OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Conrad Ramstedt

Wilhelm Conrad Ramstedt (1 February 1867 – 7 February 1963) was a German surgeon remembered for describing Ramstedt's operation.

## Biography

Conrad Ramstedt was born in 1867 in Hamersleben, Province of Saxony, Prussia (now Saxony-Anhalt, Germany), the son of physician Constantin Ramstedt. He was educated at the gymnasium in Magdeburg before studying medicine at Heidelberg, Berlin and finally Halle from where he qualified in 1894. He became assistant in the University Surgical Clinic in Halle under Fritz Gustav von Bramann from 1895 to 1901. In 1901 he joined the German Army as a medical officer in the Westphalian Cuirassiers, serving until 1909. On his discharge from the Army, he became chief surgeon to the RafaelKlinik in Münster, a position he held until 1947. During World War I he served as Oberstabsarzt (Major) in the German Army. In 1911 he performed the first Ramstedt operation, and published six papers on the subject between 1912 and 1934. In 1957 he received the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany. He continued operating until the age of 80 when he was stopped by failing eyesight; he died at the age of 96 in Münster.

## Ramstedt's operation

Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis was first fully described by Harald Hirschsprung in 1888. Initially surgeons were reluctant to advise surgical intervention in these cases, even though mortality from the condition was high, as the mortality rate from surgery was also very high. Pyloric dilatation and pyloroplasty were tried with little success. Some surgeons found better results with gastroenterostomy to bypass the obstructed pylorus. On 23 August 1911 Ramstedt operated on the first case of pyloric stenosis he had seen. He had decided to perform a pyloroplasty, which involved incising the pyloric muscle longitudinally and then closing the defect by suturing the muscle back together transversely. He performed the longitudinal incision, relieving the obstruction, but found that the sutures tore out through the muscle when he attempted to close the incision. He elected to cover the defect with an omental patch, realising that it was not necessary to suture the pyloric muscle. This procedure, incising the pyloric muscle while leaving the mucosa intact and leaving the muscle to heal, was the first pyloromyotomy to be performed and became known as Ramstedt's operation. Ramstedt performed a second pyloromyotomy in 1912, and did not use an omental patch on the second occasion. Both children recovered well, and Ramstedt reported the new procedure in September 1912.
# Raipur Domana

Raipur Domana is a census town in Jammu district in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir.It is a suburban area in the vicinity of Jammu city.
# Chalcidoptera atrilobalis

Chalcidoptera atrilobalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1896. It is found in Myanmar and Thailand.
# Crisafulli

Crisafulli is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* David Crisafulli (born 1979), Australian politician
* Fabrizio Crisafulli, theatre director and visual artist
* Henri Crisafulli (1827–1900), French playwright
* Steve Crisafulli (born 1971), American politician
# Floorball at the SEA Games

Floorball events at the SEA Games were first held at the 2015 edition in Singapore.

## History

Floorball was first featured in the SEA Games in the 2013 edition, hosted by Myanmar, as a demonstration sport.
The sport would debut at the 2015 edition in Singapore as a regular event. It was subsequently held in 2019 and 2023.

## Result
### Men's

| Year | Host | Gold medal match | Gold medal match | Gold medal match | Bronze medal match | Bronze medal match | Bronze medal match |
| Year | Host | Gold | Score | Silver | Bronze | Score | Fourth place |
| 2015 Details | Singapore | Singapore | 9 – 0 | Thailand | Malaysia | 11 – 3 | Philippines |
| 2019 Details | Quezon City | Thailand | 8 – 8 OT (2 – 1 SO) | Singapore | Malaysia | 7 – 4 | Philippines |
| 2023 Details | Phnom Penh | Thailand | 3 – 2 | Philippines | Singapore | 3 – 1 | Malaysia |

### Women's

| Year | Host | Gold medal match | Gold medal match | Gold medal match | Bronze medal match | Bronze medal match | Bronze medal match |
| Year | Host | Gold | Score | Silver | Bronze | Score | Fourth place |
| 2015 Details | Singapore | Singapore | 3 – 3 (2 – 1 SO) | Thailand | Malaysia | No match | N/A |
| 2019 Details | Quezon City | Singapore | 3 – 2 | Thailand | Malaysia | 1 – 0 OT | Philippines |
| 2023 Details | Phnom Penh | Singapore | 4 – 2 | Thailand | Philippines | 4 – 2 | Malaysia |

## Combined medal summary

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| 1 | Singapore (SGP) | 4 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
| 2 | Thailand (THA) | 2 | 4 | 0 | 6 |
| 3 | Philippines (PHI) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 4 | Malaysia (MAS) | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 |
| Totals (4 entries) | Totals (4 entries) | 6 | 6 | 5 | 17 |

## Participating nations
### Men

| Team | 2015 | 2019 | 2023 | Years |
| Cambodia | | | 5th | 1 |
| Indonesia | | 5th | | 1 |
| Malaysia | 3rd | 3rd | 4th | 3 |
| Philippines | 4th | 4th | 2nd | 2 |
| Singapore | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 3 |
| Thailand | 2nd | 1st | 1st | 3 |

### Women

| Team | 2015 | 2019 | 2023 | Years |
| Cambodia | | | 5th | 1 |
| Indonesia | | 5th | | 1 |
| Malaysia | 3rd | 3rd | 4th | 3 |
| Philippines | | 4th | 3rd | 2 |
| Singapore | 1st | 1st | 1st | 3 |
| Thailand | 2nd | 2nd | 2nd | 3 |
# Che originali!

Che originali! is a 1798 farsa in one act by Simon Mayr for the Teatro San Benedetto. The libretto by Gaetano Rossi was based on an earlier French farce from 1779. It was the earliest of Mayr's works to be widely produced.

## Recording

* Thomas Gropper (Don Febeo), Stefanie Früh (Aristea), Gisela Gropper, Stephen Caira (Don Carolino), Robert Merwald (Biscroma) Georgisches Kammerorchester, Franz Hauk, 2CD Guild
# Gianni Merlo

Giovanni "Gianni" Merlo (born in Vigevano on 16 April 1947) is an Italian sports journalist, reporter at La Gazzetta dello Sport and current president of International Sports Press Association, AIPS [Italian]. He is married, and has a son and a daughter. In his youth, he practised athletics, football, and basketball. He began his journalistic career in 1967 with the magazine "Atletica Leggera" and later became a contributor to newspapers “Il Giorno”, “La Gazzetta del Popolo” and “Stadio”.
In 1972 he served as an assistant commentator for RSI (the Swiss-Italian Radio Television), with which he participated in the 1972 Munich Olympics. In 1973 he was called to perform the same role at RAI, Italian Radio, and Television.
In 1974 he was hired by the "Gazzetta dello Sport", where he held the position of head of service for athletics, skiing, and Olympic politics.
He has covered twenty-five Olympic Games events: Thirteen Winter (Innsbruck 1976, Lake Placid 1980, Sarajevo 1984, Calgary 1988, Albertville 1992, Lillehammer 1994, Nagano 1998, Salt Lake City 2002, Turin 2006, Vancouver 2010, Sochi 2014, PyeongChang 2018 and Beijing 2022) and twelve Summer (Munich 1972, Moscow 1980, Los Angeles 1984, Seoul 1988, Barcelona 1992, Atlanta 1996, Sydney 2000, Athens 2004, Beijing 2008, London 2012, Rio de Janeiro 2016 and Tokyo 2020).
He has participated in World and European Championships in athletics, skiing and other sports from 1969 to date.
In 1983 he edited two sports encyclopedias for Rizzoli: "Conoscere l'atletica" and "Conoscere lo sci".
From 1986 to 2005 he was president of the AIPS Athletics Commission. From 1994 to 1998 he was president of the European Sports Press Union (UEPS).
From 1990 to 1999 he was the director of the magazine "Atletica Leggera" and from 1990 to 2000 he edited the annual edition of the volumes "Atletica" and "Sci", photos chronicles of the competitive seasons of these sports, part of the series "The Great Illustrated Sports".
In May 2005 in Marrakech, he was elected President of the A.I.P.S. (Association International de la Presse Sportive) which has 161 National Associations worldwide with more than 9000 member journalists. He was reconfirmed as president in Milan in 2009, Sochi in 2013, PyeongChang in 2017 and Rome 2022.
In 2008 he wrote the book “Dream Runner - Running for a Dream” with Oscar Pistorius.

## Honour

* IAAF Award in the nomination of the best sports journalist in 2013.
# Christmas Lights (film)

Christmas Lights is a 2004 British Christmas television special broadcast by ITV starring Robson Green and Mark Benton and written by Jeff Pope and Bob Mills. Although originally produced as a one-off 90 minute special, it spawned two spin-off series – Northern Lights and City Lights and a second, 2 hour, Christmas special – Clash of the Santas, which aired on ITV, on Sunday 21 December 2008.
The programme was watched by 10.5 million viewers.
Comedy drama about what might happen when families forget what the festive season is about. Competitive brothers-in-law Colin and Howard live next door to each other on a suburban street, so when Colin puts Christmas lights outside his house, Howard responds with a bigger and brighter set, unleashing a war of twinkling light-bulbs and neon displays which threatens to ruin both families. With Robson Green, Mark Benton, Nicola Stephenson, Maxine Peake, Keith Clifford.

## Cast

* Robson Green as Colin Armstrong
* Mark Benton as Howard Scott (Howie)
* Nicola Stephenson as Jackie Armstrong
* Maxine Peake as Pauline Scott
# Cleveland Caps

The Cleveland Caps were an American soccer team that played in Cleveland, Ohio.

## Year-by-year

| Year | Division | League | Reg. season | Playoffs | Open Cup | Avg. attendance |
| 1997 | 3 | USISL D-3 Pro League | 3rd, North Central | Division Semifinals | Did not qualify | 2,237 |
| 1998 | 3 | USISL D-3 Pro League | 4th, North Central | Did not qualify | Did not qualify |
# Chałupki

Chałupki (meaning "cottages") may refer to several localities in Poland:
* Chałupki, Lower Silesian Voivodeship (south-west Poland)
* Chałupki, Radomsko County in Łódź Voivodeship (central Poland)
* Chałupki, Sieradz County in Łódź Voivodeship (central Poland)
* Chałupki, Busko County in Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship (south-central Poland)
* Chałupki, Kielce County in Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship (south-central Poland)
* Chałupki, Nisko County in Subcarpathian Voivodeship (south-east Poland)
* Chałupki, Przeworsk County in Subcarpathian Voivodeship (south-east Poland)
* Chałupki, Racibórz County in Silesian Voivodeship (south Poland)
* Chałupki, Włoszczowa County in Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship (south-central Poland)
* Chałupki, Zawiercie County in Silesian Voivodeship (south Poland)
# Gamma Cassiopeiae variable

A Gamma Cassiopeiae variable (γ Cassiopeiae variable) is a type of variable star, named for its prototype γ Cassiopeiae.

## Variability

γ Cassiopeiae variables show irregular changes in brightness on a timescale of decades. These typically have amplitudes of the order of a magnitude. For example, γ Cassiopeiae is usually about magnitude 2.5 and has varied between magnitudes 1.6 and 3.0. The variations are associated with changes in the spectrum between normal absorption spectra and Be star spectra, often also including shell star characteristics.
Pleione and γ Cassiopeiae itself are both variable stars that have intermittent shell episodes where strong shell features appear in the spectrum and the brightness increases or decreases significantly. At other times the shell is not detectable in the spectrum, and even the emission lines may disappear.
The General Catalogue of Variable Stars (GCVS) categorises γ Cassiopeiae stars as eruptive variables and describes them as rapidly-rotating B class giants or subgiants, although many of them are main sequence stars. It distinguishes them from those Be stars that only show smaller amplitude brightness variations. The GCVS uses the code GCAS to denote γ Cassiopeiae variables.

## Mechanism

γ Cassiopeiae variables are understood to be hot stars which have equatorial decretion disks which periodically disappear and reform, or possibly just change dramatically in scale. They are probably all very rapid rotators and most can be classified as Be stars. They are often also shell stars at least part of the time, where the disk is seen edge-on and produces very narrow absorption lines in addition to the broader photospheric lines and possible emission lines. Regardless of whether they are shell stars by the most narrow definition, the periods when they produce strong disks and increase in brightness are known as shell events.

## Examples

* 27 Canis Majoris
* Beta Canis Minoris
* Pleione
| Designation (name) | Constellation | Apparent magnitude (Maximum) | Apparent magnitude (Minimum) | Range of magnitude | Period | Spectral class | Comment |
| Gamma Cassiopeiae | Cassiopeia | 1$^m$.6 | 3$^m$.0 | 1.4 | | B0.5 IVe | Prototype |
| Delta Scorpii A | Scorpius | 1$^m$.59 | 2$^m$.32 | 0.73 | | B0.3 IV | |
| Kappa Canis Majoris | Canis Major | 3$^m$.40 | 3$^m$.97 | 0.57 | | B1.5IVne | |
| Beta Canis Minoris | Canis Minor | 2$^m$.84 | 2$^m$.92 | 0.08 | | B8V e | |
| FW Canis Majoris | Canis Major | 5$^m$.00 | 5$^m$.50 | 0.50 | | | |
| Zeta Ophiuchi | Ophiuchus | 2$^m$.56 | 2$^m$.58 | 0.02 | | O9.5V | Also a Beta Cephei variable |
| Pleione | Taurus | 4$^m$.77 | 5$^m$.5 | 0.77 | | B8Vne | |
| Lambda Pavonis | Pavo | 4$^m$.00 | 4$^m$.26 | 0.26 | | B2II-IIIe | |
| Phi Persei | Perseus | 3$^m$.96 | 4$^m$.11 | 0.15 | 19.5 d | B2Vpe | |
| Psi Persei | Perseus | 4$^m$.17 | 4$^m$.36 | 0.19 | | B5III-Vne | |
| X Persei | Perseus | 6$^m$.03 | 7$^m$.0 | 0.97 | | B0Ve | Also a High-mass X-ray binary |
* $^A$ (visual magnitude, unless marked (B) (= blue) or (p) (= photographic))
# Cap Point

Cap Point (French Pointe du Cap) is the northernmost point in Saint Lucia in the Caribbean. It is located in Gros Islet District on the Cap Estate/Upper Saline Point.
# Châtelus

Châtelus may refer to the following communes in France:
* Châtelus, Allier, a commune in the Allier department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region
* Châtelus, Isère, a commune in the Isère department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region
* Châtelus, Loire, a commune in the Loire department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region
* Châtelus-le-Marcheix, a commune in the Creuse department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region
* Châtelus-Malvaleix, a commune in the Creuse department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region
# Rena Karefa-Smart

Rena Joyce Weller Karefa-Smart (March 2, 1921 – January 9, 2019) was an American religious leader and theologian. In 1945, she was the first Black woman graduate of Yale Divinity School in 1945, the first Black woman to earn a Doctor of Theology degree from Harvard Divinity School in 1976, and active in world ecumenical organizations.

## Early life and education

Rena Joyce Weller was born in Bridgeport, Connecticut, the daughter of Sailsman William Weller and Rosa Lee Lowery Weller. Her Jamaican-born father was an ordained clergyman in the AME Zion denomination; her mother was a leader in churchwork as well, as national president of the AMEZ denomination's Woman's Home and Foreign Missionary Society, and as president of the Connecticut State Union of Women.
She trained as a teacher at the Teachers College of Connecticut, where she was the youngest member of the graduating class of 1940, and played softball and volleyball. She earned a master's degree in religious education from Drew Theological Seminary in 1942. She completed a bachelor of divinity degree from Yale Divinity School in 1945, studying with H. Richard Niebuhr and Liston Pope. She earned a Doctor of Theology degree from Harvard Divinity School in 1976, the first Black woman to do so. Her Harvard thesis was titled "An analysis of representative official statements by the World Council of Churches on the problem of race" (1976).

## Career

Weller was president of the National Council of AME Zion Young People, and secretary of the United Christian Youth Movement. She was a leader of the World Student Christian Federation. She was an ordained Episcopal priest and a minister in the AME Zion denomination. She taught at Hood Theological Seminary for two years as a young woman.
Karefa-Smart served the Episcopal Diocese of Washington as an ecumenical officer, and associate in the Center for Theology and Public Policy. She attended the first and second assemblies of the World Council of Churches (WCC) in 1948 and 1954, and worked to create the WCC's Program to Combat Racism. She taught Christian ethics at Howard University School of Divinity, and was the first female professor to gain tenure there, in 1979. She received the Yale Divinity School's Lux et Veritas alumni award in 2017.

## Publications

* "Africa asks questions of the West" (1957)
* The Halting Kingdom: Christianity and the African Revolution (1959, with John Karefa-Smart)
* "The ecumenical challenge of united and uniting churches" (1995)

## Personal life

Rena Weller married Sierra Leonean physician and diplomat John Karefa-Smart in 1948. They lived in Africa, Europe, the Caribbean, and North America as his work required. They had three children. Her son died in 1988, her husband died in 2010, and she died in 2019, at the age of 97, in Rancho Mirage, California. The World Council of Churches stated, in tribute, that Karefa-Smart was "a champion for global ecumenism over the course of a long and distinguished career."
# Gabbar Singh

Gabbar Singh may refer to:
* Gabbar Singh (character), a character in the 1975 Indian Bollywood film Sholay
** Gabbar Singh (track), a dialogue track from the film's soundtrack
* Gabbar Singh, titular character, played by Akshay Kumar, of the 2015 Indian Bollywood film Gabbar Is Back
* Gabbar Singh (film), a 2012 Indian Telugu-language film
** Sardaar Gabbar Singh, a 2016 Indian Telugu-language film, sequel of Gabbar Singh
* Gabbar Singh (field hockey) (born 1978), Indo-Canadian field hockey player
* Gabar Singh Negi (1893–1915), Indian soldier and recipient of the Victoria Cross
* Gabbar Singh Gujjar (1926–1959), Indian dacoit, the basis for the fictional character
# Five Smooth Stones

Five Smooth Stones is a 1966 novel by Ann Fairbairn, set in the era of the American civil rights movement.
The novel's African-American protagonist, David Champlain, was born into the poverty and Jim Crow justice of Depression-era New Orleans. His father was lynched by a white mob and he was raised by his grandparents. David himself is brilliant and lucky and is graduated from a Midwestern college, then Harvard Law School, then Oxford. David and a white woman, Sara Kent, fall in love, but David fears for their future as a mixed-race couple in America. David chooses to practice international law and serve abroad as a diplomat. But the death – perhaps murder – of his grandfather brings David back to New Orleans, where he is plunged into the turmoil of the Civil Rights Movement and takes a leadership role. Tragedy ensues.
Fairbairn's experience managing the national and international tours of jazz clarinetist George Lewis provided the background and impetus for writing this, her first novel.
The book title comes from the biblical story of David and Goliath; chapter 17 verse 40 of the First Book of Samuel says: "Then he [David] took his staff in his hand, chose five smooth stones from the stream, put them in the pouch of his shepherd's bag and, with his sling in his hand, approached the Philistine [Goliath]."
Five Smooth Stones, of epic length (more than 900 pages), was a Literary Guild selection in 1967. Kirkus Reviews describes the novel as "readable" but decries "its utter predictability" and opines that "the characters are unrememberable; as writing, it is unremarkable", but nevertheless "it dramatizes and empathizes the experience of a minority in a way which will reach the majority". Wilma Dykeman, in The New York Times Book Review', described it as "richly realized" and "refreshing".
# Cliff Lok

Cliff Lok (born 11 September 1948) is a Chinese film actor and martial artist who worked in the Cinema of Hong Kong. He began his career at the Peking Opera. He starred in at least 60 films between 1966 and 2001, most of them wuxia/martial arts pictures of the late 1960s and the 1970s. Films include One-Armed Swordsman (1967), Golden Swallow (1968), Return of the One-Armed Swordsman (1969), The Wandering Swordsman (1970), King Eagle (1971), and The Black Enforcer (1972).
# Flash memory emulator

A flash emulator or flash memory emulator is a tool that is used to temporarily replace flash memory or ROM chips in an embedded device for the purpose of debugging embedded software. Such tools contain Dual-ported RAM, one port of which is connected to a target system (i.e. system, that is being debugged), and second is connected to a host (i.e. PC, which runs debugger). This allows the programmer to change executable code while it is running, set break points, and use other advanced debugging techniques on an embedded system, where such operations would not be possible otherwise.
This type of tool appeared in 1980s-1990s, when most embedded systems were using discrete ROM (or later flash memory) chip, containing executable code. This allowed for easy replacing of ROM/flash chip with emulator. Together with excellent productivity of this tool this had driven an almost universal use of it among embedded developers. Later, when most embedded systems started to include both processor and flash on a single chip for cost and IP protection reasons, thus making external flash emulator tool impossible, search for a replacement tool started. And as often happens when a direct replacement is being searched for, many replacement techniques contain words "flash emulation" in them, for example, TI's "Flash Emulation Tool" debugging interface (FET) for its MSP430 chips, or more generic in-circuit emulators, even though none of two above had anything to do with flash or emulation as it is.
Flash emulator could also be retrofitted to an embedded system to facilitate reverse engineering. For example, that was main hardware instrument in reverse engineering Wii gaming console bootloader.
# Cap Norfeu

Cap Norfeu is a cape at the south-east end of the Cap de Creus peninsula located on the Costa Brava in Catalonia, Spain, between Roses and Cadaqués. It is located between the bays badia de Jóncols to the north and badia de Montjoi to the south, at the end of a little peninsula.
# Fukushima Museum

Fukushima Museum (福島県立博物館, Fukushima Kenritsu Hakubutsukan) is a prefectural museum in Aizuwakamatsu, Japan, dedicated to the natural history, history, and culture of Fukushima Prefecture. The museum opened in Tsuruga Castle Park in 1986.
# Frederick Ames

Frederick Ames may refer to:
* Frederick Lothrop Ames (1835–1893), American railroad executive and Massachusetts state senator
* Frederick Lothrop Ames Jr. (1876–1921), his son, Massachusetts financier and socialite
* Frederick-Ames EOS/SFA, a single-seat sports aircraft
# 1940 Penn Quakers football team

The 1940 Penn Quakers football team was an American football team that represented the University of Pennsylvania as an independent during the 1940 college football season. In their third season under head coach George Munger, the Quakers compiled a 6–1–1 record, were ranked No. 14 in the final AP Poll, and outscored opponents by a total of 247 to 79.
Penn was ranked at No. 5 (out of 697 college football teams) in the final rankings under the Litkenhous Difference by Score system for 1940.
The team played its home games at Franklin Field in Philadelphia.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Rank | Site | Result | Attendance |
| October 5 | Maryland | | Franklin FieldPhiladelphia, PA | W 51–0 | 52,000 |
| October 12 | Yale | | Franklin FieldPhiladelphia, PA | W 50–7 | 50,000 |
| October 19 | Princeton | No. 9 | Franklin FieldPhiladelphia, PA (rivalry) | W 46–28 | 55,000 |
| October 26 | at No. 3 Michigan | No. 8 | Michigan StadiumAnn Arbor, MI | L 0–15 | 59,913 |
| November 2 | No. 14 Navy | No. 15 | Franklin FieldPhiladelphia, PA | W 20–0 | 70,200 |
| November 9 | Harvard | No. 15 | Franklin FieldPhiladelphia, PA (rivalry) | T 10–10 | 35,000 |
| November 16 | Army | | Franklin FieldPhiladelphia, PA | W 48–0 | 47,000 |
| November 23 | No. 5 Cornell | No. 12 | Franklin FieldPhiladelphia, PA (rivalry) | W 22–20 | 80,000 |
| Rankings from AP Poll released prior to the game |||||||