# Halford John Mackinder

Sir Halford John Mackinder PC (15 de febrer de 1861 – 6 de març de 1947) va ser un geògraf anglès i es considera que és un dels pares fundadors tant del la geopolítica com de la geoestratègia.

## Biografia

Va néixer a Gainsborough, Lincolnshire, Anglaterra, es va educar al Epsom College i Christ Church, Oxford. A Oxford s'especialitzà en zoologia sota Henry Nottidge Moseley, qui va ser el naturalista de la Challenger expedition. Després Halford estudià història amb l'ànim d'estudiar com la teoria de l'evolució podria aparèixer en el desenvolupament humà. Proposava que la geografia física i la geografia humana s'estudiessin dins una sola disciplina. Mackinder va ser President de l'Oxford Union el 1883.
Mackinder es creu que va introduir els termes "manpower" i "heartland" en anglès.

### Influència en l'estratègia Nazi

La Heartland Theory va ser adoptada amb entusiasme per l'escola alemanya de geopolítica (Geopolitik), en particular per Karl Haushofer. Tanmateix Mackinder va ser sempre extremadament crític amb l'explotació alemanya de les seves idees. La interpretació alemanya de la teoria Heartland apareix en la pel·lícula de propaganda The Nazis Strike de Frank Capra.

### Influència en l'estratègia dels Estats Units

La teoria Heartland va ser molt influent en l'estratègia dels Estats Units durant la Guerra Freda.

## Obres

* Mackinder, H.J. On the Scope and Methods of Geography On the Scope and Methods of Geography, Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society and Monthly Record of Geography, New Monthly Series, Vol. 9, No. 3 (Mar., 1887), pp. 141–174.
* Mackinder, H.J. Sadler, M.E. University extension: has it a future?, London, Frowde, 1890.
* Mackinder, H.J. “A Journey to the Summit of Mount Kenya, British East Africa”, The Geographical Journal, Vol. 15, No. 5 (May, 1900), pp. 453–476.
* Mackinder, H.J. Britain and the British Seas. New York: D. Appleton and company, 1902.
* Mackinder, H.J. "The geographical pivot of history". The Geographical Journal, 1904, 23, pp. 421–37. Available online as Mackinder, H.J. "The Geographical Pivot of History", in Democratic Ideals and Reality Arxivat 2009-03-05 a Wayback Machine., Washington, DC: National Defence University Press, 1996, pp. 175–194.
* Mackinder, H.J. “Man-Power as a Measure of National and Imperial Strength”, National and English Review, XIV, 1905.
* Mackinder, HJ. "Geography and History", The Times. 9 February 1905.
* Mackinder, H.J. as editor of The Regions of the World series which includes the 1902 Britain and the British Seas mentioned above - which included The Nearer East by D.G. Hogarth London, Henry Frowde, 1902 and 1905
* Mackinder, H.J. Our own islands, an elementary study in geography, London: G. Philips, 1907
* Mackinder, H.J. The Rhine: its valley & history. New York: Dodd, Mead. 1908.
* Mackinder, H.J. Eight Lectures on India. London : Waterlow, 1910.
* Mackinder, H.J. The modern British state : an introduction to the study of civics. London: G. Philip, 1914.
* Mackinder, H.J. Democratic Ideals and Reality. New York: Holt, 1919. Available online as Democratic Ideals and Reality Arxivat 2009-03-05 a Wayback Machine., Washington, DC: National Defence University Press, 1996.
* Mackinder, HJ. 1943. "The round world and the winning of the peace", Foreign Affairs, 21 (1943) 595-605. Available online as Mackinder, H.J. "The round world and the winning of the peace", in Democratic Ideals and Reality Arxivat 2009-03-05 a Wayback Machine., Washington, DC: National Defence University Press, 1996, pp. 195–205.

## Bibliografia

* Ashworth, Lucian M. “Realism and the spirit of 1919: Halford Mackinder, geopolitics and the reality of the League of Nations”, European Journal of International Relations, XX(X), June, 2010, 1–23.
* Blouet, Brian. Global Geostrategy, Mackinder and the Defence of the West, Londres, Frank Cass, 2005.
* Blouet, Brian. Halford Mackinder, A Biography. College Station : Texas A&M University Press, 1987.
* Blouet, Brian, "The imperial vision of Halford Mackinder", Geographical Journal, Volume 170 Issue 4, Pages 322 - 329.
* Blouet, Brian W., 'Sir Halford Mackinder as British high commissioner to South Russia 1919-1920'. Geographical Journal, 142 (1976), 228-36.
* Cantor, L.M. The Royal Geographical Society and the Projected London Institute of Geography 1892-1899. The Geographical Journal, Vol. 128, No. 1 (Mar., 1962), pp. 30–35
* Kearns, Gerry. Halford John Mackinder, 1861–1947. Geographers: Biobibliographical Studies, 1985, 9, 71–86.
* Kearns, Gerry. Geopolitics and Empire: The Legacy of Halford Mackinder. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.
* Parker, Geoffrey. Western Geopolitical Thought in the Twentieth Century, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1985.
* Parker, W.H. Mackinder, Geography as an Aid to Statecraft, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1982.
* Sloan, G.R. Geopolitics in United States Strategic Policy, Brighton: Wheatsheaf Books, 1988.
* Sloan, G.R. "Sir Halford Mackinder: the heartland theory then and now", in Gray C S and Sloan G.R., Geopolitics, geography and strategy. London: Frank Cass, pp. 15–38.
* Unstead, J.F. H. J. Mackinder and the New Geography, The Geographical Journal, Vol. 113, (Jan. - Jun., 1949), pp. 47–57
* Venier, Pascal. “The Geographical Pivot of History and Early 20th century Geopolitical Culture Arxivat 2007-12-15 a Wayback Machine.”, Geographical Journal, vol. 170, no 4, December 2004, pp. 330–336.

## Referències

* ↑ Edmund W. Gilbert, British Pioneers in Geography (Newton Abbot, David & Charles, 1972), p. 141.
* ↑ Sloan, G.R. Geopolitics in United States Strategic Policy, Brighton: Wheatsheaf Books, 1988.

## Enllaços externs

Plantilla:Americana Poster
* Mackinder biographical entry Arxivat 2005-03-12 a Wayback Machine. at the London School of Economics
* see also द जियॉग्राफिकल पॉइवट ऑफ हिस्टरी Arxivat 2013-05-22 a Wayback Machine.
* Window on Heartland – Geopolitical blog inspired on Mackinder’s Heartland theory
* Hansard 1803–2005: contribucions al Parlament de Halford Mackinder