OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Candelaria pacifica

Candelaria pacifica is a widely distributed corticolous (bark-dwelling), leprose lichen. It was formally described as a species in 2011.

## Taxonomy

Candelaria pacifica was formally described as a species in 2011 by Martin Westberg and Ulf Arup. Before that, it was often mistaken for other species in the Candelaria genus. Since its discovery, many older records have been reviewed and many herbarium specimens that were previously mislabeled have been reassessed as Candelaria pacifica.

## Description

Small, lobate thallus up to 1 cm wide, shrubby appearance. Lobes are 0.1–0.6 mm wide. Soredia formed on lobe tips and in margins, present on the lower side. Upper cortex is yellow, with shades of lemon, orange, or green present, smooth, up to 45 μm thick. Medulla is white and thin, and lower cortex is lacking. Rhizines are lacking. Apothecia are common, up to 1mm in diameter. Asci are clavate, containing 8 spores. Ascospores are colorless, contain lipid droplets, ellipsoid. Pycnidia appear on surface as orange warts, conidia are ellipsoid. K, C, KC, P tests all negative on surface and medulla.

### Similar species

Often mistaken for Candelaria concolor, a differentiating aspect of C. pacifica is a lack or rare presence of rhizines. An 8 spored ascus is also present, compared to C. concolor which is polysporus. Candelaria pacifica also lacks a lower cortex and has soredia forming on the underside. Otherwise, both species are morphologically very similar. The formal declaration of C. pacifica as a species led to a review of herbarium specimens in many countries in Europe, in which it was found that many samples previously thought to be C. concolor were instead C. pacifica. It even led to C. concolor being considered a common species in many counties to being considered rare.

## Habitat and distribution

As a lichen, C. pacifica grows attached to a substrate while supporting a population of green algae in a symbiotic relationship within its thallus. It mainly inhabits the nutrient rich bark of deciduous trees. Occasionally present on coniferous trees. Often on free standing trees or at forest edges. Can also grow on dead bark and wood not attached to currently living trees.
This species was first identified on the western coast of North America, where its range extends from the Sonoran Desert in the United States all the way up to the states of Washington and Idaho, stretching into Canada and South America. Its European distribution includes France, Belgium, Luxembourg, Poland, Estonia, Switzerland, Russia, Germany, the Netherlands, and Scandinavian counties. It has also been found in Iran.
# Dalane

Dalane is a traditional district in the southwestern part of Norway, consisting of the municipalities of Lund, Sokndal, Eigersund, and Bjerkreim. Dalane is one of the 15 districts in Western Norway. It sits to the southeast of the very flat Jæren region and south of the moorland of Ryfylke. The 1,786-square-kilometre (690 sq mi) district has about 24,159 residents (as of 2014).
Dalane has a distinctive hilly, rugged, often treeless, bare, rocky land. There are numerous rivers and lakes, some of which are quite large. The rocky soil is very thin and is of poor quality compared to the fertile farmland in Jæren. The coastline is largely unprotected by any islands. The elevation of the land is low near the sea, while in the northern areas the mountains can reach heights of up to 900 metres (3,000 ft). The uplands of Dalane are often used for sheep grazing. Geographically, the southern part of Hå municipality fits with the landscape of Dalane, but that municipality is usually grouped with Jæren.
The largest urban areas in Dalane are the town of Egersund and the villages of Moi in Lund, Hauge in Sokndal, and Vikeså in Bjerkreim. These four areas hold about 70% of the area's population (2013). There are also scattered settlements along the coast and in the large valleys inland.
# 781 (disambiguation)

781 may refer to:
* 781 Kartvelia, a minor planet orbiting the Sun
* 781 series, a Japanese train type
* 781st Bombardment Squadron, a former United States Air Force unit
* Area codes 781 and 339, in the USA
* BOAC Flight 781, a flight which crashed in 1954
* Interstate 781, a highway in the USA
# Abda and Abdisho

Abdisho and Abda were two successive bishops of Kashkar who were martyred along with 38 companions in 376 during the Forty-Year Persecution in the Sasanian Empire.
Accused by his nephew of being a spy for the Roman Empire, Abdisho was arrested by the Sasanian authorities along with the priest Abd Alaha. They were tortured on the orders of Ardashir, viceroy of Adiabene, who then sent them on to Gondeshapur, where King Shapur II had them pressed between boards until their limbs were broken. According to the hagiography, they refused food that had been sacrificed to idols and were fed by a pious widow.
In Abdisho's absence, a new bishop was appointed, Abda, who was soon also accused of spying for Rome. He was arrested with 28 others and seven virgins and all were led in chains to Gondeshapur. According to the hagiography, they refused to worship the sun and each received one hundred lashes. Two Christian brothers, Barhadbshabba and Samuel, voluntarily joined them. All but the virgins were beheaded on 15 May 376. The next day, Abdisho and Abd Alaha were dealt the same fate. Roman slaves from a nearby village took the bodies. The virgins were executed on 22 May.
There may have been a political aspect to the persecution, since the king was attempting to establish Mazdaism as the state religion and judged Christians as the natural allies of the Romans. The historian Sozomen wrote about 22 martyrs who were tortured together. He mentions Abdas and Abdisho in 15th and 16th places in his list of martyrs. This information is worth trusting because it was written less than 100 years after their death.
Their feast day is 16 May in the Church of the East and according to the Martyrologium Romanum, the Eastern Orthodox Church, and the Syriac Orthodox Church.

## 38 companions

The biographical text Ausgewählte Akten Persischer Märtyrer by Oskar Braun also mentions the names of several of the other martyrs, including:

### Priests (16)

* Abd Alaha
* Simeon
* Abraham
* Aba
* Ajabel
* Joseph
* Han
* Ebedjesu
* Abdallah
* John
* Ebedjesu
* Maris
* Berhadbesciaba
* Rozichaeus
* Abdallah
* Ebedjesu

### Deacons (9)

* Eliab
* Ebedjesu
* Marjab
* Maris
* Abdias
* Berhadbesciaba
* Han
* Simeon
* Maris

### Monks (6)

* Papa
* Evolesus
* Ebedjesu and three others
# Acta Ethologica

acta ethologica is a triannual peer-reviewed scientific journal established in 1998. The journal covers all aspects of the behavioural biology of humans and other animals, including behavioural ecology, evolution of behaviour, sociobiology, ethology, behavioural physiology, and population biology.
According to SCImago Journal Rank (SJR), the journal h-index is 32, ranking it to Q2 in Animal Science and Zoology and Q3 in Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics.

## Abstracting and indexing

The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
* Science Citation Index Expanded
* Scopus
* PsycINFO
* Biological Abstracts
* BIOSIS Previews
* Current Contents/Agriculture, Biology & Environmental Sciences
* Elsevier Biobase
* EMBiology
* The Zoological Record
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 1.231.
# Godelieve Jansens

Godelieve Jansens (born 26 March 1964) is a former Belgian racing cyclist. She won the Belgian national road race title in 1992.
# Canindea signaticornis

Canindea signaticornis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Buquet in 1857. It is known from Brazil and French Guiana.
# George Dickson (cricketer)

George Dickson was an Australian cricketer. He played two first-class matches for New South Wales between 1859/60 and 1871/72.
# Frederick Rossini

Frederick Dominic Rossini (July 18, 1899 – October 12, 1990) was an American thermodynamicist noted for his work in chemical thermodynamics.
In 1920, at the age of twenty-one, Rossini entered Carnegie-Mellon University in Pittsburgh, and soon was awarded a full-time teaching scholarship. He graduated with a B.S. in chemical engineering in 1925, followed by an M.S. degree in science in physical chemistry in 1926.
As a result of reading Lewis and Randall's classical 1923 textbook Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Substances he wrote to Gilbert N. Lewis and as a result he was offered a teaching fellowship at the University of California at Berkeley. Among his teachers were Gilbert Lewis and William Giauque. Rossini's doctoral dissertation on the heat capacities of strong electrolytes in aqueous solution was supervised by Merle Randall. His Ph.D. degree was awarded in 1928, after only 21 months of graduate work, even though he continued to serve as a teaching fellow throughout this entire period. He worked at the National Bureau of Standards (Washington, DC) from 1928 to 1950.
In 1932, Frederick Rossini, Edward W. Washburn, and Mikkel Frandsen authored "The Calorimetric Determination of the Intrinsic Energy of Gases as a Function of the Pressure." This experiment resulted in the development of the Washburn Correction for bomb calorimetry, a decrease or correction of the results of a calorimetric procedure to normal states.
In 1950, he published his popular textbook Chemical Thermodynamics. In that year he also moved to the Carnegie Institute of Technology (Pittsburgh), where he remained until 1960. He served as dean of the Notre Dame College of Science from 1960 to 1967.
In 1973, Dr. Rossini spent the spring academic quarter at Baldwin-Wallace College, in Berea Ohio, as the first distinguished professor to occupy the Charles J. Strosacker Chair of Science. The Baldwin-Wallace College student union was named after "the late Dr. strosacker, who was vice president of The Dow Chemical Company, [and] was a B-W trustee for 17 years. The college union was named in his honor in 1963."
Awards
* In 1965 he became the recipient of the Laetare Medal.
* In 1965 he received the John Price Wetherill Medal.
* In 1966 he received the William H. Nichols Medal.
* In 1971 he received the Priestley Medal.
* In 1977 he received the National Medal of Science for his "contributions to basic reference knowledge in chemical thermodynamics."
# List of Malaysian Parliaments

This is a complete list of the individual parliaments of the Parliament of Malaysia.
* 1st Parliament of the Federation of Malaya: 1959–1963
* 1st Malaysian Parliament: 1963–1964
* 2nd Malaysian Parliament: 1964–1969
* 3rd Malaysian Parliament: 1971–1974
* 4th Malaysian Parliament: 1974–1978
* 5th Malaysian Parliament: 1978–1982
* 6th Malaysian Parliament: 1982–1986
* 7th Malaysian Parliament: 1986–1990
* 8th Malaysian Parliament: 1990–1995
* 9th Malaysian Parliament: 1995–1999
* 10th Malaysian Parliament: 1999–2004
* 11th Malaysian Parliament: 2004–2008
* 12th Malaysian Parliament: 2008–2013
* 13th Malaysian Parliament: 2013–2018
* Members of the Dewan Rakyat, 14th Malaysian Parliament: 2018–present
* Members of the Dewan Rakyat, 15th Malaysian Parliament: 2022–2027
# Giovanni Battista Bianchi (composer, flourished 1780–1782)

Giovanni Battista Bianchi fl. 1780 – c. 1782 was an Italian composer and conductor of the Classical period.

## Life and career

Nothing is known about his birth or early life in Italy. The first extant record of Bianchi is when he succeeded Ferdinando Bertoni as music director of the King’s Theatre, London in 1780. He remained in that position for two seasons during which time he composed several opera arias utilized within pastiches staged at that theatre from 1780 through 1782. He also co-wrote the music to the opera L’omaggio di paesani al signore de contado, a festa teatrale with Tommaso Giordani and Venanzio Rauzzini. This work was premiered at the King’s Theatre on 5 June 1781 in celebration of George III's birthday with the king in attendance. Nothing is known about Bianchi after he left the King's Theatre at the conclusion of the 1781-1782 season.
Bianchi should not be confused with the earlier Baroque period composer Giovanni Battista Bianchi (composer, flourished 1675) who was active in Italy. He should also not be confused with Francesco Bianchi; a mistake made in some published scholarship.
# Corylopsis reedae

Corylopsis reedae is an extinct species of flowering plant in the family Hamamelidaceae known from fossil leaves found in the early Eocene Klondike Mountain Formation deposits of northern Washington state. C. readae is one of the oldest occurrences of the winter-hazel genus Corylopsis, which includes between seven and thirty species, all found in Asia. Fossils from two other occurrences are of similar age to C. readae, with Paleocene specimens from Greenland being placed in the form taxon Corylopsiphyllum and an Eocene Alaskan fossil being included in Corylopsis without species placement.

## History and classification

Corylopsis reedae is represented by a single counterpart compression fossil specimen from the Ypresian-aged Klondike Mountain Formation that outcrops in Republic, Ferry County, Washington. The age of the formation is based on Argon–argon dating, which has returned a date of 49.4 ±0.5 million years old. The fossil was recovered from the "Corner lot", University of Washington site UWBM A0307, located within the city limits of Republic.
The holotype specimen for Corylopsis reedae is numbered UWBM 71085 and currently preserved in the paleobotanical collections of University of Washington in Seattle, Washington. The specimen was studied by paleobotanists Meghan G. Radtke and Kathleen B. Pigg of the School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, and Wesley C. Wehr of the Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture in Seattle. Radtke, Pigg and Wehr published their 2005 type description for C. readae in the International Journal of Plant Sciences. The etymology of the specific name readae was derived from Katherine ("Kitty") M. Reed in honor of her contributions to the Tertiary stratigraphy and paleontology of the Pacific northwest.

## Description

The specimen used for the description of C. readae is an incomplete simple, elliptical leaf. The preserved section of leaf is 3.4 centimetres (1.3 in) long with the overall length estimated to have been approximately 4 centimetres (1.6 in) and is 1.9 centimetres (0.75 in) at the widest point. The base of the specimen is slightly asymmetric with a 102° angle, also slightly obtuse. The pinnate secondary veins diverge from the primary vein at an angles ranging from 18° near the base to 13°-14° nearing the center area of the leaf. They form a craspedodromous pattern with the secondaries alternating along the primary vein. The basal most secondary veins produce numerous compound agrophic veins. The preserved teeth on the fossil show simple teeth with straight bases and concave apexes, though due to the lack of full teeth the overall length of the teeth is not known.
# Abda and Sabas

Abda and Sabas were two martyrs mentioned in the Menologium der Orthodox-Katholischen Kirche des Morgenlandes by Probst Maltzew. Their feast day is 8 July.
# Acta Eruditorum

Acta Eruditorum (from Latin: Acts of the Erudite) was the first scientific journal of the German-speaking lands of Europe, published from 1682 to 1782.

## History

Acta Eruditorum was founded in 1682 in Leipzig by Otto Mencke, who became its first editor, with support from Gottfried Leibniz in Hanover, who contributed 13 articles over the journal's first four years. It was published by Johann Friedrich Gleditsch, with sponsorship from the Duke of Saxony, and was patterned after the French Journal des savants and the Italian Giornale de'letterati. The journal was published monthly, entirely in Latin, and contained excerpts from new writings, reviews, small essays and notes. Most of the articles were devoted to the natural sciences and mathematics, including contributions (apart from Leibniz) from, e.g., Jakob Bernoulli, Humphry Ditton, Leonhard Euler, Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus, Pierre-Simon Laplace and Jérôme Lalande, but also from humanists and philosophers such as Veit Ludwig von Seckendorff, Stephan Bergler, Christian Thomasius and Christian Wolff.
After Otto Mencke's death in 1707, Acta Eruditorum was directed by his son, Johann Burckhardt Mencke, who died in 1732. The journal had changed its name by then to Nova Acta Eruditorum. Beginning in 1756 it was led by Karl Andreas Bel.

## Role in the Calculus War

Although Mencke once exchanged letters and publications with Isaac Newton, Newton was not a correspondent of Acta. The dispute between Newton and Leibniz over credit for the development of differential calculus started with a contribution by Leibniz to the May 1697 issue of Acta Eruditorum, in response to which Fatio de Duillier, feeling slighted by being omitted from Leibniz's list of the best mathematicians of Europe, announced that Newton had discovered calculus before Leibniz and the last had probably even relied on Newton's achievements. In the following acrimonious squabble, Acta by and large acted as a mouthpiece for Leibniz's camp, much as Philosophical Transactions did for Newton's. Mencke tried to tone down the dispute, but rebuttals from both sides were too forceful. "Where Mencke was powerless to call the tune, he did his utmost at least to set the tone," says H. Laeven in his description of the row. This dispute also influenced Acta to express the feelings of national cohesion and defining German scholarship within the international field of influence.
# Cycling at the 2020 Summer Paralympics – Men's time trial C4–5

The men's time trial class C4-5 track cycling event at the 2020 Summer Paralympics took place on 26 August 2021 at the Izu Velodrome, Japan. This combine class (C4-5) under classification C is for cyclists who have impairments that affect their legs, arms, and/or trunk but are still capable to use a standard bicycle. 21 cyclists from 15 nations competed in this event.

## Competition format

The competition immediately starts off with the finals, where all 21 cyclists will be divided into their own heat individually (so 1 heat contains 1 cyclist). They will do a time trial basis where the fastest cyclist will win gold, the 2nd fastest a silver, and the 3rd fastest a bronze. The distance of this event is 1000m. Cyclists in class C4 can have a lesser-official time than their real-time due to the athletes factor where in class C4 the factor is 98.91% while C5 is 100.00%, so the time cyclist in class C5 get, will be their official time.

## Schedule

All times are Japan Standard Time (UTC+9)
| Date | Time | Round |
| Thursday, 26 August | 14:00 | Finals |

## Records
### Men's C4 1000m Time Trial

| World Record | Jody Cundy (GBR) | 1:01.466 | Aguascalientes, Mexico | 12 April 2014 |
| Paralympic Record | Jody Cundy (GBR) | 1:04.492 | Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | 9 September 2016 |

### Men's C5 1000m Time Trial

| World Record | Alfonso Cabello (ESP) | 1:01.683 | Aguascalientes, Mexico | 12 April 2014 |
| Paralympic Record | Alfonso Cabello (ESP) | 1:04.494 | Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | 9 September 2016 |

## Results

| Rank | Heat | Nation | Cyclists | Class | Real time | Factored time | Notes |
| | 21 | Spain | Alfonso Cabello | C5 | 1:01.557 | 1:01.557 | WR |
| | 20 | Great Britain | Jody Cundy | C4 | 1:02.529 | 1:01.847 | PR |
| | 17 | Slovakia | Jozef Metelka | C4 | 1:05.500 | 1:04.786 | |
| 4 | 10 | China | Wu Guoqing | C4 | 1:05.548 | 1:04.834 | |
| 5 | 19 | United States | Christopher Murphy | C5 | 1:05.078 | 1:05.078 | |
| 6 | 18 | France | Dorian Foulon | C5 | 1:05.348 | 1:05.348 | |
| 7 | 16 | Ukraine | Yegor Dementyev | C5 | 1:06.322 | 1:06.322 | |
| 8 | 4 | France | Kévin Le Cunff | C5 | 1:06.357 | 1:06.357 | |
| 9 | 14 | Brazil | Lauro Chaman | C5 | 1:06.421 | 1:06.421 | |
| 10 | 13 | Malaysia | Zuhairie Ahmad Tarmizi | C5 | 1:06.472 | 1:06.472 | |
| 11 | 11 | Romania | Carol-Eduard Novak | C4 | 1:07.655 | 1:06.918 | |
| 12 | 5 | Colombia | Edwin Fabián Mátiz Ruiz | C5 | 1:06.925 | 1:06.925 | |
| 13 | 12 | Spain | Pablo Jaramillo Gallardo | C5 | 1:07.081 | 1:07.081 | |
| 14 | 15 | China | Lai Shanzhang | C5 | 1:07.279 | 1:07.279 | |
| 15 | 9 | Ireland | Ronan Grimes | C4 | 1:09.014 | 1:08.262 | |
| 16 | 8 | RPC | Sergei Pudov | C4 | 1:10.430 | 1:09.662 | |
| 17 | 7 | Indonesia | Fadli Immammuddin | C4 | 1:11.199 | 1:10.423 | |
| 18 | 3 | Colombia | Diego Germán Dueñas | C4 | 1:11.481 | 1:10.702 | |
| 19 | 2 | Malaysia | Muhammad Hafiz Jamali | C5 | 1:11.288 | 1:11.288 | |
| 20 | 1 | Hungary | Zsombor Wermeser | C5 | 1:11.601 | 1:11.601 | |
| 21 | 6 | Brazil | Andre Luiz Grizante | C4 | 1:13.441 | 1:12.640 | |
# Corylopsis

Corylopsis is a genus of nearly 30 species of shrubs in the witch hazel family, Hamamelidaceae, native to eastern Asia with the majority of species endemic to China but with some also in Japan, Korea, and the Himalayas. This genus is also known from the extinct species Corylopsis reedae described from Eocene leaf fossils found in Washington State, USA.
They grow to 2–6 m (6 ft 7 in – 19 ft 8 in) tall, often with a crown wider than the shrub's height. The leaves are ovate with an acute apex and a serrated margin, 4–20 cm (2–8 in) long and 3–15 cm (1.2–5.9 in) broad. The flowers are produced in late winter in pendulous racemes 3–9 cm (1.2–3.5 in) long with 5-30 flowers; each flower has five pale yellow petals, 4–9 mm long. The fruit is a dry capsule 10–12 mm long, containing two glossy black seeds.

## Selected species

    Native to China unless otherwise indicated
| Corylopsis alnifolia Corylopsis brevistyla Corylopsis glabrescens (Japan, Korea) Corylopsis glandulifera Corylopsis glaucescens Corylopsis griffithii (Himalaya) Corylopsis henryi Corylopsis himalayana (Himalaya) Corylopsis microcarpa Corylopsis multiflora Corylopsis obovata Corylopsis omeiensis | Corylopsis pauciflora (Japan, Taiwan) Corylopsis platypetala †Corylopsis reedae (extinct, Ypresian, Washington State) Corylopsis rotundifolia Corylopsis sinensis Corylopsis spicata (Japan) Corylopsis stelligera Corylopsis trabeculosa Corylopsis veitchiana Corylopsis velutina Corylopsis willmottiae Corylopsis yui Corylopsis yunnanensis |

## Cultivation and uses

They are often grown in gardens for their very early, yellow flowers. They do have weak branches though, which are often damaged by heavy snow loads. Corylopsis prefers to grow in semi-shade or shade, protected from strong winds. It grows best on humus-rich soils. The sweetly scented flowering branches keep well in a vase. Corylopsis also makes good bonsai plants, especially C. pauciflora.