# Glandularia

Glandularia, common name mock vervain or mock verbena, is a genus of annual and perennial herbaceous flowering plants in the family Verbenaceae. They are native to the Americas.

## Description

These plants, like their relatives the vervains (verbenas), usually have showy five-petalled flowers in shades of pink, purple and blue. The genus is diverse and often grown as ornamentals. Note that some species are localized endemics and are endangered in their native areas.

## Taxonomy

Glandularia species are closely related to the true vervains and sometimes still included with them in Verbena. Horizontal chloroplast transfer occurred at least twice and possibly three times between these genera, which are otherwise too distinct to warrant unification. Somehow, chloroplasts from V. orcuttiana, swamp verbena (V. hastata) or a close relative of these had admixed into the G. bipinnatifida genome. Although hybridization runs rampant in the true and mock vervains – the ancestors of the well-known garden vervain are quite obscure – it does not seem to have been the cause of the cross-species gene transfer.
Research has found a signal of one more transfer event. This had introduced chloroplasts from an ancestral member of the Verbena lineage nowadays found in South America into Glandularia. Although all members of the present genus can be distinguished to have a chromosome count of five, the South American species are diploid, while polyploid hybrid Glandularia are very widespread from northern Central America northwards. The second genetic introgression must have occurred before the genus spread north, as species with the Verbena-like chloroplasts are found all over the Americas. Since the new chloroplast genes replaced the old ones, it may be that the possibly hybridogenic G. bipinnatifida actually underwent horizontal chloroplast transfer twice in its evolutionary history.

## Cultivation

A large number of cultivars, in shades of white, pink, blue and purple, have been developed for garden use, and are particularly suitable for containers - window-boxes and hanging baskets. Though tender perennials, they are usually grown in temperate areas as half-hardy annuals (sown under glass), or sold as young plants for planting out after the danger of frost has passed. They are still widely referenced in the British horticulture trade as verbenas. The following have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:-
* 'Claret'
* 'Donalena Lavender Grace' (Donalena Series)
* Quartz Series
* 'Silver Anne'
* 'Sissinghurst'
* 'Toronto' (G. canadensis)

## Species

The following 81 species are recognized by The Plant List:
* Glandularia alejandrana B.L.Turner
* Glandularia amoena (Paxton) Umber
* Glandularia andalgalensis (Moldenke) P.Peralta
* Glandularia angustilobata (Moldenke) P.Peralta & V.Thode
* Glandularia araucana (Phil.) Botta
* Glandularia aristigera (S.Moore) Tronc.
* Glandularia atacamensis (Reiche) J.M.Watson & A.E.Hoffm.
* Glandularia aurantiaca (Speg.) Botta
* Glandularia bajacalifornica (Moldenke) Umber
* Glandularia balansae (Briq.) N.O'Leary
* Glandularia bipinnatifida (Schauer) Nutt. – Dakota mock vervain
* Glandularia brachyrhynchos G.L.Nesom & Vorobik
* Glandularia cabrerae (Moldenke) Botta
* Glandularia canadensis (L.) Small – rose mock vervain
* Glandularia catharinae (Moldenke) N.O'Leary & P.Peralta
* Glandularia cheitmaniana (Moldenke) Botta & Poggio
* Glandularia chiricahensis Umber - Chiricahua mock vervain
* Glandularia clavata (Ruiz & Pav.) Botta
* Glandularia corymbosa (Ruiz & Pav.) N.O'Leary & P.Peralta
* Glandularia delticola (Small ex Perry) Umber
* Glandularia dissecta (Willd. ex Spreng.) Schnack & Covas
* Glandularia dusenii (Moldenke) N.O'Leary & P.Peralta
* Glandularia elegans (Kunth) Umber
* Glandularia flava (Gillies & Hook.) Schnack & Covas
* Glandularia gooddingii (Briq.) Solbrig – Southwestern mock vervain, Mojave vervain
* Glandularia guaibensis P.Peralta & V.Thode
* Glandularia guaranitica Tronc.
* Glandularia gynobasis (Wedd.) N.O'Leary & P.Peralta
* Glandularia hassleriana (Briq.) Tronc.
* Glandularia hatschbachii (Moldenke) N.O'Leary & P.Peralta
* Glandularia herteri (Moldenke) Tronc.
* Glandularia humifusa (Cham.) Botta
* Glandularia jordanensis (Moldenke) N.O'Leary & P.Peralta
* Glandularia kuntzeana (Moldenke) Tronc.
* Glandularia laciniata (L.) Schnack & Covas
* Glandularia lilacina (Greene) Umber – Cedros Island verbena
* Glandularia lilloana (Moldenke) Botta
* Glandularia lipozygioides (Walp.) L.E.Navas
* Glandularia lobata (Vell.) P.Peralta & V.Thode
* Glandularia macrosperma (Speg.) Tronc.
* Glandularia maritima (Small) Small - coastal vervain (endangered)
* Glandularia marrubioides (Cham.) Tronc.
* Glandularia megapotamica (Spreng.) Cabrera & G.Dawson
* Glandularia mendocina (Phil.) Covas & Schnack
* Glandularia microphylla (Kunth) Cabrera
* Glandularia nana (Moldenke) Tronc.
* Glandularia paraguariensis (Moldenke) N.O'Leary
* Glandularia parodii Covas & Schnack
* Glandularia paulensis (Moldenke) A.L.R.Oliveira & Salimena
* Glandularia peruviana (L.) Small – Peruvian mock vervain
* Glandularia phlogiflora (Cham.) Schnack & Covas
* Glandularia platensis (Spreng.) Schnack & Covas
* Glandularia polyantha Umber - Rio Grande mock vervain
* Glandularia porrigens (Phil.) J.M.Watson & A.E.Hoffm.
* Glandularia pulchra (Moldenke) Botta
* Glandularia pumila (Rydb.) Umber - dwarf vervain
* Glandularia quadrangulata (A.Heller) Umber - beaked mock vervain
* Glandularia racemosa (Eggert) Umber
* Glandularia radicans Schnack & Covas
* Glandularia rectiloba (Moldenke) P.Peralta & V.Thode
* Glandularia reichei (Acevedo) L.E.Navas
* Glandularia santiaguensis Covas & Schnack
* Glandularia scrobiculata (Griseb.) Tronc.
* Glandularia selloi (Spreng.) Tronc.
* Glandularia sessilis (Cham.) Tronc.
* Glandularia stellarioides (Cham.) Schnack & Covas
* Glandularia subincana Tronc.
* Glandularia sulphurea (D.Don) Schnack & Covas
* Glandularia tampensis (Nash) Small - Tampa vervain (endangered)
* Glandularia tecticaulis (Tronc.) N.O'Leary
* Glandularia tenera (Spreng.) Cabrera
* Glandularia tessmannii (Moldenke) P.Peralta & V.Thode
* Glandularia teucriifolia (M.Martens & Galeotti) Umber
* Glandularia thymoides (Cham.) N.O'Leary
* Glandularia tomophylla (Briq.) P.Peralta
* Glandularia tristachya (Tronc. & Burkart) Schnack & Covas
* Glandularia tumidula (L.M.Perry) Umber -prairie mock vervain
* Glandularia turneri G.L.Nesom
* Glandularia tweedieana (Niven ex Hook.) P.Peralta
* Glandularia venturii (Moldenke) Botta
* Glandularia verecunda Umber