jeremy" (Vedder, Ament) – 5:03
* "Given to Fly" (McCready, Vedder) – 3:44
* "Rearviewmirror" (Abbruzzese, Ament, Gossard, McCready, Vedder) – 8:14
* "Encore Break" – 2:37
* "Don't Be Shy" (Cat Stevens) – 3:21
* "Black" (Vedder, Gossard) – 6:46
* "Crazy Mary" (Victoria Williams) – 5:09
* "Do the Evolution" (Gossard, Vedder) – 3:33
* "Spin the Black Circle" (Abbruzzese, Ament, Gossard, McCready, Vedder) – 2:35
* "State of Love and Trust" (Vedder, McCready, Ament) – 5:01
* "Parting Ways" (Vedder) – 9:19
* "Rockin' in the Free World" (Neil Young) – 6:24

## Personnel
### Pearl Jam

* Jeff Ament – bass guitar, design concept
* Matt Cameron – drums
* Stone Gossard – guitars
* Mike McCready – guitars
* Eddie Vedder – vocals, guitars

### Production

* John Burton – engineering
* Brett Eliason – mixing
* Brad Klausen – design and layout