# Port Blai

Port Blair (pronunciation), officially known as Sri Vijaya Puram is the capital city of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a union territory of India in the Bay of Bengal. It is also the local administrative sub-division (tehsil) of the islands, the headquarters for the district of South Andaman, and the territory's only notified town.
Port Blair is the entry point for the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. It is connected with mainland India by both air and sea. It is a two to three-hour flight from mainland India to Port Blair's Veer Savarkar International Airport and three to four days by sea to reach Kolkata, Chennai, or Visakhapatnam from Haddo Wharf in the city. It is home to several museums and the major naval base INS Jarawa of the Indian Navy, along with sea and air bases of the Indian Coast Guard, Andaman and Nicobar Police, Andaman and Nicobar Command, the first integrated tri-command between the Indian Armed Forces, Indian Air Force and the navy.
The historic Cellular Jail is in the city, and nearby small islands such as Corbyn's Cove, Wandoor, Ross Island and Viper Island were once home to British colonists. The city was named after Captain Archibald Blair, a British colonial navy official of the East India Company. On 13 September 2024, the Government of India renamed the city to Sri Vijaya Puram in a bid to remove colonial-era names.

## History
### Pre-history

The indigenous inhabitants are the Andamanese. Radiocarbon dating studies of the kitchen refuse dumps from the mounds excavated by the Anthropological Survey of India at Choladari near Port Blair indicate human occupation for at least 2,000 years, although they are likely to have diverged from the inhabitants of the mainland significantly earlier.

### Modern history

In 1789 the Government of Bengal established a penal colony on Chatham Island in the southeast bay of Great Andaman, named Port Blair in the honour of Archibald Blair of the East India Company. After two years, the colony moved to the northeast part of Great Andaman and was named Port Cornwallis after Admiral William Cornwallis. However, there was much disease and death in the penal colony, and the government ceased operating it in May 1796.
In 1824 Port Cornwallis was the rendezvous of the fleet carrying the army to the First Anglo-Burmese War. In the 1830s and 1840s, shipwrecked crews who landed on the Andamans were often attacked and killed by the natives, alarming the British government. In 1855, the government proposed another settlement on the islands, including a convict establishment, but the Indian Rebellion of 1857 forced a delay in its construction.
However, since the rebellion provided the British with a lot of new prisoners, it made the new Andaman settlement and prison an urgent necessity. Construction began in November 1857 at the renovated Port Blair, avoiding the vicinity of a saltwater swamp that seemed to have been the source of many of the old colony's problems. The penal colony was originally on Viper Island. The convicts, mostly political prisoners, suffered life imprisonment at hard labour under cruel and degrading conditions. Many were hanged, while others died of disease and starvation. Between 1864 and 1867 a penal establishment was also built with convict labour on the northern side of Ross Island. These structures now lie in ruins.
As the Indian independence movement continued to grow in the late 19th century, the enormous Cellular Jail was constructed between 1896 and 1906 to house Indian convicts, mostly political prisoners, in solitary confinement. The Cellular Jail is also known as Kala Pani (translated as "Black Waters"), a name given to it due to the torture and general ill-treatment of its Indian convicts.
In World War II the islands were occupied by the Japanese on 23 March 1942 without opposition from the garrison. From 1943 to 1944, Port Blair served as the headquarters of the Azad Hind government under Subhas Chandra Bose. British forces returned to the islands in October 1945.
Although affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, Port Blair survived sufficiently to act as a base for relief efforts in the islands. In 2017 it was selected as one of the cities to be developed as a smart city under the Smart Cities Mission.

## Climate

Port Blair has a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen climate classification Am), with little variation in average temperature and large amounts of precipitation throughout the year. All months except January, February, and March receive substantial rainfall.
Highest recorded temperature: 36.8 °C (98.2 °F) on 20 April 2013
Lowest recorded temperature: 14.6 °C (58.3 °F) on 5 June 1986
Climate data for Port Blair (1981–2010, extremes 1901–present) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 33.0 (91.4) | 34.6 (94.3) | 36.0 (96.8) | 36.8 (98.2) | 36.4 (97.5) | 35.6 (96.1) | 32.8 (91.0) | 32.7 (90.9) | 35.4 (95.7) | 35.6 (96.1) | 34.0 (93.2) | 35.4 (95.7) | 36.8 (98.2) |
| Mean maximum °C (°F) | 30.7 (87.3) | 31.4 (88.5) | 33.1 (91.6) | 33.8 (92.8) | 33.3 (91.9) | 31.3 (88.3) | 30.8 (87.4) | 30.5 (86.9) | 30.7 (87.3) | 31.1 (88.0) | 31.2 (88.2) | 30.6 (87.1) | 34.0 (93.2) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 29.5 (85.1) | 30.2 (86.4) | 31.3 (88.3) | 32.3 (90.1) | 31.2 (88.2) | 29.8 (85.6) | 29.4 (84.9) | 29.2 (84.6) | 29.2 (84.6) | 29.7 (85.5) | 29.8 (85.6) | 29.5 (85.1) | 30.1 (86.2) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 26.0 (78.8) | 26.3 (79.3) | 27.2 (81.0) | 28.2 (82.8) | 27.7 (81.9) | 26.9 (80.4) | 26.6 (79.9) | 26.5 (79.7) | 26.2 (79.2) | 26.4 (79.5) | 26.8 (80.2) | 26.4 (79.5) | 26.8 (80.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 22.4 (72.3) | 22.1 (71.8) | 22.7 (72.9) | 24.1 (75.4) | 24.2 (75.6) | 23.9 (75.0) | 23.8 (74.8) | 23.6 (74.5) | 23.0 (73.4) | 23.0 (73.4) | 23.3 (73.9) | 23.0 (73.4) | 23.3 (73.9) |
| Mean minimum °C (°F) | 18.8 (65.8) | 19.4 (66.9) | 20.0 (68.0) | 22.2 (72.0) | 21.9 (71.4) | 20.9 (69.6) | 21.4 (70.5) | 21.1 (70.0) | 21.1 (70.0) | 21.4 (70.5) | 21.1 (70.0) | 19.6 (67.3) | 18.1 (64.6) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 14.8 (58.6) | 15.9 (60.6) | 16.2 (61.2) | 17.3 (63.1) | 17.1 (62.8) | 14.6 (58.3) | 18.0 (64.4) | 15.6 (60.1) | 16.8 (62.2) | 17.8 (64.0) | 17.3 (63.1) | 16.2 (61.2) | 14.6 (58.3) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 32.1 (1.26) | 16.8 (0.66) | 32.5 (1.28) | 75.8 (2.98) | 368.8 (14.52) | 448.2 (17.65) | 442.5 (17.42) | 446.4 (17.57) | 458.3 (18.04) | 301.4 (11.87) | 242.4 (9.54) | 103.2 (4.06) | 2,968.3 (116.86) |
| Average rainy days | 1.4 | 1.0 | 1.6 | 4.1 | 15.9 | 18.8 | 18.6 | 19.1 | 18.8 | 15.5 | 11.6 | 4.5 | 130.8 |
| Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST) | 74 | 72 | 72 | 74 | 81 | 84 | 84 | 85 | 87 | 85 | 82 | 75 | 80 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 266.6 | 265.6 | 266.6 | 237.0 | 158.1 | 90.0 | 102.3 | 99.2 | 117.0 | 167.4 | 189.0 | 241.8 | 2,200.6 |
| Mean daily sunshine hours | 8.6 | 9.4 | 8.6 | 7.9 | 5.1 | 3.0 | 3.3 | 3.2 | 3.9 | 5.4 | 6.3 | 7.8 | 6.0 |
| Source 1: India Meteorological Department ||||||||||||||
| Source 2: NOAA(extremes), Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1981–2010) ||||||||||||||

## Tourism

Port Blair is the entry point for all tourism-related activities. Tourists first have to arrive at Port Blair before progressing on to any other islands in Andaman. At Port Blair, the major tourist places to visit are the Cellular Jail, Corbyns Cove Beach, North Bay Island, Ross Island renamed to Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Island, Chidiatapu, Wandoor, Samudrika Naval Marine Museum, and other museums that are present within city limits. Entry charges apply to some of the tourist places.

## Demographics

As of 2011 India census, Port Blair had a population of 100,608. Males constitute 52.92% (53,247) of the population and females 47.07% (47,361). 9.3% of the population is under the age of 6 years.

### Language

Bengali is the most spoken language of the city, followed by Telugu, Hindi, and Tamil. Hindi is the official language of the region, while English is declared an additional official language for communication purposes.

### Religion

Religion in Port Blair City (2011) :
| Religion | Religion | Percent | Percent |
| Hinduism | Hinduism | 74% | 74% |
| Islam | Islam | 12.7% | 12.7% |
| Christianity | Christianity | 12.4% | 12.4% |
| Others | Others | 0.9% | 0.9% |
The most common religion is Hinduism, followed by Christianity and Islam.

### Literacy

Literacy in Port Blair :
| Literacy | Literacy | Percent | Percent |
| Male | Male | 92.79% | 92.79% |
| Female | Female | 86.73% | 86.73% |
| All | All | 89.76% | 89.76% |
Port Blair has an average literacy rate of 89.76%, higher than the national average that is 74.04%. In Port Blair, male literacy is 92.79%, and female literacy is 86.34%.

## Administration

The Port Blair Municipal Council, abbreviated as PBMC is the ruling civic body administering the city of Port Blair, the capital and the largest city in the Indian union territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The council came into existence on 2 October 1957 after the assent by the President of India to the Andaman & Nicobar Islands (Municipal Board's) Regulation, 1957 Act on 11 March 1957. The council comprises a total of 24 wards after the recent delimitation and the expansion of the city limits with the merger of a few other villages to the existing 18 wards previously.
The recent elections for the council were held in 2022. U. Kavitha from Ward 24 a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party was elected as the chairperson for the first term which commenced on 16 March 2022. On 14 March 2023, Telugu Desam Party councilor S. Selvi from Ward 5 was elected as the chairperson for the second year term commencing from 16 March 2023 as part of the joint candidature from the BJP-TDP Alliance.

### PBMC electoral history

| Year | BJP | INC | TDP | DMK | AIADMK | IND | Ref. |
| 2015 | 11 | 6 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 3 | |
| 2022 | 10 | 10 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
2015 PBMC Results :
| # | Winner | Winner | Winner | Winner | Runner Up | Runner Up | Runner Up | Runner Up | Margin |
| # | Candidate | Party | Party | Votes | Candidate | Party | Party | Votes | Margin |
| 1 | S. Karunakaran | Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam | | 1,892 | S. Shahul Hameed | Indian National Congress | | 694 | 1,198 |
| 2 | R. Someswara Rao | Bharatiya Janata Party | | 2,152 | S. Jayakumaren Nair | Indian National Congress | | 1,035 | 1,117 |
| 3 | Ramjan Ali | Independent | | 1,849 | A. R. Andan | Indian National Congress | | 1,753 | 96 |
| 4 | E. Rani | All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam | | 851 | Jameela Bibi | Independent | | 584 | 267 |
| 5 | S. Selvi | Telugu Desam Party | | 1,105 | A. Shanmugam | Bharatiya Janata Party | | 742 | 363 |
| 6 | Protima Banerjee | Telugu Desam Party | | 1,369 | K. Durga Bhavani | Bharatiya Janata Party | | 438 | 931 |
| 7 | K. Indra Pal Singh | Bharatiya Janata Party | | 1,846 | K. Ibrahim | Telugu Desam Party | | 804 | 1,042 |
| 8 | K. Ganeshan | Indian National Congress | | 687 | Ganesh Babu | Telugu Desam Party | | 427 | 260 |
| 9 | Anusia Devi | Bharatiya Janata Party | | 901 | R. Nagamma | Indian National Congress | | 772 | 129 |
| 10 | Sheela Singh | Bharatiya Janata Party | | 1,063 | Moti Chand | Indian National Congress | | 855 | 208 |
| 11 | P. Prathibha Rao | Bharatiya Janata Party | | 803 | Vinita Malhotra | Indian National Congress | | 617 | 186 |
| 12 | S. N. N. Gregory | Bharatiya Janata Party | | 1,297 | S. Muthuraman | Indian National Congress | | 823 | 474 |
| 13 | Upasana Prasad | Indian National Congress | | 1,166 | Ranjana Jha | Bharatiya Janata Party | | 1,165 | 1 |
| 14 | B. Eswar Rao | Bharatiya Janata Party | | 1,210 | Nand Kishore | Indian National Congress | | 1,076 | 134 |
| 15 | C. H. Babu | Bharatiya Janata Party | | 1,210 | B. Padmanabham | Telugu Desam Party | | 823 | 387 |
| 16 | S. Usha | Bharatiya Janata Party | | 706 | Zubaida Begum | Indian National Congress | | 357 | 349 |
| 17 | Dharmendra Narayan | Independent | | 1,150 | Pradeep Narayan | Indian National Congress | | 497 | 653 |
| 18 | Rubana Aziz | Bharatiya Janata Party | | 2,248 | Seena Meshack | Indian National Congress | | 954 | 1,294 |
| 19 | K. Muthu | Indian National Congress | | 925 | N. Venkat Ramana | Bharatiya Janata Party | | 860 | 65 |
| 20 | M. Arumugam | Indian National Congress | | 1,259 | P. Surendran | Bharatiya Janata Party | | 952 | 307 |
| 21 | K. Arubadi | Bharatiya Janata Party | | 1,059 | R. Vimod | Indian National Congress | | 496 | 563 |
| 22 | Vaishali Rani Dayal | Indian National Congress | | 631 | Uma Rani | Bharatiya Janata Party | | 454 | 177 |
| 23 | Yashwant Lall | Bharatiya Janata Party | | 1,026 | Sanjay Meshack | Independent | | 696 | 330 |
| 24 | N. K. Udhaya Kumar | Bharatiya Janata Party | | 1,154 | R. P. Arumugam | Telugu Desam Party | | 884 | 270 |

## Education
### B.Ed

* Tagore Government College of Education

### Degree

* Andaman and Nicobar college
* Jawaharlal Nehru Government College

### Engineering

* Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Institute of Technology

### Law

* Andaman Law College

### Medicine

* Andaman and Nicobar Islands Institute of Medical Sciences

## Gallery

* Statue of Rajiv Gandhi
* Sunset in the bay
* Gandhi statue, Gandhi park
* Seaside Road
* Cellular Jail
* Port Blair Science Centre
* Jaljeevshala Aquarium
* Aberdeen clock tower
* Memorial for the 1859 Battle of Aberdeen
* Port Blair Jain temple