# Mescalero-chiricahua

El mescalero-chiricahua pertany a la branca sud-oriental de les llengües atapascanes meridionals parlades per les tribus apatxe mescalero i chiricahua a Oklahoma i Nou Mèxic. Es troba relacionat amb el navaho i l'apatxe occidental. El mescalero-chiricahua ha estat descrit amb força detall per l'antropòleg lingüista Harry Hoijer (1904–1976), especialment en Hoijer & Opler (1938) i Hoijer (1946). L'obra de Hoijer & Opler Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache Texts, inclòs un esquema de la gramàtica i històries religioses tradicionals i seculars, la Universitat de Virgínia l'ha convertit en un "llibre" disponible online.
Virginia Klinekole, primera presidenta de la Tribu Apatxe Mescalero, fou coneguda pels seus esforços per preservar la llengua.

## Fonologia
### Consonants

Les 31 consonants del mescalero-chiricahua:
| | | Bilabial | Alveolar | Alveolar | Post-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glotal |
| | | Bilabial | central | lateral | Post-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glotal |
| Oclusiva | no aspirada | p | t | | | | k | |
| Oclusiva | aspirada | | tʰ | | | | kʰ | |
| Oclusiva | ejectiva | | tʼ | | | | kʼ | ʔ |
| Africada | no aspirada | | ts | tɮ | tʃ | | | |
| Africada | aspirada | | tsʰ | tɬʰ | tʃʰ | | | |
| Africada | ejectiva | | tsʼ | tɬʼ | tʃʼ | | | |
| Nasal | simple | m | n | | | | | |
| Nasal | prenasalitzada | (mᵇ) | nᵈ | | | | | |
| Fricativa | sin voz | | s | ɬ | ʃ | | x | h |
| Fricativa | sonora | | z | ɮ | ʒ | ʝ | ɣ | |

### Vocals

Les 16 vocals del mescalero-chiricahua:
| | | Frontal | Frontal | Central | Central | Posterior | Posterior |
| | | curta | llarga | curta | llarga | curta | llarga |
| Alta | oral | i | iː | | | | |
| Alta | nasal | ĩ | ĩː | | | | |
| Mitjana | oral | ɛ | ɛː | | | o | oː |
| Mitjana | nasal | ɛ̃ | ɛ̃ː | | | õ | õː |
| Baixa | oral | | | a | aː | | |
| Baixa | nasal | | | ã | ãː | | |
El mescalero-chiricahua posseeix vocals fonèmiques orals, nasals, curtes, i llargues.

## Referències

* ↑ Cens dels Estats Units del 2000
* ↑ Mescalero-chiricahua referència a Ethnologue (16th ed., 2009)
* ↑ «Former tribal leader dies : Past Mescalero president, council member, writer remembered». Alamogordo Daily News, 15-03-2011 [Consulta: 26 març 2013]. Arxivat 2014-05-25 a Wayback Machine. «Còpia arxivada». Arxivat de l'original el 2014-05-25. [Consulta: 24 maig 2014].

## Bibliografia

* Hoijer, Harry. (n.d.). Chiricahua Apache stems. (Unpublished manuscript).
* Hoijer, Harry. (1938). The southern Athapaskan languages. American Anthropologist, 40 (1), 75-87.
* Hoijer, Harry. (1939). Chiricahua loan-words from Spanish. Language, 15 (2), 110-115.
* Hoijer, Harry. (1945). Classificatory verb stems in the Apachean languages. International Journal of American Linguistics, 11 (1), 13-23.
* Hoijer, Harry. (1945). The Apachean verb, part I: Verb structure and pronominal prefixes. International Journal of American Linguistics, 11 (4), 193-203.
* Hoijer, Harry. (1946). The Apachean verb, part II: The prefixes for mode and tense. International Journal of American Linguistics, 12 (1), 1-13.
* Hoijer, Harry. (1946). The Apachean verb, part III: The classifiers. International Journal of American Linguistics, 12 (2), 51-59.
* Hoijer, Harry. (1946). Chiricahua Apache. In C. Osgood (Ed.), Linguistic structures in North America. New York: Wenner-Green Foundation for Anthropological Research.
* Hoijer, Harry; & Opler, Morris E. (1938). Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache texts. The University of Chicago publications in anthropology; Linguistic series. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (Reprinted in 1964 by Chicago: University of Chicago Press; in 1970 by Chicago: University of Chicago Press; & in 1980 under H. Hoijer by New York: AMS Press, ISBN 0-404-15783-1).
* Opler, Morris E., & Hoijer, Harry. (1940). The raid and war-path language of the Chiricahua Apache. American Anthropologist, 42 (4), 617-634.
* Pinnow, Jürgen. (1988). Die Sprache der Chiricahua-Apachen: Mit Seitenblicken auf das Mescalero [The language of the Chiricahua Apache: With side glances at the Mescalero]. Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag.
* Webster, Anthony K. (2006). On Speaking to Him (Coyote): The Discourse Functions of the yi-/bi- Alternation in Some Chiricahua Apache Narratives. Southwest Journal of Linguistics, 25(2), 143-160.
* Young, Robert W. (1983). Apachean languages. In A. Ortiz, W. C. Sturtevant (Eds.), Handbook of North American Indians: Southwest, (Vol. 10), (p. 393-400). Washington: Smithsonian Institution. ISBN 0-16-004579-7.

## Enllaços externs

* Texts chiricahua i mescalero
* OLAC resources in and about the Mescalero-Chiricahua Apache language
* Goddard, Pliny Earle. San Carlos Apache texts. American Museum of Natural History, 1919 [Consulta: 24 agost 2012].
* Rene Romo «Apaches work to save language». Alamogordo Daily News, 11-11-2011 [Consulta: 8 agost 2012]. Arxivat 2011-11-16 a Wayback Machine.
* Harold Oakes «Udall visits Mescalero Apache Schools to talk language preservation». Alamogordo Daily News, 29-08-2012 [Consulta: 2 setembre 2012]. Arxivat 2012-09-04 a Wayback Machine.