OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Castle of the Counts of Modica (Alcamo)

The Castle of the Counts of Modica (or Castle of Alcamo) is a medieval castle situated in the town centre of Alcamo, in the province of Trapani, Sicily, southern Italy.

## History

In 1340 King Peter II of Sicily had given Raimondo Peralta terram Alcami et prefatum castrum Bonifati, without any mention about the castle; in fact, it is quoted, for the first time, in a diploma dated 1391. In this document the King Martino I confirmed to Enrico Ventimiglia, the concession made to his father, Guarnerio, by King Federico III de la terra e lu Castellu di Alcamu.
The construction of the castle was started by the Peralta family at about 1340 and was finished in 1350, under the feudatories Enrico and Federico Chiaramonte; it was a mansion and a defensive structure until the 16th century. If equipped with munitions and food, it could resist for a month and a half, quartering 30 companies of soldiers.
In 1392 king Martino and his wife were hosted in the castle after the Chiaramontes' defeat, and on September 1, 1535 the emperor Carlo V, during his return from his Tunis victory, lodged in one of its towers with his court and the infanta Eleonora d'Aragona.
In 1534 the castle was attacked by the Islamic pirate Barbarossa. From 1583 and until 1589 it had three restorations.
Since 1828, further to a sentence by Trapani Law Court, Alcamo municipality came into possession of the castle and in the following years it was used as a seat of municipal offices, prison and stable.
In 1870 there was another restoration. After the last restorations (made between 2000 and 2010), it has been used as the seat of the Ethnographic Museum and of the Historical Regional Vintage Wines Stock.

## Description

The castle has a rhomboidal shape, with a nearly rectangular courtyard. At the corners there are four battlemented towers (two square and two circular shaped), each of them with a particular function, that is:
* In the square and highest one (called “the main tower”) they tortured prisoners;
* the square and lowest one was reserved to sentinels;
* one of the circular towers was used to give hospitality to distinguished guests.
On the castle sides there are double and triple lancet windows of Gothic-Catalan derivation. Originally it had three doors, placed on the south, west and north sides.
In the past the castle was bounded by walls which served to hinder the castle's siege by war machines.
According to a hypothesis, which is still to be confirmed, under the castle maybe there are also some prison ditches which were used between the end of the 14th and the 18th century for the kings' imprisonment.
# Braddock's Battlefield History Center

Braddock's Battlefield History Center is a small American museum and visitors center on the site of the Battle of the Monongahela of July 9, 1755.
It features a collection of art, documents, and artifacts about the Braddock Expedition and the French and Indian War as it unfolded at the Forks of the Ohio. Located seven miles (10 km) east of downtown Pittsburgh in North Braddock, Pennsylvania, it is housed in a renovated car dealership along with a small gymnastics company on a three-acre parcel on a hillside that overlooks the Monongahela River Valley and the historic Edgar Thomson Works of United States Steel.
The museum was created by Robert T. Messner, a retired Pittsburgh lawyer and grandfather, with the support of local foundations, and it opened to the public on August 18, 2012. In December 2018, Messner donated the History Center to Fort Ligonier, which has operated the Center since May 2019.
# Keith Chater

Keith Frederick Chater FRS (born 23 April 1944) is a British microbiologist, and John Innes Foundation Emeritus Fellow, at John Innes Centre. He is a member of Faculty of 1000. He is honorary professor at University of East Anglia.

## Career

Chater studied for a PhD at the University of Birmingham working on transduction in Salmonella.

## Career and research

He joined the John Innes Centre in 1969 and began working with David Hopwood. His group developed the ΦC31 bacteriophage into a series of cloning vectors that are used to isolate genes in Streptomyces.
# Bouldin

Bouldin may refer to

## People

* Charles D. Bouldin (died 1882), American politician and newspaper publisher
* James Bouldin (1792 - 1854), U.S. Representative from Virginia
* Thomas Bouldin (1781 - 1834), U.S. Representative from Virginia
* Virgil Bouldin (1866–1949), justice of the Supreme Court of Alabama

## Places

* Bouldin Creek, a neighborhood in Austin, Texas
# Carlton and The Shoes

Carlton and The Shoes (sometimes credited as Carlton & His Shoes) are a Jamaican vocal group who had their greatest success in the late 1960s, as rocksteady gradually became reggae and were still active in 2008, most notably in Japan and Jamaica. The group had several Studio One recorded hits in Jamaica, most notably "Love Me Forever" in 1968.
The group is led by Carlton Manning, and the line-up was originally completed by his younger brothers Donald and Lynford (both members of The Abyssinians), and Alexander Henry. Manning originally named the group Carlton and his Shades, but a printer's mistake on their debut release (for Sonia Pottinger) led to the "Shoes" name sticking. Although their debut release made little impact, they moved on to work with Clement "Coxsone" Dodd at Studio One, where they enjoyed a massive rocksteady hit with "Love Me Forever".
"Love Me Forever" has been re-released and covered many times since, and the single's B-side, "Happy Land", formed the basis for The Abyssinians' "Satta Massagana", one of the most covered songs in the history of reggae. When Donald and Lynford formed The Abyssinians, Carlton remained at Studio One, continuing to make records, and working as a session guitarist. He continued to record through the 1970s and early 1980s, though never repeated his early success.
Lynford Manning died on 25 June 2024.

## Albums

* Love Me Forever (1978 - Studio One)
* This Heart of Mine (1982 - Quality Records)
* Sweet Feeling (1996 - Overheat Records)
# KSNY

KSNY may refer to:
* KSNY (AM), a radio station (1450 AM) licensed to Snyder, Texas, United States
* KSNY-FM, a radio station (101.5 FM) licensed to Snyder, Texas, United States
* The ICAO code for Sidney Municipal Airport (Nebraska)
# 1970 Italian Athletics Championships

The 1970 Italian Athletics Championships was the 50th edition of the Italian Athletics Championships and were held in Rome (track & field events).
# Pawnee Township, Sangamon County, Illinois

Pawnee Township is located in Sangamon County, Illinois, United States. As of the 2010 census, its population was 3,058 and it contained 1,275 housing units.

## Geography

According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of 27.11 square miles (70.2 km$^2$), of which 27.09 square miles (70.2 km$^2$) (or 99.93%) is land and 0.02 square miles (0.052 km$^2$) (or 0.07%) is water.
# CLF

CLF may refer to:
* CenturyLink Field, a stadium in Seattle, Washington
* Center for a Livable Future
* Chain link fence
* Chlorine monofluoride (ClF)
* Church of the Larger Fellowship, worldwide Unitarian Universalist congregation
* Clear Sky Lodge Airport's FAA LID code
* RAF Coltishall's IATA code
* Cleveland-Cliffs Inc., a business firm specializing in the mining of iron ore in the United States
* Clifton Forge (Amtrak station)'s station code
* The Congressional Leadership Fund, dedicated to electing Republicans to the U.S. House of Representatives
* Conservation Law Foundation, a legal environmental advocacy organization
* Common Log Format - A standardized text file format usually associated with web server logs
* Common Look and Feel, a Government of Canada Internet standard
* Commonwealth Literary Fund (1908–1974), an Australian Government body
* Unidad de Fomento, ISO 4217 code of a Chilean unit of account
# Bowenfels, New South Wales

Bowenfels is a small town on the western outskirts of Lithgow, New South Wales, Australia.
Today there are effectively two Bowenfels. Near Lithgow, on the Great Western Highway, is Bowenfels (with the homestead of the valley's first settler, Andrew Brown). About a kilometre south is South Bowenfels. Although both are now essentially suburbs of Lithgow, Bowenfels was, in fact, the first settlement in the valley, pre-dating the existence of Lithgow by nearly 40 years.

## History

Mount Blaxland, a short distance from South Bowenfels, was the furthest point reached by Blaxland, Lawson, and Wentworth on their historic expedition across the Blue Mountains in 1813. Later in that year George Evans followed in the footsteps of the explorers to Mount Blaxland and then headed west to discover the O'Connell plains and the Bathurst plains. At South Bowenfels, Magpie Hollow Road heads west to Lake Lyell and then on to Tarana and O'Connell.
Bowenfels was founded in the 1830s to service travellers along the new road to Bathurst, which opened in 1832, following the opening of the Victoria Pass, which sealed the fate of the old Bathurst road in its descent of Mt. York. It was named by Surveyor-General Thomas Mitchell after George Mears Bowen, a former member of his department. The town was the first settlement in the valley and pre-dated Lithgow by 40 years. The railway opened in 1869, and was electrified in the 1950s, although passenger services no longer service Bowenfels station.

## Heritage listings

Bowenfels has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
* Great Western Highway: Fernhill, Bowenfels
* via Kirkley Street: Lithgow Heavy Anti Aircraft Gun Stations and Dummy Station
* Main Western railway: Bowenfels railway station
* Main Western railway: Bowenfels rail viaducts

## Population

According to the 2016 census of population, there were 2,048 people in Bowenfels.
* Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 9.5% of the population.
* 78.9% of people were born in Australia and 84.8% of people spoke only English at home.
* The most common responses for religion were Catholic 25.5%, No Religion 24.2% and Anglican 21.8%.
# Bundesstraße 87

The Bundesstraße 87 (Abbreviation: B 87) is a Bundesstraße in Germany. It begins in Ilmenau and ends in Frankfurt (Oder). In Thüringia it runs partly along the Straße der Romanik.

## History
### Origin

The modern-day Bundesstraße 87 has been in use since medieval times as a connection between Frankfurt (Oder) and Leipzig. Between Leipzig and Eckartsberga it follows the historical route of the Via Regia. This section was upgraded to a highway by 1819. The connection as far as Eilenburg was upgraded in 1845. To upgrade the stretch from Eilenburg to Frankfurt (Oder), a company limited by shares was founded on 20 November 1854. The Frankfurt an der Oder Leipziger Chausseebaugesellschaft was headquartered in Lübben. This section ran from Eilenburg through Torgau, Herzberg, Schlieben, Luckau, Lübben, Beeskow and Müllrose to Frankfurt (Oder). The easternmost section between Beeskow and Frankfurt (Oder) was completed in 1856.

### Earlier Descriptions

The Prussian State Highway 33 (German: preußische Staatschaussee Nr. 33 went from Frankfurt (Oder) to Leipzig. From Leipzig the Prussian State Highway 69 ran to Weißenfels. In Weißenfels this road connected with the Prussian State Highway 66, which ran from Halle (Saale) to Weimar.
In 1932 the road was renamed Fernverkehrsstraße 87 (FVS 87), and in 1934 Reichsstraße 87 (R 87) by the Nazis, connecting with the former Fernverkehrsstraße 7 (which later became Reichsstraße 7) at Umpferstedt (between Jena and Weimar). In 1961 the so-called Fernverkehrsstraße 87 (F 87) was extended from Umpferstedt to Ilmenau.

### Replacements

Since 2005 the Bundesstraße 87 runs between the Lützen South (A 38) and Weißenfels (A 9) via the autobahns A38 and A9; the previous connection between Weißenfels and Lützen was renamed as a Landstrasse L188.

### Further Plans

Since 1996 the extension from Meiningen to Fulda has been planned as Bundesstraße 87n.

### Bridges

* Bridge over the river Elbe in Torgau
* Zeppelin Bridge over the Elster Basin in Leipzig
* Bridge over the river Saale in Bad Kösen, built in 1891 as replacement for a stone bridge from the 14th Century
# Pradeep Palluruthy

Pradeep Palluruthy is a Malayalam singer. He is from Cochin and is a singer in the Malayalam film industry. He has sung around 125 films. Pradeep Palluruthy's first Malayalam movie song was 'Punnyavanisahakkinundayi Randu Makkal' from Thommanum Makkalum. Even though Pradeep's directorial debut failed to materialize, he made his debut as an actor with Swapnasundari.
# Protithona fugitivana

Protithona fugitivana is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is endemic to New Zealand.
The wingspan is 9–10 mm for males and 10–12 mm for females. The forewings are dull to bright ochreous, mixed with dark fuscous. There is a white or pale-ochreous streak from the base to one third of the wing, margined beneath by a dark-fuscous blotch. The forewings of the females are almost wholly suffused with greyish fuscous. The hindwings are greyish fuscous.

## Habitat and host species

The larvae of this moth is semi-aquatic and can be found in and around seepages or on surface detritus near moist areas. The larvae pupates in turf. The larvae feed on Potamogeton species.
# Boyd River (Tasmania)

The Boyd River, part of the Gordon River catchment, is a perennial river located in the south western region of Tasmania, Australia.

## Course and features

The Boyd River rises in the Sentinel Range below Mount Wedge and flows generally north and reaches its confluence with the Wedge River within the now-flooded Lake Gordon. The river descends 491 metres (1,611 ft) over its 25-kilometre (16 mi) course.
# Carnegie Brothers and Company

Carnegie Brothers and Company, Ltd. was created by the consolidation of the steel businesses owned by Andrew Carnegie in the early 1880s. Those steel and coke works that were consolidated were:
* Sciota Ore Mines
* Union Iron Mills
* Edgar Thomson Steel Works
* Larimer Coke Works
* Lucy Furnaces
* Monastery Coke Works
The merging of these separate business operations into one resulted in the newly formed company owning an interest of nearly $5 million. At the time, Andrew Carnegie owned over half of it. Henry Clay Frick began to supply Carnegie Brothers and Company with coal and coke that was required to operate the steel mills. This relationship progressed with the result in Frick being the major supplier of coke to the new company.
Thomas Carnegie, Andrew Carnegie's brother died in 1886 and in 1889 Frick began to manage a portion of the company. Frick also bought company shares. Frick advanced and was promoted to chairman of the company. After his promotions Frick worked with Carnegie to reorganize much of business. Frick organized many improvements including a buy out of the Duquesne Steel works. Frick acted to combine "Carnegie Brothers & Company, Limited" and "Carnegie, Phipps & Company" into a single company newly named Carnegie Steel Company, Limited on July 1, 1892.
Carnegie Brothers and Company had contracts with railway and transportation in addition to Keystone Bridge Company, Pittsburgh and Western Railroad, Rail Makes’ Association, and the Steel Patent Company. These companies specialized in litigation for steel patents and production methods, including Steel Patent Company of Philadelphia, and rail production the Rail Makers’ Association. At the time, many other companies, including Carnegie's were working to establish uniformity of the railroads. These efforts were encouraged by the investments of Carnegies company and on September 7, 1877 the merger was completed with the name the Pittsburgh, New Castle & Lake Erie Railroad. Carnegie Brother & Company, Limited was an investor and supplier to the Pittsburgh and Western Railway.
The University of Pittsburgh houses the financial records of the company in its archives service center, University of Pittsburgh Library System.
# Botswana national football team results

Botswana national football team results may refer to:
* Botswana national football team results (1968 to 1999)
* Botswana national football team results (2000 to 2019)
* Botswana national football team results (2020 to present)
# Carlos Velasco Carballo

Carlos Velasco Carballo (Spanish pronunciation:; born 16 March 1971) is a retired Spanish professional football referee.

## Career

He is affiliated with the Madrid committee and has officiated in Spanish Primera División since 2004, as well as in international matches since 2008.
Velasco officiated 2011 UEFA Europa League Final match in Dublin, between Porto and Braga.
On 20 December 2011, UEFA named him one of the twelve referees for UEFA Euro 2012. Velasco took charge of the tournament's opening match between Poland and Greece, issuing a first-half red card to Greek defender Sokratis Papastathopoulos, before sending-off Poland goalkeeper Wojciech Szczęsny in the second period as the teams drew 1–1 in Warsaw. He was also a referee in the 2014 FIFA World Cup, in which he officiated the quarterfinal match between Brazil and Colombia. He was criticized for making bad calls and favoring Brazil by many people, including former referee Graham Poll and Radamel Falcao, who tweeted, "For the next match remember to call the referee who didn't show up today". A Colombian lawyer also claimed to be suing FIFA for $1.3 billion because of their bad referee choices.
Since 2017, Velasco is responsible for video assistant referee system integration into Spanish La Liga starting from season 2018/2019.
# Paul K. Longmore

Paul K. Longmore (July 10, 1946 – August 9, 2010) was a professor of history, an author, and a notable disability activist who taught at San Francisco State University.

## Life

Paul Longmore lost the use of his hands to polio when he was seven-years-old and required breathing assistance from a ventilator at night and for part of the day. He received both his bachelor's and master's degrees from Occidental College, graduating in 1968 and 1971, respectively, and majoring in history and minoring in political studies. In 1984, he received his doctorate from Claremont Graduate University, where he majored in history and minored in early American history, U.S. intellectual and cultural history, and political philosophy. He wrote his first book, The Invention of George Washington (1998), by holding a pen in his mouth and punching the keyboard with it, a task that took a decade.
Longmore was the leading historian in disability publishing, producing works such as "Reviews in American History" (Longmore, 1987 on the "hidden history of people with disabilities"). He was instrumental in bringing a vibrant history to light instead of accounts representing the establishment regarding clients, treatments, and techniques. He authored the preface to the "Encyclopedia of American History of Disability" and was active in national and international affairs such as meetings with the World Institute on Disability and their guests.
He later burned his own book (as recounted in Why I Burned My Book, and Other Essays in Disability (2003)) in front of the Federal Building in downtown Los Angeles in 1988 in protest against restrictive Social Security policies that virtually precluded disabled professionals from earning a living, and thus achieving or maintaining economic independence. Some of the most restrictive of these disincentives (such as those that barred earned income from book royalties, in his case) were soon reversed in a policy change that became known as the Longmore Amendment.
He was a major figure in the establishment of disability as a field of academic study, an endeavor analogous to the establishment, in previous decades, of race, class, gender, and queer studies. Longmore was a co-founder in 1996 of San Francisco State's Institute on Disability, a program he later directed and propagated to other colleges and universities. He was also a major campaigner against the assisted suicide movement in California, and was the first professor awarded the Henry B. Betts Award from the American Association of People with Disabilities (AAPD).
Longmore died unexpectedly in August 2010. San Francisco State University has since renamed the institute the Paul K. Longmore Institute on Disability, which is now under the direction of disability historian Catherine Kudlick.
His final book was published posthumously by a team of scholars, led by Longmore Institute Director Catherine Kudlick. Telethons: Spectacle, Disability, and the Business of Charity was published by Oxford University Press, with a release date of December 28, 2015 and a publication date of January 26, 2016.
# Bresničić

Bresničić is a village in the municipality of Prokuplje, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 261 people. The village is approximately 20 km from Prokuplje, Serbia, the nearest larger city.
# Cataxia melindae

Cataxia melindae is a species of mygalomorph spider in the Idiopidae family. It is endemic to Australia. It was described in 2017 by Australian arachnologists Michael Rix, Karlene Bain, Barbara York Main and Mark Harvey. The specific epithet melindae honours Melinda Moir for her dedicated biological survey work in the type locality.

## Distribution and habitat

The species occurs in southern Western Australia, in the Mallee bioregion, and has a known distribution restricted to mesic gullies in dense heathland on Mount Manypeaks. The type locality is the Mount Manypeaks Nature Reserve, about 35 km north-east of Albany.
# Joseph Salmon (publisher)

Joseph Salmon ( 20 September 1844 – 9 November 1923) was a British bookseller turned postcard publisher and printer, and the founder of J Salmon Ltd in 1880, the UK's oldest postcard and calendar publisher.

## Early life

He was born in the parish of St George in the East, in what is now Stepney, London, the son of Joseph and Maria Salmon. His father was a baker.

## Career

In the 1881 census, he was listed as a stationer and printer, with five assistants and two boys working for him. He retired in 1898, and his son, also called Joseph, took over the family business.

## Personal life

He was married to Elizabeth Sophia Ashton. In 1881, they were living on the High Street, Sevenoaks, Kent, and in 1891, they were living at 85 London Road, Sevenoaks, with five children and two servants.
* Elizabeth M Salmon (born 1867/68, Hackney, Middlesex)
* Joseph Salmon (born 1868/69, Middlesex)
* Arthur Salmon (born 1871/72, Bloomsbury, Middlesex)
* Edith L Salmon (born 1877/78, Leighton, Essex)
* Percy Salmon (born 1880/81, Leighton, Essex)
* Mabel E Salmon (born 1882/83, Kent)
His son Percy founded the Salmon Motor Company in Burton-on-Trent, which operated from 1912 to 1915, and manufactured the Ace car.
# Raja Shahid Zafar

Raja Shahid Zafar is a Pakistani politician and was elected twice as the member of the National Assembly of Pakistan from 1985 to 1988 and 1988 to 1990. He also served as a minister of state for production and industries.
He was educated at Gordon College, Rawalpindi.