OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Archaeosphaeroides

Archaeosphaeroides is an extinct genus of bacteria from the Paleoarchean. It is a coccoid cyanophyte from the Fig Tree Formation of South Africa which dates back to 3,000 million years ago.
# Arachnura

Arachnura, also known as drag-tailed spider, scorpion-tailed spider and scorpion spider, is a genus of orb-weaver spiders that was first described by A. Vinson in 1863. They are distributed across Australasia, Southern and Eastern Asia with one species from Africa. Females can grow up to 1 to 3 centimetres (0.39 to 1.18 in) long, while males reach only 2 millimetres (0.079 in) long. The name is a combination of the Ancient Greek "arachne-" (ἀράχνη) and "uro" (οὐρά), meaning "tail". The tails are only present on females, but unlike the common names suggests, these spiders aren't related to scorpions. They curl up their tails when disturbed, but they are completely harmless. Bites are rare, and result in minor symptoms such as local pain and swelling. They stay at the middle of their web day and night, and their bodies mimic plant litter, such as fallen flowers, twigs, or dead leaves.
Arachnura logio is called Kijiro o-hiki-gumo in Japanese. A. feredayi is commonly called Tailed forest spider. A. higginsi is often found in large numbers near water in Australia.

## Species

As of February 2020 it contains twelve species, found in Africa, Oceania, and Asia:
* Arachnura angura Tikader, 1970 – India
* Arachnura feredayi (L. Koch, 1872) – New Zealand
* Arachnura heptotubercula Yin, Hu & Wang, 1983 – China
* Arachnura higginsi (L. Koch, 1872) – Australia
* Arachnura logio Yaginuma, 1956 – China, Korea, Japan
* Arachnura melanura Simon, 1867 – India to Indonesia (Sulawesi) and Japan, Papua New Guinea, Australia (Queensland)
* Arachnura perfissa (Thorell, 1895) – Myanmar
* Arachnura pygmaea (Thorell, 1890) – Indonesia (Nias Is.)
* Arachnura quinqueapicata Strand, 1911 – Indonesia (Aru Is.)
* Arachnura scorpionoides Vinson, 1863 (type) – Congo, Ethiopia, Seychelles, Mayotte, Madagascar, Mauritius, Réunion
* Arachnura simoni Berland, 1924 – New Caledonia
* Arachnura spinosa (Saito, 1933) – Taiwan
In synonymy:
* A. longicauda Urquhart, 1885 = Arachnura feredayi (L. Koch, 1872)
# 1981 Sturt state by-election

A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Sturt on 21 February 1981 following the resignation of Tim Fischer (National Country) to successfully contest the seat of Murray at the 1980 by-election.
By-elections for the seats of Cessnock, Oxley and Maitland were held on the same day.

## Dates

| Date | Event |
| 12 August 1980 | Resignation of Tim Fischer. |
| 22 January 1981 | Writ of election issued by the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly and close of electoral rolls. |
| 29 January 1981 | Day of nomination |
| 21 February 1981 | Polling day |
| 13 March 1981 | Return of writ |

## Results

1981 Sturt by-election Saturday 21 February :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | National Country | John Sullivan | 11,614 | 63.1 | -3.0 |
| | Labor | Michael Anthony | 6,805 | 37.0 | +3.0 |
| Total formal votes | Total formal votes | Total formal votes | 18,419 | 99.1 | +0.5 |
| Informal votes | Informal votes | Informal votes | 165 | 0.9 | −0.5 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 18,584 | 82.6 | −11.2 |
| | National Country hold | National Country hold | Swing | -3.0 | |
# Apostolic Nunciature to United Arab Emirates

The Apostolic Nunciature to United Arab Emirates is an ecclesiastical office of the Catholic Church in United Arab Emirates. It is a diplomatic post of the Holy See, whose representative is called the Apostolic Nuncio with the rank of an ambassador.
The nunciature is located in Abu Dhabi.

## History

Before the Holy See and United Arab Emirates established diplomatic relations, the Holy See represented its interests in United Arab Emirates through delegations with regional responsibilities, first the Apostolic Delegation to the Red Sea Region established by Pope Paul VI on 3 July 1969, and then the Apostolic Delegation to the Arabian Peninsula established by Pope John Paul II on 26 March 1992. The Holy See and United Arab Emirates established diplomatic relations on 31 May 2007.
The offices of the nunciature in Abu Dhabi were opened by Archbishop Edgar Peña Parra on behalf of the Holy See on 4 February 2022. On 03 January 2023, Pope Francis appointed Christophe Zakhia El-Kassis, Titular Archbishop of Roselle, as the first nuncio who will reside in the Nunciature in Abu Dhabi.

## Apostolic Nuncios to United Arab Emirates

* Paul-Mounged El-Hachem (4 August 2007 – 2 December 2009)
* Petar Rajič (27 March 2010 – 15 June 2015)
* Francisco Montecillo Padilla (26 April 2016 – 17 April 2020)
* Christophe Zakhia El-Kassis (3 January 2023 - present)
# Apostolic Nunciature to Yemen

The Apostolic Nunciature to Yemen is an ecclesiastical office of the Catholic Church in Yemen. It is a diplomatic post of the Holy See, whose representative is called the Apostolic Nuncio with the rank of an ambassador. The Apostolic Nuncio to Yemen is also the Apostolic Nuncio to United Arab Emirates and resides in the United Arab Emirates.
Before the Holy See and Yemen established diplomatic relations, the Holy See represented its interests in Yemen through delegations with regional responsibilities, first the Apostolic Delegation to the Red Sea Region established by Pope Paul VI on 3 July 1969 and then the Apostolic Delegation to the Arabian Peninsula established by Pope John Paul II on 26 March 1992. The Holy See and Yemen established diplomatic relations on 13 October 1998.

## Papal representatives to Yemen

* Giuseppe De Andrea (28 June 2001 – 27 August 2005)
* Paul-Mounged El-Hachem (27 August 2005 – 2 December 2009)
* Petar Rajič (27 March 2010 – 15 June 2015)
* Francisco Montecillo Padilla (30 July 2016 – 17 April 2020)
* Christophe Zakhia El-Kassis (22 July 2024 – present)
# Arakeshvara Temple, Hole Alur

The Arakeshvara Temple, dedicated to the Hindu god Shiva, is located in the village of Hole Alur in the Chamarajanagar district of Karnataka state, India. According to the historian Sarma, the temple which dates back to the middle of the 10th century rule of the Western Ganga Dynasty appears to have been renovated in later periods. It was constructed by King Butuga II around 949 A.D. to celebrate his victory over the Cholas of Tanjore in the historically important battle of Takkolam. It was a military engagement between crown prince Rajaditya, son of the Chola King Parantaka I, and King Butaga II (a powerful vassal of the Rashtrakuta emperor Krishna III). The temple is protected as a monument of national importance by the central Archaeological Survey of India.

## Temple plan

The temple has a simple plan characteristic of Western Ganga constructions. It has a sanctum (garbhagriha), a vestibule (called sukhanasi) that connects to the sanctum a large well sculptured closed hall (navaranga or mahamantapa) and an open, elevated and detached mantapa outside facing the shrine containing the sculptured image of nandi (the companion of the Hindu god Shiva) facing east (called the nandimantapa). The base on which the temple is raised (called adhishthana) is a simple set of moldings.
The overall decoration is simple with dancing celestial maiden (apsaras) within volutes of scrolls (lata-patra, lit, "creeper leaf") which extend over the door jamb and linel. On either side of the entrance doorway are two tall rectangular vertical slabs reaching up to the lintel, divided into four panels with relief friezes depicting male drummers (called dola-nritya). The top panel has rustic male dancers who appear to dance to a musicians' ensemble who play the drum, violin, rudra veena, flute and the kanjira. According to the historian Sarma, in no contemporary temple are such native (desi) forms of dance depicted. The most interesting bas-relief sculptures in the temple, according to Sarma, are the ones on the rounded pillars in the nandimantapa and the closed mahamantapa. These relief vividly depict the victory of Butaga II over the Chola prince Rajaditya, in addition to themes from the Hindu epics, mythical figures and demi-gods. The high point of the relief work, in the closed mahamantapa is the ashtadikpalaka grid ("guardians of eight directions") in the ceiling with a central dancing Shiva (called natya shiva). There are several independent sculptures in the closed hall, including Mahishasuramardini (version of the goddess Durga slaying an asura), Yago Dakshinamurthy (god Shiva as "the teacher"), Saptamatrika (seven celestial mothers) and other sculptures that adhere to the 8th-9th century Ganga-Chalukya sculptural idiom.
# 1984 ABN World Tennis Tournament – Doubles

Fritz Buehning and Tom Gullikson were the defending champions, but Gullikson did not compete this year.
Buehning teamed up with Ferdi Taygan and lost in the final to Kevin Curren and Wojciech Fibak. The score was 6–4, 6–4.

## Seeds

* Mark Edmondson / Sherwood Stewart (semifinals)
* Anders Järryd / Hans Simonsson (first round)
* Fritz Buehning / Ferdi Taygan (final)
* Pavel Složil / Tomáš Šmíd (semifinals)

## Draw
### Key

* Q = Qualifier
* WC = Wild card
* LL = Lucky loser
* Alt = Alternate
* SE = Special exempt
* PR = Protected ranking
* ITF = ITF entry
* JE = Junior exempt
* w/o = Walkover
* r = Retired
* d = Defaulted
* SR = Special ranking

### Draw

| First round | First round | First round | First round | First round | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final | Final | Final |
| 1 | M Edmondson S Stewart | 7 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | T Delatte J Kriek | 6 | 3 | | 1 | M Edmondson S Stewart | 6 | 7 | | | | | | | | | | |
| | V Amaya J Lloyd | 3 | 6 | 6 | | V Amaya J Lloyd | 3 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | |
| | P Rennert R Seguso | 6 | 3 | 4 | | | | | | 1 | M Edmondson S Stewart | 2 | 6 | | | | | |
| 3 | F Buehning F Taygan | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | 3 | F Buehning F Taygan | 6 | 7 | | | | | |
| | M Purcell R Van't Hof | 2 | 2 | | 3 | F Buehning F Taygan | 3 | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | |
| | D Graham L Warder | 2 | 7 | 5 | | S Davis B Teacher | 6 | 1 | 4 | | | | | | | | | |
| | S Davis B Teacher | 6 | 6 | 7 | | | | | | | | | | | 3 | F Buehning F Taygan | 4 | 4 |
| | M Schapers H van Boeckel | 5 | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | K Curren W Fibak | 6 | 6 |
| | J Nyström M Tideman | 7 | 2 | 2 | | M Schapers H van Boeckel | 3 | 1 | | | | | | | | | | |
| | P Cash J Fitzgerald | 6 | 2 | 2 | 4 | P Složil T Šmíd | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | |
| 4 | P Složil T Šmíd | 4 | 6 | 6 | | | | | | 4 | P Složil T Šmíd | 1 | 6 | 6 | | | | |
| | K Curren W Fibak | 3 | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | K Curren W Fibak | 6 | 1 | 7 | | | | |
| | S Glickstein B Gottfried | 6 | 4 | 2 | | K Curren W Fibak | 7 | 7 | | | | | | | | | | |
| | B Dyke R Frawley | 6 | 2 | 6 | | B Dyke R Frawley | 5 | 5 | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2 | A Järryd H Simonsson | 1 | 6 | 4 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
# 1984 Swedish Open – Doubles

Joakim Nyström and Mats Wilander were the defending champions, but Wilander did not compete this year. Nyström teamed up with Henrik Sundström and lost in the semifinals to Jan Gunnarsson and Michael Mortensen.
Gunnarsson and Mortensen won the title by defeating Juan Avendaño and Fernando Roese 6–0, 6–0 in the final.

## Seeds

* Stefan Edberg / Anders Järryd (semifinals, withdrew)
* Jan Gunnarsson / Michael Mortensen (champions)
* Hans Simonsson / Stefan Simonsson (quarterfinals)
* Joakim Nyström / Henrik Sundström (semifinals)

## Draw
### Key

* Q = Qualifier
* WC = Wild card
* LL = Lucky loser
* Alt = Alternate
* SE = Special exempt
* PR = Protected ranking
* ITF = ITF entry
* JE = Junior exempt
* w/o = Walkover
* r = Retired
* d = Defaulted
* SR = Special ranking

### Draw

| First round | First round | First round | First round | First round | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final | Final | Final |
| 1 | S Edberg A Järryd | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | P Carlsson J Svensson | 3 | 0 | | 1 | S Edberg A Järryd | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | |
| | P Bastiansen M Tideman | 7 | 6 | 2 | | J Navrátil M Schapers | 4 | 4 | | | | | | | | | |
| | J Navrátil M Schapers | 5 | 7 | 6 | | | | | | 1 | S Edberg A Järryd | | | | | | |
| 3 | H Simonsson S Simonsson | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | J Avendaño F Roese | w/o | | | | | |
| | R Evett A Scheinman | 0 | 0 | | 3 | H Simonsson S Simonsson | 4 | 6 | 3 | | | | | | | | |
| | J Avendaño F Roese | 6 | 7 | | | J Avendaño F Roese | 6 | 4 | 6 | | | | | | | | |
| | J López-Maeso H Theissen | 4 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | J Avendaño F Roese | 0 | 0 |
| | J Carlsson P Svensson | 6 | 7 | | | | | | | | | | | 2 | J Gunnarsson M Mortensen | 6 | 6 |
| | P Hjertquist R Viver | 4 | 6 | | | J Carlsson P Svensson | 6 | 1 | | | | | | | | | |
| | C Chabalgoity T Koch | 7 | 2 | 3 | 4 | J Nyström H Sundström | 7 | 6 | | | | | | | | | |
| 4 | J Nyström H Sundström | 6 | 6 | 6 | | | | | | 4 | J Nyström H Sundström | 4 | 1 | | | | |
| | C Kist E Oliveira | 4 | 4 | | | | | | | 2 | J Gunnarsson M Mortensen | 6 | 6 | | | | |
| | R Båthman S Svensson | 6 | 6 | | | R Båthman S Svensson | 3 | 4 | | | | | | | | | |
| | J Gurfein J McCurdy | 4 | 2 | | 2 | J Gunnarsson M Mortensen | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | |
| 2 | J Gunnarsson M Mortensen | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
# Agreement of Łęgonice

The Agreement of Łęgonice, which was signed on 31 July 1666 in the village of Łęgonice, ended the so-called Lubomirski Rokosz, a rebellion against Polish King Jan II Kazimierz Vasa, initiated by a magnate and hetman, Jerzy Sebastian Lubomirski. The rokosz was started in defence of the so-called Golden Liberty, as Lubomirski feared royal plans for strengthening the position of the king and introduction of the so-called vivente rege election.
The Battle of Mątwy, which was the last battle of the rebellion, took place on 13 July 1666. After this bloodbath, which ended in the defeat of royal forces, both sides signed the agreement, according to which Lubomirski was returned all his titles, and the king was forced to abandon his election plans and reforms of the state. Furthermore, royal amnesty for rebels was declared.
The rebellion weakened the prestige of Jan Kazimierz and his bold plans. From then on, Polish-Lithuanian nobility disrespected the king, which contributed to his decision to abandon the throne in 1668. Lubomirski, after apologizing to Jan Kazimierz, had to leave the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, settling in Silesia, where he died.
# Abburu, Krishnarajanagara taluk

Abburu (Krishnarajanagara) is a village in the southern state of Karnataka, India. It is located in the Krishnarajanagara taluk of Mysore district in Karnataka.
# Aphrodite Stakes

The Aphrodite Stakes is a Listed flat horse race in Great Britain open to mares and fillies aged three years or older. It is run at Newmarket over a distance of 1 mile and 4 furlongs (2,414 metres), and it is scheduled to take place each year in July.
The race was first run in 1994.

## Records

Leading jockey (3 wins):
* Richard Hills – Suhaad (1999), Ranin (2001), Eastern Aria (2010)
Leading trainer (5 wins):
* John Gosden – Shemozzle (1996), Anno Luce (1997), Marani (2002), Treble Heights (2003), Quenched (2006)

## Winners

* ↑ The 2020 race was run at Newbury due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom
# A Journey Made in the Summer of 1794

A Journey Made in the Summer of 1794, through Holland and the Western Frontier of Germany, with a Return Down the Rhine: to which are added Observations During a Tour to the Lakes of Lancashire, Westmoreland, and Cumberland is a travel narrative by Ann Radcliffe first published in 1795. Radcliffe at that time was the famous and successful author of four Gothic novels, largely set in Southern European locales which she never visited; this journey was her first time leaving England, and featured a Northern itinerary. The book was published by George Robinson, who published Radcliffe's bestselling The Mysteries of Udolpho the preceding year.
# Alexander Main

Alexander Main may refer to:
* Sandy Main (1873–?), Scottish footballer and middle-distance runner
* Alexander H. Main (1824–1896), American businessman and politician
# Alexander Briant

Alexander Briant, SJ (17 August 1556 – 1 December 1581) was an English Jesuit and martyr, executed at Tyburn.

## Life

He was born in Somerset, and entered Hart Hall, Oxford (now Hertford College), at an early age. While there, he became a pupil of Robert Parsons, and he completed his studies with him at Balliol College, which, along with his association with Richard Holtby, led to his conversion. After leaving university, he entered the English College at Reims then went to the English College, Douai, and was ordained priest on 29 March 1578. Assigned to the English mission in August of the following year, he laboured with zeal in his own county of Somerset.
A party of the persecution, searching for Parsons, placed Alexander Briant under arrest on 28 April 1581. Arrested along with Briant was Gilbert Bodey, brother of John Bodey. Gilbert Bodey was scourged at Bridewell and afterwards confined to Counter Prison. He was released on bond, and when not called to appear, escaped to Rheims.

## Trial and Execution

In the hope of extorting information, Briant was sent to the Counter. After fruitless attempts to this end, he was taken to the Tower of London where he was subjected to torture. It was during this confinement that Briant penned his letter to the Jesuit Fathers in England requesting admission into the Society, which was granted. He was arraigned with six other priests on 16 November 1581, in Queen's Bench, Westminster, on the charge of high treason, and condemned to death. In his letter to the Jesuit Fathers, he says that he felt no pain during the various tortures he underwent, and adds: "Whether this that I say be miraculous or no, God knoweth." He was twenty-five years old when he was executed by being hanged, drawn and quartered on 1 December 1581. Through either malice or carelessness of the executioner, he was put to needless suffering. Edmund Campion and Ralph Sherwin were also executed with him.

## Veneration and relic

Alexander Briant was beatified on 29 December 1886 by Pope Leo XIII. Alexander Briant was canonized in 1970 by Pope Paul VI as one of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales with a common feast day of 25 October. His individual feast day is celebrated on 1 December, the day of his martyrdom.
A relic, a corporal, which is housed in the English College in Rome, has the names of five priests. Briant is one of those names stitched in the cloth.
In 2023, a pastoral area of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Clifton was named in honour of Briant.
# Alexander Loveday

Alexander Loveday (24.10.1888 St. Andrews: Scotland: United Kingdom – 19 January 1962) was a British economist, who worked for the League of Nations before serving as Warden of Nuffield College, Oxford, from 1950 to 1954.

## Life and career

Loveday was born in 1888, and was educated at Shrewsbury School before studying at Peterhouse, Cambridge. After lecturing in political philosophy at Leipzig University from 1911 to 1912, he returned to Cambridge as a lecturer in economics in 1913, but worked for the War Office between 1915 and 1919.
He joined the League of Nations Secretariat in 1919, developed its statistical operations, became Director of the Financial Section of the Economic and Financial Organization's Secretariat in 1931, then Director of the merged Economic, Financial and Transit Department in 1939. In 1940 he led the relocation of the League's economic and financial staff at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, from which he led their work until merger into the newly formed United Nations in April 1946.
He became a Fellow of Nuffield College, Oxford, in 1946, and was appointed Warden in 1950. He was later made an Honorary Fellow of Nuffield, and was also an Honorary Fellow of Peterhouse. He died on 19 January 1962.
His publications included History and Economics of Indian Famines (1914); Britain and World Trade, Quo Vadimus and other essays (1931); The Only Way; A Study of Democracy in Danger (1950); and Reflections on International Administration (1957). Amongst other honours, he was made an honorary member of the Swedish Royal Academy of Science.
In his obituary in The Times, he was described as a "good team leader of a composite international team" whilst at the League of Nations, who was "calm, objective and professional" and who won "universal respect and, in those who knew him best, real affection."
# Alexander Carragh MacDonald of Glenarm

Alexander Carragh MacDonald of Glenarm was a son of James MacDonald, 6th of Dunnyveg and Agnes Campbell, daughter of Colin Campbell, 3rd Earl of Argyll. Alexander, obtained possession of the barony of Glenarm. He was killed along with his brother, Donald Gorm, during the Battle of Ardnaree, Ireland in 1586 against the English.

## Family

Alexander had issue:
* Ranald, who had issue; Archibald, who was killed at Broughbuy, Glenarm.
# Alexander Humphrys-Alexander

Alexander Humphrys-Alexander (1783–4 May 1859) was a claimant to the vacant Earldom of Stirling and rights to vast lands in eastern Canada, referring back to a Royal Charter granted to the 1st Earl by James I in 1621 to colonize Nova Scotia and surrounding areas of North America.

## Early life

Born Alexander Humphrys in 1783, he was the son of William Humphrys, a Birmingham merchant, and his wife Hannah Alexander. In 1802 he accompanied his father to France and was arrested on the orders of Napoleon the following year. They were detained in Verdun. His father died and he returned to England in 1815. At some point he met Thomas Christopher Banks, genealogist and author of a book on the Extinct and Dormant Baronage of England, who became his adviser.

## The claim

The (then) Alexander Humphrys applied for a royal licence to take the surname Alexander in honour of his maternal grandfather, John Alexander. This was granted in 1824. Following that, he had himself declared the lawful heir of his mother by magistrates in Edinburgh in 1826. He then proceeded to claim the earldom as the descendant and heir of William Alexander, 1st Earl of Stirling (c. 1567–1640) on 11 October 1830, styling himself ‘Earl of Stirling and Dovan’.
He then moved to claim the Canadian titles and property. These were originally restricted to the direct male line, but Humphrys-Alexander cited a special charter (or ‘Novodamus’) that Charles I had granted in 1639 which obviated this requirement. He was unable to prove the existence of this charter but nevertheless in June 1831, he successfully claimed his Canadian 'property' through the Sheriff of Edinburgh, and was 'invested' with them at Edinburgh Castle on 8 July 1831. He then proceeded to give Banks 16,000 acres of land in Canada and made him a baronet, followed by other attempts to make profitable use of his American interests.

## Trial for forgery

The ambitious scope of Humphrys-Alexander's activities inevitably involved the British government and eventually his claims were challenged, culminating in a celebrated trial in Edinburgh in 1839 in which he was accused of forgery. Eventually at least two of 17 documents were declared to be forgeries, however Humphrys-Alexander himself was acquitted of personal responsibility for making them, after which he left the country to live in Brussels, Paris and eventually America. He died in Washington on 4 May 1859.