# Autodynamics (race car manufacturer)

Autodynamics Inc. is a former American racecar manufacturer based in Marblehead, Massachusetts. The company mainly produced Formula Vee and Formula Ford chassis. The company was also active in the Trans-Am Series entering Dodge Challengers in the 1970 season.

## History
### Formula Vee beginnings

Formula Vee was announced in 1960 by the Sports Car Club of America (SCCA) and Volkswagen of America. Caldwell designed the Caldwell D-1 based on a Cooper formula car chassis and built it with help from friends. The D-1 was received well by the public and Caldwell decided to produce the car. The D-1 was produced in 1964 and 1965 in different variants. In 1964 the SCCA included the Formula Vee class in the SCCA National Championship Runoffs. Autodynamics, along with Formcar and Zink Cars, were the pioneers of the series. Lewis Kerr won the inaugural SCCA National Championship Runoffs for Formula Vee in a Formcar, and Roger Barr finished second. Autodynamics produced a total of 478 Formula Vees. It took Autodynamics until 1972 to win a National Championship in Formula Vee. Dave Weitzenhof beat a field with many Zink and Lynx chassis. Caldwell's final FV design, the D-13, had a zero-roll-stiffness rear suspension and aerodynamic body that dominated SCCA National Races for several years. However, frequently repeated claims that Reeves Callaway won the National Championship in a D-13 in 1973 are exaggerated. Callaway did finish the race in first place, but was subsequently disqualified for illegal engine modifications.

### Formula Ford

The Caldwell D-9 was the first Formula Ford chassis made in the U.S. It followed the chassis and suspension design of the British Merlin FF. Introduced for the 1969 season, a D-9 piloted by Skip Barber won the SCCA North East Division championship as well as the National Championship Runoffs. A Caldwell D-9 also won the inaugural race sanctioned by the IMSA. At Pocono Raceway Formula Ford cars ran on the 5/8-mile oval track for 200 laps. Caldwell driver Jim Clarke was declared the winner. David Loring won many FF races in a D-9, including the Ontario and Canadian Formula Ford series, as well as the IMSA Pro Series. Loring later drove the Gurney Eagle FF.

### Caldwell D-7

In 1967 Autodynamics launched the Caldwell D7 built to Group 7 rules to enter the 1967 Can-Am season. Sam Posey again was the main driver for the team with Brett Lunger and Ray Caldwell driving selected rounds. The D7 made its debut at Road America where it retired with a broken half shaft. At Mosport Park Posey finished twelfth, the best result of the season. Autodynamics also entered a McLaren Mk. II when the D7 was not ready. With Posey scoring a podium at Stardust International Raceway. The D7 returned in 1968 where it finished fourth at Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez, the first round of the 1968 United States Road Racing Championship. The following round, at Riverside Raceway, Posey improved to third, scoring the cars only podium finish. By then, the major teams had switched to big-block Chevvy and Ford alloy V8s and recognized the Autodynamics team as the fastest of the small-block cars. The D-7 experimented with live axle suspensions, front and rear as Caldwell believed that was the optimal geometry for keeping the exceedingly wide tires flat on the track. Eventually, Posey's team abandoned the D-7 for a more conventional Lola T-160 CanAm chassis.

### Formula 5000

Autodynamics had a short lived Formula 5000 project with the Caldwell D8, another unusual live axle racing design. Lunger and Posey were the drivers for the one off project. Two chassis were built. Lunger crashed the first chassis during a test, the races were done with a second chassis. In the pro-series Posey scored the best result, a seventh place at Lime Rock Park. Sam Posey went on to earn the runner-up title twice in the U.S. F/5000 series in 1971 and 1972. In 1972, he did not run the complete eight-race series but still placed second three times and third twice.

### Trans-Am Series

Chrysler entered the Trans-Am Series with their two pony car types the Plymouth 'Cuda and the Dodge Challenger. The 'Cudas were entered by Dan Gurneys All American Racers as a factory funded effort. Caldwell "owned" the team/cars and was responsible for the final completion of the chassis' after receiving them from AAR (photos of the cars as-received from AAR at Caldwell's temporary Autodynamics West shop at Reath Automotive in Long Beach, Ca, Sam Posey's Mudge Pond Express page Chapter 6 page 129 and Autoweek ads for the Challengers "for sale" in the issue of 5/22/1971 confirms) versus AAR sending the 'Cudas back to Chrysler for travelling display purposes and later sold off to SCCA Club racers, Temporary housing for all of the Autodynamics crew was set up at the Cloud Motel in Lakewood, Ca. AAR performed all the initial engineering, modification and extensive fabrication of the body-in-white (no VIN Numbers for street use) uni-bodies, fenders, k-frame and "other" components (progress of chassis development and completion dated letter from AAR/Bob R.L. Tarozzi to Pete Hutchinson at Chrysler dated 2/2/1970 confirms). AAR sent the later production line body-in-white chasses out to have them stripped of all paint (receipt from Superior Paint Stripping Inc. Anaheim, CA dated 3-13-70 confirms). The Cuda and Challenger chasses were sent to Aerochem, Inc in Orange, Ca for "chemmilling of .006-.007 in. per surface (see Aerochem invoice dated 11/18/69 confirms). Sam Posey was the full-time driver for the first Dodge Challenger. It has been stated that the first chassis was left in the acid too long weakening the roof and structural integrity of the car (see Chapter 6, page 135 Mudge Pond Express confirms). The car required multiple chassis repairs between races. until AAR came up with a solution to re-enforce the torsion bar areas in the floor that were tearing under hard braking and cornering forces (photos of the floor and cage re-enforcements from Chrysler Archives confirms). All chassis, braking, suspension and steering components were fabricated by AAR and sent to Caldwell (letter from Carroll Smith-Autodynamics Product Engineer letter to Bruce Junor at AAR dated 6/19/1979 confirms). The de-stroked 340 ci based engine to 305ci Dodge V8 engines (built by Keith Black) proved unreliable due to factory lifter angles and push rod length design not conducive to high rpm racing requirements causing multiple retirements. Posey scored three podium finishes during the season accumulating all the team's points. During the last two races, at Seattle and Riverside, a second car was entered. Ronnie Bucknum and Tony Adamowicz. The second car retired in both races.
A Mid-Season decision by Chrysler to not return in 1971 killed off the efforts (internal memorandum from Max Muhlman announcing a reorganization due to Chrysler funding cutbacks dated 5/21/1970 and Chrysler letter from Pete Hutchinson to Bruce Junor at AAR dated 10/13/1970 confirms). Ford and Chevrolet also canceled their racing programs.
Autodynamics eventually built 3 Challengers and Black provided 12 engines during the season. The cancellation led to a financial crisis for Autodynamics which was forced to reorganize under Chapter 11, Title 11, United States Code. In 1972, Caldwell and entrepreneur Bob MacArthur launched an electric passenger car development program in an attempt to save the company. The firm converted a number of gasoline production cars to run on electric motors, but lead-acid battery technology was too heavy and inefficient for widespread acceptance.

## Production

| Year | Car | Units produced | Class |
| 1964 | Caldwell D-1 | 186 | Formula Vee |
| 1964 | Style Fitch Supersprint | 1 | |
| 1965 | Caldwell D-1A | 194 | Formula Vee |
| 1965 | Fiberfabs chassis | 12 | |
| 1965 | Motercycle chassis | 5 | |
| 1966 | Caldwell D-1B | 98 | Formula Vee |
| 1966 | Caldwell D-2 | 386 | Formula Vee trailer |
| 1966 | Caldwell D-3 | 8 | Formula B |
| 1967 | Caldwell D-7 | 2 | Group 7 |
| 1967 | Caldwell D-4 | 94 | Formula Vee |
| 1967 | Caldwell D-6 | 802 | Mk. I Deserter |
| 1967 | Caldwell D-6A | 410 | Mk. II Deserter |
| 1967 | Caldwell D-8 | 2 | Formula A |
| 1968 | Caldwell D-4A | 148 | Formula Vee |
| 1968 | Caldwell D-5 | 43 | Hustler |
| 1968 | Caldwell D-11 | 138 | Deserter Autocross |
| 1969 | Caldwell D-4B | 65 | Formula Vee |
| 1969 | Caldwell D-9 | 55 | Formula Ford |
| 1970 | Caldwell D-9B | 48 | Formula Ford |
| 1970 | Caldwell D-10 | 17 | Formula Super Vee |
| 1970 | Caldwell D-9B | 48 | Formula Ford |
| 1970 | Dodge Challenger T/A | 3 | Trans-Am Series |
| 1970 | Caldwell D-14B | 8 | Racecar trailer |
| 1970 | Caldwell D-15C | 3 | Racecar trailer |
| 1971 | Caldwell D-12 | 48 | Formula Ford |
| 1971 | Caldwell D-13 | 74 | Formula Vee |
| 1971 | Caldwell D-14A | 48 | Formula Vee trailer |
| 1972 | OD-11 Boat hull | 48 | |

## Race results
### SCCA Runoffs results

| Year | Class | Car | Driver | Finish | Start |
| 1964 | Formula Vee | Autodynamics | Roger Barr | 2 | |
| 1964 | Formula Vee | Autodynamics | Lars Giertz | 13 | |
| 1964 | Formula Vee | Autodynamics | Martin Grantham | 16 | |
| 1965 | Formula Vee | Autodynamics | Joseph Dodge | 3 | |
| 1965 | Formula Vee | Autodynamics | Bill Scott | 6 | 8 |
| 1965 | Formula Vee | Autodynamics | Robert Samm | 8 | 9 |
| 1966 | Formula Vee | Autodynamics | Robert Samm | 9 | |
| 1966 | Formula Vee | Autodynamics | Don Zacharie | 2 | |
| 1966 | Formula Vee | Autodynamics | Steve Burtis | 7 | |
| 1966 | Formula Vee | Autodynamics | Ramon Stewart | 14 | |
| 1966 | Formula Vee | Autodynamics | Larry Gross | 15 | |
| 1966 | Formula Vee | Autodynamics | William Denison | 6 | |
| 1966 | Formula Vee | Autodynamics | Bob Chamberlain | 12 | |
| 1967 | Formula Vee | Autodynamics | William Denison | 14 | |
| 1967 | Formula Vee | Autodynamics | John Magee | 8 | 8 |
| 1967 | Formula Vee | Autodynamics | Robert Samm | 9 | 11 |
| 1967 | Formula Vee | Autodynamics | Don Walkner | 10 | 15 |
| 1967 | Formula Vee | Autodynamics | Franz Gillebard | 11 | 14 |
| 1967 | Formula Vee | Autodynamics | Bill Scott | 6 | 10 |
| 1969 | Formula Ford | Caldwell D9 | Skip Barber | 1 | 20 |
| 1969 | Formula Ford | Caldwell D9 | Gary Belcher | 8 | 15 |
| 1969 | Formula Vee | Autodynamics | John Magee | 9 | 2 |
| 1969 | Formula Vee | Autodynamics | Glen Biren | 17 | 11 |
| 1969 | Formula Vee | Autodynamics | Glen Sullivan | 7 | 6 |
| 1969 | Formula B | Caldwell | Harvey Simon | 10 | 18 |
| 1969 | Formula Ford | Caldwell D9 | James Clarke | 16 | 4 |
| 1969 | Formula Ford | Caldwell D9 | Herb Brownell | 6 | 9 |
| 1970 | Formula Super Vee | Caldwell D10 | Ray Caldwell | 4 | 7 |
| 1970 | Formula Super Vee | Caldwell D10 | Tim Sharp | 11 | 10 |
| 1970 | Formula Super Vee | Caldwell D10 | Don Zacharie | 7 | 8 |
| 1971 | Formula Super Vee | Caldwell | Kirk Stowers | 7 | |
| 1971 | Formula Vee | Autodynamics | Bill Bailes | 18 | 15 |
| 1971 | Formula Vee | Autodynamics | Dave Weitzenhof | 13 | 8 |
| 1972 | Formula Vee | Autodynamics | Dave Weitzenhof | 1 | 5 |
| 1972 | Formula Vee | Autodynamics | Bill Bailes | 16 | 20 |
| 1973 | Formula Vee | Caldwell D13 | Reeves Callaway | DSQ | 5 |
| 1973 | Formula Vee | Autodynamics | Bob Cunningham | 9 | |
| 1973 | Formula Ford | Caldwell | Bill Alsup | 15 | 19 |
| 1973 | Formula Vee | Autodynamics | John Helming | DNS | |
| 1974 | Formula Vee | Caldwell D13 | Michael Billesbach | 15 | 26 |
| 1974 | Formula Vee | Caldwell D13 | Don Courtney | 22 | 18 |
| 1974 | Formula Vee | Caldwell D13 | John Helming | 5 | 6 |
| 1975 | Formula Vee | Caldwell D13 | Michael Billesbach | 13 | 14 |
| 1975 | Formula Vee | Caldwell | James Havell | 14 | 20 |
| 1975 | Formula Vee | Autodynamics | Jon van de Car | 21 | 18 |
| 1976 | Formula Vee | Caldwell D13 | Cleve Domingue | 22 | 26 |
| 1976 | Formula Vee | Autodynamics | Steve Burtis | 23 | 12 |
| 1976 | Formula Vee | Caldwell | James Havell | 26 | 2 |
| 1976 | Formula Vee | Autodynamics Mk. 5X | Jonathan Weisheit | 23 | 12 |
| 1976 | Formula Vee | Caldwell D13 | John Haydon | 9 | 19 |
| 1976 | Formula Vee | Caldwell D13 | Jon van de Car | 21 | 3 |
| 1977 | Formula Vee | Caldwell D13 | Jim Burnett | 17 | 23 |
| 1977 | Formula Vee | Caldwell D13 | Hank Henschen, Jr. | 27 | 34 |
| 1977 | Formula Vee | Autodynamics | Wallace Reetz | 11 | 16 |
| 1977 | Formula Vee | Caldwell D13 | John Haydon | 13 | 17 |
| 1977 | Formula Vee | Caldwell D13 | James Havell | 5 | 5 |
| 1977 | Formula Vee | Caldwell | Gerald Knapp | 4 | 6 |
| 1977 | Formula Vee | Caldwell D13 | Jonathan Weisheit | 10 | 15 |
| 1977 | Formula Vee | Caldwell D13 | Scott Rubenzer | 15 | 24 |
| 1978 | Formula Vee | Caldwell D13 | James Havell | 17 | 2 |
| 1978 | Formula Vee | Caldwell D13 | John Haydon | 19 | 20 |
| 1978 | Formula Ford | Caldwell | Terry McKenna | 25 | 29 |
| 1978 | Formula Vee | Caldwell D13 | Jonathan Weisheit | 3 | 5 |
| 1978 | Formula Vee | Caldwell D13 | Scott Rubenzer | 8 | 23 |
| 1978 | Formula Vee | Caldwell D13 | Wallace Reetz | 13 | 13 |
| 1978 | Formula Vee | Caldwell D13 | Ford Smith | 9 | 19 |
| 1979 | Formula Vee | Caldwell D13 | Scott Rubenzer | 7 | 17 |
| 1979 | Formula Vee | Caldwell | Thomas Schweitz, Jr. | 17 | 10 |
| 1980 | Formula Vee | Caldwell D13 | Fred Clark | 20 | 19 |
| 1980 | Formula Vee | Caldwell D13 | Jon van de Car | 13 | 7 |
| 1980 | Formula Vee | Caldwell D13 | Ford Smith | 6 | 4 |
| 1980 | Formula Vee | Caldwell D13 | Dave Smith | 12 | 17 |
| 1980 | Formula Vee | Caldwell D13 | Scott Rubenzer | 7 | 8 |
| 1980 | Formula Vee | Caldwell D13 | Thomas Schweitz, Jr. | 8 | 15 |
| 1980 | Formula Vee | Caldwell D13 | Blair Dupont | 26 | 29 |
| 1980 | Formula Vee | Caldwell D13 | Ron Fieni | 27 | 1 |
| 1980 | Formula Vee | Caldwell D13 | Robert Culver | 23 | 27 |
| 1980 | Formula Vee | Caldwell D13 | Charles Proctor | 24 | 22 |
| 1981 | Formula Vee | Caldwell D13 | Robert Culver | 22 | |
| 1981 | Formula Vee | Caldwell D13 | Scott Rubenzer | 4 | 7 |
| 1981 | Formula Vee | Caldwell D13 | Dave Smith | 18 | |
| 1981 | Formula Vee | Caldwell D13S | Ford Smith | 23 | |
| 1981 | Formula Vee | Caldwell D13 | Jon van de Car | 14 | |
| 1981 | Formula Vee | Caldwell D13 | Louis Rettenmeier | 10 | |
| 1981 | Formula Vee | Caldwell D13 | Mike Palermo, Jr. | 20 | |
| 1981 | Formula Vee | Caldwell D13S | Bill Pryor | 7 | |
| 1982 | Formula Vee | Caldwell D13 | Mike Palermo, Jr. | 20 | |
| 1982 | Formula Vee | Caldwell D13 | Scott Rubenzer | 3 | |
| 1982 | Formula Vee | Caldwell | Carl Salamon | 9 | |
| 1982 | Formula Vee | Caldwell D13S | Jon van de Car | 34 | |
| 1982 | Formula Vee | Caldwell D13S | Ford Smith | 18 | |
| 1982 | Formula Vee | Caldwell D13 | Randy Pollock | 13 | |
| 1983 | Formula Vee | Caldwell D13 | Robert Culver | 37 | 25 |
| 1983 | Formula Vee | Caldwell D13 | Carl Salamon | 15 | 16 |
| 1983 | Formula Vee | Caldwell D13 | Scott Rubenzer | 2 | 6 |
| 1983 | Formula Vee | Caldwell D13 | E.J. Kollins | DNS | |
| 1983 | Formula Vee | Caldwell D13 | Jon van de Car | 12 | 19 |
| 1983 | Formula Vee | Caldwell D13S | Paul Czekanski | 28 | 37 |
| 1983 | Formula Vee | Caldwell D13 | Jim Kearney | 29 | 12 |
| 1983 | Formula Vee | Caldwell D13 | Dave Smith | 11 | 18 |
| 1983 | Formula Vee | Caldwell D13 | Howard Landon | 36 | 15 |
| 1983 | Formula Vee | Caldwell D13 | Laury Lundberg | 26 | 39 |
| 1983 | Formula Vee | Caldwell D13 | Stephen Oseth | 18 | 34 |
| 1984 | Formula Vee | Caldwell D13 | Stephen Oseth | 13 | 7 |
| 1984 | Formula Vee | Caldwell D13S | Mike Cochran | 27 | 37 |
| 1984 | Formula Vee | Caldwell D13 | Stephen Ira | 17 | 14 |
| 1984 | Formula Vee | Caldwell D13 | Howard Landon | 11 | 11 |
| 1984 | Formula Vee | Caldwell D13 | John Menzinger | 37 | 31 |
| 1985 | Formula Vee | Caldwell D13 | John Menzinger | 37 | 35 |
| 1985 | Formula Vee | Caldwell D13 | Stephen Oseth | 28 | 6 |
| 1985 | Formula Vee | Caldwell D13 | Howard Landon | 15 | 10 |
| 1985 | Formula Vee | Caldwell D13 | Peter Pires | 21 | 22 |
| 1985 | Formula Vee | Caldwell D13 | George Podgorski | 10 | 9 |
| 1986 | Formula Vee | Caldwell D13 | Peter Pires | 18 | 28 |
| 1986 | Formula Vee | Caldwell D13 | Samuel Ryan | 14 | 20 |
| 1986 | Formula Vee | Caldwell D13 | Mike Palermo, Jr. | 36 | 34 |
| 1986 | Formula Vee | Caldwell D13 | Robert Culver | 21 | 15 |
| 1986 | Formula Vee | Caldwell D13 | Jim Kearney | 16 | 19 |
| 1987 | Formula Vee | Caldwell | Clayton Cox | 28 | 31 |
| 1987 | Formula Vee | Caldwell | Samuel Ryan | 32 | 12 |
| 1987 | Formula Vee | Caldwell D13 | Mike Palermo, Jr. | 10 | 13 |
| 1987 | Formula Vee | Caldwell | Greg Rice | 29 | 7 |
| 1987 | Formula Vee | Caldwell | Bob Neumeister | 7 | 18 |
| 1987 | Formula Vee | Caldwell | Michael Rogers | 39 | 38 |
| 1987 | Formula Vee | Caldwell | Ed Shilen | 31 | 37 |
| 1988 | Formula Vee | Caldwell | Bob Neumeister | 30 | 1 |
| 1988 | Formula Vee | Caldwell D13 | Howard Landon | 15 | 22 |
| 1988 | Formula Vee | Caldwell D8 | Samuel Ryan | 37 | 29 |
| 1989 | Formula Vee | Caldwell D13S | Bob Neumeister | 37 | 16 |
| 1989 | Formula Vee | Caldwell D13 | John Fuchs | 30 | 44 |
| 1989 | Formula Vee | Caldwell D13 | Howard Landon | 15 | 28 |
| 1990 | Formula Vee | Caldwell D13 | Howard Landon | 4 | 5 |
| 1990 | Formula Vee | Caldwell D13 | Kent Wiseman | 24 | 37 |
| 1990 | Formula Vee | Caldwell D13S | Michael Rogers | 27 | 38 |
| 1991 | Formula Vee | Caldwell D13S | Bob Neumeister | 39 | 12 |
| 1993 | Formula Vee | Caldwell D13S | Michael Rogers | 39 | 53 |
| 2004 | Formula Vee | Caldwell D13 | Greg Rice | 43 | 31 |
| 2009 | Formula Vee | Caldwell D13 | Stuart Delaney | 23 | 37 |
| 2010 | Formula Vee | Caldwell D13 | Stuart Delaney | 36 | 32 |
| 2012 | Formula Vee | Caldwell D13 | Terran Swanson | 18 | 27 |

### Can-Am Series

(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
| Year | Car | No. | Drivers | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | Pos. | Pts |
| 1966 | Caldwell D7 | 22 | Sam Posey | MTE 21 | | | | | | - | 0 |
| 1966 | McLaren M1B | 33 | Sam Posey | | BRI 8 | MOS 20 | LAG 38 | RIV 18 | LVE 21 | - | 0 |
| 1967 | Caldwell D7B | 1 | Sam Posey | ROA 32 | BRI 24 | MOS 12 | LAG 29 | RIV 13 | LVE DNS | - | 0 |
| 1968 | Caldwell D7C | 1 | Sam Posey | ROA 10 | | | | | | 9th | 5 |
| 1968 | Lola T160 | 2 | Sam Posey | | BRI 8 | EDM 4 | LAG 9 | RIV 21 | LVE 5 | 9th | 5 |

### SCCA Continental Championship Formula A results

(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
| Year | Car | No. | Drivers | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | Pos. | Pts |
| 1968 | Caldwell D8 | 11 | Brett Lunger | COL | OKL | ROA | THO | MOS 26 | | BRA 18 | LAG 28 | - | 0 |
| 1968 | Caldwell D8 | 11 | Sam Posey | | | | | | LRP 7 | | | - | 0 |

### Trans-Am Series results

(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
| Year | Car | No. | Drivers | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | Pos. | Pts |
| 1970 | Dodge Challenger T/A | 76 | Sam Posey | LAG 6 | LRP 3 | NHS 23 | MDO 5 | BRI 20 | BRA 20 | ROA 20 | TRE 3 | WAT 4 | SEA 3 | RIV 29 | 4th | 18 |
| 1970 | Dodge Challenger T/A | 77 | Ronnie Bucknum | LAG | LRP | NHS | MDO | BRI | BRA | ROA | TRE | WAT | SEA 27 | | 4th | 18 |
| 1970 | Dodge Challenger T/A | 77 | Tony Adamowicz | | | | | | | | | | | RIV 24 | 4th | 18 |