OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1570 in science

The year 1570 in science and technology included a number of events, some of which are listed here.

## Astronomy

* February 15 – Venus occults Jupiter.

## Cartography

* May 20 – Abraham Ortelius publishes Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, the first modern atlas, in Antwerp.
* Jean Cossin publishes a map of the world using sinusoidal projection in Dieppe.

## Earth sciences

* February 8 – Concepción earthquake (magnitude 8.3) in Chile.
* Volcanic eruption in the Santorini caldera begins.

## Mathematics

* London haberdasher Henry Billingsley makes the first translation of Euclid's Elements into English (from the Greek), The elements of geometrie of the most ancient philosopher Euclide..., with a preface by John Dee and fold-up diagrams.

## Medicine

* January 11: Francisco Hernández de Toledo was commissioned by Philip II of Spain to write a description of all the medicinal plants found in the American colonies.

## Technology

* Giovanni Padovani publishes a detailed treatise on the construction of sundials, Opus de compositione et usu multiformium horologiorum solarium, in Venice

## Deaths

* November 5 - Jacques Grévin French physician and playwright (born c. 1539).
# Alvaro Thomaz

Alvaro Thomaz, Alvarus Thomaz, or Álvaro Tomás (fl. 1500–1521) was a Portuguese mathematician in the tradition of calculatores. He is known from his book Liber de triplici motu proportionibus annexis magistri published in 1509 which examined the work of the Merton College calculators of England.
Thomaz was born in Lisbon studied and taught in the University of Paris between 1510 and 1521. He also studied medicine and obtained a doctorate in 1518. He was a contemporary of Juan de Celaya at the College of Coqueret. His 1509 book offered a mathematical background to understand the Calculationes of Richard Swineshead. It includes studies of infinite series, examinations of the physics of motion. He was aware of the works of Nicomachus, Boethius, Johannes Campanus, Jordanus de Nemore, Euclid, Thomas Aquinas, Robert Holkot, Duns Scotus, Albert of Saxony, Marsilius of Inghen, Gregory of Rimini, John Maior, Paul of Venice, James of Forli, Cajetan of Thiene, John de Casali, Andrew de Novo Castro, Peter of Mantua, and Pietro d’Abano. Little is known of his life and nothing after 1521.
# 1796 United States Senate special election in New York

The 1796 United States Senate special election in New York was held on November 9, 1796, by the New York State Legislature to elect a U.S. Senator (Class 3) to represent the State of New York in the United States Senate.

## Background

Rufus King had been re-elected in 1795 to a second term in the U.S. Senate (1795–1801). On May 23, 1796, he resigned after having been appointed U.S. Minister to Great Britain, leaving the State Legislature to fill the vacancy.
At the State election in April 1796, Federalist majorities were elected to both houses of the 20th New York State Legislature which met from November 1 to 11, 1796, at New York City, and from January 3 to April 3, 1797, at Albany, New York.

## Candidates

United States District Judge for the District of New York John Laurance was the candidate of the Federalist Party.

## Result

Laurance was the choice of both the State Senate and the State Assembly, and was declared elected.
1796 United States Senator special election result :
| Office | House | Federalist candidate | Federalist candidate | Democratic-Republican candidate | Democratic-Republican candidate |
| U.S. Senator | State Senate (42 members) | John Laurance | | | |
| | State Assembly (96 members) | John Laurance | | | |

## Aftermath

Laurance took his seat on December 8, 1796, and resigned in August 1800. A special election to fill the vacancy was held in November 1800.

## Sources

* The New York Civil List compiled in 1858 (see: pg. 62 for U.S. Senators; pg. 116 for State Senators 1796–97; page 170f for Members of Assembly 1796–97) [gives name as "Lawrence"]
* Members of the Fourth United States Congress
* Members of the Sixth United States Congress
* History of Political Parties in the State of New-York by Jabez Delano Hammond (pages 103f) [gives name as "Lawrence"]
# Amboli, Mumbai

Amboli is in Andheri (West), Mumbai, Maharashtra. Earlier known as Ambolim, it is situated very close to Andheri railway station and Jogeshwari railway station. At its heart, it also has a playground known as Joe and Helen Ground.

## History

Amboli was primarily inhabited by Christians, East Indians and tribal people called Waarlis. There were a handful of houses in and around the village. Amboli was laden with green fields and numerous mango and coconut trees. The name Amboli also stemmed from the fact that there was a massive mango orchard in the neighbourhood.
During the late 1980s and early '90s the area was also notorious for gang rivalries, especially the Amboli village.
One of the most notable attractions of Amboli is the Church of St. Blaise . A Bollywood film studio "Filmalaya" (owned by Mukherjee-Samarth family) is located on Caesar Road in Amboli.
Closest Metro Station: Azad Nagar metro station
Bus stops at Amboli: Amboli Naka, Filmalaya, Shiv Mandir, Amboli Gaav (Village), Ramesh Nagar, RajKumar and Helen Joe Garden.
# Alvin Landy

Alvin Landy (1905–1967) was an American bridge administrator and player.
Creator of the Landy convention, he was inducted into the American Contract Bridge League's Hall of Fame in 1998.

## Bridge accomplishments
### Honors

* ACBL Hall of Fame 1998
* ACBL Honorary Member 1957

### Awards

* von Zedtwitz Award 1998

### Wins

* North American Bridge Championships (8)
** Spingold (1) 1936
** Marcus Cup (1) 1951
** Mitchell Board-a-Match Teams (4) 1947, 1948, 1954, 1958
** Chicago Mixed Board-a-Match (1) 1939
** Spingold (1) 1949

### Runners-up

* North American Bridge Championships (4)
** Masters Individual (1) 1939
** Reisinger (1) 1949
** Spingold (2) 1946, 1952
# Alvin Lee (comics)

Alvin Lee is a Canadian comic book artist known for his manga-styled art. Lee is the co-creator, along with writer Gail Simone of the character Agent X.
Lee has worked under major comic book publishers including Image Comics under the UDON label, UDON studios as an independent publisher, Marvel Comics, DC Comics and Wildstorm Productions.

## Career

Alvin Lee started his comic book career at 17, working as a comic book inker, mostly for Pat Lee's art, and was co-founder of now defunct Dreamwave Productions. Lee worked on titles such as Dark Minds, Neon Cyber, and Warlands. His first comic as penciller was for Warlands: Banished Knights.
In 2001, Lee joined UDON as a lead artist with the revival of Capcom's Street Fighter comic books and Darkstalkers comic books. His talent has also led to the game art of two Capcom video game titles, Capcom Fighting Evolution and the re-release of Super Street Fighter II Turbo HD Remix. UDON was also an independent publisher and worked as a contract studio releasing a few of Marvel & Wildstorm titles, Alvin was responsible for the Deadpool/Agent X redesign and Taskmaster's new costume design in 2002. He also worked on Marvel Mangaverse: Avengers Assemble! #1, X-Men: Age of Apocalypse, Fantastic Four (vol. 3) #50 and Wildstorm's Gen 13 #7.
Lee left the UDON Entertainment group as of mid-2007, and has worked with Marvel since. Most recently, Alvin has released Marvel's Heroes for Hire issues #14 & 15, filling in for Marvel penciller Clay Mann.
In September 2010, Lee re-teamed with his former Deadpool and Agent X writer Gail Simone for a run on Birds of Prey at DC Comics.
Recently, Lee has joined Riot Games as a Principal Artist.
# Armigeres magnus

Armigeres (Leicesteria) magnus is a species of mosquito belonging to the subfamily Culicinae. It is widely distributed in South, Southeast, and East Asia: it is found in Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Macau, India, Malaysia, Nepal, Philippines, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Taiwan, Indochina, China, and Sumatra. It can readily bite humans but others suggest that it is primarily zoophilic. It breeds in Nepenthes species, tree holes, and bamboo joints.
# Abokobi

Abokobi is a small town and is the capital of Ga East Municipal District, an MMDA located within the Greater Accra Region of Ghana.
The settlement was founded in 1854 by missionaries of the "Basler Missionsgesellschaft" (Basel Mission) for Christian refugees, who had left Osu (the former Danish-Accra, around Christiansborg) after the British colonial government had bombarded Osu from the Sea in response to the refusal of the inhabitants to pay the newly introduced head tax.

## Town structure

The town is under the jurisdiction of the Ga East District and is in the Abokobi-Madina constituency of the Ghana parliament.
# 1979 ACC tournament

1979 ACC tournament may refer to:
* 1979 ACC men's basketball tournament
* 1979 ACC women's basketball tournament
* 1979 Atlantic Coast Conference baseball tournament
# Abd Al Salam Al Masawi

Abd Al Salam Al Masawi (Arabic: عبد السلام المساوي), also known as Abdel Salam El Massaoui, is a Moroccan poet and writer. He was born in Morocco in 1958. He is currently the head of the Regional Center for Documentation, Revitalization and Production at the Fez Academy. He has won multiple awards, including the Baland Al-Haidari Award (Asilah Forum) for his book "The Ceilings of Al-Majaz" in 2000.

## Biography

Abdel Salam El Massaoui was born in 1958 in Bayla, Zaher Souk (Taounate Province), Morocco. He has won multiple awards, including the Baland Al-Haidari Prize (Asilah Forum) for his book "The Ceilings of Al-Majaz" in 2000. He holds a state doctorate in contemporary Arabic literature and previously held the position of head of the Regional Center for Documentation, Revitalization, and Production at the Academy of Fez. He continued his postgraduate studies at the Faculty of Letters and Human Sciences in Fez.
He obtained a BA in Arabic literature in 1982, a certificate of in-depth studies in 1985, and a postgraduate diploma in 1992. He works as a professor of higher education at the Teacher Training Center in Fez. His publications began in 1983 with the appearance of his poem "No Love on Borders" in the Socialist Union newspaper. He joined the Union of Moroccan Writers on June 13, 1991.
His production ranges between poetic writing, narrative, and literary criticism. He published his works in a number of newspapers and magazines, including Al-Alam, Cultural Anwal, Anwal, Socialist Union, Literary Week (Syria), Damascene Culture (Syria), Afaq, Raseef, The Seventh Day, Witness (Cyprus), Knowledge (Syria), and Al-Fursan (Paris). Among his publications are "The Snatcher Birds" (poetry), "This is what Poetry Gave Me" (poetry), "The Significant Structures in Amal Dunqul's Poetry," and "Colored Rhythms – Readings in Contemporary Moroccan Poetry."

## Works

* "A letter to my village": poetry. Casablanca, Nashra Foundation for Printing and Publishing, 1986. p. 72
* "The Significant Structures in the Poetry of Amal Dunqul". Publications of the Arab Writers Union, Damascus, 1994.
* "The ceilings of metaphor". Moroccan publishing house, Casablanca, 1999.
* "Spiders from the Blood of Place". Postmodern House 2003
* "Sniffer birds". With the support of the Ministry of Culture, 2006
* "The Aesthetics of Death in Mahmoud Darwish's Poetry". Dar Al-Saqi 2008
* "This is what poetry gave me". Infoprint House 2008
* "Military melody for a sentimental song". Dar Al-Nahda 2011
* "The imagined death in the poetry of Adonis". Dar Al-Naya 2013
* "Wide Interpretation". House of Poetry in Morocco 2015

## Prizes

* Baland Al-Haidari Award (Asilah Forum) for his book "The Ceilings of Al-Majaz" in 2000.
# Alastor bucida

Alastor bucida is a species of wasp in the family Vespidae.
# Alastor atropos

Alastor atropos is a species of wasp in the family Vespidae.
# Alastor asiaticus

Alastor asiaticus is a species of wasp in the family Vespidae.
# Alberich Mazak

Alberich Mazak, also Alberik Mazák (1609 – 9 May 1661) was a 17th-century Czech-Austrian composer.

## Early life

Mazak was born in Ratibor to a Czech family. After studying music and philosophy, he entered Heiligenkreuz Abbey in 1631 and was ordained a priest in 1633.

## Works, editions and recordings

Mazak created more than 300 compositions. He wrote masses, litanies, offertories, antiphons, psalms and sacred cantatas. The instruments he used most were the violin, the trumpet, the bassoon, the viola da gamba, the cornet and the sackbut. His compositions, predominantly motets, collected under the title Cultus harmonicus, were published by him in Vienna, Opus I in 1649, Opus Minus (II) in 1650 and Opus Maius (III) in 1653. The last one is missing today.
* Baroque Vespers at Stift Heiligenkreuz - Cistercian Monks of Stift Heiligenkreuz, Wieninger Oehms Classics C826
* De Profundis re Bassi Carpe Diem CD-16274
A baroque lute built in 1631, which had been played at Mazak's ordination, was used in the recording of Wolf Erichson's Stift Heiligenkreuz Geistliche Musik (Sacred Music from Holy Cross Monastery), directed by Niederaltaicher Scholaren and Dr. Konrad Ruhland and published by Sony Music under the SEON label (1970–1980).
# Alarm Agents

Alarm Agents is an album by Death in June & Boyd Rice.

## CD version
### Credits

* Guitar, Keyboards, Backing Vocals – Douglas Pearce
* Lead Vocals – Boyd Rice
* Percussion – Jonh Murphy
* Recorded By – Dave Lokan (tracks: 11), Mark Hamill (tracks: 4, 14, 16), Robert Ferbrache (tracks: 1 to 3, 5 to 10, 12, 13, 15, 17, 18)

### Studios

Recorded between Halloween, October 2002 and Mid-Winter's Night, December 2003. All tracks conceived and recorded at Absinthe Studios, Denver, U.S.A., except for 4, 14 and 16, which were recorded at New Centurion Studios, Wellington, New Zealand, and 11 which was recorded at Big Sound Studios, Adelaide, Australia.
The CD is packaged in an embossed digipak.

## LP version
### Pressing & version

The LP version is limited to 1,600 colours; 800 come in clear green vinyl. Only the LP contains the complete versions of the songs and complete different mix from the CD. The vinyl etching on side A says "The storm is no longer...", while side B says "...out at sea !".

### Credits

* Guitar, Keyboards, Backing Vocals – Douglas Pearce
* Lead Vocals – Boyd Rice
* Percussion – Jonh Murphy
* Recorded By – Dave Lokan (tracks: B2), Mark Hamill (tracks: A3, B5), Robert Ferbrache (tracks: A1, A2, A4 to B1, B3, B4, B6, B7)

### Studios

Recorded between Halloween, October 2002 and Mid-Winter's Night, December 2003. All tracks conceived and recorded at Absinthe Studios, Denver, U.S.A., except for A3 and B5, which were recorded at New Centurion Studios, Wellington, New Zealand, and B2 which was recorded at Big Sound Studios, Adelaide, Australia.

## Track listing
### CD

* "Untouchable" – 1:01
* "Black Sun Rising" – 3:41
* "You Love the Sun" – 1:25
* "Tears of the Hunted" – 4:00
* "You Love the Sun, Don't You?" – 2:38
* "Storm on the Sea (Out Beyond Land)" – 5:27
* "You Love the Sun and the Moon" – 0:22
* "Summer is Gone" – 3:41
* "Deeper Than Love" – 4:16
* "An Ancient Tale is Told" – 1:44
* "Are You Out There? (Dornier 17 Mix)" – 6:23
* "Sunwheels of Your Mind" – 0:55
* "Get Used to Saying No!" – 6:51
* "Symbols in Souls" – 3:38
* "An Ancient Tale is Told Again" – 1:29
* "The Man Who Laughs" – 4:39
* "We're All a Little Afraid" – 0:23
* "Boyd's Gift" – 0:29

### 12"

Side A:
* "Untouchable"
* "Black Sun Rising"
* "Tears of the Hunted"
* "You Love the Sun, Don't You?"
* "Storm on the Sea (Out Beyond Land)"
* "Summer is Gone"
Side B:
* "Deeper Than Love"
* "Are You Out There?"
* "Sunwheels of Your Mind"
* "Get Used to Saying No!"
* "Symbols in Souls"
* "An Ancient Tale is Told"
* "Boyd's Gift"
# Alar cartilages

Alar cartilages may refer to:
* Major alar cartilage (cartilago alaris major)
* Minor alar cartilage (cartilago alaris minor)
# Albert Baertsoen

Albert Baertsoen (9 January 1866 – 9 June 1922) was a Belgian painter, pastellist and graphic artist.

## Life and work

He was born in Ghent. His father was an industrialist and textile manufacturer. In 1882, he began attending the Royal Academy of Fine Arts, where he studied under Gustave Den Duyts and Jean Delvin. His debut as a painter came in 1887, when he participated in an exhibition in Brussels held by the secessionist group l'Essor.
He continued his studies in Paris, at the art school of Alfred Philippe Roll, and exhibited at the Salon in 1889. The following year, he accompanied James Ensor, Frantz Charlet and other Belgian painters on a study trip to London. In 1894, he helped found the "Cercle des Beaux-Arts d'Ostende". The years 1894/95 saw another stay in Paris, where his painting "Oude Vlaamse Vaart" (Old Flemish Sails) was acquired by the Musée du Luxembourg and he participated in an exhibition held by La Libre Esthétique. From 1896 to 1901, he continued to exhibit throughout Europe, winning several Gold Medals.
In 1913, he served as a member of the art jury for the Ghent World's Fair. During World War I, he lived in London, returning to Ghent in 1919. That same year, he was appointed a member of the Royal Academy of Belgium. Two years later, a retrospective of his work was held at the Galerie Georges Giroux in Brussels. He died in Ghent in 1922.

## Honours

* 1919 : Commander of the Order of the Crown.
* 1919: Member of the Royal Academie.

## Writings

* "De la mémoire visuelle chez l'artiste", in the Bulletin de l'Académie Royale de Belgique, Classe des Beaux-Arts, nrs. 9-10, Brussels, 1920
# Albatrellus

Albatrellus is a genus of 19 species of mushroom-producing fungi in the family Albatrellaceae. Species are common in northern temperate forests, producing medium to large fleshy fruit bodies of various colors.

## Taxonomy

British botanist Samuel Frederick Gray first described the genus in his 1821 work "A Natural Arrangement of British Plants".
Parsimony analysis of internal transcribed spacer sequences of various Albatrellus species show that the genus is not monophyletic, and that the species may be divided into two clades. This corroborates prior phylogenetic analysis that suggested that Albatrellus consists of two separate groups with affinity to the Russuloid and Polyporoid clades.

## Description

Species of Albatrellus are terrestrial, with fleshy fruit bodies that differentiate into caps and stipes; the stipe is either central or eccentric to lateral. Fruit bodies are solitary or in clusters with stem bases or cap margins fused. Context mostly tough-fleshy, white or becoming brightly colored. The hymenophore is regularly poroid. The hyphal system is monomitic, the generative hyphae septate with or without clamp connections, with thin or somewhat thick, amyloid or inamyloid, indextrinoid and acyanophilous walls; the majority of hyphae are distinctly inflated (the fundamental hyphae). The basidiospores are ellipsoid to roughly spherical in shape, thin-walled to slightly thick-walled, with smooth, amyloid or inamyloid, indextrinoid and acyanophilous walls.

## Distribution

Twelve species of Albatrellus occur in North America. The edible Albatrellus ovinus is sold commercially in Finland. The Dictionary of the Fungi estimates there to be 16 species in the genus, but three new species (A. fumosus, A. microcarpus, A. tibetanus) were described from China in 2008.

## Species

* Albatrellus avellaneus
* Albatrellus borneensis
* Albatrellus caeruleoporus (edible)
* Albatrellus cantharellus
* Albatrellus citrinus
* Albatrellus cochleariformis
* Albatrellus confluens
* Albatrellus congoensis
* Albatrellus cristatus
* Albatrellus ellisii
* Albatrellus flettii
* Albatrellus fumosus
* Albatrellus ginnsii
* Albatrellus hirtus
* Albatrellus microcarpus
* Albatrellus ovinus
* Albatrellus peckianus
* Albatrellus piceiphilus
* Albatrellus pilosus
* Albatrellus similis
* Albatrellus skamanius
* Albatrellus subrubescens
* Albatrellus syringae
* Albatrellus tianschanicus
* Albatrellus tibetanus
* Albatrellus yasudae
* Albatrellus yunnanensis
# Albategnius (crater)

Albategnius is an ancient lunar impact crater located in the central highlands. It is named after the Mesopotamian Muslim astronomer and scientist Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Jābir ibn Sinān al-Raqqī al-Ḥarrānī aṣ-Ṣābiʾ al-Battānī, Latinized as Albategnius.
Albategnius is one of the largest craters of Nectarian age.

## Description

The level interior of Albategnius forms a walled plain, surrounded by the high, terraced rim. The outer wall is somewhat hexagon-shaped, and has been heavily eroded with impacts, valleys, and landslips. It attains a height above 4,000 metres along the northeast face. The rim is broken in the southwest by the smaller crater Klein.
Offset to the west of the crater's midpoint is its central peak, designated Alpha (α) Albategnius. It is longest in extent in the north–south direction, extending for just under 20 kilometres, and has a width about half that. The peak rises to an altitude of roughly 1.5 km, and a tiny, relatively fresh crater is at the top.

## Location

Albategnius is located to the south of the crater Hipparchus and to the east of both Ptolemaeus and Alphonsus. The surface in this area is marked by a set of nearly parallel scars that form channels running roughly in a north–south line, bent slightly to the southeast.

## Observations

Albategnius is believed to have been featured prominently in an early sketch drawing by Galileo in his book Sidereus Nuncius (1610), appearing along the lunar terminator.

## Names

Albategnius is named after Mesopotamian Arab astronomer Al-Battani. Like many of the craters on the Moon's near side, it was given its name by Giovanni Riccioli, whose 1651 nomenclature system has become standardized. Earlier lunar cartographers had given the feature different names. Michael van Langren's 1645 map calls it "Ferdinandi III Imp. Rom." after Ferdinand III, the Holy Roman Emperor. Johannes Hevelius called it "Didymus Mons".

## Satellite craters

By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Albategnius.
| Albategnius | Latitude | Longitude | Diameter |
| A | 8.9° S | 3.2° E | 7 km |
| B | 10.0° S | 4.0° E | 20 km |
| C | 10.3° S | 3.7° E | 6 km |
| D | 11.3° S | 7.1° E | 9 km |
| E | 12.9° S | 6.4° E | 14 km |
| G | 9.4° S | 1.9° E | 15 km |
| H | 9.7° S | 5.2° E | 11 km |
| J | 11.1° S | 6.2° E | 7 km |
| K | 9.9° S | 2.0° E | 10 km |
| L | 12.1° S | 6.3° E | 8 km |
| M | 8.9° S | 4.2° E | 9 km |
| N | 9.8° S | 4.5° E | 9 km |
| O | 13.2° S | 4.2° E | 5 km |
| P | 12.9° S | 4.5° E | 5 km |
| S | 13.3° S | 6.1° E | 6 km |
| T | 12.6° S | 6.1° E | 9 km |
# Albertino Bragança

Albertino Homem dos Santos Sequeira Bragança (born 9 March 1944 in São Tomé Island) is a Santomean politician who is member of the Force for Change Democratic Movement – Liberal Party (MDFM-PL), he was Defence Minister from 1991 to 1992 in the cabinet of Prime Minister Daniel Lima dos Santos Daio and Foreign minister from 1992 to 1994 during the Costa Alegre cabinet.
On 8 April 2002, he became member of the National Assembly and was reelected on 18 May 2006. He represented the constituency (electoral district) of Água Grande and was member of the Standing Committee of the National Assembly.