OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# AUM-N-6 Puffin

The AUM-N-6 Puffin, also known as Kingfisher F and AUM-6, was an anti-ship and anti-submarine missile developed for use by the United States Navy in the late 1940s. Pulsejet-powered and intended to allow an aircraft to launch a torpedo or bomb from stand-off range, it was flight-tested but failed to enter operational service.

## Design and development

In 1944 the U.S. Navy and the National Bureau of Standards initiated Project Kingfisher, intended to develop a family of missiles for attacking enemy ships and surfaced submarines with torpedoes or other weapons intended to strike below the waterline, while allowing the launching aircraft or ship to avoid exposing themselves to enemy defensive fire. Four missiles reached the development stage as a result of the program: the surface-launched Kingfisher E, and the air-launched Kingfisher C, D, and F.
Work on Kingfisher F began on 5 February 1947. Weighing 1,300 pounds (590 kg), the missile was of conventional small-aircraft design with a high-mounted wing and V-tail, a pulsejet engine being mounted in the rear of a streamlined fuselage. Guidance was by active radar homing; after release from the launching aircraft, the missile – redesignated AUM-6 in September 1947, and AUM-N-6 Puffin in 1948 – would cruise at an altitude of 200 feet (61 m), traveling up to 20 miles (32 km) at Mach 0.7. The onboard radar in the missile's nose selecting a target and steering the missile into position to release its payload, carried in the mid-fuselage; while some sources state that a torpedo was intended to be carried, the specification for Kingfisher F called for the missile to carry a 500-pound (230 kg) plunge bomb, intended to be dropped alongside the target ship and detonate underwater, holing the target vessel below the waterline and causing flooding.
The AD Skyraider, PB4Y Privateer, and P5M Marlin were among the aircraft intended to carry Puffin; the missile's constructor, McDonnell Aircraft, proposed that Puffin be qualified for carriage by B-47 Stratojet and B-50 Superfortress bombers of the United States Air Force as well.

## Operational history

Construction of Puffin was contracted to McDonnell Aircraft; flight tests of XAUM-N-6 missiles began in 1948. Tests did not demonstrate that the weapon was suitable for service, and on 1 October 1949 the AUM-N-6 program was cancelled.
# 126th Machine Gun Artillery Division

The 126th Machine Gun Artillery Division was a division of the Soviet Army and the Russian Ground Forces. It existed from 1989 to 1998. The division was originally formed as the 192nd Motor Rifle Division in Blagoveshchensk during 1969. It became the 126th Machine Gun Artillery Division in 1989 and was disbanded in 1998.

## History

In 1969, the 192nd Motor Rifle Division was activated in Blagoveshchensk. It was subordinated to the 35th Army. During the Cold War, the division was maintained at 70% strength. On 1 October 1989, it became the 126th Machine Gun Artillery Division. The 684th Motorized Rifle Regiment was disbanded and replaced by the 57th Machine Gun Artillery Regiment. In 1998, the division was disbanded.

## Composition

The division included the following units in 1988.
* 190th Motorized Rifle Regiment (Shimanovsk, Amur Oblast)
* 679th Motorized Rifle Regiment (Blagoveshchensk, Amur Oblast)
* 684th Motorized Rifle Regiment (Svobodnyy, Amur Oblast)
* 371st Tank Regiment (Svobodnyy, Amur Oblast)
* 1219th Artillery Regiment (Svobodnyy, Amur Oblast)
* 1414th Anti-Aircraft Missile Regiment (Blagoveshchensk, Amur Oblast)
* 87th Separate Missile Battalion (Svobodnyy, Amur Oblast)
* Separate Anti-Tank Artillery Battalion (Svobodnyy, Amur Oblast)
* 205th Separate Reconnaissance Battalion (Shimanovsk, Amur Oblast)
* 718th Separate Engineer-Sapper Battalion (Malaya Sazanka, Amur Oblast)
* 968th Separate Communications Battalion (Blagoveshchensk, Amur Oblast)
* Separate Chemical Defence Company (Svobodnyy, Amur Oblast)
* 286th Separate Equipment Maintenance and Recovery Battalion (Svobodnyy, Amur Oblast)
* 381st Separate Medical Battalion (Svobodnyy, Amur Oblast)
* Separate Material Supply Battalion (Svobodnyy, Amur Oblast)
# 1519 in science

The year 1519 in science and technology included many events, some of which are listed here.

## Exploration

* September 20 – Ferdinand Magellan's fleet sets sail from Sanlúcar de Barrameda to find a westabout route to Asia.
* "Miller Atlas" produced in Portugal.

## Medicine

* A pandemic spreads from the Greater Antilles into Central America, and perhaps as far as Peru, killing much of the indigenous populations in these areas.
* Publication in Paris of Thomas Linacre's translation into Latin of Galen's Methodus medendi.

## Births

* June 6 – Andrea Cesalpino, Italian philosopher, physician, and botanist (died 1603)

## Deaths

* May 2 – Leonardo da Vinci, Italian polymath (born 1452)
# 151 (disambiguation)

151 may refer to:
* 151 (year)
* 151 (number)
* Bacardi 151
* Psalm 151
* ZIS-151
* 151 Abundantia, a main-belt asteroid
# 159th meridian east

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The meridian 159° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, Australasia, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.
The 159th meridian east forms a great circle with the 21st meridian west.

## From Pole to Pole

Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 159th meridian east passes through:
    Co-ordinates Country, territory or sea Notes 90°0′N 159°0′E﻿ / ﻿90.000°N 159.000°E﻿ / 90.000; 159.000﻿ (Arctic Ocean) Arctic Ocean 76°35′N 159°0′E﻿ / ﻿76.583°N 159.000°E﻿ / 76.583; 159.000﻿ (East Siberian Sea) East Siberian Sea 70°52′N 159°0′E﻿ / ﻿70.867°N 159.000°E﻿ / 70.867; 159.000﻿ (Russia)  Russia Sakha Republic Chukotka Autonomous Okrug — from 68°8′N 159°0′E﻿ / ﻿68.133°N 159.000°E﻿ / 68.133; 159.000﻿ (Chukotka Autonomous Okrug) Magadan Oblast — from 66°14′N 159°0′E﻿ / ﻿66.233°N 159.000°E﻿ / 66.233; 159.000﻿ (Magadan Oblast) Chukotka Autonomous Okrug — from 65°56′N 159°0′E﻿ / ﻿65.933°N 159.000°E﻿ / 65.933; 159.000﻿ (Chukotka Autonomous Okrug) Magadan Oblast — from 65°43′N 159°0′E﻿ / ﻿65.717°N 159.000°E﻿ / 65.717; 159.000﻿ (Magadan Oblast) 61°54′N 159°0′E﻿ / ﻿61.900°N 159.000°E﻿ / 61.900; 159.000﻿ (Sea of Okhotsk) Sea of Okhotsk Shelikhov Gulf 58°24′N 159°0′E﻿ / ﻿58.400°N 159.000°E﻿ / 58.400; 159.000﻿ (Russia)  Russia Kamchatka Krai — Kamchatka Peninsula 53°4′N 159°0′E﻿ / ﻿53.067°N 159.000°E﻿ / 53.067; 159.000﻿ (Pacific Ocean) Pacific Ocean 7°50′S 159°0′E﻿ / ﻿7.833°S 159.000°E﻿ / -7.833; 159.000﻿ (Solomon Islands)  Solomon Islands Santa Isabel Island 8°4′S 159°0′E﻿ / ﻿8.067°S 159.000°E﻿ / -8.067; 159.000﻿ (New Georgia Sound) New Georgia Sound Passing just west of the Russell Islands, Solomon Islands (at 9°4′S 159°2′E﻿ / ﻿9.067°S 159.033°E﻿ / -9.067; 159.033﻿ (Russell Islands)) 9°4′S 159°0′E﻿ / ﻿9.067°S 159.000°E﻿ / -9.067; 159.000﻿ (Solomon Sea) Solomon Sea 11°50′S 159°0′E﻿ / ﻿11.833°S 159.000°E﻿ / -11.833; 159.000﻿ (Coral Sea) Coral Sea Passing just east of the Chesterfield Islands, New Caledonia (at 19°12′S 158°58′E﻿ / ﻿19.200°S 158.967°E﻿ / -19.200; 158.967﻿ (Chesterfield Islands)) 29°55′S 159°0′E﻿ / ﻿29.917°S 159.000°E﻿ / -29.917; 159.000﻿ (Pacific Ocean) Pacific Ocean Passing just west of Lord Howe Island, Australia (at 31°31′S 159°2′E﻿ / ﻿31.517°S 159.033°E﻿ / -31.517; 159.033﻿ (Lord Howe Island)) Passing just east of Macquarie Island, Australia (at 54°30′S 158°58′E﻿ / ﻿54.500°S 158.967°E﻿ / -54.500; 158.967﻿ (Macquarie Island)) 60°0′S 159°0′E﻿ / ﻿60.000°S 159.000°E﻿ / -60.000; 159.000﻿ (Southern Ocean) Southern Ocean 69°22′S 159°0′E﻿ / ﻿69.367°S 159.000°E﻿ / -69.367; 159.000﻿ (Antarctica) Antarctica Australian Antarctic Territory, claimed by Australia
# 159th meridian west

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The meridian 159° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.
The 159th meridian west forms a great circle with the 21st meridian east.

## From Pole to Pole

Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 159th meridian west passes through:
    Co-ordinates Country, territory or sea Notes 90°0′N 159°0′W﻿ / ﻿90.000°N 159.000°W﻿ / 90.000; -159.000﻿ (Arctic Ocean) Arctic Ocean 71°31′N 159°0′W﻿ / ﻿71.517°N 159.000°W﻿ / 71.517; -159.000﻿ (Chukchi Sea) Chukchi Sea 70°53′N 159°0′W﻿ / ﻿70.883°N 159.000°W﻿ / 70.883; -159.000﻿ (United States)  United States Alaska — Point Franklin 70°52′N 159°0′W﻿ / ﻿70.867°N 159.000°W﻿ / 70.867; -159.000﻿ (Chukchi Sea) Chukchi Sea Peard Bay 70°48′N 159°0′W﻿ / ﻿70.800°N 159.000°W﻿ / 70.800; -159.000﻿ (United States)  United States Alaska 58°25′N 159°0′W﻿ / ﻿58.417°N 159.000°W﻿ / 58.417; -159.000﻿ (Bering Sea) Bering Sea Bristol Bay 56°50′N 159°0′W﻿ / ﻿56.833°N 159.000°W﻿ / 56.833; -159.000﻿ (United States)  United States Alaska — Alaska Peninsula 55°53′N 159°0′W﻿ / ﻿55.883°N 159.000°W﻿ / 55.883; -159.000﻿ (Pacific Ocean) Pacific Ocean Passing just east of Chiachi Island, Alaska, United States (at 55°50′N 159°5′W﻿ / ﻿55.833°N 159.083°W﻿ / 55.833; -159.083﻿ (Chiachi Island)) Passing just west of Mitrofania Island, Alaska, United States (at 55°49′N 158°53′W﻿ / ﻿55.817°N 158.883°W﻿ / 55.817; -158.883﻿ (Mitrofania Island)) Passing just east of Simeonof Island, Alaska, United States (at 54°55′N 159°11′W﻿ / ﻿54.917°N 159.183°W﻿ / 54.917; -159.183﻿ (Simeonof Island)) Passing just east of Kauai island, Hawaii, United States (at 22°8′N 159°18′W﻿ / ﻿22.133°N 159.300°W﻿ / 22.133; -159.300﻿ (Kauai)) Passing just west of Manuae atoll, Cook Islands (at 19°15′S 158°57′W﻿ / ﻿19.250°S 158.950°W﻿ / -19.250; -158.950﻿ (Manuae)) 60°0′S 159°0′W﻿ / ﻿60.000°S 159.000°W﻿ / -60.000; -159.000﻿ (Southern Ocean) Southern Ocean 77°54′S 159°0′W﻿ / ﻿77.900°S 159.000°W﻿ / -77.900; -159.000﻿ (Antarctica) Antarctica Ross Dependency, claimed by New Zealand
# 159th meridian

159th meridian may refer to:
* 159th meridian east, a line of longitude east of the Greenwich Meridian
* 159th meridian west, a line of longitude west of the Greenwich Meridian
| 159°class=notpageimage| 159th meridian west | 159°class=notpageimage| 159th meridian east |
# 157th Division

In military terms, 157th Division or 157th Infantry Division may refer to:
* 157th Division (People's Republic of China)
* 157th Infantry Division (France)
* 157th Mountain Division (German, World War II)
* Italian 157th Garrison Division
* 157th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)
# 13 Signal Group (United Kingdom)

The 13th Signals Group was a military communications brigade sized formation of the British Army. The group was established in 1967 to control the territorial signals regiments with national communication duties in the United Kingdom. It was later disbanded in 1974, when it merged with the 2nd Signal Group.

## History

The group was formed in 1967 for the overall command of the territorial signal regiments with "National Communication" duties. Its units were specifically tasked with helping local and national signals with helping governmental and military major organizations; I.e. Ministry of Defence and 2nd Infantry Division. Because of cuts later on, It was later absorbed into the 2nd Signal Group, in 1972.

## Structure

The structure of the group stayed the same its entire history. Upon formation, it included the following units:
* HQ 13th Signal Group
** 32 (Scottish) Signal Regiment (Volunteers)
*** Headquarters Squadron
*** 51 (Highland) Signal Squadron
*** 52 (Lowland) Signal Squadron
*** 61 (City of Edinburgh) Signal Squadron
*** 82 (Army Emergency Reserve) Signal Squadron
** 37th (Wessex and Welsh) Signal Regiment (Volunteers)
*** Headquarters Squadron
*** 43 (Wessex) Signal Squadron
*** 53 (Welsh) Signal Squadron
*** 57 (City and County of Bristol) Signal Squadron
** 38 (City of Sheffield) Signal Regiment (Volunteers)
*** 64 (City of Sheffield) Headquarters Squadron
*** 46 (Derbyshire) Signal Squadron
*** 87 (City of Nottingham) Signal Squadron
*** 93 (East Lancashire) Signal Squadron
# 1719 in Belgium

Events in the year 1719 in the Austrian Netherlands and Prince-bishopric of Liège (predecessor states of modern Belgium).

## Incumbents
### Habsburg Netherlands

    Monarch – Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, Duke of Brabant, of Luxembourg, etc.
    Governor General – Prince Eugene of Savoy
       Acting Governor General — Hercule-Louis Turinetti

### Prince-Bishopric of Liège

    Prince-Bishop – Joseph Clemens of Bavaria

## Events

* 15 January — Pope Clement IX issues the breve Pietatis vestrae in response to a letter from the bishops of the Austrian Netherlands protesting their adherence to the 1713 bull Unigenitus.
* 5 February — The Saint-Joseph sets sail from Ostend for Canton.
* 3 August — The Saint-Joseph from Ostend arrives in Canton.
* 9 September — Frans Anneessens, dean of the masons' guild, condemned to death for resisting innovations in city government detrimental to the power of the guilds of Brussels.
* 19 September — Frans Anneessens beheaded in Brussels.
* 16 October — Bishop Hendrik Jozef van Susteren reopens Bruges seminary (closed in 1632).
* 22 October — Confraternity of St Joseph re-established in Bruges.
* 16 November — Oratorian College, Mechelen, celebrates a former student, Henricus van Gaemeren, graduating from Leuven University as first in his year.
* 27 November — The Saint-Joseph, from Ostend, sets sail from Canton laden with tea, porcelain, silk, and Chinese roots.

## Art and architecture
### Art objects

* Silver monstrance (pictured)

### Paintings

* Louis Counet, Allégorie de la Religion, Liège town hall

### Buildings

* Kasteel De Mot, Ternat
* Lindemansschool, Roosdaal

## Publications

* Bernaert de Jonghe, Belgium Dominicanum sive historia Provinciæ Germaniæ Inferioris sacri ordinis FF. Prædicatorum (Brussels, Francisci Foppens)

## Births

* 11 June — François-Charles de Velbrück, prince-bishop of Liège (died 1784)
* 3 December — Jean Charles Joseph de Merode, nobleman (died 1774)

## Deaths

* Date unknown — Jan Baptist Brueghel (born 1647), painter
* 6 February — Paul de Bruyn (born 1646), abbot of Park.
* 9 March — Peeter van Bredael (born 1629), painter
* 19 September — Frans Anneessens (born 1660), guildmaster
* 27 October — François Baert (born 1651), Bollandist
* 3 December — Adriaen Frans Boudewijns (born 1644), painter
# 16-cell honeycomb honeycomb

16-cell honeycomb honeycomb :
| (No image) ||
| Type | Hyperbolic regular honeycomb |
| Schläfli symbol | {3,3,4,3,3} |
| Coxeter diagram | |
| 5-faces | {3,3,4,3} |
| 4-faces | {3,3,4} |
| Cells | {3,3} |
| Faces | {3} |
| Cell figure | {3} |
| Face figure | {3,3} |
| Edge figure | {4,3,3} |
| Vertex figure | {3,4,3,3} |
| Dual | self-dual |
| Coxeter group | X$_5$, [3,3,4,3,3] |
| Properties | Regular |
In the geometry of hyperbolic 5-space, the 16-cell honeycomb honeycomb is one of five paracompact regular space-filling tessellations (or honeycombs). It is called paracompact because it has infinite vertex figures, with all vertices as ideal points at infinity. With Schläfli symbol {3,3,4,3,3}, it has three 16-cell honeycombs around each cell. It is self-dual.

## Related honeycombs

It is related to the regular Euclidean 4-space 16-cell honeycomb, {3,3,4,3}.
# 1751 in France

Events from the year 1751 in France.

## Incumbents

* Monarch: Louis XV

## Events

* 28 June – The first volume of Diderot and d'Alembert's Encyclopédie (Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers) is published, notably including a map of their figurative system of human knowledge.
* 3 December – Battle of Arnee in India (Second Carnatic War): A British East India Company-led force under Robert Clive defeats and routs a much larger Franco-Indian army under the command of Raza Sahib at Arni.

## Births

* 1 March – Amand-Marie-Jacques de Chastenet, Marquis of Puységur, mesmerist (d. 1825)

## Deaths

* 5 February – Henri François d'Aguesseau, Chancellor of France (b. 1668)
# 1617 in Quebec

Events from the year 1617 in Quebec.

## Events

* Louis Hébert, his wife Marie Rollet and three children settle in Quebec. Hébert becomes the first apothecary in New France. In 1800, Hébert and his wife would already have 4592 married descendants in Quebec, making the couple one of the most important in French-Canadian ancestry.
# 1752 in architecture

The year 1752 in architecture involved some significant events.

## Buildings and structures
### Buildings

* Valletta Waterfront on Malta is built, including the Church of the Flight into Egypt.
* Mansion House, London, designed by George Dance the Elder, is completed.
* West wing of St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, designed by James Gibbs, is built.
* Mariinskyi Palace in Kyiv is completed by Ivan Fyodorovich Michurin to the design of Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli.
* Khan As'ad Pasha, Damascus is completed.
* Rebuilding of church of San Biagio, Venice, probably by Filippo Rossi, is completed.
* Church of La Visitation-de-la-Bienheureuse-Vierge-Marie on the island of Montreal, designed by Philippe Liébert is consecrated.
* Opéra-Théâtre de Metz Métropole in Metz, Lorraine, designed by Jacques Oger (begun 1732) is opened.
* Osteiner Hof in Mainz (Rhineland), designed by Johann Valentin Thomann, is completed.
* Croome Court in Worcestershire, England, designed by Capability Brown and Sanderson Miller, is completed.
* Pollok House near Glasgow in Scotland, designed by William Adam is built.
* Kinbuck Bridge in Scotland is built.
* Hôtel de Ville, Wissembourg in France is inaugurated

## Births

* January 18 – John Nash, English architect (died 1835)
* March 5 – Leendert Viervant the Younger, Dutch architect (died 1801)
* Charles-Louis Balzac, French architect and architectural draughtsman (died 1820)

## Deaths

* João Frederico Ludovice, born Johann Friedrich Ludwig, German architect working in Portugal (born 1670)
* Daniel Marot, French émigré architect and interior designer (born 1661)
# 1776 in poetry

Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).

## Events

* March — American poet Phillis Wheatley, visits with General George Washington for half an hour in Cambridge, Massachusetts, after sending him the previous October a poem written in his honor. A former slave, she was a strong supporter of independence during the American Revolution. The poem was published March 26 in the Virginia Gazette

## Works published
### United Kingdom

* James Beattie, Poems on Several Occasions
* Richard Graves, Euphrosyne; or, Amusements on the Road of Life
* David Herd, editor, Ancient and Modern Scottish Songs, anthology
* William Mickle, translator, The Lusiad; or, The Discovery of India, translated from the original Portuguese of Luis de Camoens
* Hannah More, Sir Eldred of the Bower, and The Bleeding Rock
* Jonathan Richardson, Morning Thoughts; or, Poetical Meditations, Moral, Divine and Miscellaneous
* John Scott, Amwell
* Augustus Montague Toplady, Psalms and Hymns for Public and Private Worship
* William Whitehead, Variety, published anonymously

### Other

* Johannes Ewald, a funeral ode on the occasion of the death of Frederik V; Denmark
* Basilio da Gama, Os Campos Elíseos ("The Elysian Fields"), on the fine arts; Brazil
* Vincenzo Monti, La visione di Ezechiello, Italy
* Jonathan Odell, "A Birthday Song", United States

## Births

Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:
* April 17 – Jean-François Roger (died 1842), French poet and politician
* April 21 (bapt.) – Ann Griffiths (died 1805), Welsh hymn-writer
* July 18 – John Struthers (died 1853), Scottish poet
* September 21 – John Fitchett (died 1838), English epic poet
* November 16 – Mary Matilda Betham (died 1852), English diarist, scholar and poet
* year not certain – Charles Newton

## Deaths

Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:
* January 26 – Evan Lloyd (born 1734), Welsh satirical poet and clergyman
* June 13 – Elizabeth Scott (born 1708), British-born, Colonial American poet and hymnwriter
* August 28? (bur.) – John Edwards (Sion y Potlau) (born 1699?), Welsh poet
* date not known – George Smith (born 1713), British
* Jeanne-Catherine Van Goethem (born 1720), Flemish poet
# 1758 in paleontology

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1758.

## Fossils

* Joshua Platt, a curiosity dealer, continued prospecting for fossils in Stonesfield. He met with success, finding an incomplete Megalosaurus thigh bone, which he noted and illustrated. This bone was included in the 1773 catalogue of his large personal fossil collection.
# 1886 Dartmouth football team

The 1886 Dartmouth football team represented Dartmouth College in the 1886 college football season. Dartmouth compiled a record of 2–2.

## Schedule

| Date | Time | Opponent | Site | Result | Attendance |
| October 28 | | at Phillips Andover Academy | Andover, MA | L 11–18 | |
| October 29 | 3:00 p.m. | at MIT | Union GroundsBoston, MA | W 11–6 | |
| October 30 | 4:15 p.m. | at Harvard | Jarvis FieldCambridge, MA (rivalry) | L 0–70 | 75 |
| November 6 | | at Vermont | Burlington, VT | W 91–0 | |
# 18 Sagittarii

18 Sagittarii is a single star in zodiac constellation of Sagittarius, located around 550 light years away from the Sun based on parallax. It is visible to the naked eye as a faint, orange-hued star with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.58. This object is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of −19 km/s.
This is an aging giant star with a stellar classification of K0 III, which indicates it has exhausted the hydrogen at its core and evolved away from the main sequence. It has expanded to about 9 times the Sun's radius and is radiating 309 times the Sun's luminosity from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,341. There is a much lower abundance of iron in the spectrum compared to the Sun.
# 1886 in birding and ornithology

Birds described in 1886 include: Arizona woodpecker; blue ground dove; Brazza's martin;common smoky honeyeater; dark hawk-cuckoo;double-banded greytail; blue-breasted blue flycatcher ; snoring rail; point-tailed palmcreeper; and little minivet.

## Events

* Death of Eugen von Boeck,
* Clinton Hart Merriam becomes the first chief of the Division of Economic Ornithology and Mammalogy of the United States Department of Agriculture.
* George Arthur Keartland joins the Field Naturalists Club of Victoria.

## Publications

* Herman Schalow Die Musophagidae (1886)
* Władysław Taczanowski, 1886. Ornithologie du Pérou. R. Friedländer & Sohn. Berlin. Vol 3: 522 pp. + 1 map Tables: 218 pp. online BHL
* Robert Ridgway A Nomenclature of Colors for Naturalists
* Hans von Berlepsch Kritische Bemerkungen zur Colibri-Literatur, Separat. aus der Festschrift des Vereins für Naturkunde zu Cassel, vol. 1, 1886 [ Literature from 1537 sic.
Ongoing events
* Osbert Salvin and Frederick DuCane Godman 1879–1904. Biologia Centrali-Americana . Aves
* Richard Bowdler Sharpe Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum London,1874-98.
* Anton Reichenow, Hans von Berlepsch, and other members of the German Ornithologists' Society in Journal für Ornithologie online BHL
* Ornis; internationale Zeitschrift für die gesammte Ornithologie.Vienna 1885-1905 online BHL
* The Auk online BHL
* The Ibis