# John J. Carty Award

Der John J. Carty Award for the Advancement of Science ist eine Auszeichnung der National Academy of Sciences für herausragende wissenschaftliche Leistungen. Der Preis wird seit 1932 verliehen, zuletzt alle zwei Jahre. Er ist mit einer Medaille und einem Preisgeld von 25.000 US-Dollar verbunden. Die Auszeichnung ist nach dem ersten Preisträger John J. Carty benannt, dem langjährigen Chefingenieur von AT&T. Das Unternehmen AT&T ist auch Stifter des Preises.

## Preisträger

* 1932: John J. Carty
* 1936: Edmund B. Wilson
* 1939: William Lawrence Bragg
* 1943: Edwin Grant Conklin
* 1945: William F. Durand
* 1947: Ross Granville Harrison
* 1950: Irving Langmuir
* 1953: Vannevar Bush
* 1961: Charles Hard Townes (Physik)
* 1963: Maurice Ewing (Geophysik)
* 1965: Alfred Sturtevant (Biochemie)
* 1968: Murray Gell-Mann (Theoretische Physik)
* 1971: James Watson (Molekularbiologie)
* 1975: John Tuzo Wilson (Geowissenschaften)
* 1978: John Mather (Reine Mathematik)
* 1981: Shing-Tung Yau (Mathematik)
* 1984: Robert H. Burris (Agrarwissenschaften) – For his penetrating studies of the biochemistry of nitrogen fixation have enriched the agricultural sciences by deed and example.
* 1987: Motoo Kimura (Evolutionsbiologie) – By demonstrating the role of stochastic processes in inducing and maintaining most allelic diversity in nature, he has unified molecular biology with evolutionary theory, thereby strengthening both fields.
* 1991: Joseph Hooton Taylor, Jr. (Physik) – For developing pulsar timing experiments with exquisite accuracy to make fundamental studies of gravitation, including gravitational radiation and high-order tests of general relativity.
* 1994: Marina Ratner (Mathematik) – For her striking proof of the Raghunathan conjectures.
* 1997: Patrick Vinton Kirch (Anthropologie) – For the unique breadth of his distinguished anthropological accomplishments, spanning many Pacific islands and joining their archeology with ethnobotany, ethnobiohistory, historical linguistics, and human biology.
* 2000: Donald Lynden-Bell (Astronomie/Astrophysik) – For his outstanding work in theoretical astrophysics, and especially for the originality of his contributions to our understanding of the collective dynamic effects within stellar systems.
* 2003: David A. Freedman (Statistik) – For his profound contributions to the theory and practice of statistics, including rigorous foundations for Bayesian influence and trenchant analysis of census adjustment.
* 2004: Elinor Ostrom (Sozial-/Politikwissenschaften) – For her exceptional contributions to the study of social institutions, research that has greatly advanced our understanding of resource management, and the governance of local public economies.
* 2005: Robert J. Cava (Materialwissenschaften) – For his outstanding contributions in the synthesis and characterization of many new materials that display interesting and important superconducting, dielectric, magnetic, or thermal properties.
* 2006: Russell F. Doolittle (Informatik, computational science) – For contributing seminal insights and methods for using computers as an aid to characterizing protein function, in comparing amino acid sequences, and for phylogenetic reconstructions.
* 2007: Joseph R. Ecker (Botanik, plant science) – For contributions in the areas of ethylene signal transduction and Arabidopsis genomics that have paved the way for a revolution in modern agriculture.
* 2008: Thomas Eisner (Ökologie) – For pathbreaking studies of the myriad ways that organisms utilize chemistry to mediate ecological interactions and providing a foundation for the field of chemical ecology.
* 2009: Joseph Felsenstein (Evolutionsbiologie) – For revolutionizing population genetics, phylogenetic biology, and systematics by developing a sophisticated computational framework to deduce evolutionary relationships of genes and species from molecular data.
* 2010: Andre Geim (Physik) – For his experimental realization and investigation of graphene, the two-dimensional form of carbon.
* 2012: Michael Posner (Kognitionswissenschaften) – For outstanding contributions to the understanding of spatial attention and for pioneering investigations of the neural basis of cognition using non-invasive functional brain imaging methods.
* 2014: Joseph DeRisi (Genombiologie) – For pioneering efforts to develop new genomic technologies and using the technologies to make discoveries in virology that are of fundamental and practical importance.
* 2016: Michael Goddard, Theodorus Meuwissen (Agrarwissenschaften) – For the development of genomic selection - uniting quantitative genetic theory with genomics technology - revolutionizing the genetic improvement of livestock and crops. Their research also invigorated genomic prediction, which has far-ranging implications for fields from human medicine to conservation biology.
* 2018: David M. Kreps, Paul R. Milgrom, Robert B. Wilson (Wirtschaftswissenschaften) – For making fundamental advances to game theory by showing how incomplete information alters equilibrium outcomes. Their advances enhance our understanding the impact of reputation and the emergence of cooperation. The resulting insights enrich the analysis and application of auctions for allocating scarce resources.
* 2020: Carolyn R. Bertozzi (Chemie) – For her invention of bioorthogonal chemistry.
* 2022: Barney S. Graham (Infektiologie) – For his seminal contributions in elucidating optimal viral glycoprotein structures that elicit superior vaccine-induced protective immunity, hundreds of millions of vaccine recipients are protected from life threatening COVID19 infections across the globe. His innovations in vaccine design are portable, providing effective countermeasures against other high threat human viruses.
* 2024: Ben Santer (Klimawissenschaften) – Santer is widely recognized for his leading work linking modern climate change to human activities.