# 2017–18 Scottish Premiership

The 2017–18 Scottish Premiership (known as the Ladbrokes Premiership for sponsorship reasons) was the fifth season of the Scottish Premiership, the highest division of Scottish football. The fixtures were published on 23 June 2017. The season began on 5 August 2017. Celtic were the defending champions.
Twelve teams contested the league: Aberdeen, Celtic, Dundee, Hamilton Academical, Heart of Midlothian, Hibernian, Kilmarnock, Motherwell, Partick Thistle, Rangers, Ross County and St Johnstone.
The season's average attendance was 15,932, the highest level since 2006–07.
On 29 April 2018, Celtic won their seventh consecutive title and 49th overall after a 5–0 win at home to Rangers.

## Teams

The following teams have changed division since the 2016–17 season.

### Stadia and locations

| Aberdeen | Celtic | Dundee | Hamilton Academical |
| Pittodrie Stadium | Celtic Park | Dens Park | New Douglas Park |
| Capacity: 20,866 | Capacity: 60,411 | Capacity: 11,506 | Capacity: 5,510 |
| Heart of Midlothian | AberdeenDundeeHeartsHibernianKilmarnockRangersRoss CountySt. JohnstoneCelticHamiltonMotherwellPartick Thistleclass=notpageimage| Location of teams in 2017–18 Scottish Premiership | AberdeenDundeeHeartsHibernianKilmarnockRangersRoss CountySt. JohnstoneCelticHamiltonMotherwellPartick Thistleclass=notpageimage| Location of teams in 2017–18 Scottish Premiership | Hibernian |
| Tynecastle Park | AberdeenDundeeHeartsHibernianKilmarnockRangersRoss CountySt. JohnstoneCelticHamiltonMotherwellPartick Thistleclass=notpageimage| Location of teams in 2017–18 Scottish Premiership | AberdeenDundeeHeartsHibernianKilmarnockRangersRoss CountySt. JohnstoneCelticHamiltonMotherwellPartick Thistleclass=notpageimage| Location of teams in 2017–18 Scottish Premiership | Easter Road |
| Capacity: 20,099 | AberdeenDundeeHeartsHibernianKilmarnockRangersRoss CountySt. JohnstoneCelticHamiltonMotherwellPartick Thistleclass=notpageimage| Location of teams in 2017–18 Scottish Premiership | AberdeenDundeeHeartsHibernianKilmarnockRangersRoss CountySt. JohnstoneCelticHamiltonMotherwellPartick Thistleclass=notpageimage| Location of teams in 2017–18 Scottish Premiership | Capacity: 20,421 |
| Kilmarnock | AberdeenDundeeHeartsHibernianKilmarnockRangersRoss CountySt. JohnstoneCelticHamiltonMotherwellPartick Thistleclass=notpageimage| Location of teams in 2017–18 Scottish Premiership | AberdeenDundeeHeartsHibernianKilmarnockRangersRoss CountySt. JohnstoneCelticHamiltonMotherwellPartick Thistleclass=notpageimage| Location of teams in 2017–18 Scottish Premiership | Motherwell |
| Rugby Park | AberdeenDundeeHeartsHibernianKilmarnockRangersRoss CountySt. JohnstoneCelticHamiltonMotherwellPartick Thistleclass=notpageimage| Location of teams in 2017–18 Scottish Premiership | AberdeenDundeeHeartsHibernianKilmarnockRangersRoss CountySt. JohnstoneCelticHamiltonMotherwellPartick Thistleclass=notpageimage| Location of teams in 2017–18 Scottish Premiership | Fir Park |
| Capacity: 17,889 | AberdeenDundeeHeartsHibernianKilmarnockRangersRoss CountySt. JohnstoneCelticHamiltonMotherwellPartick Thistleclass=notpageimage| Location of teams in 2017–18 Scottish Premiership | AberdeenDundeeHeartsHibernianKilmarnockRangersRoss CountySt. JohnstoneCelticHamiltonMotherwellPartick Thistleclass=notpageimage| Location of teams in 2017–18 Scottish Premiership | Capacity: 13,677 |
| Partick Thistle | Rangers | Ross County | St Johnstone |
| Firhill Stadium | Ibrox Stadium | Victoria Park | McDiarmid Park |
| Capacity: 10,102 | Capacity: 50,817 | Capacity: 6,541 | Capacity: 10,696 |

### Personnel and kits

| Team | Manager | Captain | Kit manufacturer | Shirt sponsor |
| Aberdeen | Derek McInnes | Graeme Shinnie | Adidas | Saltire Energy |
| Celtic | Brendan Rodgers | Scott Brown | New Balance | Dafabet |
| Dundee | Neil McCann | Darren O'Dea | Puma | McEwan Fraser Legal |
| Hamilton Academical | Martin Canning | Dougie Imrie | Adidas | SuperSeal (H), NetBet (A) |
| Heart of Midlothian | Craig Levein | Christophe Berra | Umbro | Save the Children |
| Hibernian | Neil Lennon | David Gray | Macron | Marathonbet |
| Kilmarnock | Steve Clarke | Steven Smith | Nike | QTS |
| Motherwell | Steve Robinson | Carl McHugh | Macron | McEwan Fraser Legal |
| Partick Thistle | Alan Archibald | Abdul Osman | Joma | Just Employment Law |
| Rangers | Jimmy Nicholl (interim) | Lee Wallace | Puma | 32Red |
| Ross County | Steven Ferguson and Stuart Kettlewell | Andrew Davies | Macron | Stanley CRC Evans Offshore |
| St Johnstone | Tommy Wright | Steven Anderson | Joma | Alan Storrar Cars |

### Managerial changes

| Team | Outgoing manager | Manner of departure | Date of vacancy | Position in table | Incoming manager | Date of appointment |
| Dundee | Neil McCann | End of interim | 20 May 2017 | Pre-season | Neil McCann | 1 June 2017 |
| Kilmarnock | Lee McCulloch | End of interim | 20 May 2017 | Pre-season | Lee McCulloch | 5 June 2017 |
| Heart of Midlothian | Ian Cathro | Sacked | 1 August 2017 | Pre-season | Craig Levein | 28 August 2017 |
| Ross County | Jim McIntyre | Sacked | 25 September 2017 | 10th | Owen Coyle | 28 September 2017 |
| Kilmarnock | Lee McCulloch | Resigned | 1 October 2017 | 12th | Steve Clarke | 14 October 2017 |
| Rangers | Pedro Caixinha | Sacked | 26 October 2017 | 4th | Graeme Murty (interim) | 26 October 2017 |
| Rangers | Graeme Murty | End of interim | 22 December 2017 | 3rd | Graeme Murty | 22 December 2017 |
| Ross County | Owen Coyle | Resigned | 1 March 2018 | 12th | Steven Ferguson and Stuart Kettlewell | 2 March 2018 |
| Rangers | Graeme Murty | Sacked | 1 May 2018 | 3rd | Jimmy Nicholl (interim) | 1 May 2018 |

## Format
### Basic

In the initial phase of the season, the 12 teams will play a round-robin tournament whereby each team plays each one of the other teams three times. After 33 games, the league splits into two sections of six teams, with each team playing each other in that section. The league attempts to balance the fixture list so that teams in the same section play each other twice at home and twice away, but sometimes this is impossible. A total of 228 matches will be played, with 38 matches played by each team.

### Prize money

In April 2018, the SPFL confirmed the prize money to be allocated to the league members at the conclusion of the competitions. The Premiership winners would receive £3.176 million, with a total pot of £24.5m to be distributed across the four divisions.

## League summary
### League table

| Pos | Teamvte | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification or relegation |
| 1 | Celtic (C) | 38 | 24 | 10 | 4 | 73 | 25 | +48 | 82 | Qualification for the Champions League first qualifying round |
| 2 | Aberdeen | 38 | 22 | 7 | 9 | 56 | 37 | +19 | 73 | Qualification for the Europa League second qualifying round |
| 3 | Rangers | 38 | 21 | 7 | 10 | 76 | 50 | +26 | 70 | Qualification for the Europa League first qualifying round |
| 4 | Hibernian | 38 | 18 | 13 | 7 | 62 | 46 | +16 | 67 | Qualification for the Europa League first qualifying round |
| 5 | Kilmarnock | 38 | 16 | 11 | 11 | 49 | 47 | +2 | 59 | |
| 6 | Heart of Midlothian | 38 | 12 | 13 | 13 | 39 | 39 | 0 | 49 | |
| 7 | Motherwell | 38 | 13 | 9 | 16 | 43 | 49 | −6 | 48 | |
| 8 | St Johnstone | 38 | 12 | 10 | 16 | 42 | 53 | −11 | 46 | |
| 9 | Dundee | 38 | 11 | 6 | 21 | 36 | 57 | −21 | 39 | |
| 10 | Hamilton Academical | 38 | 9 | 6 | 23 | 47 | 68 | −21 | 33 | |
| 11 | Partick Thistle (R) | 38 | 8 | 9 | 21 | 31 | 61 | −30 | 33 | Qualification for the Premiership play-off final |
| 12 | Ross County (R) | 38 | 6 | 11 | 21 | 40 | 62 | −22 | 29 | Relegation to the Championship |
* ↑ Teams play each other three times (33 matches) before the league is split into two groups (the top six and the bottom six).
* ↑ Since the winners of the 2017–18 Scottish Cup, Celtic, qualified for European competition based on league position, the spot awarded to the Scottish Cup winners (Europa League second qualifying round) was passed to the second-placed team and the spot awarded to the second-placed team (Europa League first qualifying round) was passed to the fourth-placed team.

### Positions by round

The table lists the positions of teams after each week of matches. In order to preserve chronological progress, any postponed matches are not included in the round at which they were originally scheduled, but added to the full round they were played immediately afterwards. For example, if a match is scheduled for matchday 13, but then postponed and played between days 16 and 17, it will be added to the standings for day 16.
* Leader – Qualification to Champions League first qualifying round
* Qualification to Europa League first qualifying round
* Qualification to Premiership play-off final
* Relegation to 2018–19 Scottish Championship
| Team \ Round | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 | 37 | 38 |
| Celtic | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Aberdeen | 3 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Rangers | 4 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| Hibernian | 2 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
| Kilmarnock | 8 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 6 | 7 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| Heart of Midlothian | 12 | 8 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 |
| Motherwell | 9 | 11 | 8 | 7 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 |
| St Johnstone | 6 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 7 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 |
| Dundee | 7 | 12 | 12 | 11 | 12 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 11 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 9 |
| Hamilton Academical | 11 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
| Partick Thistle | 10 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 11 | 12 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 |
| Ross County | 5 | 7 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 9 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 |
Source: BBC Sport

## Results
### Matches 1–22

Teams play each other twice, once at home and once away.
| Home \ Away | ABE | CEL | DND | HAM | HOM | HIB | KIL | MOT | PAR | RAN | ROS | STJ |
| Aberdeen | — | 0–3 | 2–1 | 2–0 | 0–0 | 4–1 | 1–1 | 0–2 | 1–0 | 1–2 | 2–1 | 3–0 |
| Celtic | 3–0 | — | 1–0 | 3–1 | 4–1 | 2–2 | 1–1 | 5–1 | 2–0 | 0–0 | 4–0 | 1–1 |
| Dundee | 0–1 | 0–2 | — | 1–3 | 2–1 | 1–1 | 0–0 | 0–1 | 3–0 | 2–1 | 1–2 | 3–2 |
| Hamilton Academical | 2–2 | 1–4 | 3–0 | — | 1–2 | 1–1 | 1–2 | 1–2 | 0–0 | 1–4 | 3–2 | 0–1 |
| Heart of Midlothian | 0–0 | 4–0 | 2–0 | 1–1 | — | 0–0 | 1–2 | 1–0 | 1–1 | 1–3 | 0–0 | 1–0 |
| Hibernian | 0–1 | 2–2 | 2–1 | 1–3 | 1–0 | — | 1–1 | 2–2 | 3–1 | 1–2 | 2–1 | 1–2 |
| Kilmarnock | 1–3 | 0–2 | 1–1 | 2–2 | 0–1 | 0–3 | — | 1–0 | 5–1 | 2–1 | 0–2 | 1–2 |
| Motherwell | 0–1 | 1–1 | 1–1 | 1–3 | 2–1 | 0–1 | 2–0 | — | 3–0 | 1–2 | 2–0 | 2–0 |
| Partick Thistle | 3–4 | 0–1 | 2–1 | 1–0 | 1–1 | 0–1 | 0–2 | 3–2 | — | 2–2 | 2–0 | 1–0 |
| Rangers | 3–0 | 0–2 | 4–1 | 0–2 | 0–0 | 2–3 | 1–1 | 2–0 | 3–0 | — | 2–1 | 1–3 |
| Ross County | 1–2 | 0–1 | 0–2 | 2–1 | 1–2 | 0–1 | 2–2 | 3–2 | 1–1 | 1–3 | — | 1–1 |
| St Johnstone | 0–3 | 0–4 | 0–2 | 2–1 | 0–0 | 1–1 | 1–2 | 4–1 | 1–0 | 0–3 | 0–0 | — |

### Matches 23–33

Teams play every other team once (either at home or away).
| Home \ Away | ABE | CEL | DND | HAM | HOM | HIB | KIL | MOT | PAR | RAN | ROS | STJ |
| Aberdeen | — | 0–2 | 1–0 | 3–0 | — | — | 3–1 | — | — | — | — | 4–1 |
| Celtic | — | — | 0–0 | — | 3–1 | 1–0 | — | — | — | — | 3–0 | 0–0 |
| Dundee | — | — | — | — | 1–1 | 0–1 | — | 0–1 | — | — | 1–4 | 0–4 |
| Hamilton Academical | — | 1–2 | 1–2 | — | 0–3 | — | — | 2–0 | 2–1 | 3–5 | — | — |
| Heart of Midlothian | 2–0 | — | — | — | — | — | 1–1 | 1–1 | 3–0 | — | — | 1–0 |
| Hibernian | 2–0 | — | — | 3–1 | 2–0 | — | — | 2–1 | 2–0 | — | — | — |
| Kilmarnock | — | 1–0 | 3–2 | 2–0 | — | 2–2 | — | — | — | — | 3–2 | 2–0 |
| Motherwell | 0–2 | 0–0 | — | — | — | — | 0–1 | — | 1–1 | 2–2 | 2–0 | — |
| Partick Thistle | 0–0 | 1–2 | 1–2 | — | — | — | 0–1 | — | — | 0–2 | — | — |
| Rangers | 2–0 | 2–3 | 4–0 | — | 2–0 | 1–2 | 0–1 | — | — | — | — | — |
| Ross County | 2–4 | — | — | 2–2 | 1–1 | 1–1 | — | — | 4–0 | 1–2 | — | — |
| St Johnstone | — | — | — | 1–0 | — | 1–1 | — | 0–0 | 1–3 | 1–4 | 2–0 | — |

### Matches 34–38

After 33 matches, the league splits into two sections of six teams i.e. the top six and the bottom six, with the teams playing every other team in their section once (either at home or away). The exact matches are determined by the position of the teams in the league table at the time of the split.

## Season statistics
### Top scorers

    As of matches played on 13 May 2018
| Rank | Player | Club | Goals |
| 1 | Kris Boyd | Kilmarnock | 18 |
| 2 | Alfredo Morelos | Rangers | 14 |
| 3 | Josh Windass | Rangers | 13 |
| 4 | Kyle Lafferty | Heart of Midlothian | 12 |
| 5 | Alex Schalk | Ross County | 11 |
| 6 | Scott Sinclair | Celtic | 10 |
Source:

### Hat-tricks

| Player | For | Against | Result | Date |
| Adam Rooney | Aberdeen | St Johnstone | 3–0 | 30 September 2017 |
| Odsonne Édouard | Celtic | Motherwell | 5–1 | 2 December 2017 |
| Gary Mackay-Steven | Aberdeen | Hibernian | 4–1 | 16 December 2017 |
| Josh Windass | Rangers | Hamilton Academical | 5–3 | 18 February 2018 |
| Florian Kamberi | Hibernian | Hamilton Academical | 3–1 | 3 April 2018 |
| Alex Schalk | Ross County | Partick Thistle | 4–0 | 3 April 2018 |
| Steven MacLean | St Johnstone | Motherwell | 5–1 | 5 May 2018 |
| Jamie Maclaren | Hibernian | Rangers | 5–5 | 13 May 2018 |

### Attendances

These are the average attendances of the teams.
| Pos | Team | Total | High | Low | Average | Change |
| 1 | Celtic | 1,096,356 | 59,259 | 53,883 | 57,702 | +5.6%$^†$ |
| 2 | Rangers | 934,298 | 50,215 | 47,272 | 49,173 | +0.6%$^†$ |
| 3 | Heart of Midlothian | 331,725 | 32,852 | 15,357 | 18,429 | +12.9%$^†$ |
| 4 | Hibernian | 344,355 | 20,193 | 15,459 | 18,123 | +17.7%$^†$ |
| 5 | Aberdeen | 299,734 | 20,528 | 13,531 | 15,775 | +24.8%$^†$ |
| 6 | Dundee | 113,000 | 9,193 | 4,863 | 5,947 | −7.5%$^†$ |
| 7 | Motherwell | 108,969 | 9,974 | 3,196 | 5,448 | +21.5%$^†$ |
| 8 | Kilmarnock | 102,424 | 11,490 | 3,337 | 5,390 | +8.6%$^†$ |
| 9 | Ross County | 86,260 | 6,590 | 3,021 | 4,540 | +10.7%$^†$ |
| 10 | Partick Thistle | 84,393 | 8,264 | 2,452 | 4,441 | +3.7%$^†$ |
| 11 | St Johnstone | 72,371 | 6,887 | 2,037 | 3,809 | −13.3%$^†$ |
| 12 | Hamilton Academical | 58,807 | 5,406 | 1,272 | 3,095 | +22.3%$^†$ |
| | League total | 3,632,642 | 59,259 | 1,272 | 15,932 | +14.1%$^†$ |
Updated to games played on 13 May 2018 Source:

## Awards

| Month | Manager of the Month | Manager of the Month | Player of the Month | Player of the Month | Ref. |
| Month | Manager | Club | Player | Club | Ref. |
| August | Tommy Wright | St Johnstone | Michael O'Halloran | St Johnstone | |
| September | Brendan Rodgers | Celtic | Louis Moult | Motherwell | |
| October | Neil Lennon | Hibernian | Kieran Tierney | Celtic | |
| November | Martin Canning | Hamilton Academical | David Templeton | Hamilton Academical | |
| December | Steve Clarke | Kilmarnock | Kris Boyd | Kilmarnock | |
| January | No awards due to winter break | No awards due to winter break | No awards due to winter break | No awards due to winter break | |
| February | Steve Clarke | Kilmarnock | Josh Windass | Rangers | |
| March | Steve Clarke | Kilmarnock | Stephen O'Donnell | Kilmarnock | |

## Premiership play-offs

The quarter-final will be contested between the third and fourth-placed teams (Dundee United and Dunfermline Athletic) in the Scottish Championship, with the winners advancing to the semi-final to face the second-placed Championship side (Livingston). The last remaining Championship team will play-off against the eleventh-placed Premiership team in the final, with the winners securing the last place in the 2018–19 Scottish Premiership.

### Final
#### First leg
#### Second leg

Livingston were promoted to the Premiership.

## Broadcasting
### Live Matches

The SPFL permits Sky Sports and BT Sport to show up to six live home matches between the broadcasters from each club - although this is only four for Rangers and Celtic. Sky Sports and BT Sport's deal allows them to broadcast 30 games each (and the play-offs for BT). The deal roughly provides £21m to SPFL per season.

### Highlights

Sky Sports hold the rights to Saturday night highlights - however, they do not broadcast a dedicated programme and instead merely show the goals of the Premiership matches on Sky Sports News in their Goals Express programme - which primarily is focused on goals from the English Football League. Gaelic-language channel BBC Alba has the rights to broadcast the repeat in full of 38 Saturday 3pm matches "as live" at 5.30pm. The main Premiership highlights programme is BBC Scotland's Sportscene programme hosted on a Sunday which shows in depth highlights of all six Premiership matches every weekend. STV show the goals the weekend matches on Monday nights during the Sport section of their News at Six programme as well as during their weeknight football-debate show on STV2. The SPFL also uploads the goals from every Premiership match onto its YouTube channel - available from 6pm on a Sunday for UK and Ireland viewers and 10pm on a Saturday for those worldwide.