# Thomas Cavalier-Smith

Thomas (Tom) Cavalier-Smith (ganet d'an 21 a viz Here 1942 ha tremenet d'an 19 a viz Meurzh 2021) a oa kelenner war bevoniezh an emdroadur e kevrenn zoologiezh skol-veur Oxford. Resevet en deus Priz etrebroadel ar vevoniezh (ur priz a 10 milion a yenoù) e 2004.
E enklaskoù o deus roet tu da zizoleiñ un niver a vevedegoù unkelligek (protisted) hag o deus difennet kalz strolladoù taksonomek bras, evel ar Chromista, ar Chromalveolata, an Opisthokonta, ar Rhizaria, hag an Excavata. Anavet eo evit e reizhiadoù rummatadur eus holl ar vevien.

## Reizhiad bevoniezh Cavalier-Smith

| Linnaeus 1735 | Haeckel 1866 | Chatton 1925 | Copeland 1938 | Whittaker 1969 | Woese et al. 1977 | Woese et al. 1990 | Cavalier-Smith 1993 | Cavalier-Smith 1998 | Ruggiero et al. 2015 |
| — | — | 2 impalaeriezh | 2 impalaeriezh | 2 impalaeriezh | 2 impalaeriezh | 3 damani | 3 riezad vras | 2 impalaeriezh | 2 riezad vras |
| 2 riezad | 3 riezad | — | 4 riezad | 5 riezad | 6 riezad | — | 8 riezad | 6 riezad | 7 riezad |
| — | Protista | Prokaryota | Monera | Monera | Eubacteria | Bacteria | Eubacteria | Bacteria | Bacteria |
| — | Protista | Prokaryota | Monera | Monera | Archaebacteria | Archaea | Archaebacteria | Bacteria | Archaea |
| — | Protista | Eukaryota | Protista | Protista | Protista | Eucarya | Archezoa | Protozoa | Protozoa |
| — | Protista | Eukaryota | Protista | Protista | Protista | Eucarya | Protozoa | Protozoa | Protozoa |
| — | Protista | Eukaryota | Protista | Protista | Protista | Eucarya | Chromista | Chromista | Chromista |
| Vegetabilia | Plantae | Eukaryota | Plantae | Plantae | Plantae | Eucarya | Plantae | Plantae | Plantae |
| Vegetabilia | Plantae | Eukaryota | Plantae | Fungi | Fungi | Eucarya | Fungi | Fungi | Fungi |
| Animalia | Animalia | Eukaryota | Animalia | Animalia | Animalia | Eucarya | Animalia | Animalia | Animalia |

## Notennoù

* ↑ "T. C-S", lec'hienn Protistology UK
* ↑ The Committee on the International Prize for Biology of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science awards the 2004 International Prize for Biology in the field of "Systematic Biology and Taxonomy" to Prof. Thomas Cavalier-Smith, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, UK.
* ↑ Linnaeus, C. (1735). Systemae Naturae, sive regna tria naturae, systematics proposita per classes, ordines, genera & species.
* ↑ Haeckel, E. (1866). Generelle Morphologie der Organismen. Reimer, Berlin.
* ↑ Chatton, É. (1925). "Pansporella perplexa. Réflexions sur la biologie et la phylogénie des protozoaires". Annales des Sciences Naturelles - Zoologie et Biologie Animale 10-VIII: 5–84
* ↑ Chatton, É. (1937). Titres et Travaux Scientifiques (1906–1937). E. Sottano, Sète, France.
* ↑ Copeland, H.F. (1938). "The kingdoms of organisms". Quarterly Review of Biology 13 (4): 383–420. DOI:10.1086/394568
* ↑ Copeland, H.F. (1956). The Classification of Lower Organisms. Palo Alto : Pacific Books. 6 p. DOI:10.5962/bhl.title.4474.
* ↑ Whittaker, R.H. (January 1969). "New concepts of kingdoms of organisms". Science 163 (3863): 150–160. DOI:10.1126/science.163.3863.150
* ↑ (August 1977) "An ancient divergence among the bacteria". Journal of Molecular Evolution 9 (4): 305–311. DOI:10.1007/BF01796092
* ↑ (November 1977) "Phylogenetic structure of the prokaryotic domain: the primary kingdoms". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 74 (11): 5088–5090. DOI:10.1073/pnas.74.11.5088
* ↑ (1990) "Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya.". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 87 (12): 4576–4579. DOI:10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576
* ↑ Cavalier-Smith, T. (1981). "Eukaryote kingdoms: Seven or nine?". Bio Systems 14 (3–4): 461–481. DOI:10.1016/0303-2647(81)90050-2
* ↑ Cavalier-Smith, T. (1992). "Origins of secondary metabolism". Ciba Foundation Symposium 171: 64–80; discussion 80–7. DOI:10.1002/9780470514344.ch5
* ↑ (1993) "Kingdom protozoa and its 18 phyla". Microbiological Reviews 57 (4): 953–994. DOI:10.1128/mmbr.57.4.953-994.1993
* ↑ Cavalier-Smith, T. (1998). "A revised six-kingdom system of life". Biological Reviews 73 (3): 203–266. DOI:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1998.tb00030.x
* ↑ Cavalier-Smith, T. (2004). "Only six kingdoms of life". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 271 (1545): 1251–1262. DOI:10.1098/rspb.2004.2705
* ↑ Cavalier-Smith, T. (June 2010). "Kingdoms Protozoa and Chromista and the eozoan root of the eukaryotic tree". Biol. Lett. 6 (3): 342–345. DOI:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0948
* ↑ (2015) "A higher level classification of all living organisms". PLOS ONE 10 (4): e0119248. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0119248