# Cronologia dels microprocessadors

La cronologia dels microprocessadors arrenca amb l'Intel 4004, una Unitat Central de Procés (CPU) de 4 bits llençada per Intel Corporation el 1971. Fou la primera CPU completa en un sol xip, la primera comercialment disponible com un processador, gràcies a l'ús de la nova tecnologia de portes lògiques basada en silici, que permetia la integració d'un elevat nombre de transistors i una velocitat més ràpida del que mai abans havia estat possible.
| Data | Nom | Fabricant | Rellotge | Geometria | Transistors |
| 1971 | 4004 | Intel | 740 kHz | 10 µm | 2.250 |
| 1972 | 8008 | Intel | 500 kHz | 10 μm | 3.500 |
| 1974 | 6800 | Motorola | 2 MHz | - | 4.100 |
| 1974 | 8080 | Intel | 2 MHz | 6 μm | 6.000 |
| 1974 | 1802 | RCA | 3,2 MHz | 5 μm | 5.000 |
| 1974 | TMS1000 | Texas Instruments | 400 kHz | 8 μm | 8.000 |
| 1975 | 6502 | MOS Technologies | 1 MHz | - | 4.000 |
| 1976 | Z-80 | Zilog | 2 MHz | 4 μm | 8.500 |
| 1976 | 8085 | Intel | 5 MHz | 3 μm | 6.500 |
| 1976 | TMS9900 | Texas Instruments | 3,3 MHz | - | 8.000 |
| 1977 | 6100 | Intersil | 4 MHz | - | 20.000 |
| 1978 | 8086 | Intel | 5 MHz | 3 μm | 29.000 |
| 1978 | 6801 | Motorola | - | 5 μm | 35.000 |
| 1979 | Z8000 | Zilog | - | - | 17.500 |
| 1979 | 8088 | Intel | 5 MHz | 3 μm | 29.000 |
| 1979 | 6809 | Motorola | 1 MHz | 5 μm | 40.000 |
| 1979 | 68000 | Motorola | 8 MHz | 4 μm | 68.000 |
| 1980 | 16032 | National | - | - | 60.000 |
| 1981 | 6120 | Harris Corporation | 10 MHz | - | 20.000 |
| 1981 | ROMP | IBM | 10 MHz | 2 µm | 45.000 |
| 1981 | T-11 | DEC | 2,5 MHz | 5 µm | 17.000 |
| 1982 | RISC-I | UC Berkeley | 1 MHz | 5 µm | 44.420 |
| 1982 | FOCUS | Hewlett Packard | 18 MHz | 1,5 µm | 450.000 |
| 1982 | 80186 | Intel | 6 MHz | - | 55.000 |
| 1982 | 80286 | Intel | 6 MHz | 1,5 µm | 134.000 |
| 1983 | RISC-II | UC Berkeley | 3 MHz | 3 µm | 40,760 |
| 1983 | MIPS | Universitat Stanford | 2 MHz | 3 µm | 25,000 |
| 1984 | 68020 | Motorola | 16 MHz | 2 µm | 190,000 |
| 1984 | 32032 | National | - | - | 70,000 |
| 1984 | V20 | NEC | 5 MHz | - | 63.000 |
| 1985 | 80386 | Intel | 16 MHz | 1,5 µm | 275.000 |
| 1985 | MicroVax II 78032 | DEC | 5 MHz | 3,0 µm | 125.000 |
| 1985 | R2000 | MIPS | 8 MHz | 2 µm | 115.000 |
| 1988 | R3000 | MIPS | 12 MHz | 2 µm | 120.000 |
| 1986 | Z80000 | Zilog | - | - | 91,000 |
| 1986 | SPARC | Sun | 40 MHz | 0.8 µm | 800,000 |
| 1986 | V60 | NEC | 16 MHz | 1.5 µm | 375,000 |
| 1987 | CVAX 78034 | DEC | 12.5 MHz | 2.0 µm | 134,000 |
| 1987 | ARM2 | ARM Limited | 18 MHz | 2 µm | 25,000 |
| 1987 | Gmicro/200 | Hitachi | - | 1.0 µm | 730,000 |
| 1987 | 68030 | Motorola | 16 MHz | 1,3 µm | 273.000 |
| 1987 | V70 | NEC | 20 MHz | 1,5 µm | 385.000 |
| 1988 | i960 | Intel | 10 MHz | 1,5 µm | 250.000 |
| 1989 | VAX DC520 "Rigel" | DEC | 35 MHz | 1,5 µm | 320.000 |
| 1989 | 80486 | Intel | 25 MHz | 1 µm | 1.180.000 |
| 1989 | i860 | Intel | 25 MHz | 1 µm | 1.000.000 |
| 1990 | 68040 | Motorola | 40 MHz | - | 1,2 |
| 1990 | POWER1 | IBM | 20-30 MHz | 1,0 µm | 6,9 |
| 1991 | R4000 | MIPS Computer Systems | 100 MHz | 0,8 µm | 1,35 |
| 1991 | NVAX | DEC | 62.5-90.91 MHz | 0.75 µm | 1.3 |
| 1991 | RSC | IBM | 33 MHz | 0.8 µm | 1.0 |
| 1992 | Alpha 21064 | DEC | 100-200 MHz | 0.75 µm | 1.68 |
| 1992 | microSPARC I | Sun | 40-50 MHz | 0.8 µm | 0.8 |
| 1992 | PA-7100 | Hewlett Packard | 100 MHz | 0.80 µm | 0.85 |
| 1993 | PowerPC 601 | IBM, Motorola | 50-80 MHz | 0.6 µm | 2.8 |
| 1993 | Pentium | Intel | 60-66 MHz | 0.8 µm | 3.1 |
| 1993 | POWER2 | IBM | 55-71.5 MHz | 0.72 µm | 23 |
| 1994 | 68060 | Motorola | 50 MHz | 0.6 µm | 2.5 |
| 1994 | Alpha 21064A | DEC | 200-300 MHz | 0.5 µm | 2.85 |
| 1994 | R4600 | QED | 100 - 125 MHz | 0.65 µm | 2.2 |
| 1994 | PA-7200 | Hewlett Packard | 125 MHz | 0.55 µm | 1.26 |
| 1994 | PowerPC 603 | IBM, Motorola | 60-120 MHz | 0.5 µm | 1.6 |
| 1994 | PowerPC 604 | IBM, Motorola | 100-180 MHz | 0.5 µm | 3.6 |
| 1994 | PA-7100LC | Hewlett Packard | 100 MHz | 0.75 µm | 0.90 |
| 1995 | Alpha 21164 | DEC | 266-333 MHz | 0.5 µm | 9.3 |
| 1995 | UltraSPARC | Sun | 143–167 MHz | 0.47 µm | 5.2 |
| 1995 | SPARC64 | HAL Computer Systems | 101–118 MHz | 0.40 µm | - |
| 1995 | Pentium Pro | Intel | 150-200 MHz | 0.35 µm | 5.5 |
| 1996 | Alpha 21164A | DEC | 400-500 MHz | 0.35 µm | 9.7 |
| 1996 | K5 | AMD | 75-100 MHz | 0.5 µm | 4.3 |
| 1996 | R10000 | MTI | 150-250 MHz | 0.35 µm | 6.7 |
| 1996 | R5000 | QED | 180 - 250 MHz | 0.35 µm | 3.7 |
| 1996 | SPARC64 II | HAL Computer Systems | 141–161 MHz | 0.35 µm | - |
| 1996 | PA-8000 | Hewlett-Packard | 160-180 MHz | 0.50 µm | 3.8 |
| 1996 | P2SC | IBM | 150 MHz | 0.29 µm | 15 |
| 1997 | Pentium II | Intel | 233-300 MHz | 0.35 µm | 7.5 |
| 1997 | PowerPC 620 | IBM, Motorola | 120-150 MHz | 0.35 µm | 6.9 |
| 1997 | UltraSPARC IIs | Sun | 250-400 MHz | 0.35 µm | 5.4 |
| 1997 | S/390 G4 | IBM | 370 MHz | 0.5 µm | 7.8 |
| 1997 | PowerPC 750 | IBM, Motorola | 233-366 MHz | 0.26 µm | 6.35 |
| 1997 | K6 | AMD | 166-233 MHz | 0.35 µm | 8.8 |
| 1998 | Alpha 21264 | DEC | 450-600 MHz | 0.35 µm | 15.2 |
| 1998 | MIPS R12000 | SGI | 270-400 MHz | 0.25 µm, 0.18 µm | 6.9 |
| 1998 | RM7000 | QED | 250 - 300 MHz | 0.25 µm | 18 |
| 1998 | SPARC64 III | HAL Computer Systems | 250-330 MHz | 0.24 µm | 17.6 |
| 1998 | S/390 G5 | IBM | 500 MHz | 0.25 µm | 25 |
| 1998 | PA-8500 | Hewlett Packard | 300-440 MHz | 0.25 µm | 140 |
| 1998 | POWER3 | IBM | 200 MHz | 0.25 µm | 15 |
| 1999 | Pentium III | Intel | 450-600 MHz | 0.25 µm | 9.5 |
| 1999 | PowerPC 7400 | Motorola | 350-500 MHz | 0.20 µm | 10.5 |
| 1999 | Athlon | AMD | 500-1000 MHz | 0.25 µm | 22 |
| 2000 | Athlon XP | AMD | 1.33-1.73 GHz | 180 nm | 37.5 |
| 2000 | Pentium 4 | Intel | 1.3-2 GHz | 180 nm | 42 |
| 2000 | SPARC64 IV | Fujitsu | 450–810 MHz | 130 nm | - |
| 2000 | z900 | IBM | 918 MHz | 180 nm | 47 |
| 2001 | R14000 | MIPS | 500-600 MHz | 130 nm | 7.2 |
| 2001 | POWER4 | IBM | 1.1-1.4 GHz | 90 nm | 174 |
| 2001 | UltraSPARC III | Sun | 750-1200 MHz | 130 nm | 29 |
| 2001 | Itanium | Intel | 733-800 MHz | 180 nm | 25 |
| 2001 | PowerPC 7450 | Motorola | 733-800 MHz | 180 nm | 33 |
| 2002 | Itanium 2 | Intel | 0.9-1 GHz | 180 nm | 410 |
| 2003 | PowerPC 970 | IBM | 1.6-2.0 MHz | 130 nm | 52 |
| 2003 | Pentium M | Intel | 0.9-1.7 GHz | 130 nm | 77 |
| 2003 | SPARC64 V | Fujitsu | 1.1-1.35 GHz | 130 nm | 190 |
| 2003 | Opteron | AMD | 1.4-2.4 GHz | 130 nm | 106 |
| 2004 | POWER5 | IBM | 1.65-1.9 GHz | 130 nm | 276 |
| 2005 | Athlon 64 X2 | AMD | 2-2.4 GHz | 90 nm | 243 |
| 2005 | UltraSPARC IV | Sun | 1.05-1.35 GHz | 130 nm | 66 |
| 2005 | UltraSPARC T1 | Sun | 1-1.4 GHz | 90 nm | 300 |
| 2006 | Core Duo | Intel | 1.1-2.33 GHz | 65 nm | 151 |
| 2006 | Core 2 | Intel | 1.06-2.67 GHz | 65 nm | 291 |
| 2006 | Cell/B.E. | IBM, Sony, Toshiba | 3.2-4.6 GHz | 90 nm | 241 |
| 2007 | POWER6 | IBM | 3.5-4.7 GHz | 65 nm | 790 |
| 2007 | UltraSPARC T2 | Sun | 1-1.4 GHz | 65 nm | 503 |
| 2008 | Phenom | AMD | 1,8-2,6 GHz | 65 nm | 450 |
| 2008 | z10 | IBM | 4,4 GHz | 65 nm | 991 |
| 2008 | Atom | Intel | 0,8-1,6 GHz | 45 nm | 47 |
| 2008 | Core i7 | Intel | 2,66-3,2 GHz | 45 nm | 730 |
| 2009 | Phenom II | AMD | 2,5-3,2 GHz | 45 nm | 758 |
| 2010 | POWER7 | IBM | 3–4.14 GHz | 45 nm | 1200 |
| 2010 | Itanium "Tukwila" | Intel | 2 GHz | 65 nm | 2000 |
| 2010 | Opteron "Magny-cours" | AMD | 1.7–2.4 GHz | 45 nm | 1810 |
| 2010 | Xeon "Nehalem-EX" | Intel | 1.73–2.66 GHz | 45 nm | 2300 |
| 2010 | z196 | IBM | 3.8–5.2 GHz | 45 nm | 1400 |
| 2010 | SPARC T3 | Sun | 1.6 GHz | 45 nm | 2000 |
| 2010 | SPARC64 VII+ | Fujitsu | 2.66–3.0 GHz | 45 nm | ? |
| 2010 | Intel "Westmere" | Intel | 1.86–3.33 GHz | 32 nm | 1170 |
| 2011 | Intel "Sandy Bridge" | Intel | 1.6–3.4 GHz | 32 nm | 995 |
| 2011 | AMD Llano | AMD | 1.0–1.6 GHz | 40 nm | 380 |
| 2011 | Xeon E7 | Intel | 1.73–2.67 GHz | 32 nm | 2600 |
| 2011 | Power ISA BGQ | IBM | 1.6 GHz | 45 nm | 1470 |
| 2011 | SPARC64 VIIIfx | Fujitsu | 2.0 GHz | 45 nm | 760 |
| 2011 | FX "Bulldozer" Interlagos | AMD | 3.1–3.6 GHz | 32 nm | 1200 |
| 2011 | SPARC T4 | Oracle | 2.8–3 GHz | 40 nm | 855 |
| 2012 | SPARC64 IXfx | Fujitsu | 1.848 GHz | 40 nm | 1870 |
| 2012 | zEC12 | IBM | 5.5 GHz | 32 nm | 2750 |
| 2012 | POWER7+ | IBM | 3.1–5.3 GHz | 32 nm | 2100 |
| 2012 | Itanium "Poulson" | Intel | 1.73–2.53 GHz | 32 nm | 3100 |
| 2013 | Intel "Haswell" | Intel | 1.9–4.4 GHz | 22 nm | 1400 |
| 2013 | SPARC64 X | Fujitsu | 2.8–3 GHz | 28 nm | 2950 |
| 2013 | SPARC T5 | Oracle | 3.6 GHz | 28 nm | 1500 |
| 2014 | POWER8 | IBM | 2.5–5 GHz | 22 nm | 4200 |
| 2014 | Intel "Broadwell" | Intel | 1.8-4 GHz | 14 nm | 1900 |
| 2015 | z13 | IBM | 5 GHz | 22 nm | 3990 |
| 2015 | A8-7670K | AMD | 3.6 GHz | 28 nm | 2410 |
| 2017 | Zen | AMD | 3.2–4.1 GHz | 14 nm | 4800 |
| 2017 | z14 | IBM | 5.2 GHz | 14 nm | 6100 |
| 2017 | POWER9 | IBM | 4 GHz | 14 nm | 8000 |
| 2017 | SPARC M8 | Oracle | 5 GHz | 20 nm | ~10,000 |
| 2018 | Intel "Cannon Lake" | Intel | 2.2-3.2 GHz | 10 nm | ? |
| 2018 | Zen+ | AMD | 2.8-3.7 GHz | 12 nm | 4800 |
| 2019 | Zen 2 | AMD | 2-4.7 GHz | 7 nm | 3900 |
| 2019 | z15 | IBM | 5.2 GHz | 14 nm | 9200 |

## Referències

* ↑ Cuesta, Albert «Quaranta anys d'un xip màgic». Diari Ara [Barcelona], núm.352, 17-11-2011, p.52. ISSN: 2014-010X.
* ↑ «Berkeley Hardware Prototypes». [Consulta: 15 juny 2008].
* ↑ Patterson, David A. «Reduced instruction set computers». Communications of the ACM, 28, 1985, pàg. 8. DOI: 10.1145/2465.214917.
* 1 2 Kimura S, Komoto Y, Yano Y «Implementation of the V60/V70 and its FRM function». Micro, IEEE, 8, 2, 1988, pàg. 22–36. DOI: 10.1109/40.527.
* ↑ Inayoshi H, Kawasaki I, Nishimukai T, Sakamura K «Realization of Gmicro/200». Micro, IEEE, 8, 2, 1988, pàg. 12–21. DOI: 10.1109/40.526.
* ↑ Moore CR, Balser DM, Muhich JS, East RE (1992). "IBM Single Chip RISC Processor (RSC)". Proceedings of the 1991 IEEE International Conference on Computer Design on VLSI in Computer & Processors: 200–4, IEEE Computer Society [Consulta: 28 octubre 2009] Arxivat 2013-10-04 a Wayback Machine. «Còpia arxivada». Arxivat de l'original el 2013-10-04. [Consulta: 28 octubre 2009].
* ↑ «PA-RISC Processors». [Consulta: 11 maig 2008].
* ↑ Anand Lal Shimpi. «A Closer Look at the Sandy Bridge Die». AnandTech, 10-01-2011.
* ↑ renethx. «Cedar (HD 5450) and Zacate (E350) are manufactured in TSMC 40 nm process». A: AMD Zacate — the next great HTPC chip?, 10 novembre 2011.
* ↑ «AMD Revises Bulldozer Transistor Count: 1.2B, not 2B». AnandTech, 02-12-2011.
* ↑ «Sparc M8 processor». Oracle Corp.
* ↑ https://www.nextplatform.com/2017/09/18/m8-last-hurrah-oracle-sparc/