# Coeficient de Gini

El coeficient de Gini és una mesura de la desigualtat ideada per l'estadístic italià Corrado Gini. Normalment s'utilitza per mesurar la desigualtat en els ingressos, però pot utilitzar-se per calcular qualsevol forma de distribució desigual. El coeficient de Gini és un nombre entre 0 i 1, on 0 es correspon amb la perfecta igualtat (tots tenen els mateixos ingressos) i 1 es correspon amb la perfecta desigualtat (una persona té tots els ingressos i els altres cap). Els casos extrems estan representats per la societat més igualitària possible en què cada persona rep els mateixos ingressos (G = 0), i la societat més desigual (amb N individus) on una sola persona rep el 100% dels ingressos totals i la resta (N − 1 persones) no en rep cap (G = 1 − 1/N).
L'índex de Gini és el coeficient de Gini expressat en percentatge, i és igual al coeficient de Gini multiplicat per 100. Encara que el coeficient de Gini s'utilitza sobretot per a mesurar la desigualtat en els ingressos, també pot utilitzar-se per a mesurar la desigualtat en la riquesa. Aquest ús requereix que ningú disposi d'una riquesa negativa.
No es disposen de dades per fer el rànquing mundial de països segons la desigualtat, ja que determinats governs no les proporcionen, com el cas de Somàlia o determinats estats insulars, però d'acord amb les xifres disponibles que alguns dels països amb un índex de Gini més alt (és a dir, els països amb més desigualtat interna) són Namíbia i Sud-àfrica, mentre que els més igualitaris són els països nòrdics.
| País | UN R/P 10% | UN R/P 20% | World Bank Gini (%) | WB Gini (year) | CIA R/P 10% | Year | CIA Gini (%) | CIA Gini (year) | GPI Gini (%) |
| Afghanistan | | | 27.8 | 2008 | | | 29.4 | 2008 | 60.0 |
| Albania | 7.2 | 4.8 | 34.5 | 2008 | 7.2 | 2004 | 34.5 | 2008 | |
| Algeria | 9.6 | 6.1 | 35.3 | 1995 | 9.6 | 1995 | 35.3 | 1995 | |
| Angola | | | 58.6 | 2000 | | | | | 62.0 |
| Argentina | 31.6 | 17.8 | 44.5 | 2010 | 35.0 | 2007 Jan.-Mar. | 45.8 | 2009 | |
| Armenia | 8.0 | 5.0 | 30.9 | 2008 | 25.8 | 2004 | 30.9 | 2008 | |
| Australia | 12.5 | 7.0 | 30.5 | 2006 | 12.7 | 1994 | 30.3 | 2008 | |
| Austria | 6.9 | 4.4 | 26.0 | 2007 | 6.8 | 2004 | 26.0 | 2007 | |
| Azerbaijan | 9.7 | 6.0 | 33.7 | 2008 | 9.5 | 2001 | 33.7 | 2008 | |
| Bahrain | | | | | | | | | 36.0 |
| Bangladesh | 7.5 | 4.9 | 32.1 | 2010 | 7.5 | 2000 est. | 33.2 | 2005 | |
| Belarus | 6.9 | 4.5 | 26.5 | 2011 | 6.9 | 2002 | 27.2 | 2008 | |
| Belgium | 8.2 | 4.9 | 33.0 | 2000 | 8.3 | 2000 | 28.0 | 2005 | |
| Belize | | | 53.1 | 1999 | | | | | 49.2 |
| Benin | 9.4 | 6.0 | 38.6 | 2003 | 9.4 | 2003 | 36.5 | 2003 | |
| Bhutan | | | 38.1 | 2007 | | | | | 32 |
| Bolivia | 93.9 | 42.3 | 56.3 | 2008 | 157.3 | 2002 | 53.0 | 2010 | |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | 5.4 | 3.8 | 36.2 | 2007 | 5.5 | 2001 | 36.2 | 2007 | |
| Botswana | 43.0 | 20.4 | 61.0 | 1994 | | | 63.0 | 1993 | |
| Brazil | 40.6 | 21.8 | 54.7 | 2009 | 53.6 | 2009 | 50.8 | 2012 | |
| Bulgaria | 7.0 | 4.4 | 28.2 | 2007 | 8.8 | 2005 | 45.3 | 2007 | |
| Burkina Faso | 11.6 | 6.9 | 39.8 | 2009 | 11.5 | 2003 | 39.5 | 2007 | |
| Burundi | 19.3 | 9.5 | 33.3 | 2006 | 19.3 | 1998 | 42.4 | 1998 | |
| Cambodia | 12.2 | 7.3 | 37.9 | 2008 | 12.0 | 2004 | 37.9 | 2008 est. | |
| Cameroon | 15.7 | 9.1 | 38.9 | 2007 | 15.4 | 2001 | 44.6 | 2001 | |
| Canada | 9.4 | 5.5 | 32.6 | 2000 | 9.5 | 2000 | 32.1 | 2005 | |
| Cape Verde | | | 50.5 | 2002 | | | | | |
| Central African Republic | 69.2 | 32.7 | 56.3 | 2008 | 68.1 | 1993 | 61.3 | 1993 | |
| Chad | | | 39.8 | 2003 | | | | | 52.3 |
| Chile | 26.2 | 15.7 | 52.1 | 2009 | 32.1 | 2003 | 52.1 | 2009 | |
| China | 21.6 | 12.2 | 47.0 | 2007 | 21.8 | 2004 | 47.4 | 2012 | 46.9 |
| Colombia | 60.4 | 25.3 | 55.9 | 2010 | 56.3 | 2008 | 58.5 | 2011 | |
| Comoros | | | 64.3 | 2004 | | | | | |
| Democratic Republic of the Congo | | | 44.4 | 2006 | | | | | 55 |
| Congo | | | 47.3 | 2005 | | | | | 56.2 |
| Costa Rica | 23.4 | 15.6 | 50.7 | 2009 | 37.4 | 2003 | 50.3 | 2009 | |
| Côte d'Ivoire | 16.6 | 9.7 | 41.5 | 2008 | 17.0 | 2002 | 41.5 | 2008 | |
| Croatia | 7.3 | 4.8 | 33.7 | 2008 | 7.2 | 2003 est. | 32.0 | 2010 | |
| Cuba | | | | | | | | | 30.0 |
| Cyprus | | | | | | | 29.0 | 2005 | |
| Czech Republic | 5.2 | 3.5 | 26.0 | 2005 | 5.2 | 1996 | 31.0 | 2009 | |
| Denmark | 8.1 | 4.3 | 24.0 | 2005 | 12.0 | 2000 est. | 24.8 | 2011 est. | |
| Djibouti | | | 40.0 | 2002 | | | | | |
| Dominican Republic | 25.3 | 14.3 | 47.2 | 2010 | 29.4 | 2005 | 47.2 | 2010 est. | |
| Ecuador | 35.2 | 17.3 | 49.3 | 2010 | 17.5 | 2006 Oct. | 47.7 | 2012 Dec. | |
| Egypt | 8.0 | 5.1 | 30.8 | 2008 | 8.0 | 2000 | 34.4 | 2001 | |
| El Salvador | 38.6 | 20.9 | 48.3 | 2009 | 55.4 | 2002 | 46.9 | 2007 | |
| Equatorial Guinea | | | | | | | | | 65 |
| Estonia | 10.8 | 6.4 | 36.0 | 2004 | 11.0 | 2003 | 31.3 | 2010 | |
| Ethiopia | 6.6 | 4.3 | 29.8 | 2005 | 6.5 | 2000 | 30.0 | 2000 | |
| European Union | | | | | | | 30.4 | 2009 est. | |
| Fiji | | | 42.8 | 2009 | | | | | |
| Finland | 5.6 | 3.8 | 26.9 | 2000 | 5.7 | 2000 | 26.8 | 2008 | |
| France | 9.1 | 5.6 | 32.7 | 2008 | 8.3 | 2004 | 32.7 | 2008 | |
| Gabon | | | 41.5 | 2005 | | | | | 60 |
| The Gambia | 20.2 | 11.2 | 47.3 | 2003 | 20.6 | 1998 | 50.2 | 1998 | |
| Georgia | 15.4 | 8.3 | 41.3 | 2008 | 15.2 | 2003 | 46.0 | 2011 | |
| Germany | 6.9 | 4.3 | 28.3 | 2000 | 6.9 | 2000 | 27.0 | 2006 | |
| Ghana | 14.1 | 8.4 | 42.8 | 2006 | 13.7 | 1999 | 39.4 | 2005–2006 | |
| Greece | 10.2 | 6.2 | 34.3 | 2000 | 10.4 | 2000 est. | 33.0 | 2005 | |
| Guatemala | 33.9 | 20.3 | 55.9 | 2006 | 48.2 | 2002 | 55.1 | 2007 | |
| Guinea | 10.5 | 6.6 | 39.4 | 2007 | 21.6 | 2006 | 39.4 | 2007 | |
| Guinea Bissau | 19.0 | 10.3 | 35.5 | 2002 | 84.8 | 1991 | | | |
| Guyana | | | 44.5 | 1998 | 26.0 | 1999 | 44.6 | 2007 | |
| Haiti | 54.4 | 26.6 | 59.2 | 2001 | 68.1 | 2001 | 59.2 | 2001 | |
| Honduras | 59.4 | 17.2 | 57.0 | 2009 | 35.2 | 2003 | 57.7 | 2007 | |
| Hong Kong | 17.8 | 9.7 | 53.3 | 2007 | | | 53.7 | 2011 | |
| Hungary | 5.5 | 3.8 | 31.2 | 2007 | 5.6 | 2002 | 24.7 | 2009 | |
| Iceland | | | | | | | 28.0 | 2006 | |
| India | 8.6 | 5.6 | 33.4 | 2005 | 8.6 | 2004 | 36.8 | 2004 | |
| Indonesia | 7.8 | 5.2 | 34.0 | 2005 | 7.9 | 2002 | 36.8 | 2009 | |
| Iran | 17.2 | 9.7 | 38.3 | 2005 | 16.9 | 1998 | 44.5 | 2006 | 38.3 |
| Iraq | | | 30.9 | 2007 | | | | | 42 |
| Ireland | 9.4 | 5.6 | 34.3 | 2000 | 9.4 | 2000 | 33.9 | 2010 | |
| Israel | 13.4 | 7.9 | 39.2 | 2001 | 11.8 | 2005 | 39.2 | 2008 | |
| Italy | 11.6 | 6.5 | 36.0 | 2000 | 11.7 | 2000 | 31.9 | 2011 | |
| Jamaica | 17.3 | 9.8 | 45.5 | 2004 | 17.0 | 2004 | 45.5 | 2004 | |
| Japan | 4.5 | 3.4 | 38.1 | 2002 | 4.5 | 1993 | 37.6 | 2008 | |
| Jordan | 11.3 | 6.9 | 35.4 | 2010 | 11.3 | 2003 | 39.7 | 2007 | |
| Kazakhstan | 8.5 | 5.6 | 29.0 | 2009 | 8.0 | 2004 est. | 28.9 | 2011 | |
| Kenya | 13.6 | 8.2 | 47.7 | 2005 | 18.6 | 2000 | 42.5 | 2008 est. | |
| North Korea | | | | | | | | | 31.0 |
| South Korea | 7.8 | 4.7 | 31.3 | 2007 | 5.9 | 2011 | 31.1 | 2011 | |
| Kuwait | | | | | | | | | 30 |
| Kyrgyzstan | 6.4 | 4.4 | 36.2 | 2009 | 6.4 | 2003 | 33.4 | 2007 | |
| Laos | 8.3 | 5.4 | 36.7 | 2008 | 8.4 | 2002 | 36.7 | 2008 | |
| Latvia | 11.6 | 6.8 | 36.6 | 2008 | 11.6 | 2003 | 35.2 | 2010 | |
| Lebanon | | | | | | | | | 45 |
| Lesotho | 39.8 | 44.2 | 52.5 | 2003 | 48.2 | 2002 est. | 63.2 | 1995 | |
| Liberia | 12.8 | | 38.2 | 2007 | | | 38.2 | 2007 | |
| Libya | | | | | | | | | 36.0 |
| Lithuania | 10.4 | 6.3 | 37.6 | 2008 | 10.3 | 2003 | 35.5 | 2009 | |
| Luxembourg | | | 30.8 | 2000 | 6.8 | 2000 | 26.0 | 2005 | |
| North Macedonia | 12.5 | 7.5 | 43.2 | 2009 | 12.3 | 2003 | 43.2 | 2009 | |
| Madagascar | 19.2 | 11.0 | 44.1 | 2010 | 19.3 | 2001 | 47.5 | 2001 | |
| Malawi | 10.9 | 6.7 | 39.0 | 2004 | 11.0 | 2004 | 39.0 | 2004 | |
| Malaysia | 22.1 | 12.4 | 46.2 | 2009 | 28.0 | 2003 est. | 46.2 | 2009 | |
| Maldives | | | 37.4 | 2004 | | | | | |
| Mali | 12.5 | 7.6 | 33.0 | 2010 | 12.6 | 2001 | 40.1 | 2001 | |
| Malta | | | | | | | 27.4 | 2011 | |
| Mauritania | 12.0 | 7.4 | 40.5 | 2008 | 11.8 | 2000 | 39.0 | 2000 | |
| Mauritius | | | | | | | 39.0 | 2006 est. | |
| Mexico | 21.6 | 12.8 | 48.3 | 2008 | 24.6 | 2004 | 51.7 | 2008 | |
| Moldova | 8.2 | 5.3 | 33.0 | 2010 | 8.3 | 2003 | 38.0 | 2008 | |
| Mongolia | 8.2 | 5.4 | 36.5 | 2008 | 8.2 | 2002 | 36.5 | 2008 | |
| Montenegro | | | 30.0 | 2008 | | | 24.3 | 2010 | |
| Morocco | 11.7 | 7.2 | 40.9 | 2007 | 11.9 | 1999 | 40.9 | 2007 est. | |
| Mozambique | 18.8 | 9.9 | 45.7 | 2008 | 18.8 | 2002 | 45.6 | 2008 | |
| Myanmar | | | | | 11.6 | 1998 | | | 40 |
| Namibia | 106.6 | 56.1 | 63.9 | 2004 | 129.0 | 2003 | 59.7 | 2010 | |
| Nepal | 15.8 | 9.1 | 32.8 | 2010 | 15.6 | 2004 | 32.8 | 2010 | |
| Netherlands | 9.2 | 5.1 | 30.9 | 2007 | 9.2 | 1999 | 30.9 | 2007 | |
| New Zealand | 12.4 | 6.8 | 36.2 | 1997 | | | 36.2 | 1997 | |
| Nicaragua | 31.0 | 8.8 | 40.5 | 2005 | 15.4 | 2001 | 40.5 | 2010 | |
| Niger | 46.0 | 20.7 | 34.6 | 2008 | 44.3 | 1995 | 34.0 | 2007 | |
| Nigeria | 17.8 | 9.7 | 48.8 | 2010 | 17.5 | 2003 | 43.7 | 2003 | |
| Norway | 6.1 | 3.9 | 25.8 | 2000 | 6.0 | 2000 | 25.0 | 2008 | |
| Oman | | | | | | | | | 32 |
| Pakistan | 6.5 | 4.3 | 30.0 | 2008 | 6.6 | 2002 | 30.6 | 2007–2008 | |
| Panama | 49.9 | 23.9 | 51.9 | 2010 | 61.4 | 2003 | 51.9 | 2010 est. | |
| Papua New Guinea | 23.8 | 12.6 | 50.9 | 1996 | 23.8 | 1996 | 50.9 | 1996 | |
| Paraguay | 38.8 | 25.7 | 52.4 | 2010 | 65.9 | 2003 | 53.2 | 2009 | |
| Peru | 26.1 | 15.2 | 48.1 | 2010 | 31.5 | 2003 | 46.0 | 2010 | |
| Philippines | 15.5 | 9.3 | 43.0 | 2009 | 15.5 | 2003 | 44.8 | 2009 | |
| Poland | 8.8 | 5.6 | 34.1 | 2009 | 8.7 | 2002 | 34.1 | 2009 | |
| Portugal | 15.0 | 8.0 | 38.5 | 2007 | 9.2 | 1995 est. | 38.5 | 2007 | |
| Qatar | | | 41.1 | 2007 | | | | | 39 |
| Romania | 7.5 | 4.9 | 30.0 | 2009 | 7.4 | 2003 | 33.2 | 2011 | |
| Russia | 12.7 | 7.6 | 40.1 | 2009 | 12.8 | 2002 | 41.7 | 2011 | |
| Ruanda | 18.6 | 9.9 | 50.8 | 2011 | 18.2 | 2000 | 46.8 | 2000 | |
| Sao Tome and Principe | | | 50.8 | 2001 | | | | | |
| Saudi Arabia | | | | | | | | | 32.0 |
| Senegal | 12.3 | 7.4 | 39.2 | 2005 | 12.4 | 2001 | 41.3 | 2001 | |
| Serbia | | | 27.8 | 2009 | | | 28.2 | 2008 | |
| Seychelles | | | 65.8 | 2007 | | | | | |
| Sierra Leone | 87.2 | 57.6 | 42.5 | 2003 | 87.2 | 1989 | 62.9 | 1989 | |
| Singapore | 17.7 | 9.7 | 48.1 | 2008 | 17.3 | 1998 | 47.8 | 2012 | |
| Slovakia | 6.7 | 4.0 | 26.0 | 2009 | 6.7 | 1996 | 26.0 | 2005 | |
| Slovenia | 5.9 | 3.9 | 31.2 | 2004 | 5.9 | 1998 | 23.8 | 2011 | |
| Somalia | | | | | | | | | 30 |
| South Africa | 33.1 | 17.9 | 63.1 | 2009 | 31.9 | 2000 | 65.0 | 2005 | |
| South Sudan | | | 45.5 | 2009 | | | | | |
| Spain | 10.3 | 6.0 | 34.7 | 2000 | 10.2 | 2000 | 32.0 | 2005 | |
| Sri Lanka | 11.1 | 6.9 | 40.3 | 2007 | 36.1 | 2003/04 fiscal year | 49.0 | 2010 | |
| Plantilla:Country data St. Lucia | | | 42.6 | 1995 | | | | | |
| Sudan | | | 35.3 | 2009 | | | | | 51 |
| Suriname | | | 52.9 | 1999 | | | | | |
| Swaziland | 25.1 | 13.0 | 51.5 | 2010 | 25.4 | 2001 | 50.4 | 2001 | |
| Sweden | 6.2 | 4.0 | 25.0 | 2000 | 6.2 | 2000 | 23.0 | 2005 | |
| Switzerland | 9.0 | 5.5 | 33.7 | 2000 | 8.9 | 2000 | 29.6 | 2010 | |
| Syria | | | 35.8 | 2004 | | | | | 42.0 |
| Taiwan | | | | | 6.1 | 2002 est. | 34.2 | 2011 | |
| Tajikistan | 7.8 | 5.2 | 30.8 | 2009 | 7.8 | 2003 | 32.6 | 2006 | |
| Tanzania | 9.2 | 5.8 | 37.6 | 2007 | 9.3 | 2000 | 37.6 | 2007 | |
| Thailand | 12.6 | 7.7 | 40.0 | 2009 | 12.4 | 2002 | 53.6 | 2009 | |
| Timor-Leste | | | 31.9 | 2007 | | | 31.9 | 2007 est. | |
| Togo | | | 34.4 | 2006 | | | | | |
| Trinidad and Tobago | 12.9 | 7.6 | 40.3 | 1992 | | | | | |
| Tunisia | 13.4 | 7.9 | 41.4 | 2005 | 13.7 | 2000 | 40.0 | 2005 est. | |
| Turkey | 6.6 | 4.6 | 39.0 | 2008 | 17.1 | 2003 | 40.2 | 2010 | |
| Turkmenistan | 12.3 | 7.7 | 40.8 | 1998 | 12.2 | 1998 | 40.8 | 1998 | |
| Uganda | 16.6 | 9.2 | 44.3 | 2009 | 16.4 | 2002 | 44.3 | 2009 | |
| Ukraine | 5.9 | 4.1 | 26.4 | 2009 | 7.6 | 2006 | 28.2 | 2009 | |
| United Arab Emirates | | | | | | | | | 31 |
| United Kingdom | 13.8 | 7.2 | 34.0 | 2005 | 13.6 | 1999 | 40.0 | 2008-2009 | |
| United States | 15.9 | 8.4 | 45.0 | 2007 | 15.0 | 2007 est. | 45.0 | 2007 | |
| Uruguay | 20.1 | 10.2 | 45.3 | 2010 | 17.9 | 2003 | 45.3 | 2010 | |
| Uzbekistan | 10.6 | 6.2 | 36.7 | 2003 | 10.6 | 2003 | 36.8 | 2003 | |
| Venezuela | 18.8 | 16.0 | 44.8 | 2006 | 50.3 | 2003 | 39.0 | 2011 | |
| Vietnam | 6.9 | 4.9 | 35.6 | 2008 | 10.0 | 2004 | 37.6 | 2008 | |
| West Bank and Gaza | | | 35.5 | 2009 | | | | | |
| Yemen | 8.6 | 5.6 | 37.7 | 2005 | 8.6 | 2003 | 37.7 | 2005 | |
| Zambia | | | 54.6 | 2006 | | | 50.8 | 2004 | |
| Zimbabwe | | | 50.1 | 1995 | | | 50.1 | 2006 | |
| World | | | | | 12.0 | 2002 est. | 39 | 2007 | |

## Referències

* ↑ Data show the ratio of the income or expenditure share of the richest group to that of the poorest. Human Development Report 2009, UNDP, accessed on July 30, 2011.
* ↑ Data show the ratio of the income or expenditure share of the richest group to that of the poorest. Human Development Report 2007/2008, UNDP, accessed on February 3, 2008.
* ↑ World Bank GINI index, accessed on November 24, 2011.
* ↑ Data show the ratio of the household income or consumption share of the richest group to that of the poorest. Household income or consumption by percentage share (%) Arxivat 2009-05-06 a Wayback Machine., The World Factbook, CIA, updated on January 24, 2008. Note: To calculate the value given in the table for this article, the highest 10% value was divided by the lowest 10% value.
* ↑ Distribution of family income - Gini index Arxivat 2007-06-13 a Wayback Machine., The World Factbook, CIA, accessed on November 24, 2011.
* ↑ Global Peace Index calculation incorporates UN Gini scores where available, so countries with a UN Gini calculation are left blank in this column. At Arxivat 2010-03-30 a Wayback Machine. click on each country to see its Gini coefficient. Year is not given. "There are, nevertheless, some problems with the Gini-coefficient; there is a considerable lag in the publication of statistics for many countries suffers, forcing the Economist Intelligence Unit to estimate the coefficient for a sizeable proportion of the 153 countries in the GPI. These problems of measurement look likely to persist for the foreseeable future, and the use of other measures of income inequality may be more effective."
* ↑ Stephen Young (2010) Geni Coefficient Nation Multimedia Arxivat 2013-10-04 a Wayback Machine.
* 1 2 Data for urban households only.
* ↑ http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2009_EN_Complete.pdf

## Vegeu també

* Capacitat de càrrega
* Desenvolupament sostenible
* Distribució de Dagum