# Robert Whittaker (ekologour)

Robert Harding Whittaker (27 a viz Kerzu 1920 –20 a viz Here 1980) a oa un ekologour amerikan eus ar plant, oberiant eus ar bloavezhioù 1950 d'ar bloavezhioù 1970. Ar c'hentañ e oa bet da ginnig ar rummatadur taksonomek e pemp riezad. Rannet e oa ar biota gantañ etre an Animalia, ar Plantae, ar Fungi, ar Protista, hag ar Monera e 1969. Kinnig a reas ivez rummatadur Whittaker ar biomoù, a renke ar seurtoù biomoù hervez daou faktor abiotek : ar gwrezverk hag ar glaveier.
Dilennet e oa Whittaker en Akademiezh vroadel ar skiantoù e 1974. Resev a reas Priz an Ekologour bras gant an Ecological Society of America e 1981, hag a oa anavezet hag enoret evit e labour. Kenlabourat a reas gant kalz ekologourien all, en o zouez George Woodwell (Dartmouth), W. A. Niering, F. H. Bormann (Yale) ha G. E. Likens (Cornell), hag kalz a reas da fonnusaat ar c'henlabour etrebroadel.

## Reizhiad bevoniezh Whittaker

| Linnaeus 1735 | Haeckel 1866 | Chatton 1925 | Copeland 1938 | Whittaker 1969 | Woese et al. 1977 | Woese et al. 1990 | Cavalier-Smith 1993 | Cavalier-Smith 1998 | Ruggiero et al. 2015 |
| — | — | 2 impalaeriezh | 2 impalaeriezh | 2 impalaeriezh | 2 impalaeriezh | 3 damani | 3 riezad vras | 2 impalaeriezh | 2 riezad vras |
| 2 riezad | 3 riezad | — | 4 riezad | 5 riezad | 6 riezad | — | 8 riezad | 6 riezad | 7 riezad |
| — | Protista | Prokaryota | Monera | Monera | Eubacteria | Bacteria | Eubacteria | Bacteria | Bacteria |
| — | Protista | Prokaryota | Monera | Monera | Archaebacteria | Archaea | Archaebacteria | Bacteria | Archaea |
| — | Protista | Eukaryota | Protista | Protista | Protista | Eucarya | Archezoa | Protozoa | Protozoa |
| — | Protista | Eukaryota | Protista | Protista | Protista | Eucarya | Protozoa | Protozoa | Protozoa |
| — | Protista | Eukaryota | Protista | Protista | Protista | Eucarya | Chromista | Chromista | Chromista |
| Vegetabilia | Plantae | Eukaryota | Plantae | Plantae | Plantae | Eucarya | Plantae | Plantae | Plantae |
| Vegetabilia | Plantae | Eukaryota | Plantae | Fungi | Fungi | Eucarya | Fungi | Fungi | Fungi |
| Animalia | Animalia | Eukaryota | Animalia | Animalia | Animalia | Eucarya | Animalia | Animalia | Animalia |

## Notennoù

* ↑ Whittaker, Robert H. (1969) "New concepts of kingdoms or organisms. Evolutionary relations are better represented by new classifications than by the traditional two kingdom's in Avantika ". Science, 163: 150-194
* ↑ Hagen, Joel B. (2012) "Five kingdoms, more or less: Robert Whittaker and the broad classification of organisms". BioScience, 62 (1): 67-74. Patrom:Doi
* ↑ Linnaeus, C. (1735). Systemae Naturae, sive regna tria naturae, systematics proposita per classes, ordines, genera & species.
* ↑ Haeckel, E. (1866). Generelle Morphologie der Organismen. Reimer, Berlin.
* ↑ Chatton, É. (1925). "Pansporella perplexa. Réflexions sur la biologie et la phylogénie des protozoaires". Annales des Sciences Naturelles - Zoologie et Biologie Animale 10-VIII: 5–84
* ↑ Chatton, É. (1937). Titres et Travaux Scientifiques (1906–1937). E. Sottano, Sète, France.
* ↑ Copeland, H.F. (1938). "The kingdoms of organisms". Quarterly Review of Biology 13 (4): 383–420. DOI:10.1086/394568
* ↑ Copeland, H.F. (1956). The Classification of Lower Organisms. Palo Alto : Pacific Books. 6 p. DOI:10.5962/bhl.title.4474.
* ↑ Whittaker, R.H. (January 1969). "New concepts of kingdoms of organisms". Science 163 (3863): 150–160. DOI:10.1126/science.163.3863.150
* ↑ (August 1977) "An ancient divergence among the bacteria". Journal of Molecular Evolution 9 (4): 305–311. DOI:10.1007/BF01796092
* ↑ (November 1977) "Phylogenetic structure of the prokaryotic domain: the primary kingdoms". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 74 (11): 5088–5090. DOI:10.1073/pnas.74.11.5088
* ↑ (1990) "Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya.". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 87 (12): 4576–4579. DOI:10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576
* ↑ Cavalier-Smith, T. (1981). "Eukaryote kingdoms: Seven or nine?". Bio Systems 14 (3–4): 461–481. DOI:10.1016/0303-2647(81)90050-2
* ↑ Cavalier-Smith, T. (1992). "Origins of secondary metabolism". Ciba Foundation Symposium 171: 64–80; discussion 80–7. DOI:10.1002/9780470514344.ch5
* ↑ (1993) "Kingdom protozoa and its 18 phyla". Microbiological Reviews 57 (4): 953–994. DOI:10.1128/mmbr.57.4.953-994.1993
* ↑ Cavalier-Smith, T. (1998). "A revised six-kingdom system of life". Biological Reviews 73 (3): 203–266. DOI:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1998.tb00030.x
* ↑ Cavalier-Smith, T. (2004). "Only six kingdoms of life". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 271 (1545): 1251–1262. DOI:10.1098/rspb.2004.2705
* ↑ Cavalier-Smith, T. (June 2010). "Kingdoms Protozoa and Chromista and the eozoan root of the eukaryotic tree". Biol. Lett. 6 (3): 342–345. DOI:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0948
* ↑ (2015) "A higher level classification of all living organisms". PLOS ONE 10 (4): e0119248. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0119248