OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Confederate effect

The confederate effect is the phenomenon of people falsely classifying human intelligence as machine (or artificial) intelligence during Turing tests. For example, in the Loebner Prize during which a tester conducts a text exchange with one human and one artificial-intelligence chatbot and is tasked to identify which is which, the confederate effect describes the tester inaccurately identifying the human as the machine.
The confederate effect is the reverse of the ELIZA effect, which Sherry Turkle states is humans' "more general tendency to treat responsive computer programs as more intelligent than they really are": that is, anthropomorphizing.
The phenomenon was seen in the University of Surrey 2003 Loebner Prize for Artificial Intelligence, when both confederate (tested) humans, one male and one female, were each ranked as machine by at least one judge. More precisely, Judge 7 and Judge 9 ranked the female 'Confederate 2' as "1.00=definitely a machine"; the male 'Confederate 1' was ranked "1.00=definitely a machine" by Judge 4 and Judge 9. Also, the gender of these two hidden-humans were incorrectly identified (male considered female; woman considered man) in independent transcript analysis ('gender-blurring' phenomenon, see Shah & Henry, 2005).
# Confederate colonies

Confederate colonies were made up of Confederate refugees who were displaced or fled their homes during or immediately after the American Civil War. They migrated to various countries, but especially Brazil, where slavery remained legal, and to a lesser extent Mexico and British Honduras (modern Belize).

## Background

Many Southerners had lost their land during the war and some were unwilling to live under the Federal government. They did not expect an improvement in the South's economic position. Most of the emigrants were from the states of Alabama, Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Georgia, South Carolina, and Missouri. It is unknown how many American southerners emigrated to Latin America. As noted in unpublished research, Betty Antunes de Oliveira found in port records of Rio de Janeiro that some 20,000 Americans entered Brazil from 1865 to 1885. Other researchers have estimated the number at 10,000. An unknown number returned to the United States after the end of Reconstruction, but many of the remaining immigrants who stayed adopted Brazilian citizenship.
In Mexico, Emperor Maximilian had encouraged and subsidized foreign colonization with land grants and appropriation of land. After the French withdrew their support of Maximilian and he was defeated in 1867, these colonies ceased to exist. The land titles were not recognized by the victorious Mexican republicans, who had spent years fighting an imperial government that was imposed upon them.
# Chris Dyson (architect)

Chris Dyson RIBA RIAS FRSA (born 6 October 1964) is an English architect. He established Chris Dyson Architects. in 2003. He is known for residential conservation architecture.

## Early career

Chris Dyson studied architecture at Oxford Brookes University and Mackintosh School of Architecture in Glasgow. He worked at James Stirling Michael Wilford and Associates on projects including Abando International passenger exchange. in Bilbao and Temasek Polytechnic in Singapore.
He spent three years as a design director at Sir Terry Farrell's practice Farrells.

## Chris Dyson Architects

Chris Dyson Architects was set up in 2003, by Chris Dyson in partnership with Mathew Witts. Their first major project was a design for a museum of African Art and Culture, which was not realised.
Based in a restored pub in Spitalfields, London for which they received an RIBA Award, Chris Dyson Architects has completed a number of refurbishment and heritage conservation projects of houses in and around London alongside civic arts projects in London.

## Notable works
### Chris Dyson Architects

* Crystal Palace Park Cafe
* The Sekforde Arms
* The Cooperage
* Gasworks
* Crystal Palace Park Cafe (2019)
* Albion Works, (2018)
* The Sekforde Arms (2018)
* Harrow Arts Centre,
* Eleven Spitalfields, London (2017)
* The Queen's Head (2017)
* Weaver's House (2017)
* The Cooperage, Clerkenwell (2016)
* Gasworks (2014)
* House in Wapping Pierhead, London (2013)
* Museum of African Art and Culture, South Africa, (unbuilt 2004)

### Terry Farrell & Partners

* Lots Road Power Station, London (2017)
* The King Key Tower Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China (2011)
* The CITIC headquarters, Beijing (2011)
* Swiss Cottage Masterplan, Sports and Leisure building, London (2006)

### James Stirling Michael Wilford & Partners

* Singapore Arts Centre, Singapore
* The British Embassy, Berlin (2000)
* Tate Liverpool, New sculpture and Temporary exhibition space (1998)
* Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore (1996)
* Abando International Passenger Interchange, Bilbao (unbuilt 1985-1992)
* Headquarters and Design facilities for RARE, Leicestershire
* B. Braun Melsungen New Administration Building and Masterplan (1992)
* Headquarters and Production Facilities for STO Weizen (2003)
* Music School and House of History, Stuttgart (1994)
* Regional Headquarters building, B.Braun, Switzerland (2001)
* Seville Stadium redevelopment, Seville
# Chris Dyer (engineer)

Chris Dyer (born 12 February 1968) is the former head of vehicle performance group at Renault Sport Formula 1 Team and the former race engineer of Michael Schumacher and Kimi Räikkönen at Scuderia Ferrari.

## Early career

Born in Bendigo, Victoria, Dyer worked with the top V8 Supercar outfit, the Tom Walkinshaw owned Holden Racing Team in the mid-1990s alongside drivers like Peter Brock and Craig Lowndes. In 1997, he switched to Walkinshaw's Formula One team Arrows, working as Damon Hill's chief data engineer. In 1998, he stepped up to race engineering, working with drivers like Jos Verstappen.

## Ferrari

For the 2001 season, Dyer moved to Ferrari, working as Schumacher's vehicle engineer, alongside Luca Baldisserri. By the end of 2002, Dyer engineered Schumacher at the tests; after the championship had been won, he also race engineered Schumacher at the last three races at Monza, Indianapolis, and Suzuka. Dyer then race engineered Schumacher to his 2003 and 2004 world titles, appearing with the German on the podium after his triumph at the 2003 Canadian Grand Prix. Dyer was quoted saying: "One of Michael's strengths is that, apart from driving quickly, he has an understanding of the car and how all the systems work."
Dyer took over as Räikkönen's race engineer when the Finn moved to Ferrari in 2007. Despite suggestions that the pair did not always get the most from the package, Räikkönen took the title in 2007 at the final race by a single point over Lewis Hamilton and Fernando Alonso. After the disappointing results in the 2008 season, Ferrari announced that Dyer would be replaced by Andrea Stella for the 2009 season, with Dyer promoted to chief track engineer.
On 4 January 2011, Ferrari announced that Dyer was replaced as head of race track engineering by former McLaren engineer Pat Fry. This decision was taken after Dyer made the call to bring Alonso in the pit lane to cover off the Australian Mark Webber's pit stop in the final race of the season, the 2010 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix. The decision was blamed for costing Alonso the title in favour of Sebastian Vettel who went on to become champion. In October 2012, it was announced that Dyer was to join BMW's Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters (DTM) programme as chief engineer.

## Renault

On 4 February 2016, it was announced by Renault Sport that Dyer would be returning to Formula One as their head of vehicle performance group.

## Career

* 1997: Arrows data engineer
* 1998–2000: Arrows race engineer
* 2001–2002: Scuderia Ferrari vehicle engineer
* 2003–2006: Scuderia Ferrari race engineer, Michael Schumacher
* 2007–2008: Scuderia Ferrari race engineer, Kimi Räikkönen
* 2009–2011: Scuderia Ferrari chief track engineer
* 2011–2012: Scuderia Ferrari team member
* 2012–2015: BMW DTM chief engineer
* 2016–2020: Renault Sport F1 Team, head of vehicle performance group
# 2017 Uruguay Open – Doubles

Andrés Molteni and Diego Schwartzman were the defending champions but only Molteni chose to defend his title, partnering Sergio Galdós. Molteni lost in the first round to Pedro Cachin and Nicolás Jarry.
Romain Arneodo and Fernando Romboli won the title after defeating Ariel Behar and Fabiano de Paula 2–6, 6–4, [10–8] in the final.

## Seeds

* Sergio Galdós / Andrés Molteni (first round)
* Marcelo Arévalo / Miguel Ángel Reyes-Varela (quarterfinals)
* Ariel Behar / Fabiano de Paula (final)
* Guido Andreozzi / Máximo González (semifinals)

## Draw
### Key

* Q = Qualifier
* WC = Wild card
* LL = Lucky loser
* Alt = Alternate
* SE = Special exempt
* PR = Protected ranking
* ITF = ITF entry
* JE = Junior exempt
* w/o = Walkover
* r = Retired
* d = Defaulted
* SR = Special ranking
| First round | First round | First round | First round | First round | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final | Final | Final | Final |
| 1 | S Galdós A Molteni | 3 | 4 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | P Cachin N Jarry | 6 | 6 | | | P Cachin N Jarry | 4 | 2 | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | R Arneodo F Romboli | 6 | 6 | | | R Arneodo F Romboli | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | R Carballés Baena A Collarini | 3 | 2 | | | | | | | | R Arneodo F Romboli | 6 | 7 | | | | | | |
| 4 | G Andreozzi M González | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | 4 | G Andreozzi M González | 2 | 5 | | | | | | |
| | G Oliveira G Panfil | 2 | 4 | | 4 | G Andreozzi M González | 7$^7$ | 6$^5$ | [10] | | | | | | | | | | |
| | G Clezar F Neis | 6 | 6 | | | G Clezar F Neis | 6$^2$ | 7$^7$ | [2] | | | | | | | | | | |
| Alt | J Pereira JP Sorgi | 3 | 3 | | | | | | | | | | | | | R Arneodo F Romboli | 2 | 6 | [10] |
| | F Coria J Domingues | 6$^{12}$ | 4 | | | | | | | | | | | | 3 | A Behar F de Paula | 6 | 4 | [8] |
| | A Balázs J Souza | 7$^{14}$ | 6 | | | A Balázs J Souza | 2 | 3 | | | | | | | | | | | |
| WC | M Cuevas P Cuevas | 6 | 3 | [9] | 3 | A Behar F de Paula | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 3 | A Behar F de Paula | 4 | 6 | [11] | | | | | | 3 | A Behar F de Paula | 3 | 7 | [10] | | | | | |
| | R Dutra Silva G Elias | 6 | 3 | [8] | | | | | | WC | F Bagnis M Felder | 6 | 5 | [5] | | | | | |
| WC | F Bagnis M Felder | 3 | 6 | [10] | WC | F Bagnis M Felder | 7 | 1 | [14] | | | | | | | | | | |
| WC | S Maresca N Xiviller | 1 | 4 | | 2 | M Arévalo MÁ Reyes-Varela | 5 | 6 | [12] | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2 | M Arévalo MÁ Reyes-Varela | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
# Concern

Concern may refer to:

## Constructs

* Worry, an emotion
* Concern (computer science), an abstract concept about program behavior

## Enterprises and organizations

* Concern (business), a German type of group company
* Concern (organisation), a student society at the Indian Institute of Science, India
* CONCERN Program, a Con Edison program that offers eligible customers a specially trained representative and advice about government aid programs, safety tips, and ways to save money on one's energy bill
* Concern Worldwide, an Irish charity

## Other uses

* Concern (horse), an American Thoroughbred racehorse
# Conceptus

A conceptus (from Latin: concipere, to conceive) is an embryo and its appendages (adnexa), the associated membranes, placenta, and umbilical cord; the products of conception or, more broadly, "the product of conception at any point between fertilization and birth." The conceptus includes all structures that develop from the zygote, both embryonic and extraembryonic. It includes the embryo as well as the embryonic part of the placenta and its associated membranes: amnion, chorion (gestational sac), and yolk sac.
# Frank Smith (animator)

Frank A. Smith (August 31, 1911 – February 23, 1975) was an American cartoon animator and film director. He was the father of actor and film director Charles Martin Smith, and the brother of animator/director Paul J. Smith and animator Hank Smith.

## Biography

Born in Gladstone, Michigan, Smith left home in his teens with the dream of working in films. He lost one of his eyes in a sawmill accident. Not having any money, he made his way across country to Hollywood by hitching rides illegally on freight trains. After some time of living as a hobo, he finally reached Hollywood in 1930.
Smith eventually was hired on as an animator at the Fleischer Studios in the late 1930s. He worked on several feature films with that studio, including Gulliver's Travels (1939) and various short films including Popeye cartoons and Betty Boop. In the 40s he was appointed the Animation Supervisor of Walter Lantz Productions, working alongside his brother Paul. He then joined UPA studios, working alongside Robert Cannon, John Hubley and others. His films at UPA included the Oscar-winning Gerald McBoing-Boing (1951).
For three years Smith directed and produced films in Paris, France, for Cineaste Productions, winning many awards. His work in the 1960s included commercials and short films for Playhouse Pictures, followed by a long association with director/producer Bill Melendez, animating many of the Peanuts television specials including A Charlie Brown Christmas, It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown and the feature films A Boy Named Charlie Brown and Snoopy Come Home.
# Frank Smith (South Australian politician)

Frank Smith (3 May 1888 – 3 July 1948) was an Australian politician who represented the South Australian House of Assembly seat of Glenelg from 1941 to 1947 for the Liberal and Country League.
# Chris Murrell

Byron Christopher Murrell (December 18, 1956 – June 18, 2017) was an American jazz and gospel singer who has toured as the featured vocalist for the Count Basie Orchestra and has made appearances with the Roger Humphries Big Band and performed for a SCETV special with the Andrew Thielen Big Band.

## Biography

Murrell began singing as a young child and continued to study voice and perform through his childhood, singing in church and school functions. As a teenager, he traveled and performed throughout the US with his own seven-piece gospel group, the Christian Disciples.
Murrell graduated from Wake Forest University in 1979 with a degree in theater, and was a lifelong resident of Winston-Salem, North Carolina. In May 1986, Frank Foster was the guest soloist at a concert with the North Carolina School of the Arts Jazz Ensemble in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. Chris was invited to be a guest vocal soloist on the same concert, where Foster, who was shortly to take over as leader of the Count Basie Orchestra, heard Chris's rendition of "Lush Life"; when the opportunity presented itself, he hired Chris to be the featured vocalist with the Count Basie Orchestra. He toured worldwide with the Count Basie Orchestra until 2002.
In 2002, Murrell released a solo album, Reprise; in the liner notes, Tony Bennett called him "one of my favorite singers". In 2004, his vocals were featured on the CD These Foolish Things by the Joe Aiello Trio.
Murrell died on June 18, 2017, at the age of 61 in his native Winston-Salem, North Carolina.
# Chip Hall

Chip Hall (born November 5, 1973) is an American television producer and writer, best known for his work on the Fox animated sitcom King of the Hill, on which he worked as a writer and producer for six years. He is currently a writer and producer on the Spike TV comedy, Blue Mountain State. Amongst his episodes are "LAX", "Marathon Monday" and "Cum Ransom".
Chip is also developing the movie Liam McBain: International Tennis Star and Proper English Geezer at Warner Bros. Pictures with Pete Segal attached to direct. Liam McBain is a comedy which centers on a 1980s tennis star who is half John McEnroe and half Liam Gallagher from the band Oasis.
He most recently set up "Brightmoor" an animated show at FX with his writing partner ComedianCP and P. Diddy. The show is described as a mix of "Black South Park and Fat Albert set in Inner-City Detroit."
Chip presently lives in West Hollywood, CA and is represented by Chris Licata at Paradigm and Trevor Engelson at Underground Films. His attorney is Gregg Gellman at Morris Yorn.
# Chorizanthe membranacea

Chorizanthe membranacea is a species of flowering plant in the buckwheat family known by the common name pink spineflower. It is native to Oregon and California, where it is widespread and in some areas quite common. It can be found in a wide variety of habitats.
This herb grows erect to a maximum height near 1 metre (3.3 ft). It is woolly in texture and most of its parts may bear a pink tint. The leaves are mostly linear in shape and they may occur along the stem as well as at the base. The longest may reach 5 centimeters.
The inflorescence is a dense cluster of flowers, each surrounded by a unit of six fused bracts which are generally white to pinkish in color. The bracts are tipped with hooked awns. The flower itself is just a few millimeters long, white to pink, and quite hairy. There are sometimes small inflorescences located in the cauline leaf axils along the stem.
Chorizanthe membranacea is easily distinguished from other spineflowers by its relative abundance of leaves, its height and upright habit, and the fusion of the bracts of the involucre into a continuous body.
# Chorizanthe diffusa

Chorizanthe diffusa is a species of flowering plant in the buckwheat family known by the common name diffuse spineflower. It is endemic to California, where it grows on the coastline and mountains of the Central Coast, in sandy scrub, woodland, and forest habitat. It is erect to prostrate in form, its stem generally no longer than 15 or 20 centimeters. The leaves are up to 2 centimeters long and mainly arranged about the base of the plant. The inflorescence is a cluster of flowers, each surrounded by six hook-tipped bracts. The margins of the bracts proximal to the long hooked tip may be very thin and nearly invisible to wide and obvious, and they may be green to white to purplish. The flower itself is about 3 millimeters wide and white with a yellow throat. The tips of its tepals may be smooth or jagged or toothed.
# Frank Stevenson

Frank Stevenson may refer to:
* Frank A. Stevenson, software developer
* Frank Stevenson, character in The Ambassador (1984 American film)
* Frank J. Stevenson, agriculture Scientist.
# Frank Stewart (1930s pitcher)

Frank Stewart is an American former Negro league pitcher who played in the 1930s.
Stewart made his Negro leagues debut in 1934 with the Homestead Grays. He went on to play for the Washington Elite Giants in 1936.
# Computational semiotics

Computational semiotics is an interdisciplinary field that applies, conducts, and draws on research in logic, mathematics, the theory and practice of computation, formal and natural language studies, the cognitive sciences generally, and semiotics proper. The term encompasses both the application of semiotics to computer hardware and software design and, conversely, the use of computation for performing semiotic analysis. The former focuses on what semiotics can bring to computation; the latter on what computation can bring to semiotics.

## Semiotics of computation

A common theme of this work is the adoption of a sign-theoretic perspective on issues of artificial intelligence and knowledge representation. Many of its applications lie in the field of human-computer interaction (HCI) and fundamental devices of recognition.
One part of this field, known as algebraic semiotics, combines aspects of algebraic specification and social semiotics, and has been applied to user interface design and to the representation of mathematical proofs.

## Computational methods for semiotics

This strand involves formalizing semiotic methods of analysis and implementing them as algorithms on computers to process large digital data sets. These data sets are typically textual but semiotics opens the way for analysis of all manner of other data. Existing work provides methods for automated opposition analysis and generation of semiotic squares; metaphor identification; and image analysis. Shackell has suggested that a new field of Natural Semiotic Processing should emerge to extend natural language processing into areas such as persuasive technology, marketing and brand analysis that have significant cultural or non-linguistic aspects. On the other side, Meunier argues that semiotics and computation are compatible and combining them provides more logical consistency in understanding forms of meaning.
# Frankfurt Grand Prix

Frankfurt Grand Prix may refer to:
* Rund um den Henninger Turm, the cycling race
* Frankfurt Grand Prix (tennis), a former ATP top-tier tennis tournament
# 2012 ATP Challenger Tour Finals – Singles

Cedrik-Marcel Stebe was the champion in 2011, but did not qualify for the event in 2012, since he played mostly ATP World Tour tournaments in that season. Guido Pella defeated Adrian Ungur 6–3, 6–7$^{(4–7)}$, 7–6$^{(7–4)}$ in the final to win the title.

## Seeds

* Thomaz Bellucci (round robin, withdrew because of a shoulder injury)
* Paolo Lorenzi (round robin)
* Victor Hănescu (semifinals)
* Rubén Ramírez Hidalgo (round robin)
* Aljaž Bedene (semifinals)
* Adrian Ungur (final)
* Guido Pella (champion)
* Gastão Elias (round robin)

## Alternates

* Thiago Alves (replaced Thomaz Bellucci, round robin)
* Rogério Dutra da Silva (did not play)

## Draw
### Key

* Q = Qualifier
* WC = Wild card
* LL = Lucky loser
* Alt = Alternate
* SE = Special exempt
* PR = Protected ranking
* ITF = ITF entry
* JE = Junior exempt
* w/o = Walkover
* r = Retired
* d = Defaulted
* SR = Special ranking

### Finals

| Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final | Final | Final | Final |
| 6 | Adrian Ungur | 6 | 6 | | | | | |
| 5 | Aljaž Bedene | 4 | 1 | | | | | |
| 5 | Aljaž Bedene | 4 | 1 | 6 | Adrian Ungur | 3 | 7$^7$ | 6$^4$ |
| | | | | 7 | Guido Pella | 6 | 6$^4$ | 7$^7$ |
| 3 | Victor Hănescu | 6$^3$ | 2 | 7 | Guido Pella | 6 | 6$^4$ | 7$^7$ |
| 7 | Guido Pella | 7$^7$ | 6 | | | | | |

### Green group

| | | Bellucci Alves | Ramírez Hidalgo | Ungur | Pella | RR W–L | Set W–L | Game W–L | Standings |
| 1/WC 9/Alt | Thomaz Bellucci Thiago Alves | | 3–6, 6–7$^{(3–7)}$ (w/ Alves) | 7–6$^{(8–6)}$, 6–2 (w/ Alves) | 6–4, 6–7$^{(5–7)}$, 5–7 (w/ Bellucci) | 0–1 1–1 | 1–2 (33.3%) 2–2 (50.0%) | 17–18 (48.6%) 22–21 (51.2%) | X 4 |
| 4 | Rubén Ramírez Hidalgo | 6–3, 7–6$^{(7–3)}$ (w/ Alves) | | 4–6, 6–4, 2–6 | 6–7$^{(4–7)}$, 2–6 | 1–2 | 3–4 (42.9%) | 33–38 (46.5%) | 3 |
| 6 | Adrian Ungur | 6–7$^{(6–8)}$, 2–6 (w/ Alves) | 6–4, 4–6, 6–2 | | 4–6, 7–6$^{(8–6)}$, 7–6$^{(7–5)}$ | 2–1 | 4–4 (50.0%) | 42–43 (49.4%) | 1 |
| 7 | Guido Pella | 4–6, 7–6$^{(7–5)}$, 7–5 (w/ Bellucci) | 7–6$^{(7–4)}$, 6–2 | 6–4, 6–7$^{(6–8)}$, 6–7$^{(5–7)}$ | | 2–1 | 5–3 (62.5%) | 49–43 (53.3%) | 2 |
Standings are determined by: 1. number of wins; 2. number of matches; 3. in two-players-ties, head-to-head records; 4. in three-players-ties, percentage of sets won, or of games won; 5. steering-committee decision.

### Yellow group

| | | Lorenzi | Hănescu | Bedene | Elias | RR W–L | Set W–L | Game W–L | Standings |
| 2 | Paolo Lorenzi | | 3–6, 4–6 | 1–6, 3–6 | 7–5, 6–2 | 1–2 | 2–4 (33.3%) | 24–31 (43.6%) | 3 |
| 3 | Victor Hănescu | 6–3, 6–4 | | 7–6$^{(7–5)}$, 7–6$^{(7–5)}$ | 6–3, 5–7, 3–6 | 2–1 | 5–2 (71.4%) | 40–35 (53.3%) | 1 |
| 5 | Aljaž Bedene | 6–1, 6–3 | 6–7$^{(5–7)}$, 6–7$^{(5–7)}$ | | 6–3, 6–7$^{(5–7)}$, 6–3 | 2–1 | 4–3 (57.1%) | 42–31 (57.5%) | 2 |
| 8 | Gastão Elias | 5–7, 2–6 | 3–6, 7–5, 6–3 | 3–6, 7–6$^{(7–5)}$, 3–6 | | 1–2 | 3–5 (37.5%) | 36–45 (44.4%) | 4 |
Standings are determined by: 1. number of wins; 2. number of matches; 3. in two-players-ties, head-to-head records; 4. in three-players-ties, percentage of sets won, or of games won; 5. steering-committee decision.