OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 2015 Myanmar constitutional referendum

A constitutional referendum was scheduled to be held in Myanmar (Burma) in May 2015. If approved, the proposed reforms would have come into effect after the general elections in November. After most of the proposed amendments to the constitution were discarded, the referendum was postponed.

## Electoral system

Proposed changes to the Constitution of Myanmar must be approved by at least 75% of both houses of the Assembly of the Union before going to a referendum. When the referendum is held, the changes must be approved by at least 50% of the registered voters, rather than 50% of those voting.

## Referendum bill

The proposed constitutional amendment bill was discussed at the Assembly of the Union from 23 to 25 June 2015. Amendments were confined to four key clauses.
* Article 436 for amending the constitution be lowered from its current figure of more than 75 percent to at least 70 percent of votes, which would have ended the effective veto of the military
* Articles 59 and 60 for presidency qualifications which bars opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi from the presidency
* Article 418(b) for military’s role in the state of emergency is declared
The Assembly of the Union voted against most of the constitutional amendments on 25 June, ensuring that the military's veto power remained intact and that Aung San Suu Kyi could not become president in the 2015 general elections. The result was no surprise given that 25% of the seats in the Assembly are, by law, held by the military. The proposal aimed to reduce the vote share needed to amend the constitution to 70%. The Assembly of the Union approved only a minor change to article 59(d).

## Cancellation

The Union Election Commission requested to delay the referendum in July 2015 because it concerned only a minor change to article 59(d). On 22 July, the Assembly of the Union voted to postpone the referendum.
# Cuore (zine)

Cuore: human resistance weekly was a satirical insert of the Italian Communist newspaper l'Unità.

## History

Cuore was first published on 16 January 1989 issue of l'Unità, three months after its predecessor Tango, another satirical insert edited by Sergio Staino, disappeared.
Its founders were Michele Serra, who remained an editor until June 1994 and had earlier been a sports and culture reporter for l'Unità, the managing editor of the culture pages, Andrea Aloi, and journalist Piergiorgio Paterlini. They also had the old managing editor of l'Unità, Sergio Banali.
Among the many contributors were Sergio Staino, Vauro, Vincino, Altan, Ellekappa, Roberto Perini, Disegni and Caviglia, Gialappa's Band, Beppe Grillo, Stefano Benni, Domenico Starnone, Gino and Michele, Enzo Costa, Majid Valcarenghi, Daria Bignardi, Fabio Fazio, and Patrizio Roversi. The graphic design was curated by Mauro Luccarini and Fabio Bolognini.
The last edition of Cuore to appear in l'Unità was number 104, 21 January 1991. Soon thereafter, around the same time as the Italian Communist Party was dissolved, Cuore became an independent weekly on 4 February 1991, and to everyone's surprise, began to sell 140,000 copies a week. The magazine was closed down in 1997.
The magazine's parties became an important meeting place for the Left, these were usually held in July, at an estate in Montecchio, Reggio Emilia. It would remain so until the eleventh
# 86th meridian

86th meridian may refer to:
* 86th meridian east, a line of longitude east of the Greenwich Meridian
* 86th meridian west, a line of longitude west of the Greenwich Meridian
| 86°class=notpageimage| 86th meridian west | 86°class=notpageimage| 86th meridian east |
# Christ on the Cross with the Virgin and Saint John

Christ on the Cross with the Virgin and Saint John is an oil on panel painting, later transferred to canvas, attributed to the Master of the Grimacing St John, a senior member of the workshop of Jan van Eyck. It was long attributed to Jan's brother Hubert, based on stylistic similarities to portions of the "Adoration of the lamb" passage in the Ghent Altarpiece. 'The Master of the Grimacing St John' is one of only two assistants of van Eyck's whose hand can be identified across several works. He takes his notname from an imitation stone statue in a grisaille diptych wing panel of St. John the Baptist, opposite a Virgin and Child, and is also associated with a pen and pencil drawing of St Paul in Vienna.
The Master of the Grimacing St John's panel has been in the Gemäldegalerie, Berlin since 1897.
# Geneviève Amyot

Geneviève Amyot (January 10, 1945 – June 11, 2000) was a Canadian poet and novelist.
Amyot was born in Saint-Augustin-de-Desmaures, Quebec. She studied pedagogy at the École Normale Notre-Dame-De-Foy from 1961 to 1965, and then French at Laval University, where she received her degree in 1969. She taught in a primary school from 1965 to 1972, and taught literature at the college level.
She then focused on her writing. She collaborated with many magazines including Estuaire, Dérives, La Nouvelle Barre du jour, Interventions, Québec français and Room of One's Own.
She is the aunt of comedian Yves Amyot.

## Collected works

* 1975 – La mort était extravagante
* 1976 – L'absent aigu
* 1978 – Journal de l'année passée
* 1982 – Dans la pitié des chairs
* 1988 – Poètes du Québec
* 1988 – Petites fins du monde
* 1990 – Corps d'atelier
* 1994 – Je t'écrirai encore demain
* 2000 – Corneille et compagnie

## Honors

* 1990 – Terrasses Saint-Sulpice Poetry Award from the Estuaire magazine for Corps d'atelier
* 1990 – Finalist for the Governor General's Award for French language poetry for Corps d'atelier
# Cribin Fawr

Cribin Fawr is a mountain in Snowdonia, North Wales, situated approximately four miles to the south-west of Aran Fawddwy. It is one of the peaks in the Dyfi hills, a subgroup of the Cadair Idris group. It is a top of Maesglase, connected to its parent peak by the Craig Portas ridge. The top of Cribin Fawr is a large open plateau of peat bog. To the west is Waun-oer, to the north Cadair Idris, to the south Maesglase and Glasgwm to the east.
# Ratelgat

The farm Ratelgat which was previously known as Luiperdskop, is located on the West Coast of South Africa. The farm has a very strong connection to the Griqua people as it is the site where Griqua prophet Andrew Abraham Stockenstrom le Fleur I (Die Kneg) is buried.
There is an annual pilgrimage to Ratelgat undertaken by Griqua people in May, ending with the celebration of Ratelgat Day.

## Ratelgat Day

Ratelgat Day is organised every year by the Griqua National Council (GNC) to give thanks for the long life of the late Paramount Chief AAS le Fleur II and to remember the sacrifices he made for his people. For the Griqua it is also a day to give thanks for God’s promises to bless the Griqua and to pray for the fulfillment of the prophesies of AAS le Fleur I (Die Kneg).

## Provincial Heritage Site

The site has been declared a provincial heritage site by Heritage Western Cape on the 12 of May 2012. The site was given special recognition by HWC because of the inspiring role that Die Kneg had played to bring the Griqua community together. the declaration of this site is part of Heritage Western Cape’s drive to highlight important heritage sites that are significant to the Griqua and Khoesan inhabitants of the Western Cape. Ratelgat became the first heritage site in the Western Cape to display the new badge of Heritage Western Cape. The new badge replaces those of the old National Monuments Council which appears on provincial heritage sites and national monuments around the province.
The provincial heritage site was declared in terms of Section 27 of the National Heritage Resources Act. This gives the site Grade II status and provides the site with protection under South African heritage law.
* Badge used in South Africa from 1934–1969 to mark what are now Provincial Heritage Sites
* Badge used in South Africa from 1969–2000 to mark what are now Provincial Heritage Sites
* Badge used in the Western Cape since 2012 to replace earlier markers designating Provincial Heritage Sites

## References and External links

* Heritage Western Cape
# James George Needham

James George Needham (March 16, 1868 in Virginia, Illinois – July 24, 1957) was an American entomologist.
After studying with John Henry Comstock at Cornell University (1896–1898) he taught biology at Lake Forest University (1898–1907). In 1908 returned to Cornell as assistant professor of limnology. When Comstock retired in 1914, Needham became head of the Department of Entomology at Cornell until his retirement in 1935. Needham published numerous scientific articles, educational papers, and textbooks but is best known for the Comstock–Needham system for describing insect wing venation.
He was a Member of the Entomological Society of America, the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the Limnological Society of America.
# Focal fatty liver

Focal fatty liver (FFL) is localised or patchy process of lipid accumulation in the liver. It is likely to have different pathogenesis than non-alcoholic steatohepatitis which is a diffuse process. FFL may result from altered venous flow to liver, tissue hypoxia and malabsorption of lipoproteins. The condition has been increasingly recognised as sensitivity of abdominal imaging studies continues to improve. A fine needle biopsy is often performed to differentiate it from malignancy.
# Cupanoscelis heteroclita

Cupanoscelis heteroclita is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae.
# 86th parallel

86th parallel may refer to:
* 86th parallel north, a circle of latitude in the Northern Hemisphere, in the Arctic Ocean
* 86th parallel south, a circle of latitude in the Southern Hemisphere, in Antarctica
# Christian Syse

Christian Syse (born 30 September 1962) is a Norwegian civil servant and diplomat.
He is the son of Else and former prime minister of Norway Jan P. Syse and a brother of Henrik Syse. He was educated at the Norwegian School of Economics and at Yale University.
Syse served at the Office of the Prime Minister from 1998 to 2003 and then as head of the international department and secretary to the Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs of the Norwegian parliament. From 2008 to 2011 he was director general (ekspedisjonssjef) for European affairs and trade policy in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and from 2011 deputy secretary general (assisterende utenriksråd) of the Foreign service.
In December 2016 he was appointed ambassador and head of the Norwegian embassy in Stockholm, effective from March 2017. He is presently the MFA special representative for Ukraine.
Syse was married to Siv Nordrum, a journalist, communications director and politician. She died in April 2021 after a brief illness.
# Construction in progress

An accountancy term, construction in progress (CIP) asset or capital work in progress entry records the cost of construction work, which is not yet completed (typically, applied to capital budget items). A CIP item is not depreciated until the asset is placed in service. Normally, upon completion, a CIP item is reclassified, and the reclassified asset is capitalized and depreciated.
While costs are added to the construction in progress, related CIP account is debited with corresponding credits to accounts payable, accrued expenses, inventory, cash, and others. When the construction in progress is completed, related long-term asset account is debited and CIP account is credited.
# Colognian idioms

An expression in a language is considered an idiom when its commonly understood figurative meaning is separate from its literal meaning. Colognian has idioms, and they are as frequent as in all central European languages. Many coincide with idioms of the languages close to Colognian, such as Dutch, Limburgish, Low German, and High German, or with other Ripuarian varieties, but quite many are also unique to Colognian.

## Examples

These sentences contain idiomatic expressions. Parts not to be taken literally are bolded.
* "Dä Jäk hät doch en Ääz am wandere." - This individual is somewhat off his or her track. He/she is mad. (Literal meaning: … has a walking pea.)
* "Nu donn einer ens Boter bei de Fesch." - Someone (of you) must become real now! Tell us clearly now! Give us all the details and background information now! (Literal meaning: … butter to the fish.) This is also quite common in Dutch, Flemish, and the entire North of Germany.
* "Kumm, lohß jonn!" - Start (now)! Ignite! Get off! It resembles the English colloquial Come on! as an edge case but is usually stronger and more imperative. (Literally: Come and let go.)
* "Lohß dat noh Holland jonn." - Give (it) up. Give up on it. Do not cling to it. Do not care any more. Let it (e.g. your sorrow) go. (Literally: Let it go to Holland, let it to the Netherlands, down the stream.) This is a figurative expression, too. If something happened to fall into the river Rhine, it was bound to drift down towards Holland, and usually could not, and cannot, be rescued in Cologne due to the high current of the Rhine at the city center side.
* "Joh, nu simmer lahns Schmitz Bakes." - Now we are safe. (Literally: … behind, or having passed, the Smith's Bakery.) Also commonly used elsewhere in the Rhineland.
* "Ouh, doh bes De ävver fies ob_et Föttsche jevalle." - Ouch, something really went wrong for you. (Literally: You unpleasantly fell on your small ass.)
* "Bei dänne jeihd_et zoh, wi beim hellije Fott-Annenieß." - These people are stiff and quite formal on their behavioral surface. There is a connotation of "could be, only their surface", but that is not necessarily meant or implied always. (Literally: At their place, everything is going on as/like at/with the holy Ass Agnes.)
* "Jähje dä kanns De enpacke." - In comparison with, or when going against, this person, you are chanceless. (Literal meaning: … you can pack. (like in: packing one's suitcase, and leave.))
* "Jung, do wells mer doch jäz kei Uhr afkeue?" - Man, you are not going to start an endless nagging-type of talk to me, are yo? (Literally: … chew one's ear off.)
* "Pass_op, dat es ene drüjje Pitter." Be aware: you are very unlikely to make him laugh or show his compassion or emotions. (Literally: Be aware, he is a dry Peter.) There is also a well colloquially named dry Peter in Cologne, near the cathedral.
# Couteret

The Couteret was a French automobile manufactured in Paris only in 1907. The car was a front-wheel-drive voiturette.
# Ratelband List

The Ratelband List (in Dutch, Lijst Ratelband ) was a political movement led by Dutch self-help guru Emile Ratelband. Ratelband set up his own list after being rejected as lijsttrekker for Leefbaar Nederland; his daughter Minou had also had a prominent place in the list. The political programme of the Ratelband List was essentially in the spirit of Pim Fortuyn. The Ratelband List took part in the elections for the Tweede Kamer on 22 January 2003. Before the elections, Ratelband asserted that he would move to Australia or the Fiji Islands if the list failed to win a single seat.
In spite of the great familiarity of Emile Ratelband in the Netherlands, the consequent media attention, and the fact that the movement stood in all 19 electoral districts ("kieskringen"), it received 9,023 votes (0.1%), far from enough to win even a single seat. According to the site Lijstratelband.nl, he remained in the Netherlands at the request of this website, demonstrating that "democracy in our movement counts for more than his own position".
Since the elections of January 2003, there have been few updates from Ratelband List.
# James George Philp

James George Philp (1816– 11 April 1885), of Falmouth, Cornwall, was a landscape and coastal painter.
Most of his subjects were found in Devon and Cornwall. He exhibited from 1846 to 1885 including the 1880 Winter Exhibition at the Institute of Painters in Water Colours. Philp was described by the critic of The Times as ″...the veteran, and most distinguished, coast painter of which Cornwall can boast, ,,,″ and impressed by A Cornish Bulwark describing it as a ″striking work″ ″and a passage of great beauty″.
Eighteen months before his death he suffered ″paralysis″, and just before his death in Falmouth he had a seizure. He left a widow and son.
# DVF (disambiguation)

DVF may refer to:
* Diane von Fürstenberg (DvF), a Belgian fashion designer and her fashion company
** The DVF Awards
* Direct visual feedback, a method of training used in both practical and rehabilitative settings
* District Voluntary Force, a special constabulary unit of the Odisha Police
# Ford Instrument Company

The Ford Instrument Company was a U.S. corporation known for being the primary supplier of fire control Rangekeepers and analog computers for the United States Navy before and during World War II.
It was founded in 1915 by Hannibal Choate Ford as the Ford Marine Appliance Corporation, later been renamed in 1916 as the Ford Instrument Company. Prior to founding the company Ford had worked closely with Elmer Ambrose Sperry holding the position of Chief Engineer of the Sperry Gyroscope Company.
In 1930 the company was purchased by North American Aviation for $3m, it would subsequently be spun off alone with other non-aviation concerns into Sperry Corporation as part of the purchase of North American by General Motors Corporation who purchased a controlling interest in NAA, and merged it with the General Aviation Manufacturing Corporation.
Ford would thus operate as an independent division of Sperry and later Sperry Rand Corporation.
A personal blog, Doug Coward's Analog History Museum, includes a page with details for the Ford Instrument Company Computer Mark I that was used after 1939 on WW II naval guns up to 5 inch and anti-aircraft guns. (via Wayback Machine) This page has a background stating that the Ford Instrument Company is a subsidiary of Sperry Rand, indicating that the displayed page was supplied by Sperry while operating as Sperry Rand, 1955 and 1978.
# Jan Ziarnko

Jan Ziarnko, also known as Jean Le Grain, Kern and Grano, was a Polish draughtsman and printmaker. He was born in Lviv circa 1575 into a family with German ancestry and he died sometime around 1630, possibly in the same town. He is one of Poland’s most respected graphic artists of the period.
Not much is known about his early life and artistic formation; although in 1596–7 he appears as a member of the Brotherhood of Catholic Painters in Lviv. After training in his native country, he travelled through Italy and Germany to France in about 1598. Ada Palka has suggested that Ziarnko may have come into contact with artists involved in painting anamorphic scenes at this time.
Ziarnko spent most of his adult years in Paris, between 1605 and 1629, where the vast majority of his known works were created. These comprise around thirty-five individual prints as well as three extensive print series. Around seventy-five prints made after drawings by Ziarnko also exist. He designed bookplates and images for wall almanacs in addition to depicting aerial views and portraits, as well as historical and contemporary events.
One of his more unusual works is a folding anamorphic etching of 1608. When folded into a cone, this reveals an image of two lovers embracing. This derives from Marcantonio Raimondi’s Modi, a collection of erotic prints that illustrate various sexual positions. The Latin inscription and several vignettes which surround it are also taken from another source in the form of Matthäus Greuter’s The Power of Venus of 1587. However, Ziarnko’s use of a circular grid to create a deformation mesh which produces the anamorphic distortion appears to be highly novel.
Ziarnko’s expertise in perspective is attested to by his treatise of 1619, Perspectivae Stereo Pars Specialis (Three-dimensional Pictorial Perspective, Special Part). This outlines methods for constructing anamorphic images. As such, it played an important role in shaping later literature on the subject, such as Jean-François Niceron’s La Perspective Curieuse of 1638, which was voluminous in seventeenth-century France.
Examples of Ziarnko’s work can now be seen in the Bibliothèque Nationale de France in Paris, the British Museum in London, the Czartoryski Museum in Kraków, and The National Library of Poland in Warsaw (digital version here).
# Glycerol 2-dehydrogenase (NADP+)

In enzymology, a glycerol 2-dehydrogenase (NADP$^+$) (EC 1.1.1.156) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
    glycerol + NADP$^+$ $\rightleftharpoons$ glycerone + NADPH + H$^+$
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are glycerol and NADP$^+$, whereas its 3 products are glycerone, NADPH, and H$^+$.
This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD$^+$ or NADP$^+$ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is glycerol:NADP$^+$ 2-oxidoreductase (glycerone-forming). Other names in common use include dihydroxyacetone reductase, dihydroxyacetone (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, phosphate) reductase, dihydroxyacetone reductase (NADPH), DHA oxidoreductase, and glycerol 2-dehydrogenase (NADP$^+$). This enzyme participates in glycerolipid metabolism.
# Christian Sánchez

Christian Sánchez may refer to:
* Christian Sánchez (footballer) (born 1989), Mexican football defender
* Christian Nava Sánchez (born 1982), Mexican politician
# Cawood sword

The Cawood sword is a medieval sword discovered in the River Ouse near Cawood in North Yorkshire in the late 19th century. The blade is of Oakeshott type XII and has inscriptions on both sides. It most likely dates to the early 12th century.

## Significance

The sword is notable as the best-preserved specimen of a small group of medieval swords with a type M pommel in the typology of Oakeshott (1964). This type of pommel is an apparently specifically British derivation of the Viking Age multi-lobed pommel. It is often found on tomb effigies of the mid 13th to mid 14th century in southern Scotland and northern England, but it may have been in existence since the 11th century.
A very similar sword, likely from the same workshop, was discovered in Norway in 1888 while railway work was being conducted on farmland at Korsoygaden in Stange municipality, Hedmarken district.

## Dating

The question of the date of these swords is of some importance for the absolute chronology of the development of sword morphology in medieval Europe. In 1964, Oakeshott stated that while both swords were "long believed" to date to the late 11th or early 12th century, suggested by the "Viking sword"-type pommel and the runic inscription on the Korsoygaden sword, they could not possibly predate the mid 13th century because of the style of the Cawood sword's inscriptions, and because the pommel type was not in fact in "Viking Age" style, but in a "late" British derivation of pommel shapes of the Viking Age. However, in 1991, Oakeshott revisited this opinion based on the style of the runic inscription on the Korsoygaden sword. The 12th-century date for both swords is based on this argument. This, i.e. the combined evidence from the Cawood and the Korsoygaden swords, are of "extreme importance" for the dating of swords and blade inscriptions of the 11th to 12th centuries. Oakeshott (1991) presents a group of eight swords, some of which were previously dated to c. 1300, which based on close morphological parallels to these swords must be reassigned to the period of c. 1000–1120. Oakeshott's date for the Cawood sword itself is now c. 1100–1150. This has consequences for the dating of medieval sword blade inscriptions, as the inscriptions on the Cawood blade are very typical of the "garbled" letter-group inscriptions on high medieval blades (tentatively transcribed as ✠NnRDIOnNnR✠ ⊕N［RSRDIGATON［I).

## Ownership and display

The Cawood sword was kept at the Tower of London until the 1950s and then sold into private hands. It was again on display in The Age of Chivalry exhibition at Burlington House in 1987.
It was acquired by the Yorkshire Museum, York in December 2007. Since 2017 it has featured as one of the key objects in the exhibition 'Medieval York: Capital of the North'.