# 2024 United Kingdom race riots

Far-right riots have taken place in various locations in England and Northern Ireland, since 30 July 2024 following a mass stabbing in Southport on 29 July in which three children were killed. The riots have involved looting, arson, and racist attacks, and, for England, have been the worst disorder with the largest police mobilisation since the 2011 England riots. The initial riot in Southport and subsequent riots elsewhere have been linked to disinformation on social media about the identity of the Southport attacker, in addition to pre-existing Islamophobic, racist, and anti-immigrant sentiment. Fascist groups spread misinformation online, and members of the neo-Nazi group Patriotic Alternative were involved in the Southport riot. Counter-protesters including Stand Up to Racism, anti-fascist and anti-racist groups, local Muslims, and other members of local communities, have opposed the rioters, with clashes occurring between opposing sides since the unrest began.
The riots began on 30 July when a crowd, including supporters of the Islamophobic and now-disbanded English Defence League, gathered outside Southport Mosque. Some protesters wrongly believed that the suspect in the mass stabbing was a Muslim immigrant due to misinformation on social media platforms. Protestors attacked police officers, threw objects at the mosque, and set a police vehicle on fire. The riot left over fifty officers injured, some seriously; three police dogs wounded, and multiple arrests were made.
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The unrest spread to other parts of England, and also Belfast in Northern Ireland, in the following days. On 31 July, over 100 protesters were arrested in London and demonstrations occurred in Manchester, Hartlepool and Aldershot. On 2 August, rioting took place in Sunderland, where a police station was set on fire, three police officers were injured, and several people were arrested. On 3 August, far-right protesters clashed with police and counter-protesters in several locations, with a library in Liverpool being set on fire. On 4 August, rioters smashed windows and set fire to Holiday Inn Express buildings in both Rotherham and Tamworth that were housing migrants. In Middlesbrough, rioters smashed windows and targeted houses and cars in a residential area, and in Bolton, far-right protesters and counter-protesters clashed with police.

## Overview
### Background

On 29 July 2024, a knife attack took place at a children's yoga and dance workshop. Three children were killed and eight other children were injured, with five of them in critical condition. Two adults at the event were also critically injured. When the prime minister laid flowers in Southport the following day, he was met with "hostile shouts" from some of the public, with one asking, "How many more, Starmer? When are you going to do something?"
Following the stabbing, there was incorrect speculation online about the name of the suspected attacker. Misinformation and disinformation, including false claims about the suspect's identity, nationality, religion and immigration status, were circulated on social media by high-profile far-right accounts, including by Tommy Robinson, a far-right activist who founded the now-disbanded anti-Islam English Defence League (EDL) in 2009. The false claim that the perpetrator was named "Ali Al-Shakati" is believed to have originated from the X (formerly Twitter) account of an anti-lockdown campaigner and gained a greater audience when repeated by the website Channel 3 Now, a Russian-linked site known for spreading fake news. Russia was accused of being behind a deliberate disinformation campaign, and as of 5 August, the National Crime Agency and Department for Science, Innovation and Technology are investigating such claims. A newly created "Southport-themed" Telegram group became inundated with misinformation, including from the far-right National Front, prior to dissemination on social media platforms, as well as disinformation spread on social media by the neo-Nazi group British Movement.
Merseyside Police attempted to quell speculation by confirming that the name being circulated was not connected to the case and was not the suspect. The police initially released the information that the suspect was a male, aged seventeen, from Banks in Lancashire, though born in Cardiff. It was later reported that the suspect was a British citizen born to Rwandan parents, that he had moved to the Southport area in 2013, and that he had no known links to Islam. The spread of misinformation has widely been given as the cause of the Southport riots.
Andrew Chadwick, a professor of political communication at Loughborough University, described a viral tweet as being "deliberately fabricated to generate hostility toward ethnic minorities and immigrants, and it's a potentially Islamophobic piece of propaganda". Matthew Feldman, an expert on right-wing extremism, commented "It is difficult to think of a much better example of online harms breaching the real world than a fake story demonising Muslims and people of colour and leading to riots on the streets". Former security minister Stephen McPartland accused Russia and Vladimir Putin's regime of involvement in the campaign of misinformation, describing it as "part of the Russian playbook". Guardian left-wing columnist Owen Jones blamed X as a "cesspit of disinformation and far-right talking points" for the spread of unverified claims. Days later, The Independent reported that misinformation and conspiracy regarding the suspect remained and appeared to be the motivating force behind the protests.
In a separate event, a woman was stabbed in Stirling on 3 August 2024. Tommy Robinson wrongly claimed on social media that an "alleged Muslim" had been involved in an incident in which three women had been stabbed. Other accounts spread the misinformation, contributing to tensions. A man was arrested by the police, who described him as white and local to the area. The release of these details was unusual and done to curb misinformation. The head of anti-racism charity Hope not Hate also apologised after false claims of a separate far-right acid attack on a Muslim woman.

### Analysis

For the Southport riot, far-right activists had been promoting the demonstration that started in Southport, prior to involvement in the riot. Huff Post described far-right activists as having "hijacked" the vigil for the victims, and the Manchester Evening News reported "far right thugs, fuelled by lies, sought to exploit the tragedy". Merseyside Police said on the night of the riot that they believed supporters of the EDL were involved in and organised the disturbances. Hope Not Hate described them as supporters of Tommy Robinson. Robinson denied the EDL were involved, while arguing that the anger in Southport was justified. A prominent member of the neo-Nazi group Patriotic Alternative took part in the riot and another member helped to promote the event.
The protests and riots were fuelled by wider Islamophobia, concerns over crime, anti-migration sentiment, xenophobia, nationalism and against perceived biases by the police and media. The Independent described the riots as being "sparked by Islamophobic and racist sentiments", with examples of mosques being targeted and several violent racist attacks on ethnic minorities by the far-right in Liverpool, Hull and Bristol. Politico described the cause of the violence as "Islamophobic resentment that had long brewed across the United Kingdom" as having surfaced, citing hate crimes associated with British Muslims as being the highest among any religious group in the country, according to government data. According to Hope not Hate, although the stabbing in Southport was the catalyst, "most of these protests and riots are more broadly focused, expressive of a wider hostility to multiculturalism, anti-Muslim and anti-migrant prejudice, as well as a visceral streak of populist anti-Government sentiment".
Extremism experts attributed the large far-right rally in London, led by Robinson a week prior to the protests as having boosted supporters, with Robinson playing a significant role in inciting outrage. The Financial Times described the evolution of the movement from "more formally organised white-supremacist groups into personality-driven splinter groups", while capitalising on social media for outreach and organising. Police officials have described organisers as being in distinct far-right groups, organising online under banners such as "enough is enough", "save our kids", and "stop the boats" (the latter in reference to migrant crossings of the English Channel), with Robinson being a central figure in calls to hold riots.

## Timeline
### 30 July

At approximately 20:05 BST, hundreds of protesters gathered outside Southport Mosque chanting, "No surrender!" and "English till I die!" Within several minutes, protesters clashed with police. Protesters barricaded themselves and shouted "Tommy Robinson", a far-right activist who founded the EDL. Robinson had been arrested and then released two days prior, before he fled the country, failing to appear at a High Court hearing to which he had been summonsed for alleged contempt of court.
By 20:37, protesters began throwing objects at the mosque and police, leaving one officer injured. A police van was set alight as police deployed smoke canisters. Merseyside Police requested officers from Greater Manchester Police, Cheshire Constabulary, Lancashire Police, and North Wales Police. Riot police cleared the area near the mosque by 21:14 and protesters began dispersing shortly after that as night fell. By 23:14, the riot had ended. A local corner shop was damaged.
The Merseyside Police Federation said that over fifty officers were injured at the Southport incident, with North West Ambulance Service reporting that twenty-seven were hospitalised and twelve were discharged at the scene. Merseyside Police stated that eight officers were seriously injured and three police dogs were wounded. One man from Standish was arrested on suspicion of possessing a bladed article. Police put in place a 24-hour Section 60 Order giving officers further stop-and-search authority, and a Section 34 Order, allowing police to direct people who are engaging in certain activities away from the area. Merseyside Police deployed additional officers after the riot, and ambulance resources remained.
The following day, the anti-fascist group Hope Not Hate warned of the possibility of further demonstrations by far-right groups in several cities across the country. Concerns of further violence were echoed by Merseyside Police.

### 31 July

In London, the Metropolitan Police established public order conditions for a protest dubbed "Enough is Enough", the slogan of Patriotic Alternative, where far-right demonstrators clashed with police near Downing Street on 31 July. The Metropolitan Police said that 111 people were arrested for offences including assaults on officers, possession of knives and offensive weapons and violent disorder.
On the evening of 31 July, a group of approximately 40 demonstrators gathered outside a Holiday Inn in Manchester, which was purportedly housing asylum seekers. Chants were heard of the group exclaiming "we want our country back", a phrase associated with far-right groups in the UK. Two people were arrested.
Demonstrations also broke out in the County Durham town of Hartlepool on the same evening. Objects including eggs and glass bottles were thrown at the police in response to the latter's riot shields. Several police officers were injured and a police car was set alight. Eight people were arrested.
There was also a protest outside a hotel housing migrants in Aldershot. Hampshire's police and crime commissioner Donna Jones described "mob-type" behaviour, and Hampshire Constabulary reported a crowd of 200 people, with a minority throwing objects and subjecting people to racial abuse.
The organiser of a march in Middlesbrough was arrested by Cleveland Police on suspicion of possessing a firearm with intent to cause fear of violence.

### 2 August

On the evening of 2 August, protestors gathered in Sunderland's Keel Square for a march around the city centre. Mounted officers from Northumbria Police attended the demonstration along with officers in riot gear. Police and protestors clashed outside a mosque in St Mark's Road after some of the marchers attempted to approach the building. The protestors chanted "save our kids" and "we want our country back", as well as slogans in support of Tommy Robinson, and Islamophobic slurs. An Uber taxi was burnt and shops looted. Sunderland Central police station was set alight, and trains to Sunderland station were cancelled or diverted to St Peter's. Four officers were hospitalised and 12 people were arrested.
Around a hundred protestors shouting anti-immigrant slogans gathered in Liverpool on the same evening.

### 3 August

On 3 August, numerous far-right rallies and counter-protests occurred in England. In Leeds, approximately 150 protesters chanted slogans such as "You're not English anymore", with around 250 counter-protesters chanting "Say it loud, say it clear, refugees are welcome here". In Manchester, 150 protesters took part in the "Enough is Enough" protest, while 350 locals turned out for the "Stop the Far Right" counter-protest. In Nottingham, clashes were reported between opposing groups of protesters.
In Liverpool, two groups who had been taking part in separate protests joined up at the Pier Head before moving on to The Strand and Church Street. Many shops were damaged and looted as a library in Walton was torched and wheelie bins set alight. A police officer was assaulted after being pushed off his motorbike and another hit in the head by a chair as protestors threw bottles, bricks and a flare at officers. 23 people were arrested in relation to the disorder as two police officers were hospitalised with a broken jaw and broken nose respectively.
In Stoke-on-Trent, a far-right march clashed with local counter-protest groups outside of a local mosque, with missiles thrown at riot police. Three officers were injured and 10 people were arrested.
In Manchester, 'scuffles' with police led to two arrests. Two people were arrested in Leicester city centre and a protest on The Headrow in Leeds led to one arrest.
20 arrests were made in Blackpool after violent disorder broke out amongst nearly 1,000 protestors, with bottles and other projectiles thrown at police. Attendees of the nearby annual punk festival Rebellion formed an anti-fascist counter-protest leading to a stand-off in which chairs, bottles and planks of wood were thrown. Police reported there had also been "minor disruption" in Blackburn and Preston.
Police in Bristol made multiple arrests and closed roads after protestors gathered in Castle Park, where they clashed with counter-protesters who outnumbered them. Anti-racist protesters left Castle Park and linked arms with others in front of the Mercure Hotel after receiving information that far-right protesters might target the location, as it housed asylum seekers. The anti-racist protesters arrived at the hotel shortly before the far-right group and the police. The protesters faced violent attempts by the far-right to force their way through the protective line and into the hotel. Avon and Somerset Police arrested 14 people in relation to the protests.
25 people were arrested in Hull, where rioters attacked police with bricks and fireworks, set vehicles alight and looted several shops, including a Shoe Zone which was set on fire, in unrest which left 11 police officers injured. A video circulated online of a mob of rioters surrounding and attacking an Asian man in his car saying the word "kill" while shouting racial slurs. A hotel housing asylum seekers was also attacked, with rioters throwing bricks and smashing windows.
Outside England, there were also protests and violence in Belfast, Northern Ireland. Anti-immigration and anti-racism demonstrators faced off outside Belfast City Hall and were kept apart by riot police. A firework was thrown toward the anti-racism demonstration. The anti-immigration protesters then attempted to march to the Belfast Islamic Centre, but were blocked by police. Instead, they attacked several immigrant-owned businesses on Botanic Avenue. Violence continued in the Sandy Row area that night, where a supermarket and a café owned by immigrants were burnt out. Cars were burned and missiles were thrown at police, injuring three officers. Four people were arrested for the violence.
A woman was stabbed on King Street in Stirling and there was online speculation from anti-Islam campaigner Tommy Robinson that the attacker was Muslim. Police Scotland issued a public statement stating that the attacker was a white man and had been arrested.
In Doncaster, a planned far-right protest was cancelled after only one person showed up.

### 4 August

In Wath upon Dearne in the Metropolitan Borough of Rotherham, there were demonstrations by anti-immigration and anti-racism protestors, with the former outnumbering the latter. There was then rioting outside a Holiday Inn Express hotel which had housed asylum seekers, where mask-wearing anti-immigration demonstrators threw objects at the building, smashing a number of windows and setting the building on fire. They were also heard to chant "Get them out" and "Yorkshire". South Yorkshire Police reported that 51 officers, as well as police dogs and horses, were injured during the violence in Rotherham, where concrete blocks, chairs, fire extinguishers and tree branches were thrown at them.
Greater Manchester Police issued a Section 34 dispersal notice covering Bolton. There were again demonstrations by far-right protesters and anti-racist counter-protestors, who were kept separate by the police.
In Middlesbrough rioters targeted houses and cars in a residential area, smashing windows. Multiple cars were set alight and burning wheelie bins were pushed at a line of police officers, who were also targeted by missiles. Teesside University's Olympia Building had its windows broken, as did some houses and cars. Cleveland Police said that a number of properties on Parliament Road and the Crown Court building were significantly damaged, and a total of 43 people were arrested in connection to the disorder.
There was further rioting outside a second Holiday Inn Express hotel in Tamworth, which had been housing asylum seekers. Objects were thrown at the building and at the police, one of whom was injured, windows were smashed and part of the building was set on fire. Three police dogs were injured, one of whom was hit in the head by a brick.
In Solihull, there was a large anti-immigrant protest in the town centre, which forced the closure of the Touchwood shopping centre. Later, in the evening, West Midlands Police were called to Hermitage Road, where they dispersed two groups of people who were outside The Hub mosque. Police stated they were investigating whether one of these groups may have been connected to an anti-racism protest that was held in Birmingham city centre earlier that day.
Protests also occurred in Hull and Weymouth, with a counter-protest at the latter. In Lancaster, two businesses had their windows smashed during a face off between far-right and anti-fascist protestors. A protest in Sheffield led to one arrest for a public order offence, as well as a far-right protester being injured after he was attacked.

### 5 August

In Birmingham, a Sky News crew was followed by a man in a balaclava wielding a knife who slashed their van's tyre. Before this, the Sky News broadcast from the scene was interrupted by a small group of these protestors, with one shouting "free Palestine" and "fuck the EDL". This came after a group gathered around a mosque in anticipation of a far-right protest which was rumoured to be scheduled in the area. Individuals were observed keeping watch around the Village Islamic Centre, while nearby shops closed, a hospital sent staff home, and several doctors' surgeries also closed early preparing for potential violence. Several vehicles close to Stechford police station were attacked amid the protest. A lone man outside at a pub in Yardley was also attacked by a group. Birmingham Live reported that video footage of the incident shows it starting with words being exchanged before one member of the group starts assaulting the man. Others then join in the beating while some try to break up the attack. Sky News' Midlands correspondent Becky Cotterill posted to X the next day that the manager of the pub had told her the man had goaded his attackers by using offensive language as they walked past.
In Plymouth, many businesses closed early, bus routes were diverted and a performance at the Theatre Royal was cancelled as two protests were planned to take place in the city. Plymouth City Council warned residents to stay away from the city centre as Devon and Cornwall Police said they would be increasing their presence there. Police lined Royal Parade as the two groups of protesters – one anti-fascist and the other far-right – faced off, throwing items including glass and stones at each other as one woman on the anti-fascist side was injured by a flying item. As the protests continued into the night, bottles, bricks and fireworks were thrown and arrests were made. Three police officers were carried away from the scene after being injured, with a police van being damaged. Shortly before 10 p.m., Devon and Cornwall Police reported that 150 officers were deployed in the city centre. A TK Maxx's shopfront was smashed and brick paving was torn up in the city centre. In a statement the police revealed that six arrests had been made relating to the disorder and 'several' officers were injured, as well as some members of the public, two of whom were hospitalised.
Outside England, there was further violence in the Sandy Row area of Belfast, Northern Ireland. A business was targeted for a second time, and armoured police Land Rovers were attacked with petrol bombs and bricks. Police fired two plastic bullets at rioters in response. A man in his 50s was taken to hospital following a serious assault in which his attackers "stamped on his head" as other members of the public tried to shield him. Police were treating the attack as a racially-motivated hate crime. Assistant Chief Constable Melanie Jones of the PSNI said there was loyalist paramilitary involvement in the violence.
Bricks were thrown at police officers in Darlington after "two large groups of mostly males" gathered in the North Lodge Park area, which is near a mosque. There was one arrest.
On 5 August, a list of at least 39 immigration law specialists, asylum support organisations and immigration services across England, originally published on the Telegram messaging app along with the phrase "no more immigration" and other anti-migration sentiment and widely circulated on social media, identified their addresses as targets for far-right demonstrations over the coming week.

### 6 August

One person was arrested and 37 dispersal orders issued in Durham over fears of potential unrest as reports of planned disorder circulated online. However, despite these reports, there were no reported incidents of criminal damage or disorder in the city.
Six people were arrested after further disorder in Belfast on 6 August. A 15-year-old boy was assaulted at a Middle Eastern shop in west Belfast. A hijacked car was deliberately driven into an estate agency in the Woodvale Road area. Three masked teenagers were arrested in the Shankill area on "suspicion of riotous behaviour".

## Responses
### Domestic

After the Southport riot, Prime Minister Keir Starmer wrote that those who had "hijacked the vigil for the victims" had "insulted the community as it grieves" and that rioters would feel the full force of the law. On 1 August, and following a meeting with senior police officers, Starmer announced the establishment of a national violent disorder programme to facilitate greater cooperation between police forces when dealing with violent disorder. On 4 August, Starmer said that rioters "will feel the full force of the law" and told them "You will regret taking part in this, whether directly or those whipping up this action online and then running away themselves". He added "I won't shy away from calling it what it is – far-right thuggery". Starmer later called an emergency response meeting of Cobra. After the COBRA meeting he announced the establishment of a "standing army" of specialist police officers to address the ongoing violence, and help bring it to an end.
Home Secretary Yvette Cooper condemned the Southport riot as appalling and requested a criminal investigation. According to The Independent, Cooper was also "reviewing whether the far-right English Defence League [...] should be made a proscribed terrorist organisation", after its connection to the Southport riot, a suggestion echoed by Deputy Prime Minister Angela Rayner, although the EDL has ceased to exist in a formal sense.
Home Office minister David Hanson said that police were monitoring organisations, and would use face recognition technology to identify anyone involved in violence.
When asked by a Sky News journalist about claims of two-tier policing, Mark Rowley, the Metropolitan Police Commissioner, grabbed the reporter's microphone and threw it on the ground, for which he later apologised. Responding two days later, he said those asking the question were imperilling his officers.
The Northern Ireland Assembly was recalled, and is scheduled to meet on 8 August, while Starmer has rejected calls from some senior politicians, including former Home Secretary Priti Patel, to recall the Westminster parliament.
Following the emergence on 5 August of a list of immigration law specialists, asylum support organisations and immigration services to be targeted by far-right groups, the president of The Law Society wrote to the Prime Minister, Lord Chancellor and Home Secretary to express concerns.
On 7 August, UK police announced their largest mobilisation since the 2011 England riots, due to the thread of further violence targeting asylum seekers and immigrants, with 6,000 riot police on duty throughout the country and 2,000 in reserve as reinforcements.

#### Arrests and prosecutions

On 3 August, the Ministry of Justice began discussions about magistrates' courts in England and Wales remaining open overnight to preliminary rule on suspects arrested, due to the anticipated increase in people held in custody for riot related offences. This also occurred during the 2011 England riots.
On 5 August, the National Police Chiefs' Council said that a total of 378 arrests had so far been made since riots began.
The first court hearings were held on 5 August 2024 on a range of charges including violent disorder, assault on an emergency worker, and burglary, with some defendants pleading guilty.
A charge for "using threatening words or behaviour intending to stir up racial hatred" was made on 6 August 2024 following Facebook posts.
On 7 August, the first sentences for crimes committed during the riots were handed out to three men who took part in unrest in Southport and Liverpool. The three were sentenced to periods of between 20 months and three years in prison.

### International

Australia, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Nigeria and the United Arab Emirates issued travel advisories and safety warnings to the United Kingdom advising their citizens to exercise caution and avoid areas where protests are taking place.

## Reactions

The Labour MP for Southport, Patrick Hurley, said on BBC Radio 4's Today on 31 July, that the rioters were not local residents, but were "thugs who'd got the train in" and were "utterly disrespecting the families of the dead and injured children, and [...] the town". The rioters had broken windows of Southport Mosque; Hurley told Today that people "were using the horrific incident on Monday, the deaths of three little kiddies, for their own political purposes". The Liverpool Region Mosque Network and the Muslim Association of Britain released statements condemning the riot.
The Reform UK leader, Nigel Farage, called for Parliament to be recalled over the riots and suggested there was a widespread impression of "two-tier policing" as a result of "soft policing" during Black Lives Matter protests, which he said contributed to a "sense of injustice". Conservative former home secretary Priti Patel called Farage's comments deeply misleading and "simply not relevant right now". She told Times Radio: "There’s a clear difference between effectively blocking streets or roads being closed to burning down libraries, hotels, food banks and attacking places of worship. What we have seen is thuggery, violence, racism." Patel also wrote to the Prime Minister and Home Secretary, asking them to recall parliament.
On 2 August, ahead of anticipated protests the following weekend, the Muslim Council of Britain recommended that mosques "review and strengthen their security protocols", and counter-protests by anti-racists were organised under the banner of "Stop the far right: Don't let the racists divide us", predominantly by Stand Up to Racism. Church leaders in Northern Ireland condemned calls for anti-Islamic protests in the province at the weekend.
Hampshire's police and crime commissioner and Conservative politician Donna Jones released a controversial statement that was widely criticised, in which she said that arresting people was "treating the symptom and not the cause" and otherwise appeared to agree with the protestors. The media release was later removed from the Police and Crime Commission's website. Susan Scott, a Conservative Party councillor on Stockton-on-Tees council, resigned after making anti-Muslim remarks.
Responding to a tweet with footage of the disorder that said the riots were due to the "effects of mass migration and open borders", Elon Musk, the owner of Twitter, tweeted, "Civil war is inevitable". His comments were condemned by the Prime Minister's official spokesman. Musk had previously restored Tommy Robinson's account (after Robinson had been banned under Twitter's previous owners) and interacted with him on the platform. After the incident on 5 August in Yardley, Birmingham, Musk went on to refer to the Prime Minister as "two-tier Keir" and ask, "Why aren't all communities protected in Britain?"
On 5 August, former head of UK counter-terrorism, Neil Basu, said that the worst of the far-right violence should be treated as terrorism; "Not only does it fit the definition of terrorism, it is terrorism", in reference to attempting to burn down buildings occupied by Muslims or asylum seekers. Further describing actions as a "racial cause designed to intimidate a section of the public".
A YouGov poll of 199 people on 5–6 August found that only 7% support the riots, while 34% support the broader peaceful protests. 21% of Reform UK voters support the riots, 9% of Conservative voters, 3% of Labour voters and 1% of Liberal Democrat voters supported it.