Skill: junwugit/paper-introduction-writer (version 1.0.0)

--- name: paper-introduction-writer description: 根据论文主题、背景、前人研究、gap、方法和结果，按 Glasman-Deal《Science Research Writing》的四组件/十一句式模型生成、修改或注释研究论文 Introduction；支持英文稿、中文功能注释、段落提纲、已有引言修改和 §1.6 的 250-350 词短引言练习。 --- # Paper Introduction Writer 论文引言生成器 ## 技能用途 / Purpose 本技能基于 Hilary Glasman-Deal *Science Research Writing: A Fresh Approach* (2nd ed., 2020) 第 1 单元 "How to Write the Introduction" 的**逆向工程（reverse-engineering）方法论**，从公开发表的高水平研究文章中提炼出引言的**结构化写作模型**，用于辅助用户为自己的研究论文生成、修改、注释或规划规范、丰富的 Introduction 部分。 ## 何时启用本技能 满足以下任一条件即应启用： - 用户要求"写引言 / 写 introduction / 写前言部分 / draft the introduction"。 - 用户要求"根据我的研究主题/论文题目，生成论文的 introduction"。 - 用户提供了研究的主题、背景、前人工作、gap、方法、结果等信息，并希望整合成一段学术规范的引言。 - 用户希望同时得到中英两个版本、或希望理解引言中每个句子/段落的**写作目的/功能**。 - 用户希望对照某个领域（材料、生命科学、CS、工程、化学、物理等）的典型引言模板进行写作。 - 用户提供已有 Introduction 草稿，希望润色、重构、检查 gap、补充文献综述、或添加逐句功能注释。 - 用户只要求段落级 outline、四组件诊断、或按目标期刊风格调整引言。 ## 核心理论：四组件模型 + 十一句式 Glasman-Deal 从多个已发表论文中逆向归纳出 Introduction 的**通用四组件模型**（GENERIC INTRODUCTION MODEL），组件之间是**菜单式**的——不必全用，但必须覆盖主要功能： 1. **组件 1 — 建立背景（wide end）**： - 确立研究主题/领域的重要性（establish the importance of the topic） - 提供必要的事实背景（background factual information） - 引出该领域的一般性问题或当前研究焦点（general problem area / current research focus） 2. **组件 2 — 研究地图（literature & contributions review）**： - 综述前人/当前研究和贡献，构成"研究地图"，让读者看到本研究的坐标。 - 可按三种模式组织：general-to-specific（最常见）/ different approaches / chronological。 3. **组件 3 — 锁定空白（locate a gap, narrow down）**： - 指出研究的空白、未解决的问题、矛盾、或前人方法的不足。 - 通常用 However / Although 等信号词引出。 - 陈述研究动机、假设、或研究机会。 4. **组件 4 — 介绍本研究（narrow end）**： - 描述本文/本研究是什么（目的、方法、结构、贡献、结果） - 使用与证据强度匹配的贡献标记词（contribution markers；传统上称为 "happy words"）显式标注本研究的贡献，如 *new, robust, lightweight, efficient, systematic* 等；只有在用户材料支持时才使用 *novel, first, significant, state-of-the-art* 等强断言。 Introduction 整体呈**漏斗形**：起笔宽泛（wide），逐步聚焦（narrow）到本研究。Discussion 则相反：从本研究出发回到宽泛。 在句子层面，可把四组件展开为**十一句式模板**（并非强制，是一把尺子）。详见 `references/model-structure.md`。 ## §1.6 写作练习模式 / Short Practice Mode 当用户明确提到 "Exercise 5"、"1.6 Writing the Introduction"、"250-350 words"、"短引言练习"，或要求根据一个假想/已完成项目快速写一篇引言时，启用短引言练习模式： - 先按段落规划整个 Introduction，再写句子；目标是把本单元的 model、language、writing skills 和 vocabulary 合在一次写作任务中使用。 - 使用 streamlined Introduction model：三段式通常足够，但仍必须覆盖四组件（C1 背景、C2 研究地图、C3 gap、C4 本文）。 - 句型应尽量贴近用户给定的 target articles；若用户没有提供目标文章，则参照 `references/examples.md` 与 `references/templates.md` 中相近领域的句型。 - 语言资源优先来自 `references/language-toolkit.md`，尤其是前人研究连接语、gap 信号词、本文引入句和贡献标记词。 - 若练习题明确允许虚构文献，可使用 Wang et al. (1999)、Martinez (2002)、Zhang et al. (2019) 这类 plausible references，并标注其为练习用占位；真实投稿稿件中不要虚构引用，只能使用用户提供的引用或语义化占位符（如 `[REF: prior safety-bar design]`）。 - 针对 SPPPV / bicycle cover 练习，读取 `references/writing-practice.md` 与 `references/examples.md` 的样例 7。 ## 工作流 / Workflow 当启用本技能后，按以下步骤工作： ### 第 0 步 — 判断任务类型 先判断用户要的是哪一种任务，并让输出形式匹配任务，而不是机械生成完整双文件： - **完整生成**：从用户笔记生成完整 Introduction。默认产出英文版和中文功能注释版，并保存文件。 - **修改已有稿**：用户提供 Introduction 草稿时，优先保留原意和已有引用，重构漏斗、gap、段落衔接和贡献表达；除非用户要求，不强制另存双文件。 - **功能注释 / 诊断**：只分析段落功能、句子功能、gap 与四组件完整性，不改写全文。 - **提纲模式**：只输出 paragraph-level outline 或四组件规划。 - **§1.6 短练习模式**：按 250-350 words、3 段、8-12 句左右生成练习型引言。 ### 第 1 步 — 收集输入信息 如用户提供的信息不完整，**主动、礼貌地**询问以下核心要素（能一次问完就一次问完，不要多轮挤牙膏）： | 字段 | 说明 | 示例 | |---|---|---| | **Topic / Title** | 论文题目或核心主题 | "A lightweight chitin-PLA composite for load-bearing biomedical applications" | | **Field / Discipline** | 所属学科 | 材料科学 / 生物医学工程 | | **Importance hook** | 该领域为何重要、为何有用 | PLA 可降解、可生物相容，广受关注 | | **Background facts** | 读者需要了解的 1-3 条基础事实 | PLA 来自玉米、甘蔗等可再生原料；有优良的成型性 | | **General problem / current focus** | 领域当前关注的一般性问题 | PLA 的抗冲击性弱；生物医学应用要求低毒性 | | **Prior research / key studies** | 1-3 个相关前人工作（带作者或引用标号） | Penney et al. (2012) 在 PLA 基质中掺入角蛋白填料 | | **Gap / problem** | 本文要解决的空白或问题 | 角蛋白显著增加复合材料重量，且很少有人关注替代生物相容材料 | | **Aim / approach of this paper** | 本文的目的、方法 | 提出一套筛选标准；用壳聚糖替代角蛋白 | | **Main finding / contribution** | 主要结果或贡献，贡献强度需有证据支撑 | 新型轻质共聚物，显著提高抗冲击性，同时保留生物相容性 | | **Target journal style (optional)** | 目标期刊（用来匹配风格） | Biomaterials / Nature / PNAS 等 | 若用户信息已足够，**直接跳到第 2 步**，不要反复确认。 **最小可生成输入（minimum viable input）**： - Topic / Title - Field / Discipline - Gap / problem - Aim / approach of this paper - Main finding / contribution（若尚无结果，可提供预期贡献或研究目的） 如果缺少上述 2 项或更多，先一次性询问补充信息。若用户只有标题和一句话但坚持生成，输出带 `[TO BE FILLED: ...]` 的骨架稿或提纲，并明确说明哪些位置需要用户补充。目标期刊、精确引用和详细结果是强烈建议项，但不是启动写作的硬性门槛。 ### 第 2 步 — 选择模板 读取 `references/templates.md`，根据用户的学科匹配最接近的模板（材料 / 生命科学 / 计算机 / 工程 / 化学 / 物理 / 交叉学科）。若无完美匹配，使用通用模板（General Template）作为骨架。 若用户要求 §1.6 练习、250-350 词短引言、或 SPPPV / bicycle cover 题目，优先采用 `references/templates.md` 中的"模板 4B：工程 / 交通 / 设计短引言"，并读取 `references/writing-practice.md`。 ### 第 2.5 步 — 形成段落级计划 在生成英文句子前，先形成 paragraph-level outline：每一段对应哪个组件、承担什么功能、如何连接上一段、最终如何通向本文贡献。默认可作为内部规划；若用户要求教学、审阅或确认结构，则把这个 outline 展示给用户。 ### 第 3 步 — 生成英文版 Introduction 按照"四组件 + 十一句式"框架： - 组件 1（约 2-4 句或 1 段）：importance hook → background facts → general problem area - 组件 2（约 3-6 句或 1-2 段）：literature & contributions review（用 `references/language-toolkit.md` 中的 linking phrases） - 组件 3（约 2-3 句）：gap / problem / motivation，通常以 *However / Although / Despite / Yet* 开头 - 组件 4（约 2-4 句或 1 段）：describe the present paper（aim + method + 可选结果 + 贡献标记词） 务必： - 使用正确的动词时态（参见 `references/language-toolkit.md`）。 - 包含用户提供的引用；如果用户没给引用，使用语义化占位符（如 `[REF: biodegradable PLA review]`、`[REF: baseline method]`），不要伪造真实感作者年份，除非这是明确允许虚构引用的练习题。 - 使用与证据强度匹配的贡献标记词。没有结果数据时，优先使用稳健表达（*provides, examines, evaluates, proposes, offers*）；有充分证据时再使用强表达（*novel, first, significant, state-of-the-art*）。 - 常规投稿型引言要写得**充实、展开**：成熟引言通常 15-25 句，分 3-5 段。若用户明确要求 §1.6 / short practice / 250-350 words，则采用 8-12 句、3 段左右的紧凑版本，但四组件仍必须齐备。 ### 第 4 步 — 生成中文版 Introduction（带功能注释） 中文版的结构与英文版一一对应，但**格式特殊**： - 每一段开头先写一行 **"【段落功能】"** 注释，说明该段在整个引言中扮演什么角色（对应四组件的哪一部分）。 - 每一个句子后面，用 **斜体 + 括号** 形式紧跟一句功能注释，如 *（本句功能：确立研究主题的重要性）*。 - 这种注释**必须遵循 Glasman-Deal 的逆向工程原则**：描述"句子在做什么（function）"，不是"句子在说什么（content）"。参见 `references/model-structure.md` 的十一句式详表。 示例格式（片段）： ```markdown ## 第一段 【段落功能】组件 1 — 建立研究主题的重要性、提供必要的事实背景、引出一般性问题。此段是引言的"宽端"，让所有读者能共同进入论文。 近年来，来自生物质的聚乳酸（PLA）因其可降解性和生物相容性受到广泛关注。*（本句功能：确立研究主题的重要性——以"近年来"+ 现在完成时建立"该主题是热点"的基调，对应组件 1 的第一个功能。）* 生物质 PLA 可从玉米、甘蔗等可再生原料中制备。*（本句功能：提供读者理解本文所必需的基本事实背景；用一般现在时表达已被广泛接受的事实。）* ... ``` ### 第 5 步 — 保存文件 完整生成任务默认在**用户当前工作目录**下保存两份 Markdown 文件： - `introduction_en.md` — 英文版 - `introduction_zh.md` — 中文版（含逐句逐段功能注释） 但如果用户只要求 inline 草稿、只要英文/中文、只要提纲、只要修改建议、或只要求诊断，不要强制保存两份文件；按用户请求输出即可。若目标文件已存在且不是本次任务刚创建的文件，优先使用带标题 slug 或日期的文件名，避免覆盖用户已有稿件。 在两个文件开头分别添加一个 YAML 前言块或标题块，包含： - Paper title - Field - Generation date - Brief TL;DR of the paper's contribution ### 第 6 步 — 向用户汇报 简洁汇报： - 文件路径（若保存了文件） - 使用的模板名 - 英文版句数与段数 - 提醒用户检查引用占位符、替换为真实引用 ## 渐进式披露策略 本 SKILL.md 只是入口。不要一次性读取所有 references——**按需读取**： - 开始撰写前，**必读**：`references/model-structure.md`（核心模型）、`references/output-format.md`（格式规范） - 确定字段/学科后，读取：`references/templates.md` 中对应的模板部分 - 修改已有 Introduction 时，读取：`references/model-structure.md`、`references/writing-tips.md`；需要重写格式或保存文件时再读取 `references/output-format.md` - 用户要求 §1.6 练习、250-350 词短引言、SPPPV 或 bicycle cover 时，读取：`references/writing-practice.md`，并参考 `references/examples.md` 的样例 7 - 写 Component 2 前，读取：`references/language-toolkit.md`（linking phrases、verb tenses） - 写 Component 3 前，读取：`references/gap-patterns.md`（gap 的多种表达方式） - 用户需要参照完整示例时，读取：`references/examples.md` ## 输出质量标准 一份高质量引言应满足： 1. **漏斗结构清晰**：从宽到窄，不能从宽跳到宽或从窄跳到宽。 2. **四组件齐备**：至少组件 1、3、4 必须有；组件 2 依领域习惯，但绝大多数研究论文需要。 3. **时态正确**：参考 `references/language-toolkit.md`。 4. **引用到位**：每个前人贡献都有真实引用或语义化引用占位符；背景事实若已被广泛接受可不引。 5. **gap 明确**：用 However / Although / Despite 等显式信号引出，且 gap 与本文 aim 之间有逻辑衔接。 6. **贡献标记得体**：不过度自夸，但明确标识本研究的贡献；强断言必须有用户材料或真实引用支撑。 7. **长度匹配任务**：常规稿件通常 15 句、3 段以上；§1.6 练习或明确要求的短引言可为 8-12 句、250-350 词左右，但不能缺少四组件。 8. **中文注释贴合**：描述"句子的功能"，不重复内容；语言专业但简洁。 ## 关键禁忌 - **不要**以研究的具体问题或方法开头——多数期刊期望从宏观重要性切入。 - **不要**在引言里铺陈过多的方法细节——属于 Methods。 - **不要**用问句陈述 gap——用 prediction / suggestion / hypothesis 形式。 - **不要**把 literature review 写成"shopping list"——必须有叙述主线，通往本文动机。 - **不要**忘记在中文版逐句标注功能；功能注释不等于中文翻译。 - **不要**无证据夸大贡献词——没有数据或用户确认时，不要写 first / breakthrough / state-of-the-art / significant 这类强断言。 - **不要**在真实投稿稿件中虚构参考文献；只有练习题明确允许时才可创造 fake references。 - **不要**在用户只要求提纲、诊断、单语版本或修改建议时强制生成并保存完整双文件。

path: references/examples.md
content: # 结构化样例库（Worked Examples）

本文件提供 **7 个结构化引言样例**，每个样例包含：
- 论文题目
- 英文结构示意（用于学习结构，不逐字复用原文）
- 四组件结构标注
- 逐句功能分析
- 中文功能注释示例

生成新引言时可参照这些样例的**结构与叙述节奏**，而不是直接复制其内容。若需要查看某篇论文的完整原文，应回到合法来源或用户提供的材料。

---

## 样例 1：材料科学 —— Chitin-PLA 复合材料（核心示例）

**题目**：A light-weight chitin-PLA composite for load-bearing biomedical applications

### 英文结构示意（非逐字原文）

1. Establish biomass-derived PLA as an important material because of its degradability and biocompatibility.
2. Provide a basic factual definition: PLA comes from renewable feedstocks.
3. Connect those properties to biomedical applications.
4. Introduce a broad limitation: weak impact resistance.
5. Add a second constraint: biomedical reinforcement must remain low-toxicity.
6. Move into prior work on keratin-based reinforcement.
7. Mention a representative study showing that keratin can be incorporated into PLA.
8. Identify the specific gap: keratin increases weight, and alternatives have received limited attention.
9. State that the present paper develops selection criteria for an alternative component.
10. Briefly describe the selected material and preparation route.
11. Preview the result with calibrated contribution markers: lightweight, improved impact resistance, retained biocompatibility.

### 逐句结构分析

| 句号 | 组件 | 功能 |
|---|---|---|
| S1 | C1 | 建立主题重要性（"has received much attention in recent years"） |
| S2 | C1 | 提供背景事实（一般现在时）|
| S3 | C1 | 背景深化 + 引用支撑（应用场景）|
| S4 | C1 | 引出一般问题（However + 领域性弱点）|
| S5 | C1 | 扩展问题（另一维度——生物医用要求低毒）|
| S6 | C2 | 链接到已发表研究（keratin-PLA 复合物）|
| S7 | C2 | 列举关键研究（Penney et al., 2012）|
| S8 | C3 | 识别 gap（However, although... little attention has been paid）|
| S9 | C4 | 描述本文（The present paper presents...）|
| S10 | C4 | 简述方法（chitin 替代）|
| S11 | C4 | 预告主要成果 + 贡献标记词（如 lightweight, improved, retained）|

### 中文注释密度示例

【段落功能】此类短引言可把组件 1、2、3、4 压缩在一个连续段落中，但每一句仍应承担清晰功能：先建立主题重要性，再铺背景与一般问题，随后进入前人工作、gap 和本文贡献。

[主题材料] 近年来因 [关键性质] 而受到关注。*（功能：S1 — 建立主题重要性；用 "in recent years" + 现在完成时把主题定位为当前研究焦点。）*

[主题材料] 可由 [来源/组成] 制得。*（功能：S2 — 提供读者理解后文所需的基础事实；用一般现在时陈述已接受事实。）*

然而，[一般性能限制] 限制了其在 [目标应用] 中的使用。*（功能：S4 — 用 "However" 引出领域一般问题，为后文 gap 铺路。）*

尽管 [前人方案] 已经显示出一定效果，[该方案的局限] 仍然存在，且 [替代路径/关键变量] 尚未得到充分关注。*（功能：S8 — 组件 3：用让步 + 转折结构锁定具体 gap。）*

本文提出 [选择标准/方法]，并据此开发 [新材料/新系统]。*（功能：S9-S10 — 进入组件 4：说明本文做什么，并简要给出方法轮廓。）*

该方案实现了 [经证据支持的贡献]。*（功能：S11 — 用克制的贡献标记词预告结果；强断言必须有数据或引用支撑。）*

---

## 样例 2：神经科学（系统层面）—— Propofol

**题目**：Rapid fragmentation of neuronal networks at the onset of propofol-induced unconsciousness

### 英文结构示意（节选段落结构，非逐字原文）

**Paragraph 1**（组件 1 — 重要性 + 背景 + 领域 focus）：
- Define general anesthesia as a clinically important reversible state.
- Introduce propofol as a widely used anesthetic and give enough mechanistic background for non-specialist readers.
- End the paragraph by narrowing to a multi-scale mechanism question: molecular effects are known, but the link to neuronal circuits and unconsciousness remains unclear.

**Paragraph 2**（组件 2 — 宏观观察）：
- Summarize established macroscopic EEG signatures under propofol anesthesia.
- Group prior observations by signal type rather than listing studies randomly.
- Add animal physiology evidence to connect macroscopic signals to neuronal states.

**Paragraph 3**（组件 3 — gap）：
- Use "Although..." to concede that EEG patterns are reliable.
- Identify the main gap: their functional relationship to loss of consciousness is unclear.
- Add a methodological gap: prior work often studies steady states instead of the transition.
- Add an empirical gap: few studies record single-neuron and oscillatory dynamics across distributed sites at the same time.
- Conclude with the unresolved causal question.

**Paragraph 4**（组件 4 — 本文）：
- Begin with "To address this question..." to connect directly back to the gap.
- State the study object: neuronal and circuit-level dynamics during induction.
- Give a compact method outline: simultaneous recordings, multiple spatial scales, high temporal resolution, behavioral marker of loss of consciousness.

**Paragraph 5**（组件 4 续 — 结果预告 + 结论）：
- Preview the main finding and its interpretation.
- Use contribution markers tied to the evidence, such as multi-scale account or fundamental component, rather than unsupported novelty claims.

### 结构要点

- **5 段式结构**，适合较长的引言。
- 组件 1 的"importance"部分与"background"部分合并在第 1 段。
- 组件 3 的 gap 有**多重维度**：functional link 不清 + 缺乏 transition tracking + 多区域同步记录少。
- 组件 4 先给 method outline（paragraph 4），再给结果预告（paragraph 5）。

---

## 样例 3：光学 / 有机材料 —— OVPD

**题目**：Organic vapor phase deposition: a new method for the growth of organic thin films with large optical non-linearities

### 结构分析

**Paragraph 1**（组件 1）：
- Establish interest in organic materials for non-linear optical (NLO) devices.
- Provide the key material requirements needed for high device performance.

**Paragraph 2**（组件 2 — 方法 1）：
- Summarize the conventional polymer-matrix approach.
- Immediately note its stability and temperature-related limitations.

**Paragraph 3**（组件 2 — 方法 2，新发展）：
- Introduce single-crystal organic or organometallic salts as a newer high-performance direction.
- Use one representative material to make the promise concrete.

**Paragraph 4**（组件 3 — gap：薄膜生长方法缺）：
- Narrow from bulk/single-crystal promise to the practical need for optical-quality thin films.
- Identify the method gap: common vacuum evaporation does not suit some polar organic salts.
- Add a concrete failure mode and, where appropriate, mention unsuccessful attempts to show why the gap matters.

**Paragraph 5**（组件 2/3 过渡 — 另一技术的借鉴）：
- Introduce a technique from a neighboring field that could plausibly solve the gap.
- Explain why the borrowed technique is relevant rather than presenting it as an unrelated detour.

**Paragraph 6**（组件 4）：
- State the present paper: apply VPE-derived techniques to grow the target organic salt film.
- Give the main characterization/result in one compact sentence.
- Use a strong contribution marker such as "first demonstration" only if the manuscript can substantiate it.

### 结构要点

- 组件 2 被拆为**两种方法**（polymer poling vs. single crystal）并分别讲述各自的限制。
- 组件 3 也分两层：gap 1（DAST 蒸发分解）+ 作者自己实验失败的陈述（诚实）+ gap 2（共蒸发不行）。
- 组件 4 里 "To our knowledge, this is the first..." 是**最强的贡献标记表达**之一，只能在证据充分时使用。

---

## 样例 4：细胞生物学 —— hESC 神经分化

**题目**：Identification and characterisation of the early differentiating cells in neural differentiation of human embryonic stem cells

### 结构分析（精简）

**Paragraph 1**（组件 1 — 发育背景）：
- Begin with the biological importance of pluripotent embryonic cells and early lineage specification.
- Move to neural induction as the current focus.
- Identify the broad obstacle: early developmental tissue is difficult to access, so early neural populations and mechanisms remain incompletely defined.

**Paragraph 2**（组件 1/2 — hESC 作为模型的价值）：
- Introduce hESCs as a model that preserves key developmental properties.
- Explain why this model helps bridge inaccessible early development and experimental study.

**Paragraph 3**（组件 2 — Oct4 综述）：
- Review the relevant transcription factor or marker.
- Use prior animal and stem-cell evidence to justify why this marker matters for the present question.

**Paragraph 4**（组件 3 + 4 — gap + 本文）：
- Move from prior work by the same group to the unresolved early differentiating population.
- Use "Little is known..." and "it is not clear whether..." to state the gap.
- Present the study's identification/isolation strategy and preview the contribution: a useful model or resource for mechanism studies.

### 结构要点

- **Paragraph 4 同时包含组件 3 和 4**：先铺"little is known / it is not clear"（gap），然后立即"In this study, we..."（present paper）。
- 结尾句的 "valuable cell source" 是生科领域常见的贡献标记表达。

---

## 样例 5：机器学习 —— GPU + Kernel SVM

**题目**：A GPU-tailored approach for training kernelized SVMs

### 结构分析

**Paragraph 1**（组件 1）：
- Establish SVMs as a widely used learning method.
- Provide just enough technical background about what training means.
- Broaden from the original use case to newer prediction tasks.

**Paragraph 2**（组件 2）：
- Define the computational bottleneck.
- Review general-purpose and specialized solvers by problem type.
- End with a need statement: kernel SVM training still needs to be faster.

**Paragraph 3**（组件 4 第一次 — broad statement）：
- Introduce GPUs as a plausible route to speed.
- State the present paper at a broad level: efficient GPU implementation for target SVM settings.

**Paragraph 4**（组件 2/3 — 近期相关工作的不足）：
- Acknowledge recent GPU-related work.
- Identify the limitation: prior approaches did not sufficiently adapt algorithms to GPU architecture.
- Transition to the paper's algorithmic design focus.

**Paragraph 5**（组件 3 — 具体 gap）：
- State a sharper gap: sparse datasets are poorly supported.
- Explain why sparsity is difficult on GPUs in terms of memory access patterns.
- Contrast the present implementation with prior solvers.

**Paragraph 6**（组件 4 — 结果）：
- Close with evidence-calibrated performance claims, such as orders of magnitude faster, only if benchmarks support them.

### 结构要点

- CS 典型结构：**组件 4 可以出现两次**——第一次宏观介绍，第二次给结果。
- 组件 3 的 gap 用"One particularly significant drawback..."显式点出。
- 末段用"orders of magnitude faster" —— 典型 CS 性能贡献标记表达，前提是基准测试支持。

---

## 样例 6：工程学 —— SHM 结构健康监测

**题目**：Evaluation of the damage detection capability of a sparse-array guided-wave SHM system applied to a complex structure under varying thermal conditions

### 结构分析（精简）

**Paragraph 1**（组件 1 — 工业应用角度）：
- Establish SHM as important for safety-critical infrastructure and inspection cost reduction.
- Define what a successful SHM system must combine: sensitivity, localization/identification, and practical sensor density.

**Paragraph 2**（组件 2 — 技术传承）：
- Map earlier NDE applications using guided waves.
- Show the shift toward permanently installed SHM systems for complex structures.

**Paragraph 3**（组件 2 — 挑战）：
- Explain the practical challenge in complex structures: reflected signals are hard to interpret.
- Introduce baseline subtraction as a common mitigation.
- Connect baseline quality directly to defect sensitivity.

**Paragraph 4**（组件 2/3 — 环境影响 + gap）：
- Add environmental and operational variability as the next problem layer.
- Review temperature-compensation approaches.
- Prepare the gap: promising techniques still need evaluation under realistic, uncontrolled conditions.

**Paragraph 5**（组件 4）：
- State the present paper as a realistic nonlaboratory evaluation.
- Briefly outline feasibility testing, baseline acquisition, compensation assessment, and defect verification.

### 结构要点

- 工程论文典型的 **"现实问题 → 技术 → 挑战 → 验证"** 脉络。
- 组件 3 隐含在"非实验室环境"的强调中。
- 组件 4 结尾用**被动语态 + 过去时**陈述方法步骤——工程领域偏好的风格。

---

## 样例 7：工程学 / 交通 —— SPPPV 车罩（短引言范例）

**题目**：A cover for the single-person pedal-powered vehicle

来源：Glasman-Deal《Science Research Writing》第 1 单元 Exercise 5 的 Key（书中 p. 70）。这里保留结构化示意，不逐字复现 model answer；该范例是**紧凑型 3 段式**引言，长度约 250 词、9 句，是方案 B（短论文）的典型实现。

### 练习任务设定

- 假设作者刚完成一个 SPPPV / bicycle cover 研究项目，目标是保护骑行者免受 injury、pollution 或 rain 的影响。
- 研究切入点可自由选择：computer simulation、ventilation modelling、aerodynamics、polymer construction 或其他设计问题。
- 题目固定为 **A cover for the single-person pedal-powered vehicle**。
- 目标长度约 250-350 words，必须覆盖四组件，并使用本单元的语言资源。
- 该练习允许创造 fake research references；真实论文写作时不要虚构引用。

### 英文结构示意（非逐字原文）

**Paragraph 1**（组件 1 — 主题重要性 + 背景 + 一般问题）：

- S1: Use an urban transport or pollution problem to establish the topic's policy importance.
- S2: Provide a factual policy or emissions background with citation placeholders.
- S3: Narrow from transport policy to environmentally friendly commuter vehicles such as the SPPPV.
- S4: Use "However, although..." to introduce a broad adoption problem involving safety and comfort.

**Paragraph 2**（组件 2 — 研究地图 + 组件 3 — gap）：

- S5: Open the literature map with a general statement about safety improvements.
- S6: Give two chronological examples of safety-oriented designs.
- S7: Switch to comfort/protection designs, also in chronological order.
- S8: Use "However, it has been suggested that..." to identify the trade-off: comfort/protection features may reduce aerodynamic efficiency.

**Paragraph 3**（组件 4 — 介绍本研究）：

- S9: State the present study in one dense sentence: model/evaluate the aerodynamic effects, use the resulting data, and propose a balanced design.

### 逐句结构分析

| 句号 | 组件 | 功能 | 时态 / 信号 |
|---|---|---|---|
| S1 | C1 | 用"社会级"议题建立主题重要性（urban air pollution + transport policy） | Present Perfect："has become" |
| S2 | C1 | 提供读者需要的背景事实 + 政策数据（含引用） | Present Simple + 并列句 |
| S3 | C1 | 把宽泛议题收束到本文对象（SPPPV），用"As a result, much research has focused on..."桥接 | Present Perfect |
| S4 | C1 → bridge | 在段末用 "However, although... need to be addressed" 先轻触领域一般问题，为下一段铺路 | Present Perfect |
| S5 | C2 | 段落主题句——概括性地开启文献地图 | Present Perfect |
| S6 | C2 | 按**时间顺序**列举 safety 方向的代表性工作（Wang 1999, Martinez 2002） | Past Simple |
| S7 | C2 | 按**同一时间轴**列举 comfort 方向的代表性工作（Kohl 2008, Martinez recent） | Past Simple + "more recently" |
| S8 | C3 | 用 "However, it has been suggested that..." 引出 gap：既有解决方案之间的**新矛盾**（气动效率） | Present Perfect 被动/间接 |
| S9 | C4 | 单句本文段——同时包含 aim（"we model..."）+ method outline（"use the data..."）+ 贡献暗示（"balances... optimum aerodynamic performance"） | Present Simple |

### 中文功能注释示例

【段落功能】第一段对应**组件 1** — 从城市交通或污染这类宽泛议题切入，提供政策/事实背景，再把焦点收束到 SPPPV，并在段末预告 safety and comfort 这一一般问题。本段是引言漏斗的宽端。

[城市交通/污染问题] 已成为 [政策/社会/工程领域] 的重要议题。*（本句功能：S1 — 用社会级问题建立主题重要性；可用 Present Perfect 把议题定位为当前持续重要的问题。）*

[政策目标或事实背景] 表明 [为什么替代通勤系统值得研究]。*（本句功能：S2 — 提供必要背景事实，并用引用占位符支撑量化信息。）*

因此，研究逐渐转向 [低排放/安全/低成本] 通勤系统，例如 SPPPV。*（本句功能：S3 — 用因果桥接句把宏观问题收束到具体系统。）*

然而，尽管 [积极趋势]，若要实现 [更大规模采用/环境收益]，[安全性/舒适性/可靠性] 问题仍需解决。*（本句功能：S4 — 在 C1 段末用让步 + 转折引出一般问题，为下一段综述和 gap 铺路。）*

【段落功能】第二段对应**组件 2 + 组件 3** — 先用 chronological mini-review 展示 safety 与 comfort 两条前人路线，再用一个 "However" 锁定 trade-off 型 gap。

已有研究改进了 SPPPV 的多个安全性方面。*（本句功能：S5 — 段落主题句，开启研究地图。）*

[早期研究 A] 与 [后续研究 B] 分别提出了 [安全设计 1] 和 [安全设计 2]。*（本句功能：S6 — 按时间顺序列举 safety 支线的代表性工作；真实投稿时使用用户提供的引用或语义占位符。）*

[另一组研究] 则从舒适性或防护性角度提出了 [设计 3] 和 [设计 4]。*（本句功能：S7 — 切换到 comfort/protection 支线，为 gap 准备具体对象。）*

然而，已有证据提示这些防护特征可能降低 [关键性能指标]。*（本句功能：S8 — 组件 3：锁定工程论文常见的 trade-off gap，即一个维度的改进损害另一个维度。）*

【段落功能】第三段对应**组件 4** — 用一句高密度本文段收束漏斗，合并 aim、method outline 与贡献暗示。

本研究对这些安全性和舒适性特征的 [性能影响] 进行建模/评估，并利用所得数据提出一种在 [设计参数] 与 [目标性能] 之间取得平衡的新设计。*（本句功能：S9 — 组件 4 的合并句；"new"、"balanced"、"optimum" 属于克制的贡献标记词，适合平衡型工程设计。）*

### 结构要点（Key takeaways）

- **紧凑 3 段式**（方案 B 变体）：组件 2 与 3 合并入同一段，组件 4 只有一句。适合 250–350 词的短引言或 letter。
- **Gap 的类型值得注意**：不是"这件事没人做"，而是"前人各自解决一个维度后，维度之间出现新冲突"（safety/comfort vs. aerodynamics）——**这是工程论文最常见的 gap 模式**。可以直接套用 "However, it has been suggested that X negatively affects Y..."。
- **贡献标记词的节制使用**：本文结构只需要 "new"、"balanced"、"optimum" 这类克制表达，不一定需要 "novel / first / significant"。匹配研究定位（这是一个平衡性设计，不是突破性发现）比堆砌形容词更重要。
- **文献按时间顺序呈现**：safety 支线 1999→2002，comfort 支线 2008→more recently——即使是综述几个研究，时间锚定也能让"领域演进"的感觉更自然。
- **段末"伏笔式" However**：S4 先轻触 "safety and comfort issues need to be addressed"，S8 才重锤落下（气动矛盾）。这种**两段式 gap**比一次性亮牌更有节奏感。
- 对应到**第 1 段平均 4 句 + 第 2 段 4 句 + 第 3 段 1 句** 的结构：任何一段都不应短于 1 句，但"本文段"可以只有一句，前提是这一句足够密集（aim+method+contribution 三合一）。

---

## 通用写作 checklist（生成后自查）

- [ ] 组件 1 清晰存在，至少 1-2 句
- [ ] 背景事实适度（跨学科读者也能读懂）
- [ ] 组件 2 综述有叙述主线，不是 shopping list
- [ ] 至少一个"However / Although / Yet"显式标出 gap
- [ ] gap 与本文 aim 之间逻辑衔接顺畅
- [ ] 本文至少包含 aim、method outline、(optional) main result
- [ ] 至少一个证据强度匹配的贡献标记词锚定本研究贡献
- [ ] 时态使用正确（参见 language-toolkit.md）
- [ ] 长度符合任务：常规引言 15-25 句、3-5 段；短引言练习 8-12 句、约 250-350 words
- [ ] 中文版每句都有功能注释，且注释描述 function 而非 content
- [ ] 中文版每段开头有【段落功能】标注


path: references/gap-patterns.md
content: # 研究空白（Gap）的多种表达方式

组件 3 的核心是**锁定研究空白 / 指出前人工作的局限 / 陈述本文要解决的具体问题**。这是引言中**最关键的逻辑节点**——读者看完组件 3 后应该完全理解"为什么这篇论文需要存在"。

本参考详解 **7 种 gap 类型** 及其典型句式，并给出"从 gap 过渡到本文"的连接方式。

---

## 一、七种 gap 类型

### 类型 1：KNOWLEDGE GAP（知识空白）—— "不知道 / 尚未理解"

**特征**：某个现象/机制尚未被充分研究或理解。

**典型短语**：
- Little is known about [X]
- It remains unclear how [X]
- The mechanisms underlying [X] are [poorly understood / not fully elucidated]
- The [exact / precise] mechanism of [X] has not been established
- It is not clear whether [X]
- To our knowledge, no prior work has [X]

**示例句**：
> However, little is known about how these signals are integrated at the cellular level.

> Despite the growing interest in X, the molecular basis of Y remains poorly understood.

### 类型 2：METHODOLOGICAL GAP（方法空白）—— "现有方法的局限"

**特征**：已有方法存在缺陷、无法处理某类情况、精度/效率不足。

**典型短语**：
- Existing methods suffer from [X]
- Current approaches are limited by [X]
- These methods / techniques / algorithms have several drawbacks: [X] and [Y]
- However, these approaches cannot handle [X]
- Most [techniques / methods] assume [X], which does not hold in [Y]
- A key limitation of previous [methods] is [X]

**示例句**：
> Although these techniques have been widely applied, they struggle with large-scale sparse inputs.

> Current solvers assume dense data, which is rarely the case in real-world applications.

### 类型 3：EMPIRICAL GAP（实证空白）—— "缺乏足够数据或实验"

**特征**：某种实验条件/人群/尺度/场景没有被充分测试。

**典型短语**：
- Few studies have [X]
- Most studies have focused on [A] and have not [B]
- This has only been studied under [limited conditions]
- Systematic evaluations under [realistic / varying / extreme] conditions are lacking
- [X] has been demonstrated in [animal / in-vitro / simulated] models, but not in [Y]

**示例句**：
> Most studies have focused on a deep steady state and have not used a systematic behavioral measure to track the transition.

> Although [X] has been demonstrated in rodents, its efficacy in humans remains to be determined.

### 类型 4：THEORETICAL GAP（理论空白）—— "缺乏统一理论 / 模型"

**特征**：缺少一个能解释多种现象的统一框架、理论或模型。

**典型短语**：
- There is currently no unified framework for [X]
- A comprehensive theoretical account of [X] is lacking
- Existing models cannot simultaneously explain [A] and [B]
- These observations remain disconnected from [theoretical principle]

**示例句**：
> These multi-scale observations remain disconnected, and a unifying account is lacking.

> A comprehensive theoretical framework that links [molecular] with [behavioural] observations has yet to emerge.

### 类型 5：CONTRADICTORY-EVIDENCE GAP（证据矛盾）—— "前人结果不一致"

**特征**：不同研究给出矛盾的结果。

**典型短语**：
- However, there have been discrepancies in the published data [ref]
- The literature is inconsistent with respect to [X]
- Whereas [AUTHOR1 et al.] reported [A], [AUTHOR2 et al.] found [B] [ref]
- These conflicting findings suggest that [X]
- Reconciling these contradictory observations requires [X]

**示例句**：
> However, there have been discrepancies in the published data describing kinetic laws and activation energies.

> While some studies report X, others find the opposite, leaving the underlying mechanism unresolved.

### 类型 6：APPLICATION GAP（应用空白）—— "实验室到现实 / 实际场景"

**特征**：实验室成功 ≠ 现实场景成功。

**典型短语**：
- Although [X] has been demonstrated in [laboratory / controlled] conditions, its applicability to [real-world / industrial / clinical] settings remains unverified
- Translation from [bench to field / lab to clinic] has been limited
- Few studies have evaluated [X] under operational conditions

**示例句**：
> So far, effective commercial applications have been achieved only when [favorable condition is met].

> Although promising in the laboratory, the performance of [X] under uncontrolled thermal variations has not been systematically assessed.

### 类型 7：INTEGRATION GAP（整合空白）—— "两个领域没对接"

**特征**：不同领域的洞见没有被整合。

**典型短语**：
- These two lines of research have developed largely independently
- Approaches from [FIELD_A] have rarely been applied to [FIELD_B]
- Integrating insights from [A] and [B] remains an open challenge
- A bridge between [X] and [Y] is needed

**示例句**：
> However, despite significant progress in both areas, few studies have combined [X] with [Y] to address [the joint question].

---

## 二、Gap 的表达强度

可以根据目标期刊的传统选择**强 / 中 / 弱**三种强度：

### 强：直接点名前人工作不足

- The approach in [ref] fails to account for [X].
- [METHOD] proposed by [ref] is computationally expensive and does not scale.

⚠️ 注意：强调必须保持**礼貌与学术化**——用"does not account for"而非"is wrong"。

### 中：用对比信号词隐式点出

- However, these approaches primarily focus on [A] and not on [B].
- Although considerable efforts have been focused on [X], [Y] remains largely unexplored.

### 弱：只指出未覆盖的空白（不批评前人）

- It remains unclear how [X] relates to [Y].
- Little is known about [Z].

**选择依据**：
- CS/工程论文更常用中到强
- 生科/医学论文偏弱到中
- 强强度适合确实存在严重局限的场合

---

## 三、多层 gap 的组织

复杂论文可能有**多个 gap**，按层次展开：

### 模式 A：并列展开（两个平行 gap）

> However, [GAP 1]. **In addition**, [GAP 2]. **Consequently**, [THE JOINT QUESTION].

示例（Propofol 论文结构）：
> Although these patterns are observed consistently, it is unclear how they are functionally related to unconsciousness.
> **In addition**, the dynamic interactions between cortical areas... are not well understood.
> **Consequently**, how propofol acts on neural circuits to produce unconsciousness remains unclear.

### 模式 B：从浅到深（一个 gap 展开为更具体的 gap）

> [GENERAL GAP]. **More specifically**, [SPECIFIC GAP]. **In particular**, [MOST SPECIFIC GAP].

### 模式 C：不同利益相关者角度

> From a [theoretical / practical / clinical] perspective, [GAP_1]. 
> From a [methodological / computational] perspective, [GAP_2].

---

## 四、Gap → 本文过渡语

gap 到本文的过渡是引言中**最关键的一步**。必须让读者觉得"本文的出现是必然的"。

### 显式过渡

- **To address this issue / gap / question**, we [HOW]...
- **To overcome this limitation**, we [HOW]...
- **Motivated by this**, we [HOW]...
- **Building on this**, we [HOW]...
- **Here**, we [HOW]...
- **In this paper**, we [HOW]...
- **To fill this gap**, we propose...
- **To address this question**, we investigated...
- **To resolve this**, we...

### 隐式过渡

直接用"This paper presents..."或"The present paper describes..."，让读者自己把 gap 与 paper 连接起来。

### 高级过渡（伴随 motivation 升华）

> **This shortcoming is, in part, responsible for our lack of understanding of [X], since it prevents [Y] from being directly correlated with [Z]. To address this issue, we present experiments using [METHOD]...**

## 五、常见错误

| 错误 | 为什么错 | 怎么改 |
|---|---|---|
| 用**问句**陈述 gap（"Can we build a faster SVM?"） | 学术论文传统不用问句 | 改成陈述："There is therefore still a strong need for faster training of kernel SVMs." |
| gap 与本文 aim **没有逻辑衔接** | 读者不理解 paper 为何存在 | 增加过渡句："To address this..." |
| gap 描述太**宽泛** | 不具说服力 | 具体到某个技术/数据/机制层面 |
| gap **攻击**前人 | 不专业 | 用"does not yet account for"等中立语言 |
| gap **缺失**（直接跳到本文） | 读者不知 paper 的贡献在哪 | 至少加 1-2 句说明研究动机 |
| gap 铺得**过长** | 读者耐心耗尽，paper 还没登场 | 组件 3 控制在 2-4 句 |
| 多个 gap **无连接词** | 看起来像清单 | 用 "In addition" / "Moreover" / "Furthermore" |

---

## 六、Gap 的写作顺序建议

在实际写作时，推荐以下顺序构思 gap：

1. **先想清楚本文解决了什么问题**（具体到方法/现象层面）
2. **倒推**：前人没解决的具体点是什么？
3. **检查是否有多个维度**：是 knowledge gap？methodological gap？empirical gap？
4. **选择最强的 1-2 个**作为组件 3 的主体
5. **用 However / Although 等信号词引入**
6. **结尾用过渡句**衔接到本文 aim

组件 3 长度建议：**2-4 句**（约占整个引言的 10-20%）。


path: references/language-toolkit.md
content: # 语言工具箱（Verb Tenses, Linking Phrases, Contribution Markers）

## 一、动词时态选择指南

### 1.1 领域重要性 / "Recent attention"

| 情景 | 推荐时态 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| 强调"近年来 / in recent years / over the past decade" | **Present Perfect** | Much study in recent years **has focused on**... |
| 强调"目前 / currently / today" | **Present Simple** | There **are** substantial benefits to... |
| 强调具体年份（一次性事件） | **Past Simple** | In 2019, a study **revealed**... |
| 希望论文在 5 年后仍然相关 | 用**具体时间点**（since 2018）而非 recent years |

### 1.2 背景事实（已被广泛接受）

时态：**Present Simple**（陈述事实）

- Biomass-derived PLA **is produced** from renewable feedstocks such as corn and sugar cane.
- Hematite **has** a variety of applications including pigments, gas sensors, and catalysts.
- SVMs **are** among the most popular general-purpose learning methods in use today.

**演化规律**（从研究发现到事实）：

```
阶段 1（新发现）：Lawrence et al. have found that X can be obtained from Y.          [Present Perfect]
阶段 2（较新）：Lawrence et al. (2000) found that X can be obtained from Y.          [Past Simple]
阶段 3（普遍）：X is produced from Y (Lawrence et al., 2000).                         [Present Simple + citation]
阶段 4（事实）：X is produced from Y.                                                  [Present Simple, no citation]
```

### 1.3 前人研究综述

| 情景 | 推荐时态 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| 描述单个研究 / 作者做了什么 | **Past Simple** | Penney et al. (2012) **showed** that... |
| 研究贡献的持续效应 | **Present Perfect** | Several authors **have proposed** that... |
| 一般化结论 / 现在被认为... | **Present Simple** | It **is believed** that triboemission **initiates**... |
| 对比多项研究 | 混合时态 | Early work **assumed**...; more recently, however, studies **have shown**... |

### 1.4 Gap / Problem 陈述

| 情景 | 推荐时态 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| "很少有人关注 / little attention has been paid to" | **Present Perfect** | Little attention **has been paid to** the selection of... |
| "仍不清楚 / it remains unclear" | **Present Simple** | It **is** not clear how these effects... |
| "尚未被完全理解 / is not fully understood" | **Present Simple (passive)** | The mechanisms... **are** as yet poorly understood. |
| "很少有研究 / few studies have" | **Present Perfect** | Few studies **have simultaneously recorded**... |

### 1.5 本文（present paper）描述

| 情景 | 推荐时态 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| 描述本文做了什么（静态） | **Present Simple** | This paper **presents**... / This study **focuses on**... |
| 描述研究的目标（已完成的研究） | **Past Simple** | The aim of this project **was** to... |
| 研究正在进行/目标未完全达到 | **Present Simple** | The aim of this study **is**... |
| 报告本文方法/结果 | **Past Simple** | We **obtained** simultaneous recordings... / We **find** that... |
| 描述论文组织（CS/工程常用） | **Present Simple** | The remainder of this paper **is organized** as follows... |

### 1.6 贡献标记词（Contribution Markers）

通常嵌入 Past Simple 或 Present Simple，取决于是结果还是一般陈述。贡献词的强度必须与用户提供的数据、引用或实验结果匹配：
- This combination **formed** a **lightweight** copolymer in which X **increased** Y while retaining Z. [Past Simple + calibrated contribution marker]
- Our implementation **is** orders of magnitude **faster** than existing CPU implementations. [Present Simple + strong marker; requires benchmark support]

---

## 二、Linking Phrases（连接前人研究的短语）

### 2.1 引入前人研究的短语

```
[ref] also observed that…
[ref] resolved this by…
[ref] were the first to…
A pioneering study by [ref] demonstrated…
A similar approach was used by [ref], who…
An alternative approach was proposed by [ref], who…
According to [ref], it is highly likely that…
Importantly, [ref] noted that…
In order to resolve this, [ref] analysed/developed...
In that study, although…
In their recent work, [ref] has suggested that…
It was later shown by [ref] that…
One [potential] implication of [ref]'s results is that…
Other studies have focused on…, for example, [ref] and [ref] attempted to…
Recently, it has been shown/suggested that…
Soon after, [ref] proposed…
Subsequently,…
Taken together, these studies suggest that…
The most systematic review is that in/of [ref]…
These findings challenge the work of [ref], who…
This approach was further developed by [ref], who…
This methodology was adapted by…
To address this issue, [ref]…
To overcome these problems, a different approach was used by/in [ref].
Within five years, [ref] developed a…
```

### 2.2 Reporting Verbs（描述前人做了什么）

- **发现/观察类**：observed, found, showed, revealed, demonstrated, identified, confirmed
- **提出类**：proposed, suggested, introduced, put forward, advocated
- **分析类**：analyzed, examined, investigated, studied, explored, evaluated
- **开发类**：developed, designed, constructed, implemented, created
- **证明类**：established, proved, verified, validated
- **争论类**：argued, contended, maintained, claimed
- **综述类**：reviewed, summarized, discussed

### 2.3 Gap 信号词

| 类别 | 短语 |
|---|---|
| 对比信号 | However, Although, Despite, Yet, Nevertheless, Nonetheless, In contrast, Unlike |
| 缺失信号 | Little is known about..., Few studies have..., Little attention has been paid to..., There is a paucity of... |
| 不足信号 | remain(s) unclear, is not fully understood, has not been systematically investigated, has been limited |
| 局限信号 | suffer from, is limited by, is restricted to, is constrained by, falls short of |
| 矛盾信号 | discrepancy, inconsistency, contradicts, conflicts with |
| 机会信号 | offers an opportunity, provides a pathway, opens the possibility, could enable |

### 2.4 本文引入 / Motivation 短语

```
To address this issue / gap / question, we...
To overcome this limitation, we...
To fill this gap, we propose...
To resolve this, we...
Motivated by this, we...
Building on this work, we...
In this paper / study, we...
The present paper / study presents / reports / describes...
Here, we...
This work aims to...
The objective of this study is / was to...
We propose a new approach that...
```

### 2.5 结果预告短语（贡献标记锚定）

```
Our results reveal...
We find that...
Our findings suggest that...
This approach / method / system achieves...
The proposed method outperforms...
To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of...
Overall, our implementation is orders of magnitude faster than...
This work offers a...
```

---

## 三、贡献标记词库

按使用位置分类：

### 3.1 描述贡献/创新
- novel, new, original, innovative, first (demonstration of)
- unique, unprecedented, pioneering

使用规则：`first / novel / unprecedented / state-of-the-art / best-in-class` 属于强断言，只有在用户材料、真实引用或明确基准结果支持时使用；信息不足时改用 `new, proposed, systematic, practical, evaluates, provides` 等稳健表达。

### 3.2 描述性能/效果
- efficient, effective, high-performance, robust, reliable, accurate
- powerful, scalable, flexible, versatile, lightweight, compact
- fast, rapid, real-time, scalable

### 3.3 描述改进程度
- significant(ly), substantial(ly), considerable, remarkable, notable
- substantial improvement, marked enhancement, dramatic reduction
- orders of magnitude, several-fold

### 3.4 描述通用性/广泛性
- general, universal, broadly applicable, widely applicable
- comprehensive, thorough, systematic

### 3.5 描述优越性（谨慎使用）
- superior, outperforms, surpasses, exceeds, better than
- state-of-the-art, best-in-class

### 3.6 常见组合
- "a new [X] that achieves [Y]"
- "significantly improves [X] while retaining [Y]"
- "to our knowledge, this is the first [X]"
- "orders of magnitude faster than existing methods"
- "a substantial improvement over [X]"

---

## 四、Passive vs. Active 选择

| 情景 | 推荐 | 示例 |
|---|---|---|
| 突出作者团队 | Active | We obtained simultaneous recordings... |
| 突出方法/过程 | Passive | Simultaneous recordings were obtained... |
| 生科/医学领域 | 多用 Passive | Samples were analysed using SIMS... |
| CS/工程领域 | 常用 Active "we" | In this paper we discuss how... |
| 避免主语重复 | 灵活切换 | — |

**默认建议**：CS、工程、物理更自由用 "we"；化学、生科、医学传统上多用被动语态。查目标期刊风格。

---

## 五、引用位置决策

| 位置 | 何时使用 |
|---|---|
| 句末 | 引文支持整句内容 |
| 句中 | 引文只支持句子的某一部分，需明确区分 |
| 句首（如 Penney et al. (2012) showed...） | 强调作者，或把作者作为主题 |

**误区**：不要把多个无关文献堆在句末——会让读者误以为整句都来自这些文献。

---

## 六、常见句首开场（按组件）

### 组件 1 开场
- [Topic] has received much attention in recent years due to...
- [Topic] is widely used in / for / as...
- Considerable / Much effort has been devoted to...
- There is considerable / growing interest in...
- [Topic] plays a major role / critical role / key role in...

### 组件 2 开场（进入综述）
- Numerous studies have examined...
- Several approaches have been proposed to...
- Previous research has focused on...
- Early work by [ref] established that...

### 组件 3 开场（gap）
- However, these approaches / methods / studies...
- Although considerable efforts have been focused on..., [gap]
- Despite this progress, [gap]
- Yet, little is known about...

### 组件 4 开场（本文）
- In this paper / study, we...
- The present paper reports...
- Here, we present / propose / describe...
- To address this [gap/issue], we...
- This work aims to...


path: references/model-structure.md
content: # 四组件模型与十一句式详解

## 一、Generic Introduction Model（四组件模型）

Glasman-Deal 通过逆向工程（reverse-engineering）大量已发表论文，归纳出研究论文引言的**通用四组件结构**。把它想象成一个**菜单**：并非每一项都必须用，但每个组件的功能都不能完全缺席。

### 组件 1 — 建立背景（wide end of the funnel）

三个可选子功能，至少用一到两个：

- **ESTABLISH THE IMPORTANCE OF THE TOPIC/FIELD**（确立主题/领域的重要性）
  - 典型句式：Much attention has been focused on... / X has received considerable interest in recent years... / X plays a major role in... / X is widely used in...
  - 时态：Present Perfect（"in recent years / over the past decade"）或 Present Simple（强调现状）
  - 避坑：不要用"since 1995"这种过于遥远的时间标记；建议使用"in recent years"或具体近期时间点。

- **PROVIDE BACKGROUND FACTUAL INFORMATION**（提供背景事实）
  - 典型句式：X is a Y that consists of Z... / X is produced from... / X has properties including...
  - 时态：Present Simple（已被接受的事实）
  - 提示：读者可能跨学科，宁可多提供一点背景，也不要过于简略。

- **PRESENT THE GENERAL PROBLEM AREA / CURRENT RESEARCH FOCUS**（引出一般问题或当前研究焦点）
  - 典型句式：However, its Y has significantly limited its use... / The main challenge facing this field is... / Recent research has focused on...
  - 此处的"问题"仍是**宽泛**的领域焦点，不是本文具体要解决的问题。

### 组件 2 — 研究地图（literature & contributions review）

功能：
- 综述前人与当前研究、贡献。
- 给读者一张"地图"，让他们看到本研究在该领域的坐标。
- 为组件 3 的 gap/问题做铺垫。

**组织模式**（三选一，或混合）：

1. **General-to-specific（最常见）**：先综述类总结/综述文章，逐步聚焦到最接近本文问题的研究。
2. **Different approaches/theories/models**：按方法/理论分组，避免 "tennis match effect"（来回反驳的疲惫感）。
3. **Chronological order**：按时间顺序，适合领域发展与政策/立法紧密相关的情形。

**选择文献的原则**：
- **Relevance is crucial**：每个被提及的研究都必须与本研究的动机直接相关。
- 不是 reading list，而是一条 **精心叙述的旅程**（carefully-narrated journey）。
- 叙述应该**通往本文的动机**。

### 组件 3 — 锁定空白（narrowing focus）

四个可选子功能：

- **LOCATE A GAP IN THE RESEARCH**（定位研究空白）
- **DESCRIBE THE PROBLEM YOU WILL ADDRESS**（描述本文要解决的具体问题）
- **PRESENT YOUR MOTIVATION AND/OR HYPOTHESIS**（提出动机/假设）
- **IDENTIFY A RESEARCH OPPORTUNITY**（指出研究机会）

**关键信号词**：
- However, Although, Despite, Yet, Nevertheless, Nonetheless
- little attention has been paid to..., few studies have..., it remains unclear..., it has yet to be...
- 以**prediction / suggestion / hypothesis** 形式陈述，避免问句。

**注意**：
- 有时 gap 不显式出现——可能是因为本文只是 extend previous research，或 gap 已隐含在本研究目的中。

### 组件 4 — 介绍本研究（narrow end of the funnel）

五个可选子功能（通常组合使用）：

- **DESCRIBE THE PRESENT PAPER**（描述本文）
  - This paper/study presents/proposes/reports...
  - In this paper we...
  - The aim of this study is/was to...

- **STATE THE AIM/PURPOSE**（陈述目的）
  - 时态：Present Simple（aim 仍未完成时）或 Past Simple（aim 已完成时）

- **OUTLINE THE METHOD**（简述方法——不过于详细）

- **(Optional) MENTION MAIN RESULT**（预告主要结果，通常伴随贡献标记词）

- **(Optional) GIVE THE STRUCTURE OF THE PAPER**（介绍论文组织——在 CS 和理科论文中常见，在生科论文中较少）

**贡献标记词（Contribution Markers）示例**：
new, systematic, efficient, robust, lightweight, accurate, reliable, scalable, flexible, versatile。`novel / first demonstration / significant / state-of-the-art` 等强表达只在用户材料或真实引用能支撑时使用。

---

## 二、十一句式详解（Sentence-by-Sentence Template）

把四组件再展开为句子级别的模板——**不是强制**，而是一把尺子，便于对照检查。以下基于 p1.txt 中 chitin-PLA 示例的逆向工程结果。

| # | 句子功能 | 对应组件 | 典型句式 | 时态 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| S1 | establishes the importance of the research topic | 1 | X has received much attention in recent years due to... | Present Perfect |
| S2 | provides background factual information for the reader | 1 | X is produced from Y such as... | Present Simple |
| S3 | elaborates on S1/S2 with more detail + citations | 1 | X has outstanding properties for use in Z [ref]. | Present Simple |
| S4 | describes the general problem area / current research focus of the field | 1 | However, its Y has significantly limited its use. | Present Perfect |
| S5 | extends the problem area / current focus | 1 | Applications require materials with the lowest possible Y, so although Z has been used [ref], these are not appropriate for... [ref]. | mixed |
| S6 | links the general problem area to published research and refers to other studies | 2 | One way to address X is to incorporate Y [ref, ref, ref]. | Present Simple / Perfect |
| S7 | mentions a key research study in this area | 2 | For example, Penney et al. (2012) showed that... [ref]. | Past Simple（对 reporting verb）|
| S8 | identifies a problem or gap in the research | 3 | However, although the effect of X was demonstrated over two years ago [ref], Y adds considerably to Z, and little attention has been paid to... | Past Simple + Present Perfect |
| S9 | describes the present paper or study | 4 | The present paper presents a set of criteria for selecting such a component. | Present Simple |
| S10 | outlines the method reported in the paper | 4 | On the basis of these criteria, it then describes the preparation of... | Present Simple |
| S11 | announces the main result, using contribution markers | 4 | This combination formed a lightweight copolymer in which X increased Y while retaining Z. | Past Simple |

### 使用十一句式的注意事项

- **S1-S5 都属于组件 1**：可见组件 1 通常最长，铺垫最充分。
- **S6-S7 才进入组件 2**：只是示例数；复杂话题可能有 S6a, S6b, S7a, S7b 等。
- **S8 是过渡**：从 review 转入 gap，用 However / Although 显式标注。
- **S9-S11 都属于组件 4**：分别描述 paper / method / result。
- 并不需要严格 11 句——**长论文或综合性论文可能到 20-30 句**；短论文（letter）可能只有 8-12 句。

---

## 三、典型段落切分方案

实际论文中引言通常 2-5 段。常见切分方式：

### 方案 A（4 段式，最常见）
- 第 1 段 = 组件 1（importance + background + general focus）
- 第 2 段 = 组件 2（literature review）
- 第 3 段 = 组件 3（gap + problem + motivation）
- 第 4 段 = 组件 4（present paper + aim + method + result）

### 方案 B（3 段式，短论文）
- 第 1 段 = 组件 1（有时可带少量组件 2 前半）
- 第 2 段 = 组件 2 + 组件 3
- 第 3 段 = 组件 4
- §1.6 SPPPV / bicycle cover 练习是这一方案的典型短版本：第 1 段 4 句（C1），第 2 段 4 句（C2+C3），第 3 段 1 句（C4），总长约 250-350 words。

### 方案 C（5 段式，长论文或跨学科论文）
- 第 1 段 = 组件 1（importance + broadest background）
- 第 2 段 = 组件 1 细化（更专一的背景）
- 第 3 段 = 组件 2 第一部分（某一研究方向的综述）
- 第 4 段 = 组件 2 第二部分 + 组件 3（另一方向综述 + gap）
- 第 5 段 = 组件 4

### 方案 D（"问题驱动"变体，常见于工程/CS）
- 第 1 段 = 组件 1（importance + context）
- 第 2 段 = 组件 2（现有方法综述）
- 第 3 段 = 组件 3（现有方法的不足/gap）
- 第 4 段 = 组件 4（本文的方法 + 贡献 + 组织）

---

## 四、漏斗形信息流（Information Flow）

```
    ┌──────────────────────────────────────────┐
    │  WIDE: general importance & facts        │  ← Component 1 (wide end)
    └────────────┬─────────────────────────────┘
                 │
        ┌────────▼─────────┐
        │  literature map  │                     ← Component 2
        └────────┬─────────┘
                 │
           ┌─────▼──────┐
           │ gap/problem│                         ← Component 3
           └─────┬──────┘
                 │
              ┌──▼──┐
              │ this │                             ← Component 4 (narrow end)
              │paper │
              └─────┘
```

- 永远**先展示墙，再谈砖**（show the wall before the bricks）。
- Discussion 做相反方向的逆行（从 narrow 回到 wide）。

---

## 五、常见错误清单

| 错误 | 解决 |
|---|---|
| 开头直接描述具体问题 | 先建立领域重要性/背景，再逐步聚焦 |
| literature review 变成 reading list | 加入叙述主线，让每篇引文都指向本文动机 |
| gap 用问句表述 | 改用 prediction/suggestion/hypothesis 形式 |
| 引言过短（<10 句）导致铺垫不足 | 至少 15 句以上，分 3-5 段 |
| 方法描述过详 | 引言只给轮廓，细节留给 Methods |
| 贡献不清楚 | 在 S11 或末段加入证据强度匹配的贡献标记词；不要无证据使用 novel / significant / first |
| 跨学科读者不友好 | 增加对关键术语的简要解释 |


path: references/output-format.md
content: # 输出格式规范（Output Format Specification）

完整生成 Introduction 时，默认产出**两个文件**：一份英文版、一份中文注释版。两者都是 Markdown 格式，保存在用户当前工作目录下。

如果用户只要求 inline 草稿、只要英文/中文、只要段落提纲、只要修改建议、或只要功能诊断，则按用户请求输出，不强制生成或保存双文件。

## 文件命名

- `introduction_en.md`  — 英文版（纯引言文本，可直接投稿）
- `introduction_zh.md`  — 中文版（含逐句、逐段功能注释，用于学习/审阅）

如果用户希望文件名带上论文标题，使用短横线连接的 slug 形式，如：
- `introduction_chitin-pla_en.md`
- `introduction_chitin-pla_zh.md`

若目标文件已存在且不是本次任务刚创建的文件，优先使用带标题 slug 或日期的文件名，避免覆盖用户已有稿件。

## 英文版格式（introduction_en.md）

```markdown
# Introduction — [Paper Title]

> **Field**: [Field / Discipline]
> **Template used**: [Template name, e.g., "Template 1: Materials Science"]
> **Generated**: [YYYY-MM-DD]
> **TL;DR**: [1-2 sentence summary of the paper's contribution]

---

## 1. Introduction

[Paragraph 1 — typically Component 1: importance + background + general problem area. 3-5 sentences.]

[Paragraph 2 — typically Component 2: literature and contributions review. 4-6 sentences. Use linking phrases from language-toolkit.md.]

[Paragraph 3 — typically Component 3: gap / problem / motivation. 2-4 sentences. Lead with However / Although / Despite.]

[Paragraph 4 — typically Component 4: describe present paper (aim, method, main result). 3-5 sentences. Include evidence-calibrated contribution markers.]

[(Optional) Paragraph 5 — extended result preview or paper organization, if appropriate for the field.]

---

## References (placeholders)

[REF: background fact]
[REF: prior approach]
[REF: closest competing method]
```

未提供真实引用时，使用语义化占位符（如 `[REF: biodegradable PLA review]`），不要生成看似真实的作者年份或期刊信息，除非用户明确说明这是允许虚构引用的课程练习。

## 中文注释版格式（introduction_zh.md）

```markdown
# 引言 — [论文题目中文]

> **领域**：[学科名]
> **所用模板**：[模板名称]
> **生成日期**：[YYYY-MM-DD]
> **一句话贡献**：[paper 的核心贡献]

> ⚠️ **阅读说明**：本文件供学习与审阅使用。每一段开头有【段落功能】行，说明该段在引言中所起的整体性作用；每一句后面紧跟 *（本句功能：...）* 的斜体注释，说明该句在引言结构中的**功能性角色**（function），而不是句子内容的翻译或概括。这种设计遵循 Glasman-Deal 《Science Research Writing》第 1 单元逆向工程方法论。

---

## 第一段

【段落功能】对应组件 [N]，段落在引言中的作用是 [建立重要性 / 综述研究地图 / 锁定 gap / 介绍本文] ...。本段共 [X] 句，整体构成引言"漏斗"的 [宽端 / 中部 / 窄端] 部分。

[句子 1 的中文]。*（本句功能：[S1 — 建立主题重要性 / S2 — 提供背景事实 / ...] — 具体说明此句如何运作，对应时态与信号词。）*

[句子 2 的中文]。*（本句功能：...）*

[句子 3 的中文]。*（本句功能：...）*

...

## 第二段

【段落功能】对应组件 [N] ...

[句子 1 的中文]。*（本句功能：...）*

...

## 第三段

【段落功能】对应组件 [N] — 锁定研究空白 ...

...

## 第四段

【段落功能】对应组件 [N] — 介绍本研究 ...

...

---

## 写作要点回顾（给读者的学习提示）

- 本引言遵循 **漏斗结构**（funnel shape）：从宽（组件 1）逐步收窄到本研究（组件 4）。
- 关键过渡词：**However / Although / Despite** 用于引出 gap。
- 贡献标记词（如 new, systematic, robust, significant, first demonstration）出现在 [段落 N] 的 [第 X 句]；强断言需有用户材料或真实引用支撑。
- 动词时态关键：
  - 重要性背景用 [Present Perfect]
  - 事实背景用 [Present Simple]
  - 前人研究用 [Past Simple]
  - 本文描述用 [Present Simple]

## 需要用户核查的事项

- [ ] 所有引用占位符需替换为真实引用
- [ ] 关键术语的中文译名是否与目标期刊一致
- [ ] 是否需要增加某个具体数据点（如效能提升的百分比）
- [ ] 是否符合目标期刊的段落数与字数规范
```

---

## 注释写作要点

### 【段落功能】的写法

- 必须明确对应到**四组件模型中的哪一个（或多个）**。
- 说明该段对整个引言的**贡献**，而不是内容概括。
- 1-2 句即可。示例：

> 【段落功能】对应组件 1 — 建立研究主题的重要性，提供必要的事实背景，并引出领域一般性问题。此段位于引言"漏斗"的最宽端，目的是让不同背景的读者能共同进入论文讨论。

### *（本句功能：...）* 的写法

- 描述"句子在做什么（what the sentence is DOING）"，不是"句子在说什么（what the sentence SAYS）"。
- 简洁明了，通常 1 句 20-60 字。
- 尽可能包含**时态说明**或**信号词说明**。
- 示例对比：

❌ **错误写法**（内容概括）：
> *（本句功能：介绍 PLA 是什么以及它的来源。）*

✅ **正确写法**（功能解释）：
> *（本句功能：S2 — 为读者提供 PLA 的基本事实背景；用一般现在时陈述已广泛接受的事实，避免跨学科读者被后续细节甩开。）*

❌ **错误写法**（翻译式）：
> *（本句功能：作者说这个研究很重要。）*

✅ **正确写法**：
> *（本句功能：S1 — 建立研究主题的重要性；用 "has received much attention in recent years" 的现在完成时结构把主题锚定为"当前热点"，为整个漏斗的宽端奠基。）*

### 句尾功能注释的风格

统一使用 Markdown 斜体 + 括号，整行附在句子后（同一段内），格式如下：

```markdown
[中文句子]。*（本句功能：...）*

[下一句中文]。*（本句功能：...）*
```

或者，若句子较长，可以换行：

```markdown
[中文句子]。
*（本句功能：...）*

[下一句中文]。
*（本句功能：...）*
```

---

## 特殊情况的处理

### 1. 用户没有指定目标期刊

- 默认用 "general science" 风格：可读性优先，术语解释充分。
- 在 zh 版末尾提示用户"若目标期刊风格更细分，请进一步调整术语密度与段落结构"。

### 2. 用户材料只有标题和一句话

- **不要强行生成完整稿**。先收集最小可生成输入（Topic / Title、Field、Gap / problem、Aim / approach、Main finding / contribution）。
- 若用户坚持，可生成一份**带更多 `[TO BE FILLED: ...]` 占位符**的版本，并在 zh 版开头清晰标注"此版为骨架稿，需要您补充细节"。

### 3. 用户希望生成简短版本（如 abstract-style intro）

- 采用**方案 B（3 段式）**。
- 仍然包含四组件，但每组件压缩为 1-2 句。
- 长度控制在 8-12 句。

### 4. 用户要求 §1.6 / Exercise 5 / 250-350 words 练习

- 采用 `templates.md` 的"模板 4B：工程 / 交通 / 设计短引言"或同等三段式结构。
- 若是 SPPPV / bicycle cover 题目，读取 `writing-practice.md` 和 `examples.md` 的样例 7。
- 如果练习题明确允许 fake references，可以创造 plausible references；但应在输出或汇报中说明它们是练习用占位，不是真实文献。
- 若用户要真实投稿稿件，则不要虚构引用，改用用户提供的引用或语义化占位符（如 `[REF: prior aerodynamic design]`）。

### 5. 用户提供多个候选标题

- 选择最具体的一个作为主标题，其他在文件开头 TL;DR 下列出作为 alternative titles。

### 6. 生成中英文的优先顺序

- 如果用户要求完整双语输出，**先生成英文版**，然后据此生成中文注释版。
- 中文注释版的结构必须与英文版**一一对应**：同样的段数、每段同样的句数。
- 中文不是对英文的直译——允许中文在句式上更符合中文阅读习惯，但**每个英文句子必须对应一个中文句子 + 一条功能注释**。
- 如果用户只要求单语版本、提纲、诊断或修改建议，不要为了满足默认格式而额外生成未请求的文件。

---

## 保存后的用户汇报

保存文件后，向用户以**简短总结**汇报，不要复述全文：

示例：
> 已完成。根据您的信息（[领域]、[主题]），使用[模板名]模板生成了引言：
>
> - `introduction_en.md`（英文版，[X] 段、[Y] 句）
> - `introduction_zh.md`（中文注释版，含逐句功能解释）
>
> 两个文件的四组件结构完整，gap 用 "[具体信号词]" 明确标出，贡献标记词使用在 [位置]。请核查引用占位符，并根据目标期刊风格微调。


path: references/templates.md
content: # 按学科分类的引言模板（Templates）

本文件提供 **6 个学科模板 + 1 个通用模板** 的骨架，用方括号 `[...]` 标记占位字段，用 `{...}` 标记条件选项。生成引言时，匹配最接近的模板，再用用户提供的内容替换占位符。

模板结构都采用**四组件**骨架，但在组件比重、连接语和贡献标记词上做了学科化调整。

注意：模板中的 `[ref]` 只是引用槽位标记。真实投稿稿件中，应优先替换为用户提供的真实引用；若用户未提供引用，输出时改用语义化占位符（如 `[REF: closest prior method]`），不要创造看似真实的作者年份。

---

## 通用模板（General Template）—— 所有领域

### Component 1 · 第 1 段（3-5 句）

```
[TOPIC] has received considerable attention in recent years due to [REASON_1] and [REASON_2]. 
[TOPIC] is [DEFINITION/BACKGROUND FACT] [ref]. 
{Additional background fact linking TOPIC to its broader context.}
{It has [outstanding/desirable properties] for use in [APPLICATIONS].}
However, [GENERAL PROBLEM IN THE FIELD] has limited its [applicability/use/effectiveness].
```

### Component 2 · 第 2 段（4-6 句）

```
Several approaches have been proposed to address [GENERAL PROBLEM].
For example, [AUTHOR1 et al.] [showed/demonstrated/proposed] [CONTRIBUTION_1] [ref].
A similar approach was used by [AUTHOR2 et al.], who [CONTRIBUTION_2] [ref].
Subsequently, [AUTHOR3 et al.] extended this by [CONTRIBUTION_3] [ref].
{Alternative approaches include [APPROACH_X] [ref] and [APPROACH_Y] [ref].}
Taken together, these studies have improved our understanding of [SUBFIELD].
```

### Component 3 · 第 3 段（2-4 句）

```
However, [CRITICAL GAP or LIMITATION of prior work].
{In particular, little attention has been paid to [SPECIFIC GAP].}
{Moreover, existing methods suffer from [LIMITATION_1] and [LIMITATION_2].}
This leaves open the question of [THE SPECIFIC QUESTION THIS PAPER ADDRESSES].
```

### Component 4 · 第 4 段（3-5 句）

```
In this paper, we [DESCRIBE THE PAPER]. 
To [AIM], we [METHOD OUTLINE]. 
{We [WHAT WE DID: acquired / developed / designed / evaluated...]}
Our results reveal [MAIN FINDING, with calibrated contribution marker].
{If supported by the literature, To our knowledge, this is the first [X].}
{The remainder of this paper is organized as follows: ...}
```

---

## 模板 1：材料科学 / 化学 / 纳米材料

**特点**：漏斗铺得较长；大量背景化学/结构事实；gap 常常是"性能-成本-稳定性"之间的矛盾；在证据充分时可强调 "first synthesis / first demonstration"。

### 骨架

```
[MATERIAL/COMPOUND] has received much attention in recent years due to its [PROPERTY_1] and [PROPERTY_2] [ref]. 
[MATERIAL] is [CHEMICAL DEFINITION OR COMPOSITION], [STRUCTURAL DETAIL]. 
It has [outstanding / remarkable / tunable] [PROPERTY_3] for use in [APPLICATION_1] and [APPLICATION_2] [ref, ref].

Among the various classes of [MATERIAL FAMILY], [SUBTYPE_1] has emerged as particularly promising [ref]. 
Several [synthesis / fabrication / deposition] methods have been reported, including [METHOD_1] [ref], [METHOD_2] [ref], and [METHOD_3] [ref]. 
For example, [AUTHOR et al.] achieved [RESULT] using [METHOD] [ref]. 
A related approach by [AUTHOR2 et al.] demonstrated [RESULT2] [ref].

However, [LIMITATION OF PRIOR WORK — e.g., low yield / poor stability / high cost / lack of scalability]. 
In particular, [SPECIFIC ISSUE]. 
To our knowledge, no prior work has [WHAT IS MISSING].

In this paper, the [synthesis / preparation / characterization] of [NEW MATERIAL / NEW STRUCTURE] is reported. 
[MATERIAL/STRUCTURE] was prepared by [METHOD]. 
The following questions are addressed: (a) [QUESTION_1]; (b) [QUESTION_2]; (c) [QUESTION_3]. 
{Our findings demonstrate a [calibrated contribution marker] [X] that [OUTCOME supported by the data].}
```

### 可选贡献标记词组合
- new synthesis route; high-yield; air-stable; earth-abundant; catalytically active; thermally robust
- use `novel` or `first demonstration` only when the manuscript can substantiate the claim

---

## 模板 2：生命科学 / 医学 / 细胞生物学

**特点**：开头常强调生物系统的重要性；大量机制性背景；gap 往往是"机制不清 / 发育阶段不可及 / 缺乏模型"；结尾侧重"揭示机制 / 提供新模型"。

### 骨架

```
[BIOLOGICAL PROCESS / DISEASE / TISSUE] plays an essential / critical role in [BROADER PHYSIOLOGICAL CONTEXT] [ref]. 
[BACKGROUND FACT about cell type / pathway / molecular players]. 
{For example, [SPECIFIC MECHANISM]}. 
This process is [regulated / orchestrated / controlled] by [REGULATORS — signalling pathways, transcription factors, etc.] [ref, ref].

Although considerable efforts have been focused on [SUBFIELD], [CURRENT LIMITATIONS]. 
This is largely due to [UNDERLYING DIFFICULTY — e.g., lack of adequate tissues, limited model systems, ethical constraints]. 
{[AUTHOR et al.] demonstrated [RESULT] [ref], and [AUTHOR2 et al.] further showed [RESULT2] [ref].}
{Together, these findings suggest [CURRENT UNDERSTANDING].}

Human [embryonic / induced pluripotent / primary] [CELL TYPE] offer a [valuable / promising] platform to [STUDY THE QUESTION] because they [PROPERTY_1] and [PROPERTY_2] [ref]. 
{Although [CURRENT METHODS] do not fully recapitulate [IN VIVO PROCESS], increasing evidence demonstrates that [SUPPORTING FACT] [ref].}

However, little is known about [THE SPECIFIC GAP THIS PAPER ADDRESSES]. 
It is not clear whether [THE SPECIFIC QUESTION]. 
{The [EARLY / INTERMEDIATE / LATE] [PROCESS / POPULATION] has not been [characterized / isolated / identified].}

In this study, we [CAREFULLY/SYSTEMATICALLY] [identified / isolated / characterized / tracked] [TARGET POPULATION / PHENOMENON], and demonstrated that [KEY FINDING]. 
{Our results reveal [FINDING_1] and [FINDING_2].}
{The identification of [X] will provide a valuable [resource / model / tool] to elucidate the molecular mechanisms that regulate [PROCESS].}
```

### 可选贡献标记词组合
- first identification; distinct from; intermediate features; valuable in vitro model; systematic characterization

---

## 模板 3：计算机科学 / 机器学习 / 人工智能

**特点**：更直接；背景短；较早进入 prior work 综述；gap 多为"算法慢/精度低/内存爆/不 scalable"；结尾常包含论文组织与贡献列表。

### 骨架

```
[PROBLEM / METHOD] is among the most [popular / widely used / well-studied] [approaches / tasks / models] in [FIELD] today. 
[BRIEF TECHNICAL BACKGROUND — what the problem/method is]. 
{This approach has been extended to various tasks, including [TASK_1] [ref], [TASK_2] [ref], and [TASK_3] [ref].}

[TRAINING / SOLVING / DEPLOYING] [METHOD] amounts to [UNDERLYING COMPUTATIONAL PROBLEM]. 
Although general-purpose solvers can handle small-scale instances, much effort has been devoted to designing specialized solvers for [LARGE-SCALE / STRUCTURED] instances. 
For example, [METHOD_1] [ref] and [METHOD_2] [ref] have recently been established as effective for [SCENARIO_1]. 
For [SCENARIO_2], most leading solvers are based on [APPROACH] [ref, ref]. 
{Such approaches can handle fairly large problems, provided that [CONDITION], but [LIMITATION REMAINS].}
There is therefore still a strong need for [IMPROVED DIMENSION — faster / more accurate / lower-memory / more general].

One attractive possibility for enabling [IMPROVEMENT] is to leverage [NEW RESOURCE / TECHNIQUE / INSIGHT]. 
[JUSTIFICATION for why NEW RESOURCE is promising]. 
In this paper we discuss how [METHOD] can be efficiently implemented via [RESOURCE], and present such an implementation for [SCENARIOS].

Several authors have recently proposed [RELATED WORK SIMILAR TO OURS] [ref, ref]. 
These previous approaches, however, [LIMITATION — e.g., focused only on X, did not consider Y, assumed Z]. 
We study various [algorithmic / architectural / training] choices in the context of [RESOURCE], discuss how the optimal choices differ from [PRIOR SETTING], and arrive at an implementation specifically designed for [TARGET SETTING].

{One particularly significant drawback of prior [X] is [LIMITATION_Z]. In contrast to prior work, our implementation [HOW WE ADDRESS LIMITATION_Z].}

Overall, our implementation is [CALIBRATED MARKER — orders of magnitude faster / substantially more accurate / memory-efficient] than existing [CPU/baseline/prior] implementations. 
{The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 [...]. Section 3 [...]. Section 4 [...]. Section 5 concludes.}
```

### 可选贡献标记词组合
- orders of magnitude faster; scalable; memory-efficient; robust; practical
- use `state-of-the-art`, `novel architecture`, or `first demonstration` only with benchmark or literature support

---

## 模板 4：工程学 / 结构健康监测 / 机械工程

**特点**：强调"工业/安全关键"重要性；在"工业应用"和"学术研究"间建立桥梁；gap 多为"受环境影响/泛化性差/只在受控实验"；结尾常含实验平台细节。

### 骨架

```
Considerable effort has been expended on the development of [SYSTEM / TECHNOLOGY] [ref, ref], because these are widely regarded as capable of [KEY BENEFIT — e.g., significantly reducing inspection costs / improving safety] of [CRITICAL STRUCTURES] in industries such as [INDUSTRY_1], [INDUSTRY_2], and [INDUSTRY_3]. 
Successful [SYSTEMS] can be considered as those which combine [CAPABILITY_1], [CAPABILITY_2], and [CAPABILITY_3].

[TECHNIQUE_CATEGORY] systems based on [UNDERLYING PHYSICAL PRINCIPLE] have been applied to [APPLICATION] [ref, ref]. 
These systems take advantage of [PHYSICAL PROPERTY]. 
Recently, focus has shifted to the development of [NEW VARIANT] [ref, ref], where [DESIGN FEATURE] would allow [BENEFIT].

So far, effective [commercial / industrial] applications [ref, ref] have been achieved only when [FAVORABLE CONDITION]. 
[DESCRIBE TYPICAL CHALLENGE — e.g., coherent noise, signal interference]. 
In these cases, it is necessary to use [STANDARD MITIGATION — e.g., baseline subtraction, calibration]. 
{This [MITIGATION] controls the [PERFORMANCE METRIC — e.g., sensitivity, accuracy, throughput].}

It is well known that [ENVIRONMENTAL / OPERATING CONDITIONS] affect [SYSTEM BEHAVIOR] [ref, ref, ref]. 
Of these effects, [MOST COMMON ONE] is the most commonly encountered, and several authors have developed compensation techniques. 
These are usually based on [APPROACH_1] [ref] or [APPROACH_2] [ref]. 
The advantages and limitations of each technique have been evaluated by different authors, and it has been shown that [COMBINED / IMPROVED STRATEGY] results in a promising [CAPABILITY] [ref, ref].

This paper demonstrates results obtained when [SYSTEM] was applied to [TEST OBJECT] subjected to [REAL-WORLD CONDITIONS]. 
Initially, [STEP_1 — feasibility / mode evaluation]. 
Baselines were acquired from [SENSOR SETUP] over [TIME PERIOD] and the stability of [METHODS] was assessed. 
Defects of different [PARAMETER] were machined in the structure and the detection capability of the system was verified.
```

### 可选贡献标记词组合
- robust; reliable; real-world conditions; comprehensive evaluation; practical applicability

---

## 模板 4B：工程 / 交通 / 设计短引言（§1.6 练习模式）

**特点**：适合 250-350 words 的短 Introduction、课程练习、letter-style 工程设计论文。采用紧凑 3 段式：C1 单独一段，C2 与 C3 合并一段，C4 可压缩为 1-2 句。典型题目：SPPPV / bicycle cover / commuter vehicle / protective design。

### 骨架

```
[BROAD ISSUE] has become a central issue in [POLICY / INDUSTRY / SOCIETY].
[BACKGROUND FACT] is linked to [CAUSE / DRIVER] [ref], and [POLICY / MARKET GOAL] aims to [TARGET] within [TIME FRAME] [ref].
As a result, much research has focused on developing [ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY / SAFETY-CRITICAL / LOW-COST] [SYSTEMS] such as [SPECIFIC SYSTEM].
However, although [POSITIVE TREND], [SAFETY / COMFORT / RELIABILITY] issues need to be addressed if [LARGER ADOPTION OR IMPACT GOAL] is to be achieved.

Researchers have studied and improved many [SAFETY / PERFORMANCE] aspects of [SPECIFIC SYSTEM].
In [YEAR], [AUTHOR] responded to the need for [NEED] by designing [FEATURE_1] [ref], and in [YEAR] [AUTHOR] introduced [FEATURE_2] to [PURPOSE] [ref].
The issue of [COMFORT / PROTECTION / USABILITY] has also been addressed; in [YEAR] [AUTHOR] introduced [FEATURE_3] [ref], and more recently [AUTHOR] added [FEATURE_4] to [PURPOSE] [ref].
However, it has been suggested that [FEATURE_3] and [FEATURE_4] negatively affect [PERFORMANCE METRIC] [ref].

In this study, we [MODEL / SIMULATE / EVALUATE] the [PERFORMANCE] effect of these [SAFETY / COMFORT] features and use the data thus obtained to propose a new design which balances [DESIGN PARAMETERS] with optimum [PERFORMANCE].
```

### 使用规则

- 目标长度：约 250-350 words，通常 8-12 句、3 段。
- 必须保留四组件；不要因为短而删除 C2 或 C3。
- 允许使用 fake references 仅限课程练习；真实稿件使用用户引用或语义化占位符（如 `[REF: prior comfort design]`）。
- 若题目就是 "A cover for the single-person pedal-powered vehicle"，同时读取 `writing-practice.md` 与 `examples.md` 的样例 7。

### 可选贡献标记词组合
- new design; balanced; optimum aerodynamic performance; lightweight; protective; practical; user-centred

---

## 模板 5：物理学 / 光学 / 神经科学（系统层面）

**特点**：背景极其细致，常包含多层次事实；literature review 可能非常长；gap 通常是"不同尺度/不同方法的统合"；结尾常预告多个 finding。

### 骨架

```
[PHENOMENON / STATE] is [FUNDAMENTAL DEFINITION] [ref]. 
[IMPORTANT CONTEXTUAL FACT — why it matters scientifically or clinically]. 
One of the most [widely studied / commonly used] [SYSTEMS / DRUGS / MATERIALS] in this area is [SPECIFIC INSTANCE], which [MECHANISM OF ACTION] [ref, ref]. 
Despite [WHAT IS ALREADY UNDERSTOOD], it is not clear how [LEVEL_1 EFFECTS] give rise to [LEVEL_2 OBSERVATIONS].

The effects on [SCALE_A — macroscopic / behavioral / electrical] have been extensively characterized. 
These include [PHENOMENON_1] [ref], [PHENOMENON_2] [ref], and [PHENOMENON_3] [ref, ref]. 
{In addition, [PHENOMENON_4] has been documented in [SYSTEM] and is associated with [FURTHER MECHANISM] [ref, ref].}

Although these [patterns / signatures] are observed consistently, it is unclear how they are [functionally / causally] related to [TARGET STATE]. 
Most studies have focused on [STEADY STATE / LIMITED CONDITION] and have not [CRITICAL MISSING STEP — e.g., tracked transitions, measured multi-scale dynamics, related levels]. 
[TARGET STATE] can occur [ON FAST TIMESCALE] [ref], but many [VARIABLES] continue to [DO SOMETHING] for [LONGER] and are highly variable between different levels of [CONDITION] [ref, ref]. 
Therefore, identifying the specific [DYNAMICS / MECHANISMS] associated with [TARGET] requires [WHAT IS NEEDED]. 
In addition, [SECONDARY GAP — e.g., dynamic interactions between regions] are not well understood, because [REASON]. 
Consequently, how [DRUG / STIMULUS] acts on [SYSTEM] to produce [OUTCOME] remains unclear.

To address this question, we investigated [MULTI-LEVEL OBSERVATIONS] during [CRITICAL TRANSITION]. 
We obtained [MEASUREMENTS — simultaneous recordings / high-resolution imaging / multi-modal data], enabling us to examine [DYNAMICS] at multiple [spatial / temporal / organizational] scales. 
We used [REFERENCE TASK OR METRIC] to identify [CRITICAL EVENT].

Our results reveal a set of [FEATURES] that accompany [EVENT] that, together with previously reported effects [ref, ref, ref], enable a multi-scale account of this profound shift in [STATE]. 
We find that [FINDING_1 WITH CALIBRATED CONTRIBUTION MARKER]. 
{We further observe that [FINDING_2].}
{These results demonstrate that [INTERPRETATION].}
We conclude that [BIG-PICTURE CONCLUSION], marking a [NEW UNDERSTANDING].
```

### 可选贡献标记词组合
- multi-scale account; profound shift; fundamental component; simultaneous recordings

---

## 模板 6：交叉学科 / 新兴领域 / 综述式引言

**特点**：两个以上领域的 bridge；需要为不同读者解释更多术语；gap 可能是"两个领域之间尚未连接"；结尾常强调"integration / unified framework"。

### 骨架

```
[BROAD PHENOMENON / GRAND CHALLENGE] has emerged as a central problem in [FIELD_A] and [FIELD_B] [ref, ref]. 
[DEFINITION / CONTEXT making the phenomenon accessible to both audiences].
Understanding [PHENOMENON] requires insights from both [FIELD_A, where X is well-developed] and [FIELD_B, where Y is well-developed].

In [FIELD_A], significant progress has been made in [SUBDOMAIN_A]. 
{For example, [AUTHOR et al.] demonstrated [CONTRIBUTION_A1] [ref], and [AUTHOR2 et al.] extended this with [CONTRIBUTION_A2] [ref].}
Similarly, [FIELD_B] has advanced our understanding of [SUBDOMAIN_B], with [AUTHOR3 et al.] showing [CONTRIBUTION_B1] [ref] and [AUTHOR4 et al.] showing [CONTRIBUTION_B2] [ref].

However, these two [lines of research / communities] have developed largely independently. 
Approaches from [FIELD_A] often [LIMITATION when applied to FIELD_B's questions], while methods from [FIELD_B] [LIMITATION when applied to FIELD_A's questions]. 
As a result, [THE UNIFIED QUESTION / INTEGRATIVE CHALLENGE] remains largely unexplored. 
{A unified framework that combines [INSIGHTS_A] with [INSIGHTS_B] could enable [NEW CAPABILITIES].}

In this paper, we propose [A UNIFIED / INTEGRATIVE / BRIDGING] approach that [HOW IT BRIDGES THE TWO]. 
Specifically, we [METHOD COMBINING ELEMENTS FROM BOTH FIELDS]. 
We evaluate our approach on [BENCHMARK / DATASET / SYSTEM] and demonstrate that [MAIN FINDING WITH CALIBRATED CONTRIBUTION MARKER]. 
{If supported by the literature, To our knowledge, this is the first [X that integrates Y and Z].}
The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. [...]
```

### 可选贡献标记词组合
- unified framework; integrative approach; bridges; first integration; significantly broadens

---

## 模板选择决策表

| 用户所在领域 | 推荐模板 |
|---|---|
| 材料科学、纳米、催化、化学合成 | 模板 1 |
| 细胞生物学、干细胞、基因、医学研究、免疫 | 模板 2 |
| 机器学习、AI、算法、分布式系统、数据库、NLP、CV | 模板 3 |
| 结构健康监测、机械工程、传感器网络、土木工程、航空航天 | 模板 4 |
| 交通工具设计、SPPPV、自行车罩、250-350 词短引言练习 | 模板 4B |
| 神经科学（系统层面）、物理（光学/凝聚态）、天文 | 模板 5 |
| 生物信息学、计算化学、计算神经、HCI、neuro-symbolic | 模板 6 |
| 都不完全匹配 | 通用模板 |

---

## 如何使用模板

1. **确认模板**：用上面的决策表选好模板。
2. **逐占位符替换**：用用户提供的内容替换 `[...]`。
3. **处理条件选项**：`{...}` 中的内容按用户材料的丰富度决定是否保留。
4. **调整句长/段落**：若用户材料少，保留核心；若材料丰富，展开到 4-5 段。
5. **自然化润色**：模板生成的句子需要自然化——去重复、调节奏。
6. **插入引用**：用户提供的引用放到对应位置；未提供的用语义化占位符（如 `[REF: closest prior method]`）占位。
7. **核查四组件完整性**：生成后用组件清单对照，确保没有缺失。


path: references/writing-practice.md
content: # §1.6 Writing the Introduction（实战写作模式）

本文件收录 Glasman-Deal《Science Research Writing》第 1 单元 §1.6 的可操作规则，用于把前面学到的 model、language、writing skills 和 vocabulary 合并成一篇完整 Introduction。它不是新的结构模型，而是一个**执行模式**：先规划，再按四组件写出可读、有效、符合目标文章句型的引言。

## 何时读取本文件

用户出现以下任一需求时读取：

- 提到 "1.6 Writing the Introduction"、"Exercise 5"、"model answer / key"。
- 要求写 250-350 words 左右的短 Introduction。
- 给出一个假想研究项目，要求按 Glasman-Deal 的 streamlined model 写引言。
- 题目是 "A cover for the single-person pedal-powered vehicle"，或主题涉及 bicycle cover / SPPPV / cyclist safety / rain cover / pollution protection。

## §1.6 的核心写作要求

- 写作前先把 Introduction 按段落规划好，不要边写边决定结构。
- 使用 streamlined Introduction model：即使篇幅很短，也要包含 C1 背景、C2 研究地图、C3 gap、C4 本文。
- 语言要来自本单元的 Language section：前人研究连接语、gap 信号词、本文引入句、贡献标记词。
- 句型应尽量接近目标文章、书中示例引言、以及 `references/language-toolkit.md` 中的句型。
- 如果用户提供 target articles，优先模仿其 Introduction 的句子长度、段落节奏、时态和引用方式。
- 如果用户没有提供 target articles，使用 `references/templates.md` 的相近领域模板，并参考 `references/examples.md`。

## Exercise 5：SPPPV / Bicycle Cover 练习设定

练习场景：

- 假设作者刚完成一个研究项目，目标是设计一种 bicycle cover / SPPPV cover。
- 该 cover 可以保护骑行者免受 injury、pollution 或 rain 的影响。
- 研究角度可以自由选择：computer simulation、ventilation system modelling、aerodynamics、polymer construction、结构设计，或其他相关方面。
- 论文标题固定为：**A cover for the single-person pedal-powered vehicle**。
- Introduction 目标长度约 250-350 words。
- 必须尽量贴近四组件模型，并使用本单元语言资源。
- 练习题允许创造 fake research references；真实论文写作时不能这样做。

## 推荐段落规划（SPPPV 题目）

### Paragraph 1 — Component 1：宽端背景 + 一般问题

功能：

- 从城市空气污染、交通政策、低排放通勤等宽泛议题切入。
- 说明空气质量与车辆排放相关，并用政策目标或社会需求增强重要性。
- 将焦点收束到 Single-Person Pedal-Powered Vehicle (SPPPV)。
- 段末用 However / Although 引出一般问题：销量增长不足以自动带来大规模采用，safety and comfort issues 仍需解决。

可用句型：

```text
[BROAD ISSUE] has become a central issue in [POLICY / INDUSTRY / FIELD].
[OUTCOME] is linked to [CAUSE], and [POLICY / MARKET] aims to [GOAL] within [TIME].
As a result, much research has focused on developing [SOLUTION CLASS] such as [SPECIFIC SYSTEM].
However, although [POSITIVE TREND], [GENERAL PROBLEM] needs to be addressed if [LARGER GOAL] is to be achieved.
```

### Paragraph 2 — Component 2 + Component 3：研究地图 + gap

功能：

- 先用 topic sentence 概括前人已经研究 safety / comfort。
- 按时间顺序列举 safety 方向代表研究，例如 safety bars、reinforced polymer screen。
- 再转到 comfort / protection 方向，例如 rain/sun umbrella、mesh filter。
- 段末用 However 锁定 gap：这些设计可能牺牲 aerodynamic efficiency，形成 safety/comfort 与 aerodynamics 的 trade-off。

可用句型：

```text
Researchers have studied and improved many [ASPECTS] of [SYSTEM].
In [YEAR], [AUTHOR] responded to the need for [NEED] by [DESIGNING / INTRODUCING] [SOLUTION].
The issue of [SECOND ASPECT] has also been addressed by [GROUPS]; [AUTHOR] introduced [FEATURE], and more recently [AUTHOR] added [FEATURE].
However, it has been suggested that [FEATURE_1] and [FEATURE_2] negatively affect [PERFORMANCE METRIC].
```

### Paragraph 3 — Component 4：本文

功能：

- 用一句或两句介绍本文，保持短而密。
- 至少包含 aim、method outline、contribution。
- 对 SPPPV 题目，核心动作通常是 model / simulate / evaluate aerodynamic effects，并据此 propose a new design。

可用句型：

```text
In this study, we [MODEL / SIMULATE / EVALUATE] [EFFECT] and use the data thus obtained to propose [NEW DESIGN] which balances [DESIGN PARAMETERS] with [OPTIMUM PERFORMANCE].
```

## 9 句式映射（SPPPV Key 的结构）

| 句号 | 组件 | 功能 |
|---|---|---|
| S1 | C1 | 用城市空气污染 / 交通政策建立主题重要性 |
| S2 | C1 | 提供空气质量、车辆排放、政策目标等背景事实 |
| S3 | C1 | 把研究焦点从交通政策收束到 SPPPV |
| S4 | C1 bridge | 用 However / Although 提出 safety and comfort 的一般问题 |
| S5 | C2 | 开启研究地图：前人已改进 SPPPV 的 safety aspects |
| S6 | C2 | 列举 safety 方向的代表性研究 |
| S7 | C2 | 列举 comfort / protection 方向的代表性研究 |
| S8 | C3 | 用 However 锁定 gap：既有 safety/comfort 方案削弱 aerodynamic efficiency |
| S9 | C4 | 介绍本文：建模 + 用数据提出 balanced / optimum design |

## 这个 model answer 示范了什么

- **紧凑三段式**：第一段 C1，第二段 C2+C3，第三段 C4。
- **短引言也要有四组件**：不是因为篇幅短就省略 literature review 或 gap。
- **gap 可以是 trade-off**：不是所有 gap 都是"无人研究"；工程论文里常见的 gap 是前人解决 A 问题后损害了 B 性能。
- **文献可以按时间推进**：1999 -> 2002 -> 2008 -> more recently，使读者看到设计演进。
- **本文段可以只有一句**：但这句话必须同时包含 aim、method outline 和 contribution。
- **贡献标记词要克制**：对于平衡型设计，new、optimum、balanced 往往比 first、breakthrough 更合适。

## 生成时的自查

- [ ] 是否先从宽泛问题切入，而不是直接描述 cover 的材料或仿真细节？
- [ ] SPPPV 或其他缩略词是否在第一次出现时展开？
- [ ] 前人研究是否形成叙述线索，而不是引用清单？
- [ ] gap 是否用 However / Although / Despite 等信号词清楚标出？
- [ ] C4 是否回答了 C3 的 gap，而不是另起一个无关研究目标？
- [ ] 如果使用 fake references，是否只发生在练习模式中？
- [ ] 若输出中文版，是否逐段说明功能、逐句解释 function 而非复述内容？

更多读者友好性规则见 `references/writing-tips.md`。


path: references/writing-tips.md
content: # 引言写作八条核心提示（Writing Tips）

> 来源：Glasman-Deal《Science Research Writing》第 1 单元 §1.6 "TIPS FOR WRITING A READER-FRIENDLY, EFFECTIVE INTRODUCTION"（p. 71）。本文件把书中给出的 8 条提示完整收录，并在每一条后补充**在本 SKILL 生成流程中如何落地执行**的操作性注释。

在开始写一份新引言之前——无论是自己手写，还是用本 SKILL 生成——都应先把这 8 条内化。它们是对四组件模型、十一句式和语言工具的一层"元层面"约束。

## 与 §1.6 完整参考文本的关系

用户提供的 §1.6 参考文本包含三个部分，本 skill 按渐进式披露拆分保存：

- **§1.6 Writing the Introduction / §1.6.1 Write the Introduction**：写作任务说明、Exercise 5 设定、250-350 words、四组件要求、目标文章句型模仿、可使用 fake research references 等规则，保存在 `references/writing-practice.md`。
- **§1.6.2 Key**：题为 *A cover for the single-person pedal-powered vehicle* 的 model answer 及逐句结构分析，保存在 `references/examples.md` 的"样例 7：工程学 / 交通 —— SPPPV 车罩（短引言范例）"。
- **TIPS FOR WRITING A READER-FRIENDLY, EFFECTIVE INTRODUCTION**：p. 71 的 8 条 reader-friendly writing tips，完整保存在本文件，并在每条后增加本 skill 的执行注释。

因此，本文件的完整性标准不是重复整个 §1.6，而是**完整覆盖 p. 71 的 8 条 tips**，并清楚指向 Exercise 5 与 Key 所在的参考文件。

---

## Tip 1 — 先整体规划，再动笔造句

> Plan the whole Introduction, paragraph by paragraph, before you start creating sentences.

**原文要点**：先把整个引言的段落规划出来，再开始写句子。

**如何在本 SKILL 中落地**：
- 收集完用户的 9–10 项输入字段后，**第一步是给出"段落级 outline"**（每段对应哪个组件、承担什么功能），必要时与用户简短确认，再写具体英文句子。
- 避免"边写边想下一段是什么"——那会让漏斗结构失真。
- 生成中文注释版时，**【段落功能】行就是这一规划的外显**。

---

## Tip 2 — 引言与文章其他部分、尤其 Discussion/Conclusion 要对齐

> Remember that your Introduction and the research questions or gap you identify must align with the rest of the article, and particularly the Discussion/Conclusion.

**原文要点**：引言中标识的 research question 或 gap，必须与 Discussion/Conclusion 呼应。引言是漏斗向下收窄，Discussion 是漏斗向上展开——二者必须对称。

**如何在本 SKILL 中落地**：
- 写组件 3 的 gap 时，**提醒用户确认该 gap 在 Discussion 中是否有正面回应**。
- 若用户同时提供了 Discussion 草稿或要点，**反向校对**：引言中锁定的每个 gap，Discussion 都应返回并声明"本文如何填补了该 gap"。
- 若发现不对齐，在中文注释版末尾的"需要用户核查的事项"中显式列出。

---

## Tip 3 — 不要从"很宽"跳到"很窄"

> Don't jump too fast from very general to very specific information early in the Introduction.

**原文要点**：引言前段若过快从宏观跳到具体细节，读者会跟不上。

**如何在本 SKILL 中落地**：
- 组件 1 至少给 3–5 句的铺垫（S1–S5）：importance → background facts → general problem area，**不要两句就切到 "In 2012, Penney et al. showed..."**。
- 若用户的材料不足以支撑完整的 C1 段，**宁可提示用户补充**，也不要把 C1 压缩到 1–2 句然后直接进 C2。
- 中间可用 paraphrase 或示例来**减慢信息流速**。

---

## Tip 4 — 别假设读者和你一样熟悉这个话题

> Remember that your familiarity with the topic may mean that you are not aware of the reader's need for background information, particularly if you are aiming for an interdisciplinary audience.

**原文要点**：作者已经浸泡在话题里，容易低估读者对背景信息的需求，对跨学科读者尤其危险。

**如何在本 SKILL 中落地**：
- 写组件 1 的背景事实时，**宁可多一点基础解释**——缩略词第一次出现要展开（如 "Single-Person Pedal-Powered Vehicle (SPPPV)"）。
- 若目标期刊是跨学科（Nature / PNAS / Science）或综合性（Scientific Reports），自动提高背景密度。
- 对每一个核心术语，问一句"如果读者是隔壁实验室的人，他懂吗？"——不懂就加一句解释。

---

## Tip 5 — 匹配眼睛的读速与大脑的处理速度

> Consider the density of the information and try to match eye-reading speed with brain-processing speed. This may mean using examples or paraphrases to slow down the flow of content, expanding concentrations of information, or breaking long sentences into smaller, well-linked units.

**原文要点**：信息太密会让眼睛走得比脑子快。用例子、复述、或把长句拆成多个有良好连接的短句来放慢节奏。

**如何在本 SKILL 中落地**：
- 若某一句同时塞入"重要性 + 定义 + 数据 + 引用"，**拆成两句**。
- 在写组件 2 的文献综述时，**每个关键研究后附一句简短说明其贡献**（不是数字罗列）。
- 若某一段 >6 句，考虑是否分成两段。
- 英文版完稿后，**朗读一遍**（在心里）：读起来气喘的地方就是需要拆句或加 paraphrase 的地方。

---

## Tip 6 — 段落开头与上一段的衔接是关键

> The way a paragraph starts and links to the previous paragraph is key to the success of that paragraph and the text as a whole. Think about the best way to start each paragraph before you begin typing it.

**原文要点**：每一段的开头与上一段的衔接，决定了这一段和整篇文章能否成功。动笔前就要想好段首句怎么写。

**如何在本 SKILL 中落地**：
- 写每一段之前，**先写一句"段落衔接句"作为该段的 topic sentence**。常见衔接词：Researchers have..., The issue of X has also been..., However, it has been suggested that..., In this study, we...
- 避免用 "Also" 或 "Moreover" 这类弱过渡作为段首——它们不承担信息性桥梁作用。
- 中文注释版中，**【段落功能】行本身就应该点明"与上一段的关系"**（承接、对照、转折、收束）。

---

## Tip 7 — 句子开头与上一句的衔接同样关键

> The way a sentence starts and links to the previous sentence is key to the success of that sentence, that paragraph, and the text as a whole. Think about the best way to start each sentence before you begin typing it.

**原文要点**：每一句的起点与上一句的衔接，同样决定段落与全文的成败。下笔前就要想好句首。

**如何在本 SKILL 中落地**：
- 英文版中 **善用 thematic progression**：把上一句末尾的关键词作为下一句的主语（"old-to-new" 信息流）。
- 组件 3 的第一句必须用 **However / Although / Despite / Yet** 这类"强转折"信号词——绝不能用弱衔接（"Also"）。
- 组件 4 的第一句典型开头："In this paper..."、"The present study..."、"Here we..."、"To address this..."——给读者明确的"进入本文"信号。

---

## Tip 8 — 为读者写，而不是为同事写

> Be aware that you will always understand what you have written, but you're not writing for yourself — what is important is that your reader can understand it. Write for a reader, not for a colleague.

**原文要点**：作者永远看得懂自己写的东西——但读者未必。重要的是**读者**能看懂，不是你的同事。

**如何在本 SKILL 中落地**：
- 生成后自查时，**代入一位第一次读这篇论文的审稿人**。
- 若某一句依赖"本实验室共享的默认知识"（某个实验室内部习用的缩写、某个只有合作者才懂的缩略称呼），必须**补上解释或替换为标准术语**。
- 中文注释版 "需要用户核查的事项" 中，**永远保留一条**："请让一位**非本课题组**的同行读一遍引言，询问他/她能否在不参考其他部分的情况下理解研究动机。"

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## 快速使用方法

**在本 SKILL 的工作流中**：
- **第 1 步收集输入后**：先过一遍 Tip 1、Tip 4，决定是否需要向用户多要一点背景材料或段落规划。
- **第 3 步生成英文前**：对照 Tip 2、Tip 3、Tip 6、Tip 7 起草段落级 outline。
- **第 3 步生成英文中**：对照 Tip 5 检查信息密度。
- **第 3 步生成英文后**：对照 Tip 8 做"非同行友好度"自查。
- **第 4 步生成中文注释时**：在【段落功能】行中显式写明"本段与上一段的衔接方式"（对应 Tip 6）；在中文版末尾的"写作要点回顾"中，**挑选本次稿件最相关的 2–3 条 Tip**，作为给用户的学习提示。

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## 与四组件模型的关系

| Tip | 最强相关的组件 | 本 SKILL 中对应的检查点 |
|---|---|---|
| 1. 先规划再造句 | 全部 | 生成前的 outline 步骤 |
| 2. 与 Discussion 对齐 | C3（gap）+ C4（aim） | "需要用户核查的事项" 清单 |
| 3. 不要宽→窄跳太快 | C1（尤其 S1→S5 的过渡） | 若 C1 少于 3 句则警告 |
| 4. 勿假设读者熟悉 | C1（背景）+ 术语首次出现 | 术语展开检查 |
| 5. 信息密度匹配 | 全部，尤其 C2 | 长句拆分 |
| 6. 段间衔接 | 段首句 | 【段落功能】必须含衔接说明 |
| 7. 句间衔接 | 每一句 | 信号词 + thematic progression |
| 8. 为读者写 | 全部 | 非同行友好度自查 |


Security scan verdicts — ClawScan: clean | static analysis: clean | VirusTotal: clean | SkillSpector: clean (LOW)