OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 2011 IPC Biathlon and Cross-Country Skiing World Championships – Women's long distance

The women's 10 km and 12.5 km long distance competitions in biathlon of the 2011 IPC Biathlon and Cross-Country Skiing World Championships were held on April 10, 2011. http://athletes-news-live.blogspot.com/2011/11/women-10km-cross-country-skiing-2011.html%5B%5D

## Medals

| Class | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| Sitting | Andrea Eskau Germany | Olena Iurkovska Ukraine | Lyudmyla Pavlenko Ukraine |
| Standing | Oleksandra Kononova Ukraine | Katarzyna Rogowiec Poland | Maija Loytynoja Finland |
| Visually impaired | Mikhalina Lysova Guide: Alexey Ivanov Russia | Oksana Shyshkova Guide: Volodymyr Ivanov Ukraine | Tatiana Ilyuchenko Guide: Valery Koshkin Russia |

## Results
### Sitting

The women's 10 km, sitting. Skiers compete on a sitski.

#### Final

| Rank | Bib | Name | Country | Penalties (P+P+P+P) | Time (calculated) |
| | 27 | Andrea Eskau | Germany | 0+0+0+1 | 38:27.4 |
| | 29 | Olena Iurkovska | Ukraine | 0+1+0+1 | 39:11.1 |
| | 28 | Lyudmyla Pavlenko | Ukraine | 0+1+0+1 | 40:23.8 |
| 4 | 25 | Marta Zaynullina | Russia | 0+1+2+1 | 45:02.9 |
| 5 | 26 | Irina Polyakova | Russia | 2+1+3+1 | 46:05.0 |
| 6 | 24 | Svetlana Yaroshevich | Russia | 0+0+1+2 | 46:57.5 |
| 7 | 22 | Anja Wicker | Germany | 3+0+3+2 | 47:39.0 |
| 8 | 21 | Bohdana Karavanska | Ukraine | 0+2+1+1 | 50:08.7 |
| | 23 | Maria Iovleva | Russia | | DNS |

### Standing

The women's 12.5 km, standing.

#### Final

| Rank | Bib | Name | Country | Penalties (P+P+P+P) | Time (calculated) |
| | 58 | Oleksandra Kononova | Ukraine | 1+0+1+1 | 49:43.3 |
| | 54 | Katarzyna Rogowiec | Poland | 2+0+2+0 | 49:56.7 |
| | 56 | Maija Loytynoja | Finland | 0+0+0+0 | 50:06.4 |
| 4 | 55 | Iuliia Batenkova | Ukraine | 1+1+0+0 | 52:06.9 |
| 5 | 51 | Jody Barber | Canada | 0+3+0+0 | 53:47.9 |
| 6 | 52 | Kelly Underkofler | United States | 1+0+0+0 | 58:18.8 |
| 7 | 53 | Arleta Dudziak | Poland | 0+3+2+0 | 1:01:17.2 |
| | 57 | Anna Burmistrova | Russia | | DNS |

### Visually impaired

In the women's 12.5 km, visually impaired, skiers with a visual impairment compete with a sighted guide. Dual medals are rewarded.

#### Final

| Rank | Bib | Name | Country | Penalties (P+P+P+P) | Time (calculated) |
| | 87 | Mikhalina Lysova Guide: Alexey Ivanov | Russia | 1+1+0+0 | 50:21.3 |
| | 83 | Oksana Shyshkova Guide: Volodymyr Ivanov | Ukraine | 1+0+0+0 | 52:22.2 |
| | 86 | Tatiana Ilyuchenko Guide: Valery Koshkin | Russia | 0+0+1+2 | 53:10.1 |
| 4 | 84 | Elvira Kalabina Guide: Sergey Syniakin | Russia | 1+1+0+0 | 54:31.4 |
| 5 | 88 | Elena Remizova Guide: Natalia Yakimova | Russia | 3+1+2+2 | 56:54.7 |
| 6 | 82 | Yadviha Skorabahataya Guide: Vasili Haurukovich | Belarus | 2+1+1+1 | 57:03.4 |
| 7 | 81 | Valentina Nevidimova Guide: Alexander Maltsev | Russia | 1+3+0+0 | 58:26.0 |
| 8 | 85 | Liubov Vasilyeva Guide: Tatiana Maltseva | Russia | 1+0+2+2 | 59:57.6 |
# 1929 in Denmark

"none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive
Events from the year 1929 in Denmark.

## Incumbents

* Monarch – Christian X
* Prime minister – Thomas Madsen-Mygdal (until 30 April), Thorvald Stauning

## Sports

* 14 May – KFUM Roskilde is founded.

### Date unknown

* B 93 wins their third Danish football championship at the 1928–29 Danmarksmesterskabsturneringen.

## Births

* 8 January – Poul Kjærholm, furniture designer (died 1980)
* 13 January – Villy Sørensen, philosopher and writer (died 2001)
* 3 April – Poul Schlüter, politician (died 2021)
* 16 May – Holger Hansen, politician (died 2015)
* 28 May – Bent Christensen (director), film director (died 1992)
* 25 June – Benny Schmidt, modern pentathlete
* 11 July – Anne Wolden-Ræthinge, journalist (died 2016)
* 3 October – Erik Bruhn, ballet dancer, choreographer, company director, actor (died 1986)
* 7 November – Benny Andersen, poet (died 2018)

## Deaths
### January–March

* 3 February – Agner Krarup Erlang, mathematician (born 1878)
* 4 March – Peter Kristian Prytz, physicist (born 1851)
* 16 March – Hans Kaarsberg, medical doctor, writer and adventurer (born 1854)
* 18 March – Karl Hansen Reistrup, sculptor, illustrator and ceramist. (born 1863)
* 21 March – Otto Liebe, prime minister (born 1860)

### April–June

* 8 April – Evald Tang Kristensen, author and folklore collector (born 1843)

### October–December

* 19 October – Aksel Mikkelsen, educator (born 1849)
* 28 December – Kristian Hude, photographer (born 1864)
# Reginald Williams

Reginald or Reg Williams may refer to:
* Reginald Williams (MP) (died 1612), English MP for Preston, 1571 and Montgomeryshire, 1593
* Reg Williams (priest) (1914–2012), New Zealand archdeacon
* Reg Williams (rugby league) (fl. 1920s/1930s), Australian footballer
* Skilly Williams (1890–1959), English footballer
* Reg Williams (footballer) (1922–2011), English footballer
# Reginald Williams (MP)

Reginald Williams (died 1612) of Plas-y-Court, Willaston (now Wollaston), Shropshire, was an English politician.
He was the eldest son of Thomas Williams of Willaston (High Sheriff of Montgomery, 1560), trained in the law at the Inner Temple in 1561, and called to the bar in 1571. He was escheator for Shropshire from February 1573 to January 1574 and appointed joint prothonotary for Flintshire and Denbighshire in 1579. He served as a JP for Montgomeryshire by 1585 and for Shropshire from 1596.
He was elected a Member of the Parliament of England for Preston in 1571 and Montgomeryshire in 1593. He was appointed High Sheriff of Montgomeryshire for 1593–94.
He married three times; firstly Margaret, the daughter of Gerard Gore of Yorkshire and London, with whom he had 7 sons and 2 daughters, secondly Bridget, the daughter of James Price of Mynachdy and widow of Walter Baskerville and thirdly Jane, the daughter of Humphrey Coningsby of Hampton Court, Herefordshire and widow of William Broughton of Lawford, Warwickshire.
# Chaibate

Chaibate is a small town and rural commune in El Jadida Province of the Casablanca-Settat region of Morocco. At the time of the 2004 census, the commune had a total population of 9590 people living in 1738 households.
# Reithoffer Shows

Reithoffer Shows, Inc. is a North American, family-owned and operated traveling midway. They provide carnival and fair rides, games, and food to fairgrounds located mainly along the East Coast of the United States. Events featuring a Reithoffer Shows midway are held from April through November. The company's headquarters are located in Gibsonton, Florida, USA.

## Rides and attractions

Reithoffer Shows owns a wide range of rides and attractions. Some examples are listed here.

### Thrill rides

* Tango
* Dutch Wheel
* Speed
* Zipper
* Tornado (a HUSS Flipper)
* Gentle Giant
* Racing (Roller Coaster)
* Indy Racer Coaster
* Stinger (New, Technical Park Loop Fighter)
* Starship 3000
* Ring of Fire
* Full Tilt
* The Beast
* Banshee Roller Coaster

### Family rides

* Barnyard
* Mardi Gras
* Century Wheel
* Gravity Storm
* Tornado (manufactured by Wisdom)
* Wild Mouse
* Himalaya
* Super Himalaya
* Tilt a Whirl
* Wacky Worm
* Iron Dragon

### Kiddie rides

* Bear Affair
* Dizzy Dragons
* Bumble Bee
* Choo Choo Charlie Train
* Crazy Bus (Fire Chief)
* Demolition Derby
* Fun Slide
* Giant Wheel (Dutch Wheel)
* Classic Carousel

## Popular Events

Reithoffer Shows hosts a wide array of events along the east coast.

### A Few Notable Events

* National Peanut Festival – Dothan, Alabama
* Florida State Fair
* West Virginia State Fair
* Cleveland County Fair – Shelby, North Carolina
* Jefferson County Fair – Watertown, New York
* Brockton Fair, Brockton Massachusetts
# C14

C14, C.XIV or C-14 may refer to:

## Time

* The 14th century
* Carbon-14, a radioactive isotope of carbon
** C-14 dating, a method for dating events

## Science

* IEC 60320 C14, a polarised, three pole socket electrical connector
* Malignant neoplasm of other and ill-defined sites in the lip, oral cavity and pharynx ICD-10 code
* Caldwell 14, the Double Cluster in the constellation Perseus

## Transportation

* Autovía C-14, a highway in Catalonia in Spain
* Fokker C.XIV, a 1937 Dutch reconnaissance seaplane
* HMS C14, a 1908 British C-class submarine
* LSWR C14 class, a London and South Western Railway locomotive class
* LNER Class C14, a class of British steam locomotives
* Ramal C-14, the Argentinian track of the Salta–Antofagasta railway
* Sauber C14, a 1995 racing car
* C 14-class missile boat, a light missile boat of catamaran design
* Boeing YC-14, an American experimental transport aircraft of the 1970s
* Concours 14 or Kawasaki 1400GTR, a 1,352cc motorcycle

## Culture

* C14 or S14 (Ukrainian group), a radical nationalist group in Ukraine
* French Defence, an Encyclopedia of Chess Openings code
* Bill C-14, a bill legalizing euthanasia in Canada

## Other

* C14 Timberwolf, a Canadian .338 Lapua sniper rifle
# Puthri

Puthri is a 1966 Indian Malayalam-language film, directed and produced by P. Subramaniam. The film stars Madhu, Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair, Babu Joseph and Aranmula Ponnamma. The film had musical score by M. B. Sreenivasan.

## Cast

* Madhu
* K. V. Shanthi
* Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair
* Aranmula Ponnamma
* G. K. Pillai
* Babu Joseph
* Jyothikumar
* Pankajavalli
* S. P. Pillai
* Sarasamma

## Soundtrack

The music was composed by M. B. Sreenivasan and the lyrics were written by O. N. V. Kurup.
| No. | Song | Singers | Lyrics |
| 1 | "Kaanaan Kothichenne" | S. Janaki | O. N. V. Kurup |
| 2 | "Kaattupoovin Kalyaanathinu" | K. J. Yesudas | O. N. V. Kurup |
| 3 | "Kanpeeli" | P. Leela, Kamukara | O. N. V. Kurup |
| 4 | "Paapathin Pushpangal" | Kamukara | O. N. V. Kurup |
| 5 | "Thaazhathe Cholayil" | S. Janaki | O. N. V. Kurup |
| 6 | "Thozhukaithirinaalam" | P. Leela | O. N. V. Kurup |
| 7 | "Vaarmukile Vaarmukile" | Kamukara | O. N. V. Kurup |
| 8 | "Vaarmukile Vaarmukile" | S. Janaki | O. N. V. Kurup |
# Burunsuzlar, İslahiye

Burunsuzlar is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of İslahiye, Gaziantep Province, Turkey. Its population is 381 (2022).
# Calling Wild Bill Elliott

Calling Wild Bill Elliott is a 1943 American Western film directed by Spencer Gordon Bennet and written by Anthony Coldeway. The film stars Wild Bill Elliott, George "Gabby" Hayes, Anne Jeffreys, Herbert Heyes, Robert 'Buzz' Henry and Fred Kohler Jr. The film was released on April 30, 1943, by Republic Pictures.

## Cast

* Wild Bill Elliott as Wild Bill Elliott
* George "Gabby" Hayes as Gabby Hayes
* Anne Jeffreys as Edith Richards
* Herbert Heyes as Governor Steve Nichols
* Robert 'Buzz' Henry as John Culver Jr.
* Fred Kohler Jr. as John Culver
* Roy Barcroft as Captain Carson
* Eve March as Mary Culver
* Burr Caruth as Grandpa Culver
* Bud Geary as Henchman Dean
* Lynton Brent as Ranch hand
# 2022 San Luis Open Challenger

The 2022 San Luis Open Challenger was a professional tennis tournament played on clay courts. It was the 27th edition of the tournament which was part of the 2022 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in San Luis Potosí, Mexico between 11 and 17 April 2022.

## Singles main-draw entrants
### Seeds

| Country | Player | Rank$^1$ | Seed |
| SVK | Andrej Martin | 129 | 1 |
| CHI | Nicolás Jarry | 139 | 2 |
| USA | Ernesto Escobedo | 142 | 3 |
| ARG | Facundo Mena | 159 | 4 |
| GBR | Jay Clarke | 166 | 5 |
| SUI | Marc-Andrea Hüsler | 176 | 6 |
| ITA | Federico Gaio | 186 | 7 |
| ARG | Renzo Olivo | 203 | 8 |
* $^1$ Rankings are as of 4 April 2022.

### Other entrants

The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:
* Alex Hernández
* Shintaro Mochizuki
* Rodrigo Pacheco Méndez
The following players received entry into the singles main draw as alternates:
* Viktor Durasovic
* Peđa Krstin
The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
* Antoine Bellier
* Hady Habib
* Gilbert Klier Júnior
* Roberto Quiroz
* Shang Juncheng
* Matías Zukas

## Champions
### Singles

* Antoine Bellier def. Renzo Olivo 6–7$^{(2–7)}$, 6–4, 7–5.

### Doubles

* Nicolás Barrientos / Miguel Ángel Reyes-Varela def. Luis David Martínez / Felipe Meligeni Alves 7–6$^{(13–11)}$, 6–2.
# Bowman Field (Maine)

Bowman Field (FAA LID: B10) is a privately owned public-use airport located four nautical miles (4.6 mi; 7.4 km) southeast of the central business district of Livermore Falls, a town in Androscoggin County, Maine, United States.

## Facilities and aircraft

Bowman Field covers an area of 20 acres (8.1 ha) at an elevation of 327 feet (100 m) above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 2/20 with a turf surface measuring 2,201 by 120 feet (671 by 37 m).
For the 12-month period ending August 17, 2010, the airport had 2,500 general aviation aircraft operations, an average of 208 per month. At that time there were 15 aircraft based at this airport: 73% single-engine and 27% ultralight.
# Calgary Society of Independent Filmmakers

The Calgary Society of Independent Filmmakers was formed in 1978 and is operated on a non-profit basis out of Calgary, Alberta in Canada. Four decades ago, twelve local filmmakers and artists collaborated to form the Society of Filmmakers in response to a growing interest in film production and need for equipment and resources. The organization is commonly known by its members as CSIF.

## 25th anniversary

In 2003, the Society celebrated its 25th anniversary. Many local filmmakers got their start in the 70s and 80s taking classes and are now working in the industry including producers Wendy Hill-Tout, Gary Burns and directors Mike Dowse, Robert Cuffley and David Winning.
# 1996 World Junior Championships in Athletics – Men's 3000 metres steeplechase

The men's 3000 metres steeplechase event at the 1996 World Junior Championships in Athletics was held in Sydney, Australia, at International Athletic Centre on 22 and 24 August.

## Medalists

| Gold | Julius Chelule Kenya |
| Silver | Kipkirui Misoi Kenya |
| Bronze | Ali Ezzine Morocco |

## Results
### Final

24 August
| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time |
| | Julius Chelule | Kenya | 8:33.09 |
| | Kipkirui Misoi | Kenya | 8:33.31 |
| | Ali Ezzine | Morocco | 8:35.60 |
| 4 | Günther Weidlinger | Austria | 8:38.97 |
| 5 | Antonio Álvarez | Spain | 8:41.98 |
| 6 | Million Wolde | Ethiopia | 8:42.37 |
| 7 | Bouabdallah Tahri | France | 8:45.85 |
| 8 | Li Changzhong | China | 8:46.74 |
| 9 | Benjamin Hetzler | Germany | 8:47.46 |
| 10 | Baghdad Rachem | Algeria | 8:59.52 |
| 11 | Kevin Nash | United Kingdom | 9:01.14 |
| 12 | Rachid Amroug | Morocco | 9:06.70 |

### Heats

22 August

#### Heat 1

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| 1 | Ali Ezzine | Morocco | 8:48.44 | Q |
| 2 | Günther Weidlinger | Austria | 8:49.06 | Q |
| 3 | Kevin Nash | United Kingdom | 8:51.36 | Q |
| 4 | Tomasz Sikorski | Poland | 8:55.84 | |
| 5 | Azzedine Zerdoum | Algeria | 8:56.53 | |
| 6 | Jeremy Tolman | United States | 8:56.93 | |
| 7 | Tuomo Lehtinen | Finland | 9:11.11 | |
| 8 | Ramiro Nogueiro | Brazil | 9:12.03 | |
| 9 | Martin Dent | Australia | 9:12.25 | |
| 10 | Roman Usov | Russia | 9:20.86 | |
| 11 | Rogelio Fernández | Uruguay | 9:34.29 | |

#### Heat 2

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| 1 | Kipkirui Misoi | Kenya | 8:46.22 | Q |
| 2 | Million Wolde | Ethiopia | 8:46.61 | Q |
| 3 | Li Changzhong | China | 8:50.68 | Q |
| 4 | Rachid Amroug | Morocco | 8:53.63 | q |
| 5 | Antonio Manuel Martínez | Spain | 9:01.61 | |
| 6 | Julián Peralta | Argentina | 9:05.05 | |
| 7 | Gaël Pencréach | France | 9:09.69 | |
| 8 | Mikael Talasjoki | Finland | 9:12.95 | |
| 9 | Aaron Mullins | Australia | 9:18.03 | |
| 10 | Max Frei | Germany | 9:32.33 | |
| 11 | Oscar Meza | Paraguay | 9:38.09 | |

#### Heat 3

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| 1 | Julius Chelule | Kenya | 8:44.39 | Q |
| 2 | Antonio Álvarez | Spain | 8:44.52 | Q |
| 3 | Benjamin Hetzler | Germany | 8:44.98 | Q |
| 4 | Baghdad Rachem | Algeria | 8:45.55 | q |
| 5 | Bouabdallah Tahri | France | 8:50.55 | q |
| 6 | Sydney da Costa | Brazil | 8:56.30 | |
| 7 | Ryan Pirtle | United States | 8:57.88 | |
| 8 | Ben Whitby | United Kingdom | 9:04.40 | |
| 9 | Issam Hammami | Tunisia | 9:07.89 | |
| 10 | Adrian Mucha | Poland | 9:14.86 | |
| 11 | Kjell Van Melkebeke | Belgium | 9:37.01 | |

## Participation

According to an unofficial count, 33 athletes from 21 countries participated in the event.
* Algeria (2)
* Argentina (1)
* Australia (2)
* Austria (1)
* Belgium (1)
* Brazil (2)
* China (1)
* Ethiopia (1)
* Finland (2)
* France (2)
* Germany (2)
* Kenya (2)
* Morocco (2)
* Paraguay (1)
* Poland (2)
* Russia (1)
* Spain (2)
* Tunisia (1)
* United Kingdom (2)
* United States (2)
* Uruguay (1)
# 1999 Bangabandhu Cup

1999 Bangabandhu Cup was the 2nd season of the Bangabandhu Cup, after the first edition was held in 1996–97. The second edition ran from 27 August 1999 to 7 September 1999. A Japanese Third Division XI went on to win the cup after defeating the Ghana U-23 team 3–2 in the finals.
Bangabandhu Cup was discontinued after the 1999 edition due to the political situation in the country, and relaunched again in 2015.

## Format

In group stage twelve teams divided into four groups of three teams, playing a single match round-robin. The teams finishing first in each group qualified for the Semi-finals.

## Group stage
### Group A

| Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts |
| III. Kerületi FC | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 4 | +1 | 4 |
| Bangladesh | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 2 | +1 | 4 |
| Malaysia U-23 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 4 | −2 | 0 |

### Group B

| Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts |
| South Korea U-20 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 2 | +7 | 6 |
| Brazil League XI | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | −1 | 3 |
| Thailand U-23 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 8 | −6 | 0 |

### Group C

| Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts |
| Ghana U-23 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 1 | +5 | 6 |
| Uzbekistan League XI | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 | −3 | 3 |
| Nepal | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 3 | −2 | 0 |

### Group D

| Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts |
| Japan Third Division XI | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 0 | +6 | 6 |
| Kuwait U-23 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | +1 | 3 |
| Semen Padang | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 7 | −7 | 0 |

## Knockout stage

| Semi-finals | Semi-finals | Final | Final |
| Kerületi FC | 1 |
| Ghana U-23 | 2 | | |
| Ghana U-23 | 2 | Japanese Third Division XI | 3 |
| | | Ghana U-23 | 2 |
| Japanese Third Division XI | 3 | Ghana U-23 | 2 |
| South Korea U-20 | 2 | | |

### Final
## Winners

1999 Bangabandhu Cup Champion :
* Japan Football League (Third Division) XI First title

## Team statistics

Table shows each team's achievements.
| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Result |
| 1 | Japanese Third Division XI | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 4 | +8 | 12 | Final |
| 2 | Ghana U-23 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 10 | 5 | +5 | 9 | Final |
| 3 | South Korea U-20 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 11 | 5 | +6 | 6 | Semi-finals |
| 4 | Kerületi FC | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 6 | 0 | 4 | Semi-finals |
| 5 | Bangladesh | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 2 | +1 | 4 | Eliminated in the group stage |
| 6 | Kuwait U-23 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | +1 | 3 | Eliminated in the group stage |
| 7 | Brazil League XI | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | −1 | 3 | Eliminated in the group stage |
| 8 | Uzbekistan League XI | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 | −3 | 3 | Eliminated in the group stage |
| 9 | Malaysia U-23 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 4 | −2 | 0 | Eliminated in the group stage |
| 10 | Nepal | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 3 | −2 | 0 | Eliminated in the group stage |
| 11 | Thailand U-23 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 8 | −6 | 0 | Eliminated in the group stage |
| 12 | Semen Padang | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 7 | −7 | 0 | Eliminated in the group stage |
# Karlodinium veneficum

Karlodinium veneficum is a species of dinoflagellates belonging to the family Kareniaceae. This species is predominantly inhabiting aquatic environments, particularly in temperate coastal regions.
Karlodinium veneficum genome sizes have been reported as ~20 pg/cell and 4 pg/cell.
This phytoplankton has the capacity to produce harmfull toxins, specifically karlotoxins, which have been associated with detrimental phenomena such as harmful algae blooms. These blooms have been documented globally, spanning regions from South Africa and Europe to Australia, North America, and China. The repercussions of K. veneficum blooms include not only ecological concerns, also substantial economic and environmental impacts.
The species-specific toxins produced by K. veneficum, known as karlotoxins, belong to the amphidinol-like compound class, exhibiting hemolytic, ichthyotoxic, and cytotoxic properties. The toxins generated by this dinoflagellate have been implicated in massive fish kills during bloom events.
K. veneficum is not confined to solitary blooms but frequently coexists with other phytoplankton species, such as Prorocentrum donghaiense and Karenia mikimotoi. K. veneficum often proliferates into dense blooms following the decline of P. donghaiense.
# Karlodinium ballantinum

Karlodinium ballantinum is a species of unarmored dinoflagellates from the genus Karlodinium. It was first isolated from the Australian region of the Southern Ocean. It is small-sized and is characterized by its very short apical groove. It is considered potentially ichthyotoxic.
# R. Velayudhan

R. Velayudhan (born 23 March 1911, date of death unknown) was an Indian politician from Kerala who served as a member of Lok Sabha, representing Quilon Cum Mavelikkara Lok Sabha constituency.

## Early life

R. Velayudhan was born on 23 March 1911. He was educated at Middle School Ozhawoor, High School Kurairlangad, C.M.S. College Kottayam and Arts College Trivandrum and also at Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai.

## Career

Velayudhan was known for his contributions as a political worker and journalist. Before he was a research scholar at All India Harijan Sevak Sangh. He served as labour welfare officer at Tata Oil Mills, from 1941 to 1945 later as information officer at Government of India between 1945 and 1948. He was a well accepted social worker especially among scheduled castes of many years standing, also interested in amelioration of proletariat classes.

## Personal life

Velayudhan married Dakshayani Velayudhan in September 1941. Their wedding was held at Sevagram in Wardha with Gandhi and Kasturba as witnesses and a leper standing in as the priest. The couple had five children Dr. Reghu (previously doctor for Smt. Indira Gandhi), Prahladan, Dhruvan, Bhagirath [Secretary General, The Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA) and Meera.
R. Velayudhan is deceased.
# R. Vedantacharlu

R. Vedantacharlu was an Indian administrator who served as the Diwan (styled Diwan-in-council from 1898 onwards) of Pudukkottai state from November 1894 to February 1899.

## Administration

When A. Seshayya Sastri, Diwan of Pudukkottai retired in November 1894, Vedantacharlu who was the Assistant Diwan at the time succeeded him. On assuming charge, Vedantacharlu brought in a number of reforms. The procedure for granting agricultural loans was changed and the settlement of inam lands was undertaken. A Sanskrit school, a technical school and a dairy farm were opened in Pudukkottai. The state, however, soon fell into an economic crisis and the newly opened schools had to be closed shortly afterwards. Magisterial powers were withdrawn from district collectors and a new office of magistrate was created.
The state's devasthanam department was abolished in 1897 and charge of devasthanams was given to the Revenue department. The most noteworthy event of Vedantacharlu's tenure was the creation of the Pudukkottai state council in 1898. The council consisted of two members - the Diwan and a Councillor and was in charge of the administration of the state. The council was headed by the Diwan who was henceforth known as the "Diwan-in-council".
Vedantachalu retired in February 1899 and was succeeded by S. Venkataramadas Nayudu.