# Gymnothorax

Gymnothorax és un gènere de peixos de la família dels murènids i de l'ordre dels anguil·liformes.

## Etimologia

Gymnothorax prové dels mots grecs gymnos (nu, no vestit) i thorax, -akos (tòrax)

## Morfologia

Les aletes dorsal i anal es troben cobertes de pell. Absència d'aletes pectorals. Mandíbula inferior recta (la boca tanca completament en totes les espècies del Pacífic oriental, llevat de Gymnothorax verrilli). Dents molt esmolades i, només algunes, allargades. Les obertures branquials presenten, normalment, la mateixa coloració del cos.

## Distribució geogràfica

Es troba a les aigües tropicals i temperades càlides de tots els oceans.

## Taxonomia

* Gymnothorax afer (Bloch, 1795)
* Gymnothorax albimarginatus (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846)
* Gymnothorax angusticauda (Weber & de Beaufort, 1916)
* Gymnothorax angusticeps (Hildebrand & Barton, 1949)
* Gymnothorax annasona (Whitley, 1937)
* Gymnothorax annulatus (Smith & Böhlke, 1997)
* Gymnothorax atolli (Pietschmann, 1935)
* Gymnothorax australicola (Lavenberg, 1992)
* Gymnothorax austrinus (Böhlke & McCosker, 2001)
* Gymnothorax bacalladoi (Böhlke & Brito, 1987)
* Gymnothorax baranesi (Smith, Brokovich & Einbinder, 2008)
* Gymnothorax bathyphilus (Randall & McCosker, 1975)
* Gymnothorax berndti (Snyder, 1904)
* Gymnothorax breedeni (McCosker & Randall, 1977)
* Gymnothorax buroensis (Bleeker, 1857)
* Gymnothorax castaneus (Jordan & Gilbert, 1883)
* Gymnothorax castlei (Böhlke & Randall, 1999)
* Gymnothorax cephalospilus (Böhlke & Mc Cosker, 2001)
* Gymnothorax chilospilus (Bleeker, 1865)
* Gymnothorax chlamydatus (Snyder, 1908)
* Gymnothorax conspersus (Poey, 1867)
* Gymnothorax cribroris (Whitley, 1932)
* Gymnothorax davidsmithi (McCosker & Randall, 2008)
* Gymnothorax dorsalis (Seale, 1917)
* Gymnothorax dovii (Günther, 1870)
* Gymnothorax elegans (Bliss, 1883)
* Gymnothorax emmae (Prokofiev, 2010)
* Gymnothorax enigmaticus (McCosker & Randall, 1982)
* Gymnothorax equatorialis (Hildebrand, 1946)
* Gymnothorax eurostus (Abbott, 1860)
* Gymnothorax eurygnathos (Böhlke, 2001)
* Gymnothorax favagineus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)
* Gymnothorax fimbriatus (Bennett, 1832)
* Morena de vora groga (Gymnothorax flavimarginatus) (Rüppell, 1830)
* Gymnothorax flavoculus (Böhlke & Randall, 1996)
* Gymnothorax formosus (Bleeker, 1865)
* Morena verda (Gymnothorax funebris) (Ranzani, 1840)
* Gymnothorax fuscomaculatus (Schultz a Schultz et al., 1953)
* Gymnothorax gracilicauda (Jenkins, 1903)
* Gymnothorax griseus (Lacépède, 1803)
* Gymnothorax hansi (Heemstra, 2004)
* Gymnothorax hepaticus (Rüppell, 1830)
* Gymnothorax herrei (Beebe & Tee-Van, 1933)
* Gymnothorax hubbsi (Böhlke & Böhlke, 1977)
* Gymnothorax intesi (Fourmanoir & Rivaton, 1979)
* Gymnothorax isingteena (Richardson, 1845)
* Morena gegant (Gymnothorax javanicus) (Bleeker, 1859)
* Gymnothorax johnsoni (Smith, 1962)
* Gymnothorax kidako (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846)
* Gymnothorax kolpos (Böhlke & Böhlke, 1980)
* Gymnothorax kontodontos (Böhlke, 2000)
* Gymnothorax longinquus (Whitley, 1948)
* Gymnothorax maderensis (Johnson, 1862)
* Gymnothorax mareei (Poll, 1953)
* Gymnothorax margaritophorus (Bleeker, 1865)
* Gymnothorax marshallensis (Schultz a Schultz et al., 1953)
* Gymnothorax mccoskeri (Smith & Böhlke, 1997)
* Gymnothorax megaspilus (Böhlke & Randall, 1995)
* Gymnothorax melanosomatus (Loh, Shao & Chen, 2011)
* Gymnothorax melatremus (Schultz a Schultz et al., 1953)
* Gymnothorax meleagris (Shaw, 1795)
* Gymnothorax microstictus (Böhlke, 2000)
* Gymnothorax miliaris (Kaup, 1856)
* Gymnothorax minor (Temminck & Schlegel, 1846)
* Gymnothorax moluccensis (Bleeker, 1865)
* Gymnothorax monochrous (Bleeker, 1856)
* Gymnothorax monostigma (Regan, 1909)
* Gymnothorax mordax (Ayres, 1859)
* Gymnothorax moringa (Cuvier, 1829)
* Gymnothorax nasuta (de Buen, 1961)
* Gymnothorax neglectus (Tanaka, 1911)
* Gymnothorax nigromarginatus (Girad, 1858)
* Gymnothorax niphostigmus (Chen, Shao & Chen, 1996)
* Gymnothorax nubilus (Richardson, 1848)
* Gymnothorax nudivomer (Günther a Playfair & Günther, 1867)
* Gymnothorax nuttingi (Snyder, 1904)
* Gymnothorax obesus (Whitley, 1932)
* Gymnothorax ocellatus (Agassiz a Spix & Agassiz, 1831)
* Gymnothorax panamensis (Steindachner, 1876)
* Gymnothorax parini (Collette, Smith & Böhlke, 1991)
* Gymnothorax phalarus (Bussing, 1998)
* Gymnothorax phasmatodes (Smith, 1962)
* Gymnothorax philippinus (Jordan & Seale, 1907)
* Gymnothorax pictus (Ahl, 1789)
* Gymnothorax pikei (Bliss ex Steindachner, 1883)
* Gymnothorax pindae (Smith, 1962)
* Gymnothorax polygonius (Poey, 1875)
* Gymnothorax polyspondylus (Böhlke & Randall, 2000)
* Gymnothorax polyuranodon (Bleeker, 1853)
* Gymnothorax porphyreus (Guichenot, 1848)
* Gymnothorax prasinus (Richardson, 1848)
* Gymnothorax prionodon (Ogilby, 1895)
* Gymnothorax prismodon (Böhlke & Randall, 2000)
* Gymnothorax prolatus (Sasaki & Amaoka, 1991)
* Gymnothorax pseudoherrei (Böhlke, 2000)
* Gymnothorax pseudothyrsoideus (Bleeker, 1852)
* Gymnothorax punctatofasciatus (Bleeker, 1863)
* Gymnothorax punctatus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)
* Gymnothorax randalli (Smith & Böhlke, 1997)
* Gymnothorax reevesii (Richardson, 1845)
* Gymnothorax reticularis (Bloch, 1795)
* Gymnothorax richardsonii (Bleeker, 1852)
* Gymnothorax robinsi (Böhlke, 1997)
* Gymnothorax rueppellii (McClelland, 1844)
* Gymnothorax sagenodeta (Richardson, 1848)
* Gymnothorax sagmacephalus (Böhlke, 1997)
* Gymnothorax saxicola (Jordan & Davis, 1891)
* Gymnothorax serratidens (Hildebrand & Barton, 1949)
* Gymnothorax shaoi (Chen & Loh, 2007)
* Gymnothorax sokotrensis (Kotthaus, 1968)
* Gymnothorax steindachneri (Jordan & Evermann, 1903)
* Gymnothorax taiwanensis (Chen, Loh & Shao, 2008)
* Gymnothorax thyrsoideus (Richardson, 1845)
* Gymnothorax tile (Hamilton, 1822)
* Morena ondulada (Gymnothorax undulatus) (Lacépède, 1803)
* Gymnothorax unicolor (Delaroche, 1809)
* Gymnothorax vagrans (Seale, 1917)
* Gymnothorax verrilli (Jordan & Gilbert, 1883)
* Gymnothorax vicinus (Castelnau, 1855)
* Gymnothorax walvisensis (Prokofiev & Kukuev, 2009)
* Gymnothorax woodwardi (McCulloch, 1912)
* Gymnothorax ypsilon (Hatooka & Randall, 1992)
* Gymnothorax zonipectis (Seale, 1906)

## Referències

* ↑ The Taxonomicon (anglès)
* ↑ Romero, P., 2002. An etymological dictionary of taxonomy. Madrid (Espanya).
* 1 2 Discover Life (anglès)
* 1 2 Bloch, M. E., 1795. Naturgeschichte der ausländischen Fische. Berlín. Naturgeschichte der Ausländischen Fische. v. 9: i-ii + 1-192, Pls. 397-429.
* 1 2 3 Temminck, C. J. & Schlegel, H., 1846. Fauna Japonica, sive descriptio animalium quae in itinere per Japoniam ... Parts 10-14: 173-269.
* ↑ Weber, M. & de Beaufort, L. F., 1916. The fishes of the Indo-Australian Archipelago. III. Ostariophysi: II Cyprinoidea, Apodes, Synbranchi. E. J. Brill, Leiden. V. 3: i-xv + 1-455.
* 1 2 Hildebrand, S. F. & Barton, O., 1949. A collection of fishes from Talara, Perú. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections v. 111 (núm. 10): 1-36.
* ↑ Whitley, G. P., 1937. The Middleton and Elizabeth reefs, South Pacific Ocean. Australian Zoologist v. 8 (pt 4): 199-231, Pls. 13-17.
* 1 2 Smith, D. G. & Böhlke, E. B., 1997. A review of the Indo-Pacific banded morays of the Gymnothorax reticularis group, with descriptions of three new species (Pisces, Anguilliformes, Muraenidae). Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 148: 177-188.
* ↑ Pietschmann, V., 1935. Eine neue Aalfamilie aus den hawaiischen Gewässern. Anzeiger der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien v. 72 (núm. 11): 93-94.
* ↑ Lavenberg, R. J., 1992. A new moray eel (Muraenidae: Gymnothorax) from oceanic islands of the South Pacific. Pacific Science v. 46 (núm. 1): 58-67.
* 1 2 Böhlke, E. B. & J. E. McCosker, 2001. The moray eels of Australia and New Zealand, with the description of two new species (Anguilliformes: Muraenidae). Rec. Aust. Mus. v. 53 (núm. 1): 71-102.
* ↑ Böhlke, E. B. & A. Brito, 1987. Gymnothorax baccaladoi (sic), a new moray from the Canary Islands (Pisces: Muraenidae). Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 139: 459-463.
* ↑ Smith, D.G., Brokovich, E. & Einbinder, S., (2008): Gymnothorax baranesi, a new moray eel (Anguilliformes: Muraenidae) from the Red Sea. Zootaxa, 1678: 63-68.
* ↑ Randall, J. E. & McCosker, J. E., 1975. The eels of Easter Island with a description of a new moray. Contributions in Science (Los Angeles) Núm. 264: 1-32.
* 1 2 Snyder, J. O., 1904. A catalogue of the shore fishes collected by the steamer "Albatross" about the Hawaiian Islands in 1902. Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 22 (1902): 513-538, Pls. 1-13.
* ↑ McCosker, J. E. & Randall, J. E., 1977. Three new species of Indo-Pacific moray eels (Pisces: Muraenidae). Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (Series 4) v. 41 (núm. 3): 161-168.
* ↑ Bleeker, P., 1857. Tweede bijdrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische fauna van Boero. Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 13: 55-82.
* ↑ Jordan, D. S. & Gilbert, C. H., 1883. Description of a new eel (Sidera castanea) from Mazatlan, Mexico. Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 5 (núm. 335): 647-648.
* ↑ Böhlke, E. B. & Randall, J. E., 1999. Gymnothorax castlei, a new species of Indo-Pacific moray eel (Anguilliformes: Muraenidae). The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology v. 47 (núm. 2): 549-554.
* 1 2 3 4 Bleeker, P., 1864. Poissons inédits indo-archipélagiques de l'ordre des Murènes. Nederlandsch Tijdschrift voor de Dierkunde v. 2: 38-54.
* ↑ Snyder, J. O., 1908. Descriptions of eighteen new species and two new genera of fishes from Japan and the Riu Kiu Islands. Proceedings of the United States National Museum v. 35 (núm. 1635): 93-111.
* ↑ Poey, F., 1867-1868. Monografía de las Morenas cubanas. Repertorio Físico-Natural de la Isla de Cuba, v. 2: 245-268, 2 pls.
* 1 2 Whitley, G. P., 1932. Studies in ichthyology. Núm. 6. Records of the Australian Museum v. 18 (núm. 6): 321-348, Pls. 36-39.
* 1 2 Seale, A., 1917. New species of apodal fishes. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology v. 61 (núm. 4): 79-94.
* 1 2 Bliss, R., 1883. Descriptions of new species of Mauritian fishes. Transactions of the Royal Society of Arts and Sciences of Mauritius (N. S.) v. 13: 45-63.
* ↑ Prokofiev, A. M., 2010. Two New Species of Fishes from Families Muraenidae (Anguilliformes) and Mugiloididae (Perciformes) from the Waters of Vietnam. Journal of Ichthyology, 50 (8): 580-589.
* ↑ Hildebrand, S. F., 1946. A descriptive catalog of the shore fishes of Peru. Bulletin of the United States National Museum Núm. 189: i-xi + 1-530.
* 1 2 Bloch, M. E. & Schneider, J. G., 1801. M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae iconibus cx illustratum. Post obitum auctoris opus inchoatum absolvit, correxit, interpolavit Jo. Gottlob Schneider, Saxo. Berolini. Sumtibus Auctoris Impressum et Bibliopolio Sanderiano Commissum. M. E. Blochii, Systema Ichthyologiae.: i-lx + 1-584, Pls. 1-110.
* ↑ Bennett, E. T., 1832. Observations on a collection of fishes from the Mauritius, presented by Mr. Telfair, with characters of new genera and species. Proceedings of the General Meetings for Scientific Business of the Zoological Society of London 1830-31 (pt 1): 165-169.
* ↑ Rüppell, W. P. E. S., 1828-1830. Atlas zu der Reise im nördlichen Africa. Fische des Rothen Meeres. Frankfurt-am-Main. Atlas zu der Reise im nördlichen Africa. Fische des Rothen Meeres.: 1-141 + 3 pp., col. Pls. 1-35.
* ↑ Ranzani, C., 1839. De novis speciebus piscium. Dissertatio prima. Novi Commentarii Academiae Scientiarum Instituti Bononiensis v. 4 (1840): 65-83, Pls. 8-13.
* ↑ Jenkins, O. P., 1903. Report on collections of fishes made in the Hawaiian Islands, with descriptions of new species. Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 22 (1902): 415-511, Pls. 1-4.
* ↑ Lacepède, B. G. E., 1803. Histoire naturelle des poissons. Historie naturelle des poissons. v. 5: i-lxviii + 1-803 + index, Pls. 1-21.
* ↑ Beebe, W. & Tee-Van, J., 1933. Nomenclatural notes on the shore fishes of Bermuda. Zoologica, Scientific Contributions of the New York Zoological Society v. 13 (núm. 7): 133-158.
* ↑ Bleeker, P., 1859. Over eenige vischsoorten van de Zuidkust-wateren van Java. Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 19: 329-352.
* 1 2 3 Smith, J. L. B., 1962. The moray eels of the western Indian Ocean and the Red Sea. Ichthyological Bulletin of the J. L. B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology Núm. 23: 421-444, 9 pls.
* ↑ Böhlke, J. E. & Böhlke, E. B., 1980. The identity of the moray Gymnothorax conspersus Poey, and description of Gymnothorax kolpos n. sp., from the western Atlantic Ocean. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia v. 132: 218-227.
* ↑ Böhlke, E. B., 2000. Notes on the identity of small, brown, unpatterned Indo-Pacific moray eels, with descriptions of three new species (Anguilliformes: Muraenidae). Pac. Sci. v. 54 (núm. 4): 395-416.
* ↑ Whitley, G. P., 1948. Studies in ichthyology. Núm. 13. Records of the Australian Museum v. 22 (núm. 1): 70-94.
* ↑ Johnson, J. Y., 1862. Descriptions of some new genera and species of fishes obtained at Madeira. Proceedings of the General Meetings for Scientific Business of the Zoological Society of London 1862 (pt 2): 167-180, Pls. 22-23.
* ↑ Poll, M., 1953. Poissons III. Téléostéens Malacoptérygiens. Résultats scientifique. Expédition océanographic belge dans les eaux côtières africaines de l'Atlantique sud (1948-1949). Bruxelles. v. 4 (núm. 2): 1-258, Pls. 1-8.
* ↑ Schultz, L. P., Herald, E. S., Lachner, E. A., Welander, A. D. & Woods, L. P., 1953. Fishes of the Marshall and Marianas islands. Vol. I. Families from Asymmetrontidae through Siganidae. Bulletin of the United States National Museum Núm. 202, v. 1: i-xxxii + 1-685, Pls. 1-74.
* ↑ Loh, K.-H., K.-T. Shao i H.-M. Chen, 2011. Gymnothorax melanosomatus, a new morey eel (Teleostei: Anguilliformes: Muraenidae) from southeastern Taiwan. Zootaxa, núm. 3134: 43-52.
* ↑ Kaup, J. J., 1856. Uebersicht der Aale. Archiv für Naturgeschichte v. 22 (núm. 1): 41-77.
* ↑ Bleeker, P., 1856. Zevende bijdrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische fauna van Ternate. Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 10: 357-386.
* ↑ Regan, C. T., 1909. Descriptions of new marine fishes from Australia and the Pacific. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (Series 8) v. 4 (núm. 23): 438-440.
* ↑ Cuvier, G., 1829. Le Règne Animal, distribué d'après son organisation, pour servir de base à l'histoire naturelle des animaux et d'introduction à l'anatomie comparée. Edition 2. Le Règne Animal, distribué d'après son organisation, pour servir de base à l'histoire naturelle des animaux et d'introduction à l'anatomie comparée. Edition 2. v. 2: i-xv + 1-406.
* ↑ Spix, J. B. von & Agassiz, L., 1829-1831. Selecta genera et species piscium quos in itinere per Brasiliam annos MDCCCXVII-MDCCCXX jussu et auspiciis Maximiliani Josephi I.... colleget et pingendso curavit Dr J. B. de Spix.... Monachii. Selecta genera et species piscium quos in itinere per Brasiliam annos MDCCCXVII-MDCCCXX jussu et auspiciis Maximiliani Josephi I.... colleget et pingendso curavit Dr J. B. de Spix....: Part 1: i-xvi + i-ii + 1-82, Pls. 1-48;, Part 2: 83-138, Pls. 49-101.
* ↑ Steindachner, F., 1876. Ichthyologische Beiträge (V). Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe v. 74 (1. Abth.): 49-240, Pls. 1-15.
* ↑ Collette, B. B., Smith, D. G. & Böhlke, E. B., 1991. Gymnothorax parini, a new species of moray eel (Teleostei: Muraenidae) from Walters Shoals, Madagascar Ridge. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington v. 104 (núm. 2): 344-350.
* ↑ Jordan, D. S. & Seale, A., 1907. Fishes of the islands of Luzon and Panay. Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries v. 26 (for 1906): 1-48.
* ↑ Ahl, J. N., 1789. Specimen ichthyologicum de Muraena et Ophichtho, quod venia exp. fac. Med. ups. Praeside Carol. Pet. Thunberg, etc. Upsala. Specimen ichthyologicum de Muraena et Ophichtho,...: 1-14, 2 pls.
* ↑ Poey, F., 1875. Poissons de l'île de Cuba. Espèces nouvelles décrites. Annals of the Lycium of Natural History of New York v. 11 (núms. 3-4): 58-70, Pls. 7-10.
* 1 2 Böhlke, E. B. & J. R. Randall, 2000. A review of the moray eels (Angulliformes [sic]: Muraenidae) of the Hawaiian Islands, with descriptions of two new species. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. v. 150: 203-278, Pls. 1-10.
* ↑ Bleeker, P., 1853. Derde bijdrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische fauna van Ceram. Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 5: 233-248.
* ↑ Guichenot, A., 1848. Fauna Chilena. Peces. Pp. 137-370. A: C. Gay, Historia fisica y politica de Chile. Zoología, v. 2. París i Santiago de Xile.
* ↑ Ogilby, J. D., 1895. Description of a new Australian eel. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales (Series 2) v. 9 (pt 4): 720-721.
* ↑ Sasaki, K. & Amaoka, K., 1991. Gymnothorax prolatus, a new moray from Taiwan. Japanese Journal of Ichthyology v. 38 (núm. 1): 7-10.
* ↑ Bleeker, P., 1852. Derde bijdrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische fauna van Celebes. Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 3: 739-782.
* ↑ Bleeker, P., 1863. Sur quelques espèces nouvelles ou peu connues de Gymnothorax Bl. de l'Inde archipélagique. Nederlandsch Tijdschrift voor de Dierkunde v. 1: 167-171.
* ↑ Bleeker, P., 1852. Bijdrage tot de kennis der ichthyologische fauna van de Moluksche Eilanden. Visschen van Amboina en Ceram. Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië v. 3: 229-309.
* ↑ Böhlke, E. B., 1997. Gymnothorax robinsi (Anguilliformes, Muraenidae), a new dwarf moray with sexually dimorphic dentition from the Indo-Pacific. Bulletin of Marine Science v. 60 (núm. 3): 648-655.
* ↑ McClelland, J., 1844. Apodal fishes of Bengal. Calcutta Journal of Natural History v. 5 (núm. 18): 151-226, Pls. 5-14.
* ↑ Chen, H.-M. i K.-H. Loh, 2007. Gymnothorax shaoi, a new species of moray eel (Anguilliformes: Muraenidae) from southeastern Taiwan. Journal of Marine Science and Technology, vol. 15 (núm. 2): 76-81.
* ↑ Kotthaus, A., 1968. Fische des Indischen Ozeans. A. Systematischer Teil. III. Ostariophysi und Apodes. Meteor Forschungsergebnisse. Reihe D, Biologie Núm. 3: 14-56.
* ↑ Jordan, D. S. & Evermann, B. W., 1903. Descriptions of new genera and species of fishes from the Hawaiian Islands. Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission v. 22 (1902): 161-208.
* ↑ Chen, H.-M., K.-H. Loh i K.-T. Shao, 2008. A new species of moray eel, Gymnothorax taiwanensis, (Anguilliformes: Muraenidae) from eastern Taiwan. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology Suppl. No. 19: 131-134.
* ↑ Lacépède, B. G. E., 1803. Histoire naturelle des poissons. Historie naturelle des poissons. v. 5: i-lxviii + 1-803 + index, Pls. 1-21.
* ↑ BioLib (anglès)
* ↑ AQUATAB.NET
* ↑ FishBase (anglès)
* ↑ Catalogue of Life (anglès)
* ↑ Dictionary of Common (Vernacular) Names (anglès)
* ↑ UNEP-WCMC Species Database (anglès)

## Bibliografia

* Aburto-Oropeza, O. i Balart, E. F., 2001. Community structure of reef fish in several habitats of a rocky reef in the Gulf of California. Marine Ecology, 22:283-305.
* Allen, G.R. i Robertson, D.R., 1997. An Annotated Checklist of the fishes of Clipperton Atoll, Tropical Eastern Pacific. Revista de Biología Tropical, 45:813-843.
* Béarez, P., 1996. Lista de los Peces Marinos del Ecuador Continental. Revista de Biología Tropical, 44:731-741.
* Blache, J., 1967: Contribution à la connaissance des poissons Anguilliformes de la côte occidentale d'Afrique. Cinquième note. Le genre Gymnothorax (Bloch, 1795). Bulletin de l'Institut Fondamental d'Afrique Noire (Serie A) Sciences Naturelles v. 29 (núm. 4): 1695-1705.
* Bleeker, P., 1863: Sur quelques espèces nouvelles ou peu connues de Gymnothorax Bl. de l'Inde archipélagique. Nederlandsch Tijdschrift voor de Dierkunde v. 1: 167-171.
* Günther, A., 1870. Catalogue of the fishes in the British Museum. Catalogue of the Physostomi, containing the families Gymnotidae, Symbranchidae, Muraenidae, Pegasidae, and of the Lophobranchii, Plectognathi, Dipnoi, ...(thru) ... Leptocardii, in the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History)8:1-549.
* Jordan, D.S. i Evermann, B.W., 1896. The fishes of North and Middle America: a descriptive catalogue of the species of fish-like vertebrates found in the waters of North America, north of the Isthmus of Panama. Part I., Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., 47:1-1240.
* Lacépède, B. G. E., 1803. Histoire naturelle des poissons, 5:1-803.
* McCosker, J.E. i Rosenblatt, R.H., 1975. The moray eels (Pisces: Muraenidae) of the Galapagos Islands, with new records and synonymies of extralimital species., Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., 40:417-427.

## Enllaços externs

* Biodiversity Institute of Ontario (anglès)
* CalPhotos (anglès)