# Rann of Kutch conflict

vteIndo-Pakistani war of 1965 :
Gujarat
Operation Desert Hawk
Dwarka
Kashmir Front
Gibraltar
Grand Slam
Haji Pir Pass
Punjab Front
Burki
Ichogil
Phillora
Chawinda
Dograi
Asal Uttar
Other
Air War
8-Pass Charlie
Tashkent Declaration :
The Rann of Kutch conflict was an armed conflict between India and Pakistan that began on 9 April 1965 following Operation Desert Hawk, a military operation planned and executed by the Pakistan Army, in the Rann of Kutch.
The area of Rann of Kutch was disputed between the two countries and it came under Indian control as a status quo. The conflict was solved through arbitration by the British authorities.

## Background

The Rann of Kutch is a large area of salt marshes that span the border between India and Pakistan. The area was originally part of the princely state of Kutch, which was acceded to India in present-day Kutch region of Gujarat. Both countries maintained few armed police posts scattered along the border. During the British era, the area used to be a subject of dispute between the princely state of Kutch and Sind. The dispute was then inherited by India and Pakistan after the partition.
Pakistan planned to serve several purposes through this operation. First was to assess the response of the Indian government and military, which was relatively unstable under the governance of prime minister Lal Bahadur Shastri after the death of India's first prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru in 1964 and the loss in the 1962 Sino-Indian war. The second objective was to draw Indian armor southward to Kutch, away from the Punjab and Kashmir region. One of the objectives was to test the United States' protest over the use of US-supplied military equipment against the India, which was a violation of Pakistan's commitment. The Pakistan Army also got a rehearsal opportunity for the planned invasion of India later the same year.
The Rann of Kutch was under Indian control from the long-standing status quo. The boundary of Rann of Kutch was one of the few un-demarcated boundaries pending since the 1947 partition of India.

## Conflict

In January 1965, Pakistan claimed the area of Rann of Kutch on the basis of the Sindh province. Pakistan's paramilitary force Indus Rangers started activity and took control over the ruined fort of Kanjarkot located on the north-west fringe of the Rann, Pakistani Indus Rangers started patrolling below the Indian claimed line by January 1965 and occupied an Indian police post near the Kanjarkot fort, which was in violation of the long-standing status quo. The region's terrain and communication network and logistics was favorable to Pakistan with all the approaches to the Rann of Kutch from the Indian side being more difficult than from Pakistan. The Pakistani railway station situated at Badin was 26 miles north of the Indian claim line and Karachi was 113 miles east from the Badin, where the Pakistan Army's 8 Division was based. Pakistan was able to move the troops quickly and easily along the border line. The nearest Indian railway station at Bhuj was located 110 miles from the border and the nearest Indian Army formation, 31 Infantry Brigade situated at Ahmedabad, was 160 miles east of Bhuj railway station. In February 1965, bilateral talks for the negotiation failed.
The Pakistan Army, equipped with US-made Patton tanks, struck the Indian forces on 9th April. Pakistan launched a major offensive on the Sardar post comprising a brigade strength. In April, Shastri reportedly made a deterrent threat to Pakistan.
On 24 April, Pakistan launched Operation Desert Hawk, a decisive thrust towards the Indian posts in the area deploying an infantry division and two armored regiments equipped with Patton tanks and field guns. The Pakistan Army captured four more posts and claimed the whole Kanjarkot stretch. With poor logistics and inferior military hardware, India had no other option than to retreat after offering decent resistance.

## Ceasefire and aftermath

British prime minister Harold Wilson proposed a ceasefire on 28 April. Both countries signed an agreement to settle the disputed border through international arbitration by the International Court of Justice on 30 June 1965. The ceasefire became effective on 1 July 1965. India and Pakistan both agreed to demarcate the border by a three-member arbitration committee. The possibility of the armed conflict escalation was avoided by the active interventions of the British Prime Minister and the United Nation's Secretary-General. Both nations withdrew all troops from the disputed and held areas after the peace talks as of June 30 and a pre-conflict status as of January 1965 was established.
The conflict is considered a Pakistani strategic victory. The dispute later on went for Indo-Pakistan Western Boundary Case Tribunal and was solved in 1968. within which of its original claim of some 9,100 square kilometers, Pakistan was awarded only about 780 square kilometers and rest to India. However, India's share is mostly sea marsh whereas Pakistan's share has some crucial elevation points. The Pakistan Army decision makers assessed the Indian Army's strength and capability based on the minor success in the Rann of Kutch area and headed towards their next planned execution of Operation Gibraltar in August 1965.
Despite India's repeated protests against the use of US-made weaponry by Pakistan against India, American president Lyndon B. Johnson took no effective action against Pakistan. This attack exposed the inadequacy of the Indian State Armed Police to cope with armed aggression. So after the end of the 1965 war, the government of India formed the Border Security Force as a unified central agency with the specific mandate of guarding India's international boundaries. The Border Security Force came into formal existence on 1 December 1965. Morarji Desai invited around 550 farmers, mostly Sikhs from Punjab, to settle and farm the land for border's safety and security.
* Pakistan portal