# Buruixaski

Buruixaski (بروشسکی - burū́šaskī) és una llengua aïllada parlada a les zones on viu el poble buruixo, és a dir a les valls de Hunza, Nagar, Yasin, Ishkoman-Barjungle i algunes zones de Gilgit al nord del Pakistan i també per uns 300 buruixos que viuen a Srinagar, Índia. Altres noms per a la llengua són Brugaski, Kanjut (Kunjoot), Verchikwār, Boorishki, Brushas (Brushias) i Miśa:ski.

## Escriptura

El buruixaski és un idioma parlat. De vegades s'escriu amb l'alfabet utilitzat per l'urdú, una versió de l'alfabet persa, però l'ortografia no ha estat fixada. Nasir al-Din Nasir Hunzai ha escrit poesies en buruixaski utilitzant l'alfabet urdú.

## Fonologia

El buruixaski té cinc vocals /i e a o u/. Diverses contraccions resulten en vocals llargues; les vocals tenses tenen la tendència de ser més llargues i menys "obertes" que les no tenses. ([i e a o u] oposades a [ɪ ɛ ʌ ɔ ʊ]).
Les consonants recollides per Berger (1998) es mostren a continuació en la seva transcripció i AFI:
| | | Bilabial | Dental | Alveolo-palatal | Retroflexa | Velar | Uvular | Glotal |
| Nasal | Nasal | m /m/ | n /n/ | | | ṅ /ŋ/ | | |
| Oclusiva | aspirada | ph /pʰ/ | th /tʰ/ | | ṭh /ʈʰ/ | kh /kʰ/ | qh /qʰ/ | |
| Oclusiva | normal | p /p/ | t /t/ | | ṭ /ʈ/ | k /k/ | q /q/ | |
| Oclusiva | sonora | b /b/ | d /d/ | | ḍ /ɖ/ | g /g/ | | |
| Africada | aspirada | | ch /t͡sʰ/ | ćh /t͡ɕʰ/ | c̣h /ʈ͡ʂʰ/ | | | |
| Africada | plain | | c /t͡s/ | ć /t͡ɕ/ | c̣ /ʈ͡ʂ/ | | | |
| Africada | sonora | | | j /d͡ʑ/ | j̣ /ɖ͡ʐ/ | | | |
| Fricativa | sorda | | s /s/ | ś /ɕ/ | ṣ /ʂ/ | | | h /h/ |
| Fricativa | sonora | | z /z/ | | | | ġ /ʁ/ | |
| Vibrant | Vibrant | | r /r/ | | | | | |
| Aproximant | Aproximant | | l /l/ | y [j] | ỵ /ɻ/ | w [w] | | |

## Referències

* ↑ Burushaski language, Encyclopædia Britannica online
* ↑ Munshi, Sadaf «Jammu and Kashmir Burushaski: Language, language contact, and change». linguistlist.org, 2006. Arxivat de l'original el 2017-02-02 [Consulta: 30 juliol 2010].
* ↑ «[repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/2777/munshis96677.pdf?sequence=2 PDF]».
* ↑ La pronunciació varia: [pʰ] ~ [p͡f] ~ [f]
* ↑ La pronunciació varia: [qʰ] ~ [q͡χ] ~ [χ]
* ↑ El dialecte Yasin no té africades aspirades.
* ↑ De vegades pronunciat [ʑ]
* ↑ De vegades pronunciat [ʐ]
* 1 2 Berger (1998) considera [w] i [j] com a al·lòfons de /u/ i /i/ que tenen lloc davant vocals tenses.
* ↑ Aquest fonema té diverses pronunciacions, totes d'elles sons lingüísticament rars. Les descripcions varien.

## Bibliografia

* Anderson, Gregory D. S. 1997. Burushaski Morphology. Pages 1021–1041 in volume 2 of Morphologies of Asia and Africa, ed. by Alan Kaye. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns.
* Anderson, Gregory D. S. 1999. M. Witzel's "South Asian Substrate Languages" from a Burushaski Perspective. Mother Tongue (Special Issue, October 1999).
* Anderson, Gregory D. S. forthcoming b. Burushaski. In Language Islands: Isolates and Microfamilies of Eurasia, ed. by D.A. Abondolo. London: Curzon Press.
* Backstrom, Peter C. Burushaski in Backstrom and Radloff (eds.), Languages of northern areas, Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan, 2. Islamabad, National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Qaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics (1992), 31-54.
* Bashir, Elena. 2000. A Thematic Survey of Burushaski Research. History of Language 6.1: 1–14.
* Berger, Hermann. 1956. Mittelmeerische Kulturpflanzennamen aus dem Burušaski [Names of Mediterranean cultured plants from B.]. Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft 9: 4-33.
* Berger, Hermann. 1959. Die Burušaski-Lehnwörter in der Zigeunersprache [The B. loanwords in the Gypsy language]. Indo-Iranian Journal 3.1: 17-43.
* Berger, Hermann. 1974. Das Yasin-Burushaski (Werchikwar). Volume 3 of Neuindische Studien, ed. by Hermann Berger, Lothar Lutze and Günther Sontheimer. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
* Berger, Hermann. 1998. Die Burushaski-Sprache von Hunza und Nager [The B. language of H. and N.]. Three volumes: Grammatik [grammar], Texte mit Übersetzungen [texts with translations], Wörterbuch [dictionary]. Altogether Volume 13 of Neuindische Studien (ed. by Hermann Berger, Heidrun Brückner and Lothar Lutze). Wiesbaden: Otto Harassowitz.
* Casule, Ilija. 2010. Burushaski as an Indo-European language. Languages of the World 38. Múnic: Lincom.
* Casule, Ilija. 2003. Evidence for the Indo-European laryngeals in Burushaski and its genetic affiliation with Indo-European. The Journal of Indo-European Studies 31:1-2, pp 21-86.
* van Driem, George. 2001. Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region, containing an Introduction to the Symbiotic Theory of Language (2 vols.). Leiden: Brill.
* Greenberg, Joseph H., and Merritt Ruhlen. 1992. Linguistic Origins of Native Americans. Scientific American 267(5): 94–99.
* Grune, Dick. 1998. Burushaski – An Extraordinary Language in the Karakoram Mountains.
* Lorimer, D. L. R. 1935–1938. The Burushaski Language (3 vols.). Oslo: Instituttet for Sammenlignende Kulturforskning.
* Morgenstierne, Georg. 1945. Notes on Burushaski Phonology. Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap 13: 61–95.
* Munshi, Sadaf. 2006. Jammu and Kashmir Burushaski: Language, language contact, and change. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation. Austin: University of Texas at Austin, Department of Linguistics.
* van Skyhawk, Hugh. 2003. Burushaski-Texte aus Hispar. Materialien zum Verständnis einer archaischen Bergkultur in Nordpakistan. Beiträge zur Indologie 38. ISBN 3-447-04645-7.
* Starostin, Sergei A. 1996. Comments on the Basque-Dene-Caucasian Comparisons. Mother Tongue 2: 101–109.
* Tiffou, Étienne. 1993. Hunza Proverbs. University of Calgary Press. ISBN 1-895176-29-8
* Tiffou, Étienne. 1999. Parlons Bourouchaski. Paris: L'Harmattan. ISBN 2-7384-7967-7
* Tiffou, Étienne. 2000. Current Research in Burushaski: A Survey. History of Language 6(1): 15–20.
* Tikkanen, Bertil. 1988. On Burushaski and other ancient substrata in northwest South Asia. Studia Orientalia 64: 303–325.
* Varma, Siddheshwar. 1941. Studies in Burushaski Dialectology. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, Letters 7: 133–173.
* Witzel, Michael. 1999. Early Sources for South Asian Substrate Languages. Mother Tongue (Special Issue, October 1999): 1–70

## Enllaços externs

* Entrada a l'Ethnologue