# Llengües numic

Les llengües numic constitueixen un dels grups que formen la divisió meridional de les llengües uto-asteques, parlades a Amèrica del Nord. Inclou nombroses llengües parlades pels indígenes que habiten a la Gran Conca, el riu Colorado i el sud de les Grans Planures. La paraula numic, que dona nom a aquesta agrupació lingüística, deriva del cognat per a persona present en les llengües del grup. Per exemple, en xoixoni la paraula és neme; en timbisha és nümü; en paiute, nuwuvi; i en kawaiisu, nuwa.

## Classificació i subagrupament

Les llengües numic són agrupades en els tres vessants següents:
* Llengües numic centrals
** Comanxe
** Timbisha (continu dialectal les principals varietats del qual són l'occidental, central i oriental).
** Xoixon (continu dialectal les principals varietats del qual són l'occidental, gosiute, septentrional, i oriental).
* Llengües numic meridionals
** Kawaiisu
** Paiute (les principals varietats del qual són el chemewevi, paiute meridional i ute).
* Llengües numic occidentals
** Mono (dos dialectes principals: oriental i occidental).
** Paiute septentrional (els dialectes del qual més coneguts són el del sud de Nevada, nord de Nevada, Oregon, i Bannock.
A part dels comantxe, cadascun d'aquests grups conté una llengua parlada en una àrea petita al sud de Sierra Nevada i a les valls de l'est (Mono, Timbisha, i Kawaiisu), i una llengua parlada en una àrea molt més gran que s'estén al nord i a l'est (Paiute del nord, xoixoni, i Ute-Paiute del sud). Alguns lingüistes han pres aquest patró com una indicació que els pobles de parla numic expandits fa molt poc d'un petit nucli, potser prop de la Vall d'Owens, en la seva àrea de distribució actual. Aquesta opinió està recolzada per estudis lexicoestadístics. La reconstrucció de l'etnobiologia proto-numic de Fowler també apunta a la regió del sud de Sierra Nevada com la pàtria del proto-numic fa aproximadament dos mil anys. Recents estudis de l'ADN mitocondrial han donat suport a aquesta hipòtesi lingüística. L'antropòleg Peter N. Jones creu que aquesta evidència pot ser de naturalesa circumstancial, però això és una opinió clarament minoritària entre els especialistes en Numic.
Els comantxe se separaren dels xoixoni tan aviat com adquiriren cavalls cap al 1705. Les llengües comantxe i xoixoni són força similars encara que certs canvis de baix nivell de consonants en el comantxe han inhibit la intel·ligibilitat mútua.

## Majors canvis sonors

El sistema de so del numic es mostra en les següents taules.

### Vocals

El Proto-Numic té un total de cinc vocals.
| | anterior | posterior no arrodonida | posterior arrodonida |
| Alta | *i | *ɨ | *u |
| No Alta | | *a | *o |

### Consonants

El Proto-Numic té el següent inventari consonàntic:
| | Bilabial | Coronal | Palatal | Velar | Labializada velar | Glotal |
| Oclusiva | *p | *t | | *k | *kʷ | *ʔ |
| Africada | | *ts | | | | |
| Fricativa | | *s | | | | *h |
| Nasal | *m | *n | | *ŋ | (*ŋʷ) | |
| Semivocal | | | *j | | *w | |
Endemé de les consonants simples de dalt, el proto-numic també tenia grups nasals/africats i totes les consonants podien ser geminades llevat *s, *h, *j, id *w. Entre vocals curtes les consonants podien ser lenitives.

## Llista de cognats

| GLOSA | Mono | Paiute del nord | Timbisha | Xoixoni | Comantxe | Kawaiisu | Paiute del sud | Proto- Numic |
| 'caçar' | hoa | hoa | hɨwa | hɨa | hɨa | hɨa | oa | *hoa |
| 'plorar' | jaɣa | jaɣa | jaɣa | jaɣai | jake | jaɣi | jaɣa | *jaka |
| 'muntanya' | kaiβa | kaiβa | | | | keeβi | kaiβa | *kaipa |
| 'bison' | kuttsu | kuttsu vaca | kwittʃu vaca | kuittʃun vaca | kuhtsu vaca | | kuttsu | *kuttsu |
| 'orella' | nakka | nakka nagga | naŋga | naŋg | naki | naɣaβiβi | naŋkaβɨ nakka- | *naŋka |
| 'mesquite' | | | oɸimbɨ | oɸi | | oβi(m)bɨ | oppimpɨ | *oppimpɨ |

## Comparació lèxica

Els numerals per a diferents llengües numic són:
    GLOSA TimbisaMonochiPaiute septent. PROTO- NUMIC '1'sɨmɨsɨˈmɨʔɨsɨmɨʔyu*sɨmɨʔ- '2'wahawahaiwahaʔyu*waha-yu '3'pahipahīpahaiʔyu*paha(i)-yu '4'wat¢ɨwiwaˈ¢ɨˈkwīwa¢ikʷɨʔyu*wa¢ikʷɨ-yu '5'manɨkimanɨkīmaniɣiʔyu*manɨki-yu '6'nāpaināpahīnapahaiʔyu*nāpah(a)i-yu '7'tāt¢ɨwitāˈ¢ɨwɨita¢ɨmɨʔyu*tā¢ɨwɨi-yu '8'wōsɨwiwōˈsɨwɨiwoɡɡʷosɨɡɡʷɨʔyu*wōsɨwɨ-yu '9'wanikkiqwanɨˈkīsɨmɨkaɾoʔyu*kʷanɨki-yu '10'sīmōsīwanoisɨmɨmɨnoʔyu*sɨmɨmano-yu
La major part de les transcripcions anteriors es basen en l'alfabet fonètic americanista.

## Referències

* ↑ Lila Wistrand Robinson & James Armagost. 1990. Comanche Dictionary and Grammar. Summer Institute of Linguistics and The University of Texas at Arlington Publications in Linguistics Publication 92. Dallas, Texas: The Summer Institute of Linguistics and The University of Texas at Arlington. Jean O. Charney. 1993. A Grammar of Comanche. Studies in the Anthropology of North American Indians. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press.
* ↑ Jon P. Dayley. 1989. Tümpisa (Panamint) Shoshone Grammar. University of California Publications in Linguistics Volume 115. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. Jon P. Dayley. 1989. Tümpisa (Panamint) Shoshone Dictionary. University of California Publications in Linguistics Volume 116. Berkeley, California: University of California Press.
* ↑ John E. McLaughlin. 2006. Timbisha (Panamint). Languages of the World/Materials 453. Muenchen: LINCOM Europa.
* ↑ John E. McLaughlin. 2012. Shoshoni Grammar. Languages of the World/Materials 488. Muenchen: LINCOM Europa.
* ↑ Richley H. Crapo. 1976. Big Smokey Valley Shoshoni. Desert Research Institute Publications in the Social Sciences 10. Reno: University of Nevada Press. Beverly Crum & Jon Dayley. 1993. Western Shoshoni Grammar. Boise State University Occasional Papers and Monographs in Cultural Anthropology and Linguistics Volume No. 1. Boise, Idaho: Department of Anthropology, Boise State University.
* ↑ Wick R. Miller. 1972. Newe Natekwinappeh: Shoshoni Stories and Dictionary. University of Utah Anthropological Papers 94. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. Wick R. Miller. 1996. "Sketch of Shoshone, a Uto-Aztecan Language," Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 17, Languages. Ed. Ives Goddard. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. Pages 693–720. Dirk Allen Elzinga. 1999. "The Consonants of Gosiute", University of Arizona Ph.D. dissertation.
* ↑ Drusilla Gould & Christopher Loether. 2002. An Introduction to the Shoshoni Language: Dammen Daigwape. Salt Lake City, Utah: The University of Utah Press.
* ↑ D.B. Shimkin. 1949. "Shoshone, I: Linguistic Sketch and Text," International Journal of American Linguistics 15:175-188. D. B. Shimkin. 1949. "Shoshone II: Morpheme List," International Journal of American Linguistics 15.203-212. Malinda Tidzump. 1970. Shoshone Thesaurus. Grand Forks, North Dakota.
* ↑ Maurice L. Zigmond, Curtis G. Booth, & Pamela Munro. 1991. Kawaiisu, A Grammar and Dictionary with Texts. Ed. Pamela Munro. University of California Publications in Linguistics Volume 119. Berkeley, California: University of California Press.
* ↑ Margaret L. Press. 1979. Chemehuevi, A Grammar and Lexicon. University of California Publications in Linguistics Volume 92. Berkeley, California. University of California Press. Laird, Carobeth. 1976. The Chemehuevis. Malki Museum Press, Banning, California.
* ↑ Edward Sapir. 1930. Southern Paiute, a Shoshonean Language. Reprinted in 1992 in: The Collected Works of Edward Sapir, X, Southern Paiute and Ute Linguistics and Ethnography. Ed. William Bright. Berlin: Mouton deGruyter. Edward Sapir. 1931. Southern Paiute Dictionary. Reprinted in 1992 in: The Collected Works of Edward Sapir, X, Southern Paiute and Ute Linguistics and Ethnography. Ed. William Bright. Berlin: Mouton deGruyter. Pamela A. Bunte. 1979. "Problems in Southern Paiute Syntax and Semantics," Indiana University Ph.D. dissertation.
* ↑ Talmy Givón. 2011. Ute Reference Grammar. Culture and Language Use Volume 3. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. Jean O. Charney. 1996. A Dictionary of the Southern Ute Language. Ignacio, Colorado: Ute Press.
* ↑ Sidney M. Lamb. 1957. "Mono Grammar," University of California, Berkeley Ph.D. dissertation. Rosalie Bethel, Paul V. Kroskrity, Christopher Loether, & Gregory A. Reinhardt. 1993. A Dictionary of Western Mono. 2nd edition.
* ↑ Evan J. Norris. 1986. "A Grammar Sketch and Comparative Study of Eastern Mono," University of California, San Diego Ph.D. dissertation.
* ↑ Sven Liljeblad, Catherine S. Fowler, & Glenda Powell. 2012. The Northern Paiute-Bannock Dictionary, with an English-Northern Paiute-Bannock Finder List and a Northern Paiute-Bannock-English Finder List. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
* ↑ Anonymous. 1987. Yerington Paiute Grammar. Anchorage, Alaska: Bilingual Education Services. Arie Poldevaart. 1987. Paiute-English English-Paiute Dictionary. Yerington, Nevada: Yerington Paiute Tribe.
* ↑ Allen Snapp, John Anderson, & Joy Anderson. 1982. "Northern Paiute," Studies in Uto-Aztecan Grammar, Volume 3, Uto-Aztecan Grammatical Sketches. Ed. Ronald W. Langacker. Summer Institute of Linguistics Publications in Linguistics Publication Number 57, Volume III. Dallas, Texas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and The University of Texas at Arlington. Pages 1–92.
* ↑ Timothy John Thornes. 2003. "A Northern Paiute Grammar with Texts," University of Oregon Ph.D. dissertation.
* ↑ Sven Liljeblad. 1966-1967. "Northern Paiute Lessons," manuscript. Sven Liljeblad. 1950. "Bannack I: Phonemes," International Journal of American Linguistics 16:126–131
* ↑ James A. Goss. 1968. "Culture-Historical Inference from Utaztekan Linguistic Evidence," Utaztekan Prehistory. Ed. Earl H. Swanson, Jr. Occasional Papers of the Idaho State University Museum, Number 22. Pages 1–42.
* ↑ Catherine Louise Sweeney Fowler. 1972. "Comparative Numic Ethnobiology". University of Pittsburgh PhD dissertation.
* ↑ Frederika A. Kaestle and David Glenn Smith. 2001. "Ancient Mitochondrial DNA Evidence for Prehistoric Population Movement," American Journal of Physical Anthropology 115:1–12.
* ↑ Peter N. Jones. 2005. Respect for the Ancestors: American Indian Cultural Affiliation in the American West. Boulder, CO: Bauu Institute.
* ↑ David B. Madsen & David Rhode, ed. 1994. Across the West: Human Population Movement and the Expansion of the Numa. University of Utah Press.
* ↑ John E. McLaughlin. 1992. “A Counter-Intuitive Solution in Central Numic Phonology,” International Journal of American Linguistics 58:158–181. John E. McLaughlin. 2000. “Language Boundaries and Phonological Borrowing in the Central Numic Languages,” Uto-Aztecan: Temporal and Geographical Perspectives. Ed. Gene Casad and Thomas Willett. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. Pp. 293–304.
* ↑ David Iannucci. 1972. "Numic historical phonology," Cornell University PhD dissertation. Michael Nichols. 1973. "Northern Paiute historical grammar," University of California, Berkeley PhD dissertation Wick R. Miller. 1986. "Numic Languages," Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 11, Great Basin. Ed. by Warren L. d'Azevedo. Washington: Smithsonian Institution. Pages 98-106. Wick Miller, Dirk Elzinga, and John E. McLaughlin. 2005. "Preaspiration and Gemination in Central Numic," International Journal of American Linguistics 71:413–444.
* ↑ «Uto-Aztecan Numerals (E. Chan)». Arxivat de l'original el 2013-11-01. [Consulta: 29 setembre 2013].