# Tanana

* Per a altres significats sobre Tanana, vegeu «Tanana (desambiguació)».
Els tanana són una tribu del grup na-dené, que es dividia en dos grups, tanacross i lower tanana.

## Localització

Viuen als marges del riu Tanana, a Alaska Central.

## Demografia

El 1980 sumaven 520 individus, dividits entre 160 tanacross (dels que 120 parlaven la llengua) i 360 lower tanana (dels que només en parlaven 100). Però el 1990 eren calculats en 850 individus. Segons dades de la BIA del 1995, ocupaven els llogarrets de Dot Lake (38 h/40), Healy (40 h/42), Minto (212 h/223), Nenana (189 h/197), Northway (248 h/260), Tanacross (100 h/105), Tanana (270 h/284), Tetlin (83 h/87). En total, 1.238 individus.

## Costums

Eren caçadors nòmades i es proveïen principalment de caribús, dants i ovelles de muntanya per tal d'obtenir menjar o pells per a vestir-se. Vivien en bordes en forma de cúpula i cobertes de pell a l'hivern, i en teulats o cabanes d'escorça o d'estopa a l'estiu. Es dividien en nombrosos clans llunyanament relacionats, i que canviaven sovint de composició per les barreges, divisions i emigracions. El potlacht se significava per una ostentosa distribució de regals i era una prova de prestigi personal. L'element central de llur vida religiosa era el xaman, però la religió estava altament individualitzada, puix que cada persona desenvolupava les seves pròpeis creences, pràctiques, amulets i tabús. Els del curs baix del riu eren sedentaris i vivien de la pesca del salmó, i els del naixement vivien de la cacera del caribú, complementada amb la pesca els mesos de juliol i agost.

## Referències

* Andrews, Elizabeth F. 1975. Salcha: An Athapaskan band of the Tanana River and its culture. M.A. Thesis, University of Alaska.
* Arnold, Irene, Gary Holton & Rick Thoman. 2003. Tanacross Phrases and Conversations. Faribanks: Alaska Native Language Center.
* Brean, Alice & James Kari. 1991. Tanacross Language Notes. Manuscript, Alaska Native Language Center Archives. Fairbanks.
* Charlie, Mary & Nancy McRoy. 1972. [Tanacross Texts]. Manuscript, Alaska Native Language Center Archives. Fairbanks.
* Dürr, Michael & Egon Renner. 1995. The history of the Na-Dene controversy: A sketch. Language and Culture in North America: Studies in Honor of Heinz-Jürgen Pinnow, ed. by Egon Renner & Michael Dürr, 3-18. (Lincom Studies in Native American Linguistics 2). Múnic: Lincom Europa.
* Geoghegan, J.T. & Richard H. Geoghegan. 1904. Words of the Upper Tanana dialect, collected in the neighborhood of the Healy, Goodpaster, and Volkmar rivers 1904-1906. Manuscript, Rasmussen Library, Alaska and Polar Regions Archives. Fairbanks.
* Goddard, Ives. 1996. Introduction. Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 17: Languages, ed. by Ives Goddard, 1-16. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian.
* Holton, Gary. 2000. The Phonology and Morphology of the Tanacross Athabaskan Language. PhD Dissertation, University of California Santa Barbara.
* Holton, Gary. 2001. Fortis and lenis fricatives in Tanacross Athapaskan. International Journal of American Linguistics 67(4).396-414.
* Holton, Gary. 2003. More issues in Tanacross orthography. Ms., Alaska Native Language Center Archives. Fairbanks.
* Holton, Gary. 2003. On the representation of tone in Athabascan practical orthographies. Proceedings of the 2003 Athabaskan Languages Conference, ed. by S. Tuttle. (ANLC Working Paper 3.) Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center
* Holton, Gary. 2004. Writing Tanacross without special fonts Arxivat 2006-02-23 a Wayback Machine.. Ms., Alaska Native Language Center Archives. Fairbanks.
* Holton, Gary. 2005. Pitch, tone, and intonation in Tanacross. Athabaskan Prosody, ed. by Keren Rice & Sharon Hargus. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
* Isaac, Andrew. 1988. Andrew Isaac. Fairbanks: Central Alaska Curriculum Commission.
* Isaac, Jerry. 1997. Tanacross Listening Exercises. Whitehorse: Yukon Native Language Centre.
* Kari, James. 1991. Tanacross Stem List. Manuscript, Alaska Native Language Center Archives. Fairbanks.
* Krauss, Michael E. 1962. [Tanacross materials]. Manuscript, Alaska Native Language Center Archives. Fairbanks.
* Krauss, Michael E. 1973a. [Healy Lake Materials]. Manuscript, Alaska Native Language Center Archives. Fairbanks.
* Krauss, Michael E. 1973b. Na-Dene. Linguistics in North America, ed. by Thomas A. Sebeok, 903-78. (Current Trends in Linguistics 10). The Hague: Mouton.
* Krauss, Michael E. 1979. Athabaskan Tone. Manuscript, Alaska Native Language Center Archives. Fairbanks. (Reprinted in Hargus & Rice 2005)
* Krauss, Michael E. 1986. Edward Sapir and Athabaskan Linguistics. New Perspectives in Language, Culture, and Personality: Proceedings of the Edward Sapir Centenary Conference (Ottawa, 1-3 October 1984), ed. by William Cowan, Michael K. Foster & Konrad Koerner. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
* Krauss, Michael E. 1997. The indigenous languages of the north: A report on their present state. Northern Minority Languages: Problems of Survival, ed. by Hiroshi Shoji & Juha Janhunen, 1-34. (Senri Ethological Studies 44). Osaka, Japan: National Museum of Ethnology.
* Krauss, Michael E. & Mary Jane McGary. 1980. Alaska Native Languages: A Bibliographical Catalogue: Part One: Indian Languages. (Alaska Native Language Center Research Paper 3.). Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center.
* Krauss, Michael E. & Victor K. Golla. 1981. Northern Athabaskan Languages. Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 6: Subarctic, ed. by J. Helm, 67-86. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian.
* de Laguna, Frederica & Catherine McClellan. 1960. Tanacross fieldnotes. Manuscript, Alaska Native Language Center Archives. Fairbanks.
* Leer, Jeff. 1977. Stem Syllable Development in Tanacross and Upper Tanana. Manuscript, Alaska Native Language Center Archives. Fairbanks.
* Leer, Jeff. 1982a. Subject-classifier paradigms in Tanacross. Manuscript, Alaska Native Language Center Archives. Fairbanks.
* Leer, Jeff. 1982b. Issues in Tanacross Orthography. Manuscript. Alaska Native Language Center Archives.
* Levine, Robert D. 1979. Haida and Na-Dene: A new look at the evidence. International Journal of American Linguistics 45(2).157-70.
* McKennan, Robert A. 1959. The Upper Tanana Indians. (Yale University Publications in Anthropology 55). New Haven: Yale University Department of Anthropology.
* McRoy, Nancy. 1973. Beginning Tanacross Dictionary. Manuscript, Alaska Native Language Center Archives. Fairbanks.
* Minoura, Nobukatsu. 1991. [Tanacross Fieldnotes]. Manuscript, Alaska Native Language Center Archives. Fairbanks.
* Minoura, Nobukatsu. 1994. A comparative phonology of the Upper Tanana Athabaskan dialects. Languages of the North Pacific Rim, ed. by Osahito Miyaoka, 159-96. (Hokkaido University Publications in Linguistics 7.). Sapporo: Department of Linguistics, Faculty of Letters, Hokkaido University.
* Paul, Gaither. 1980. Stories for My Grandchildren. Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center.
* Paul, Marilyn. 1978. [Tanacross Notes]. Manuscript.
* Sapir, Edward. 1915. The Na-Dene languages: A preliminary report. American Anthropologist 17(3).534-58.
* Shinen, David C. 1958. A word list of the Nabesna dialect of the Alaska Athapaskans. Manuscript, Alaska Native Language Center Archives. Fairbanks.
* Simeone, William E. 1995. Rifles, Blankets, and Beads. (The Civilization of the American Indian Series). Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press.
* Solomon, Irene. 1994. Tanacross Athabaskan Language Lessons. Whitehorse: Yukon Native Language Centre.
* Solomon, Irene. 1996. Tanacross Listening Exercises. Whitehorse: Yukon Native Language Centre.
* Solomon, Irene. 1997. Tanacross Diagnostics. Manuscript, Alaska Native Language Center Archives. Fairbanks.
* Wrangell, Ferdinand Petrovich von. 1839. Statistische und ethnographische Nachrichten über die russischen Besitzungen an der Nordwestküste von Amerika Arxivat 2012-11-19 a Wayback Machine., ed. by K. G. von Baer & Gr. von Helmersen, 101-03, 259. Osnabrück: Biblio-Verlag.