# Vibratome

A vibratome is an instrument used to cut thin slices of material (although, usually thicker slices than those cut in paraffin-embedded samples using a microtome). It is similar to a microtome but uses a vibrating blade to cut through tissue. The vibration amplitude, the speed, and the angle of the blade can all be controlled. Fixed or fresh tissue pieces are embedded in low gelling temperature agarose. The resulting agarose block containing the tissue piece is then attached to a metal block and sectioned while submerged in a water or buffer bath. Individual sections are then collected with a fine brush and transferred to slides or multiwell plates for staining.
Vibratome is not a generic name but a registered trademark of Leica Biosystems Richmond, Inc. in the USA.

## Advantages

* No need to dehydrate tissues prior to embedding, thus decreased loss of cell constituents
* No messy paraffin embedding
* Allows for agarose embedding of tissue to provide cutting stability
* No need to deparaffinise and rehydrate sections prior to immunostaining
* No high temperatures or harsh chemical treatments that may lead to antigen instability
* No special microtome blades required
* Less chance of artifacts caused by paraffin embedding or freezing
* Decreased tissue autofluorescence due to avoidance of formalin-fixation and paraffin embedding
* Less wait period from tissue sampling to time of immunolabelling
* Allows for direct creation of free-floating sections for immunohistochemistry

## Disadvantages

* Instead of ribbons, single sections are cut and collected which are more delicate and difficult to handle.
* Sections are generally thicker than those obtained with paraffin methods; penetration of antibodies and other reagents may be slower and thus longer incubation times may be necessary. Also, thick sections may be difficult to image with the microscope. (However, thick sections are compatible and sometimes even desirable if using confocal microscopy.)
* Securing vibratome sections to glass slides can be difficult or impossible, due to the thickness of the sections.

## Experimental Applications

Vibratomes serve a multitude of experimental applications across the life sciences and histology fields.

### Electrophysiology

Vibratomes are instrumental in creating live tissue sections, particularly for electrophysiological studies. They enable the preparation of acute brain slices from live specimens, which are essential for techniques like patch-clamp electrophysiology. These slices facilitate the real-time study of neuronal activity and synaptic connections.

### Immunohistochemistry

Vibratomes play a crucial role in fixed tissue research by providing precise tissue sections that are vital for immunohistochemistry. These sections are used to visualize and analyze specific biomarkers, proteins, or cellular structures within tissues.

### Precision Cut Tissue Slices

Researchers often use Vibratomes to create precision-cut tissue slices, such as precision cut lung slices (PCLS). PCLS are valuable in respiratory research, allowing the investigation of airway reactivity, immune responses, and drug testing in physiologically relevant settings.

### Organotypic Slice Cultures

Vibratomes are essential for generating organotypic slice cultures. These cultures maintain the integrity of live tissue slices under controlled conditions, making them ideal for studying tissue development, neuronal circuitry, and various cellular processes.

## In media

Vibratomes appear in many pieces of media, although usually fancified to extravagant proportions. In the Metal Gear franchise (mainly in Metal Gear Rising: Revengeance), "high frequency blades" are utilized by many characters, namely Gray Fox and Raiden. In the Star Wars franchise, vibratomes are featured numerous times in the form of "Vibro-blades".