OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1710s in South Africa

The following lists events that happened during the 1710s in South Africa.

## Events
### 1711

* 28 December - Willem Helot is appointed acting Governor of the Cape Colony

### 1713

* 16 March - A smallpox epidemic broke out at the Cape Colony

### 1714

* 28 March - Maurits Pasques de Chavonnes is appointed Governor of the Cape

### 1717

* The system of freehold title to land in the Cape ends

## Deaths

* 27 December 1711 - Louis van Assenburgh, Governor of the Cape, dies
* 24 June 1712 - Simon van der Stel, Governor of the Cape, died at his estate in Constantia, Cape Colony
# 2020 in Chad
## Incumbents

* President: Idriss Déby

## Events

* March 19 – 1st case of the COVID-19 pandemic in Chad
* March 26 – With three cases already reported, Chadian authorities reported two additional positive cases. The cases were a 48-year-old Chadian and a 55-year-old Cameroonian passenger on a March 17, 2020 Ethiopian Airlines flight from Dubai and Brussels respectively via Addis Ababa.
* March 30 – Two more cases of Covid-19 were reported, a Chadian citizen from Douala and a Swiss citizen from Brussels.
* April 2 – Chad registered a new case of Covid-19. He is a Chadian who traveled from Dubai via Abuja.
* April 3 – A new case of Covid-19 was registered in Chad. He is a French citizen who traveled from Brussels via Paris.
* April 6 – Chad recorded its first case of local contamination. It is a 31 year old Chadian who was in contact with another Chadian diagnosed positive.
* April 9 – Health officials reported a new case of virus infection. He is a 59 year old Chadian who arrived on March 25 in N'Djamena. The man is a religious returning from Pakistan, via Cameroon, having reached N'Djamena by land. The man continued his journey to Abéché where he was finally quarantined on April 4. The test was positive on April 8.
* September 8 – Chad and Israel discuss the possible renewal of diplomatic relations.
* December 24 – Chad adopts its first ever asylum law, enhancing protections for the nearly 480,000 refugees it hosts. It makes Chad one of the first countries in Africa to fulfill a pledge made during the 2019 Global Refugee Forum.
# 151 Abundantia

151 Abundantia is a stony main belt asteroid. It was discovered by Johann Palisa on 1 November 1875, from the Austrian Naval Observatory in Pula. The name was chosen by Edmund Weiss of the Vienna Observatory; although the name refers to Abundantia, a Roman goddess of luck, it was also chosen to celebrate the increasing numbers of asteroids that were being discovered in the 1870s.
Information from A. Harris as of 1 March 2001 indicates that 151 Abundantia is an S class (stony) asteroid with a diameter of 45.37 km and H = 9.24 .1728 and albedo of 0.03. The light curve collected over 6 nights from 2/16/2002 to 3/10/2002 confirmed the rotational period to be 19.718h.
Data from 2001 shows a diameter of 45.37 km. An occultation by the asteroid was observed on 10 December 2017, showing the asteroid to be highly elongated, with dimensions of roughly 24 x 52 km.
# 1972 Holy Cross Crusaders football team

The 1972 Holy Cross Crusaders football team was an American football team that represented the College of the Holy Cross during the 1972 NCAA University Division football season. Ed Doherty returned for his second year as head coach. The team compiled a record of 5–4–1.
Holy Cross competed as an independent despite having joined the Yankee Conference in 1971. Because their previous scheduling commitments for the 1972 season would not have allowed them to play the full Yankee round-robin, the Crusaders were excluded from the Yankee Conference football championship. Nonetheless, Holy Cross coaches participated in the conference's preseason media night, expressing their enthusiasm about full participation in league play in the coming years.
Three months later, college officials had a different view of the future. Having made the decision to admit women to what had formerly been an all-male college, administrators worried that soon there would not be enough men on campus to stay competitive in the full range of Yankee Conference sports. On November 14, with the football season still in progress, they made the announcement that Holy Cross would withdraw from the Yankee Conference, effective immediately.
As in 1971, Holy Cross played two longstanding Yankee Conference opponents in 1972, beating Massachusetts days before the withdrawal announcement, and Connecticut a couple weeks after. Neither game was considered a conference matchup.
All home games were played at Fitton Field on the Holy Cross campus in Worcester, Massachusetts.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result | Attendance |
| September 16 | Rutgers | Fitton FieldWorcester, MA | W 24–14 | 15,520 |
| September 23 | at Brown | Brown StadiumProvidence, RI | W 30–24 | 12,500 |
| September 30 | at Temple | Temple StadiumPhiladelphia, PA | L 7–15 | 9,810 |
| October 7 | Dartmouth | Fitton FieldWorcester, MA | L 7–17 | 8,000 |
| October 14 | at Colgate | Andy Kerr StadiumHamilton, NY | T 21–21 | 7,500 |
| October 28 | Villanova^ | Fitton FieldWorcester, MA | W 26–9 | 12,117 |
| November 11 | UMass | Fitton FieldWorcester, MA | W 28–16 | 16,321–16,700 |
| November 18 | at Army | Michie StadiumWest Point, NY | L 13–15 | 39,441 |
| November 25 | Connecticut | Fitton FieldWorcester, MA | W 20–10 | 14,011 |
| December 2 | at Boston College | Alumni StadiumChestnut Hill, MA (rivalry) | L 11–41 | 30,187 |
| Homecoming^ Family Weekend ||||||

## Statistical leaders

Statistical leaders for the 1972 Crusaders included:
* Rushing: Joe Wilson, 885 yards and 7 touchdowns on 183 attempts
* Passing: Peter Vaas, 637 yards, 47 completions and 5 touchdowns on 111 attempts
* Receiving: Joe Neary, 251 yards and 1 touchdown on 20 receptions
* Scoring: Joe Wilson, 48 points from 8 touchdowns
* Total offense: Joe Wilson, 885 yards (all rushing)
* All-purpose yards: Joe Wilson, 975 yards (885 rushing, 90 receiving)
* Interceptions: John Provost, 9 interceptions for 175 yards
# 517 Edith

517 Edith, provisional designation 1903 MH, is a carbonaceous background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 83 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 22 September 1903, by American astronomer Raymond Dugan at the Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory in southwest Germany, who named it after his sister Edith Eveleth.

## Orbit and classification

Edith orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.6–3.7 AU once every 5 years and 7 months (2,050 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 3° with respect to the ecliptic.
The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg, five days after its official discovery observation (first recorded observation at the MPC).

## Physical characteristics

In the Tholen taxonomy, Edith is an X-type asteroid. Due to its very low albedo, a more specific P-type is derived by the LCDB, while a spectroscopic survey of Tholen X-type asteroids characterizes Edith as a C-type asteroid.

### Rotation period

In October 2009, the best-rated rotational lightcurve of Edith was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer Maurice Audejean at his Chinon Observatory (B92) in Chinon, France. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 9.2747 hours with a brightness variation of 0.16 magnitude (U=3), indicating that the body is rather spheroidal.
Additional measurements of the asteroid's period were made by French amateur astronomers René Roy and Laurent Bernasconi, as well as by American astronomer Robert Koff at his Antelope Hills Observatory in Bennett, Colorado (H09) and by Alan W. Harris of the Earth and Planetary Physics Group at JPL in the 1980s (U=2/2/2/2).

### Diameter and albedo

According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Edith measures between 79.72 and 111.89 kilometers in diameter and its surface has a low albedo between 0.026 and 0.05.
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0397 and a diameter of 83.24 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.52.

## Naming

This minor planet was named by the discoverer after his sister Edith Eveleth (née Dugan). The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 55). Edith Eveleth also proposed and prepared the naming citation for Raymond Dugan's first discovery, 497 Iva.
# 1848 in China

Events that took place from 1848, in China.

## Incumbents

* Daoguang Emperor (28th year)

### Viceroys

* Viceroy of Zhili — Nergingge
* Viceroy of Min-Zhe — Wang Yide
* Viceroy of Huguang — Yutai
* Viceroy of Shaan-Gan — ?
* Viceroy of Liangguang — Qiying
* Viceroy of Yun-Gui — Lin Zexu, Lin Xingyuan
* Viceroy of Sichuan — Qishan
* Viceroy of Liangjiang — Li Xingyuan

## Events

* In January 1848, God-Worshipping Society leader, Feng Yunshan was arrested and banished to Guangdong by the local authorities.
* January — California Gold Rush starts, as gold was discovered at Sutters mill, which inspires thousands of Chinese people to travel to America, in search of gold.
* The first horse race was organized in Shanghai (see Shanghai Race Club).
* Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Guangzhou was established.

## Births

* Sun Yirang (孫詒讓; Sūn Yíràng; 1848–1908) was a philologist and scholar of the Mozi.
* Cheng Tinghua (程廷華; 1848–1900), was a renowned master of Chinese neijia (internal) martial art baguazhang.
# 1974 North Indian Ocean cyclone season

The 1974 North Indian Ocean cyclone season was part of the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation. The season has no official bounds but cyclones tend to form between April and December. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northern Indian Ocean. There are two main seas in the North Indian Ocean—the Bay of Bengal to the east of the Indian subcontinent and the Arabian Sea to the west of India. The official Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre in this basin is the India Meteorological Department (IMD), while the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) releases unofficial advisories. An average of five tropical cyclones form in the North Indian Ocean every season with peaks in May and November. Cyclones occurring between the meridians 45°E and 100°E are included in the season by the IMD.

## Systems
### Tropical Storm One (01A)

This cyclone was one of the three rare April cyclone which was formed during first fifteen days of the month during the satellite era. The other cyclones were Cyclone Bijli in 2009 and Cyclone Maarutha in 2017.

### Tropical Storm Two (02A)

A system developed in the Arabian Sea in mid-may and a few days later in turned into a cyclonic storm. As it went in a western direction it strengthened and had a max wind blows of 45 mph and it stayed around the far 1 more day before weakening. Later on May 22 it officially got confirmed as gone. Its other statistics are relatively unknown.

### Cyclone Six (06B)

This cyclone formed on 13 August and reached its peak intensity of a Category 1 storm by the next day. On 15 August, the storm made landfall at Digha in West Bengal. It maintained the intensity of cyclone until 17 August and dissipated on 20 August. The storm caused heavy flooding over West Bengal coastal and deltaic districts. It was a rare August cyclone to peak as a Very Severe Cyclonic Storm.

### Tropical Storm Eight (08B)

The system developed in Bay of Bengal and lasted from September 26 until September 30.

### Cyclone Twelve (12B)

This system developed off the eastern coast of southern India on November 23 and strengthened as it moved to the northeast. The system nearly reached hurricane strength as it made landfall near Chittagong late on November 28. A 10 feet (3.0 m) storm surge accompanied the system's approach to Bangladesh, which inundated several islands offshore. Less than 100 people perished while thousands were left homeless.
# 6th Golden Eagle Awards

The 6th Golden Eagle Awards were held June 12, 1988, in Shenyang, Liaoning province. Nominees and winners are listed below, winners are in bold.

## Best Television Series

not awarded this year
* Journey to the West/西游记
* Snow City/雪城
* Plainclothes Policeman/便衣警察

## Best Mini-series

not awarded this year
* Army Soul/军魂
* Larceny of Animal Kingdom/动物王国窃案

## Best Lead Actor in a Television Series

* Liu Xiao Ling Tong for Journey to the West

## Best Lead Actress in a Television Series

* Ma Lan for Yan Fengying

## Best Supporting Actor in a Television Series

* Shen Junyi for Wu Long Shan Jiao Fei Ji

## Best Supporting Actress in a Television Series

* Ni Ping for Snow City
# Netto

Netto in some European languages means net worth, net pay, or net weight. It may also refer to:

## Arts and entertainment

* Ambiguous (film), also known as Waisetsu Netto Shūdan Ikasete!!, a 2003 Japanese Pink film
* Netto (film), a 2005 film set in Berlin
* Netto Hikari, Japanese given name for the Mega Man Battle Network character Lan Hikari
* Netto Houz, Berlin-based house music project
* Netto Koshien, Japanese television program
* Net Yaroze, known as Netto Yarōze in Japanese, a development kit for the PlayStation video game console

## Companies

* Netto (Les Mousquetaires), a French supermarket chain with stores also in Portugal
* Netto Marken-Discount, a German supermarket chain owned by Edeka
* Netto (store), a Danish discount supermarket operating in Denmark, Germany, Poland
* Netto UK, a United Kingdom discount supermarket chain which was a 50:50 joint venture between Dansk Supermarked A/S and J Sainsbury plc

## Places

* Estádio Municipal João Lamego Netto, a multi-purpose stadium in Ipatinga, Brazil
* Governor Bento Munhoz da Rocha Netto Hydroelectric Plant in Paraná, Brazil
* Netto Arena, an indoor arena in Szczecin, Poland

## Other

* Austria Netto Katalog, Austrian collectors' catalog
* Netto (surname)
* Netto-uyoku, term used to refer to netizens who espouse right wing views on Japanese social media
# 1816 in rail transport

This article lists events related to rail transport that occurred in 1816.

## Events

* Richard Trevithick moves to Peru with the intention of designing and building steam locomotives for mining operations there.

## Births
### January births

* January 3 – Samuel C. Pomeroy, president of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway 1863–1868 (d. 1891).

### March births

* March 1 – John Souther, American steam locomotive manufacturer, founder of Globe Locomotive Works (d. 1911).

### August births

* August 4 – Russell Sage, American financier, director of Union Pacific Railroad (d. 1906).
* August 6 – Thomas Russell Crampton, English engineer and designer of the Crampton locomotive type as well as a tunnel boring machine for the Channel Tunnel (d. 1888).
* August 24 – Daniel Gooch, Chief mechanical engineer of the Great Western Railway (England) (d. 1889).

### October births

* October 8 – Aretas Blood, American steam locomotive manufacturer, owner of Manchester Locomotive Works (d. 1897).
# 1974 Northern Iowa Panthers football team

The 1974 Northern Iowa Panthers football team represented the University of Northern Iowa as a member of the North Central Conference (NCC) during the 1974 NCAA Division II football season. Led by 15th-year head coach Stan Sheriff, the Panthers compiled an overall record of 5–4–1 with a mark of 3–3–1 in conference play, placing fifth in the NCC. Northern Iowa played home games at O. R. Latham Stadium in Cedar Falls, Iowa.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result | Attendance |
| September 7 | at Pittsburg State* | Carnie Smith StadiumPittsburg, KS | W 31–22 | 3,500 |
| September 14 | at Western Illinois* | Hanson FieldMacomb, IL | W 14–40 | 11,400 |
| September 21 | Mankato State | O. R. Latham StadiumCedar Falls, IA | T 28–28 | 5,251 |
| September 28 | North Dakota State | O. R. Latham StadiumCedar Falls, IA | W 20–0 | 1,500–3,575 |
| October 5 | at No. 10 North Dakota | Memorial StadiumGrand Forks, ND | L 26–42 | 7,200 |
| October 12 | Drake* | O. R. Latham StadiumCedar Falls, IA | W 41–17 | 8,549 |
| October 19 | Morningside | O. R. Latham StadiumCedar Falls, IA | W 49–14 | 4,500 |
| October 26 | at Augustana (SD) | Howard Wood FieldSioux Falls, SD | L 23–38 | 5,700 |
| November 2 | South Dakota State | O. R. Latham StadiumCedar Falls, IA | W 22–21 | 4,950 |
| November 9 | at No. 15 South Dakota | Inman FieldVermillion, SD | L 14–26 | 2,500 |
| *Non-conference gameRankings from AP Poll released prior to the game ||||||
# 16-hydroxysteroid epimerase

In enzymology, a 16-hydroxysteroid epimerase (EC 5.1.99.2) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
    16alpha-hydroxysteroid $\rightleftharpoons$ 16beta-hydroxysteroid
Hence, this enzyme has one substrate, 16alpha-hydroxysteroid, and one product, 16beta-hydroxysteroid.
This enzyme belongs to the family of isomerases, specifically those racemases and epimerases acting on other compounds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 16-hydroxysteroid 16-epimerase.
# 1885 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles

Ernest Renshaw and William Renshaw defeated Claude Farrer and Arthur Stanley 6–3, 6–3, 10–8 to win the gentlemen's doubles tennis title at the 1885 Wimbledon Championships.

## Draw
### Key

* Q = Qualifier
* WC = Wild card
* LL = Lucky loser
* Alt = Alternate
* SE = Special exempt
* PR = Protected ranking
* ITF = ITF entry
* JE = Junior exempt
* w/o = Walkover
* r = Retired
* d = Defaulted
* SR = Special ranking

### Draw

| First round | First round | First round | First round | First round | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final | Final | Final | Final |
| Charles Ross William Taylor | Charles Ross William Taylor | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| FL Rawson Otway Woodhouse | FL Rawson Otway Woodhouse | w/o | | | Charles Ross William Taylor | Charles Ross William Taylor | 6 | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | BA Cohen WH Cohen | BA Cohen WH Cohen | 1 | 3 | 3 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | Charles Ross William Taylor | Charles Ross William Taylor | 3 | 6 | 2 | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | Claude Farrer Arthur Stanley | Claude Farrer Arthur Stanley | 6 | 8 | 6 | | | | | | |
| | | | | | MG MacNamara RM Wile | MG MacNamara RM Wile | 2 | 6 | 3 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Claude Farrer Arthur Stanley | Claude Farrer Arthur Stanley | 6 | 6 | 6 | Claude Farrer Arthur Stanley | Claude Farrer Arthur Stanley | 6 | 4 | 6 | 8 | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| A Dunn C Liddel | A Dunn C Liddel | 4 | 4 | 4 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Claude Farrer Arthur Stanley | Claude Farrer Arthur Stanley | 3 | 3 | 8 |
| Harry Grove Donald Stewart | Harry Grove Donald Stewart | 6 | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Ernest Renshaw William Renshaw | Ernest Renshaw William Renshaw | 6 | 6 | 10 |
| Oswald Milne EG Watson | Oswald Milne EG Watson | 0 | 4 | 4 | Harry Grove Donald Stewart | Harry Grove Donald Stewart | 2 | 8 | 2 | 6 | 1 | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | Ernest Renshaw William Renshaw | Ernest Renshaw William Renshaw | 6 | 6 | 6 | 2 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | Ernest Renshaw William Renshaw | Ernest Renshaw William Renshaw | 4 | 6 | 6 | 6 | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | James Dwight Ernest Lewis | James Dwight Ernest Lewis | 6 | 1 | 4 | 4 | | | | | |
| | | | | | E Barratt-Smith Herbert Chipp | E Barratt-Smith Herbert Chipp | 3 | 0 | 9 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | James Dwight Ernest Lewis | James Dwight Ernest Lewis | 6 | 6 | 11 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
# 1975 Miami Toros indoor season

The 1975 Miami Toros indoor season was the first season of the new team in the new North American Soccer League indoor tournament. It was part of the club's ninth season in professional soccer. This year, the team finished in second place in Region 3, losing on goal-differential. They did not make the playoffs as only the top team in each of the four regions were selected.

## Competitions
### NASL indoor regular season
#### Region 3

played at the Bayfront Center in St. Petersburg, Florida
| February 17 | Miami Toros | 11–8 | Baltimore Comets | Attendance: 4,437 |
| Tampa Bay Rowdies | 7–2 | Washington Diplomats |
| February 19 | Miami Toros | 7–4 | Washington Diplomats | Attendance: 4,032 |
| Tampa Bay Rowdies | 8–6 | Baltimore Comets |
| Pos | Team | G | W | L | GF | GA | GD | PTS |
| 1 | Tampa Bay Rowdies | 2 | 2 | 0 | 15 | 8 | +7 | 4 |
| 2 | Miami Toros | 2 | 2 | 0 | 18 | 12 | +6 | 4 |
| 3 | Baltimore Comets | 2 | 0 | 2 | 14 | 19 | -5 | 0 |
| 4 | Washington Diplomats | 2 | 0 | 2 | 6 | 14 | -8 | 0 |
*Tampa Bay wins region on goal differential, advances to semifinals
# Più di prima

Più di prima is the third studio album by Italian singer Pupo, released in 1980 through Baby Records.

## Background

The song "Su di noi" was presented at the 1980 Sanremo Music Festival, placing third. The album spawned three singles; Su di noi/Lucia, Cosa farai/Firenze Santa Maria Novella, and San Francisco/Innamorata. The song reached third place and told a sentimental moment between Pupo and Donatella Milani, who had long worked with the Tuscan singer-songwriter as a backing vocalist.
This track was included in the album "Più di prima," alongside two other major hits: "Firenze Santa Maria Novella," in which he sings about his love for the Tuscan capital, and "Bravo," performed during the seventeenth edition of Un disco per l'estate. The song "Bravo" was completed with the collaboration of Paolo Amerigo Cassella and is a melancholic piece that recounts an evening when Pupo was alone at home; while playing the piano, he cried. In September of that year, he won the Gondola d'oro in Venice with "Cosa farai." The song would be the A-side of the famous single "Firenze Santa Maria Novella," but it did not achieve the same success as his earlier hits.
The album's photo cover was taken by Árpád Kertész.

## Personnel

* Pupo – vocals
* Paolo Donnarumma – bass
* Flaviano Cuffari – drums
* Gian Franco Reverberi – keyboards
* Claudio Bazzari – guitar
* Giuseppe Solera – saxophone
* Gabriele Balducci, Mario Balducci, Marco Ferradini, Silver Pozzoli – backing vocals

## Charts

Chart performance for Più di prima :
| Chart (1980–1981) | Peak position |
| Italian Albums (Musica e dischi) | 8 |