# Caràcids

Els caràcids (Characidae) són una família de peixos teleostis de l'ordre dels caraciformes que comprèn una gran varietat de peixos petits que, majoritàriament, viuen formant bancs.

## Descripció

La majoria de les espècies d'aquesta família es caracteritza per tindre una petita aleta adiposa i una dentició forta i tallant.

## Alimentació

Algunes espècies són carnívores (depredadores) i d'altres herbívores.

## Captivitat

A un gran nombre d'espècies els agrada viure en aigua dolça lleugerament àcida.

## Distribució geogràfica

Es troba al sud-oest de Texas, Mèxic, Centreamèrica i Sud-amèrica.

## Subfamílies i gèneres

* Subfamília Serrasalminae:
** Metynnis (Cope, 1878)
** Piaractus (Eigenmann, 1903)
** Pygocentrus (Müller & Troschel, 1844)
** Serrasalmo (Duméril, 1806)
** Serrasalmus (Lacépède, 1803)
* Gèneres d'altres subfamílies:
** Acanthocharax (Eigenmann, 1912)
*** Acanthocharax microlepis (Eigenmann, 1912)
** Acestrocephalus (Eigenmann, 1910)
** Acinocheirodon (Malabarba & Weitzman, 1999)
*** Acinocheirodon melanogramma (Malabarba & Weitzman, 1999)
** Acnodon (Eigenmann, 1903)
** Acrobrycon (Eigenmann & Pearson, 1924)
** Agoniates (Müller & Troschel, 1845)
** Amazonspinther (Bührnheim, Carvalho, Malabarba & Weitzman, 2008)
*** Amazonspinther dalmata (Bührnheim, Carvalho, Malabarba & Weitzman, 2008)
** Aphyocharacidium (Géry, 1960)
** Aphyocharax (Günther, 1868)
** Aphyocheirodon (Eigenmann, 1915)
*** Aphyocheirodon hemigrammus (Eigenmann, 1915)
** Aphyodite (Eigenmann, 1912)
*** Aphyodite grammica (Eigenmann, 1912)
** Argopleura (Eigenmann, 1913)
** Astyanacinus (Eigenmann, 1907)
** Astyanax (Baird & Girard, 1854)
** Atopomesus (Myers, 1927)
*** Atopomesus pachyodus (Myers, 1927)
** Attonitus (Vari & Ortega, 2000)
** Aulixidens (Böhlke, 1952)
*** Aulixidens eugeniae (Böhlke, 1952)
** Axelrodia (Géry, 1965)
** Bario (Myers, 1940)
*** Bario steindachneri (Eigenmann, 1893)
** Boehlkea (Géry, 1966)
*** Boehlkea fredcochui (Géry, 1966)
** Brachychalcinus (Boulenger, 1892)
** Bramocharax (Gill, 1877)
** Brittanichthys (Géry, 1965)
** Brycon (Müller & Troschel, 1844)
** Bryconacidnus (Myers, 1929)
** Bryconadenos (Weitzman, Menezes, Evers & Burns, 2005)
*** Bryconadenos tanaothoros (Weitzman, Menezes, Evers & Burns, 2005)
*** Bryconadenos weitzmani (Menezes, Netto-Ferreira & Ferreira, 2009)
** Bryconamericus (Eigenmann, 1907)
** Bryconella (Géry, 1965)
*** Bryconella pallidifrons (Fowler, 1946)
** Bryconexodon (Géry, 1980)
** Bryconops (Kner, 1858)
** Caiapobrycon (Malabarba & Vari, 2000)
*** Caiapobrycon tucurui (Malabarba & Vari, 2000)
** Carlana (Strand, 1982)
*** Carlana eigenmanni (Meek, 1912)
** Carlastyanax (Géry, 1972)
*** Carlastyanax aurocaudatus' (Eigenmann, 1913)
** Catoprion (Müller & Troschel, 1844)
*** Catoprion mento (Cuvier, 1819)
** Ceratobranchia (Eigenmann, 1914)
** Chalceus (Cuvier, 1818)
** Chalcinus
** Characinus
** Charax (Scopoli, 1777)
** Cheirodon (Girard, 1855)
** Cheirodontops (Schultz, 1944)
*** Cheirodontops geayi (Schultz, 1944)
** Chilobrycon (Géry & de Rham, 1981)
*** Chilobrycon deuterodon (Géry & de Rham, 1981)
** Chrysobrycon (Weitzman & Menezes, 1998)
** Clupeacharax (Pearson, 1924)
*** Clupeacharax anchoveoides (Pearson, 1924)
** Colossoma (Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903)
** Compsura (Eigenmann, 1915)
** Coptobrycon (Géry, 1966)
*** Coptobrycon bilineatus (Ellis, 1911)
** Corynopoma (Gill, 1858)
*** Corynopoma riisei (Gill, 1858)
** Creagrutus (Günther, 1864)
** Ctenobrycon (Eigenmann, 1908)
** Cyanocharax (Malabarba & Weitzman, 2003)
** Cynopotamus (Valenciennes, 1849)
** Deuterodon (Eigenmann, 1907)
** Diapoma (Cope, 1894)
** Engraulisoma (Castro, 1981)
*** Engraulisoma taeniatum (Castro, 1981)
** Exodon (Müller & Troschel, 1844)
*** Exodon paradoxus (Müller & Troschel, 1844)
** Galeocharax (Fowler, 1910)
** Genycharax (Eigenmann, 1912)
*** Genycharax tarpon (Eigenmann, 1912)
** Gephyrocharax (Eigenmann, 1912)
** Glandulocauda (Eigenmann, 1911)
** Gnathocharax (Fowler, 1913)
*** Gnathocharax steindachneri (Fowler, 1913)
** Grundulus (Valenciennes, 1846)
** Gymnocharacinus (Steindachner, 1903)
*** Gymnocharacinus bergii (Steindachner, 1903)
** Gymnocorymbus (Eigenmann, 1908)
** Gymnotichthys (Fernández-Yépez, 1950)
*** Gymnotichthys hildae (Fernández-Yépez, 1950)
** Hasemania (Ellis, 1911)
** Hemibrycon (Günther, 1864)
** Hemigrammus (Gill, 1858)
** Henochilus (Garman, 1890)
*** Henochilus wheatlandii (Garman, 1890)
** Heterocharax (Eigenmann, 1912)
** Heterocheirodon (Malabarba, 1998)
** Hollandichthys (Eigenmann, 1910)
*** Hollandichthys multifasciatus (Eigenmann & Norris, 1900)
** Hoplocharax (Géry, 1966)
*** Hoplocharax goethei (Géry, 1966)
** Hyphessobrycon (Durbin, 1908)
** Hypobrycon (Malabarba & Malabarba, 1994)
** Hysteronotus (Eigenmann, 1911)
*** Hysteronotus megalostomus (Eigenmann, 1911)
** Iguanodectes (Cope, 1872)
** Inpaichthys (Géry & Junk, 1977)
*** Inpaichthys kerri (Géry & Junk, 1977)
** Iotabrycon (Roberts, 1973)
*** Iotabrycon praecox (Roberts, 1973)
** Jupiaba (Zanata, 1997)
** Knodus (Eigenmann, 1911)
** Kolpotocheirodon (Malabarba & Weitzman, 2000)
** Landonia (Eigenmann & Henn, 1914)
*** Landonia latidens (Eigenmann & Henn, 1914)
** Leptagoniates (Boulenger, 1887)
** Leptobrycon (Eigenmann, 1915)
*** Leptobrycon jatuaranae (Eigenmann, 1915)
** Lignobrycon (Eigenmann & Myers, 1929)
*** Lignobrycon myersi (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1956)
** Lobodeuterodon
*** Lobodeuterodon euspilurus (Fowler, 1945)
** Lonchogenys (Myers, 1927)
*** Lonchogenys ilisha (Myers, 1927)
** Lophiobrycon (Castro, Ribeira, Benine & Melo, 2003)
*** Lophiobrycon weitzmani (Castro, Ribeira, Benine & Melo, 2003)
** Macropsobrycon (Eigenmann, 1915)
** Markiana (Eigenmann, 1903)
** Megalobrycon
*** Megalobrycon piabanha (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1902)
** Microgenys (Eigenmann, 1913)
** Microschemobrycon (Eigenmann, 1915)
** Mimagoniates (Regan, 1907)
** Mixobrycon (Eigenmann, 1915)
*** Mixobrycon ribeiroi (Eigenmann a Eigenmann & Ogle, 1907)
** Moenkhausia (Eigenmann, 1903)
** Monotocheirodon (Eigenmann & Pearson, 1924)
*** Monotocheirodon pearsoni (Eigenmann, 1924)
** Mylesinus (Valenciennes, 1850)
** Myletes
*** Myletes schomburgkii (Valenciennes a Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1850)
** Myleus (Müller & Troschel, 1844)
** Myloplus (Gill, 1896)
** Mylossoma (Eigenmann & Kennedy, 1903)
** Myxiops (Zanata & Akama, 2004)
*** Myxiops aphos (Zanata & Akama, 2004)
** Nanocheirodon (Malabarba, 1998)
*** Nanocheirodon insignis (Steindachner, 1880)
** Nantis (Mirande, Aguilera & Azpelicueta, 2004)
*** Nantis indefessus (Mirande, Aguilera & Azpelicueta, 2004)
** Nematobrycon (Eigenmann, 1911)
** Nematocharax (Weitzman, Menezes & Britski, 1986)
*** Nematocharax venustus (Weitzman, Menezes & Britski, 1986)
** Notropocharax
** Odontostilbe (Cope, 1870)
** Odontostoechus (Gomes, 1947)
*** Odontostoechus lethostigmus (Gomes, 1947)
** Oligobrycon (Eigenmann, 1915)
*** Oligobrycon microstomus (Eigenmann, 1915)
** Oligosarcus (Günther, 1864)
** Orthospinus (Reis, 1989)
*** Orthospinus franciscensis (Eigenmann, 1914)
** Ossubtus (Jégu, 1992)
*** Ossubtus xinguense (Jégu, 1992)
** Othonocheirodus (Myers, 1927)
*** Othonocheirodus eigenmanni (Myers, 1927)
** Oxybrycon (Géry, 1964)
*** Oxybrycon parvulus (Géry, 1964)
** Paracheirodon (Géry, 1960)
** Paragoniates (Steindachner, 1876)
*** Paragoniates alburnus (Steindachner, 1876)
** Parapristella (Géry, 1964)
** Parastremma (Eigenmann, 1912)
** Parecbasis (Eigenmann, 1914)
*** Parecbasis cyclolepis (Eigenmann, 1914)
** Petitella (Géry & Boutière, 1964)
*** Petitella georgiae (Géry & Boutière, 1964)
** Phenacobrycon (Eigenmann, 1922)
*** Phenacobrycon henni (Eigenmann, 1914)
** Phenacogaster (Eigenmann, 1907)
** Phenagoniates (Eigenmann & Wilson, 1914)
*** Phenagoniates macrolepis (Meek & Hildebrand, 1913)
** Piabarchus (Myers, 1928)
** Piabina (Reinhardt, 1867)
** Piabucus (Oken, 1817)
** Planaltina (Böhlke, 1954)
** Poecilurichthys
** Poptella (Eigenmann, 1908)
** Priocharax (Weitzman & Vari, 1987)
** Prionobrama (Fowler, 1913)
** Pristella (Eigenmann, 1908)
*** Pristella maxillaris (Ulrey, 1894)
** Pristobrycon (Eigenmann, 1915)
** Probolodus (Eigenmann, 1911)
*** Probolodus heterostomus (Eigenmann, 1911)
** Prodontocharax (Eigenmann & Pearson, 1924)
** Psalidodon (Eigenmann, 1911)
*** Psalidodon gymnodontus (Eigenmann, 1911)
** Psellogrammus (Eigenmann, 1908)
*** Psellogrammus kennedyi (Eigenmann, 1903)
** Pseudochalceus (Kner, 1863)
** Pseudocheirodon (Girard, 1855)
** Pseudocorynopoma (Perugia, 1891)
** Pterobrycon (Eigenmann, 1913)
** Ptychocharax (Weitzman, Fink, Machado-Allison & Royero L., 1994)
*** Ptychocharax rhyacophila (Weitzman, Fink, Machado-Allison & Royero L., 1994)
** Pygocentrus (Müller & Troschel, 1844)
** Pygopristis (Müller & Troschel, 1844)
*** Pygopristis denticulata (Cuvier, 1819)
** Rachoviscus (Myers, 1926)
** Rhinobrycon (Myers, 1944)
*** Rhinobrycon negrensis (Myers, 1944)
** Rhinopetitia (Géry, 1964)
*** Rhinopetitia myersi (Géry, 1964)
** Rhoadsia (Fowler, 1911)
** Rhodeoides
*** Rhodeoides vaillanti (Thominot, 1884)
** Roeboexodon (Géry, 1959)
** Roeboides (Günther, 1864)
** Saccoderma (Schultz, 1944)
** Salminus (Agassiz, 1829)
** Schultzites (Géry, 1964)
*** Schultzites axelrodi (Géry, 1964)
** Scissor (Günther, 1864)
*** Scissor macrocephalus (Günther, 1864)
** Scopaeocharax (Weitzman & Fink, 1985)
** Serrabrycon (Vari, 1986)
*** Serrabrycon magoi (Vari, 1986)
** Serrapinnus (Malabarba, 1998)
** Spintherobolus (Eigenmann, 1911)
** Stethaprion (Cope, 1870)
** Stichonodon (Eigenmann, 1903)
*** Stichonodon insignis (Steindachner, 1876)
** Stygichthys (Brittan & Böhlke, 1965)
*** Stygichthys typhlops (Brittan & Böhlke, 1965)
** Tetragonopterus (Cuvier, 1816)
** Thayeria (Eigenmann, 1908)
** Thrissobrycon (Böhlke, 1953)
*** Thrissobrycon pectinifer (Böhlke, 1953)
** Tometes (Valenciennes, 1850)
** Triportheus (Cope, 1872)
** Tucanoichthys (Géry & Römer, 1997)
*** Tucanoichthys tucano (Géry & Römer, 1997)
** Tyttobrycon (Géry, 1973)
** Tyttocharax (Fowler, 1913)
** Utiaritichthys (Miranda-Ribeiro, 1937)
** Vesicatrus
** Wateina
** Xenagoniates (Myers, 1942)
*** Xenagoniates bondi (Myers, 1942)
** Xenurobrycon (Myers & Miranda-Ribeiro, 1945)
** Xenurocharax
*** Xenurocharax spurrellii (Regan, 1913)
** Xiphorhamphus
*** Xiphorhamphus ferox (Günther, 1863)
** Zygogaster

## Referències

* ↑ Berg, L.S. 1958. System der rezenten und fossilen Fischartigen und Fische. VEB Verlag der Wissenschaften, Berlín.
* 1 2 3 4 Petrovický, Ivan, 2010?. Peces de acuario. Madrid: Tikal. Enciclopedia de la ciencia. ISBN 978-8492678303. Pàg. 44.
* ↑ FishBase (anglès)
* ↑ Cope, E. D. 1878. Synopsis of the fishes of the Peruvian Amazon, obtained by Professor Orton during his expeditions of 1873 and 1877. Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. v. 17 (núm. 101): 673-701.
* 1 2 3 Eigenmann C. H. 1903. New genera of South American fresh-water fishes, and new names for old genera. Smithson. Misc. Collect. (Quarterly) v. 45. 144-148.
* 1 2 Müller, J. & F. H. Troschel 1844. Synopsis generum et specierum familiae Characinorum. (Prodromus descriptionis novorum generum et specierum). Arch. Naturgeschichte v. 10 (pt 1): 81-99 + Zu pag. 99.
* ↑ Lacépède, B. G. E., 1803. Histoire naturelle des poissons. Hist. Nat. Poiss. v. 5: i-lxviii + 1-803 + index, Pls. 1-21.
* 1 2 3 4 Eigenmann, C. H. 1912. The freshwater fishes of British Guiana, including a study of the ecological grouping of species, and the relation of the fauna of the plateau to that of the lowlands. Mem. Carnegie Mus. v. 5 (núm. 1): i-xxii + 1-578, Pls. 1-103.
* ↑ Eigenmann, C. H., 1910. Catalogue of the fresh-water fishes of tropical and south temperate America. A Reports of the Princeton University expeditions to Patagonia 1896-1899. Zoology. Catalogue v. 3 (pt 4): 375-511.
* ↑ Malabarba, L. R. & S. H. Weitzman 1999. A new genus and species of South American fishes (Teleostei: Characidae: Cheirodontinae) with a derived caudal fin, including comments about inseminating cheirodontines. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. Núm. 112: 410-431.
* 1 2 Bührnheim, C.M., Carvalho, T.P., Malabarba, L.R. & Weitzman, S.H. 2008. A new genus and species of characid fish from the Amazon basin - the recognition of a relictual lineage of characid fishes (Ostariophysi: Cheirodontinae: Cheirodontini). Neotropical Ichthyology, 6 (4): 663-678.
* ↑ Günther, A., 1868. Diagnoses of some new freshwater fishes from Surinam and Brazil, in the collection of the British Museum. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (Ser. 4) v. 1 (núm. 6): 475-481.
* 1 2 3 Eigenmann, C. H., 1915. The Cheirodontinae, a subfamily of minute characid fishes of South America. Mem. Carnegie Mus. v. 7 (núm. 1): 1-99, Pls. 1-17.
* ↑ Eigenmann, C. H. 1907. Fowler's "Heterognathus Fishes" with a note on the Stethaprioninae. Am. Nat. v. 41 (núm. 492): 767-772.
* 1 2 Myers, G. S. 1927. Descriptions of new South American fresh-water fishes collected by Dr. Carl Ternetz. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. v. 68 (núm. 3): 107-135.
* ↑ Vari, R. P. & H. Ortega 2000. Attonitus, a new genus of sexually dimorphic characiforms (Ostariophysi: Characidae) from western Amazonia; a phylogenetic definition and description of three new species. Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters v. 11 (núm. 2): 113-140.
* ↑ Böhlke, J. E., 1952. Studies on fishes of the family Characidae. Núm. 1. A new genus of Cheirodontine characids from the Canal de Casiquiare and adjacent waters in Venezuela and northern Brazil. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (Ser. 12) v. 5 (núm. 56): 775-777.
* ↑ Eigenmann, C. H., 1893. Catalogue of the fresh-water fishes of Central America and southern Mexico. Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 16 (núm. 925): 53-60.
* ↑ Géry, J. 1966. A review of certain Tetragonopterinae (Characoidei), with the description of two new genera. Ichthyol. Aquarium J. v. 37 (núm. 5): 211-236.
* ↑ Boulenger, G. A. 1892. On some new or little-known fishes obtained by Dr. J. W. Evans and Mr. Spencer Moore during their recent expedition to the Province of Matto Grosso, Brazil. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (Ser. 6) v. 10 (núm. 55): 9-12, Pls. 1-2.
* ↑ Gill, T. N. & J. F. Bransford 1877. Synopsis of the fishes of Lake Nicaragua. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. v. 29: 175-191.
* ↑ Weitzman, S. H., N. A. Menezes, H.-G. Evers, & J. R. Burns. 2005. Putative relationships among inseminating and externally fertilizing characids, with description of a new genus and species of Brazilian inseminating fish bearing an anal-fin gland in males (Characiformes: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyol. v. 3 (núm. 3): 329-360.
* ↑ Weitzman, S. H., N. A. Menezes, H.-G. Evers, & J. R. Burns. 2005. Putative relationships among inseminating and externally fertilizing characids, with description of a new genus and species of Brazilian inseminating fish bearing an anal-fin gland in males (Characiformes: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyol. v. 3 (núm. 3): 329-360.
* ↑ Menezes, N. A., Netto-Ferreira, A. L. & Ferreira, K. M. 2009. A new species of Bryconadenos (Characiformes: Characidae) from the rio Curuá, rio Xingu drainage, Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology, 7 (2): 147-152.
* ↑ Fowler, H. W., 1946. Description of a new South American characin (Cheirodon pallidifrons new species). The Fish Culturist v. 26 (núm. 1): 1-2.
* ↑ Kner R. 1858. Beiträge zur Familie der Characinen. Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien v. 30 (núm. 13). 75-80.
* ↑ Malabarba, L. R. & R. P. Vari. 2000. Caiapobrycon tucurui, a new genus and species of characid from the rio Tocantins basin, Brazil (Characiformes: Characidae). Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters v. 11 (núm. 4): 315-326.
* ↑ Meek, S. E. 1912. New species of fishes from Costa Rica. Field Museum of Natural History, Publications, Zoölogical Series v. 10 (núm. 7): 69-75.
* ↑ Eigenmann, C. H., 1913. Some results from an ichthyological reconnaissance of Colombia, South America. Part II. (Contrib. Zool. Lab. Ind. Univ. Núm. 131). Indiana University Studies Núm. 18: 1-32.
* 1 2 Cuvier, G. 1819. Sur les poissons du sous-genre Hydrocyon, sur deux nouvelles espèces de Chalceus, sur trois nouvelles espèces du Serrasalmes, et sur l'Argentina glossodonta de Forskahl, qui est l'Albula gonorhynchus de Bloch. Mem. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. v. 5: 351-379, Pls. 26-28.
* ↑ Eigenmann C. H., Henn A. W. i C. Wilson 1914. New fishes from western Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. (Contrib. Zool. Lab. Ind. Univ. Núm. 133.) Ind. Univ. Studies Núm. 19. 1-15.
* ↑ Cuvier, G. 1818. Sur les poissons du sous-genre Mylètes. Mem. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. v. 4: 444-456, Pls. 21-22.
* ↑ Girard C. F. 1855. Abstract of a report to Lieut. Jas. M. Gilliss, U. S. N., upon the fishes collected during the U. S. N. Astronomical Expedition to Chili. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. v. 7. 197-199.
* 1 2 Schultz, L. P. 1944. The fishes of the family Characinidae from Venezuela, with descriptions of seventeen new forms. Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 95 (núm. 3181): 235-367.
* ↑ Géry, J. & de Rham, P. 1981. Un nouveau Poisson characidé endémique du bassin du Rio Tumbès au nord du Pérou, Chilobrycon deuterodon n. g. sp. (Characoidei). Revue française d'Aquariologie Herpetologie v. 8 (núm. 1): 7-12.
* 1 2 Pearson, N. E. 1924. The fishes of the eastern slope of the Andes. I. The fishes of the Rio Beni basin, Bolivia, collected by the Mulford expedition. Indiana University Studies v. 11 (núm. 64): 1-83, Pls. 1-12.
* ↑ Eigenmann, C. H. & C. H. Kennedy 1903. On a collection of fishes from Paraguay, with a synopsis of the American genera of cichlids. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. v. 55: 497-537.
* ↑ Ellis, M. D. 1911. On the species of Hasemania, Hyphessobrycon, and Hemigrammus collected by J. D. Haseman for the Carnegie Museum. Ann. Carnegie Mus. v. 8 (núm. 1, art. 2): 148-163, Pls. 1-3.
* ↑ Gill, T. N. 1858. Synopsis of the fresh water fishes of the western portion of the island of Trinidad, W. I. Annals of the Lycium of Natural History of New York v. 6 (núms. 10-13): 363-430.
* ↑ Malabarba, L. R. & S. H. Weitzman 2003. Description of a new genus with six new species from southern Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina, with a discussion of a putative characid clade (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae). Comun. Mus. Ciênc. Technol. PUCRS, Sér. Zool. Porto Alegre v. 16 (núm. 1): 67-151.
* ↑ Cope E. D. 1894. On three new genera of Characinidae. Am. Nat. v. 28 (núm. 325). 67.
* ↑ Castro, R. M. C. 1981. Engraulisoma taeniatum, um novo gênero e espécie de Characidae da bacia do Rio Paraguai (Pisces, Ostariophysi). Papéis Avulsos do Departamento de Zoologia (São Paulo) v. 34 (núm. 11): 135-139.
* ↑ Müller, J. & F. H. Troschel. 1844. Synopsis generum et specierum familiae Characinorum. (Prodromus descriptionis novorum generum et specierum). Arch. Naturgeschichte v. 10 (pt 1): 81-99 + Zu pag. 99.
* ↑ Fowler H. W. 1910. The proper restriction of Eucynopotamus. Science (n. s.) v. 31 (núm. 803). 790.
* ↑ Eigenmann, C. H., 1912. Some results from an ichthyological reconnaissance of Colombia, South America. Part I. (Contrib. Zool. Lab. Ind. Univ. Núm. 127.). Indiana University Studies Núm. 16 (sic No. 8): 1-27.
* ↑ Fowler, H. W. 1913. Fishes from the Madeira River, Brazil. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 65: 517-579.
* ↑ Steindachner, F. 1903. Über einige neue Fisch- und Reptilienarten des k. k. naturhistorischen Hofmuseums. Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien v. 40 (núm. 3): 17-18.
* ↑ Fernández-Yépez, A. 1950. Algunos peces del Rio Autana. Noved. Cient. Mus. Hist. Nat. La Salle (Ser. Zool.) Núm. 2: 1-18, Pls. 1-3.
* ↑ Fernández-Yépez, A. 1950. Algunos peces del Rio Autana. Novedades cientificas. Serie zoológica (Museo de Historia Natural La Salle). Núm. 2: 1-18, Pls. 1-3.
* 1 2 3 Günther, A., 1864. Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum. Catalogue of the Physostomi, containing the families Siluridae, Characinidae, Haplochitonidae, Sternoptychidae, Scopelidae, Stomiatidae in the collection of the British Museum. Cat. Fishes v. 5: i-xxii + 1-455.
* ↑ Gill, T. N. 1858. Synopsis of the fresh water fishes of the western portion of the island of Trinidad, W. I. Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y. v. 6 (núms. 10-13): 363-430.
* ↑ Garman, S. 1890. On a genus and species of the characines (Henochilus wheatlandii, gen. n. et sp. n.). Bulletin of the Essex Institute v. 22: 49-52, Pl. 1.
* ↑ Eigenmann, C. H. & Norris, A. A., 1900. Sobre alguns peixes de S. Paulo, Brazil. Revista do Museu Paulista v. 4: 349-362.
* ↑ Géry, J. 1966. Hoplocharax goethei, a new genus and species of South American characoid fishes, with a review of the sub-tribe Heterocharacini. Ichthyol. Aquarium J. v. 38 (núm. 3): 281-296.
* 1 2 Eigenmann, C. H., 1908. Preliminary descriptions of new genera and species of tetragonopterid characins. (Zoölogical Results of the Thayer Brazilian expedition.). Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. v. 52 (núm. 6): 91-106.
* ↑ Eigenmann, C. H., 1911. New characins in the collection of the Carnegie Museum. Ann. Carnegie Mus. v. 8 (núm. 1): 164-181, Pls. 4-9.
* ↑ Géry, J. & Junk, W. J. 1977. Inpaichthys kerri n. g. n. sp., um novo peixe caracídeo do alto rio Aripuanã, Mato Grosso, Brasil. Acta Amazonica v. 7 (núm. 3): 417-422 + foldout table.
* ↑ Roberts, T. R. 1973. The glandulocaudine characid fishes of the Guayas Basin in western Ecuador. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 144 (núm. 8): 489-514.
* ↑ Zanata A. M. 1997. Jupiaba, um novo gênero de Tetragonopterinae com osso pélvico em forma de espinho (Characidae, Characiformes). Iheringia, Ser. Zool., Porto Alegre Núm. 83. 99-136.
* 1 2 Eigenmann, C. H., Henn, A. W. & Wilson, C. 1914. New fishes from western Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. (Contrib. Zool. Lab. Ind. Univ. Núm. 133.). Indiana University Studies Núm. 19: 1-15.
* ↑ Miranda Ribeiro, P. de 1956. On a new genus and a new species of South American fishes. International Congress of Zoology v. 14 (1953): 546-547.
* 1 2 Myers, G. S. 1927. Descriptions of new South American fresh-water fishes collected by Dr. Carl Ternetz. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 68 (núm. 3): 107-135.
* ↑ Castro, R. M. C., A. C. Ribeiro, R. C. Benine & A. L. A. Melo. 2003. Lophiobrycon weitzmani, a new genus and species of glandulocaudine fish (Characiformes: Characidae) from the rio Grande drainage, upper rio Paraná system, southeastern Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyol. v. 1 (núm. 1): 11-19.
* 1 2 Eigenmann C. H., 1915. The Cheirodontinae, a subfamily of minute characid fishes of South America. Mem. Carnegie Mus. v. 7 (núm. 1). 1-99.
* ↑ Regan, C. T. 1907. Descriptions of two new characinid fishes from South America. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (Ser. 7) v. 20 (núm. 119): 402-403.
* ↑ Eigenmann, C. H. & F. Ogle. 1907. An annotated list of characin fishes in the United States National Museum and the Museum of Indiana University, with descriptions of new species. Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 33 (núm. 1556): 1-36.
* ↑ Cuvier G. & Valenciennes A. 1850. Histoire naturelle des poissons. Tome vingt-deuxième. Suite du livre vingt-deuxième. Suite de la famille des Salmonoïdes. Table générale de l'Histoire Naturelle des Poissons (pp. 1-91). Hist. Nat. Poiss. v. 22. i-xx + 1 p. + 1-532 + 1-91.
* ↑ Zanata, A. M. & A. Akama. 2004. Myxiops aphos, a new characid genus and species (Characiformes: Characidae) from the rio Lençóis, Bahia, Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyol. v. 2 (núm. 2): 45-54.
* ↑ Malabarba, L. R. 1998. Monophyly of the Cheirodontinae, characters and major clades (Ostariophysi: Characidae). Pp. 193-233.
* ↑ Steindachner, F. 1880. Zur Fisch-Fauna des Cauca und der Flüsse bei Guayaquil. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien v. 42: 55-104, Pls. 1-9.
* ↑ Mirande, J. M., G. Aguilera & M. D. Azpelicueta. 2004. A new genus and species of small characid (Ostariophysi, Characidae) from the upper río Bermejo basin, northwestern Argentina. Rev. Suisse Zool. v. 111 (núm. 4): 715-728.
* ↑ Weitzman, S. H., Menezes, N. A. & Britski, H. A. 1986. Nematocharax venustus, a new genus and species of fish from the Rio Jequitinhonha, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v. 99 (núm. 2): 335-346.
* ↑ Gomes, A. L. 1947. A small collection of fishes from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich. Núm. 67: 1-39, Pls. 1-3.
* ↑ Eigenmann, C. H., 1915. The Cheirodontinae, a subfamily of minute characid fishes of South America. Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum v. 7 (núm. 1): 1-99, Pls. 1-17.
* ↑ Günther, A., 1864. Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum. Catalogue of the Physostomi, containing the families Siluridae, Characinidae, Haplochitonidae, Sternoptychidae, Scopelidae, Stomiatidae in the collection of the British Museum. Cat. Fishes v. 5. i-xxii + 1-455.
* ↑ Reis R. E. 1989. Systematic revision of the neotropical characid subfamily Stethaprioninae (Pisces, Characiformes). Comun. Mus. Ciênc. PUCRS, Sér. Zool. Porto Alegre v. 2 (núm. 6). 3-86.
* 1 2 Eigenmann, C. H., 1914. Some results from studies of South American fishes. IV. New genera and species of South American fishes. (Contrib. Zool. Lab. Ind. Univ. Núm. 135). Indiana University Studies Núm. 20: 44-48.
* ↑ Jégu M. 1992. Ossubtus xinguense, nouveaux genre et espèce du Rio Xingu, Amazonie, Brésil (Teleostei: Serrasalmidae). Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters v. 3 (núm. 3). 235-252.
* ↑ Jégu, M. 1992. Ossubtus xinguense, nouveaux genre et espèce du Rio Xingu, Amazonie, Brésil (Teleostei: Serrasalmidae). Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters v. 3 (núm. 3): 235-252.
* ↑ Myers G. S. 1927. Descriptions of new South American fresh-water fishes collected by Dr. Carl Ternetz. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. v. 68 (núm. 3). 107-135.
* ↑ Géry J. 1964. Poissons characoïdes de l'Amazonie péruvienne. Beitr. Neotrop. Fauna v. 4 (núm. 1). 1-44.
* ↑ Géry, J. 1964. Poissons characoïdes de l'Amazonie péruvienne. Beiträge zur Neotropischen Fauna v. 4 (núm. 1): 1-44.
* ↑ Géry, J. 1960. Contributions to the study of characoid fishes. 11. The generic position of Hyphessobrycon innesi and Chairodon axelrodi, with a review of the morphological affinities of some Cheirodontinae (Pisces -- Cypriniformes). Bull. Aquatic Biol. v. 2 (núm. 12): 1-18.
* ↑ Steindachner, F. 1876. Ichthyologische Beiträge (V). (Subtitles i-v.). Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 74 (1. Abth.): 49-240, Pls. 1-15.
* ↑ Géry J. 1964. Preliminary description of seven new species and two new genera of characoid fishes from the Upper Rio Meta in Colombia. Trop. Fish Hobby. v. 13 (núm. 4, gener). 25-32, 41-48.
* ↑ Eigenmann C. H., 1914. Some results from studies of South American fishes. IV. New genera and species of South American fishes. (Contrib. Zool. Lab. Ind. Univ. Núm. 135). Ind. Univ. Studies Núm. 20. 44-48.
* ↑ Géry, J. i H. Boutière. 1964. Petitella georgiae gen. et sp. nov. (Pisces, Cypriniformes, Characoidei). Vie Milieu Suppl. Núm. 17: 473-484, tab. 1.
* ↑ Eigenmann C. H., 1922. The fishes of western South America, Part I. The fresh-water fishes of northwestern South America, including Colombia, Panama, and the Pacific slopes of Ecuador and Peru, together with an appendix upon the fishes of the Rio Meta in Colombia. Mem. Carnegie Mus. v. 9 (núm. 1). 1-346.
* ↑ Eigenmann C. H., 1907. Fowler's "Heterognathus Fishes" with a note on the Stethaprioninae. Am. Nat. v. 41 (núm. 492). 767-772.
* ↑ Eigenmann, C. H., A. W. Henn & C. Wilson 1914. New fishes from western Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. (Contrib. Zool. Lab. Ind. Univ. Núm. 133.). Ind. Univ. Studies Núm. 19: 1-15.
* ↑ Meek, S. E. & Hildebrand, S. F. 1913. New species of fishes from Panama. Field Museum of Natural History, Publications, Zoölogical Series v. 10 (núm. 8): 77-91.
* ↑ Myers G. S. 1928. New fresh-water fishes from Peru, Venezuela, and Brazil. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (Ser. 10) v. 2 (núm. 7). 83-90.
* ↑ Reinhardt, J. T. 1867. Om trende, formeentligt ubeskrevne fisk af characinernes eller Karpelaxenes familie. Overs. Kgl. Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Forhand. (Kjøbenhavn) 1866: 49-68, Pls. 1-2.
* ↑ Böhlke J. E., 1954. Studies on fishes of the family Characidae. Núm. 7. A new genus and species of glandulocaudine characids from Central Brazil. Stanford Ichthyol. Bull. v. 4 (núm. 4). 265-274.
* 1 2 3 Eigenmann, C. H., 1908. Preliminary descriptions of new genera and species of tetragonopterid characins. (Zoölogical Results of the Thayer Brazilian expedition.) Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. v. 52 (núm. 6). 91-106.
* 1 2 Fowler, H. W. 1913. Fishes from the Madeira River, Brazil. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. v. 65: 517-579.
* ↑ Ulrey, A. B. 1894. Preliminary descriptions of some new South American Characinidae. American Naturalist v. 28 (núm. 331): 610-611.
* 1 2 Eigenmann C. H., 1911. New characins in the collection of the Carnegie Museum. Ann. Carnegie Mus. v. 8 (núm. 1). 164-181.
* 1 2 Eigenmann, C. H., 1911. New characins in the collection of the Carnegie Museum. Annals of the Carnegie Museum v. 8 (núm. 1): 164-181, Pls. 4-9.
* ↑ Pearson, N. E. 1924. The fishes of the eastern slope of the Andes. I. The fishes of the Rio Beni basin, Bolivia, collected by the Mulford expedition. Ind. Univ. Studies v. 11 (núm. 64): 1-83, Pls. 1-12.
* ↑ Eigenmann, C. H. & Kennedy, C. H. 1903. On a collection of fishes from Paraguay, with a synopsis of the American genera of cichlids. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 55: 497-537.
* ↑ Kner R. 1863. Eine Uebersicht der ichthyologischen Ausbeute des Herrn Professors Dr. Mor. Wagner in Central-Amerika. Sitzungsber. Koningl. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. Muenchen v. 2. 220-230.
* ↑ Weitzman, S. H., S. V. Fink, A. Machado-Allison & R. Royero L. 1994. A new genus and species of Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characidae) from southern Venezuela. Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters. An international journal for field-orientated ichthyology. v. 5 (núm. 1): 45-64.
* ↑ Myers, G. S. 1926. Eine neue Characinidengattung der Unterfamilie Cheirodontinae aus Rio de Janeiro, Brasilien. Blätt. Aquar. Terrarienkunde v. 37 (núm. 24): 1-2.
* ↑ Myers, G. S. 1944. Rhinobrycon negrensis, a new genus and species of characid fishes from the Rio Negro, Brazil. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 4) v. 23 (núm. 39): 587-590.
* ↑ Géry, J. 1964. Poissons characoïdes nouveaux ou non signalés de l'Ilha do Bananal, Brésil. Vie Milieu Suppl. Núm. 17: 447-471, Pls. 1-4.
* ↑ Fowler, H. W. 1911. New fresh-water fishes from western Ecuador. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. v. 63: 493-520.
* ↑ Géry, J. 1959. Contributions a l'étude des Poissons Characoides (Ostariophysi) (II.) Roeboexodon gen. n. de Guyane, redescription de R. guyanensis (Puyo, 1948) et relations probables avec les formes voisnes. Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat. (Sér. 2) v. 31 (núm. 4): 345-352.
* ↑ Spix, J. B. von & L. Agassiz 1829-1831. Selecta genera et species piscium quos in itinere per Brasiliam annos MDCCCXVII-MDCCCXX jussu et auspiciis Maximiliani Josephi I.... colleget et pingendso curavit Dr J. B. de Spix.... Monachii. Selecta Piscium Brasiliam: Part 1: i-xvi + i-ii + 1-82, Pls. 1-48;, Part 2: 83-138, Pls. 49-101.
* ↑ Géry, J. 1964. Preliminary description of seven new species and two new genera of characoid fishes from the Upper Rio Meta in Colombia. Trop. Fish Hobby. v. 13 (núm. 4, gener): 25-32, 41-48.
* ↑ Weitzman, S. H. & S. V. Fink 1985. Xenurobryconin phylogeny and putative pheromone pumps in glandulocaudine fishes (Teleostei: Characidae). Smithson. Contrib. Zool. Núm. 421: i-iii + 1-121.
* 1 2 Vari, R. P. 1986. Serrabrycon magoi, a new genus and species of scale-eating characid (Pisces: Characiformes) from the Upper Río Negro. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. v. 99 (núm. 2): 328-334.
* ↑ Malabarba, L. R. 1998. Monophyly of the Cheirodontinae, characters and major clades (Ostariophysi: Characidae). Pp. 193-233. A Malabarba et al. 1998.
* ↑ Cope, E. D. 1870. Contribution to the ichthyology of the Marañon. Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. v. 11: 559-570.
* ↑ Steindachner, F., 1876. Ichthyologische Beiträge (V). (Subtitles i-v.). Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien v. 74 (1. Abth.): 49-240, Pls. 1-15.
* 1 2 Brittan, M. R. & J. E. Böhlke, 1965. A new blind characid fish from southeastern Brazil. Not. Nat. (Phila.) Núm. 380: 1-4.
* ↑ Cuvier, G. 1816. Le Règne Animal distribué d'après son organisation pour servir de base à l'histoire naturelle des animaux et d'introduction à l'anatomie comparée. Les reptiles, les poissons, les mollusques et les annélides. Edition 1. Règne Animal (ed. 1) v. 2: i-xviii + 1-532, (Pls. 9-10, in v. 4).
* ↑ Böhlke, J. E., 1953. A minute new herring-like characid fish genus adapted for plankton feeding, from the Rio Negro. Stanford Ichthyol. Bull. v. 5 (art. 2): 168-170.
* ↑ Cuvier, G. & A. Valenciennes 1850. Histoire naturelle des poissons. Tome vingt-deuxième. Suite du livre vingt-deuxième. Suite de la famille des Salmonoïdes. Table générale de l'Histoire Naturelle des Poissons (pp. 1-91). Hist. Nat. Poiss. v. 22: i-xx + 1 p. + 1-532 + 1-91, Pls. 634-650.
* ↑ Géry, J. & U. Römer. 1997. Tucanoichthys tucano gen. n. sp. n., a new miniature characid fish (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae) from the Rio Uaupes basin in Brazil. Aqua, J. Ichthy. Aquat. Biol. v. 2 (núm. 4): 65-72.
* ↑ Géry, J. 1973. New and little-known Aphyoditeina (Pisces, Characoidei) from the Amazon Basin. Stud. Neotrop. Fauna v. 8: 81-137.
* ↑ Myers, G. S. 1942. Studies on South American fresh-water fishes. I. Stanford Ichthyol. Bull. v. 2 (núm. 4): 89-114.
* ↑ Myers, G. S. & P. de Miranda Ribeiro 1945. A remarkable new genus of sexually dimorphic characid fishes from the Rio Paraguay Basin in Matto Grosso. Bol. Mus. Nac. Rio de J. Zool. (N. S.) Núm. 32: 1-7.
* ↑ BioLib (anglès)
* ↑ AQUATAB.NET
* ↑ FishBase (anglès)
* ↑ Catalogue of Life (anglès)
* ↑ Dictionary of Common (Vernacular) Names (anglès)
* ↑ IUCN (anglès)
* ↑ UNEP-WCMC Species Database (anglès)

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