OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Christopher Edwards Gadsden

Christopher Edwards Gadsden (November 25, 1785 – June 24, 1852) was the fourth Episcopal Bishop of South Carolina.

## Early life

Gadsden was born in Charleston, South Carolina in 1785, the son of Philip Gadsden and his wife, Catherine Edwards. He was a grandson of Christopher Gadsden, the South Carolina Revolutionary leader. One of his brothers, John Gadsden, served two terms as the Mayor of Charleston, and another brother, James Gadsden, was the namesake of the Gadsden Purchase.
As a youth, he attended both the Episcopal Church of his father and his mother's Congregational Church. Beginning in his junior year, Gadsden attended Yale University, graduating in 1804. He was ordained deacon in the Episcopal Church in 1807 by Bishop Moore, and in 1810 was ordained priest by Bishop Madison.

## Career

Soon thereafter, he became rector of St. John's Church in Berkeley County, South Carolina. In 1814, Gadsden became rector of St. Philip's Church in Charleston, the oldest congregation in the diocese. He received a doctorate of divinity the following year from South Carolina College.
In 1840, after the death of Bishop Bowen, a dispute arose in the diocese over who would succeed him. Gadsden was elected, and was consecrated bishop in Trinity Church in Boston. Gadsden was the 35th bishop in the ECUSA, and was consecrated by Alexander Viets Griswold, George Washington Doane, and Samuel Allen McCoskry. Gadsden was active in expanding the membership of the Episcopal Church in South Carolina, usually visiting each congregation once a year. In 1852, at the diocese convention, he announced that ill health would prevent him from continuing his ministry, and he died shortly thereafter, in June of that year.

## Personal life

He married Eliza Bowman in 1816. She died in 1826, and Gadsden remarried in 1830 to Jane Dewees, the youngest daughter of William Dewees. He had no children by his first marriage, but had eight with his second wife.
# Ghaem Metro Station (Mashhad Metro)

36°17′39.64″N 59°34′42.97″E﻿ / ﻿36.2943444°N 59.5786028°E﻿ / 36.2943444; 59.5786028
Ghaem Metro Station is a station of Mashhad Metro Line 1. The station opened on 10 October 2011. It is located on Ahmadabad Blvd.
# Coniolepiota

Coniolepiota is a fungal genus in the family Agaricaceae. The genus is monotypic, containing only a single species, Coniolepiota spongodes. It was first described from Thailand, and later also reported from Bangladesh and China. The species has also been observed in Malaysia, Singapore, Cambodia, Indonesia, Taiwan, Philippines, and South Africa.
# Radiance (1998 film)

Radiance is a 1998 Australian independent film. It is the first feature film directed by Rachel Perkins, and only the third feature directed by an Indigenous Australian person. It is about three Indigenous sisters who reunite for their mother's funeral, and is based on the 1993 play written by Louis Nowra.

## Plot

Three sisters, Cressy, Nona, and Mae, who have not seen each other for a long time, are brought together after their mother dies, to arrange her funeral. Mae is wears her mother's wedding dress, while she and Nona argue about what to do with their mother's ashes. They each try to grab the ashes, which then spill all over Cressy.

## Cast

* Rachael Maza as Cressy
* Deborah Mailman as Nona
* Trisha Morton-Thomas as Mae
* Russell Kiefel as Father Doyle

## Production

Rachel Perkins became aware of the play when she saw Trisha Morton-Thomas perform Mae's beach monologue as a part of the Eora College end-of-year student showcase. Perkins called Louis Nowra to adapt it into a half-hour drama, but Nowra suggested they make it as a feature film. It was her first feature fiction film as a director, and only the third feature film directed by an Indigenous Australian person, following Jindalee Lady (1992) and BeDevil (1993).
Perkins said later that it took a long time to cast the main characters, who included Deb Mailman, then a newcomer from Brisbane, and that they rehearsed for six weeks before filming began. The actors got to know their characters really well, and added ideas to the script.
Louis Nowra wrote the script, Ned Lander produced the film, and the cinematographer was Warwick Thornton.
Radiance was filmed at Agnes Water, Rosedale, Childers, Bundaberg, and Hervey Bay in Queensland, and in Sydney.

## Awards
### Australian Film Institute

* Best Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role: Deborah Mailman
* Nominations:
** Best Achievement in Direction, Best Achievement in Editing, Best Achievement in Production Design, Best Film, Best Screenplay Adapted from Another Source

### Australian Screen Sound Guild

* Best Achievement in Sound Design & FX Editing for a Feature Film

### Canberra International Film Festival

* Audience Award

### Film Critics Circle of Australia Awards

* Best Actor – Female: Deborah Mailman
* Nomination: Best Screenplay – Adapted

### Melbourne International Film Festival

* Most Popular Feature Film
# 1930 County Championship

The 1930 County Championship was the 37th officially organised running of the County Championship. Lancashire County Cricket Club won the championship title for the sixth time.

## Table

* Eight points were awarded for a win
* Four points were awarded for a tie
* Five points for the side leading after the first innings of a drawn match
* Three points for the side losing after the first innings of a drawn match
* Four points for the sides if tied after the first innings of a drawn match
* Four points for a no result on first innings (after more than six hours of playing time)
* If the weather reduces a match to less than six hours and there has not been a result on first innings then the match shall be void.
County Championship table :
| Team | Pld | W | L | DWF | DLF | NR | Pts |
| Lancashire | 28 | 10 | 0 | 8 | 5 | 5 | 155 |
| Gloucestershire | 28 | 15 | 4 | 2 | 6 | 1 | 152 |
| Yorkshire | 28 | 11 | 2 | 6 | 4 | 5 | 150 |
| Nottinghamshire | 28 | 9 | 1 | 10 | 5 | 3 | 149 |
| Kent | 28 | 12 | 7 | 5 | 4 | 0 | 133 |
| Essex | 28 | 7 | 5 | 7 | 6 | 3 | 121 |
| Sussex | 28 | 7 | 5 | 6 | 8 | 2 | 118 |
| Surrey | 28 | 3 | 4 | 13 | 5 | 3 | 116 |
| Derbyshire | 28 | 7 | 8 | 4 | 6 | 3 | 106 |
| Worcestershire | 28 | 5 | 9 | 8 | 5 | 1 | 99 |
| Glamorgan | 28 | 5 | 9 | 6 | 4 | 4 | 98 |
| Leicestershire | 28 | 4 | 10 | 6 | 5 | 3 | 89 |
| Hampshire | 28 | 5 | 8 | 1 | 14 | 0 | 87 |
| Somerset | 28 | 4 | 11 | 7 | 4 | 2 | 87 |
| Warwickshire | 28 | 2 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 2 | 85 |
| Middlesex | 28 | 3 | 9 | 3 | 10 | 3 | 81 |
| Northamptonshire | 28 | 4 | 12 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 78 |
# Civil Disobedients

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Punktastic | |
| Soundscape | 8/10 |
Civil Disobedients is the debut album by UK ska-core band Capdown, released on 22 May 2000, through Household Name Records.
It was included in NME magazine's Top 100 Greatest Albums of the Decade list.

## Personnel

Credits adapted from liner notes.
* Jake Sims-Fielding – vocals, saxophone
* Keith Minter – guitar, vocals
* Kus (a.k.a. Cousin Cleotis) – keyboards
* Robin "Boob" Goold – bass guitar
* Tim Macdonald – drums

## Release history

| Country | Date | Label | Format | Catalogue number |
| United Kingdom | 22 May 2000 | Household Name Records | CD | HAUS032 |
| United Kingdom | 2000 | Peter Bower Records | Vinyl | PBR 006 |
# Fission fragment reactor

Similar to how the fission-fragment rocket produces thrust, a fission fragment reactor is a nuclear reactor that generates electricity by decelerating an ion beam of fission byproducts instead of using nuclear reactions to generate heat. By doing so, it bypasses the Carnot cycle and can achieve efficiencies of up to 90% instead of 40-45% attainable by efficient turbine-driven thermal reactors. The fission fragment ion beam would be passed through a magnetohydrodynamic generator to produce electricity.
Fission fragment reactor designs generally have several common components. The reactor chamber contains a high surface area nuclear fuel to both facilitate direct emission of fission fragments and assist in cooling the fuel. Generally, if fuels subject to criticality are used instead of those that naturally decay (as in a nuclear battery), a moderator is typically involved as well. A magnetic mirror induced by an axial magnetic field typically collates the fragments into a beam that can then be decelerated to generate power. The rate the particles decelerate at depends on their energy; as a consequence, the deceleration process also can help provide isotopic separation as an automatic reprocessing stage. The potential could exist for conventional nuclear waste to be processed via the use of fission fragment reactors.
An earlier design by scientists at Idaho National Engineering Laboratory and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory involved the concept of coating fine carbon wires with fissionable fuel. While this had a high surface area, it proved not enough to radiate the heat absorbed during the reactions, so their design was modified to rotate long wires through the core, giving them time to cool.
A later design by Rodney A. Clark and Robert B. Sheldon involves the use of a dusty plasma of electrostatically suspended fuel nanoparticles in the core. This increases the surface area enough to allow for effective radiative cooling. As the particles naturally ionize as fission occurs, electrostatic suspension is a simple process.

## Direct energy conversion

In the early 2000s, research was undertaken by Sandia National Laboratories, Los Alamos National Laboratory, The University of Florida, Texas A&M University and General Atomics to use direct conversion to extract energy from fission reactions. Essentially, attempting to extract energy from the linear motion of charged particles coming off a fission reaction.
# Charles Kirk

Charles Kirk may refer to:
* Charles Kirk (architect) (1791–1847), English builder
* Charlie Kirk (born 1993), American political activist, founder of Turning Point USA
* Charlie Kirk (footballer) (born 1997), English footballer.
# Claire Field

Claire Field is an Australian artist and curator.
She is co-founder of the collaborative project Favour Economy, with Bronwyn Treacy and Alexandra Pedley. Favour Economy is a digital platform for women artists and industry peers to share their experiences with others through an audio "favour". The project began in 2015, and the audio recordings are published annually as a podcast. Favour Economy is currently co-led by Claire Field, Stella Chen and MX Tonié Field.
Favour Economy was a participant in the Doing Feminism; Sharing the World residency program (curated by Anne Marsh and Caroline Phillips), and the Aesthetics, Politics and Histories: The Social Context of Art 2018 AAANZ Conference at RMIT School of Art. Volume 1 (2015–2016) and Volume 2 (2016–2017) of the Favour Economy archives were installed as a participatory installation at George Paton Gallery, Melbourne and AIRspace Projects, Sydney (2017), with Volumes 1, 2 and 3 exhibited at Museum of Contemporary Art Australia ARTBAR Things We Do Together curated by Lara Merrett in Sydney 2019.
Field co-curated, with Tian Zhang, the exhibition Site of Passage, at Customs House, NSW, in 2019. The exhibition included the work of 9 contemporary Australian artists; Atong Atem, Cigdem Aydemir, Anindita Banerjee, Liam Benson, Vonda Keji, Nikki Lam, Nicole Monks, Raquel Ormella and Christian Thompson who each investigate aspects of who they are in their work and through this process claim parts of themselves that may have been complicated or obscured by colonisation, displacement or migration. Site of Passage referenced the history of the Customs House as a place of cross-cultural interaction as the point of immigration into Sydney for over 140 years and acknowledges that Warrane (Circular Quay) was the site of first contact between the Gadigal and the British, a moment in time that led to the invasion of Aboriginal land and the dispossession of Aboriginal people and their cultures.
In Field's practice as a visual artist, she exhibited work as part of the RMIT University VVitchVVaVVe Post Digital Aesthetics Symposium(2018 curated by Nancy Mauro-Flude and Tom Penney) and has held two solo exhibitions at Salamanca Arts Centre, Hobart: 2002 Kelly's Garden, curated by Arjan Kok, and 2005 Cluster Obscurer.
# Cope's eastern Paraguay tree frog

Cope's eastern Paraguay tree frog (Boana polytaenia) is a species of frog in the family Hylidae endemic to Brazil. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, rivers, intermittent rivers, freshwater marshes, intermittent freshwater marshes, arable land, pastureland, plantations, rural gardens, urban areas, heavily degraded former forests, ponds, irrigated land, and canals and ditches.
# Coniogyra

Coniogyra is a genus of moth in the family Gelechiidae. It contains the species Coniogyra dilucescens, which is found in Zimbabwe.
The wingspan is about 7 mm. The forewings are whitish, in the disc with a few grey scales, towards the margins rather strongly irrorated (speckled) with dark grey. The plical and second discal stigmata are obscure and grey. The hindwings are pale grey.
# Kedar Shah

Kedar Shah (born 23 March 1923) was an Indian water polo player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1952 Summer Olympics.
# Chalcosyrphus nitidus

Chalcosyrphus nitidus is a species of hoverfly in the family Syrphidae.

## Distribution

Russia.
# Clark's Tree

Clark's Tree is a bronze memorial sculpture in Long Beach, Washington commemorating Lewis and Clark's journey across North America. It sits on a dune above the Pacific Ocean beach at Breakers near where Clark carved a message on a living tree to establish United States precedence of discovery and occupation in what was then the Oregon Country. The memorial was created by Stanley Wanlass, a sculptor educated at Brigham Young University. The sculpture marks the westernmost and northernmost point of Lewis and Clark's journey on the Pacific coast.
The sculpture was built in Clarkston, then barged down the Columbia River in 2003 with stops for public viewing in Richland, Hood River, Portland and Vancouver, then into the Pacific Ocean to reach Long Beach. In the process the sculpture was nearly lost at sea, according to Wanlass.
Another marker with the same name was constructed in 1932 at 3rd and Pacific in Long Beach's downtown area.
# Flag of Gloucestershire

The Gloucestershire flag, also known as the Severn Cross, was the winning entry in a competition held by the then High Sheriff of Gloucestershire, Jonathan Carr, to commemorate the 1000th anniversary of the county in March 2008. Prior to 2008, the banner of arms for Gloucestershire County Council was used as the de facto flag for the county. The new flag is coloured blue, cream and green, representing the River Severn, Cotswold stone and the Golden Valley, Stroud respectively.

## History

Prior to 2008, there was a flag of Gloucestershire available, but was actually the banner of arms for Gloucestershire County Council and therefore not the county flag. The new flag was registered in March 2008, and is named the Severn Cross.
The design was the winning entry in a 2008 competition, judged by High Sheriff of Gloucestershire, Jonathan Carr, in celebration of a millennium of the county's existence. In addition, Carr stated that many counties of the West Country had their own flags and this anniversary presented the opportunity to add Gloucestershire's flag. In addition, the winner would take home a prize of £250.
The competition had over 1000 entries, and the winning entry was designed by Jeremy Bentail, a mental health worker. The 80 best entries were then displayed at the Shire Hall. Once the winner had been chosen, the first thirty flags produced were flown by district councils and University of Gloucestershire.

## Design

The flag comprises a cross of mid-blue, outlined in cream, against an apple green background. The blue represents the River Severn, the green represents the Golden Valley, Stroud and the cream represents Cotswold stone.
# Cothen

Cothen is a village in the Dutch province of Utrecht. It is a part of the municipality of Wijk bij Duurstede, and lies about 10 km (6 mi) southeast of Houten.
The skyline of Cothen is characterized by a church and a windmill called Oog In 't Zeil.

## History

The village was first mentioned in the 12th century Coten, and means "little house/farm". Cothen developed into a stretched out esdorp along the Kromme Rijn. Castle Rhijnestein [nl] was located on the other side of the river. The tower of the castle dates from the 14th century. The current building dates from 1873. The oldest parts of the Dutch Reformed Church are from the 13th century. The church burned down in 1673, and was rebuilt in 1735 and extended in 1890.
In 1840, Cothen was home to 665 people. The grist mill Oog In 't Zeil was constructed in 1869. In 1904, an engine was installed in case there wasn't enough wind. In 1936, the top was removed, and only the base remained. In 1985, the remainder burnt down, and the entire windmill was rebuilt in 1987. It is still sometimes for grinding. The village used to be a separate municipality. In 1996, it became a part of Wijk bij Duurstede.

## Gallery

* Snack bar in Cothen
* Castle Rhijnestein
* View along the canal
* Church: the Sint-Petrus and Pauluskerk
# Gezina van der Molen

Gezina Hermina Johanna van der Molen (Baflo, 20 January 1892 - Aerdenhout, 9 October 1978) was a Dutch legal scholar and resistance fighter during the Second World War. From 1924 to 1929, she studied law at the Free University of Amsterdam — the first female student to do so — and was also the first woman to obtain a doctoral degree from there. She dealt with numerous issues: the rights of women, apartheid in South Africa, the United Nations, the South Moluccas and New Guinea.

## Work

* Alberto Gentili and the Development of International Law. His Life Work and Times. Leyden, A.W.Sijthoff, 1968, 2nd, revised edition.
# Raduša (Užice)

Raduša (Serbian Cyrillic: Радуша) is a village located in the Užice municipality of Serbia. In the 2002 census, the village had a population of 524.
43°50′19″N 19°35′32″E﻿ / ﻿43.83861°N 19.59222°E﻿ / 43.83861; 19.59222
* This Zlatibor District, Serbia location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Concho Lake

Concho Lake is an irrigation reservoir situated in the town of Concho, in the eastern Arizona grasslands at 6,300 feet (1,900 m). Much of the surrounding land is privately owned; the rest is owned by the Bureau of Land Management, but is managed for sport fisheries and wildlife resources by the Arizona Game and Fish.

## Description

Concho Lake is a small, shallow, weedy lake. It has 60 acres (24 ha) with a maximum depth of 16 feet (4.9 m) and an average depth of 6 feet (1.8 m). A small watershed and nearby spring feed the lake. Following current management plans, the Arizona Game and Fish stocks catchable-sized rainbow trout during spring months. Green sunfish and an occasional largemouth bass also occur at this lake. The lake gets drawn down considerably in the summer for irrigation.

## Fish species

* Rainbow
* Largemouth Bass
* Sunfish
# Charles Ntakirutinka

Charles Ntakirutinka is a former Transportation Minister in the post-genocide Rwandan government, who was later imprisoned on charges of creating civil disorder as well as planning assassinations. Amnesty International named him a prisoner of conscience and a 2011 "priority case".

## PDR-Ubuyanja

In May 2001, Charles Ntakirutinka helped found Le Parti Démocratique de Renouveau (Democratic Party for Renewal) or PDR-Ubuyanja with former President Pasteur Bizimungu. Bizumungu was promptly placed under house arrest by the government of current president Paul Kagame.
Ntakirutinka was arrested in April 2002 along with Bizimungu and six other men on charges of disturbing public order, provoking civil conflict and targeting government authorities for assassination. Following a 2004 trial that Amnesty International describes as "falling well short of international standards of fairness", including witness statements allegedly extracted under torture, he was sentenced to ten years in prison. Human Rights Watch also criticized the trial as "flawed", and noted Ntakirutinka's continued imprisonment in their 2009 annual report.
He appealed the ten year sentence, all the way to the Supreme Court of Rwanda. On 17 February 2006, Ntakirutinka's appeal was rejected by the Supreme Court. The Court also sanctioned new charges against the accused, including (a) the possession of a gun, (b) selling property in order to flee the country and (c) linking up with "remnant enemy" government forces operating in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
He was released on 1 March 2012 after serving his full ten-year sentence.
# Gabriel Larraín Valdivieso

Gabriel Larraín Valdivieso (January 26, 1925 – December 20, 2008) was a Chilean Bishop for the Catholic Church. Larraín Valdivieso was of Basque descent.

## Biography

In 1950, Larraín Valdivieso was ordained as a priest at the age of 25. On September 12, 1966 he was appointed as Bishop of Santiago de Chile, Chile. He was also appointed as Titular Bishop of Theudalis. He resigned as Bishop of Santiago de Chile in 1968. He resigned as Titular Bishop in 1975, he was succeeded by Guillermo Leaden, one of the oldest bishops in the Roman Catholic Church.
He died on December 20, 2008.
# Connells Group

Connells Limited, trading as Connells Group, is a British estate agency and property services company headquartered in Leighton Buzzard, and a subsidiary of Skipton Building Society.

## History

In 1936 the first Connells estate agency branch was opened in Luton, Bedfordshire.
Connells acquired Sequence estate agency in 2003', increasing its estate agency network to around 500 branches. In the same year, Connells acquired estate agency Sharman Quinney.
In 2008 Connells Group sold its remaining 18% stake in Rightmove plc.
In 2010 Skipton Building Society acquired nearly 100% of Connells Group. In the same year, Connells Group acquired a major shareholding in Vibrant Energy Matters.
In 2011 Connells Group acquired a shareholding in the conveyancing and remortgaging panel management services provider LMS Group. In the same year, Connells acquired independent estate agency Burchell Edwards including conveyancing firm Be Legal.
In 2012 Connells acquired a 25% strategic stake in residential property fund manager, Hearthstone Investments plc.
In 2014 Connells Group acquired the Peter Alan chain, which operates in south Wales, from the Principality Building Society for £16.4m.
In 2015 Connells group acquired the Liverpool business of Farrell Heyworth an independent Estate Agent, based in the North West of England.
In 2015 Connells Group acquired Gascoigne Halman estate agency, based in the North West of England.
In 2015 Connells Group acquired Gilbert & Thomas, based in Rutland.
In 2016 Connells Group acquired Rook Matthews Sayer estate agency, based in Newcastle upon Tyne.
In 2016 Connells Group acquired Paul Dubberley, based in the West Midlands.
In 2016 Connells Group acquired Touchstone Residential, operating in Kent, Buckinghamshire and the west country.
In 2021, the group purchased Countrywide, with branches across the UK.

## Criticism

Connells Estate Agents have faced criticism on a number occasions of hard selling and pressuring clients to use the groups in-house mortgage services using tactics such as not allowing viewings or to place offers on properties before signing up to the in-house service.
In February 2016 Connells appeared on a list of 92 companies which had in at least one instance been found to have failed to pay the minimum wage to employees. In April 2018 Connells Survey and Valuation business was named in the top 10 of UK companies with the highest gender pay gap.