Skill: wu-uk/flink-query-pdf (version 0.1.0)

--- name: pdf description: Comprehensive PDF manipulation toolkit for extracting text and tables, creating new PDFs, merging/splitting documents, and handling forms. When Claude needs to fill in a PDF form or programmatically process, generate, or analyze PDF documents at scale. license: Proprietary. LICENSE.txt has complete terms --- # PDF Processing Guide ## Overview This guide covers essential PDF processing operations using Python libraries and command-line tools. For advanced features, JavaScript libraries, and detailed examples, see reference.md. If you need to fill out a PDF form, read forms.md and follow its instructions. ## Quick Start ```python from pypdf import PdfReader, PdfWriter # Read a PDF reader = PdfReader("document.pdf") print(f"Pages: {len(reader.pages)}") # Extract text text = "" for page in reader.pages: text += page.extract_text() ``` ## Python Libraries ### pypdf - Basic Operations #### Merge PDFs ```python from pypdf import PdfWriter, PdfReader writer = PdfWriter() for pdf_file in ["doc1.pdf", "doc2.pdf", "doc3.pdf"]: reader = PdfReader(pdf_file) for page in reader.pages: writer.add_page(page) with open("merged.pdf", "wb") as output: writer.write(output) ``` #### Split PDF ```python reader = PdfReader("input.pdf") for i, page in enumerate(reader.pages): writer = PdfWriter() writer.add_page(page) with open(f"page_{i+1}.pdf", "wb") as output: writer.write(output) ``` #### Extract Metadata ```python reader = PdfReader("document.pdf") meta = reader.metadata print(f"Title: {meta.title}") print(f"Author: {meta.author}") print(f"Subject: {meta.subject}") print(f"Creator: {meta.creator}") ``` #### Rotate Pages ```python reader = PdfReader("input.pdf") writer = PdfWriter() page = reader.pages[0] page.rotate(90) # Rotate 90 degrees clockwise writer.add_page(page) with open("rotated.pdf", "wb") as output: writer.write(output) ``` ### pdfplumber - Text and Table Extraction #### Extract Text with Layout ```python import pdfplumber with pdfplumber.open("document.pdf") as pdf: for page in pdf.pages: text = page.extract_text() print(text) ``` #### Extract Tables ```python with pdfplumber.open("document.pdf") as pdf: for i, page in enumerate(pdf.pages): tables = page.extract_tables() for j, table in enumerate(tables): print(f"Table {j+1} on page {i+1}:") for row in table: print(row) ``` #### Advanced Table Extraction ```python import pandas as pd with pdfplumber.open("document.pdf") as pdf: all_tables = [] for page in pdf.pages: tables = page.extract_tables() for table in tables: if table: # Check if table is not empty df = pd.DataFrame(table[1:], columns=table[0]) all_tables.append(df) # Combine all tables if all_tables: combined_df = pd.concat(all_tables, ignore_index=True) combined_df.to_excel("extracted_tables.xlsx", index=False) ``` ### reportlab - Create PDFs #### Basic PDF Creation ```python from reportlab.lib.pagesizes import letter from reportlab.pdfgen import canvas c = canvas.Canvas("hello.pdf", pagesize=letter) width, height = letter # Add text c.drawString(100, height - 100, "Hello World!") c.drawString(100, height - 120, "This is a PDF created with reportlab") # Add a line c.line(100, height - 140, 400, height - 140) # Save c.save() ``` #### Create PDF with Multiple Pages ```python from reportlab.lib.pagesizes import letter from reportlab.platypus import SimpleDocTemplate, Paragraph, Spacer, PageBreak from reportlab.lib.styles import getSampleStyleSheet doc = SimpleDocTemplate("report.pdf", pagesize=letter) styles = getSampleStyleSheet() story = [] # Add content title = Paragraph("Report Title", styles['Title']) story.append(title) story.append(Spacer(1, 12)) body = Paragraph("This is the body of the report. " * 20, styles['Normal']) story.append(body) story.append(PageBreak()) # Page 2 story.append(Paragraph("Page 2", styles['Heading1'])) story.append(Paragraph("Content for page 2", styles['Normal'])) # Build PDF doc.build(story) ``` ## Command-Line Tools ### pdftotext (poppler-utils) ```bash # Extract text pdftotext input.pdf output.txt # Extract text preserving layout pdftotext -layout input.pdf output.txt # Extract specific pages pdftotext -f 1 -l 5 input.pdf output.txt # Pages 1-5 ``` ### qpdf ```bash # Merge PDFs qpdf --empty --pages file1.pdf file2.pdf -- merged.pdf # Split pages qpdf input.pdf --pages . 1-5 -- pages1-5.pdf qpdf input.pdf --pages . 6-10 -- pages6-10.pdf # Rotate pages qpdf input.pdf output.pdf --rotate=+90:1 # Rotate page 1 by 90 degrees # Remove password qpdf --[REDACTED_SECRET] --decrypt encrypted.pdf decrypted.pdf ``` ### pdftk (if available) ```bash # Merge pdftk file1.pdf file2.pdf cat output merged.pdf # Split pdftk input.pdf burst # Rotate pdftk input.pdf rotate 1east output rotated.pdf ``` ## Common Tasks ### Extract Text from Scanned PDFs ```python # Requires: pip install pytesseract pdf2image import pytesseract from pdf2image import convert_from_path # Convert PDF to images images = convert_from_path('scanned.pdf') # OCR each page text = "" for i, image in enumerate(images): text += f"Page {i+1}:\n" text += pytesseract.image_to_string(image) text += "\n\n" print(text) ``` ### Add Watermark ```python from pypdf import PdfReader, PdfWriter # Create watermark (or load existing) watermark = PdfReader("watermark.pdf").pages[0] # Apply to all pages reader = PdfReader("document.pdf") writer = PdfWriter() for page in reader.pages: page.merge_page(watermark) writer.add_page(page) with open("watermarked.pdf", "wb") as output: writer.write(output) ``` ### Extract Images ```bash # Using pdfimages (poppler-utils) pdfimages -j input.pdf output_prefix # This extracts all images as output_prefix-000.jpg, output_prefix-001.jpg, etc. ``` ### Password Protection ```python from pypdf import PdfReader, PdfWriter reader = PdfReader("input.pdf") writer = PdfWriter() for page in reader.pages: writer.add_page(page) # Add password writer.encrypt("userpassword", "ownerpassword") with open("encrypted.pdf", "wb") as output: writer.write(output) ``` ## Quick Reference | Task | Best Tool | Command/Code | |------|-----------|--------------| | Merge PDFs | pypdf | `writer.add_page(page)` | | Split PDFs | pypdf | One page per file | | Extract text | pdfplumber | `page.extract_text()` | | Extract tables | pdfplumber | `page.extract_tables()` | | Create PDFs | reportlab | Canvas or Platypus | | Command line merge | qpdf | `qpdf --empty --pages ...` | | OCR scanned PDFs | pytesseract | Convert to image first | | Fill PDF forms | pdf-lib or pypdf (see forms.md) | See forms.md | ## Next Steps - For advanced pypdfium2 usage, see reference.md - For JavaScript libraries (pdf-lib), see reference.md - If you need to fill out a PDF form, follow the instructions in forms.md - For troubleshooting guides, see reference.md

path: LICENSE.txt
content: © 2025 Anthropic, PBC. All rights reserved.

LICENSE: Use of these materials (including all code, prompts, assets, files,
and other components of this Skill) is governed by your agreement with
Anthropic regarding use of Anthropic's services. If no separate agreement
exists, use is governed by Anthropic's Consumer Terms of Service or
Commercial Terms of Service, as applicable:
https://www.anthropic.com/legal/consumer-terms
https://www.anthropic.com/legal/commercial-terms
Your applicable agreement is referred to as the "Agreement." "Services" are
as defined in the Agreement.

ADDITIONAL RESTRICTIONS: Notwithstanding anything in the Agreement to the
contrary, users may not:

- Extract these materials from the Services or retain copies of these
  materials outside the Services
- Reproduce or copy these materials, except for temporary copies created
  automatically during authorized use of the Services
- Create derivative works based on these materials
- Distribute, sublicense, or transfer these materials to any third party
- Make, offer to sell, sell, or import any inventions embodied in these
  materials
- Reverse engineer, decompile, or disassemble these materials

The receipt, viewing, or possession of these materials does not convey or
imply any license or right beyond those expressly granted above.

Anthropic retains all right, title, and interest in these materials,
including all copyrights, patents, and other intellectual property rights.


path: forms.md
content: **CRITICAL: You MUST complete these steps in order. Do not skip ahead to writing code.**

If you need to fill out a PDF form, first check to see if the PDF has fillable form fields. Run this script from this file's directory:
 `python scripts/check_fillable_fields <file.pdf>`, and depending on the result go to either the "Fillable fields" or "Non-fillable fields" and follow those instructions.

# Fillable fields
If the PDF has fillable form fields:
- Run this script from this file's directory: `python scripts/extract_form_field_info.py <input.pdf> <field_info.json>`. It will create a JSON file with a list of fields in this format:
```
[
  {
    "field_id": (unique ID for the field),
    "page": (page number, 1-based),
    "rect": ([left, bottom, right, top] bounding box in PDF coordinates, y=0 is the bottom of the page),
    "type": ("text", "checkbox", "radio_group", or "choice"),
  },
  // Checkboxes have "checked_value" and "unchecked_value" properties:
  {
    "field_id": (unique ID for the field),
    "page": (page number, 1-based),
    "type": "checkbox",
    "checked_value": (Set the field to this value to check the checkbox),
    "unchecked_value": (Set the field to this value to uncheck the checkbox),
  },
  // Radio groups have a "radio_options" list with the possible choices.
  {
    "field_id": (unique ID for the field),
    "page": (page number, 1-based),
    "type": "radio_group",
    "radio_options": [
      {
        "value": (set the field to this value to select this radio option),
        "rect": (bounding box for the radio button for this option)
      },
      // Other radio options
    ]
  },
  // Multiple choice fields have a "choice_options" list with the possible choices:
  {
    "field_id": (unique ID for the field),
    "page": (page number, 1-based),
    "type": "choice",
    "choice_options": [
      {
        "value": (set the field to this value to select this option),
        "text": (display text of the option)
      },
      // Other choice options
    ],
  }
]
```
- Convert the PDF to PNGs (one image for each page) with this script (run from this file's directory):
`python scripts/convert_pdf_to_images.py <file.pdf> <output_directory>`
Then analyze the images to determine the purpose of each form field (make sure to convert the bounding box PDF coordinates to image coordinates).
- Create a `field_values.json` file in this format with the values to be entered for each field:
```
[
  {
    "field_id": "last_name", // Must match the field_id from `extract_form_field_info.py`
    "description": "The user's last name",
    "page": 1, // Must match the "page" value in field_info.json
    "value": "Simpson"
  },
  {
    "field_id": "Checkbox12",
    "description": "Checkbox to be checked if the user is 18 or over",
    "page": 1,
    "value": "/On" // If this is a checkbox, use its "checked_value" value to check it. If it's a radio button group, use one of the "value" values in "radio_options".
  },
  // more fields
]
```
- Run the `fill_fillable_fields.py` script from this file's directory to create a filled-in PDF:
`python scripts/fill_fillable_fields.py <input pdf> <field_values.json> <output pdf>`
This script will verify that the field IDs and values you provide are valid; if it prints error messages, correct the appropriate fields and try again.

# Non-fillable fields
If the PDF doesn't have fillable form fields, you'll need to visually determine where the data should be added and create text annotations. Follow the below steps *exactly*. You MUST perform all of these steps to ensure that the the form is accurately completed. Details for each step are below.
- Convert the PDF to PNG images and determine field bounding boxes.
- Create a JSON file with field information and validation images showing the bounding boxes.
- Validate the the bounding boxes.
- Use the bounding boxes to fill in the form.

## Step 1: Visual Analysis (REQUIRED)
- Convert the PDF to PNG images. Run this script from this file's directory:
`python scripts/convert_pdf_to_images.py <file.pdf> <output_directory>`
The script will create a PNG image for each page in the PDF.
- Carefully examine each PNG image and identify all form fields and areas where the user should enter data. For each form field where the user should enter text, determine bounding boxes for both the form field label, and the area where the user should enter text. The label and entry bounding boxes MUST NOT INTERSECT; the text entry box should only include the area where data should be entered. Usually this area will be immediately to the side, above, or below its label. Entry bounding boxes must be tall and wide enough to contain their text.

These are some examples of form structures that you might see:

*Label inside box*
```
┌────────────────────────┐
│ Name:                  │
└────────────────────────┘
```
The input area should be to the right of the "Name" label and extend to the edge of the box.

*Label before line*
```
Email: _______________________
```
The input area should be above the line and include its entire width.

*Label under line*
```
_________________________
Name
```
The input area should be above the line and include the entire width of the line. This is common for signature and date fields.

*Label above line*
```
Please enter any special requests:
________________________________________________
```
The input area should extend from the bottom of the label to the line, and should include the entire width of the line.

*Checkboxes*
```
Are you a US citizen? Yes □  No □
```
For checkboxes:
- Look for small square boxes (□) - these are the actual checkboxes to target. They may be to the left or right of their labels.
- Distinguish between label text ("Yes", "No") and the clickable checkbox squares.
- The entry bounding box should cover ONLY the small square, not the text label.

### Step 2: Create fields.json and validation images (REQUIRED)
- Create a file named `fields.json` with information for the form fields and bounding boxes in this format:
```
{
  "pages": [
    {
      "page_number": 1,
      "image_width": (first page image width in pixels),
      "image_height": (first page image height in pixels),
    },
    {
      "page_number": 2,
      "image_width": (second page image width in pixels),
      "image_height": (second page image height in pixels),
    }
    // additional pages
  ],
  "form_fields": [
    // Example for a text field.
    {
      "page_number": 1,
      "description": "The user's last name should be entered here",
      // Bounding boxes are [left, top, right, bottom]. The bounding boxes for the label and text entry should not overlap.
      "field_label": "Last name",
      "label_bounding_box": [30, 125, 95, 142],
      "entry_bounding_box": [100, 125, 280, 142],
      "entry_text": {
        "text": "Johnson", // This text will be added as an annotation at the entry_bounding_box location
        "font_size": 14, // optional, defaults to 14
        "font_color": "000000", // optional, RRGGBB format, defaults to 000000 (black)
      }
    },
    // Example for a checkbox. TARGET THE SQUARE for the entry bounding box, NOT THE TEXT
    {
      "page_number": 2,
      "description": "Checkbox that should be checked if the user is over 18",
      "entry_bounding_box": [140, 525, 155, 540],  // Small box over checkbox square
      "field_label": "Yes",
      "label_bounding_box": [100, 525, 132, 540],  // Box containing "Yes" text
      // Use "X" to check a checkbox.
      "entry_text": {
        "text": "X",
      }
    }
    // additional form field entries
  ]
}
```

Create validation images by running this script from this file's directory for each page:
`python scripts/create_validation_image.py <page_number> <path_to_fields.json> <input_image_path> <output_image_path>

The validation images will have red rectangles where text should be entered, and blue rectangles covering label text.

### Step 3: Validate Bounding Boxes (REQUIRED)
#### Automated intersection check
- Verify that none of bounding boxes intersect and that the entry bounding boxes are tall enough by checking the fields.json file with the `check_bounding_boxes.py` script (run from this file's directory):
`python scripts/check_bounding_boxes.py <JSON file>`

If there are errors, reanalyze the relevant fields, adjust the bounding boxes, and iterate until there are no remaining errors. Remember: label (blue) bounding boxes should contain text labels, entry (red) boxes should not.

#### Manual image inspection
**CRITICAL: Do not proceed without visually inspecting validation images**
- Red rectangles must ONLY cover input areas
- Red rectangles MUST NOT contain any text
- Blue rectangles should contain label text
- For checkboxes:
  - Red rectangle MUST be centered on the checkbox square
  - Blue rectangle should cover the text label for the checkbox

- If any rectangles look wrong, fix fields.json, regenerate the validation images, and verify again. Repeat this process until the bounding boxes are fully accurate.


### Step 4: Add annotations to the PDF
Run this script from this file's directory to create a filled-out PDF using the information in fields.json:
`python scripts/fill_pdf_form_with_annotations.py <input_pdf_path> <path_to_fields.json> <output_pdf_path>


path: reference.md
content: # PDF Processing Advanced Reference

This document contains advanced PDF processing features, detailed examples, and additional libraries not covered in the main skill instructions.

## pypdfium2 Library (Apache/BSD License)

### Overview
pypdfium2 is a Python binding for PDFium (Chromium's PDF library). It's excellent for fast PDF rendering, image generation, and serves as a PyMuPDF replacement.

### Render PDF to Images
```python
import pypdfium2 as pdfium
from PIL import Image

# Load PDF
pdf = pdfium.PdfDocument("document.pdf")

# Render page to image
page = pdf[0]  # First page
bitmap = page.render(
    scale=2.0,  # Higher resolution
    rotation=0  # No rotation
)

# Convert to PIL Image
img = bitmap.to_pil()
img.save("page_1.png", "PNG")

# Process multiple pages
for i, page in enumerate(pdf):
    bitmap = page.render(scale=1.5)
    img = bitmap.to_pil()
    img.save(f"page_{i+1}.jpg", "JPEG", quality=90)
```

### Extract Text with pypdfium2
```python
import pypdfium2 as pdfium

pdf = pdfium.PdfDocument("document.pdf")
for i, page in enumerate(pdf):
    text = page.get_text()
    print(f"Page {i+1} text length: {len(text)} chars")
```

## JavaScript Libraries

### pdf-lib (MIT License)

pdf-lib is a powerful JavaScript library for creating and modifying PDF documents in any JavaScript environment.

#### Load and Manipulate Existing PDF
```javascript
import { PDFDocument } from 'pdf-lib';
import fs from 'fs';

async function manipulatePDF() {
    // Load existing PDF
    const existingPdfBytes = fs.readFileSync('input.pdf');
    const pdfDoc = await PDFDocument.load(existingPdfBytes);

    // Get page count
    const pageCount = pdfDoc.getPageCount();
    console.log(`Document has ${pageCount} pages`);

    // Add new page
    const newPage = pdfDoc.addPage([600, 400]);
    newPage.drawText('Added by pdf-lib', {
        x: 100,
        y: 300,
        size: 16
    });

    // Save modified PDF
    const pdfBytes = await pdfDoc.save();
    fs.writeFileSync('modified.pdf', pdfBytes);
}
```

#### Create Complex PDFs from Scratch
```javascript
import { PDFDocument, rgb, StandardFonts } from 'pdf-lib';
import fs from 'fs';

async function createPDF() {
    const pdfDoc = await PDFDocument.create();

    // Add fonts
    const helveticaFont = await pdfDoc.embedFont(StandardFonts.Helvetica);
    const helveticaBold = await pdfDoc.embedFont(StandardFonts.HelveticaBold);

    // Add page
    const page = pdfDoc.addPage([595, 842]); // A4 size
    const { width, height } = page.getSize();

    // Add text with styling
    page.drawText('Invoice #12345', {
        x: 50,
        y: height - 50,
        size: 18,
        font: helveticaBold,
        color: rgb(0.2, 0.2, 0.8)
    });

    // Add rectangle (header background)
    page.drawRectangle({
        x: 40,
        y: height - 100,
        width: width - 80,
        height: 30,
        color: rgb(0.9, 0.9, 0.9)
    });

    // Add table-like content
    const items = [
        ['Item', 'Qty', 'Price', 'Total'],
        ['Widget', '2', '$50', '$100'],
        ['Gadget', '1', '$75', '$75']
    ];

    let yPos = height - 150;
    items.forEach(row => {
        let xPos = 50;
        row.forEach(cell => {
            page.drawText(cell, {
                x: xPos,
                y: yPos,
                size: 12,
                font: helveticaFont
            });
            xPos += 120;
        });
        yPos -= 25;
    });

    const pdfBytes = await pdfDoc.save();
    fs.writeFileSync('created.pdf', pdfBytes);
}
```

#### Advanced Merge and Split Operations
```javascript
import { PDFDocument } from 'pdf-lib';
import fs from 'fs';

async function mergePDFs() {
    // Create new document
    const mergedPdf = await PDFDocument.create();

    // Load source PDFs
    const pdf1Bytes = fs.readFileSync('doc1.pdf');
    const pdf2Bytes = fs.readFileSync('doc2.pdf');

    const pdf1 = await PDFDocument.load(pdf1Bytes);
    const pdf2 = await PDFDocument.load(pdf2Bytes);

    // Copy pages from first PDF
    const pdf1Pages = await mergedPdf.copyPages(pdf1, pdf1.getPageIndices());
    pdf1Pages.forEach(page => mergedPdf.addPage(page));

    // Copy specific pages from second PDF (pages 0, 2, 4)
    const pdf2Pages = await mergedPdf.copyPages(pdf2, [0, 2, 4]);
    pdf2Pages.forEach(page => mergedPdf.addPage(page));

    const mergedPdfBytes = await mergedPdf.save();
    fs.writeFileSync('merged.pdf', mergedPdfBytes);
}
```

### pdfjs-dist (Apache License)

PDF.js is Mozilla's JavaScript library for rendering PDFs in the browser.

#### Basic PDF Loading and Rendering
```javascript
import * as pdfjsLib from 'pdfjs-dist';

// Configure worker (important for performance)
pdfjsLib.GlobalWorkerOptions.workerSrc = './pdf.worker.js';

async function renderPDF() {
    // Load PDF
    const loadingTask = pdfjsLib.getDocument('document.pdf');
    const pdf = await loadingTask.promise;

    console.log(`Loaded PDF with ${pdf.numPages} pages`);

    // Get first page
    const page = await pdf.getPage(1);
    const viewport = page.getViewport({ scale: 1.5 });

    // Render to canvas
    const canvas = document.createElement('canvas');
    const context = canvas.getContext('2d');
    canvas.height = viewport.height;
    canvas.width = viewport.width;

    const renderContext = {
        canvasContext: context,
        viewport: viewport
    };

    await page.render(renderContext).promise;
    document.body.appendChild(canvas);
}
```

#### Extract Text with Coordinates
```javascript
import * as pdfjsLib from 'pdfjs-dist';

async function extractText() {
    const loadingTask = pdfjsLib.getDocument('document.pdf');
    const pdf = await loadingTask.promise;

    let fullText = '';

    // Extract text from all pages
    for (let i = 1; i <= pdf.numPages; i++) {
        const page = await pdf.getPage(i);
        const textContent = await page.getTextContent();

        const pageText = textContent.items
            .map(item => item.str)
            .join(' ');

        fullText += `\n--- Page ${i} ---\n${pageText}`;

        // Get text with coordinates for advanced processing
        const textWithCoords = textContent.items.map(item => ({
            text: item.str,
            x: item.transform[4],
            y: item.transform[5],
            width: item.width,
            height: item.height
        }));
    }

    console.log(fullText);
    return fullText;
}
```

#### Extract Annotations and Forms
```javascript
import * as pdfjsLib from 'pdfjs-dist';

async function extractAnnotations() {
    const loadingTask = pdfjsLib.getDocument('annotated.pdf');
    const pdf = await loadingTask.promise;

    for (let i = 1; i <= pdf.numPages; i++) {
        const page = await pdf.getPage(i);
        const annotations = await page.getAnnotations();

        annotations.forEach(annotation => {
            console.log(`Annotation type: ${annotation.subtype}`);
            console.log(`Content: ${annotation.contents}`);
            console.log(`Coordinates: ${JSON.stringify(annotation.rect)}`);
        });
    }
}
```

## Advanced Command-Line Operations

### poppler-utils Advanced Features

#### Extract Text with Bounding Box Coordinates
```bash
# Extract text with bounding box coordinates (essential for structured data)
pdftotext -bbox-layout document.pdf output.xml

# The XML output contains precise coordinates for each text element
```

#### Advanced Image Conversion
```bash
# Convert to PNG images with specific resolution
pdftoppm -png -r 300 document.pdf output_prefix

# Convert specific page range with high resolution
pdftoppm -png -r 600 -f 1 -l 3 document.pdf high_res_pages

# Convert to JPEG with quality setting
pdftoppm -jpeg -jpegopt quality=85 -r 200 document.pdf jpeg_output
```

#### Extract Embedded Images
```bash
# Extract all embedded images with metadata
pdfimages -j -p document.pdf page_images

# List image info without extracting
pdfimages -list document.pdf

# Extract images in their original format
pdfimages -all document.pdf images/img
```

### qpdf Advanced Features

#### Complex Page Manipulation
```bash
# Split PDF into groups of pages
qpdf --split-pages=3 input.pdf output_group_%02d.pdf

# Extract specific pages with complex ranges
qpdf input.pdf --pages input.pdf 1,3-5,8,10-end -- extracted.pdf

# Merge specific pages from multiple PDFs
qpdf --empty --pages doc1.pdf 1-3 doc2.pdf 5-7 doc3.pdf 2,4 -- combined.pdf
```

#### PDF Optimization and Repair
```bash
# Optimize PDF for web (linearize for streaming)
qpdf --linearize input.pdf optimized.pdf

# Remove unused objects and compress
qpdf --optimize-level=all input.pdf compressed.pdf

# Attempt to repair corrupted PDF structure
qpdf --check input.pdf
qpdf --fix-qdf damaged.pdf repaired.pdf

# Show detailed PDF structure for debugging
qpdf --show-all-pages input.pdf > structure.txt
```

#### Advanced Encryption
```bash
# Add password protection with specific permissions
qpdf --encrypt user_pass owner_pass 256 --print=none --modify=none -- input.pdf encrypted.pdf

# Check encryption status
qpdf --show-encryption encrypted.pdf

# Remove password protection (requires password)
qpdf --[REDACTED_SECRET] --decrypt encrypted.pdf decrypted.pdf
```

## Advanced Python Techniques

### pdfplumber Advanced Features

#### Extract Text with Precise Coordinates
```python
import pdfplumber

with pdfplumber.open("document.pdf") as pdf:
    page = pdf.pages[0]

    # Extract all text with coordinates
    chars = page.chars
    for char in chars[:10]:  # First 10 characters
        print(f"Char: '{char['text']}' at x:{char['x0']:.1f} y:{char['y0']:.1f}")

    # Extract text by bounding box (left, top, right, bottom)
    bbox_text = page.within_bbox((100, 100, 400, 200)).extract_text()
```

#### Advanced Table Extraction with Custom Settings
```python
import pdfplumber
import pandas as pd

with pdfplumber.open("complex_table.pdf") as pdf:
    page = pdf.pages[0]

    # Extract tables with custom settings for complex layouts
    table_settings = {
        "vertical_strategy": "lines",
        "horizontal_strategy": "lines",
        "snap_tolerance": 3,
        "intersection_tolerance": 15
    }
    tables = page.extract_tables(table_settings)

    # Visual debugging for table extraction
    img = page.to_image(resolution=150)
    img.save("debug_layout.png")
```

### reportlab Advanced Features

#### Create Professional Reports with Tables
```python
from reportlab.platypus import SimpleDocTemplate, Table, TableStyle, Paragraph
from reportlab.lib.styles import getSampleStyleSheet
from reportlab.lib import colors

# Sample data
data = [
    ['Product', 'Q1', 'Q2', 'Q3', 'Q4'],
    ['Widgets', '120', '135', '142', '158'],
    ['Gadgets', '85', '92', '98', '105']
]

# Create PDF with table
doc = SimpleDocTemplate("report.pdf")
elements = []

# Add title
styles = getSampleStyleSheet()
title = Paragraph("Quarterly Sales Report", styles['Title'])
elements.append(title)

# Add table with advanced styling
table = Table(data)
table.setStyle(TableStyle([
    ('BACKGROUND', (0, 0), (-1, 0), colors.grey),
    ('TEXTCOLOR', (0, 0), (-1, 0), colors.whitesmoke),
    ('ALIGN', (0, 0), (-1, -1), 'CENTER'),
    ('FONTNAME', (0, 0), (-1, 0), 'Helvetica-Bold'),
    ('FONTSIZE', (0, 0), (-1, 0), 14),
    ('BOTTOMPADDING', (0, 0), (-1, 0), 12),
    ('BACKGROUND', (0, 1), (-1, -1), colors.beige),
    ('GRID', (0, 0), (-1, -1), 1, colors.black)
]))
elements.append(table)

doc.build(elements)
```

## Complex Workflows

### Extract Figures/Images from PDF

#### Method 1: Using pdfimages (fastest)
```bash
# Extract all images with original quality
pdfimages -all document.pdf images/img
```

#### Method 2: Using pypdfium2 + Image Processing
```python
import pypdfium2 as pdfium
from PIL import Image
import numpy as np

def extract_figures(pdf_path, output_dir):
    pdf = pdfium.PdfDocument(pdf_path)

    for page_num, page in enumerate(pdf):
        # Render high-resolution page
        bitmap = page.render(scale=3.0)
        img = bitmap.to_pil()

        # Convert to numpy for processing
        img_array = np.array(img)

        # Simple figure detection (non-white regions)
        mask = np.any(img_array != [255, 255, 255], axis=2)

        # Find contours and extract bounding boxes
        # (This is simplified - real implementation would need more sophisticated detection)

        # Save detected figures
        # ... implementation depends on specific needs
```

### Batch PDF Processing with Error Handling
```python
import os
import glob
from pypdf import PdfReader, PdfWriter
import logging

logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO)
logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)

def batch_process_pdfs(input_dir, operation='merge'):
    pdf_files = glob.glob(os.path.join(input_dir, "*.pdf"))

    if operation == 'merge':
        writer = PdfWriter()
        for pdf_file in pdf_files:
            try:
                reader = PdfReader(pdf_file)
                for page in reader.pages:
                    writer.add_page(page)
                logger.info(f"Processed: {pdf_file}")
            except Exception as e:
                logger.error(f"Failed to process {pdf_file}: {e}")
                continue

        with open("batch_merged.pdf", "wb") as output:
            writer.write(output)

    elif operation == 'extract_text':
        for pdf_file in pdf_files:
            try:
                reader = PdfReader(pdf_file)
                text = ""
                for page in reader.pages:
                    text += page.extract_text()

                output_file = pdf_file.replace('.pdf', '.txt')
                with open(output_file, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
                    f.write(text)
                logger.info(f"Extracted text from: {pdf_file}")

            except Exception as e:
                logger.error(f"Failed to extract text from {pdf_file}: {e}")
                continue
```

### Advanced PDF Cropping
```python
from pypdf import PdfWriter, PdfReader

reader = PdfReader("input.pdf")
writer = PdfWriter()

# Crop page (left, bottom, right, top in points)
page = reader.pages[0]
page.mediabox.left = 50
page.mediabox.bottom = 50
page.mediabox.right = 550
page.mediabox.top = 750

writer.add_page(page)
with open("cropped.pdf", "wb") as output:
    writer.write(output)
```

## Performance Optimization Tips

### 1. For Large PDFs
- Use streaming approaches instead of loading entire PDF in memory
- Use `qpdf --split-pages` for splitting large files
- Process pages individually with pypdfium2

### 2. For Text Extraction
- `pdftotext -bbox-layout` is fastest for plain text extraction
- Use pdfplumber for structured data and tables
- Avoid `pypdf.extract_text()` for very large documents

### 3. For Image Extraction
- `pdfimages` is much faster than rendering pages
- Use low resolution for previews, high resolution for final output

### 4. For Form Filling
- pdf-lib maintains form structure better than most alternatives
- Pre-validate form fields before processing

### 5. Memory Management
```python
# Process PDFs in chunks
def process_large_pdf(pdf_path, chunk_size=10):
    reader = PdfReader(pdf_path)
    total_pages = len(reader.pages)

    for start_idx in range(0, total_pages, chunk_size):
        end_idx = min(start_idx + chunk_size, total_pages)
        writer = PdfWriter()

        for i in range(start_idx, end_idx):
            writer.add_page(reader.pages[i])

        # Process chunk
        with open(f"chunk_{start_idx//chunk_size}.pdf", "wb") as output:
            writer.write(output)
```

## Troubleshooting Common Issues

### Encrypted PDFs
```python
# Handle password-protected PDFs
from pypdf import PdfReader

try:
    reader = PdfReader("encrypted.pdf")
    if reader.is_encrypted:
        reader.decrypt("password")
except Exception as e:
    print(f"Failed to decrypt: {e}")
```

### Corrupted PDFs
```bash
# Use qpdf to repair
qpdf --check corrupted.pdf
qpdf --replace-input corrupted.pdf
```

### Text Extraction Issues
```python
# Fallback to OCR for scanned PDFs
import pytesseract
from pdf2image import convert_from_path

def extract_text_with_ocr(pdf_path):
    images = convert_from_path(pdf_path)
    text = ""
    for i, image in enumerate(images):
        text += pytesseract.image_to_string(image)
    return text
```

## License Information

- **pypdf**: BSD License
- **pdfplumber**: MIT License
- **pypdfium2**: Apache/BSD License
- **reportlab**: BSD License
- **poppler-utils**: GPL-2 License
- **qpdf**: Apache License
- **pdf-lib**: MIT License
- **pdfjs-dist**: Apache License


path: scripts/check_bounding_boxes.py
content: import json
import sys
from dataclasses import dataclass

# Script to check that the `fields.json` file that Claude creates when analyzing PDFs
# does not have overlapping bounding boxes. See forms.md.


@dataclass
class RectAndField:
    rect: list[float]
    rect_type: str
    field: dict


# Returns a list of messages that are printed to stdout for Claude to read.
def get_bounding_box_messages(fields_json_stream) -> list[str]:
    messages = []
    fields = json.load(fields_json_stream)
    messages.append(f"Read {len(fields['form_fields'])} fields")

    def rects_intersect(r1, r2):
        disjoint_horizontal = r1[0] >= r2[2] or r1[2] <= r2[0]
        disjoint_vertical = r1[1] >= r2[3] or r1[3] <= r2[1]
        return not (disjoint_horizontal or disjoint_vertical)

    rects_and_fields = []
    for f in fields["form_fields"]:
        rects_and_fields.append(RectAndField(f["label_bounding_box"], "label", f))
        rects_and_fields.append(RectAndField(f["entry_bounding_box"], "entry", f))

    has_error = False
    for i, ri in enumerate(rects_and_fields):
        # This is O(N^2); we can optimize if it becomes a problem.
        for j in range(i + 1, len(rects_and_fields)):
            rj = rects_and_fields[j]
            if ri.field["page_number"] == rj.field["page_number"] and rects_intersect(ri.rect, rj.rect):
                has_error = True
                if ri.field is rj.field:
                    messages.append(
                        f"FAILURE: intersection between label and entry bounding boxes for `{ri.field['description']}` ({ri.rect}, {rj.rect})"
                    )
                else:
                    messages.append(
                        f"FAILURE: intersection between {ri.rect_type} bounding box for `{ri.field['description']}` ({ri.rect}) and {rj.rect_type} bounding box for `{rj.field['description']}` ({rj.rect})"
                    )
                if len(messages) >= 20:
                    messages.append("Aborting further checks; fix bounding boxes and try again")
                    return messages
        if ri.rect_type == "entry":
            if "entry_text" in ri.field:
                font_size = ri.field["entry_text"].get("font_size", 14)
                entry_height = ri.rect[3] - ri.rect[1]
                if entry_height < font_size:
                    has_error = True
                    messages.append(
                        f"FAILURE: entry bounding box height ({entry_height}) for `{ri.field['description']}` is too short for the text content (font size: {font_size}). Increase the box height or decrease the font size."
                    )
                    if len(messages) >= 20:
                        messages.append("Aborting further checks; fix bounding boxes and try again")
                        return messages

    if not has_error:
        messages.append("SUCCESS: All bounding boxes are valid")
    return messages


if __name__ == "__main__":
    if len(sys.argv) != 2:
        print("Usage: check_bounding_boxes.py [fields.json]")
        sys.exit(1)
    # Input file should be in the `fields.json` format described in forms.md.
    with open(sys.argv[1]) as f:
        messages = get_bounding_box_messages(f)
    for msg in messages:
        print(msg)


path: scripts/check_bounding_boxes_test.py
content: import io
import json
import unittest

from check_bounding_boxes import get_bounding_box_messages


# Currently this is not run automatically in CI; it's just for documentation and manual checking.
class TestGetBoundingBoxMessages(unittest.TestCase):
    def create_json_stream(self, data):
        """Helper to create a JSON stream from data"""
        return io.StringIO(json.dumps(data))

    def test_no_intersections(self):
        """Test case with no bounding box intersections"""
        data = {
            "form_fields": [
                {"description": "Name", "page_number": 1, "label_bounding_box": [10, 10, 50, 30], "entry_bounding_box": [60, 10, 150, 30]},
                {"description": "Email", "page_number": 1, "label_bounding_box": [10, 40, 50, 60], "entry_bounding_box": [60, 40, 150, 60]},
            ]
        }

        stream = self.create_json_stream(data)
        messages = get_bounding_box_messages(stream)
        self.assertTrue(any("SUCCESS" in msg for msg in messages))
        self.assertFalse(any("FAILURE" in msg for msg in messages))

    def test_label_entry_intersection_same_field(self):
        """Test intersection between label and entry of the same field"""
        data = {
            "form_fields": [
                {
                    "description": "Name",
                    "page_number": 1,
                    "label_bounding_box": [10, 10, 60, 30],
                    "entry_bounding_box": [50, 10, 150, 30],  # Overlaps with label
                }
            ]
        }

        stream = self.create_json_stream(data)
        messages = get_bounding_box_messages(stream)
        self.assertTrue(any("FAILURE" in msg and "intersection" in msg for msg in messages))
        self.assertFalse(any("SUCCESS" in msg for msg in messages))

    def test_intersection_between_different_fields(self):
        """Test intersection between bounding boxes of different fields"""
        data = {
            "form_fields": [
                {"description": "Name", "page_number": 1, "label_bounding_box": [10, 10, 50, 30], "entry_bounding_box": [60, 10, 150, 30]},
                {
                    "description": "Email",
                    "page_number": 1,
                    "label_bounding_box": [40, 20, 80, 40],  # Overlaps with Name's boxes
                    "entry_bounding_box": [160, 10, 250, 30],
                },
            ]
        }

        stream = self.create_json_stream(data)
        messages = get_bounding_box_messages(stream)
        self.assertTrue(any("FAILURE" in msg and "intersection" in msg for msg in messages))
        self.assertFalse(any("SUCCESS" in msg for msg in messages))

    def test_different_pages_no_intersection(self):
        """Test that boxes on different pages don't count as intersecting"""
        data = {
            "form_fields": [
                {"description": "Name", "page_number": 1, "label_bounding_box": [10, 10, 50, 30], "entry_bounding_box": [60, 10, 150, 30]},
                {
                    "description": "Email",
                    "page_number": 2,
                    "label_bounding_box": [10, 10, 50, 30],  # Same coordinates but different page
                    "entry_bounding_box": [60, 10, 150, 30],
                },
            ]
        }

        stream = self.create_json_stream(data)
        messages = get_bounding_box_messages(stream)
        self.assertTrue(any("SUCCESS" in msg for msg in messages))
        self.assertFalse(any("FAILURE" in msg for msg in messages))

    def test_entry_height_too_small(self):
        """Test that entry box height is checked against font size"""
        data = {
            "form_fields": [
                {
                    "description": "Name",
                    "page_number": 1,
                    "label_bounding_box": [10, 10, 50, 30],
                    "entry_bounding_box": [60, 10, 150, 20],  # Height is 10
                    "entry_text": {
                        "font_size": 14  # Font size larger than height
                    },
                }
            ]
        }

        stream = self.create_json_stream(data)
        messages = get_bounding_box_messages(stream)
        self.assertTrue(any("FAILURE" in msg and "height" in msg for msg in messages))
        self.assertFalse(any("SUCCESS" in msg for msg in messages))

    def test_entry_height_adequate(self):
        """Test that adequate entry box height passes"""
        data = {
            "form_fields": [
                {
                    "description": "Name",
                    "page_number": 1,
                    "label_bounding_box": [10, 10, 50, 30],
                    "entry_bounding_box": [60, 10, 150, 30],  # Height is 20
                    "entry_text": {
                        "font_size": 14  # Font size smaller than height
                    },
                }
            ]
        }

        stream = self.create_json_stream(data)
        messages = get_bounding_box_messages(stream)
        self.assertTrue(any("SUCCESS" in msg for msg in messages))
        self.assertFalse(any("FAILURE" in msg for msg in messages))

    def test_default_font_size(self):
        """Test that default font size is used when not specified"""
        data = {
            "form_fields": [
                {
                    "description": "Name",
                    "page_number": 1,
                    "label_bounding_box": [10, 10, 50, 30],
                    "entry_bounding_box": [60, 10, 150, 20],  # Height is 10
                    "entry_text": {},  # No font_size specified, should use default 14
                }
            ]
        }

        stream = self.create_json_stream(data)
        messages = get_bounding_box_messages(stream)
        self.assertTrue(any("FAILURE" in msg and "height" in msg for msg in messages))
        self.assertFalse(any("SUCCESS" in msg for msg in messages))

    def test_no_entry_text(self):
        """Test that missing entry_text doesn't cause height check"""
        data = {
            "form_fields": [
                {
                    "description": "Name",
                    "page_number": 1,
                    "label_bounding_box": [10, 10, 50, 30],
                    "entry_bounding_box": [60, 10, 150, 20],  # Small height but no entry_text
                }
            ]
        }

        stream = self.create_json_stream(data)
        messages = get_bounding_box_messages(stream)
        self.assertTrue(any("SUCCESS" in msg for msg in messages))
        self.assertFalse(any("FAILURE" in msg for msg in messages))

    def test_multiple_errors_limit(self):
        """Test that error messages are limited to prevent excessive output"""
        fields = []
        # Create many overlapping fields
        for i in range(25):
            fields.append(
                {
                    "description": f"Field{i}",
                    "page_number": 1,
                    "label_bounding_box": [10, 10, 50, 30],  # All overlap
                    "entry_bounding_box": [20, 15, 60, 35],  # All overlap
                }
            )

        data = {"form_fields": fields}

        stream = self.create_json_stream(data)
        messages = get_bounding_box_messages(stream)
        # Should abort after ~20 messages
        self.assertTrue(any("Aborting" in msg for msg in messages))
        # Should have some FAILURE messages but not hundreds
        failure_count = sum(1 for msg in messages if "FAILURE" in msg)
        self.assertGreater(failure_count, 0)
        self.assertLess(len(messages), 30)  # Should be limited

    def test_edge_touching_boxes(self):
        """Test that boxes touching at edges don't count as intersecting"""
        data = {
            "form_fields": [
                {
                    "description": "Name",
                    "page_number": 1,
                    "label_bounding_box": [10, 10, 50, 30],
                    "entry_bounding_box": [50, 10, 150, 30],  # Touches at x=50
                }
            ]
        }

        stream = self.create_json_stream(data)
        messages = get_bounding_box_messages(stream)
        self.assertTrue(any("SUCCESS" in msg for msg in messages))
        self.assertFalse(any("FAILURE" in msg for msg in messages))


if __name__ == "__main__":
    unittest.main()


path: scripts/check_fillable_fields.py
content: import sys

from pypdf import PdfReader

# Script for Claude to run to determine whether a PDF has fillable form fields. See forms.md.


reader = PdfReader(sys.argv[1])
if reader.get_fields():
    print("This PDF has fillable form fields")
else:
    print("This PDF does not have fillable form fields; you will need to visually determine where to enter data")


path: scripts/convert_pdf_to_images.py
content: import os
import sys

from pdf2image import convert_from_path

# Converts each page of a PDF to a PNG image.


def convert(pdf_path, output_dir, max_dim=1000):
    images = convert_from_path(pdf_path, dpi=200)

    for i, image in enumerate(images):
        # Scale image if needed to keep width/height under `max_dim`
        width, height = image.size
        if width > max_dim or height > max_dim:
            scale_factor = min(max_dim / width, max_dim / height)
            new_width = int(width * scale_factor)
            new_height = int(height * scale_factor)
            image = image.resize((new_width, new_height))

        image_path = os.path.join(output_dir, f"page_{i+1}.png")
        image.save(image_path)
        print(f"Saved page {i+1} as {image_path} (size: {image.size})")

    print(f"Converted {len(images)} pages to PNG images")


if __name__ == "__main__":
    if len(sys.argv) != 3:
        print("Usage: convert_pdf_to_images.py [input pdf] [output directory]")
        sys.exit(1)
    pdf_path = sys.argv[1]
    output_directory = sys.argv[2]
    convert(pdf_path, output_directory)


path: scripts/create_validation_image.py
content: import json
import sys

from PIL import Image, ImageDraw

# Creates "validation" images with rectangles for the bounding box information that
# Claude creates when determining where to add text annotations in PDFs. See forms.md.


def create_validation_image(page_number, fields_json_path, input_path, output_path):
    # Input file should be in the `fields.json` format described in forms.md.
    with open(fields_json_path) as f:
        data = json.load(f)

        img = Image.open(input_path)
        draw = ImageDraw.Draw(img)
        num_boxes = 0

        for field in data["form_fields"]:
            if field["page_number"] == page_number:
                entry_box = field["entry_bounding_box"]
                label_box = field["label_bounding_box"]
                # Draw red rectangle over entry bounding box and blue rectangle over the label.
                draw.rectangle(entry_box, outline="red", width=2)
                draw.rectangle(label_box, outline="blue", width=2)
                num_boxes += 2

        img.save(output_path)
        print(f"Created validation image at {output_path} with {num_boxes} bounding boxes")


if __name__ == "__main__":
    if len(sys.argv) != 5:
        print("Usage: create_validation_image.py [page number] [fields.json file] [input image path] [output image path]")
        sys.exit(1)
    page_number = int(sys.argv[1])
    fields_json_path = sys.argv[2]
    input_image_path = sys.argv[3]
    output_image_path = sys.argv[4]
    create_validation_image(page_number, fields_json_path, input_image_path, output_image_path)


path: scripts/extract_form_field_info.py
content: import json
import sys

from pypdf import PdfReader

# Extracts data for the fillable form fields in a PDF and outputs JSON that
# Claude uses to fill the fields. See forms.md.


# This matches the format used by PdfReader `get_fields` and `update_page_form_field_values` methods.
def get_full_annotation_field_id(annotation):
    components = []
    while annotation:
        field_name = annotation.get("/T")
        if field_name:
            components.append(field_name)
        annotation = annotation.get("/Parent")
    return ".".join(reversed(components)) if components else None


def make_field_dict(field, field_id):
    field_dict = {"field_id": field_id}
    ft = field.get("/FT")
    if ft == "/Tx":
        field_dict["type"] = "text"
    elif ft == "/Btn":
        field_dict["type"] = "checkbox"  # radio groups handled separately
        states = field.get("/_States_", [])
        if len(states) == 2:
            # "/Off" seems to always be the unchecked value, as suggested by
            # https://opensource.adobe.com/dc-acrobat-sdk-docs/standards/pdfstandards/pdf/PDF32000_2008.pdf#page=448
            # It can be either first or second in the "/_States_" list.
            if "/Off" in states:
                field_dict["checked_value"] = states[0] if states[0] != "/Off" else states[1]
                field_dict["unchecked_value"] = "/Off"
            else:
                print(
                    f"Unexpected state values for checkbox `${field_id}`. Its checked and unchecked values may not be correct; if you're trying to check it, visually verify the results."
                )
                field_dict["checked_value"] = states[0]
                field_dict["unchecked_value"] = states[1]
    elif ft == "/Ch":
        field_dict["type"] = "choice"
        states = field.get("/_States_", [])
        field_dict["choice_options"] = [
            {
                "value": state[0],
                "text": state[1],
            }
            for state in states
        ]
    else:
        field_dict["type"] = f"unknown ({ft})"
    return field_dict


# Returns a list of fillable PDF fields:
# [
#   {
#     "field_id": "name",
#     "page": 1,
#     "type": ("text", "checkbox", "radio_group", or "choice")
#     // Per-type additional fields described in forms.md
#   },
# ]
def get_field_info(reader: PdfReader):
    fields = reader.get_fields()

    field_info_by_id = {}
    possible_radio_names = set()

    for field_id, field in fields.items():
        # Skip if this is a container field with children, except that it might be
        # a parent group for radio button options.
        if field.get("/Kids"):
            if field.get("/FT") == "/Btn":
                possible_radio_names.add(field_id)
            continue
        field_info_by_id[field_id] = make_field_dict(field, field_id)

    # Bounding rects are stored in annotations in page objects.

    # Radio button options have a separate annotation for each choice;
    # all choices have the same field name.
    # See https://westhealth.github.io/exploring-fillable-forms-with-pdfrw.html
    radio_fields_by_id = {}

    for page_index, page in enumerate(reader.pages):
        annotations = page.get("/Annots", [])
        for ann in annotations:
            field_id = get_full_annotation_field_id(ann)
            if field_id in field_info_by_id:
                field_info_by_id[field_id]["page"] = page_index + 1
                field_info_by_id[field_id]["rect"] = ann.get("/Rect")
            elif field_id in possible_radio_names:
                try:
                    # ann['/AP']['/N'] should have two items. One of them is '/Off',
                    # the other is the active value.
                    on_values = [v for v in ann["/AP"]["/N"] if v != "/Off"]
                except KeyError:
                    continue
                if len(on_values) == 1:
                    rect = ann.get("/Rect")
                    if field_id not in radio_fields_by_id:
                        radio_fields_by_id[field_id] = {
                            "field_id": field_id,
                            "type": "radio_group",
                            "page": page_index + 1,
                            "radio_options": [],
                        }
                    # Note: at least on macOS 15.7, Preview.app doesn't show selected
                    # radio buttons correctly. (It does if you remove the leading slash
                    # from the value, but that causes them not to appear correctly in
                    # Chrome/Firefox/Acrobat/etc).
                    radio_fields_by_id[field_id]["radio_options"].append(
                        {
                            "value": on_values[0],
                            "rect": rect,
                        }
                    )

    # Some PDFs have form field definitions without corresponding annotations,
    # so we can't tell where they are. Ignore these fields for now.
    fields_with_location = []
    for field_info in field_info_by_id.values():
        if "page" in field_info:
            fields_with_location.append(field_info)
        else:
            print(f"Unable to determine location for field id: {field_info.get('field_id')}, ignoring")

    # Sort by page number, then Y position (flipped in PDF coordinate system), then X.
    def sort_key(f):
        if "radio_options" in f:
            rect = f["radio_options"][0]["rect"] or [0, 0, 0, 0]
        else:
            rect = f.get("rect") or [0, 0, 0, 0]
        adjusted_position = [-rect[1], rect[0]]
        return [f.get("page"), adjusted_position]

    sorted_fields = fields_with_location + list(radio_fields_by_id.values())
    sorted_fields.sort(key=sort_key)

    return sorted_fields


def write_field_info(pdf_path: str, json_output_path: str):
    reader = PdfReader(pdf_path)
    field_info = get_field_info(reader)
    with open(json_output_path, "w") as f:
        json.dump(field_info, f, indent=2)
    print(f"Wrote {len(field_info)} fields to {json_output_path}")


if __name__ == "__main__":
    if len(sys.argv) != 3:
        print("Usage: extract_form_field_info.py [input pdf] [output json]")
        sys.exit(1)
    write_field_info(sys.argv[1], sys.argv[2])


path: scripts/fill_fillable_fields.py
content: import json
import sys

from extract_form_field_info import get_field_info
from pypdf import PdfReader, PdfWriter

# Fills fillable form fields in a PDF. See forms.md.


def fill_pdf_fields(input_pdf_path: str, fields_json_path: str, output_pdf_path: str):
    with open(fields_json_path) as f:
        fields = json.load(f)
    # Group by page number.
    fields_by_page = {}
    for field in fields:
        if "value" in field:
            field_id = field["field_id"]
            page = field["page"]
            if page not in fields_by_page:
                fields_by_page[page] = {}
            fields_by_page[page][field_id] = field["value"]

    reader = PdfReader(input_pdf_path)

    has_error = False
    field_info = get_field_info(reader)
    fields_by_ids = {f["field_id"]: f for f in field_info}
    for field in fields:
        existing_field = fields_by_ids.get(field["field_id"])
        if not existing_field:
            has_error = True
            print(f"ERROR: `{field['field_id']}` is not a valid field ID")
        elif field["page"] != existing_field["page"]:
            has_error = True
            print(f"ERROR: Incorrect page number for `{field['field_id']}` (got {field['page']}, expected {existing_field['page']})")
        else:
            if "value" in field:
                err = validation_error_for_field_value(existing_field, field["value"])
                if err:
                    print(err)
                    has_error = True
    if has_error:
        sys.exit(1)

    writer = PdfWriter(clone_from=reader)
    for page, field_values in fields_by_page.items():
        writer.update_page_form_field_values(writer.pages[page - 1], field_values, auto_regenerate=False)

    # This seems to be necessary for many PDF viewers to format the form values correctly.
    # It may cause the viewer to show a "save changes" dialog even if the user doesn't make any changes.
    writer.set_need_appearances_writer(True)

    with open(output_pdf_path, "wb") as f:
        writer.write(f)


def validation_error_for_field_value(field_info, field_value):
    field_type = field_info["type"]
    field_id = field_info["field_id"]
    if field_type == "checkbox":
        checked_val = field_info["checked_value"]
        unchecked_val = field_info["unchecked_value"]
        if field_value != checked_val and field_value != unchecked_val:
            return f'ERROR: Invalid value "{field_value}" for checkbox field "{field_id}". The checked value is "{checked_val}" and the unchecked value is "{unchecked_val}"'
    elif field_type == "radio_group":
        option_values = [opt["value"] for opt in field_info["radio_options"]]
        if field_value not in option_values:
            return f'ERROR: Invalid value "{field_value}" for radio group field "{field_id}". Valid values are: {option_values}'
    elif field_type == "choice":
        choice_values = [opt["value"] for opt in field_info["choice_options"]]
        if field_value not in choice_values:
            return f'ERROR: Invalid value "{field_value}" for choice field "{field_id}". Valid values are: {choice_values}'
    return None


# pypdf (at least version 5.7.0) has a bug when setting the value for a selection list field.
# In _writer.py around line 966:
#
# if field.get(FA.FT, "/Tx") == "/Ch" and field_flags & FA.FfBits.Combo == 0:
#     txt = "\n".join(annotation.get_inherited(FA.Opt, []))
#
# The problem is that for selection lists, `get_inherited` returns a list of two-element lists like
# [["value1", "Text 1"], ["value2", "Text 2"], ...]
# This causes `join` to throw a TypeError because it expects an iterable of strings.
# The horrible workaround is to patch `get_inherited` to return a list of the value strings.
# We call the original method and adjust the return value only if the argument to `get_inherited`
# is `FA.Opt` and if the return value is a list of two-element lists.
def monkeypatch_pydpf_method():
    from pypdf.constants import FieldDictionaryAttributes
    from pypdf.generic import DictionaryObject

    original_get_inherited = DictionaryObject.get_inherited

    def patched_get_inherited(self, key: str, default=None):
        result = original_get_inherited(self, key, default)
        if key == FieldDictionaryAttributes.Opt:
            if isinstance(result, list) and all(isinstance(v, list) and len(v) == 2 for v in result):
                result = [r[0] for r in result]
        return result

    DictionaryObject.get_inherited = patched_get_inherited


if __name__ == "__main__":
    if len(sys.argv) != 4:
        print("Usage: fill_fillable_fields.py [input pdf] [field_values.json] [output pdf]")
        sys.exit(1)
    monkeypatch_pydpf_method()
    input_pdf = sys.argv[1]
    fields_json = sys.argv[2]
    output_pdf = sys.argv[3]
    fill_pdf_fields(input_pdf, fields_json, output_pdf)


path: scripts/fill_pdf_form_with_annotations.py
content: import json
import sys

from pypdf import PdfReader, PdfWriter
from pypdf.annotations import FreeText

# Fills a PDF by adding text annotations defined in `fields.json`. See forms.md.


def transform_coordinates(bbox, image_width, image_height, pdf_width, pdf_height):
    """Transform bounding box from image coordinates to PDF coordinates"""
    # Image coordinates: origin at top-left, y increases downward
    # PDF coordinates: origin at bottom-left, y increases upward
    x_scale = pdf_width / image_width
    y_scale = pdf_height / image_height

    left = bbox[0] * x_scale
    right = bbox[2] * x_scale

    # Flip Y coordinates for PDF
    top = pdf_height - (bbox[1] * y_scale)
    bottom = pdf_height - (bbox[3] * y_scale)

    return left, bottom, right, top


def fill_pdf_form(input_pdf_path, fields_json_path, output_pdf_path):
    """Fill the PDF form with data from fields.json"""

    # `fields.json` format described in forms.md.
    with open(fields_json_path) as f:
        fields_data = json.load(f)

    # Open the PDF
    reader = PdfReader(input_pdf_path)
    writer = PdfWriter()

    # Copy all pages to writer
    writer.append(reader)

    # Get PDF dimensions for each page
    pdf_dimensions = {}
    for i, page in enumerate(reader.pages):
        mediabox = page.mediabox
        pdf_dimensions[i + 1] = [mediabox.width, mediabox.height]

    # Process each form field
    annotations = []
    for field in fields_data["form_fields"]:
        page_num = field["page_number"]

        # Get page dimensions and transform coordinates.
        page_info = next(p for p in fields_data["pages"] if p["page_number"] == page_num)
        image_width = page_info["image_width"]
        image_height = page_info["image_height"]
        pdf_width, pdf_height = pdf_dimensions[page_num]

        transformed_entry_box = transform_coordinates(field["entry_bounding_box"], image_width, image_height, pdf_width, pdf_height)

        # Skip empty fields
        if "entry_text" not in field or "text" not in field["entry_text"]:
            continue
        entry_text = field["entry_text"]
        text = entry_text["text"]
        if not text:
            continue

        font_name = entry_text.get("font", "Arial")
        font_size = str(entry_text.get("font_size", 14)) + "pt"
        font_color = entry_text.get("font_color", "000000")

        # Font size/color seems to not work reliably across viewers:
        # https://github.com/py-pdf/pypdf/issues/2084
        annotation = FreeText(
            text=text,
            rect=transformed_entry_box,
            font=font_name,
            font_size=font_size,
            font_color=font_color,
            border_color=None,
            background_color=None,
        )
        annotations.append(annotation)
        # page_number is 0-based for pypdf
        writer.add_annotation(page_number=page_num - 1, annotation=annotation)

    # Save the filled PDF
    with open(output_pdf_path, "wb") as output:
        writer.write(output)

    print(f"Successfully filled PDF form and saved to {output_pdf_path}")
    print(f"Added {len(annotations)} text annotations")


if __name__ == "__main__":
    if len(sys.argv) != 4:
        print("Usage: fill_pdf_form_with_annotations.py [input pdf] [fields.json] [output pdf]")
        sys.exit(1)
    input_pdf = sys.argv[1]
    fields_json = sys.argv[2]
    output_pdf = sys.argv[3]

    fill_pdf_form(input_pdf, fields_json, output_pdf)


Security scan verdicts — ClawScan: clean | static analysis: clean | VirusTotal: clean | SkillSpector: suspicious (HIGH)