OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# First Plenary Council for China

The First Plenary Council for China (Latin: Primum Concilium Sinese, Chinese: 第一届中国主教会议) was a Catholic Church council of bishops that took place in Shanghai in 1924. It was held with the Pope's approval, carried out discussions and passed resolutions regarding issues that pertained to the Catholic Church in China.

## Background

The Catholic Church had existed in China for centuries, but it was largely dominated by foreign missionaries. Missionaries had held local councils in China in the past, but there had never been a national meeting of bishops in China. The Holy See was interested in implementing 'localization' of the Catholic Church in China and desired that a council of bishops could help accomplish that. Celso Costantini the Holy See's representative in China called for the meeting to begin in Shanghai on May 15th 1924.

## Meeting

There were 108 participants in the meeting, including 42 bishops. It took place over several weeks and concluded on June 12th of that year. Discussions were carried out in Latin rather than French (the common language used by the missionaries who dominated the clergy) or Chinese.
The participants agreed on several resolutions, including that Chinese clergy should be permitted to hold any office in the church provided that they were qualified, missionaries should be strictly forbidden from involvement in politics, that the mission regions in China should be reorganized into 17 areas and that localization of the church was a missionary goal. Missionaries were forbidden from a number of malpractices, including interference in lawsuits on behalf of foreign governments, ridiculing Chinese culture and they were required to obey Chinese laws. Foreign flags and symbols were also banned from being hung in Chinese churches.

## Conclusion

The resolutions were drafted and submitted to the Holy See for approval, which was given formally on June 12th 1928. The Catholic church in China followed the path of reform set by the council. Many mission territories were converted into dioceses in the following decades and many Chinese priests were elevated to the episcopacy and installed as diocesan bishops across China. The first native-born Chinese bishops were consecrated in Rome in 1926.

## Legacy

Following the establishment of communist rule in China in 1949, most of the foreign missionaries were expelled and the Chinese Catholic Church became almost entirely Chinese in the following years. Following the implementation of state control over the Chinese Catholic Church and the resultant division created, bishops of China were also henceforth divided into 'underground' and state-approved churches, and no meeting of all bishops in China has occurred since.
In 2024, on the 100-year anniversary of the council, an international conference at the Pontifical Urbaniana University was organized to discuss the implications of the council.
# Christopher Bingham

Christopher Bingham is an American statistician who introduced the Bingham distribution. In joint work with C. M. D. Godfrey and John Tukey he introduced complex demodulation into the analysis of time series. The Kent distribution, also known as the Fisher–Bingham distribution, is named after Bingham and the English biologist and statistician Ronald Fisher.
Bingham studied mathematics at Yale University, receiving his PhD under the supervision of Alan Treleven James in 1964. His PhD theis was titled Distributions on the sphere and on the projective plane. He subsequently worked as a research associate at Princeton University with John Tukey.
# Cosmopterix wongsirii

Cosmopterix wongsirii is a moth of the family Cosmopterigidae. It is known from Thailand.
# Keelhilla, Slieve Carron

Keelhilla, Slieve Carron is a national nature reserve of approximately 360 acres (1.5 km$^2$) located near Carran, County Clare, Ireland. It is managed by the Irish National Parks and Wildlife Service.

## Features

Keelhilla, Slieve Carron, sometimes referred to as the Slieve Carran Nature Reserve, was legally protected as a national nature reserve by the Irish government in 1986. The site forms a part of the wider Burren limestone landscape located on the north-east edge of the Burren plateau, with a karst topography. The sites includes karst pavement, scrub grassland, and woodland.
Some of the features of the reserve which fall under European priority habitats are the orchid-bearing calcareous grassland, limestone pavement, and petrifying springs. Among the recorded animals there are choughs and peregrine falcons, and a herd of feral goats. A rare glue fungus has been recorded on the hazel trees growing in Keelhilla. The site also contains an early medieval ecclesiastical settlement associated with St Colman mac Duagh, with a number of archaeological monuments including a stone oratory, a holy well, and a graveyard. There are some older archaeological sites in the reserve dating from the Bronze Age. The site has two designated walkways.
# Conceptus Inc.

Conceptus Inc. was an American medical products manufacturer and developer. It is now a fully owned subsidiary of Bayer AG of Germany.
Founded in 1992, the corporation had its headquarters in Mountain View, California. The company began the development of micro-catheter and guidewire systems that allowed physicians to access and navigate the fallopian tubes using a non-incisional approach. While this technology was first used in products to diagnose or treat infertility, in 1998, the company focused on the design, development, and clinical testing of Essure, a non-incisional alternative to tubal ligation.
Essure showed promise by eliminating the cutting, clipping, and burning associated with tubal ligation. After clinical testing, Conceptus began marketing Essure commercially in Australia, Singapore, Europe, and Canada. In 2002, the US Food and Drug Administration approved the use of Essure in the United States.
On April 29, 2013, Bayer AG made a cash offer of $31.00 per share for Conceptus, a 20% premium to the company's stock market price, valuing it at $1.1bn. The deal was completed and closed on June 5, 2013.
# Chaetae

Chaetae may refer to:
* Chaetae (town) in ancient Macedon
* Chaeta, an anatomical feature of invertebrates
# G. K. Bharad Institute of Engineering

G. K. Bharad Institute of Engineering is a degree-awarding institution situated near Rajkot, Gujarat, India. It is affiliated to Gujarat Technological University in Ahmedabad and approved by the All India Council for Technical Education. It has departments of information technology, computer engineering, mechanical engineering, and civil engineering.

## Departments

* Information Technology
* Computer Engineering
* Mechanical Engineering
* Civil Engineering
* Electronics & Communication
# Flamingo/Teenage Riot

"Flamingo" and "Teenage Riot" are songs by Japanese singer Kenshi Yonezu, released together as a double A-side single on October 31, 2018. It is Yonezu's ninth single, and his fifth single since moving to Sony Music.

## Creation

"Flamingo" contains a number of voice samples, including "trembling lips", purring, clearing throats, and even what sounds like fragments of a conversation, such as "ah, yep". Initially, Yonezu created up to the first chorus in a simple, minimalist form with just bass, a kick drum and snare, but felt that after he added voices the song was complete. Yonezu was also influenced by recalling things from when he had been drinking. The song is told from the perspective of a pleasure-seeking person.

## Certifications

Certifications for "Flamingo" :
| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| Streaming |||
| Japan (RIAJ) | Platinum | 100,000,000$^†$ |
| $^†$ Streaming-only figures based on certification alone. |||
# Jalmenus lithochroa

Jalmenus lithochroa, the lithochroa blue or Waterhouse's hairstreak, is a butterfly of the family Lycaenidae. It is endemic to a small area around Adelaide in South Australia.
The wingspan is about 30 mm.
The larvae feed on Acacia pycnantha and Acacia victoriae.
The caterpillars are attended by the ant species Iridomyrmex purpureus and Iridomyrmex viridiaeneus.
# Friedrich Krebs

Friedrich Krebs may refer to:
* Friedrich Krebs (organ builder) (died 1493), pipe organ builder
* Friedrich Krebs (artist) (c.1749–1815), fraktur artist
* Friedrich Krebs (minister) (1832–1905), first chief apostle of the New Apostolic Church
* Friedrich Krebs (mayor) (1894–1961), mayor of Frankfurt
# Chris Wright (programmer)

Chris Wright is a Linux kernel developer and CTO with Red Hat. He was the Linux kernel co-maintainer for the -stable branch with Greg Kroah-Hartman. He is involved in Linux kernel security related topics and is currently the maintainer for the LSM framework.
Wright also serves as the Chair of the OpenDaylight Project Board of Directors.
Wright is vice president and chief technology officer (CTO) at Red Hat.
# Radical 73

Radical 73 or radical say (曰部) meaning "say" is one of the 34 Kangxi radicals (214 radicals in total) composed of 4 strokes.
In the Kangxi Dictionary, there are 37 characters (out of 49,030) to be found under this radical.
In the Table of Indexing Chinese Character Components predominantly adopted by Simplified Chinese dictionaries published in mainland China, this radical is merged to radical sun (日) as an associated indexing component.

## Evolution

* Oracle bone script character
* Bronze script character
* Large seal script character
* Small seal script character

## Derived characters

| Strokes | Characters |
| +0 | 曰 |
| +1 | 曱 |
| +2 | 曲 曳 |
| +3 | 更 曵 (=曳) |
| +4 | 曶 |
| +5 | 曷 |
| +6 | 書 曺$^{KO}$ (=曹) |
| +7 | 曹 曻 曼 曽$^{JP}$ (=曾) |
| +8 | 曾 替 最 朁 朂 |
| +9 | 會 |
| +10 | 朄 朅 |
| +12 | 朆 |
| +17 | 朇 |

## Literature

* Fazzioli, Edoardo (1987). Chinese calligraphy : from pictograph to ideogram : the history of 214 essential Chinese/Japanese characters. calligraphy by Rebecca Hon Ko. New York: Abbeville Press. ISBN 0-89659-774-1.
* Lunde, Ken (Jan 5, 2009). "Appendix J: Japanese Character Sets" (PDF). CJKV Information Processing: Chinese, Japanese, Korean & Vietnamese Computing (Second ed.). Sebastopol, Calif.: O'Reilly Media. ISBN 978-0-596-51447-1.
# 2017 Upper Austria Ladies Linz – Doubles

Kiki Bertens and Johanna Larsson were the defending champions and successfully defended their title, defeating Natela Dzalamidze and Xenia Knoll in the final, 3–6, 6–3, [10–4].

## Seeds

* Kiki Bertens / Johanna Larsson (champions)
* Alicja Rosolska / Abigail Spears (first round)
* Kirsten Flipkens / Demi Schuurs (quarterfinals)
* Nadiia Kichenok / Anastasia Rodionova (quarterfinals)

## Draw
### Key

* Q = Qualifier
* WC = Wild card
* LL = Lucky loser
* Alt = Alternate
* SE = Special exempt
* PR = Protected ranking
* ITF = ITF entry
* JE = Junior exempt
* w/o = Walkover
* r = Retired
* d = Defaulted
* SR = Special ranking

### Draw

| First round | First round | First round | First round | First round | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final | Final | Final | Final |
| 1 | K Bertens J Larsson | 6 | 7 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | N Broady E Hrdinová | 2 | 5 | | 1 | K Bertens J Larsson | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | |
| | M Irigoyen C Lister | 6 | 2 | [11] | | M Irigoyen C Lister | 1 | 2 | | | | | | | | | |
| | V Golubic D Jurak | 4 | 6 | [9] | | | | | 1 | K Bertens J Larsson | 6 | 6 | | | | | |
| 3 | K Flipkens D Schuurs | 6$^2$ | 6 | [10] | | | | | | N Melichar A Smith | 3 | 2 | | | | | |
| WC | B Bencic B Haas | 7$^7$ | 4 | [3] | 3 | K Flipkens D Schuurs | 3 | 3 | | | | | | | | | |
| | N Melichar A Smith | 6 | 6 | | | N Melichar A Smith | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | |
| | L Kerkhove L Marozava | 1 | 2 | | | | | | | | | | 1 | K Bertens J Larsson | 3 | 6 | [10] |
| | N Dzalamidze X Knoll | 7$^8$ | 3 | [10] | | | | | | | | | | N Dzalamidze X Knoll | 6 | 3 | [4] |
| | M Krajicek B Strýcová | 6$^6$ | 6 | [8] | | N Dzalamidze X Knoll | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | |
| | L Kichenok N Vikhlyantseva | 2 | 1 | | 4 | N Kichenok An Rodionova | 3 | 2 | | | | | | | | | |
| 4 | N Kichenok An Rodionova | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | N Dzalamidze X Knoll | 6 | 6 | | | | | |
| | M Buzărnescu O Kalashnikova | 0 | 6 | [13] | | | | | | M Buzărnescu O Kalashnikova | 1 | 3 | | | | | |
| | L Arruabarrena V Cepede Royg | 6 | 4 | [11] | | M Buzărnescu O Kalashnikova | 7 | 6 | | | | | | | | | |
| WC | N Geuer A Zaja | 6 | 2 | [10] | WC | N Geuer A Zaja | 5 | 3 | | | | | | | | | |
| 2 | A Rosolska A Spears | 4 | 6 | [8] | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
# Chaetacosta

Chaetacosta vittithorax is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae, the only species in the genus Chaetacosta.
# G. Joseph Cardine

Godfrey Joseph Cardine (July 6, 1924 – July 22, 1997) was an American jurist who served as a justice of the Wyoming Supreme Court from June 13, 1983 to July 22, 1994.

## Early life, education, and military service

Born in Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin, to Joseph Frederick Cardine and Mary Kasparek, Cardine attended east Rockford High School in Illinois, graduating in 1942. He joined the United States Air Force during World War II, serving in the Asiatic-Pacific Theater from 1943 to 1946, and achieving the rank of First Lieutenant. He received a degree in structural engineering from the University of Illinois in 1948, and moved to Wyoming to work in that field for the company that later became Texaco. He attended law school there, receiving his Juris Doctor, with honors, from the University of Wyoming College of Law in 1954.

## Legal career

After working as a Natrona County justice of the peace from 1955 to 1956, and as municipal judge from 1961 to 1963, Cardine entered private practice in Casper, Wyoming, in 1966, becoming as a partner in the firm of Cardine, Vlastos and Reeves. He also served as the Natrona County District Attorney from 1966 to 1970. He continued in practice until 1977, when he accepted a full-time position on the faculty of the University of Wyoming College of Law.
On June 13, 1983, Governor Edgar Herschler appointed Cardine to a seat on the Wyoming Supreme Court. He became chief justice on June 30, 1988, serving in that capacity until June 30, 1990. During his tenure as Chief Justice, he initiated an alternative dispute resolution program as well as arranged meetings between himself, legislative leaders, and the Governor to exchange ideas on how to better serve the state. While continuing to serve on the court in 1993, Cardine helped to establish the Trial Lawyers College with Gerry Spence. He retired from the court on his 70th birthday, in 1994.
In addition to his legal activities, he was an organizer of the Bank of Casper and the Security Bank of Glenrock, Wyoming.

## Personal life

Cardine married Janice Irene Brown in 1946, with whom he had two daughters and a son. He also operated a ranch near Casper.
He died at the Wyoming Medical Center after what was described as a short illness, and was buried in Casper.
# Circus (novel)

Circus is a novel written by the Scottish author Alistair MacLean. It was first released in the United Kingdom by Collins in 1975 and later in the same year by Doubleday in the United States.

## Plot introduction

Bruno Wildermann of the Wrinfield Circus is the world's greatest trapeze artist, a clairvoyant with near-supernatural powers and an implacable enemy of the East German regime that arrested his family and murdered his wife. The CIA needs such a man for an impossible raid on the impregnable Lubylan Fortress where his family is held, to remove a dangerous weapons formula from a heavily guarded laboratory. Under cover of a traveling circus tour, Bruno prepares to return to his homeland. But before the journey even begins a murderer strikes twice. Somewhere in the circus there is a communist agent with orders to stop Bruno at any cost.

## Background

In October 1973 it was announced Alistair Maclean was researching the novel, which would form the basis of a film called Circus to be made the following year by Irving Allen for 20th Century Fox in collaboration with the Ringling Circus. Allen had previously made The Big Circus (1959) but said Circus would be different, being shot in 70mm and 3D with a budget of $6 million. Maclean was researching the novel by travelling with the circus. The film was never made.

## Literary significance and criticism

The story, written in third person narrative, includes espionage, murder, romance and humor. Many MacLean fans do not consider this to be one of his finer works. It is typical of his later period works, in that while it is quite well plotted (if stretching the bounds of believability), it is simplistically characterized, with dryly sardonic and superbly competent protagonists (particularly Bruno Wildermann, the trapeze artist and secret agent), a ravishingly beautiful and virtually helpless female protagonist, and almost cartoonish Communist antagonists.

## Reception

The Los Angeles Times called it a "first rate piece of suspense".
The book was a best seller.
# Crataegus populnea

Crataegus populnea is a hawthorn native to the northeastern U.S. and southeastern Canada. The flowers have about 10 stamens with red to purple anthers, and the fruit are orange to red, about 1 cm in diameter, spherical or oblong. Crataegus compta is a variant with pear-shaped fruit.
# Flesh and Spirit

Flesh and Spirit (Chinese: 灵与肉) is a 2018 Chinese television series. It is based on the Chinese novel of the same name by Zhang Xianliang. The series is directed by Lou Jian and stars Yu Xiaowei and Sun Qian as the main characters. The 42 episode drama premiered on CCTV-8 on 17 June 2018. The series focuses on the life of Xu Lingjun, a sent-down youth in Helan Mountains during the Down to the Countryside Movement. The series was ranked first in the ratings in June 2018.

## Cast
### Main

* Yu Xiaowei as Xu Lingjun (许灵均)
* Sun Qian as Li Xiuzhi (李秀芝)

### Supporting

* Shang Tielong as Guo Shanzi
* Li Xinmin as Lao Baigan
* Huang Xiaolei as Huang Juhua
* Zhao Yi as Sun Jianli
* Wang Weiguang as Xie Goulai
* Zhao Ningning as Jiang Wenming
* Wang Quanyou as Cao Shouyi
* Tian Ling as Liang Dasang
* Wang Jingyun as He Lin
* Mu Huaihu as Laomei
* Wu Jian as Qian Youwei
* Zhang Hui as Hu Ziwen
* Qin Han as Xu Jingyou
* Qi Yunpeng as Dong Changsheng
* Hou Xuelong as Bai Yu
* Su Yueqing as Cao Binbin
* Teng Yufei as Zhang Mazi

## Ratings

| Date | CCTV-8 CSM52 city ratings | CCTV-8 CSM52 city ratings | CCTV-8 CSM52 city ratings |
| Date | Ratings (%) | Audience share (%) | Rank |
| 2018.6.17 | 0.827 | 3.245 | 2 |
| 2018.6.18 | 0.926 | 3.466 | 3 |
| 2018.6.19 | 1.115 | 4.272 | 1 |
| 2018.6.20 | 1.026 | 3.979 | 1 |
| 2018.6.21 | 1.126 | 4.373 | 1 |
| 2018.6.22 | 1.174 | 4.271 | 1 |
| 2018.6.23 | 1.176 | 4.335 | 1 |
| 2018.6.24 | 1.214 | 4.549 | 1 |
| 2018.6.25 | 1.248 | 4.917 | 1 |
| 2018.6.26 | 1.286 | 5.252 | 1 |
| 2018.6.27 | 1.351 | 5.511 | 1 |
| 2018.6.28 | 1.305 | 5.269 | 1 |
| 2018.6.29 | 1.3 | 5.207 | 1 |
| 2018.6.30 | 1.339 | 5.132 | 1 |
# Fredrik Steen

Fredrik Steen (6 September 1895 – 22 October 1970) was a Norwegian pharmacist and businessperson.
He was a son of Emil Steen and Laura Steen. He was a grandson of Emil Steen (1829–1884), a nephew of Johan and Christian Steen and a first cousin of Erling Steen.
Several family members were owners of Steen & Strøm, but Fredrik Steen's father had become a partner in the pharmaceutical wholesaling company Nyegaard & Co. His father was the sole owner of this company from 1913, and transformed it from a wholesaling company to a manufacturer of pharmaceutical products. However, he died in 1915. Fredrik's mother Laura ran the company until 1921, when Fredrik took over. He orchestrated a merger with Koren & Gedde and brought that company's owner Sverre Blix on board as co-owner.
Fredrik Steen had taken the cand.pharm. degree in 1916, and been an assistant at the Royal Frederick University. By 1921 he was the manager of both Nyegaard & Co and Koren & Gedde, and alternated every second year with Sverre Blix in being chairman of the board of Nyegaard & Co. He was also a board member of Koren & Gedde and A/S Para. Steen retired in 1960.
He was a vice chairman of Norsk Farmaceutisk Selskap. He was also involved in dog breeding, most specifically of English setters. He died in October 1970.
# 78th Aviation Troop Command

Home-stationed at Clay National Guard Center in Marietta, the 78th Aviation Troop Command is the aviation arm of the Georgia Army National Guard.

## Mission

The mission of the 78th’s more than 574 pilots, aircrew, maintenance, and support personnel is to mobilize and deploy aviation forces for providing command and control, air movement, and air assault operations in support of combat operations worldwide, as well as to provide aviation support during state and national emergencies in response to homeland defense operations.

## Deployments

In December 2010, Company C, 1st Battalion, 185th Aviation Regiment teamed up with soldiers of the 1st Battalion (General Support), 171st Aviation Regiment to provide command, control and communication enhancement, as well as movement of cargo and troops in Iraq. They also deployed to provide aero-medical evacuation coverage to their assigned battle space as U.S. forces in Iraq were transitioning from Operation Iraqi Freedom to Operation New Dawn.
On February 3, 2011, Detachment 1, Company C, 1st Battalion, 111th Aviation Regiment deployed to Fort Hood before heading to Iraq, to begin its yearlong mission of providing MEDEVAC support as part of the Army’s National Guard's Combat Aviation Brigade, 40th Infantry Division (CA ARNG), and the Combat Aviation Brigade, 29th Infantry Division (MD ARNG) to coalition forces involved in Operation New Dawn in Iraq.

## Units

The 78th Aviation Troop Command consists of 14 units:
* Company C, 1st Battalion (General Support), 111th Aviation Regiment, Dobbins Air Reserve Base, Marietta, Georgia
* 2nd Battalion (Service & Support), 151st Aviation Regiment, Dobbins Air Reserve Base, Marietta, Georgia
* 1st Battalion (General Support), 169th Aviation Regiment, Hunter Army Airfield, Savannah, Georgia
* 1st Battalion (General Support), 171st Aviation Regiment, Dobbins Air Reserve Base, Marietta, Georgia
* Company H, 171st Aviation Regiment, Dobbins Air Reserve Base, Marietta, Georgia
* 1st Battalion, 185th Aviation Regiment, Winder, Georgia
* 935th Support Battalion (Aviation), Hunter Army Airfield, Savannah, Georgia
* Detachment 9, Operational Airlift, Dobbins Air Reserve Base, Marietta, Georgia
* Army Fixed Wing Support Activity, Robins Air Force Base, Warner Robins, Georgia
* Army Aviation Support Facility No. 1, Winder Barrow Airport, Winder, Georgia
* Army Aviation Support Facility No. 2, Dobbins Air Reserve Base, Marietta, Georgia
* Army Aviation Support Facility No. 3, Hunter Army Airfield, Savannah, Georgia

## Accomplishments

The 78th Aviation created the C-27J Spartan Joint Cargo Aircraft facility at Robins Air Force Base. Facility personnel successfully supported the first C-27J aircraft qualification courses taught there by New York-based L-3 Communications. Georgia Army National Guard Aviation has been, and remains, integral in the selection and fielding of the C-27J Spartan JCA. In 2010, Company H, 171st Aviation Regiment personnel successfully completed the multi-service operational test and evaluation of the aircraft, thereby completing transfer of the program, on time and budget, to the Georgia Air National Guard.
# Franson Manjali

Franson Davis Manjali was an Indian professor of linguistics, translator and editor. His work was based on the philosophy of language in the tradition of Martin Heidegger, Friedrich Nietzsche, Immanuel Kant and, most importantly, Jacques Derrida and Jean-Luc Nancy. He was a professor of linguistics at Jawaharlal Nehru University in India and retired in 2020. He died on 14 June 2023 in New Delhi, India.