OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Peripheral radio

A peripheral radio (in French: Radio périphérique) is a radio station that could be listened to in France until 1981, yet was independent of Radio France and located outside of France. Among these stations are RTL from Luxembourg, Europe 1 from Germany, Sud Radio and Radio Andorra from Andorra, RMC from Monaco and Radio Océan/Atlantic 2000 from Spain.

## History

The creation of peripheral radios in France in the 1930s is linked to the threat of a ban on private radio stations. In order to protect their investments, French private promoters installed transmitters in neighboring countries that offered a more friendly environment in legislation and taxation.
In 1945, the French state established a monopoly over radio, making private radio stations banned from transmitting on French territory. Therefore, only peripheral radio stations remained, which location made it possible to escape French regulations.
Despite the location of their transmitters, the studios and even the head offices of these stations could be in France, especially since the French State most often participated in the capital of these radio stations with companies like Sofirad.
For French audiences, the peripheral radio stations provided additional sources of news and entertainment, considered to be less subject to control by the government. During the protests of May 1968, the coverage of the event by peripheral radio stations was considered as more reliable and impartial that the one provided by the state-run radio, transmitting live from the streets and giving voice to the leaders of the movement, like Daniel Cohn-Bendit and Alain Geismar.
The state monopoly over radio ended in 1981, allowing the creation of several private stations in the FM band. In this way, the role of peripheral radio was reduced, although some of these stations are currently in operation.
# John Iball

John Iball FRSE FIP (1907–1993) was a British physicist and crystallographer. He made major advances in cancer research. He gives his name to the Iball Index: the relative potency of carcinogenic compounds.

## Life

He was born in Hasland near Chesterfield in Derbyshire on 1 February 1907. He attended Alun County School in Mold, Flintshire from 1919 to 1925. He then went to study Mathematics and Physics at the College of North Wales in Bangor. He graduated with a first class degree (BSc) in Physics in 1928. In 1929 he received a Diploma in Education then won a research scholarship which resulted in a further degree (MSc) and doctorate (PhD) from the University of Wales in 1932. From 1932 to 1934 (under a Fellowship from the University of Wales) he did further research at the Davy Faraday Laboratory at the Royal Institution in London under the Sir William Lawrence Bragg.
Here he did X-ray studies on organic materials, particularly those of carcinogenic properties. Resultantly, in 1934 he began working in the Research Institute of the Royal Cancer Hospital, London. He did extensive studies on both the causative and curative effects of X-rays on cancer: a very delicate balance. During this period he did a study visit to Prague to visit the laboratory of Prof Jaroslav Heyrovsky to specialise further in polarography. The University of Wales awarded him a second doctorate (DSc) in 1939.
During the Second World War he worked on rocketry technology for the Ministry of Supply, based at the Projectile Development Establishment at Aberporth on the Welsh coast. This included several trans-Atlantic sea trips to pass specialist knowledge to the Americans. After the war he went into the commercial world for some years, working in the Physics laboratory of the Research Department for Unilever in Port Sunlight. His main research here was on the effects of X-rays on emulsions (1946–47).
On 1 January 1948 he joined University College, Dundee (later the University of Dundee) in Scotland. He remained there for the rest of his working life, being given an Honorary Professorship (in Chemistry) in 1957. Under his leadership Dundee became a centre for X-ray crystallography and macro-molecular photography. The University of Dundee Museum Services hold a collection of Iball's original diagrams and electron density maps.
In 1950 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were George Dawson Preston, Edward Thomas Copson, James Forrest and Robert Percival Cook. In 1952 he became a Research Fellow in the British Empire Cancer Campaign (renamed the Cancer Research Campaign in 1970).
While in Dundee, Iball set up the Tayside and Fife Branch of the British Association for the Advancement of Science and offered assistance to local industries with any scientific matters.
He died at 11 Glamis Terrace in Dundee on 21 January 1993, shortly before his 86th birthday.

## Family

Iball had one daughter, Dorothy, by his wife Margaret.
# Canton of Villiers-Saint-Georges

The canton of Villiers-Saint-Georges is a French former administrative division, located in the arrondissement of Provins, in the Seine-et-Marne département (Île-de-France région). It was disbanded following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015. It consisted of 19 communes, which joined the canton of Provins in 2015.

## Composition

The canton of Villiers-Saint-Georges was composed of 19 communes:
* Augers-en-Brie
* Beauchery-Saint-Martin
* Beton-Bazoches
* Cerneux
* Chalautre-la-Grande
* Champcenest
* Courchamp
* Courtacon
* Léchelle
* Louan-Villegruis-Fontaine
* Les Marêts
* Melz-sur-Seine
* Montceaux-lès-Provins
* Rupéreux
* Saint-Martin-du-Boschet
* Sancy-lès-Provins
* Sourdun
* Villiers-Saint-Georges
* Voulton
# John MacKay MacLennan

John MacKay MacLennan (1885–1977) was a Scottish minister, who served as Moderator of the General Assembly of the Free Church of Scotland in 1938.

## Life

He graduated with an MA from the University of Edinburgh in 1915.
From 1915 to 1923 he was minister of the Free Church in Glenurquhart then minister of Lairg Free Church from 1923 to 1965.
He died in Inverness on 25 August 1977, aged 92, and is buried in the churchyard at Kirkton of Lochalsh, a hamlet near Balmacara.
# John MacKay Shaw

John MacKay Shaw (15 May 1897 – 15 March 1984) was a Scottish-American business executive, bibliophile, philanthropist, and writer. He was interested in the tradition of poetry in the English language from the seventeenth through the twentieth centuries. He was especially attentive to its treatment of the theme of childhood.

## Early life

Shaw was born on 15 May 1897, in Glasgow, Scotland. His father immigrated to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to find work and the rest of the family followed him in 1911. He left school at the age of 14 and went first to work at John Wanamaker's department store as an errand boy and later to Wharton Business School where he took stenographic courses. During World War I, he joined the Ambulance Corps and served in France.

## Career

After the war, Shaw joined the steno pool at Mitten Management but he was chosen by the president of the company, Thomas Mitten, to serve as his private secretary. His specialty was in the field of public relations and advertising. When Mitten died, Shaw left the company to work as a public relations executive for the Bell Telephone System. In this role, he worked on the weekly radio program "The Bell Telephone Hour" and redesigned the New York City Yellow Pages.
While working for the company, he began to collect British and American poetry by and about children. He joined the Grolier Club and the American Library Association. When he retired in 1959, he donated almost 6,000 volumes to Florida State University. He created an 11-volume annotated bibliography, Childhood in Poetry. He was awarded an honorary doctor of humane letters in 1972.

## Later life

Shaw died on 15 March 1984, in Tallahassee, Florida.
# Persinunga River

Persinunga River is a river along the border between Alagoas and Pernambuco states in eastern Brazil.
# Persiophis

Persiophis is a genus of snake in the family Colubridae that contains the sole species Persiophis fahimii. It is commonly known as Fahimi's ground snake.
It is found in Iran.
# Persip Pasee

Persatuan Sepakbola Indonesia Pasee (simply known as Persip Pasee) is an Indonesian football club based in North Aceh Regency, Aceh. They currently compete in the Liga 3.
# Canton of Magny-le-Désert

The canton of Magny-le-Désert is an administrative division of the Orne department, northwestern France. It was created at the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015. Its seat is in Magny-le-Désert.
It consists of the following communes:
* Avoine
* Boucé
* Carrouges
* Chahains
* Le Champ-de-la-Pierre
* La Chaux
* Ciral
* Écouché-les-Vallées
* Fleuré
* Joué-du-Bois
* Joué-du-Plain
* La Lande-de-Goult
* La Lande-de-Lougé
* Lougé-sur-Maire
* Magny-le-Désert
* Méhoudin
* Le Ménil-Scelleur
* Monts-sur-Orne
* La Motte-Fouquet
* L'Orée-d'Écouves
* Rânes
* Rouperroux
* Saint-Brice-sous-Rânes
* Saint-Ellier-les-Bois
* Sainte-Marguerite-de-Carrouges
* Sainte-Marie-la-Robert
* Saint-Georges-d'Annebecq
* Saint-Martin-des-Landes
* Saint-Martin-l'Aiguillon
* Saint-Ouen-le-Brisoult
* Saint-Patrice-du-Désert
* Saint-Sauveur-de-Carrouges
* Sevrai
* Tanques
* Vieux-Pont
# Perseverance (song)

"Perseverance" is a song by English rock band Terrorvision, written by the band and produced by Gil Norton. Recorded at Parkgate Studios in Battle, England, it is the third track on their third studio album, Regular Urban Survivors (1996). The band's frontman, Tony Wright, composed the music by stitching together several guitar riffs and penned the lyric based on his personal opinions and experiences, including a line about whales and dolphins that has resounded with audiences.
Released as a single through Total Vegas and EMI Records on 19 February 1996, "Perseverance" debuted and peaked at number five on the UK Singles Chart, becoming Terrorvision's highest-charting single until "Tequila" peaked at number two in 1999. Despite its success, it spent only four weeks in the UK top 100. An accompanying music video was made for the song, featuring the band performing the song in front of coloured backgrounds while wearing matching outfits; it was directed by Jeferey Levy.

## Background

In an interview with Songwriting magazine, Terrorvision frontman Tony Wright explained that "Perseverance" was born out of a series of instrumental riffs sewn together, unlike the band's usual process of composing the majority of a song and playing the results for one another. The song's lyric stems from the opening line: "I was high on a Molotov of cocktails"; when Wright presented this lyric to his bandmates, writing the rest of the song became easier. He also wanted to put the phrase "whales and dolphins" into the song because of his affinity toward the two animals, and he believes that line was what seized the listeners' attentions. Several other lines were reflective of Wright's life at the time. Eventually, the band went to Parkgate Studios in Battle, England, to record the song. Although it was still unfinished before the session commenced, the band and producer Gil Norton continued to build on the song, including adding the brass portions of the track.

## Release and reception

"Perseverance" was released as a single in the United Kingdom on 19 February 1996. Reviewing the song in their 9 March 1996 issue, Music & Media magazine commented that the song was "catchy" and referred to the "grungy" guitars as "infectious". On the week beginning 25 February 1996, the song debuted at its peak of number five on the UK Singles Chart, becoming Terrorvision's seventh top-40 hit, first top-five single, and highest-charting song until 1999, when "Tequila" peaked at number two. The following week, it dropped to number 21, then left the top 100 two weeks later. On the Scottish Singles Chart, the track peaked at number nine. It appeared on the Eurochart Hot 100 for three issues, debuting at number 38 on 9 March, rising to its peak of number 29 the following week, then plummeting to number 100 on 23 March.

## Personnel

Personnel are adapted from the UK CD1 liner notes and the Regular Urban Survivors booklet.

## Charts

| Chart (1996) | Peak position |
| Europe (Eurochart Hot 100) | 29 |
| Scotland (OCC) | 9 |
| UK Singles (OCC) | 5 |
# Canyon Crossroads

Canyon Crossroads is a 1955 American Western film directed by Alfred L. Werker and stars Richard Basehart, Phyllis Kirk and Stephen Elliott.

## Plot

Near Moab, Utah, mining engineer Larry Kendall (Richard Basehart) is searching for large uranium deposits and joins forces with Katherine Rand (Phyllis Kirk) and her father, Dr. Andrew Rand (Russell Collins). When Dr. Rand is hurt in an accident, Kendall and Katherine continue on, enlisting the help of an Indian guide, Charlie Rivers (Alan Wells).
Larry realizes Larson (Stephen Elliott), a rival mining engineer, has sent Pete Barnwell (Charles Wagenheim) to trail them. After finding uranium ore in a series of caverns, they send Charlie back with ore samples to take to the Atomic Energy Commission office in Moab, while Larry and Kathy stay behind to protect their claim. While they had been at odds earlier, the pair now realize they are falling in love.
Barnwell finds their location and attacks them, shooting Kathy, and setting off an explosion that seals the entrance to the cavern. Knowing that Charlie has ore samples, Barnwell kills him in an ambush and steals the samples.
In the morning, when Kathy sees bats returning, they both realize that there is a small opening that at least Larry can climb through. Finding a horse that they had tied up, Larry heads off to town, but Barnwell is already at the Atomic Energy Commission office, plotting to turn the samples in for himself, when Larson shows up.
The two thieves employ a helicopter to get back to the mine where Kathy is still trapped. While Barnwell is left to guard the cavern entrance, Larson takes to his helicopter to chase down Larry. When Charlie's brothers find his body, Joe (Richard Hale) and Mickey Rivers (Tommy Cook), follow his tracks to the cavern where Joe forces a confession from Barnwell and kills him.
The two Rivers brothers set out for Moab and find Larry on the way who tells them that Kathy is wounded and trapped. The group gets back to the cavern just as Larson returns. In the ensuing shootout, Larry kills Larson, then radios in for help. With the rescue service on its way, Larry and Kathy comfort each other.

## Cast

* Richard Basehart as Larry Kendall
* Phyllis Kirk as Katherine Rand
* Stephen Elliott as Larson
* Russell Collins as Dr. Andrew Rand
* Richard Hale as Joe Rivers
* Charles Wagenheim as Pete Barnwell
* Alan Wells as Charlie Rivers
* Tommy Cook as Mickey Rivers
* William Pullen as Harry—AEC Clerk

## Production

Canyon Crossroads was set in and near Moab, Utah, with 90% of the production shot entirely on location in 1954 at Professor Valley and along the Colorado River. Moab locations, the site of many previous Hollywood productions, were employed, although "no sets were constructed".

## Reception

Film historians Jack Hardwick and Ed Schnepf described Canyon Crossroads as "fair entertainment", claiming that the film "... was the first good guys-bad guys helicopter chase picture." A Bell 47 helicopter was featured in the film.
# Canyon Dam (California)

Canyon Dam (National ID # CA00327m also known as Lake Almanor Dam) is an embankment dam on the North Fork Feather River in northern California, 16 mi (26 km) southwest of Westwood. Located about 8 miles (13 km) southeast of Chester, the dam forms Lake Almanor, a large and shallow reservoir surrounded by the Cascade mountains.
First constructed in 1910 by the Great Western Power Company as part of the Upper North Fork Feather River Project, the dam was originally planned to be built of masonry but was later changed to an earthfill design. The dam's primary purpose was to store water for the Western Canal Company, an irrigation district in the Central Valley and a subsidiary of Great Western. The dam provided flows for a hydroelectric plant about 40 miles (64 km) downstream at the Big Bend Powerhouse, today submerged by the reservoir behind Oroville Dam. Canyon Dam was modified in 1927 and 1962 to increase its usable storage. Today the dam and reservoir, owned by Pacific Gas and Electric, supply water to the 41 megawatt Butt Valley Powerhouse and provide summer flow for six hydroelectric plants on the North Fork Feather River downstream.
# Pershing Square

Pershing Square may refer to:
* Pershing Square, a plaza in downtown Los Angeles
* Pershing Square Building (Los Angeles), kitty-corner from Pershing Square in downtown Los Angeles
* Pershing Square, Manhattan
* Pershing Square Capital Management
* Pershing Square Foundation, a private family foundation ran by the CEO of Pershing Square Capital Management
* Pershing Square Building in Manhattan
* Pershing Square Viaduct, another name for the Park Avenue Viaduct, Manhattan
* Pershing Square (train), a named passenger train of the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad, see List of named passenger trains of the United States (N–R)
* Pershing Square Cafe in Manhattan – see Pershing Square, Manhattan
# Pershing Square Signature Center

The Pershing Square Signature Center is a complex of three Off-Broadway theatres in the Theatre Row section of West 42nd Street in New York City. It is on the first floors of the 43-floor MiMa Building apartment complex. Pershing Square Signature Center is the theatrical home and headquarters of Signature Theatre Company. The individual theaters are also available to rent and have hosted several notable productions. The New Group frequently presents their work at the Pershing Square Signature Center.
The theatre derives its name from the Pershing Square Foundation, which donated $25 million to the theatre. The complex is more than a mile west of Manhattan's Pershing Square, which is also on 42nd Street.
In October 2008, Signature announced the building of the Pershing Square Signature Center. Designed by Frank Gehry Architects, the Center comprises the three theatres, two rehearsal studios, a café and bar, bookstore, and offices all on one level. It opened in 2012.
The Irene Diamond Stage has a seating capacity of 294 seats, the Alice Griffin Jewel Box Theatre has a seating capacity of 191 seats and the flexible Romulus Linney Courtyard Theatre has a capacity of 199 to 250, depending on the seating configuration.
# ARQ

ARQ or Arq may refer to:
* Automatic Repeat-reQuest, an error control mechanism for data transmission
* An admission request in H.323 Registration, Admission and Status (RAS) messages
* ARQ (film), a 2016 American film
* ARQ (journal), an architecture journal
* ISO 639-3 code for Algerian Arabic
* ARQ, a query engine for Jena
# 2008 European Road Championships

The 2008 European Road Championships were held in Stresa, Pettenasco, Arona and Verbania, in the province of Novare and Verbano-Cusio-Ossola, Italy, between 3 July and 6 July 2008. Regulated by the European Cycling Union. The event consisted of a road race and a time trial for men and women under 23 and juniors.

## Events summary

| Event | Gold | Gold | Silver | Silver | Bronze | Bronze |
| Men's Under-23 Events |||||||
| Road race details | Cyril Gautier France | 3h 39' 49" | Paul Voss Germany | + 24" | Timofey Kritskiy Russia | s.t. |
| Time trial details | Adriano Malori Italy | 27' 56" | Timofey Kritskiy Russia | + 7" | Artem Ovechkin Russia | + 21" |
| Women's Under-23 Events |||||||
| Road race details | Rasa Leleivytė Lithuania | 3h 50' 56" | Lesya Kalytovska Ukraine | s.t. | Marta Bastianelli Italy | s.t. |
| Time trial details | Ellen van Dijk Netherlands | 32' 33" | Svitlana Halyuk Ukraine | + 5" | Lesya Kalytovska Ukraine | + 8" |
| Men's Junior Events |||||||
| Road race | Johan Le Bon France | 3h 13' 57" | Luke Rowe Great Britain | s.t. | Piotr Gawronski Poland | s.t. |
| Time trial | Michał Kwiatkowski Poland | 20' 09" | Vegard Breen Norway | + 3" | Johan Le Bon France | + 14" |
| Women's Junior Events |||||||
| Road race | Valentina Scandolara Italy | 2h 22' 06" | Valeriya Kononenko Ukraine | s.t. | Jessie Daams Belgium | s.t. |
| Time trial | Valeriya Kononenko Ukraine | 23' 02" | Jacqueline Hahn Austria | + 35" | Maria Mishina Russia | + 45" |

## Medal table

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| 1 | France (FRA) | 2 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
| 1 | Italy (ITA) | 2 | 0 | 1 | 3 |
| 3 | Ukraine (UKR) | 1 | 3 | 1 | 5 |
| 4 | Poland (POL) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| 5 | Lithuania (LTU) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 5 | Netherlands (NLD) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 7 | Russia (RUS) | 0 | 1 | 3 | 4 |
| 8 | Austria (AUT) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 8 | Germany (GER) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 8 | Great Britain (GBR) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 8 | Norway (NOR) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 12 | Belgium (BEL) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (12 entries) | Totals (12 entries) | 8 | 8 | 8 | 24 |
# Buckbrush

Buckbrush is the common name for several species of North American shrubs that deer feed on, including but probably not limited to:
* Cephalanthus occidentalis
* Phyllanthopsis phyllanthoides, maidenbrush (south-central U.S.)
* Some western North American species of the genus Ceanothus, especially:
** Ceanothus cuneatus
* Purshia tridentata and P. stansburiana (dry regions of western North America)
* Symphoricarpos orbiculatus, native to the eastern United States and Canada
# Pilocrocis nubilinea

Pilocrocis nubilinea is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by George Thomas Bethune-Baker in 1909. It is found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Orientale).
# Phyllomys sulinus

The southern Atlantic tree-rat (Phyllomys sulinus) is a species of spiny rat from South America, described in 2008. It is found in the subtropical region of southern Brazil, from the states of São Paulo to Rio Grande do Sul.
The etymology of the species name derives from the Portuguese word sul, meaning "south", and pertains to its southern geographic range.
# A Heart Whose Love Is Innocent

A Heart Whose Love Is Innocent is Tristesse de la Lune's first full-length album.

## Track listing

* "Coriolis" – 4:47
* "Die Andere In Dir" – 5:51
* "Queen of the Damned (Album Version)" – 4:22
* "Poisoned Souls" – 5:14
* "Stone" – 3:58
* "All the Pain" – 4:22
* "Unsichtbare Erinnerung" – 4:16
* "Eiskalte Liebe (feat. Erk Aicrag)" – 4:59
* "Strangeland" – 4:46
* "Ein Mensch Wie Du" – 5:41
* "Desire" – 5:41
* "Leave It All Behind" – 3:35

## Singles

* Eiskalte Liebe (feat. Hocico-singer Erk Aicrag), 2002
* Queen of the Damned, 2003
# Center for Research on Antisemitism

The Center for Research on Antisemitism (Zentrum für Antisemitismusforschung, ZfA) at Technische Universität Berlin is a research centre dedicated to researching antisemitism. It was founded in 1982. Historian Wolfgang Benz headed the institute from 1990 to 2011.

## History

Historian Moshe Zimmermann considers Heinz Galinski, president of the Central Council of Jews in Germany, and Rolf Berger, president of Technische Universität Berlin as the founding fathers of the center. According to Zimmerman, Galinski saw the 40th anniversary of the Kristallnacht pogrom in 1978 and the gap in the systematic study of antisemitism as the ideal time to launch an academic research center. Berger approached Mayor of West Berlin Dietrich Stobbe, who was keen to support as a sign of solidarity with the Jewish community in Germany.
After an initial faculty meeting in November 1978, the university struggled to establish the center. The Center for Research on Antisemitism (ZfA) was officially established in 1982. Founding director Herbert A. Strauss gave his inaugural address on November 9, 1982, called "Research on Antisemitism as a Science". According to Zimmerman, Strauss followed the socio-historical methods of prejudice research in the United States and Great Britain, which emphasized the uniqueness of antisemitism.
Under Strauss's successor Wolfgang Benz, who took over in 1990, ZfA was part of the public debate about to what extent antisemitism should be researched within the context of research into general prejudice. Under Benz, the center became the first Holocaust research center in Germany.
Stefanie Schüler-Springorum has been the center's director since 2011.