OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Anacreontics

Anacreontics are verses in a metre used by the Greek poet Anacreon in his poems dealing with love and wine. His later Greek imitators (whose surviving poems are known as the Anacreontea) took up the same themes and used the Anacreontic meter. In modern poetry, Anacreontics are short lyrical pieces that keep the Anacreontic subject matter but not the metre.

## The Greek meter

The Anacreontic verse or anacreonteus is the eight-syllable line u u – u – u – – (where u = breve and – longum). It has been suggested that the anacreontic in its origin may be an "anaclastic" variant of the Ionic dimeter (u u – – u u – –), i.e. an ionic dimeter with the 4th and 5th syllables reversed; but whether this is so or not, the two meters have been associated since Anacreon, who often used them together in compositions.
One example of anacreontics from the corpus of Anacreon is fr. 11b PMG, which ends as follows:
In this extract, the first four lines are anacreontics, while the last is an ionic dimeter.

## Persian

The anacreontic rhythm also occurs in classical Persian poetry, for example in the following example from the 13th-century poet Saadi:
    man agar nazar harām ast * bas-ī gonāh dāram
    če konam? nemītavānam * ke nazar negāh dāram
    uu – u – u – – || (u)u – u – (u) – –
    "If looking is forbidden, I have plenty of sin.
    What am I to do? I can't stop looking!"
The syllables ast, nāh and gāh are "overlong" and count in Persian metre as equivalent to – u.

## English Anacreontics

In English poetry, Anacreontics are the title given to short lyrical pieces, of an easy kind, dealing with love and wine. The English word appears to have been first used in 1656 by Abraham Cowley, who called a section of his poems "anacreontiques" because they were paraphrased out of the so-called writings of Anacreon into a familiar measure which was supposed to represent the meter of the Greek.
Half a century later, when the form had been much cultivated, John Phillips (1631–1706) laid down the arbitrary rule that an anacreontic line "consists of seven syllables, without being tied to any certain law of quantity." In the 18th century, the antiquary William Oldys (1696–1761) was the author of a little piece which is the perfect type of an anacreontic; this begins:
    "Busy, curious, thirsty fly,
    Drink with me, and drink as I;
    Freely welcome to my cup,
    Could'st thou sip and sip it up.
    Make the most of life you may;
    Life is short and wears away."
In 1800 Thomas Moore published a collection of erotic anacreontics which are also typical in form; Moore speaks of the necessity of catching "the careless facility with which Anacreon appears to have trifled," as a reason why anacreontics are often tame and worthless. He dwells, moreover, on the absurdity of writing "pious anacreontics," a feat, however, which was performed by several of the Greek Christian poets, and in particular by Gregory of Nazianzus and John of Damascus.
# Altered nuclear transfer

Altered nuclear transfer is an alternative method of obtaining embryonic-like, pluripotent stem cells without the creation and destruction of human embryos. The process was originally proposed by William B. Hurlbut.
# 1993 East Asian Games

The 1st East Asian Games were held in Shanghai, People's Republic of China from 9 to18 May 1993. The main stadium for the inaugural edition of the games was the Hongkou Football Stadium.
Shanghai also hosted a number of sports-themed exhibitions to coincide with the games, including exhibitions of photography, art and stamps. A total of 9 nations competed across twelve sports. Julio Iglesias and Wei Wei performed a duet at the games closing ceremony. The hosts, China, topped the medal table, winning almost two-thirds of the gold medals on offer and 40% of the overall total of 534 medal. Japan was the second-most successful nation, winning 25 gold medals.

## Sports

* Athletics (details)
* Badminton (details)
* Basketball (details)
* Bowling (details)
* Boxing (details)
* Football (details)
* Gymnastics (details)
* Judo (details)
* Rowing (details)
* Swimming (details)
* Weightlifting (details)
* Wushu (details)

## Medal table

* Host nation (China)
| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| 1 | China (CHN)* | 105 | 74 | 34 | 213 |
| 2 | Japan (JPN) | 25 | 37 | 55 | 117 |
| 3 | South Korea (KOR) | 23 | 28 | 40 | 91 |
| 4 | North Korea (PRK) | 10 | 20 | 24 | 54 |
| 5 | Chinese Taipei (TPE) | 6 | 5 | 19 | 30 |
| 6 | Hong Kong (HKG) | 1 | 2 | 8 | 11 |
| 7 | Mongolia (MGL) | 0 | 1 | 16 | 17 |
| 8 | Macau (MAC) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (8 entries) | Totals (8 entries) | 170 | 167 | 197 | 534 |
# Angelo Quaglio the Elder

Angelo Quaglio (1778–1815) was an architect, scenic designer, and painter born into the Quaglio family of artists. He was the eldest son of Giuseppe Quaglio. He designed and painted landscapes and architectural pictures for Boisserée's work on Cologne Cathedral.
# 2011 Slovenian Supercup

The 2011 Slovenian Supercup was the seventh edition of the Slovenian Supercup, an annual football match contested by the winners of the previous season's Slovenian PrvaLiga and Slovenian Cup competitions. The match was played on 8 July 2011, in Ljudski vrt stadium between 2010–11 Slovenian PrvaLiga winners Maribor and 2010–11 Slovenian Football Cup winners Domžale. Both teams contested for their second Supercup title.

## Background

The match was played by the best two teams of the 2010–11 season. During the course of that season Maribor was a league champion with Domžale being the only serious contender through most of the season, eventually finishing as runners up. The two teams were the only ones in the league that earned 20 or more victories, with Maribor achieving 21 and Domžale 20. In addition, both teams were part of the Slovenian cup final, held at Stožice stadium in Ljubljana and won by Domžale with the score 4–3 after regulation. The match is arguably one of the best Slovenian cup final ever held, since the competition was first introduced during the 1991–92 season.

## Match details

| Maribor | Domžale |
MARIBOR: :
| GK | 12 | Marko Pridigar |
| RB | 6 | Martin Milec |
| CB | 4 | Jovan Vidović | 90+3' |
| CB | 26 | Aleksander Rajčević |
| LB | 28 | Mitja Viler |
| RM | 8 | Dejan Mezga |
| CM | 5 | Željko Filipović | 70' |
| CM | 70 | Aleš Mertelj (c) |
| LM | 10 | Agim Ibraimi | 61' |
| FW | 17 | Dalibor Volaš | 46' |
| FW | 32 | Robert Berić | 81' |
| Substitutes: |||
| GK | 13 | Matej Radan |
| DF | 7 | Aleš Mejač |
| DF | 44 | Arghus |
| MF | 20 | Goran Cvijanović | 70' |
| FW | 9 | Marcos Tavares | 46' |
| FW | 11 | Etien Velikonja | 81' |
| FW | 61 | Dragan Jelić |
| Manager: |||
| Darko Milanič ||||
DOMŽALE: :
| GK | 41 | Nejc Vidmar |
| RB | 32 | Luka Elsner (c) |
| CB | 13 | Ivan Knezović | 51' |
| CB | 15 | Darko Zec |
| LB | 87 | Tadej Apatič | 45' |
| RM | 7 | Dalibor Teinović |
| CM | 25 | Juninho | 9' |
| CM | 10 | Lucas Mario Horvat |
| LM | 28 | Dejan Gerič | 46' |
| FW | 89 | Slobodan Vuk | 71' |
| FW | 9 | Florent Aziri | 58' |
| Substitutes: |||
| GK | 1 | Izidor Balažič |
| DF | 3 | Darko Topić |
| DF | 4 | Lamin Diallo |
| DF | 18 | Miroslav Grbić | 46' |
| MF | 16 | Rudi Vancaš Požeg |
| FW | 14 | Dejan Zadnikar | 58' |
| FW | 23 | Jernej Smukavec | 71' |
| Manager: |||
| Darko Birjukov ||||
* Man of the Match:
* Juninho (Domžale)
* Assistant referees:
* Milan Kogej
* Matej Žunič
* Fourth official:
* Andrej Tratnjek
* Delegate:
* Aldo Knafelc
* Slovenian Supercup 2011 Winners
* Domžale 2nd title
# Angel & Greyhound Meadow, Oxford

Also known as Angel Meadow, the Angel & Greyhound Meadow is a flood-meadow adjoining the River Cherwell just north of Magdalen Bridge, Oxford, England and opposite Magdalen College. It derives its name from the old Angel and Greyhound coaching inns in the High Street, for which it served as a horse-pasture. There is now a pub named the Angel & Greyhound in St Clement's, an interesting example of an inn named after a meadow named after two inns.
The park is very low-lying, and often partially or completely flooded during February and March.
51°45′07″N 1°14′31″W﻿ / ﻿51.752°N 1.242°W﻿ / 51.752; -1.242
# Bakhira Sanctuary

The Bakhira Bird Sanctuary is the largest natural flood plain wetland of India in Sant Kabir Nagar district of Eastern Uttar Pradesh. The sanctuary was established in 1980. It is situated 44 km west of Gorakhpur city 18 km away from khalilabad and 55 km away from basti. It is a vast stretch of water body expanding over an area of 29 km$^2$. This is an important lake of eastern UP, which provides a wintering and staging ground for a number of migratory waterfowls and a breeding ground for resident birds. This is also used for farming activities as it is connected to Bakhira Canal which covers the people of 15 km from its origin. The sanctuary is named after the village Bakhira located adjacent to the lake along with as many as hundred and eight villages surrounding the lake within the 5 km radius. The villagers from the surrounding villages depend on the wetland for their livelihood in the form of fishing, agricultural activities and fuelwood collection from it. The Siberians birds travel across 5000 km to get to these wetlands at the time of winter's.
It was designated as a Ramsar Site on World Wetlands Day (2 February 2022).

## Bird migrations

Best time to visit to bakhira lake is in winters Nov–Jan. During this time migratory birds from Tibet, China, Europe & Siberia come here, covering about 5000 km.

## Tourism

By Road-1. Can be accessed via Gorakhpur-Khalilabad (35 km), through NH-28, then 17 km on Khalilabad-Bansi road 2. From Gorakhpur to Sahjanwa (20 km) on NH-28, then 23 km from Sahjanwa to Jaswal Bharwaliya & 3 km from Jaswal Bharwaliya village By Rail-Nearest railhead Khalilabad on Gorakhpur-Lucknow NER Railway Line By Air-Gorakhpur Airport 49 km

## Attraction

The Grey-headed swamphen (Porphyrio poliocephalus) also called the Indian Purple moorhen or Purple Swamp-hen is one of the beautiful common water birds found in India. A handsome but clumsy purplish blue bird with long red legs and toes, bald red forehead and size resembling the village hen. This bird is a common breeding resident of this sanctuary and is locally coined with the name "Kaima".
There are more than 30 species of fish found in the lake. However the dominant species are Labeo rohita and Chana sp.
# Antonio Sánchez Pecino

Antonio Sánchez Pecino (5 February 1908 – 23 June 1994) was the father of famed flamenco guitarists Paco de Lucía, Ramón de Algeciras, and flamenco singer/songwriter Pepe de Lucía. He was also a well-known flamenco guitarist and songwriter in his own right, producing and writing most of the songs that appeared on the early albums by Camarón de la Isla and Paco de Lucía.
Antonio Sánchez Pecino was born on 5 February 1908. He died in Madrid on 23 June 1994 at 86 years of age.
# Antoni Jurasz

Antoni Stanisław Jurasz (24 November 1847 – 12 August 1923) was a Polish laryngologist who was a native of Spławie (Posen). He spent most of his life living and working in what was then the German Empire. He was the father of surgeon Antoni Tomasz Jurasz (1882–1961).
He studied medicine at the universities of Greifswald and Würzburg, and in 1872 became a clinical assistant at Heidelberg. Here, he worked with pediatric illnesses, and diseases of the pharynx, nose and throat. In 1881 Jurasz was appointed associate professor at the university.
In 1908 he relocated as a full professor to the University of Lviv, where he was also director of the otolaryngology clinic. In 1920 he moved to the recently founded University of Poznań.
Jurasz is remembered for his pioneer work in rhinoscopy, and is credited with the construction and modification of a number of medical instruments used in the field of rhinolaryngology, including a specialized tool known as a nasopharynx forceps.

## Selected publications

* Das systolische Hirngeräusch der Kinder, 1877.
* Über die Sensibilitätsneurosen des Rachens und des Kehlkopfes ("On nerve sensitivity of the pharynx and larynx").
* Über die Sondirung der Stirnbeinhöhle, 1887.
* Die Krankheiten der oberen Luftwege ("Diseases of the upper airways").
* Handbuch der Laryngologie und Rhinologie ("Textbook of laryngology and rhinology"), 1898.
# 1977 European Athletics Indoor Championships – Men's 400 metres

The men's 400 metres event at the 1977 European Athletics Indoor Championships was held on 12 and 13 March in San Sebastián.

## Medalists

| Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| Alfons Brijdenbach Belgium | Francis Demarthon France | Marian Gęsicki Poland |

## Results
### Heats

First 2 from each heat (Q) and the next 6 fastest (q) qualified for the semifinals.
| Rank | Heat | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| 1 | 1 | Alfons Brijdenbach | Belgium | 48.18 | Q |
| 2 | 3 | Francis Demarthon | France | 48.24 | Q |
| 3 | 3 | Eddy De Leeuw | Belgium | 48.29 | Q |
| 4 | 2 | Hector Llatser | France | 48.30 | Q |
| 5 | 1 | Glen Cohen | Great Britain | 48.34 | Q |
| 6 | 3 | Ludger Zander | West Germany | 48.35 | q |
| 7 | 1 | Edward Antczak | Poland | 48.41 | q |
| 7 | 2 | Franz-Peter Hofmeister | West Germany | 48.41 | Q |
| 9 | 3 | Slavcho Kostov | Bulgaria | 48.46 | q |
| 10 | 2 | Marian Gęsicki | Poland | 48.48 | q |
| 11 | 1 | Luis Sarría | Spain | 48.61 | q |
| 12 | 1 | Flavio Borghi | Italy | 48.63 | q |
| 13 | 3 | Michael Frederiksson | Sweden | 48.86 | |
| 14 | 3 | Cezary Łapiński | Poland | 49.02 | |
| 15 | 2 | Jenaro Iritia | Spain | 49.20 | |
| 16 | 2 | Roberto Tozzi | Italy | 49.38 | |

### Semifinals

First 2 from each heat (Q) and the next 2 fastest (q) qualified for the final.
| Rank | Heat | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| 1 | 1 | Marian Gęsicki | Poland | 46.97 | Q |
| 2 | 1 | Glen Cohen | Great Britain | 47.07 | Q |
| 3 | 1 | Alfons Brijdenbach | Belgium | 47.64 | q |
| 4 | 2 | Edward Antczak | Poland | 47.67 | Q |
| 5 | 2 | Francis Demarthon | France | 47.76 | Q |
| 6 | 1 | Hector Llatser | France | 48.00 | q |
| 7 | 2 | Ludger Zander | West Germany | 48.13 | |
| 8 | 2 | Slavcho Kostov | Bulgaria | 48.20 | |
| 9 | 2 | Flavio Borghi | Italy | 48.60 | |
| 10 | 1 | Franz-Peter Hofmeister | West Germany | 48.68 | |
| 11 | 1 | Luis Sarría | Spain | 49.30 | |
| | 2 | Eddy De Leeuw | Belgium | DNS | |

### Final

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| | Alfons Brijdenbach | Belgium | 46.53 | NR |
| | Francis Demarthon | France | 47.11 | |
| | Marian Gęsicki | Poland | 47.21 | |
| 4 | Hector Llatser | France | 47.47 | |
| 5 | Glen Cohen | Great Britain | 47.57 | |
| 6 | Edward Antczak | Poland | 47.82 | |
# 1976–77 Wake Forest Demon Deacons men's basketball team

The 1976–77 Wake Forest Demon Deacons men's basketball team represented Wake Forest University as a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference during the 1976–77 NCAA men's basketball season. Led by fifth-year head coach Carl Tacy, the team played home games at Winston-Salem Memorial Coliseum in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. After finishing second in the ACC regular season standings, the Demon Deacons made a quick exit from the ACC tournament. Wake Forest regrouped after receiving a bid to the NCAA Tournament, reaching the Midwest Regional Final before losing to eventual National champion Marquette.

## Schedule and results

| Date time, TV | Rank$^#$ | Opponent$^#$ | Result | Record | Site city, state |
| Regular season ||||||
| Nov 26, 1976* | | vs. Duke Big Four Tournament | W 81–80 | 1–0 | Greensboro Coliseum Greensboro, North Carolina |
| Nov 27, 1976* | | vs. No. 3 North Carolina Big Four Tournament | W 97–96 | 2–0 | Greensboro Coliseum Greensboro, North Carolina |
| Dec 1, 1976* | No. 14 | East Tennessee State | W 94–63 | 3–0 | Winston-Salem Memorial Coliseum Winston-Salem, North Carolina |
| Feb 26, 1977 | | at NC State | L 85–91 | 20–6 (8–4) | Reynolds Coliseum Raleigh, North Carolina |
| ACC tournament ||||||
| Mar 3, 1977* | | Virginia Quarterfinals | L 57–59 | 20–7 | Greensboro Coliseum Greensboro, North Carolina |
| NCAA tournament ||||||
| Mar 12, 1977* | No. 9 | vs. No. 8 Arkansas First round | W 86–80 | 21–7 | Lloyd Noble Center Norman, Oklahoma |
| Mar 17, 1977* | No. 9 | vs. Southern Illinois Midwest Regional Semifinal – Sweet Sixteen | W 86–81 | 22–7 | Myriad Convention Center Oklahoma City, Oklahoma |
| Mar 19, 1977* | No. 9 | vs. No. 7 Marquette Midwest Regional Final – Elite Eight | L 68–82 | 22–8 | Myriad Convention Center Oklahoma City, Oklahoma |
| *Non-conference game. $^#$Rankings from AP Poll. (#) Tournament seedings in parentheses. MW=Midwest. ||||||
# 1978 American Samoan referendum

A referendum on sessions of Fono was held in American Samoa on November 7, 1978. Voters were asked to approve a proposed amendment which would elongate sessions of Fono from 30 days to 45 days. The measure was approved and entered into law.
# 1980 Eastern 8 Conference baseball tournament

The 1980 Eastern 8 Conference baseball tournament was held on May 18 and 19, 1980 to determine the champion of the NCAA Division I Eastern 8 Conference, renamed in 1982 as the Atlantic 10 Conference, for the 1980 NCAA Division I baseball season. This was the second iteration of the event, and was held on The Ellipse, home field of George Washington, in Washington, D.C. UMass won the championship and the conference's automatic bid to the 1980 NCAA Division I baseball tournament.

## Format

The tournament followed a double-elimination format, with Duquesne receiving a first round bye.

## Bracket

| Round 1 | Round 1 | Round 1 | Round 2 | Round 2 | Round 2 | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final | Final | Final |
| Rutgers | Rutgers | 5 | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| West Virginia | West Virginia | 1 | Duquesne | Duquesne | 1 | | | | | | | |
| | | | Rutgers | Rutgers | 11 | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | Rutgers | Rutgers | 6 | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | UMass | UMass | 17 | | | | | | | |
| | | | UMass | UMass | 13 | | | | | | | UMass | UMass | 12 | — |
| | | | George Washington | George Washington | 3 | | | | | | | Rutgers | Rutgers | 0 | — |
| | | | | | | | | | Rutgers | Rutgers | 17 | | | | |
| | | | | | | Duquesne | Duquesne | 14 | George Washington | George Washington | 13 | | | | |
| | | | West Virginia | West Virginia | 8 | George Washington | George Washington | 15 | | | | | | | |
| | | | George Washington | George Washington | 9 | | | | | | | | | | |
# 1976 Eastern Illinois Panthers football team

The 1976 Eastern Illinois Panthers football team represented Eastern Illinois University as an independent during the 1976 NCAA Division II football season. The Panthers played their home games at O'Brien Stadium in Charleston, Illinois.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result | Attendance |
| September 4 | Cameron | O'Brien StadiumCharleston, IL | W 17–16 | 4,000 |
| September 11 | at Northeast Missouri State | Stokes StadiumKirksville, MO | W 24–14 | 5,000 |
| September 25 | at Southwest Missouri State | Briggs StadiumSpringfield, MO | W 41–0 | 4,000 |
| October 2 | Central Missouri | O'Brien StadiumCharleston, IL | W 41–14 | 8,500 |
| October 9 | Tennessee Tech | O'Brien StadiumCharleston, IL | L 14–41 | 6,500 |
| October 16 | at No. T–9 Western Illinois | Hanson FieldMacomb, IL | L 10–14 | 16,808 |
| October 23 | Central State (OH) | O'Brien StadiumCharleston, IL | W 24–8 | 1,000 |
| October 30 | No. 1 Northern Michigan | O'Brien StadiumCharleston, IL | L 10–30 | 6,500 |
| November 6 | at Youngstown State | Rayen StadiumYoungstown, OH | L 14–36 | 3,000 |
| November 13 | at Butler | Butler BowlIndianapolis, IN | L 27–28 | 2,000 |
| November 20 | Illinois State | O'Brien StadiumCharleston, IL (rivalry) | L 8–13 | 4,500 |
| Rankings from Associated Press Poll released prior to the game ||||||
# 1976 Emmy Awards

1976 Emmy Awards may refer to:
* 28th Primetime Emmy Awards, the 1976 Emmy Awards ceremony honoring primetime programming
* 3rd Daytime Emmy Awards, the 1976 Emmy Awards ceremony honoring daytime programming
* 4th International Emmy Awards, the 1976 Emmy Awards ceremony honoring international programming
# 1976 Eastern Suburbs Roosters season

The 1976 Eastern Suburbs season was the 69th in the club's history. They competed in the NSWRFL's 1976 Premiership, finishing the regular season 5th (out of 12) to reach the play-offs. They were then knocked out in their first finals match by Canterbury-Bnakstown. Easts also competed in the 1976 Amco Cup.
This season Eastern Suburbs became the first rugby league team, and one of the first in Australian sport, to sport a sponsor's name on their jersey.

## Ladder

| | Team | Pld | W | D | L | PF | PA | PD | Pts |
| 1 | Manly-Warringah | 22 | 16 | 0 | 6 | 499 | 252 | +247 | 32 |
| 2 | Parramatta | 22 | 14 | 2 | 6 | 347 | 238 | +109 | 30 |
| 3 | St. George | 22 | 14 | 0 | 8 | 328 | 298 | +30 | 28 |
| 4 | Eastern Suburbs | 22 | 13 | 1 | 8 | 399 | 250 | +149 | 27 |
| 5 | Canterbury-Bankstown | 22 | 12 | 3 | 7 | 361 | 337 | +24 | 27 |
| 6 | Balmain | 22 | 12 | 1 | 9 | 318 | 287 | +31 | 25 |
| 7 | Western Suburbs | 22 | 11 | 2 | 9 | 379 | 313 | +66 | 24 |
| 8 | Cronulla-Sutherland | 22 | 9 | 1 | 12 | 378 | 393 | -15 | 19 |
| 9 | Penrith | 22 | 8 | 1 | 13 | 352 | 333 | +19 | 17 |
| 10 | South Sydney | 22 | 8 | 0 | 14 | 297 | 421 | -124 | 16 |
| 11 | North Sydney | 22 | 6 | 1 | 15 | 272 | 526 | -254 | 13 |
| 12 | Newtown | 22 | 3 | 0 | 19 | 264 | 546 | -282 | 6 |

## World Club Challenge

Rugby league's inaugural World Club Challenge was contested between Australia's, Eastern Suburbs Roosters and England's St Helens R.F.C., it was played at the Sydney Cricket Ground on 29 June 1976.
Eastern Suburbs 25( Fairfax, Stevens, Ayliffe, Schubert, Townshend Tries; Brass 5 Goals) defeated St Helens RFC 2(G.Pimblett Goal) played at the Sydney Cricket Ground.
The lineups were: Eastern Suburbs • Coach:Jack Gibson • Russell Fairfax • Ian Schubert • Mark Harris • John Brass • Bill Mullins • Trevor Barnes • Kevin Stevens • Barry Reilly • Arthur Beetson(c) • Ian Mackay • Royce Ayliffe • Elwyn Walters • Kel Jones : • Robert Laurie • John Mayes • Grant Hedger • G.Townsend.
St Helens FC • Geoff Pimblett • L.Jones • E.Cunningham • D.Noonan • R.Mathias • W.Benyon • K. Gwilliam • D.Hull • George Nicholls • E. Chisnall • K.Coslett(c) • A.Karalius • J.Mantle:• P.Glynn, F.Wilson • J. Heaton • M. James.
# Apocynum

Apocynum, commonly known as dogbane or Indian hemp, is a small genus of the flowering plant family Apocynaceae. Its name comes from Ancient Greek ἀπόκυνον apókunon, from ἀπο- apo- "away" and κύων kúōn "dog", referring to dogbane (Cionura erecta), which was used to poison dogs. The genus is native to North America, temperate Asia, and southeastern Europe.
Apocynum species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, including the mouse moth and the queen butterfly.

## Uses

Apocynum cannabinum is used as a source of fiber by Native Americans. Apocynum venetum (Chinese: 羅布麻) is used as an herbal tea in China. Dogbane contains cymarin, a cardiotonic agent formerly used to treat cardiac arrhythmia in humans.

## Species

Almost 300 names have been proposed in the genus for species, subspecies, and forms. As of 2019, only the following five species and hybrids are currently recognized, with several subspecies and varieties accepted for A. androsaemifolium and A. venetum (see their respective species pages).
* Apocynum androsaemifolium L. – Canada, United States, northeastern Mexico
* Apocynum cannabinum L. – Canada, United States
* Apocynum × floribundum Greene (a hybrid of A. androsaemifolium and A. cannabinum) – Canada, United States, northern Mexico
* Apocynum pictum Schrenk – China, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan
* Apocynum venetum L. – southeastern Europe and Asia
* Flowers of Apocynum cannabinum
* Leaves of Apocynum androsaemifolium
* Apocynum venetum