OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Albertino Essers

Albertino Essers (born 30 May 1969) is a Dutch former professional darts player. Nicknamed The Sensation, he competed in British Darts Organisation (BDO) events.

## Career

In the 2007 BDO World Darts Championship, Essers defeated the number 2 seed, Scotland's Gary Anderson, in the first round, but lost to Scotsman Paul Hanvidge in the second round. Paul Hogan beat Essers in the second round in 2006, after Essers had defeated Ted Hankey 3–1 in the first round. At one point Essers suffered from dartitis, an inability to release the dart while throwing.

## World Championship performances
### BDO

* 2003: 1st Round (lost to Richie Davies 1–3)
* 2004: 1st Round (lost to Steve Duke 1–3)
* 2006: 2nd Round (lost to Paul Hogan 2–4)
* 2007: 2nd Round (lost to Paul Hanvidge 1–4)

## Performance timeline

| Tournament | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 |
| BDO World Championship | DNQ | 1R | 1R | DNQ | 2R | 2R |
| International Darts League | NH | RR | RR | DNQ | RR | PR |
| World Darts Trophy | DNQ | 1R | 1R | DNQ | 1R | DNQ |
| Winmau World Masters | L32 | L64 | L32 | L64 | L64 | DNQ |
| Finder Darts Masters | DNQ | RR | RR | RR | DNQ | DNQ |
Performance Table Legend :
| DNP | Did not play at the event | DNQ | Did not qualify for the event | NYF | Not yet founded | #R | lost in the early rounds of the tournament (WR = Wildcard round, RR = Round robin) |
| QF | lost in the quarter-finals | SF | lost in the semi-finals | F | lost in the final | W | won the tournament |
# Alcohol (journal)

Alcohol is a peer-reviewed medical journal covering research on the health effects of alcohol consumption. It was established in 1984 and is published nine times per year by Elsevier. The editor-in-chief is David Lovinger (National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2014 impact factor of 2.006.
# Alan Millard (politician)

Alan Major Millard (29 April 1856 – 6 July 1915) was an English solicitor who became an Australian politician.
He was born in Langport in Somerset to accountant James Millard and Margaret Major. He was admitted as a solicitor in England in 1879 and practised in Bristol before coming to Australia in 1890. He had married Florence Hawkins on 19 April 1881 at Gloucester. He worked at the mines at Captains Flat before being admitted to practise as a solicitor in 1893, settling at Bungendore. He was a supporter of the temperance movement in Australia, belonging to both the Good Templars and the Christian Temperance Union.
In August 1904 he was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly as the Liberal member for Queanbeyan.
In September 1905 Millard was committed to stand trial on charges that he had misappropriated £5 of a client's money. He conducted his own defence before Judge Murray and a jury in the Court of quarter sessions. He was convicted of larceny as a bailee, with Judge Murray describing the offence as having occurred under a "reckless departure from sobriety", and sentenced to 6 months imprisonment, suspended on the condition that he enter into a 12 month good behaviour bond. Judge Murray reserved a question of law to the Supreme Court, however the Full Court upheld the conviction and ordered that his name be struck off the roll of solicitors. He sought special leave to appeal to the High Court however this was refused.
After his appeal was dismissed by the Supreme Court, his seat in parliament was declared vacant and a writ was issued for a by-election on 7 April.
Millard told the Court of Quarter Sessions that he "won the Victoria Cross as a member of the Life Guards", subsequently said to have been won during the Anglo-Zulu War. There does not appear to be any substance to his claims as neither military service nor Victoria Cross are mentioned in his parliamentary biography, and his name is not included on the Victoria Cross Register.
Millard did not return to politics, and died in Sydney in 1915 (aged 59).
# Albert Rudomine

Albert Rudomine (27 April 1892 in Kiev, Russian Empire - 4 April 1975 in Paris) was a French photographer perhaps best known for his nudes.
After a time spent studying Hebrew in New York, Rudomine settled in Paris in 1917. He worked first as a dressmaker before working as a photojournalist for L'Illustration in 1920 and opening a photographic studio in 1923.

## Collections

* Collection Christian Bouqueret
* Bibliothèque nationale de France
* Cleveland Museum of Art
* J. Paul Getty Museum
* Museum of Modern Art
* Department of Image Collections, National Gallery of Art of Art Library
* Metropolitan Museum of Art
* Centre Pompidou
* Musée Carnavalet
* Musée Cantini, Marseilles
* Musée Bourdelle
* Musée des beaux-arts du Canada

## Exhibitions

* Albert Rudomine, Rencontres de la photographie, Arles, France, 1983
* Vente aux enchères chez Tajan, 2003
* Galerie Michèle Chomette (collective), Paris, 2004
* Galerie Léon Herschtritt (collective), Paris, 2006
* Galerie Johannes Faber, Vienne
# Albumen print

The albumen print, also called albumen silver print, is a method of producing a photographic print using egg whites. Published in January 1847 by Louis Désiré Blanquart-Evrard, it was the first commercial process of producing a photo on a paper base from a negative, previous methods - such as the daguerreotype and the tintype - having been printed on metal. It became the dominant form of photographic positives from 1855 to the start of the 20th century, with a peak in the 1860–90 period. During the mid-19th century, the carte de visite became one of the more popular uses of the albumen method. In the 19th century, E. & H. T. Anthony & Company were the largest makers and distributors of albumen photographic prints and paper in the United States.

## Creation process

* A piece of paper, usually 100% cotton, is coated with an emulsion of egg white (albumen) and salt (sodium chloride or ammonium chloride), then dried. The albumen seals the paper and creates a slightly glossy surface for the sensitizer to rest on.
* The paper is then dipped in a solution of silver nitrate and water which renders the surface sensitive to UV light.
* The paper is then dried in the absence of UV light.
* The dried, prepared paper is placed in a frame in direct contact under a negative. The negative is traditionally a glass negative with collodion emulsion, but this step can be performed with a modern silver halide negative, too. The paper with negative is then exposed to light until the image achieves the desired level of darkness, which is typically a little lighter than the end product. The progress of the print can be checked during the exposure as it is a printing-out process and the image can be seen taking form as it is being exposed to light. Though direct sunlight was used long ago, a UV exposure unit is often used contemporarily because it is more predictable, as the paper is most sensitive to ultraviolet light.
* A bath of sodium thiosulfate fixes the print's exposure, preventing further darkening.
* Optional gold or selenium toning improves the photograph's tone and stabilizes against fading. Depending on the toner, toning may be performed before or after fixing the print.
Because the image emerges as a direct result of exposure to light, without the aid of a developing solution, an albumen print may be said to be a printed rather than a developed photograph.
The table salt (sodium chloride) in the albumen emulsion forms silver chloride when in contact with silver nitrate. Silver chloride is unstable when exposed to light, which makes it decompose into silver and chlorine. The silver ion (Ag+) is reduced to silver (Ag) by addition of an electron during the development/printing process, and the remaining silver chloride is washed out during fixing. The black parts of the image are formed by metallic silver (Ag).
# Albert Risso

Albert J. Risso (died before 2008), GMH was a Gibraltarian trade unionist and politician. He was the first president of the Association for the Advancement of Civil Rights (AACR) in Gibraltar.

## Career

Albert Risso was one of the first political activists in the British territory of Gibraltar. at a very young age, he was one of the campaigners for the involvement of the Gibraltarian civilian population (and especially its working class) in governing the colony. In 1919, he was one of the members of a so-called "deputation of working men" who went to London to meet the Secretary of State for the Colonies and ask for the creation of a representative body that could succeed the Sanitary Commission, an unelected body whose members, usually belonging to the upper class, were nominated by the Governor. The campaign, driven by the trade unions, brought about the creation of the Gibraltar City Council in 1921.
By the start of World War II, Risso was a foreman mechanic and a City Council employee. When most of Gibraltar's civilian population was evacuated, Risso was one of the few Gibraltarians that remained on The Rock. In September 1942, a group of fellow Gibraltarians, clerks and workers, led by Risso came together to form the AACR, an association advocating the Gibraltarians' civil rights. Risso was president of the AACR from 1942 to 1948, when he was succeeded by former vice president, Joshua Hassan. In 1947, he was appointed president of the Gibraltar Confederation of Labour, a trade union created to represent the AACR's rank and file working class supporters.
Risso was continuously reelected member of the Gibraltar Legislative Council during the 1950s and early 1960s, as candidate of the AACR. He was elected in 1950, 1953, 1956, 1959 and 1964. Risso stood for election for all AACR candidatures to the City Council and to the Legislative Council first, and the House of Assembly until the 1970s. He was also a member of the Constitutional Conference which drafted the Gibraltar's first constitution.

## Honours

In the 1980s, Risso was offered a decoration. However, he refused on the grounds of his egalitarian ideals.
In 2004, Risso was posthumously granted the Gibraltar Award by the Self Determination for Gibraltar Group for his contribution to Gibraltar as a civil rights activist and politician.
On 22 February 2005 the Government of Gibraltar announced that a proposed senior citizens building at Waterport in Gibraltar was to be named Albert Risso House following his enormous contribution to public life.
Upon the creation of the Gibraltar Medallion of Honour in 2008, Albert Risso was posthumously awarded the Medallion and therefore was recorded in the Gibraltar Roll of Honour.
# Albert Riggenbach

Albert Riggenbach (22 August 1854 – 28 February 1921), also known as Albert Riggenbach-Burckhardt, was a Swiss meteorologist and co-author, with Hugo Hildebrandsson and Léon Teisserenc de Bort, of one of the first cloud atlases, the International Cloud Atlas in 1896. His doctoral dissertation (Habilitationsschrift) concerned observations of the first described Bishop's Ring.
A great nephew of Swiss architect Achilles Huber, he married in 1883 Valerie Burckhardt, daughter of Daniel Burckhardt, descending from an influential family of Basel. In 1880, he became assistant for Astronomy and Meteorology at the Physics Institute in Basel and was professor at the University of Basel between 1899 and 1914. In the 1890s, Riggenbach also took the first successful pictures of cirrus clouds, some of which appeared in the 1896 cloud atlas he co-authored.
# Aldanotreta

Aldanotreta is an extinct genus of brachiopods dating from the Tommotian age of the Cambrian period. It is perhaps the earliest brachiopod. A living relative is Lingula found in Japan.
# Aldar Headquarters building

The Aldar Headquarters building is the first circular building of its kind in the Middle East. It is located in Al Raha, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
The shape of this building is achieved through the use of structural diagrid, a diagonal grid of steel.
The building features the following elevators:
* 12-passenger elevators
* 2 service elevators
* 3 mono-space elevators
* 1 circular hydraulic lift
* 2 dumbwaiters
* 23 floors

## Use of the golden ratio

The extent that the circle is embedded in the ground was designed around the golden ratio.
# Alcibiades the Schoolboy

Alcibiades the Schoolboy (L'Alcibiade, fanciullo a scola), an Italian dialogue published anonymously in 1652, is a defense of homosexual sodomy (anal sex) loosely styled after Socratic dialogue. Set in ancient Athens, the teacher is modelled on Socrates, who so desperately wants to consummate the relationship he has with Alcibiades, one of his students, that he uses all tactics of rhetoric and sophistry at his disposal. He argues that Nature gave us sexual organs for our own pleasure, and that it would insult her to use them otherwise, citing examples from Greek mythology and culture, as well as refuting counterarguments based on the Sodom and Gomorrah story. It is "a tour de force of pederastic fantasy and one of the frankest and most explicit texts on the subject to have been written before the twentieth century." It has been called "the first homosexual novel".
For many years the identity of the author was a mystery. The work was first attributed to Pietro Aretino, but an article in 1888 by Achille Neri identified the author as Antonio Rocco, a libertine priest and philosopher and member of the Accademia degli Incogniti founded by Giovan Battista Loredan.
The text is unashamedly explicit, and it has been argued that "it must be understood in the context of similar texts of the trend of libertinism, using the term in its original sense of a sceptical philosophical tendency."
# Alex Evans (baseball)

Alexander Evans (October 17, 1895 – October 15, 1964) was an American baseball pitcher in the Negro leagues. He played with the Bacharach Giants, Indianapolis ABCs and Memphis Red Sox in 1924.

## Career

Evans attended Henderson High School in Henderson, North Carolina. He and Bill Nuttall joined the Bacharach Giants in June 1924 after Arnett Mitchell was given his release.
# Aleuritopteris albofusca

Aleuritopteris albofusca is a species of fern in the family Pteridaceae. It is endemic to China, including Tibet. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.
# Aleuritopteris grevilleoides

Aleuritopteris grevilleoides is a species of fern in the family Pteridaceae. It is endemic to China. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.
# Alex Carey

Alex Carey may refer to:
* Alex Carey (cricketer) (born 1991), Australian cricketer and former Australian rules footballer
* Alex Carey (writer) (1922–1987), Australian political writer and social psychologist
# Alexander Smith (bishop, born 1684)

Alexander Smith (c. 1684 – 21 August 1766) was a Roman Catholic bishop who served as the Vicar Apostolic of the Lowland District, Scotland.

## Life

Born in Fochabers, Moray in 1684, he was ordained a priest on 19 April 1712. He was appointed the Coadjutor Vicar Apostolic of the Lowland District and Titular Bishop of Mosynopolis by the Holy See on 19 September 1735. He was consecrated to the Episcopate in Edinburgh on 2 November 1735. The principal consecrator was Bishop James Gordon, and the principal co-consecrator was Bishop Hugh MacDonald. On the death of James Gordon on 18 February 1746, he automatically succeeded as the Vicar Apostolic of the Lowland District. He died in office on 21 August 1766, aged 73.
# Alexandra Liao

Alexandra Liao (born 1989) is a Peruvian model and beauty pageant titleholder who won the Miss Perú 2010 pageant on May 22, 2010. Liao also won the "Miss Personal Training" and "Best Hair" awards. She represented Peru at Miss World 2010 and at the Reina Hispanoamericana 2010 pageant.
# Alexandre Beljame

Alexandre Beljame (November 26, 1842 – September 19, 1906) was a French writer.

## Life

He was born at Villiers-le-Bel, Val-d'Oise. He spent part of his childhood in England and was a frequent visitor in London. His lectures on English literature at the Sorbonne, where a chair was created expressly for him, did much to promote the study of English in France. In 1905–1906 he was Clark lecturer on English literature at Trinity College, Cambridge. He died at Domont (Val-d'Oise) on September 19, 1906.
His best known book was a masterly study of the conditions of literary life in England in the 18th century, illustrated by the lives of Dryden, Addison and Pope. This book, Le Public et les hommes de lettres en Angleterre au XVIII' siècle (1881), was crowned by the French Academy on the appearance of the second edition in 1897. He was a good Shakespearian scholar, and his editions of Macbeth, Othello and Julius Caesar also received an academic prize in 1902.
# Alfonso Calderón (poet)

Alfonso Calderón Squadritto (November 21, 1930 – August 8, 2009) was a Chilean poet and writer. He won the Chilean National Prize for Literature in 1998. He had been a member of the Academia Chilena de la Lengua (Chilean Academy of Language) since 1981. He died on August 8, 2009, having suffered a heart attack.

## Biography

His secondary school years were spent in the Liceos of Los Ángeles, Temuco and in the Internado Nacional Barros Arana in Santiago, and completed his qualification in the Instituto Pedagógico de la Universidad de Chile in 1952.
After a stint as a Spanish teacher in the Liceo de Hombres de La Serena from 1952 to 1964, he returned to Santiago to teach in the Institute of Chilean Literature of the University of Chile. He also taught in the University's School of Journalism, was head of the School of Journalism of the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, professor of writing skills in the Universidad Andrés Bello, professor of Literature in the Diplomatic Academy of the same name, and also taught in the University of Chile and the Miguel de Cervantes University.
His literary debut came in 1949 with a collection of poems, Primer consejo a los arcángeles del viento, and by 1952 he had become a critic in journals and newspapers. In 1953 he became the president of the newly founded Carlos Mondaca Cortés Literary Circle, and his reviews appeared in the La Serena publications El Serenense and El Día. He participated in the Revista Ercilla, was head of the Revista Mapocho and played a role in the Editora Nacional Quimantu set up by Salvador Allende's Unidad Popular government from 1971 until the 1973 coup.
In 1974, under Augusto Pinochet's dictatorship, he gave up his teaching positions in protest at military intervention in Chile's higher education institutions.
From 1981 he was a member of the Academia Chilena de la Lengua, and was appointed to the post of director of the Diego Barros Arana Research Centre of the Chilean National Library in 1993.
His daughters Teresa and Lila Calderón are poets, and Cecilia Calderón González is a professor of Language and Communication and author of several textbooks.
He died on August 8, 2009, of a heart attack, and was cremated in accordance with his final wishes.
# Alfred Sandeman

Alfred Sandeman (1 January 1819 – 26 January 1883) was a politician in the Colony of Queensland, Australia, representing Port Curtis in the Queensland Legislative Assembly.

## Politics

In 1861, the sitting member for the electoral district of Port Curtis in the Queensland Legislative Assembly Charles Fitzsimmons resigned, resulting in a by-election on 15 October 1861, at which Alfred Sandeman was elected to replace him.
Sandeman's political career was short-lived, and in February 1863, his constituents called on him to resign, claiming that he rarely attended parliament and did nothing to advance issues of importance to their district. Sandeman resigned on 11 April 1863, triggering a by-election on 12 May 1863, at which John Douglas was elected.
# Ali Mohamed Zaki

Ali Mohamed Zaki is an Egyptian physician and virologist known for first discovering the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome virus while working at the Dr. Soliman Fakeeh Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. He isolated the virus from the lungs of a patient admitted to the hospital with severe viral pneumonia of unknown aetiology. Soon after Zaki posted an alert on proMED, the Saudi Arabian Ministry of Health pressured the hospital to sever his contract, and he returned to Egypt under fear of reprisal. The sequence was then characterised and named by Ron Fouchier and his team Erasmus MC as MERS.

## Publications

* Isolation of a novel coronavirus from a man with pneumonia in Saudi Arabia
# 1808 in rail transport

This article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1808.

## Events
### February events

* February 8 – The Washington Bridge Company is granted authority in Washington, D.C., to build the Long Bridge over the Potomac River, a bridge that will eventually be rebuilt to carry the first railroad tracks to cross the river.

### May events

* May 27 – The Kilmarnock and Troon Railway becomes the first railway line in Scotland authorised by Act of Parliament.

### July events

* July 8 through September 18 – Richard Trevithick's steam locomotive Catch Me Who Can is demonstrated in London.

## Births
### January births

* January 8 – John A. Poor, first president of the Portland Company is born in Andover, Maine (d. 1871).

### February births

* February 10 – John Edgar Thomson, president of the Pennsylvania Railroad 1852-1874 (d. 1874).

### March births

* March 19 – Johann Andreas Schubert, builder of the first German steam locomotive, Saxonia, is born in Wernesgrün (d. 1870).

### May births

* May 12 – Joseph Hamilton Beattie, locomotive engineer for London and South Western Railway 1850–1871 (d. 1871), is born.

### July births

* July 25 – Francis Thompson, English architect working chiefly on railways (d. 1895).

### Unknown date births

* George Muirson Totten, chief construction engineer for the Panama Railway (d. 1884).