Skill: aircraft06/academic-paper-writing-style (version 1.0.0)

--- name: academic-paper-writing-style description: 地质学、地球化学、月球与行星科学领域学术论文写作规范与风格指南。用于撰写、润色、修改中英文科研论文，掌握不同期刊的格式要求、用词习惯和表达方式。触发场景：撰写论文、论文润色、期刊选择建议、英文表达优化、中文学术写作规范。 --- # 学术论文写作风格指南 ## 概述 本技能基于对Nature、Science、PNAS、GRL、Icarus、EPSL、GCA、岩石学报等期刊2020年后发表论文的分析，总结中英文论文的写作规范、格式要求和表达习惯。 --- ## 一、期刊结构特点 ### 高影响因子期刊 (Nature/Science) **结构特征：** - Abstract: 150-250词，简洁有力 - 包含 "KeyPoints" 或 "Highlights" 小节 - Main text 精炼，通常不超过3000词 - 图表设计精美，说明简洁 **写作风格：** - 句式紧凑，避免冗长 - 用词直接准确 - 强调创新性和重要性 ### PNAS/GRL 期刊 **结构特征：** - Abstract: 分段或整体，200词左右 - **PNAS特有**: "Significance" 方框，突出研究意义 - **GRL特有**: "KeyPoints" 列表(3-5点)，"Plain Language Summary"(非专业读者版) - Supporting Information 详细 **写作风格：** - GRL更偏简洁报告风 - PNAS强调研究价值阐述 ### EPSL/GCA/Icarus 等地球化学主流期刊 **结构特征：** - Abstract: 完整段落，200-300词 - Keywords: 5-8个 - 引言-方法-结果-讨论-结论 标准五段式 - 详细的实验方法和补充材料 **写作风格：** - 逻辑严密，方法详尽 - 图表自明性强 - 讨论部分深入对比前人研究 ### Annual Review 系列 **结构特征：** - 综述性文章，结构更灵活 - 摘要较长(300-500词) - 分节标题细粒度，内容深入 **写作风格：** - 总结性强，脉络清晰 - 适合领域入门和前沿概览 ### 中文期刊 (岩石学报/中国科学/地学前缘) **结构特征：** - 中英文双语标题、摘要、关键词 - 作者单位中英文并列 - 英文摘要通常更详细 - 基金项目标注完整 **写作风格：** - 中文：正式书面语，学术规范 - 英文：与国际接轨，但可稍长 --- ## 二、中英文论文通用句式库 ### 研究背景/引言开场 **英文经典表达：** ``` Recent advances in... have revealed/shown/indicated... Extensive studies have demonstrated that... It is now well established that... Over the past decade, significant progress has been made in... A fundamental question remains: ... However, it remains unclear whether... Despite extensive research, the mechanism of... remains poorly understood. ``` **中文对应表达：** ``` 近年来，...研究取得了重要进展/突破 大量研究表明... ...已成为领域内共识 然而，关于...的机制仍不清楚 尽管前人进行了大量研究，但...问题仍未解决 ...的本质/机理尚存争议 ``` ### 研究意义/重要性 **英文经典表达：** ``` This finding sheds light on... These observations provide critical constraints on... Our results have important implications for... This study represents a significant advance in... Understanding ... is crucial for... The discovery of ... has profound implications for... ``` **中文对应表达：** ``` 这一发现为了解...提供了新视角 这些结果为...提供了关键约束 本研究对...具有重要意义 ...的发现对...具有深远的启示 理解...对于...至关重要 ``` ### 方法描述 **英文经典表达：** ``` ...was performed using... Samples were carefully selected from... The analytical procedures followed standard protocols... High-precision analyses were conducted using... In situ analyses were carried out using... ``` **中文对应表达：** ``` 采用...方法进行分析 样品采自...，经过仔细挑选 分析流程参照标准程序 利用高精度...技术进行测定 进行原位分析... ``` ### 结果描述 **英文经典表达：** ``` The results show/reveal/indicate that... ...is characterized by... ...ranges from... to..., with an average of... A notable feature is the... In contrast to previous studies, our data demonstrate... Surprisingly, we found that... ``` **中文对应表达：** ``` 结果显示/表明/揭示... ...的特征为... ...变化范围为...至...，平均值为... 显著特征是... 与前人研究不同，本数据显示... 出乎意料的是，我们发现... ``` ### 讨论/解释 **英文经典表达：** ``` These observations can be explained by... One possible interpretation is that... This may be attributed to... In light of these findings, we propose... It is generally accepted that... This process could account for... ``` **中文对应表达：** ``` 这些现象可以用...来解释 一种可能的解释是... 这可能归因于... 基于这些发现，我们提出... 普遍认为... 这一过程可以解释... ``` ### 结论 **英文经典表达：** ``` In conclusion, we have demonstrated that... Taken together, these results suggest... Based on these observations, we conclude that... This study provides the first evidence for... Future work should focus on... ``` **中文对应表达：** ``` 综上所述，本研究证明了... 综合以上结果，我们认为... 基于这些观察，我们得出结论... 本研究首次提供了...的证据 未来研究应聚焦于... ``` --- ## 三、用词规范与常见错误 ### 动词使用 | 中文意思 | 推荐英文 | 避免使用 | |---------|---------|---------| | 表明/显示 | indicate, show, reveal, demonstrate | prove (过于确定) | | 认为 | suggest, propose, interpret | think (口语化) | | 影响 | affect, influence, control | impact (名词用作动词) | | 证实 | confirm, validate, verify | -- | | 利用 | using, utilizing, based on | apply (不当搭配) | ### 副词使用 - 表示程度: significantly, substantially, markedly, slightly - 表示可能: possibly, probably, likely, potentially - 表示对比: however, in contrast, whereas, while, although - 表示结果: therefore, consequently, as a result, thus ### 常见错误 1. **时态混乱**: 方法部分用过去式，结论用现在完成时 2. **主动/被动**: 现代趋势是主动语态更多使用 3. **定冠词**: 第一次提及用"a/an"，特指用"the" 4. **单位格式**: SI单位，数字与单位之间空格 --- ## 四、中文论文写作规范 ### 标题 - 简洁明了，反映核心创新点 - 长度：中文15-25字，英文10-20词 - 避免"研究"、"初探"等泛化词汇 ### 摘要 - **中文摘要**: 200-300字，涵盖研究背景、目的、方法、主要结论 - **英文摘要**: 可更详细，300-500词 - 不引用参考文献 - 关键词5-8个，中英文对应 ### 引言 - 逻辑递进：从宏观背景到具体问题 - 文献综述：选择性引用，突出与本研究的相关性 - 明确提出科学问题或研究目的 ### 结论vs讨论 - **结论**: 主要发现的总结，不引用前人文献 - **讨论**: 解释结果的意义，与前人研究对比，提出模型 --- ## 五、图表规范 ### 英文期刊 - Figure captions 在图下方，简洁描述 - Table titles 在表上方 - 图表应能独立理解 - 补充材料(Supplementary)承载详细数据 ### 中文期刊 - 图名中英文双语 - 表名中英文双语 - 图表设计规范，线条清晰 --- ## 六、回复审稿意见模板 ### 感谢审稿 ``` We thank Dr. [Reviewer] for the constructive comments, which have significantly improved our manuscript. ``` ### 回应质疑 ``` We appreciate the reviewer's concern about... Regarding the reviewer's question about..., we would like to clarify that... In response to this valid point, we have revised... ``` ### 修改说明 ``` According to the reviewer's suggestion, we have added/removed/modified... We have revised the manuscript to address this issue. ``` --- ## 七、常用连接词/过渡语 ### 英文 | 用途 | 连接词 | |-----|-------| | 递进 | furthermore, moreover, in addition | | 对比 | however, on the other hand, in contrast | | 因果 | therefore, thus, consequently, as a result | | 举例 | for example, for instance, such as | | 强调 | importantly, significantly, notably | | 总结 | in summary, in conclusion, overall | ### 中文 | 用途 | 连接词 | |-----|-------| | 递进 | 此外、进一步、与此同时 | | 对比 | 然而、但是、与此相反 | | 因果 | 因此、所以、由此可见 | | 举例 | 例如、比如、诸如 | | 强调 | 重要的是、值得注意的是 | | 总结 | 综上所述、总之、总之 | --- ## 八、期刊选择建议 ### 根据研究类型 | 研究类型 | 推荐期刊 | |---------|---------| | 新发现/重大突破 | Nature, Science | | 地球化学创新方法 | GCA, EPSL, Geostandards | | 行星科学 | Icarus, MPS, JGR-Planets | | 综合地学 | PNAS, Nature Communications | | 综述类 | Annual Review, Earth-Science Reviews | | 中文综合 | 中国科学, 地质学报 | | 中文地化 | 岩石学报, 地球化学 | ### 投稿前检查 1. 严格遵循期刊格式要求 2. 检查字数限制(Abstract/Text) 3. 确认图表分辨率和格式 4. 参考文献格式统一 5. 附件材料准备完整 --- ## 参考来源 本指南基于以下期刊2020-2025年发表的论文分析： - Nature, Science, PNAS - Geophysical Research Letters (GRL) - Earth and Planetary Science Letters (EPSL) - Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta (GCA) - Icarus, Meteoritics & Planetary Science (MPS) - Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences - 岩石学报 (Acta Petrologica Sinica) - National Science Review (NSR)

path: references/expression_examples.md
content: # 论文表达例句库

本文档收录从2020-2025年发表的高水平论文中提取的经典表达，供撰写论文时参考。

---

## 一、引言部分 (Introduction)

### 1.1 阐述研究背景

**Nature/Science 风格（简洁有力）:**
```
Water abundance in the lunar mantle provides insights into the giant impact formation models for the Moon and plays a crucial role in the crystallization of the lunar magma ocean and subsequent magma-ism and long-lived volcanism.
```

**GRL 风格（条理清晰）:**
```
Recently, China's Chang'E-5 mission targeted a higher latitude on the Moon than previous Apollo and Luna missions, and brought back scooped and drilled samples to the Earth. These new soil samples provide an opportunity to investigate the distribution, abundance, and origin(s) of water in Moon's middle latitude.
```

**中文期刊风格:**
```
为研究太阳风成因水在月表低纬度地区的分布特征，本文对中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所博物馆珍藏的一份Apollo 11月壤样品开展了单颗粒原位纳米离子探针同位素和水含量深度剖面分析。
```

### 1.2 引用前人研究

**经典句式:**
```
In the past two decades, substantial advances in secondary ion mass spectrometry have improved our knowledge of water in the lunar mantle, causing a shift from the once traditional 'bone dry' concept to a relatively 'wet' Moon.
```

```
Extensive studies of various lunar samples derived from the melting of lunar mantle have shown a heterogeneous distribution of water in the lunar interior with abundances ranging from about 1 μg g⁻¹ to 200 μg g⁻¹.
```

### 1.3 指出研究空白

```
However, most of these lunar water estimates derive from Apollo and Luna samples collected from low-latitude regions. Whether or not the solar wind-derived water in lunar soil grains can be preserved beneath the surface remains limited.
```

### 1.4 阐述研究目的

```
Here, we report the NanoSIMS measurements of abundances and D/H ratios on soil grains from three deepest sections of the Chang'E-5 drill core sampled at depths of 0.45–0.8 m.
```

---

## 二、方法部分 (Methods)

### 2.1 样品描述

```
A total of 578 particles varying from 0.1–1.5 mm in size were sieved and hand-picked from one CE6 soil sample (CE6C0200YJFM001 of 5 g). Mare basalt fragments account for around 28% of the selected particles characterized by scanning electron microscopy and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA).
```

```
The dominant hydrous mineral in mare basalts—apatite and entrapped melt hosted by olivine and ilmenite—were the main targets selected for this study.
```

### 2.2 实验方法

```
High-precision U–Pb dating and trace element analyses of zircon were conducted by LA-ICP-MS at the Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences.
```

```
NanoSIMS depth-profiling measurements of H isotope and water content were carried out on Apollo 11 soils that were stored in the Geological Museum Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences.
```

### 2.3 数据处理

```
The results show that the surface of all lunar grains (<200 nm) has a high water content, the maximum water content varying from 0.35% to 1.59%.
```

---

## 三、结果部分 (Results)

### 3.1 主要发现

```
The results show that most of the grain rims (topmost ~100 nm) show high abundances of hydrogen (1,116 to 2,516 ppm) with extremely low δD values (−908 to −992‰), implying nearly exclusively a SW origin.
```

```
The hydrogen-content depth distribution in the grain rims is phase-dependent, either bell-shaped for glass or monotonic decrease for mineral grains.
```

### 3.2 数据特征

```
Except for one plagioclase A11-021-1 whose surface H isotope composition (δD) is −262‰, the other grains have very low δD values ranging from −987‰ to −642‰.
```

```
High water contents of 0.13–1.3 wt.% are present on approximately half of the grain surfaces (topmost ∼100 nm).
```

### 3.3 对比分析

```
In contrast to the Apollo samples, the Chang'E-5 soils exhibit significantly higher water content and lower δD values.
```

---

## 四、讨论部分 (Discussion)

### 4.1 解释现象

```
These characteristics indicate that the high water content in the surface layer of lunar grains is the result of solar-wind implantation rather than terrestrial contamination.
```

```
The different water content and δD values may be caused by H diffusion after initial solar-wind implantation.
```

### 4.2 提出模型/假说

```
We propose that the dynamic equilibrium between implantation and outgassing of SW-hydrogen in soil grains on the lunar surface.
```

```
By comparing with the Apollo missions, both observations and simulations provide constraints on the governing role of temperature (latitude) on hydrogen implantation/migration in lunar soils.
```

### 4.3 意义阐述

```
Our discoveries shed light on complicated space weathering processes on the Moon.
```

```
This new estimate for the lunar farside mantle represents a landmark for estimating the water abundance of the bulk silicate Moon, providing critical constraints on the giant impact origin hypothesis.
```

---

## 五、结论部分 (Conclusions)

### 5.1 总结主要结论

```
In summary, we have demonstrated that the lunar farside mantle is potentially drier than its nearside counterpart, suggesting that the distribution of water in the interior of the Moon may exhibit a hemispheric dichotomy.
```

```
The results are indicative of homogeneous distribution of SW-derived water in the vertical direction, providing compelling evidence for the well-mixed nature of the lunar regolith.
```

### 5.2 研究价值

```
These findings provide important constraints on the origin and evolution of the Moon.
```

### 5.3 展望未来

```
Future work should focus on... / Further studies are needed to...
```

---

## 六、特定研究类型的经典表达

### 6.1 月球/行星科学研究

```
The Chinese spacecraft Chang'e-5 (CE-5) landed on the northern Ocean Procellarum and returned 1,731 grams of regolith.
```

```
The CE-5 regolith is composed mostly of fragments of basalt, impact glass, agglutinates, and mineral fragments.
```

```
The basalts could be classified as of a low-Ti and highly fractionated type based on their TiO₂ content of ~5.3 wt% and Mg# of ~28.
```

### 6.2 同位素地球化学

```
The δD values as low as −995‰ and negative correlations between δD and water contents indicate that SW implantation is an important source of water beneath the lunar surface.
```

```
The isotopic composition of the samples provides evidence for...
```

### 6.3 年代学

```
Independent of petrographic texture, the CE-5 basalts have a uniform eruption age of 2,030 ± 4 Ma, demonstrating that the Moon remained volcanically active until at least ~2.0 Ga.
```

---

## 七、中文期刊特色表达

### 7.1 摘要中的表达

```
为研究太阳风成因水在月表低纬度地区的分布特征，本文对...开展了单颗粒原位纳米离子探针同位素和水含量深度剖面分析。
```

```
结果表明月壤颗粒表层（＜200 nm）具有较高的水含量（剖面最大水含量变化范围为0.35%～1.59%，平均值为0.82%）。
```

### 7.2 结论性表达

```
该结果与前人对Apollo样品的报导类似。
```

```
这一特征表明月壤颗粒表层的高水含量是太阳风注入的结果，而非陆地污染所致。
```

### 7.3 讨论中的表达

```
不同水含量和δD值可能是太阳风注入后H扩散造成的。
```

```
此外，我们发现橄榄石、斜辉石和斜长石的水含量深度分布特征相似，且随着深度增加逐渐降低。
```

---

## 八、高频词汇对照表

| 中文概念 | 英文表达 |
|---------|---------|
| 太阳风 | solar wind (SW) |
| 月壤 | lunar regolith / lunar soils |
| 熔体包裹体 | melt inclusions |
| 水含量 | water content / H content |
| 氢同位素 | H isotope / hydrogen isotope |
| 深度剖面 | depth profile |
| 纳米离子探针 | NanoSIMS |
| 岩浆海 | magma ocean |
| 部分熔融 | partial melting |
| 幔源 | mantle-derived |
| 玄武岩 | basalt |
| 月海 | mare |
| 高地 | highlands |
| 空间风化 | space weathering |
| 撞击玻璃 | impact glass |


path: references/journal_formats.md
content: # 期刊格式规范参考

本文档汇总主要地学期刊的格式要求，供论文撰写和投稿参考。

---

## 一、Nature 系列

### Nature (主刊)

| 项目 | 要求 |
|-----|------|
| 标题 | 简洁，≤120 characters |
| 摘要 | 150词，无结构分段 |
| 正文 | 约3000词 |
| 图表 | ≤6 figures + tables |
| 参考文献 | 顺序编号 |

**特色结构：**
- 无独立"引言/方法/结果/讨论"标题
- 逻辑连贯的散文形式
- 审稿周期较短

### Nature Communications

| 项目 | 要求 |
|-----|------|
| 标题 | 简洁，≤90 characters |
| 摘要 | 150词 |
| 正文 | 无严格限制 |
| 图表 | 适量 |

---

## 二、Science

| 项目 | 要求 |
|-----|------|
| 标题 | 简洁，反映核心发现 |
| 摘要 | ~150词，分段 |
| 正文 | 约3000词 |
| 图表 | 通常5-6个 |

**结构特点：**
- 与Nature类似，散文化的完整叙述
- 审稿严格，竞争激烈

---

## 三、PNAS (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences)

| 项目 | 要求 |
|-----|------|
| 标题 | 简洁 |
| 摘要 | 250词以内 |
| 正文 | 无严格限制 |
| **Significance** | 必须在投稿时填写，简洁描述研究意义 |

**格式特点：**
- 强制填写"Significance Statement"
- 建议添加"Plain Language Summary"

---

## 四、GRL (Geophysical Research Letters)

| 项目 | 要求 |
|-----|------|
| 标题 | 简洁 |
| 摘要 | ≤1500字符（约200-250词） |
| 正文 | 无严格字数限制，鼓励简洁 |
| **KeyPoints** | 必须，3-5个要点，每个≤85字符 |
| **Plain Language Summary** | 建议添加 |

**格式特点：**
- 快报型期刊，简洁为首
- 图表精炼
- 结论不能过度推断

---

## 五、EPSL (Earth and Planetary Science Letters)

| 项目 | 要求 |
|-----|------|
| 标题 | 描述性标题 |
| 摘要 | 200-300词 |
| 正文 | 标准结构（引言/方法/结果/讨论/结论） |
| Keywords | 5-8个 |
| 参考文献 | 统一格式 |

**格式特点：**
- 完整的研究论文格式
- 方法部分要求详尽
- 讨论深入

---

## 六、GCA (Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta)

| 项目 | 要求 |
|-----|------|
| 标题 | 描述性，避免缩写 |
| 摘要 | 200-300词 |
| 正文 | 标准五段式 |
| Keywords | 5-8个 |
| 致谢 | 详细的项目和基金说明 |

**格式特点：**
- 地球化学专业期刊
- 注重分析方法和数据质量
- Supporting Information 重要

---

## 七、Icarus

| 项目 | 要求 |
|-----|------|
| 标题 | 描述性 |
| 摘要 | 200-300词 |
| 正文 | 标准结构 |
| Keywords | 5-8个 |
| 图表 | 自明性强 |

**格式特点：**
- 行星科学专业期刊
- 注重观测和实验数据
- 方法描述需详尽

---

## 八、Annual Review 系列

| 项目 | 要求 |
|-----|------|
| 摘要 | 300-500词，可分段 |
| 正文 | 综述性，无固定字数 |
| 结构 | 分节标题，粒度细 |
| 引用 | 广泛，篇幅长 |

**格式特点：**
- 综述类文章
- 适合领域概览和前沿总结
- 需有独到见解

---

## 九、中文期刊格式

### 岩石学报 (Acta Petrologica Sinica)

| 项目 | 要求 |
|-----|------|
| 标题 | 中英文双语 |
| 摘要 | 中英文双语，中文200-300字，英文可稍长 |
| 关键词 | 中英文各5-8个 |
| 作者单位 | 中英文双语 |
| 正文 | 标准五段式 |
| 致谢 | 中英文双语 |

**格式特点：**
- 完全双语化
- 图表需中英文标题
- 基金项目标注清楚

### 地学前缘 (Earth Science Frontiers)

| 项目 | 要求 |
|-----|------|
| 标题 | 中英文 |
| 摘要 | 中英文 |
| 关键词 | 中英文 |
| 其他 | 参照岩石学报格式 |

### 中国科学 (Science China)

| 项目 | 要求 |
|-----|------|
| 标题 | 中英文 |
| 摘要 | 中英文 |
| 关键词 | 中英文 |
| 其他 | 高标准学术规范 |

---

## 十、投稿检查清单

### 投稿前必查

- [ ] 摘要字数符合期刊要求
- [ ] 标题简洁，反映核心创新
- [ ] Keywords 数量和质量符合
- [ ] 图表分辨率达标
- [ ] 参考文献格式统一
- [ ] 作者信息完整
- [ ] 基金标注完整
- [ ] 英文语法检查
- [ ] 查重（避免自我抄袭）
- [ ] 审稿人推荐合理

### 格式检查

- [ ] 页面边距
- [ ] 行号（如要求）
- [ ] 双倍行距（如要求）
- [ ] 图表位置正确
- [ ] 缩写首次定义

### 伦理检查

- [ ] 所有作者知情同意
- [ ] 无一稿多投
- [ ] 利益冲突声明
- [ ] 数据可用性说明
- [ ] 基金致谢完整


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