# Eleutheronema tetradactylum

Eleutheronema tetradactylum és una espècie de peix pertanyent a la família dels polinèmids present des del golf Pèrsic fins a Papua Nova Guinea i el nord d'Austràlia. És reemplaçat per Eleutheronema rhadinum a l'Àsia Oriental (el Japó, la Xina i el Vietnam). És un peix d'aigua dolça (entra als rius durant l'hivern), salabrosa i marina; pelàgic-nerític; amfídrom i de clima tropical (32°N-26°S, 47°E-154°E), el qual viu entre 0-23 m de fondària sobre fons fangosos i costaners. Els joves viuen als estuaris. Pot arribar a fer 200 cm de llargària (normalment, en fa 50) i 145 kg de pes. Té 9 espines i 13-15 radis tous a l'aleta dorsal i 3 espines i 14-16 radis tous a l'anal. Té 4 filaments pectorals. Té les membranes de les aletes de color groc. És hermafrodita. Les larves (entre 7 i 30 mm) es nodreixen sobretot de copèpodes i de Mysida i, també, de larves de gambes. Els joves (entre 31 i 60 mm) mengen gambes i Mysida. Els exemplars adults s'alimenten de gambes, peixos (Mugilidae, Engraulidae i Sciaenidae) i, de tant en tant, poliquets. A Austràlia és depredat per la barramunda catàdroma (Lates calcarifer), Centropomidae, d'altres polinèmids, el cocodril marí (Crocodylus porosus), taurons i rajades. És inofensiu per als humans i es comercialitza fresc, congelat, assecat o en salaó.

## Referències

* ↑ The Taxonomicon (anglès)
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* ↑ Whitley, G.P., 1948. A list of the fishes of Western Australia. West. Aust. Fish. Dep. Fish Bull. 2:35 p.
* ↑ Hoese, D.F., D.J. Bray, J.R. Paxton i G.R. Allen, 2006. Fishes. A Beasley, O.L. i A. Wells (eds.) Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Volum 35. ABRS & CSIRO Publishing: Australia Part 1, pp. xxiv 1-670; Part 2, pp. xxi 671-1472; Part 3, pp. xxi 1473-2178.
* ↑ Blaber, S.J.M., J.W. Young i M.C. Dunning, 1985. Community structure and zoogeographic affinities of the coastal fishes of the Dampier region of north-western Australia. Aust. J. Mar. Freshwat. Res. 36: 247-266.
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 FishBase (anglès)
* ↑ Ahmed, M., 1991. A model to determine benefits obtainable from the management of riverine fisheries of Bangladesh. ICLARM Tech. Rep. 28, 133 p.
* ↑ Assadi, H. i R. Dehghani P., 1997. Atlas of the Persian Gulf and the Sea of Oman fishes. Iranian Fisheries Research and Training Organization, l'Iran.
* ↑ De Bruin, G.H.P., B.C. Russell i A. Bogusch, 1995. FAO species identification field guide for fishery purposes. The marine fishery resources of Sri Lanka. Roma, FAO. 400 p.
* ↑ Department of Fisheries Malaysia, 2009. Valid local name of Malaysian marine fishes. Department of Fisheries Malaysia. Ministry of Agriculture and Agro-based Industry. 180 p.
* ↑ Feltes, R.M., 2001. Polynemidae. Threadfins. P. 3090-3116. A: K.E. Carpenter i V.H. Niem (eds.). FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. Vol. 5. Bony fishes part 3 (Menidae to Pomacentridae). FAO, Roma.
* ↑ Ganaden, S.R. i F. Lavapie-Gonzales, 1999. Common and local names of marine fishes of the Philippines. Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, Filipines. 385 p.
* ↑ Herre, A.W.C.T., 1953. Check list of Philippine fishes. Res. Rep. U.S. Fish Wild. Serv., (20): 977 p.
* ↑ Herre, A.W.C.T. i A.F. Umali, 1948. English and local common names of Philippine fishes. U. S. Dept. of Interior and Fish and Wildl. Serv. Circular Núm. 14, U. S. Gov't Printing Office, Washington. 128 p.
* ↑ Huang, Z., 2001. Marine species and their distribution in China's seas. p. 404-463. Vertebrata. Smithsonian Institution, Florida, Estats Units. 598 p
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* ↑ Kim, I.S., Y. Choi, C.L. Lee, Y.J. Lee, B.J. Kim i J.H. Kim, 2005. Illustrated book of Korean fishes. Kyo-Hak Pub Co. Seül, Corea del Sud. 615 p.
* ↑ Kottelat, M. i A.J. Whitten, 1996. Freshwater fishes of Western Indonesia and Sulawesi: additions and corrections. Periplus Editions, Hong Kong. 8 p.
* ↑ Kuo, S.-R. i K.-T. Shao, 1999. Species composition of fish in the coastal zones of the Tsengwen estuary, with descriptions of five new records from Taiwan. Zool. Stud. 38(4):391-404.
* ↑ Kuo, S.-R., H.-J. Lin i K.-T. Shao, 1999. Fish assemblages in the mangrove creeks of northern and southern Taiwan. Estuaries 22(4):1004-1015.
* ↑ Mohsin, A.K.M. i M.A. Ambak, 1996. Marine fishes and fisheries of Malaysia and neighbouring countries. University of Pertanian Malaysia Press, Serdang, Malàisia. 744 p.
* ↑ Mohsin, A.K.M., M.A. Ambak i M.N.A. Salam, 1993. Malay, English, and scientific names of the fishes of Malaysia. Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Universiti Pertanian Malaysia, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malàisia, Occasional Publication Núm. 11.
* ↑ Monkolprasit, S., S. Sontirat, S. Vimollohakarn i T. Songsirikul, 1997. Checklist of Fishes in Thailand. Office of Environmental Policy and Planning, Bangkok, Tailàndia. 353 p.
* ↑ Nasir, N.A., 2000. The food and feeding relationships of the fish communities in the inshore waters of Khor Al-Zubair, northwest Arabian Gulf. Cybium 24(1):89-99.
* ↑ Nguyen, H.P. i N.T. Nguyen, 1994. Checklist of marine fishes in Vietnam. Vol. 2. Osteichthyes, from Elopiformes to Mugiliformes. Science and Technics Publishing House, Vietnam.
* ↑ Nguyen, N.T. i V.Q. Nguyen, 2006. Biodiversity and living resources of the coral reef fishes in Vietnam marine waters. Science and Technology Publishing House, Hanoi.
* ↑ Ni, I.-H. i K.-Y. Kwok, 1999 Marine fish fauna in Hong Kong waters. Zool. Stud. 38(2):130-152.
* ↑ Rainboth, W.J., 1996. Fishes of the Cambodian Mekong. FAO Species Identification Field Guide for Fishery Purposes. FAO, Roma, 265 p.
* ↑ Randall, J.E., 1995. Coastal fishes of Oman. University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu, Hawaii. 439 p.
* ↑ Randall, J.E. i K.K.P. Lim (eds.), 2000. A checklist of the fishes of the Mar de la South China Sea. Raffles Bull. Zool. Suppl. (8):569-667.
* ↑ Rao, K.V.R., 1995. Pisces. p. 483-506. A: Fauna of Chilka Lake. Wetland Ecosystem Series 1. Zool. Surv. Índia. 673 p.
* ↑ Rau, N. i A. Rau, 1980. Commercial marine fishes of the Central Philippines (bony fish). German Agency for Technical Cooperation, Alemanya. 623 pp.
* ↑ Shao, K.-T., J.-P. Chen, P.-H. Kao i C.-Y. Wu, 1993. Fish fauna and their geographical distribution along the western coast of Taiwan. Acata Zoologica Taiwanica 4(2): 113-140.
* ↑ Shen, S.C. (ed.), 1993. Fishes of Taiwan. Department of Zoology, National Taiwan University, Taipei. 960 p.
* ↑ Talwar, P.K. i A.G. Jhingran, 1991. Inland fishes of India and adjacent countries. Volum 2. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam.
* ↑ Yamada, U., S. Shirai, T. Irie, M. Tokimura, S. Deng, Y. Zheng, C. Li, Y.U. Kim i Y.S. Kim, 1995. Names and Illustrations of fishes from the East China Sea and the Yellow Sea. Overseas Fishery Cooperation Foundation, Tòquio, Japó (xi + 288 pp.).
* ↑ Menon, A.G.K. i M. Babun Rao, 1984.
* ↑ Riede, K., 2004. Global register of migratory species - from global to regional scales. Final Report of the R&D-Projekt 808 05 081. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn, Alemanya. 329 p.
* ↑ Motomura, H., 2004. Threadfins of the world (Family Polynemidae).
* ↑ Kailola, P.J., M.J. Williams, P.C. Stewart, R.E. Reichelt, A. McNee i C. Grieve, 1993. Australian fisheries resources. Bureau of Resource Sciences, Canberra, Austràlia. 422 p.
* ↑ Grant, E.M., 1978. Guide to fishes. Quarta edició. Dept. of Harbours and Marine, Queensland. 768 p.
* ↑ Menon, A.G.K. i M. Babun Rao, 1984. Polynemidae. A: W. Fischer i G. Bianchi (eds.). FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Western Indian Ocean (Fishing Area 51). Vol. 3. FAO, Roma.
* ↑ Motomura, H., Y. Iwatsuki, S. Kimura i T. Yoshino, 2002. Revision of the Indo-West Pacific polynemid fish genus Eleutheronema (Teleostei: Perciformes). Ichthyol. Res. 49(1):47-61.
* ↑ Kowtal, G.V., 1972. Observations on the breeding and larval development of Chilka 'Sahal' Eleutheronema tetradactylum (Shaw). Indian J. Fish. 19:70-75.
* ↑ Motomura, H., 2004. Threadfins of the world (Family Polynemidae). An annotated and illustrated catalogue of polynemid species known to date. FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes. Núm. 3. Roma, FAO, 117 p.
* ↑ Malhotra, J.C., 1953. The food and the feeding habits of the so-called Indian Salmon, Eleutheronema tetradactylum (Shaw). J. Zoll. Soc. India 5:139-152.
* ↑ Salini, J.P., D.T. Brewer i S.J.M. Blaber, 1998. Dietary studies on the predatory fishes of the Norman River estuary, with particular reference to penaeid prawns. Estuar. Coast. Shelf-Sci. 46(6):837-847.
* ↑ FishBase (anglès)

## Bibliografia

* Anònim, 2001. Base de dades de la col·lecció de peixos del National Museum of Natural History (Smithsonian Institution). Smithsonian Institution - Division of Fishes.
* Anònim, 2002. Base de dades de la col·lecció de peixos del American Museum of Natural History. American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West, NY 10024-5192, Estats Units.
* Eschmeyer, William N., 1990: Catalog of the Genera of Recent Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco, Califòrnia, Estats Units. iii + 697. ISBN 0-940228-23-8.
* Eschmeyer, W.N. (ed.), 1998. Catalog of fishes. Publicació especial de la California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco. 3 vols. 2905 p.
* Motomura, H., 2004. Family Polynemidae (Rafinesque, 1815) threadfins. Calif. Acad. Sci. Annotated Checklists of Fishes (32):18.
* Rahman, A., K. Nayak, K. Khuda-Bukhsh i A.R. Khuda-Bukhsh, 1995. Somatic karyotypes of six species of teleosts (Pisces). Environ. Ecol. 13(1):151-154.
* Ricker, W.E., 1973. Russian-English dictionary for students of fisheries and aquatic biology. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Ottawa.
* Robins, C.R., R.M. Bailey, C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, E.A. Lachner, R.N. Lea i W.B. Scott, 1991. World fishes important to North Americans. Exclusive of species from the continental waters of the United States and Canada. Am. Fish. Soc. Spec. Publ. (21):243 p.
* Wheeler, A., 1977. Das grosse Buch der Fische. Eugen Ulmer GmbH & Co. Stuttgart. 356 p.
* Wu, H.L., K.-T. Shao i C.F. Lai (eds.), 1999. Latin-Chinese dictionary of fishes names. The Sueichan Press, Taiwan.

## Enllaços externs

* BioLib (anglès)
* AQUATAB