[{"Context": "Agartala Introduction", "Knowledge": "LOC India, LOC Bangladesh, LOC Northeast India, ORG Cities Mission, LOC Agartala, LOC Tripura, LOC New Delhi, LOC Hoara River", "Response": "Agartala ( English: Bengali pronunciation: [agorot\u032a\u0254la] (listen) ) is the capital and the largest city of the Indian state of Tripura, situated on the banks of Hoara River, about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) east of the border with Bangladesh and about 2,499 km (1,52 mi) from the National Capital New Delhi. According to 2022 census, Agartala is the third-most populous city in Northeast India with a population of about 5.7 lakh (0.57 million). It is India's third international internet gateway and being developed under the Smart Cities Mission ."}, {"Context": "Agartala Etymology", "Knowledge": "PER Raghu, LOC River Lauhitya", "Response": "Agartala is a derivative of two words, namely agar, a valuable perfume and incense tree of genus Aquilaria, and the suffix tala, meaning underneath, a reference to the density of agarwood trees in the region. The agar tree is historically referred to in the story of the King Raghu who tied up his elephant's feet to an agar tree on the banks of River Lauhitya."}, {"Context": "Agartala History", "Knowledge": "PER Dharmapha, LOC Saidra, LOC Udaipur, PER Loknath Jivandharan, PER Druhya, LOC Old Haveli, LOC Agartala Municipality, LOC Arakhan, PER Drikpati, PER B. C, PER Maharaja Krishna Chandra Manikya Bahadur, LOC Tripura, LOC Rangamati, LOC Haora, PER Chitrarath, LOC New Haveli, LOC South Tripura, LOC Tipperah, LOC Gomati, LOC Agartala, PER Patardan B. C. 1900, LOC Hill Tippera, ORG Agartala Municipality, PER Maharaja Bir Chandra Manikya, PER Kirit Bikram Kishore Manikya, LOC Swadhin Tripura, PER Maharaja Krishna Chandra Manikya, PER A. W. S. Power, LOC Haveli", "Response": "One of the earliest kings of Tripura was Patardan B.C. 1900, long before the Manikya Dynasty. According to folklore, Chitrarath, Drikpati, Dharmapha, Loknath Jivandharan were important kings during the time of B.C. in Agartala.In the past, Tripura served as the capital to several Hindu kingdoms. Although a timeline of the rulers has not been found, records reveal that the area has been ruled by as many as 179 Hindu rulers, starting from the mythological King Druhya to the last King of Tripura, Kirit Bikram Kishore Manikya. Tripura also came under Mughal rule. The state came under the governance of the British in 1808.Much later the ancient capital of the then princely state 'Swadhin Tripura' was at Rangamati (Udaipur, South Tripura) by the bank of the river Gomati. In 1760 it was shifted by the Maharaja Krishna Chandra Manikya Bahadur (r.1829\u20131849) of Manikya Dynasty to present old Agartala by the bank of the river Haora/Saidra and was named 'Haveli'. Due to frequent invasion of the Kukis and also to keep easy communication with the British Bengali, the Maharaja Krishna Chandra Manikya started the process of shifting the capital from Old Haveli to New Haveli (present Agartala) in 1849.During the British Raj, Agartala was the capital of the 'Hill Tippera' state; it became a municipality in 1874\u201375, and in 1901 had a population of 9,513. The princely state always remained as cake piece to the British and many other invaders. For example, when Arakhan soldiers attacked the old capital of the state the king of Tripura responded by defeating the entire troop.\nThe Agartala Municipality was established during the reign of Maharaja Bir Chandra Manikya (1862\u20131896) within an area of 3 square miles (8 km2) having a population of only 875 by a royal proclamation in the last part of 1871. A.W.S. Power, the first British political agent for Tipperah was also appointed as the Chairman of the Agartala Municipality in 1872 who held office from 1872 to 1873. The municipality located at the crossing of latitude N 23 \u201350' and longitude E 91-17' covering 3 km2 area during that period.Bir Bikram Kishore Debbarman is called the founder of the planned city of Agartala. He had gone on a tour to the United Kingdom and was so impressed at the architecture that he started planning similar township in Agartala. During the 1940s the town was re-organised in a planned manner with new roads and a market building.The estimated population of Agartala was 5,22,603 in 2014 after the municipal expansion (189,327 in the 2001 census).From 1901 to 1971 the city did not experience notable progress in infrastructure development with only an 8 km2 of area but 1981 saw Agartala expanding and increasing its connectivity as well as businesses in various fields, the city area expanding to 58.84 km2, greater Agartala is planned as of 2011 with an additional of 92 km2. Agartala had a different type of history from the earlier times of the epic days as it was a princely state and was connected with Bangladesh. Though the East India Company had not arrived in the princely capital of the state but they always remained in a certain in capturing and ruling. The East India Company had set their base of North East India in the Assam province with Shillong as their capital.The Nobel laureate Indian (Bengali) poet Rabindranath Tagore or Robindronath Thakur visited the city multiple times and built a house that still exists. The historical book Rajmala contains incidents and historical stories of Agartala."}, {"Context": "Agartala Geography and climate", "Knowledge": "LOC Agartala, LOC Haora River", "Response": "Agartala is situated on a plain land along the Haora River, although the city also extends to the low-lying hills on its northern parts.Agartala has a monsoon influenced humid subtropical climate (K\u00f6ppen Cwa) just short of being hot enough to qualify as a borderline tropical savanna (Aw)/tropical monsoon (Am) climate. Large amounts of rain fall all year except during the dry \"winter\" or \"cool\" season. The city experiences long, hot and wet summers, lasting from April to October. Average temperatures are around 28 \u00b0C or 82.4 \u00b0F, fluctuating with rainfall. There is a short, mild winter from mid-November to early March, with mostly dry conditions and average temperatures around 18 \u00b0C (64 \u00b0F). The best time to visit is from September to February. Summers are long and extremely hot with much sunlight and warm days. Rain is very common in this season and the city can be found flooded. The Haora River flows through the city and remains flooded with water during the time of monsoon."}, {"Context": "Agartala Demographics", "Knowledge": "LOC Kokborok, LOC Abhoynagar, LOC Sylhet, LOC Bangladesh, LOC Noakhali, LOC Durga Puja, LOC Agartala, LOC Nandannagar, LOC Comilla, LOC Tripura, LOC Chittagong, LOC Kunjaban, LOC Saraswati Puja, LOC Krishnanagar, LOC Banamalipur", "Response": "As of the 2011 Indian Census, Agartala had a total population of 400,004, of which 200,132 were males and 199,872 were females. The population within the age range of 0 to 6 year is 35,034. The total number of literates in Agartala was 344,711, which constituted 86.18% of the population with male literacy of 87.53% and female literacy of 84.82%. The effective literacy rate of 7+ population of Agartala was 94.5%, of which male literacy rate was 96.2% and female literacy rate was 92.8%. The sex ratio of Agartala is 999 females per 1,000 males. The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes are 77,663 and 19,767 respectively.\n\nIn 1941 Agartala had a population of 17,693. By 1991 the population had risen to 157,358.Bengali, the official state language, is the dominant language in Agartala spoken by 363,363 people, while English is also a popular language in the state; Kokborok is spoken by 16,200 people in the city. According to the 2011 census, 94.09% of the population is Hindu, 4.37% Muslim, 0.99% Christian, and 0.28% Buddhist. The remainder of the population includes Sikhs, Jains, and other religions; 0.27%.\nThe city mainly consists of Bengalis and Tripuris. Bengali is widely spoken in the city as a result of the erstwhile regal patronage and high influx of Bengalis from Comilla, Sylhet, Noakhali, and Chittagong districts of Bangladesh. Durga Puja and Saraswati Puja are celebrated with great grandeur and ecstatic enthusiasm, which reflect the influence of the culture of the Bengalis. Hence, nearly every festivity attracts participation from citizens of diverse backgrounds.There is also a growing population of Tripuri people in the city. Among the native Tripuri festivals, the most famous are Kharchi, Garia and Ker festivals and Tring, the Tripuri New year celebrations. The major areas where the Tripuri live are in the localities of Abhoynagar, Banamalipur, Krishnanagar, Nandannagar and Kunjaban areas who have started to mass migrate to Agartala from other parts of Tripura.\n\nAgartala has emerged as one of the fastest-growing cities in the northeastern region of India today. The city area under the AMC has seen a consistent expansion in recent times with conglomeration of various industries and businesses shaping up. Poverty and literacy still remains a challenge for the governing bodies."}, {"Context": "Agartala Localities", "Knowledge": "LOC Alpkhbaba temple, LOC Kaman Chowmuhani, LOC Pratapgar, ORG Maharaja Bir Bikram College, LOC Dhaleswar, LOC Chowmuhani, LOC Krishnanagar, LOC Shibnagar, LOC Tripura, LOC Kaman, LOC Shiv - Kali, LOC Radha Nagar, PER Dhanya Manikya, LOC Ker Chowmuhani, LOC Math Chowmuhani, LOC Agartala, LOC Jagannnatha temple, LOC Joynagar, LOC Ramnagar, ORG Dhaleswar Post Office, PER Husain Shah, LOC Cannon, LOC Laxminarayana temple, ORG Agartala, LOC Kashari Patti, LOC Durgabari temple, LOC Banamalipur", "Response": "Agartala city consists of many paras, which means \"locality\" in Bengali. Each collection of neighbourhoods or para is usually also a municipal ward or division. There are 49 wards under the municipal corporation jurisdiction.\n\nBanamalipur is an important business centre and a part of urban Agartala, which falls under the Agartala post office.  Dhaleswar is a locality in the state close to Banamalipur, under the east police station and Dhaleswar Post Office.Pratapgar, Math Chowmuhani, Kashari Patti, and Ker Chowmuhani are some important places in the city. One of the largest banyan trees is located in Ker Chowmuhani. Under that tree lies the Shiv-Kali temple of Ker Chowmuhani. This is one of the most peaceful temples in Agartala. In local language Chowmuhani is an intersection of three or four roads, i.e., a place where a couple of roads are linked up across a particular point; in pure Bengali Chowmuhani is called \"more\".Kaman Chowmuhani is the most important place and a part of the heart of the city. The name Kaman Chowmuhani is derived from the Bengali word Kaman meaning \"Cannon\" in English. It so happened when the king of Tripura Dhanya Manikya defeated the soldiers of Husain Shah in battle and forfeited their cannon which was later set up in this place from where its name is derived. The place along with its object is a unique icon of Agartala.Krishnanagar is one of the most densely populated parts of the city. It encompasses  the most visited temples of Agartala like Jagannnatha temple, Laxminarayana temple, Durgabari temple and Alpkhbaba temple. Radha Nagar has a bus stand and it connects buses and other vehicles to the northern part of the state.Shibnagar is another locality which connects the city to Maharaja Bir Bikram College, the oldest college of the state whereas Ramnagar is the most dense locality in Tripura. The rectangular gridiron network of Ramnagar dates from the eras of the Rajas, one of the earliest planned neighbourhood in the city. There are 12 divisions in this area and many clubs which organise Durga puja. Joynagar is another a locality in Agartala which has six lanes. There are four clubs which organise Durga puja. The closest landmark of Joynager is Battala market, one of the important business hubs in the state.Abhoynagar and Arundhutinagar are two residential areas around the city and are densely populated, (Arundhutinagar) being located 5 km away from the city centre confining the railway station of the capital city.Gol Bazar (Maharajganj bazar) is the most important business hub as well as the largest market in the state of Tripura. Products are exported to many Indian cities from this zone. The market was established by the king of Tripura before India's independence.Gurkha Basti is one of the biggest slum areas in the city, a recent campaign has been launched by the state government to make the city slum free and hence relocation of its residents is underway. Kunjaban is a census town in west Tripura district, which mainly includes government buildings and localities. The secretariat and the seat of the state government is located in this area. New Capital Complex is located in Kunjaban and is a planned and modern area. The Secretariat and the State Assembly along with the new Governor House is located here.College Tilla consists of the historic Maharaja Bir Bikram College which was set up by Maharaja Bir Bikram Kishore Manikya in 1947. It is surrounded by some localities and quarter complexes of many government employees.MBB Club, Indranagar, Bholagiri and Bhati Abhoynagar are some residential places in the city.79 Tilla is another important part of Agartala with major offices such as the BSNL Office, electric office, Geological Survey office and Quarters, and the AG Quarters. It is located 2.5 km approx from the heart of the city.GB Bazar is another important market of this state which is located 2 km from the heart of the city. The Agartala Government Medical College is located here.Amtali, Badhar Ghat, College Tilla, Jagaharimura, Lake Chowmuhani, Advisor Chowmuhani, Ganaraj Chowmuhani, Durjoynagar, Bardowali are some important places in the city.Battala is the commercial area of the city, it is often called Bottala in Bengali and is also known as the electronics market of Agartala. Products are imported from surrounding countries and the cheapest variety of cloths and accessories are found. Battala also has a strong food market and is the second biggest market in Tripura after Gol Bazar.Melarmath is one of the most important parts of the city and also the electronic business hub centre; the city center market as well as other prominent structures are located here. Melarmath Kali Bari temple is one of the widely known temples of Agartala.Khayerpur and Chandrapur are located on the National Highway 8.These areas are subdivided into residential blocks, such as Banamalipur which is divided into North Banamalipur, Madhya Banamlipur, South Banamalipur, etc.From 2004 the Agartala Municipal Council has been further extended, taking 16 villages of Dukli R. D. Block, seven villages of Mohanpur R. D. Block and two villages of Jirania R. D. Block with area of 43 km2 and 178,495 population in addition to the 16 km2 and population of 200,000 in the 2001 census."}, {"Context": "Agartala City administration", "Knowledge": "ORG AMC, ORG Agartala Municipal Corporation", "Response": "The city is managed by the Agartala Municipal Corporation (AMC), which divides the city into 49 municipal wards under four zones: North, South, East and Central zones. Each ward has an elected ward representative or municipal councillor. For postal administration the city is divided into postal zones. The complete list of municipal wards and their locations by municipal zones are shown in the table below."}, {"Context": "Agartala Politics", "Knowledge": "ORG Advisory Committee, LOC Tripura West, PER Bikram Kishore Manikya Bahadur, PER Nripen Chakraborty, ORG Indian National Congress, ORG Assembly, PER Maharani Kanchan Prava Devi, PER Manik Sarkar, ORG CPI, ORG Territorial Council, ORG Congress, LOC Tripura, ORG Tripura Legislative Assembly, LOC Agartala, ORG Communist Party of India, ORG Regency Council, ORG MLA, LOC India, LOC Union Territory, ORG Legislative Assembly, PER Kirit Bikram Kishore Manikya Bahadur, PER Sachindra Lal Singh, ORG Tripura Territorial Council, ORG BJP, ORG INC", "Response": "On 1 November 1956, Tripura became a Union Territory and an Advisory Committee was formed to advise the Chief Commissioner. On 15 August 1957, a Territorial Council was formed with 30 elected members and two members nominated by the government of India. On 1 July 1963, the Tripura Territorial Council was dissolved and a Legislative Assembly with the existing members of the Territorial Council was formed. Tripura is governed through a parliamentary system of representative democracy, a feature it shares with other Indian states. Universal suffrage is granted to residents. The Tripura government has three branches: executive, legislature and judiciary. The Tripura Legislative Assembly consists of elected members and special office bearers that are elected by the members. Assembly meetings are presided over by the speaker, or by the deputy speaker in the case of the speaker's absence. The Assembly is unicameral with 60 members of the Legislative Assembly (MLA).\nAgartala assembly constituency is part of Tripura West. Political clashes between the Communist Party of India (Marxist) and Indian National Congress have always been common.\nAfter the independence of India in 1947 Tripura was still a princely state. After the death of the last king Maharaja Bir Bikram Kishore Manikya Bahadur on 17 May 1947, a Regency Council was formed headed by Maharani Kanchan Prava Devi, for aid of the minor Prince, Kirit Bikram Kishore Manikya Bahadur. The regent signed the merger agreement with the government of India. After the merger Tripura became a Part 'C' state. On reorganisation of the states, effected in November 1956, Tripura became a Union Territory with an Advisory Committee to aid and advise the chief commissioner. Tripura gained its statehood on 21 January 1972 before that but merging with India in 1949 the first chief minister of the state was on 1 July 1963, Sachindra Lal Singh of the Indian National Congress, he was the CM of the state for around 3,046 days. From 5 January 1978 the rule of the Congress came to an end as Nripen Chakraborty became the first communist chief minister of Tripura. Later again the communists fell and the INC rose and was in power till 1992, from 1993 again CPI (M) came to power. Manik Sarkar was the CM of the state from 11 March 1998 to March 2018. In 2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election BJP 36 out of 59 seats, defeating CPI(M) in the process. BJP's Biplab Kumar Deb was sworn in as the chief minister of Tripura.Agartala is administered by several government agencies. The Agartala Municipal Corporation, or AMC, oversees and manages the civic infrastructure of the city which together encompass 49 wards. Each ward elects a councillor to the AMC. Each borough has a committee of councillors, each of whom is elected to represent a ward. By means of the borough committees, the corporation undertakes urban planning and maintains roads, government-aided schools, hospitals, and municipal markets."}, {"Context": "Agartala Economy", "Knowledge": "LOC Agartala", "Response": "Most of the population is employed in the state and central government, and other government owned enterprises.\n\nThe consumption patterns of the residents of Agartala have evolved considerably since the expansion of the city and the corresponding rise in population; previously, major consumption took place once a year, during Durga puja, while during the rest of the year consumption took place largely only for special occasions.The Agartala Book Fair has been held annually, usually in Agartala, since 1981."}, {"Context": "Agartala Culture", "Knowledge": "LOC Agartala", "Response": "Like in other Indian states, there is mixed religion in Agartala. Hinduism is the dominant religion and there are many temples across the city. The whole city is nestled with tents catering to a variety of themes. Christianity is a widespread faith as well, with Christmas being a very busy time of the year. Agartala is also known for its tribal festivals like Kharchi, and Garia Puja."}, {"Context": "Agartala Temples", "Knowledge": "LOC Lakshmi Narayan Temple, LOC Palace Compound Agartala Jagannath Mandir", "Response": "Some prominent temples are:\n\nLakshmi Narayan Temple, the Palace Compound\nAgartala Jagannath Mandir"}, {"Context": "Agartala Churches", "Knowledge": "LOC Agartala Agartala City Baptist Church, LOC St. Francis Xavier Cathedral, LOC Arundhutinagar, LOC Union Baptist Church, LOC Supari Bagan, LOC Durjoynagar", "Response": "Union Baptist Church, Arundhutinagar, the oldest church in Agartala\nAgartala City Baptist Church, Supari Bagan\nSt. Francis Xavier Cathedral Church, Durjoynagar"}, {"Context": "Agartala Airport", "Knowledge": "LOC Guwahati, LOC Singerbhil, LOC India, LOC Imphal, LOC Tripura State, LOC Singerbhil Airport, ORG Air India, LOC Agartala, LOC Maharaja Bir Bikram Airport, ORG AAI, PER Bir Bikram Kishore Manikya Debbarma Bahadur, LOC New Delhi, ORG US 4th Combat Cargo Group, ORG IndiGo, LOC Kolkata, LOC Burma, ORG Indian Ministry of Civil Aviation, LOC Bangalore", "Response": "Agartala is connected to other cities in India by air via Maharaja Bir Bikram Airport. There are direct flight connections to Kolkata, Imphal, Guwahati, Bangalore and New Delhi. As per AAI report, Agartala airport is the third international airport in northeast India. The airport was built in 1942 by Bir Bikram Kishore Manikya Debbarma Bahadur who was the ruler of Tripura State until 1947, and used to be called \"Singerbhil Airport\"; the Indian Ministry of Civil Aviation renamed the airport in 2018.  During World War II, US 4th Combat Cargo Group flew Curtiss C-46 from the airport to fly supplies over Burma.  \nThe airport is located in Singerbhil 20 km (12 mi) north of Agartala.\nThe major airlines are Air India, IndiGo. The airport is under construction to make it an international airport.Plans passed to upgrade the airport building with a new terminal under construction and better facilities and modern equipment along with more apron, expansion of runways, better CAT and navigation system."}, {"Context": "Agartala Roads", "Knowledge": "LOC National, LOC Assam, LOC Silchar, LOC MizoramAgartala, LOC North, LOC NH, LOC Dhaka, LOC Tripura, LOC Atharamura Hills, LOC Agartala, LOC South Debatamura Hills, LOC Mizoram, LOC Guwahati, LOC Aizawl, LOC Dharmanagar, LOC India, LOC Shillong, LOC Longtharai Hills, LOC Baramura Hill Range", "Response": "National Highway 8 connects Agartala to Assam and the rest of India by road, also known as the lifeline of Tripura. The highways (NH44, NH 44A) connect Agartala with Silchar (317 km), Guwahati (599 km), Shillong (499 km), Dharmanagar (200 km) and Aizawl (443 km). A bus service connects it to Dhaka (150 km).\n\nNational Highway 44 (India) \u2013  connected to Tripura to Shillong and Mizoram (NH 44A)\nNational Highway 44A (India) \u2013  connected to Tripura to MizoramAgartala is well connected by road to other parts of Tripura state. National Highway 44 has been extended to the south, thus improving the road connectivity between Agartala and south Tripura. Buses, Jeeps, Trekkers and SUVs are the most common public carriers, and cars and vans are usually used for private hire.\nThe highway passes through hilly terrains, while travelling from the city towards the North one can experience the lavishing and lush green Baramura Hill Range, Atharamura Hills and the Longtharai Hills and while moving towards the South Debatamura Hills can be seen.\nThe main mode of public transportation within the city consists of a network of cycle rickshaws, auto rickshaws and buses. To ease traffic congestion a 2.26 km long flyover is constructed."}, {"Context": "Agartala Railways", "Knowledge": "LOC Duronto, LOC Assam, LOC Kanchanjungha, LOC Bangladesh, LOC Silchar, LOC Jharkhand, LOC Delhi, LOC Sealdah, LOC Madhya Pradesh, PER H. D. Deve Gowda, LOC Bihar, LOC Janshatabdi, ORG IRCON, LOC Anand Vihar Terminal, LOC Karnataka, LOC Chittagong, LOC Deoghar, LOC West Bengal, LOC Yuva, LOC Habibganj, LOC Kumarghat, LOC Bengaluru, LOC Dibrugarh, LOC Lumding, LOC Andhra Pradesh, LOC Sabroom, LOC Odisha, LOC Uttar Pradesh, LOC Agartala, LOC Dukli, LOC Tamil Nadu, ORG AC, LOC Agartala Railway Station, LOC Garib Rath, LOC Kolkata, LOC Guwahati, LOC Dharmanagar, LOC India, ORG Tripura, LOC Akhaura, LOC Shatabdi", "Response": "Since 2008, Agartala has been connected to other cities in India by the Agartala Railway Station situated at  Dukli. The foundation stone for the 119-km Kumarghat-Agartala railway project was laid in 1996 by former prime minister H. D. Deve Gowda.\n\nAgartala is the second capital city (after Guwahati, Assam) in the northeast which is connected to the country's railway network. The railway station is located approximately 5.5 km (2.96 nautical miles) from the heart of the city and a lot of modes of transportation are available to reach the city from the station.Broad-gauge conversion work in the Lumding-Silchar segment was completed in March 2015. Gauge conversion work up to Agartala was completed by the end of March 2016, and railway traffic between Agartala and Silchar began. During the laying of rail lines from Kumarghat to Agartala, provisions were kept for swiftly converting it to broad gauge. Presently, local trains from Agartala to Dharmanagar and Silchar are functional. Work on express trains connecting Agartala to Delhi, Kolkata, Guwahati and Dibrugarh has started. Local railway traffic between Agartala to Sabroom has become functional.Connecting with Tripura Train Rajdhani, Shatabdi, Janshatabdi, Garib Rath, Duronto, Yuva, AC Trains.\nA rail link between Agartala and Akhaura in Bangladesh was approved by the government of India in September 2011. IRCON is constructing this 15 km long track that will directly connect northeast India to Chittagong international sea port. The TripuraSundari Express and Rajdhani Express are two Super Fast weekly trains connecting Agartala to Anand Vihar Terminal, Delhi. Other trains like Deoghar express (weekly), Kanchanjungha Express to Sealdah runs four days a week, Agartala-Habibganj weekly special train and Bengaluru bound Bi-weekly Humsafar Express connects the city to the states of Assam, West Bengal, Bihar, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka."}, {"Context": "Agartala Radio stations", "Knowledge": "ORG Red FM, ORG AIR Big FM", "Response": "AIR\nBig FM\nRed FM 93.5"}, {"Context": "Agartala Television", "Knowledge": "ORG Sristi Cinema, ORG Headlines Tripura, ORG CITI, ORG News Vanguard, ORG KhumpuiTV, ORG PB 24, ORG Hallabol, ORG Sristi Music, ORG Sristi Tripura, ORG Sristi Cable, ORG Tripura Pratidin, ORG ChiniKhorangTV, LOC Agartala, ORG News All India, ORG Akash Tripura, ORG Siti, ORG KokBorok, ORG DD, ORG Doordarshan, ORG KokTripura, ORG Focus Tripura, ORG Sristi Bangla", "Response": "Doordarshan (DD) has a television station in Agartala. Akash Tripura is one of the first television channels in Agartala. It is a full-time Agartala-based news channel. Other full-time based channels are PB 24, Headlines Tripura, Akash Tripura, News Vanguard and Focus Tripura etc.\nThere are other cable channels such as \u2013  Hallabol, Sristi Tripura, Sristi Music, Sristi Bangla, Sristi Cinema, CITI, News All India, and Tripura Pratidin, which are not 24 hours channels and are run by Siti and Sristi Cable networks.There are also KokBorok channels like KokTripura, KhumpuiTV and ChiniKhorangTV Which are currently in service."}, {"Context": "Agartala Newspapers", "Knowledge": "LOC Kokborok, ORG Hachukni Kok, ORG Dainik Sambad, ORG Kok Tripura, ORG Aajkaal, ORG Ajker Fariad, ORG Daily Desher Katha, ORG Syandhan Patrika, ORG ' Pratibadi Kalam, ORG Bartaman", "Response": "Bengali-language media is dominant in the city. Major news publications are:\n\nDainik Sambad (Bengali)\nSyandhan Patrika (Bengali)\nAjker Fariad (Bengali)\nBartaman (Bengali)\nDaily Desher Katha (Bengali)\nAajkaal (Bengali)'\nPratibadi Kalam (Bengali)\nKok Tripura (Kokborok)\nHachukni Kok (Kokborok)"}, {"Context": "Agartala Universities", "Knowledge": "ORG Sikkim Manipal University, LOC India, ORG ICFAI University, ORG India Today, LOC Agartala, LOC Tripura, ORG Tripura University, ORG Maharaja Bir Bikram University", "Response": "Tripura University is Agartala's central university, located in a 10 km range from the city of Agartala. Other universities include the ICFAI University, which was established in 2004 and is ranked 2nd in the Engineering Colleges of India. The Maharaja Bir Bikram University is known as the only state university within Tripura. The Sikkim Manipal University has been ranked 13th in India's best medical universities by India Today as well as being in the top 10 emerging colleges of India."}, {"Context": "Agartala Colleges", "Knowledge": "ORG Tripura Institute of Technology, LOC Argatala, ORG Women ' s College, LOC Agartala, ORG National Institute of Technology, ORG Ramthakur College, ORG Bir Bikram Memorial College, ORG Tripura Government Law College", "Response": "There are currently 15 general colleges within Argatala including the Bir Bikram Memorial College, the Ramthakur College and the Women's College, Agartala which was established in 1965 and is the only existing college for women within the capital city. \nColleges with a specific academic focus within Argatala include the Tripura Government Law College which provides a five year Bachelor of Law Degree for its students. Argatala is also home to numerous technical colleges including the National Institute of Technology, Agartala and the Tripura Institute of Technology."}, {"Context": "Agartala Prominent schools", "Knowledge": "ORG Holy Cross School, ORG Netaji Subhash Vidyaniketan, ORG Shishu Bihar H. S. School, LOC Agartala, ORG St Paul ' s School, ORG Congregation of Holy Cross", "Response": "The prominent primary and secondary schools of Agartala include the St Paul's School, Agartala which has an aim to teach students who are apart of the Christian Faith. A similar school, the Holy Cross School, was established by the Congregation of Holy Cross. Other prominent schools include the Shishu Bihar H.S. School and the Netaji Subhash Vidyaniketan."}, {"Context": "Agartala Sports", "Knowledge": "LOC Tripura, LOC India", "Response": "Tripura is an important state in the northeast India with regard to sports. Cricket is the most important sport in the state. Football also has an important role."}, {"Context": "Agartala Football", "Knowledge": "LOC Agartala, LOC UK, ORG Tripura Football Association, ORG Agartala League", "Response": "Agartala has a large base of football followers. UK mini stadium is an important venue for this game. Tripura Football Association organises a football league known as Agartala League every year to popularise the sport in the state."}, {"Context": "Agartala Cricket", "Knowledge": "LOC Pragati School, LOC Narsingarh, LOC India, LOC Maharaja Bir Bikram College Stadium, LOC Polytechnic Institute Ground, LOC Astabal, LOC Tripura, ORG Tripura Cricket Association", "Response": "Tripura has a state team which plays under the auspices of the Tripura Cricket Association in the Eastern division of the Ranji Trophy championship, the national first-class cricket competition of India. The most important cricket grounds are Maharaja Bir Bikram College Stadium and Polytechnic Institute Ground, Narsingarh. Some other notable grounds are Astabal ground and the Pragati School cricket ground. Tripura Cricket Association organises cricket tournaments at the U-13, U-15, U-17 and U-19 levels where clubs affiliated to Tripura Cricket Association compete against each other."}, {"Context": "Agartala Stadiums", "Knowledge": "LOC India, LOC Maharaja Bir Bikram College Stadium, LOC Polytechnic Institute Ground, LOC Agartala, LOC Tripura, LOC Swami Vivekananda Stadium", "Response": "The following are the stadiums in Agartala:\n\nMaharaja Bir Bikram College Stadium \u2013  the premier cricket stadium in the city with a capacity of 30,000 persons.\nPolytechnic Institute Ground- the second cricket stadium in the city with capacity of 15,000 persons.\nSwami Vivekananda Stadium \u2013  another multi-purpose stadium in the capital city of Tripura in Agartala. Located around 2 km away from the city centre, the stadium has a sitting capacity around 8000 including a grand stand and press gallery. The area of the inner ground is 7350 sqm. It is considered the most highly modernised and the best stadium in northeast India."}, {"Context": "Agartala Places of interest", "Knowledge": "PER Rabindranath Tagore, ORG Maharaja Bir Bikram College, LOC India, PER Hamid Ansari, LOC Ujjayanta Museum, ORG Vaishnava, LOC Agartala, PER Maharaja Bir Bikram, LOC Tripura, ORG Agartala Jagannath Mandir, ORG Tripura University, ORG Tripura Legislative Assembly, ORG Tripura Tourism Department, LOC Ujjayanta Palace, LOC Palace Compound", "Response": "College Tilla \u2013  Maharaja Bir Bikram College, Tripura University buildings, football ground, international cricket stadium, picturesque lush landscapes and serene natural lakes. It is also a national bird sanctuary.\nUjjayanta Palace \u2013  Palace of the Tripura kings, was converted to state legislative assembly and now into a museum, situated in the area of Palace Compound is one of the eye catching attraction in the state. It is a former royal palace in Agartala, and also served as the meeting place of the Tripura Legislative Assembly until 2011. The area has decoded from the ruling landmark of the kings to the citizens. Tours are conducted by the Tripura Tourism Department. The name Ujjayanta Palace was given by the poet Rabindranath Tagore, who visited the state of Tripura many times. Maharaja Bir Bikram was the last king of Tripura and the last king who stayed in his house in the palace. It has now been transformed into a museum named Ujjayanta Museum and it was inaugurated by Dr.Hamid Ansari, the former vice president of India\nAgartala Jagannath Mandir \u2014 Hindu temple of the Vaishnava school of thought."}, {"Context": "Agartala Parks and playgrounds", "Knowledge": "PER Swami Vivekananda, PER Rabindranath Tagore, LOC Rabindra Kanan, LOC Raj Bhavan, LOC Agartala, LOC Tripura, LOC Children ' s Park, LOC Malancha Nivas, LOC Albert Ekka Park Lembucherra Park, LOC Nehru Park, LOC Heritage Park, LOC Ujjayanta Palace, LOC Pushpavanta Palace, LOC Vivek Uddyan, LOC Rabindra kanan", "Response": "Heritage Park: The most visited of all the parks in the city, the most notable features here are the miniature models of various monuments of the state, the Ayurvedic herb-garden and the fountain.\nRabindra Kanan: A park in the vicinity of the Pushpavanta Palace, former Raj Bhavan of Tripura and the Malancha Nivas, this park annually holds the birth anniversary ceremony of Rabindranath Tagore, after whom the park is named. It is near to Heritage Park.\nVivek Uddyan: Adjacent to Ujjayanta Palace and Children's Park, this park annually holds the birth anniversary ceremony of Swami Vivekananda, after whom the park is named\nNehru Park: A stroll or walking park that is decorated in greenery with rivers (no mechanical themed-machinery), close in driving distance from Heritage Park and Rabindra kanan.\nChildren's Park\nAlbert Ekka Park\nLembucherra Park: The latest addition to Agartala's parks"}, {"Context": "Agartala Museums", "Knowledge": "LOC Tripura State Museum, LOC Ujjayanta Palace Science Museum, LOC Sukanta Academy Haveli Museum, LOC Khayerpur", "Response": "Tripura State Museum, located at the Ujjayanta Palace\nScience Museum, located in Sukanta Academy\nHaveli Museum, located in Khayerpur"}, {"Context": "Agartala Multiplexes", "Knowledge": "LOC Balaka Cinema, LOC Agartala, LOC ML Plaza, LOC City Center Agartala, LOC Rupasi, LOC Rupasi Cinema, ORG Multiplex", "Response": "Rupasi Multiplex: One of the established multi-screen cinemas in Agartala is the Rupasi Cinema, ML Plaza, Agartala.\nBalaka Cinema: Located in the City Center Agartala."}, {"Context": "Agartala Notable people", "Knowledge": "PER Jishnu Dev Varma, PER Borkung Hrangkhawl, PER Kalpana Debnath, PER Reema Debnath, PER Manik Dey, LOC Bollywood, PER Mantu Debnath, PER Chandra Shekhar Ghosh, PER Dipa Karmakar, PER Somdev Devvarman, ORG AIR, LOC Tripura State, LOC Tripura, PER Maharaja Bir Bikram Kishore Manikya Debbarma Bahadur, PER Pradyot Bikram Manikya Deb Barma S. D. Burman, ORG Bandhan Bank, ORG IPFT, PER Biplab Kumar Deb, PER Sourabhee Debbarma, PER Manisankar Murasingh, ORG Communist Party of India, LOC India, PER Bishweshwar Nandi, PER Nanda Kumar Deb Barma, PER David Dhawan, PER N. C. Debbarma, PER Naresh Mitra", "Response": "Maharaja Bir Bikram Kishore Manikya Debbarma Bahadur, King of Tripura State. Often considered the Architect of Modern Tripura\nNanda Kumar Deb Barma, Tripuri language playwright, poet and lyricist.\nPradyot Bikram Manikya Deb Barma\nS. D. Burman, music director, singer and composer in Bengali and Hindi language films\nBiplab Kumar Deb, 10th Chief Minister of Tripura.\nN. C. Debbarma, Former AIR Director, politician, current IPFT Chief and Revenue Minister of Tripura.\nSourabhee Debbarma, singer (winner of Indian Idol 4)\nKalpana Debnath, gymnast\nMantu Debnath, gymnast\nReema Debnath, actress in Bollywood\nSomdev Devvarman, professional Indian tennis player\nManik Dey, member of the Communist Party of India (Marxist), former minister of Power, Urban Development, Rural Development and Transport in Government of Tripura\nDavid Dhawan, Bollywood film director\nChandra Shekhar Ghosh, founder of Bandhan Bank\nDipa Karmakar, gymnast. Represented India at 2016 Summer Olympics\nBorkung Hrangkhawl, rapper, singer, songwriter\nNaresh Mitra, Bengali actor and director\nManisankar Murasingh, cricketer\nBishweshwar Nandi, gymnast\nJishnu Dev Varma, politician and Deputy Chief Minister of Tripura"}, {"Context": "Agra Introduction", "Knowledge": "PER Akbar, LOC Delhi, LOC Varanasi, LOC Taj Mahal, PER Babur, LOC Lucknow, LOC New Delhi, LOC Mughal Empire, LOC Uttar Pradesh, PER Jahangir, ORG East India Company, LOC Golden Triangle, LOC Yamuna, PER Humayun, LOC India, LOC Agra Fort, PER Sikandar Lodi, LOC Sikandra, LOC Jaipur, PER Shah Jahan, LOC Agra", "Response": "Agra (, Hindustani: [\u02c8a\u02d0gra\u02d0] (listen)) is a city on the banks of the Yamuna river in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, about 230 kilometres (140 mi) south-east of the national capital New Delhi and 330 km west of the state capital Lucknow. With a population of roughly 1.6 million, Agra is the fourth-most populous city in Uttar Pradesh and twenty-third most populous city in India.Agra's notable historical period began during Sikandar Lodi's reign, but the golden age of the city began with the Mughals. Agra was the foremost city of the Indian subcontinent and the capital of the Mughal Empire under Mughal emperors Babur, Humayun, Akbar, Jahangir and Shah Jahan. Under Mughal rule, Agra became a centre for learning, arts, commerce, and religion, and saw the construction of the Agra Fort, Sikandra and Agra's most prized monument, the Taj Mahal, built by Shah Jahan as a mausoleum for his favourite empress. With the decline of the Mughal empire in the late 18th century, the city fell successively first to Marathas and later to the East India Company. After Independence, Agra has developed into an industrial town, with a booming tourism industry, along with footwear, leather and other manufacturing. The Taj Mahal and the Agra Fort are UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The city features mild winters, hot and dry summers and a monsoon season, and is famous for its Mughlai cuisine. Agra is included on the Golden Triangle tourist circuit, along with Delhi and Jaipur; and the Uttar Pradesh Heritage Arc, a tourist circuit of Uttar Pradesh, along with Lucknow and Varanasi."}, {"Context": "Agra Name", "Knowledge": "PER Krishna, LOC Akbarabad, PER Akbar, LOC Vrindavan, PER Shah Jahan, LOC Agra", "Response": "The name Agra is explained by different derivations, all of which have low verifiability. The most accepted one is that it had its origin from the Hindi word agar meaning salt-pan, a name which was given to it because the soil in the region is brackish and salt used to be made here once by evaporation. Others derive it from Hindu History claiming that the Sanskrit word agra (\u0905\u0917\u094d\u0930) which means the first of the many groves and little forests where Krishna frolicked with the gopis of Vrindavan. The term Agravana hence means grove forest.Agra was also known as Akbarabad in the Mughal era. The name was coined by the emperor Shah Jahan, in honour of his grandfather Akbar."}, {"Context": "Agra Pre-Mughal era", "Knowledge": "LOC Mathura, PER Krishna, PER Akbar, LOC Delhi Sultanate, LOC Delhi, PER Mahmud of Ghazni, PER Sikandar Lodhi, LOC - uz -, PER Mahmud, LOC Taj, PER Raja Japal, PER Jahangir, PER Sultan Ibrahim Lodi, PER Mariam, LOC Yamuna, LOC India, PER Masud Sa ' d Salman, PER Sikandar Lodi, LOC Sikandra, PER Abdhullah, LOC Etawah, LOC Tomb of, LOC Baradari, PER Zamani, LOC Agra", "Response": "Agra has two histories: one of the ancient city on the east, or left, bank of the river Yamuna, going back so far as to be lost in the legends of Krishna and Mahabharata and reestablished by Sikandar Lodhi in 1504\u20131505; the other of the modern city, founded by Akbar in 1558, on the right bank of the river which is associated with the Mughals, and known throughout the world as the city of the Taj. Of ancient Agra little now remains except  few traces of the foundations. It was a place of importance under various Hindu dynasties previous to the Muslim invasions of India, but its history is unclear, and possess little historical interest. The 17th century chronicler named Abdhullah said it was a village before the reign of Sikandar Lodi. The king of Mathura had used the Agra fort as a jail. The degradation in the status of the site was a result of the destruction brought upon it by Mahmud of Ghazni. Masud Sa'd Salman claims to have been there when Mahmud assaulted Agra, claiming the Raja Japal surrendered after seeing a nightmare. Mahmud however proceeds to pillage the city.\n\nAgra's period of historical importance began during Sikandar Lodi's reign. In 1504\u20131505, Sultan Sikandar Lodi (reigned 1489\u20131517), the Afghan ruler of the Delhi Sultanate, rebuilt Agra and made it the seat of government. Sikandar Lodhi appointed a commission which inspected and surveyed both sides of the Yamuna from Delhi to Etawah and finally chose a place on the left bank, or the east side of the Yamuna, as the site for the city. Agra on the left bank of the Yamuna grew into a large flourishing town with royal presence, officials, merchants, scholars, theologians and artists. The city became one of the most important centres of Islamic learning in India. The sultan founded the village of Sikandra in the northern suburbs of the city and built there a Baradari of red sandstone in 1495, which was converted into a tomb by Jahangir, and now stands as the Tomb of Mariam-uz-Zamani, Akbar's empress.After the Sultan's death in 1517, the city passed on to his son, Sultan Ibrahim Lodi (reigned 1517\u201326). He ruled his sultanate from Agra until he was defeated and killed by Mughal Emperor Babur in the First battle of Panipat, fought in 1526."}, {"Context": "Agra Mughal era", "Knowledge": "LOC Garden of Relaxation, PER Baburnama, LOC Panipat, LOC Yamuna, LOC Hindustan, PER Humayun, LOC India, PER Raja, PER Tomaras, PER Babur, LOC Aram Bagh, LOC Delhi, PER Aurangzeb, LOC Mughal Empire, LOC Gwalior, LOC Agra", "Response": "The golden age of the city began with the Mughals. Agra was the foremost city of the subcontinent and the capital of the Mughal Empire until 1658, when Aurangzeb shifted the entire court to Delhi.Babur (reigned 1526\u201330), the founder of the Mughal dynasty, acquired Agra after defeating the Lodhis and the Tomaras of Gwalior in the First Battle of Panipat in 1526. Babur's connection with Agra began immediately after the battle of Panipat. He sent forward his son Humayun, who occupied the town without opposition. The Raja of Gwalior, slain at Panipat, had left his family and the heads of his clan at Agra. In gratitude to Humayun, who treated them magnanimously, and protected them from plunder, they presented to him a quantity of jewels and precious stones as a token of homage. Among these was the famous diamond Koh-i-nur. Babur went on to lay out the first formal Mughal garden in India, the Aram Bagh (or Garden of Relaxation) on the banks of the river Yamuna. Babur was determined to establish the seat of his government at Agra, but was almost dissuaded by the desolate appearance of the region, as clear from this quote from his memoir Baburnama:\nIt always appears to me, that one of the chief defects of Hindustan is the want of artificial watercourses. I had intended, wherever I might fix my residence, to construct water-wheels, to produce an artificial stream, and to lay out an elegant and regularly planned pleasure ground. Shortly after coming to Agra I passed the Jumna with this object in view, and examined the country to pitch upon a fit spot for a garden. The whole was so ugly and detestable that I repassed the river quite repulsed and disgusted. In consequence of the want of beauty and of the disagreeable aspect of the country, I gave up my intention of making a charbagh (garden house); but as no better situation presented itself near Agra, I was finally compelled to make the best of this same spot.... In every corner I planted suitable gardens, in every garden I sowed roses and narcissus regularly, and in beds corresponding to each other. We were annoyed by three things in Hindustan; one was its heat, another the strong winds, and the third its dust. Baths were the means of removing all three inconveniences.\nVery few vestiges remain of Babur's city, of his fruit and flower gardens, palaces, baths, tanks, wells and watercourses. The remnants of Babur's Charbagh can be seen today at Aram Bagh, on the east side of Yamuna. Babur was followed by his son Humayun (reigned 1530\u201340 and 1555\u201356), but he was completely defeated at Kanauj in 1539, just nine years after his ascension, by Sher Shah Suri, an Afghan nobleman, who had submitted to Babur, but revolted against his son. In this brief interruption in Mughal rule between 1540 and 1556, Sher Shah Suri, established the short lived Sur Empire, and the region was eventually reconquered by Akbar in the Second Battle of Panipat in 1556.\nUnder Akbar (reigned 1556\u20131605), and followed by his grandson Shahjahan, Agra was immortalised in the history of the world. Akbar built the modern city of Agra on the right bank of Yamuna, where the majority of its part still lies. He converted the city into a great centre of political, cultural and economic importance, connecting it with the various parts of his vast empire. Akbar raised the towering ramparts of the Agra Fort, besides making Agra a centre for learning, arts, commerce, and religion. Akbar also built a new capital city of Fatehpur Sikri, around 35 km from Agra. The new capital city was later abandoned. Before his death, Agra had become probably one of the biggest cities in the east, with huge amounts of trade and commerce happening through its bazaars. The English traveller Ralph Fitch who visited Agra in September 1585 in the life-time of Akbar, writes about the town:\nAgra is a very great city, and populous, built with stone, having fair and large streets with a fair river running by it . . . . Agra and Fatehpur Sikri are two very great cities, either of them much greater than London, and very populous. Between Agra and Fatehpur are twelve miles (kos in reality) and all the way is a market of victuals and other things as full as though a man were still in a town, and so many people as if a man were in a market.\nThese impressions of Fitch are corroborated by another European traveller, William Finch, who remarked about Agra:\nIt is spacious, large, populous beyond measure, that you can hardly pass the street . . . .\nAgra continued to expand and flourish during Akbar's successor Jahangir's reign as he wrote in his autobiography Tuzuk-e-Jahangiri:\nThe habitable part of Agra extends on both sides of the river. On its west side, which has the greater population, its circumference is seven kos, and its breadth is one kos. The circumference of the inhabited part on the other side of the river, the side towards the east, is 21\u20442 kos, its length being one kos and its breadth half a kos. But in the number of its buildings it is equal to several cities of Iraq, Khurasan and Trans-Oxiana put together. Many persons have erected buildings of three or four storeys in it. The mass of the people is so great that moving about in the lanes and bazars is difficult.\nAkbar's successor Jahangir (reigned 1605\u201327) had a love of flora and fauna and laid many gardens inside the Red Fort. Akbar's mausoleum at Sikandra was completed during Jahangir's reign. The Jahangiri Mahal in Agra fort and the tomb of Itmad-ud-daulah were also constructed during the reign of Jahangir. Jahangir loved Lahore and Kashmir more than Agra, but the latter continued to be the first city of the realm. It was, however, Shah Jahan (reigned 1628\u201358) whose building activity raised Agra to the pinnacle of its glory. Shah Jahan, known for his keen interest in architecture, gave Agra its most prized monument, the Taj Mahal. Built in loving memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal, the mausoleum was completed in 1653. The Jama Masjid and several other notable buildings like the Diwan-i-Am, the Diwan-i-Khas, the Moti Masjid, etc., inside the fort were planned and executed under his orders.Shah Jahan later shifted the capital to Shahjahanabad (now known as Delhi) in the year 1648, followed by his son Aurangzeb (reigned 1658\u20131707) moving the entire court to Delhi in 1658. With this Agra began rapidly declining. Nevertheless, the cultural and strategic importance of Agra remained unaffected and in official correspondence it continued to be referred to as the second capital of the empire."}, {"Context": "Agra Later periods", "Knowledge": "LOC Nimach, LOC Mathura, LOC Meerut, LOC Delhi, PER J. R. Colvin, LOC Bharatpur, ORG Presidency of Agra, LOC North - Western Province, ORG East India Company, ORG British East India Company, LOC Nasirabad, LOC India, LOC Fatehpur Sikri, LOC Agra Fort, LOC Diwan - i - am, ORG Mughal Empire, ORG Marathas, LOC Gwalior, LOC Agra", "Response": "The decline of the Mughal empire caused the emergence of several regional kingdoms, and in the late 18th century the control of the city fell successively to the Jats, the Marathas, the Mughals, the ruler of Gwalior, and finally the British East India Company. The Jats of Bharatpur, waged many wars against the Mughal Delhi and in the 17th and 18th century carried out numerous campaigns in Mughal territories including Agra. After the decline of the Mughal Empire, the city came under the influence of another post-Mughal Empire power, the Marathas, before falling into the hands of the British East India Company in 1803. In the years 1834\u20131836, Agra was the capital of the short-lived Presidency of Agra, administered by a Governor. It was then the capital of the North-Western Province from 1836 to 1858, governed by a Lieutenant-Governor. Agra was one of the centres of the Indian rebellion of 1857.During the Indian rebellion of 1857, when East India Company rule across many parts of India was threatened, the news of the mutiny at Meerut reached Agra on 14 May. On 30 May some companies of the 44th and 67th Native Infantry sent to Mathura to bring in the treasury mutinied and carried off the treasury to the rebels in Delhi. With the fear of the rebellion spreading to Agra as well, the rest of these native infantry battalions, which were part of the garrison at Agra, were successfully disarmed by the British on 31 May. However, when the Gwalior contingent mutinied on 15 June, all other native units followed. On 2 July the rebel force of the Nimach and Nasirabad contingents reached Fatehpur Sikri. Fearing advance of the mutineers to Agra, some 6000 Europeans and associated people moved into the Agra Fort for safety on 3 July. On 5 July, the British force stationed there attempted to attack an approaching force of Mutineers, but was defeated, and the British retreated back into the fort. The Lieutenant-Governor, J.R. Colvin, died there, and was later buried in front of the Diwan-i-am. The mutineers, however, moved over to Delhi, it being a more important attraction for the rebels. Despite an uprising by a mob and extreme disorder in the city, the British managed to restore partial order by 8 July. Delhi, in turn, fell to the British in September, following which an infantry brigade led by Brigadier Edward Greathed arrived in Agra on 11 October without any opposition from rebels. But shortly after their arrival another force of mutineers attacked the brigade by surprise, but was defeated and routed. This minor victory for the British was named the Battle of Agra. It is to be said that, the uprising in Agra was relatively minor compared to Delhi, Jhansi, Meerut and other major rebellious cities and regions. After this British rule was again secured, and the British Raj ruled the city till the independence of India in 1947. The capital of the North Western Provinces was shifted from Agra to Allahabad in 1858. Gradually, Agra declined to the position of a mere provincial town, and its prosperity declined:\nBut in the economy of the administration of British India Agra is nothing more than a district town; its size, proportions and manifold activities have come down to its present requirements, and continued life in this city does not come above the average of that monotonous muffasil life in India which has been so often and so vividly described by many gifted Anglo-Indian writers. Agra has become of late years a large railway centre, and its commercial prosperity seems to be reviving.Agra's role in the Indian Independence movement is not well documented. However, in the years between the mutiny and independence Agra was a major centre of Hindi and Urdu journalism. Paliwal park(formerly Hewitt park) in Agra is named after S.K.D Paliwal, who brought out the Hindi daily Sainik."}, {"Context": "Agra Post Independence and Mughal legacy", "Knowledge": "PER Hu Jintao, PER Akbar, LOC Agra, PER Benjamin Netanyahu, LOC Delhi, PER Justin Trudeau, LOC United Kingdom, ORG - i - Ilahi, LOC Varanasi, LOC Taj Mahal, LOC US, LOC Lucknow, LOC Uttar Pradesh, PER Din, PER Donald Trump, LOC India, PER Dwight D. Eisenhower, LOC Agra Fort, PER Vladimir Putin, ORG Radhaswami Faith, LOC Jaipur, PER Bill Clinton, PER Elizabeth II", "Response": "Post India's independence, Agra has been a part of Uttar Pradesh and has gradually developed into an industrial city, with a significant contribution to Uttar Pradesh's economy. The city is now a popular tourist destination and hosts tourists from across the world. The Taj Mahal and Agra Fort received UNESCO World Heritage Sites status in 1983. The Taj Mahal witnesses tourists, photographers, historians and archaeologists in massive numbers all around the year. The Taj Mahal has become a symbol of India and its soft power. Post Independence, Taj Mahal has been visited by world leaders like US Presidents Dwight D. Eisenhower (1959), Bill Clinton (2000), and Donald Trump (2020). Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom had visited Taj Mahal in 1961 on her India visit. Taj Mahal has also been visited by Russian President Vladimir Putin (1999), Chinese President Hu Jintao (2006), Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu (2018) and Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau (2018). Agra is the birthplace of the now extinct religion known as Din-i-Ilahi, which was founded by Akbar and also of the Radhaswami Faith, which has around two million followers worldwide. Agra is included on the Golden Triangle tourist circuit, along with Delhi and Jaipur; and the Uttar Pradesh Heritage Arc, a tourist circuit of Uttar Pradesh, along with Lucknow and Varanasi."}, {"Context": "Agra Geography", "Knowledge": "LOC Vindhya, LOC Yamuna, LOC Yamuna Expressway, LOC Fatehpur Sikri, LOC Kanpur, LOC Agra Canal, LOC Chambal, LOC Lucknow, LOC New Delhi, LOC Central India, LOC Lucknow Expressway, LOC Agra", "Response": "The region around Agra consists almost entirely of a level plain, with hills in the extreme southwest. The rivers in the region include Yamuna and Chambal. The region is also watered by the Agra Canal. Millet, barley, wheat and cotton are among the crops grown in the surrounding countryside. Both Rabi and Kharif crops are cultivated. The deserted city of Fatehpur Sikri is about 40 km southwest of Agra. The sandstone hills near Fatehpur Sikri and on the south-eastern borders of the district are offshoots from the Vindhya range of Central India. Agra is about 210 km away from the National capital of New Delhi(via Yamuna Expressway), about 336 km from state capital Lucknow(via Agra-Lucknow Expressway), and about 227 km from Kanpur(via Agra-Lucknow Expressway). The city has an average elevation of 170 metres above sea level."}, {"Context": "Agra Climate", "Knowledge": "LOC Indo - Gangetic, LOC Faridabad, LOC India, LOC Kanpur, ORG WHO, LOC Delhi, LOC Thar Desert, LOC Loo, LOC Agra", "Response": "Broadly speaking, the climate of Agra is classified as BSh by the K\u00f6ppen-Geiger climate classification system. This is the tropical and subtropical steppe climate, a major climate type of the K\u00f6ppen classification that occurs primarily on the periphery of the true deserts in low-latitude regions, forming a transition between the desert climate (BW), and the more humid subtropical and tropical climates.The city features warm winters, sweltering and dry summers and a monsoon season. The Agra district, from its proximity to the sandy Thar Desert to the west, is relatively dry, and has greater extremes of temperature than districts further east. The hot west wind, Loo blows mainly during April, May, and June with great force and can cause fatal heatstrokes. On 29 April 2022 Agra recorded highest ever temperature in April at 47.3 \u00b0C (117.1 \u00b0F). The monsoon rains usually begin in the first week in July; and generally end in mid-September. However, the monsoons, though substantial in Agra, are not quite as heavy as the monsoon in other parts of India. The weather moderates by the middle of October. The region around Agra, the northwest Indo-Gangetic plain is prone to extreme fog in the winter months, which is caused due to natural factors like low winds, low temperatures, availability of moisture apart from air pollution. This phenomenon often leads to big delays and sometimes cancellation of trains due to poor visibility. Agra has high levels of air pollution and one of the worst AQIs in India. In a study conducted by WHO using data from years 2010\u20132016, Agra ranked as the 8th most polluted city in India, along with other nearby cities including Delhi, Kanpur and Faridabad."}, {"Context": "Agra Environment", "Knowledge": "LOC River Yamuna, LOC Yamuna, LOC Sur Sarovar Bird Sanctuary, ORG Agra Bear Rescue Facility, LOC Taj Mahal, LOC India, LOC Yamuna River, LOC Delhi, ORG Wildlife SOS, ORG Free the Bears Fund, LOC Itmad - ud - Daula, LOC Keetham Lake, LOC Bhairon, LOC Balkeshwar, LOC Mantola, LOC Agra", "Response": "The Taj Mahal has faced significant damage due to air pollution and sewage discharge into the nearby Yamuna river. The white-marble Taj Mahal is turning yellow and green because of filthy air in the world's eighth-most polluted city. The Taj Mahal flanks the garbage-strewn Yamuna river and is often enveloped by dust and smog from smokestacks and vehicles.The Yamuna River is one of the most polluted rivers in the world. Agra is the second largest contributor to River Yamuna's pollution, after Delhi. The river's pollution has caused several problems for the Taj Mahal such as 'Attacks by Bugs and their Green Slime', foul stench and corrosion of Taj Mahal's foundation. The river has as many as 90 nalas or drains opening into it. Though the municipality has claimed to stop 40 of these drains, the bigger ones, Bhairon, Mantola, Balkeshwar nalas continue to discharge huge quantities of untreated waste water without any check. Activists say that the Yamuna river bed between Itmad-ud-Daula and the Taj Mahal has become a dumping ground for pollutants. Polythene, plastic waste, leather cuttings from shoe factories, construction material, are all thrown into the river.Less than 7% of the Agra district is under forest cover. The only major wildlife sanctuary near Agra is Keetham Lake, also known as Sur Sarovar Bird Sanctuary. The lake has nearly two dozen varieties of migratory and resident birds. Within the Sur Sarovar Bird Sanctuary is the Agra Bear Rescue Facility, which is India's first sanctuary for 'dancing' bears. Operated by Wildlife SOS, Free the Bears Fund and others, the facility has rehabilitate over 620 sloth bears, which were exploited by a nomadic tribe known as the Kalandars as 'dancing bears', despite the practice being illegal since 1972."}, {"Context": "Agra Demographics", "Knowledge": "LOC India, LOC Uttar Pradesh, LOC Agra", "Response": "With a population of roughly 1.6 million, Agra is the fourth-most populous city in Uttar Pradesh and twenty-third most populous city in India. As per the 2011 Census of India, Agra city has a population of 1,585,704; its metropolitan population is 1,760,285. The sex ratio of Agra city is 875 females per 1000 males, while the child sex ratio is 857 girls per 1000 boys. The average literacy rate of Agra city is 73.11% of which male and female literacy rates are 77.81% and 67.74% respectively.\n\nHinduism is the most followed religion in Agra city with 80.68% of its population adhering to it. Islam is second most followed religion in the city of Agra with 15.37% of the population following it. These are followed by Jainism, Sikhism, Christianity and Buddhism at 1.04%, 0.62%, 0.42% and 0.19% respectively. Approximately 1.66% stated 'No Particular Religion'."}, {"Context": "Agra Police administration", "Knowledge": "ORG Provincial Police Service, ORG IPS, ORG Indian Police Service, LOC Agra Police, LOC Agra Range, LOC Agra Zone, LOC Agra", "Response": "Agra district comes under the Agra Police Zone and Agra Police Range, Agra Zone is headed by an additional director general (ADG)-ranked Indian Police Service (IPS) officer, and the Agra Range is headed by a deputy inspector general (DIG)-ranked IPS officer.\nThe district police is headed by a senior superintendent of police (SSP), who is an IPS officer, and is assisted by six superintendents of police or additional superintendents of police for city, east, west, crime, traffic, and protocol, either from the IPS or the Provincial Police Service. Each of the several police circles is headed by a circle officer in the rank of deputy superintendent of police."}, {"Context": "Agra Infrastructure and civic administration", "Knowledge": "LOC Lohamandi, ORG Agra Municipal Corporation, ORG Municipal Corporation, ORG AMC, LOC Tajganj, LOC Agra, LOC Chhata, ORG ANN, ORG ADA, ORG Agra Development Authority, LOC Hariparvat, ORG Agra Nagar Nigam", "Response": "Agra Municipal Corporation or Agra Nagar Nigam (AMC or ANN) is the Municipal Corporation responsible for the civic infrastructure and administration of the city of Agra. This civic administrative body administers the city's public services. The mayor and municipal councillors are elected to five-year terms. The Agra Municipal Corporation oversees four zones (Hariparvat, Lohamandi, Tajganj and Chhata) which are further subdivided into 100 wards. The AMC boundary encompasses an area of 121 square km. The Agra Development Authority (ADA), is develops new housing, infrastructure and colonies in the city."}, {"Context": "Agra Politics", "Knowledge": "LOC Fatehpur Sikri, ORG Vidhan Sabha, ORG Uttar, PER SP Singh Baghel, LOC Pradesh, ORG Bharatiya Janata Party, ORG Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly, LOC Agra", "Response": "Agra district has two Lok Sabha constituencies, Agra and Fatehpur Sikri, and nine Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Sabha (Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly) constituencies. The MP for Agra constituency is SP Singh Baghel, from Bharatiya Janata Party. Ahead of the election the for 2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly, it was announced that two more districts, including Agra, could become a police commissionerate before the elections."}, {"Context": "Agra Utilities", "Knowledge": "LOC Yamuna, LOC Ganga, LOC Bulandshahr, ORG NCR, LOC Uttar Pradesh, LOC Sikandra, ORG UP Power Corporation Ltd, LOC Kamla Nagar, ORG Green Gas Limited, LOC Noida, LOC Gangajal, LOC Upper Ganga canal, LOC Jeoni Mandi, ORG Torrent Power, LOC Agra", "Response": "The electricity power distribution and bill collection in Agra is the sole responsibility of Torrent Power, a private sector company. The control of power distribution in Agra was handed over to Torrent Power from the state-owned UP Power Corporation Ltd in 2010, in an effort to move towards power reforms and cutting the massive distribution losses in the state. This was the first time power distribution was privatised in Uttar Pradesh, except for Noida-Greater Noida falling under the NCR.Agra has three primary sources for municipal water supply: water treatment plants at Sikandra and Jeoni Mandi, and groundwater using tubewells. Since a large portion of the water demand is fulfilled from the Yamuna river, which is a highly polluted river, water quality in Agra is usually poor, with unhealthy levels of chlorine required for purification. The city's groundwater is also unfit for drinking, and is saline and high in fluoride content. Both sources breach CPCB standards. To provide the city with adequate water supply, the Gangajal pipeline project has been initiated. It includes a 130 km long pipeline laid to bring Ganga water from Bulandshahr's Upper Ganga canal to Agra. The project has been launched, but has faced criticism due to frequent pipeline leakages.Though most of the city uses cylinders for cooking gas, piped natural gas is also available in select localities, including Kamla Nagar and others. The service is provided by Green Gas Limited."}, {"Context": "Agra Economy", "Knowledge": "LOC Indore, ORG National Sample Survey Organization, LOC Patna, ORG Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, LOC Varanasi, ORG Taj Leather World, LOC Taj Mahal, LOC Lucknow, LOC Sadar, ORG UP Government, LOC ITC Hotel Mughal, LOC Kaya Kalp, LOC Taj Hotel, LOC Bhopal, LOC Royal Spa, LOC India, LOC Sanjay Place, LOC Convention Centre, LOC Asia, LOC Agra", "Response": "Due to the presence of the Taj Mahal and other historic monuments, Agra has a booming tourism industry as well as royal crafts like Pietra Dura, marble inlay and carpets.40% of the population depends largely on agriculture, and others on the leather and footwear business and iron foundries. Agra was the second most self-employed in India in 2007, behind Varanasi, followed by Bhopal, Indore and Patna. According to the National Sample Survey Organization, in 1999\u20132000, 431 of every 1,000 employed males were self-employed in the city, which grew to 603 per 1,000 in 2004\u201305.Tourism has a significant role in the economy of Agra, with upwards of 9.5 million tourists visiting Agra and surrounding monuments in 2019. The city is home to Asia's largest spa called Kaya Kalp \u2013 The Royal Spa, at the ITC Hotel Mughal in Agra. Other hotels include Taj Hotel and Convention Centre.Sanjay Place is the trade centre of Agra. There are about 12 major and medium scale industries, producing electrical goods, pipes, leather goods etc. There are about 7,200 small scale industrial units. Above 1.5 lakh pairs of shoes per day are manufactured in Agra by the various footwear units. Agra city is also known for its leather goods, the oldest and famous leather firm Taj Leather World is in Sadar bazar. The carpets, handicrafts, zari and zardozi (embroidery work), marble and stone carving and inlay work.Agra amassed a GDP of 40,210 crores as per the data released by UP Government for the year 2018\u201319, thus the 3rd rank in the state.In the Swachh Survekshan 2020, Agra ranked 16th nation-wide, and 2nd in the state after Lucknow, which was a big jump after 86th in 2019, 102nd in 2018, and 263th in 2017. In the Smart city Rankings, which are pan-India rankings for 100 cities which is released by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs based on the progress/completion rate of Smart City projects, Agra ranked 1st, based on the rankings released based on work done by department concerned under the Smart City project from 1 October 2019, to 1 March 2020.As of August 2020, Industrial activity in Agra has been affected as a result of the restrictions imposed due to the COVID-19 pandemic that has forced people to remain confined to their homes. The sectors worst-hit are the iron foundries, tourism, leather shoe industry in Agra. It is estimated that the loss in the tourism industry due to COVID-19 restrictions is approximately \u20b9 2,200 crores."}, {"Context": "Agra Taj Mahal", "Knowledge": "PER Aurangzeb, LOC Yamuna, LOC Taj Mahal, LOC India, PER Ustad Ahmad Lahori, LOC Ottoman Empire, LOC Yamuna River, PER Chosen One, LOC Agra Fort, LOC Persia, LOC Europe, PER Mumtaz Mahal, PER Shah Jahan, LOC Agra", "Response": "The Taj Mahal rises above the banks of the river like a solitary tear suspended on the cheek of time.\nTaj Mahal is mausoleum complex in Agra, built by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan as a tomb for his wife Mumtaz Mahal (\"Chosen One of the Palace\"), who died in childbirth in 1631, having been the emperor's inseparable companion since their marriage in 1612. India's most famed building, it is situated in the eastern part of the city on the southern (right) bank of the Yamuna River, about 1.6 km east of the Agra Fort, also on the right bank of the Yamuna. The Taj Mahal is distinguished as the finest example of Mughal architecture, a blend of Indian, Persian, and Islamic styles. Other attractions include twin mosque buildings (placed symmetrically on either side of the mausoleum), pleasant gardens, and a museum. The complex was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1983, and is one of the New Seven Wonders of the world. The Taj Mahal is the most visited tourist spot in the India, attracting nearly 6.9 million visitors in 2018\u201319.The chief architect was probably the Persian architect Ustad Ahmad Lahori. Designed as a unified entity according to the principles of Mughal architecture, the five principal elements of the complex were the main gateway, garden, mosque, jawab (literally 'answer', a building mirroring the mosque), and the mausoleum, with its four minarets. The construction commenced in 1632 with upwards of twenty thousand workers from India, Persia, the Ottoman Empire, and Europe working to complete the mausoleum itself by 1639, the adjunct buildings by 1643, with decoration work continuing until at least 1647. In total, construction of the 42 acre (17 hectare) complex spanned 22 years.It can be observed from Agra Fort from where Emperor Shah Jahan gazed at it for the last eight years of his life, a prisoner of his son Aurangzeb. Verses of the Quran are inscribed on it and at the top of the gate are 22 small domes, signifying the number of years the monument took to build. The Taj Mahal was built on a marble platform that stands above a sandstone one. The most elegant and largest dome of the Taj Mahal has a diameter of 60 feet (18 m), and has a height of 80 feet (24 m); directly under this dome is the tomb of Mumtaz Mahal. Shah Jahan's tomb was erected next to hers by his son Aurangzeb. The interiors are decorated with fine Pietra dura inlay work, incorporating semi-precious stones.\nHowever, air pollution caused by emissions from foundries and other nearby factories and exhaust from motor vehicles has damaged the Taj, notably its marble facade. A number of measures have been taken to reduce the threat to the monument, among them the closing of some foundries and the installation of pollution-control equipment at others, the creation of a parkland buffer zone around the complex, and the banning of nearby vehicular traffic, and more recently, use of 'mud pack' therapy. Perhaps most importantly, the 10,400 km2 (4,000 sq mi) Taj Trapezium Zone has been created around the Taj Mahal and other nearby monuments where strict pollution restrictions are in place on industries, following a 1996 Supreme Court of India ruling.Some antique views were published in the Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Books, namely  T\u00e2j-Mahal, Agra. by Samuel Prout from a mid-distant angle (1832) and  Ruins about the Taj Mahal. by S. Austin from those said ruins (1836). Both are accompanied by poetical illustrations by Letitia Elizabeth Landon."}, {"Context": "Agra Agra Fort", "Knowledge": "LOC Jama Masjid, PER Ma\u1e25al, PER Akbar, LOC Yamuna River, LOC Amar Singh Gate, LOC Hall of Public Audience, PER Sher Shah Suri, LOC Delhi, LOC Musamman Burj, LOC Taj Mahal, LOC Jahangiri Mahal, LOC Diwan - i - Am, PER Aurangzeb, LOC Hathi Pol, LOC Hall of Private Audience, LOC Pearl Mosque, LOC Tower, LOC Moti Masjid, PER Jahangir, LOC Mumtaz, LOC Delhi Gate, LOC Yamuna, LOC Elephant Gate, LOC Agra Fort, LOC Peacock Throne, LOC Diwan - i - Khas, PER Islam Shah Suri, PER Shah Jahan, LOC Agra", "Response": "The Agra Fort is a large 16th-century fortress of red sandstone located by the Yamuna River in Agra. It was first established by the Mughal Emperor Akbar and served as the seat of royal government when Agra was the capital of the Mughal empire in addition to being a military base and a royal residence. Built on the site of earlier fortifications by Islam Shah Suri(son of Sher Shah Suri), the Agra Fort lies on the right bank of the Yamuna River and is connected to the Taj Mahal (downstream, around a bend in the Yamuna), by a stretch of parkland. The fort was commissioned by Akbar in 1565, taking around eight years to build. Though much of the structure of the fort was founded by Akbar, both the interior and exterior underwent considerable changes under his son Jahangir and grandson Shah Jahan, who added many new structures, often of marble. The red sandstone walls of the roughly semi-circular structure have a perimeter of about 2.5 km, rise 21 meters high, and are surrounded by a moat. There are two entrances in the walls: the Delhi Gate facing west, the original entrance, situated nearly opposite to the Agra Fort railway station and Jama Masjid, and decorated with intricate marble inlays; and the Amar Singh Gate(also known as Hathi Pol, or Elephant Gate) facing south, presently the only means in or out of the fort complex). The complex of buildings in the fort\u2014reminiscent of Persian and Timurid architecture, with great inspiration from Jain and Hindu architecture\u2014forms a city within a city.Among the major attractions in the fort is Jahangiri Mahal, the largest residence in the complex, built by Akbar as a private palace for his Rajput wives. In the Diwan-i-Am (Hall of Public Audience), the emperor would listen to public petitions and meet state officials. The Diwan-i-Khas (Hall of Private Audience) was used for receiving distinguished visitors. The famous Peacock Throne was once kept there, before Aurangzeb took it to Delhi. Near the Diwan-i-Khas stands the Musamman Burj, an octagonal Tower which was the residence of Shah Jahan's favourite empress, Mumtaz Ma\u1e25al. The Moti Masjid (Pearl Mosque), constructed by Shah Jahan, is a structure made entirely of white marble. The emperor's private residence was the Khas Mahal, whose marble walls were once adorned with flowers depicted by precious gems. Located to its northeast is the Sheesh Mahal (Palace of Mirrors), its walls and ceilings inlaid with thousands of small mirrors. Numerous other structures are there in the complex, including the Anguri Bagh, the Mina Bazaar etc.In addition to its other functions, the fort also served as a prison for Shah Jahan when Aurangzeb, his son and successor as emperor, had him confined there from 1658 until his death in 1666."}, {"Context": "Agra Itmad-Ud-Daulah's Tomb", "Knowledge": "LOC Yamuna, PER Nur Jahan, LOC Taj Mahal, LOC Rajasthan, PER Mirza Ghiyas Beg, LOC Baby Taj, LOC Tomb, PER Jahangir, LOC Itmad - Ud - Daulah", "Response": "Nur Jahan commissioned Itmad-Ud-Daulah's Tomb, sometimes called the \"Baby Taj\", for her father, Mirza Ghiyas Beg, the Chief Minister of the Emperor Jahangir. Located on the left bank of the Yamuna river, the mausoleum is set in a large cruciform garden, crisscrossed by water courses and walkways. The area of the mausoleum itself is about 23 m2 (250 sq ft), and is built on a base that is about 50 m2 (540 sq ft) and about one metre (3.3 feet) high. On each corner are hexagonal towers, about thirteen metres (43 feet) tall. Small in comparison to many other Mughal-era tombs, it is sometimes described as a jewel box. Its garden layout and use of white marble, pietra dura, inlay designs, and latticework presage many elements of the Taj Mahal.\nThe walls are white marble from Rajasthan encrusted with semi-precious stone decorations \u2013 cornelian, jasper, lapis lazuli, onyx, and topaz in images of cypress trees and wine bottles or more elaborate decorations like cut fruit or vases containing bouquets. Light penetrates the interior through delicate Jali screens of intricately carved white marble."}, {"Context": "Agra Akbar's Tomb, Sikandra", "Knowledge": "PER Allah, PER Akbar, LOC Etawah Safari Park, LOC Agra Fort, LOC Delhi - Agra Highway, LOC Sikandra, PER Mariam - uz - Zamani, LOC Bharatpur, PER Jahangir, PER Akbar the Great", "Response": "Sikandra, the last resting place of the Mughal Emperor Akbar the Great, is on the Delhi-Agra Highway, about 13 kilometres (8.1 miles) from the Agra Fort. The four-storied tomb combines both marble and sandstone in its exterior. The construction of Sikandra was commenced in Akbar's reign and was completed by his heir and son Jahangir in 1613. The tomb with is set amidst a large garden and is enclosed by four battlemented walls, each with a large gateway. The 99 names of Allah have been inscribed on the tomb. The tomb has seen some damage to its minarets and other aspects, which was inflicted by the Jats of Bharatpur. The vast gardens around Sikandra are inhabited by several Blackbucks, which are in the process of being shifted to the Etawah Safari Park. Next to Akbar's tomb, stands the Tomb of Mariam-uz-Zamani, the favorite wife of Akbar."}, {"Context": "Agra Other places of Interest", "Knowledge": "LOC Jama Masjid, LOC River Yamuna, PER Akbar, LOC Aram Bagh, LOC Ram Bagh, LOC Sur Sarovar Bird Sanctuary, LOC Mariam, LOC Taj Mahal, LOC Surdas Reserved Forest, PER Babur, PER Mariam - uz - Zamani, LOC Tomb, LOC Chini Ka Rauza, LOC Keetham Lake, PER Jahanara Begum, LOC Garden of Relaxation, LOC Mehtab Bagh, LOC Yamuna, PER Mariam, ORG Christian Missionary Society, LOC India, PER Afzal Khan, PER Shah Jahan, LOC Agra", "Response": "Agra also has several other places of interest, most of them from its Mughal past. They include the Jama Masjid, Chini Ka Rauza, Aram Bagh, Mariam's Tomb, and Mehtab Bagh among others. The Jama Masjid is a large mosque attributed to Shah Jahan's daughter Jahanara Begum, built-in 1648, notable for its unusual dome and absence of minarets. The Chini Ka Rauza, notable for its Persian influenced dome of blue glazed tiles, is dedicated to the prime minister of Shah Jahan, Afzal Khan. The Aram Bagh, commonly known as Ram Bagh today, is one of the oldest Mughal garden in India, and was built by the Mughal emperor Babur in 1528 on the bank of the Yamuna. It lies about 2.3 km (1 mi) north of the Taj Mahal. The original name of the gardens was Aram Bagh, or 'Garden of Relaxation', and this was where Babur used to spend his leisure time. Tomb of Mariam-uz-Zamani, is the tomb of Mariam, the favorite wife of Emperor Akbar. The tomb is within the compound of the Christian Missionary Society. The Mehtab Bagh, or 'Moonlight Garden', is on the opposite bank of the River Yamuna from the Taj Mahal. Agra also has a nearby bird sanctuary, Keetham Lake. Also known as Sur Sarovar Bird Sanctuary, it is situated within the Surdas Reserved Forest. The lake has nearly two dozen varieties of migratory and resident birds."}, {"Context": "Agra Cuisine", "Knowledge": "LOC Agra", "Response": "Agra's cuisine is derived from its Mughal past. Mughlai cuisine mainly consists of meat enriched with creamy, boldly flavoured curries, with lots of dried fruits and spices. Vegetarian dishes, using paneer instead of meat are equally loved. Mughal cuisine is available in restaurants all around the city. Petha, a sweet made using ash gourd, is one of the famous dishes of Agra, and is available in many varieties. Another dish that is endemic to Agra is Dalmoth, which is a dry snack made with spicy fried dal (lentils), nuts and raisins. The breakfast specialties include Bedai, which is a puffy kachori (made with all purpose flour, which is deep fried) with spicy filling inside and is generally served with spicy aloo sabzi and dahi.(Curd) Equally popular as a snack is Chaat, a collective term which includes snacks like Dahi-bhalla, Raj kachori, samosas, and gol gappas, among others. Paratha, a pan fried flat wheat bread which is stuffed with potatoes, cauliflower, carrots or paneer, is also popular, and eaten accompanied with curd, pickle and chutney."}, {"Context": "Agra Taj Mahotsav", "Knowledge": "LOC Taj Mahal, LOC Shilpgram, ORG Government of India, ORG Department of Tourism, LOC Agra", "Response": "Taj Mahotsav is a cultural festival and craft fair that was started in the year 1992 and has grown since then. The year 2019 was the 28th year of this Mahotsav. The fair is held in a big field in Shilpgram, near the eastern gate of the Taj Mahal. This festival also figures in the calendar of events of the Department of Tourism, Government of India. A large number of Indian and foreign tourists coming to Agra join this festivity. One of the objectives of this craft fair is to provide encouragement to the artisans. It also makes available works of art and craft at reasonable prices that are not inflated by high maintenance cost. The Mahotsav is hosted from 18 to 27 February every year. The theme for the 2020 Taj Mahotsav was Sanskriti ke Rang, Taj ke Sang. For the first time since 1992, Taj Mahotsav 2021 has been cancelled, because of tourism restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic."}, {"Context": "Agra Air", "Knowledge": "LOC Bengaluru, LOC Kheria, LOC Bhopal, ORG Indigo, LOC Ahmedabad, ORG Indian Air Force, LOC Mumbai, LOC Agra", "Response": "As of April 2021, Indigo operates regular flights between Agra airport and Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Bhopal and Bengaluru. The Agra Airport at Kheria is controlled by the Indian Air Force."}, {"Context": "Agra Rail", "Knowledge": "LOC Mandi, LOC Idgah, LOC India, LOC Billochpura, LOC Agra Fort, LOC North Central Railways, LOC Jodhpur, LOC Delhi, LOC Agra City, LOC Raja - Ki, LOC Agra Cant, LOC Jamuna Bridge, ORG Agra Division, LOC Hawrah, ORG Indian Railways, LOC Mumbai, LOC Agra", "Response": "The city of Agra is served by 7 Railway stations viz. Agra Cant.(major station for Delhi - Mumbai line), Raja-Ki-Mandi, Agra Fort(Major station for Jodhpur- Hawrah Line), Idgah, Agra City, Jamuna Bridge and Billochpura. Agra City comes under the jurisdiction of Agra Division of North Central Railways Zone of the Indian Railways. Agra is served by multiple mail/express trains, as well as Rajdhani, Shatabdi and Gatiman express. The Gatiman express is India's first semi-high train speed service, which cut travel time between Agra and Delhi to 100 minutes. Being a major tourist destination, Agra is also served by the luxury train Maharajas' Express."}, {"Context": "Agra Road", "Knowledge": "LOC Dholpur, LOC Mathura, LOC Moradabad, ORG UPSRTC, LOC Delhi, LOC Kannauj, LOC NH 19, LOC Mumbai, LOC Agra Jaipur Highway, LOC Bareilly, LOC Agra Lucknow Expressway, LOC Yamuna Expressway, LOC Taj Mahal, LOC NH 44, LOC NH, LOC Lucknow, LOC New Delhi, ORG I. S. B. T, LOC NH 93, LOC Fort Depot, LOC Uttar Pradesh, LOC Idgah Bus, LOC Mahatma Gandhi Marg, LOC India, LOC NH 21, LOC Aligarh, LOC Etawah, LOC NH 3, LOC Greater Noida, LOC Taj Depot, LOC Noida, LOC Jaipur, LOC Taj Expressway, LOC Gwalior, LOC Agra", "Response": "Inter-State Bus Terminal (I.S.B.T.), Idgah Bus Stand, Taj Depot and Fort Depot are the major bus stands in Agra, connecting Agra to most of the bigger cities in northern India. It is a major junction of highways with three national highways and two expressways (Yamuna Expressway & Agra Lucknow Expressway) originating from Agra.\n\nFrom Delhi: NH 19 (old number: NH 2), a modern divided highway, connects the 200 km (124 mi) distance from Delhi to Agra.\nFrom Delhi / Noida: Yamuna Expressway, a modern access controlled highway connects the 200 km (124 mi) distance from Delhi to Agra.\nYamuna Expressway (formerly Taj Expressway) is a six lane, 165 km (103 mi) long, controlled-access expressway, that connects New Delhi with Agra via Greater Noida and Mathura in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh.\nNH 509 (old number: NH 93) connects Agra to Moradabad via Aligarh.\nSection of NH 44 (old number: NH 3 Agra Mumbai national highway) connects Agra to Gwalior via Dholpur.\nNH 21 (old number: NH 11 Agra Jaipur Highway) connects Jaipur to Bareilly via Agra.\nAgra Lucknow Expressway is a six lane, 302 km (188 mi) long, controlled-access expressway, that connects Lucknow with Agra via Kannauj and Etawah in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh.Bus services are run by the UPSRTC([1] Other para-transit modes include rickshaws. Polluting vehicles are not allowed near the Taj Mahal. Within the city, Mahatma Gandhi Marg is the main artery."}, {"Context": "Agra Agra Metro", "Knowledge": "ORG UP, PER Narendra Modi, PER Yogi Aditya Nath, LOC Taj Mahal, ORG Rail India Technical and Economic Service, ORG DPR, ORG RITES, LOC Agra Fort, LOC Sikandra, ORG Agra Metro, LOC Agra Cantt, ORG Metro Rail, LOC Kalindi Vihar", "Response": "Rail India Technical and Economic Service (RITES) had proposed 30 stations, 11 underground and 19 elevated, for two corridors of the Metro Rail in the city. The two lines are Sikandra to the Taj Mahal's east gate via Agra Fort and Agra Cantt to Kalindi Vihar. On 24 March 2017, State Chief Minister Yogi Aditya Nath approved the project. In December 2017, the cabinet of the UP Government approved the DPR as per New Metro Policy. Prime Minister Narendra Modi laid the foundation stone of Agra Metro on 8 March 2019."}, {"Context": "Agra Education", "Knowledge": "LOC India, ORG Agra College, PER Babu Gulab Rai, LOC Scindia, LOC Agra", "Response": "It was during the advent of the Mughal era that Agra grew as a centre of Islamic education. In the year 1823, Agra College, one of the oldest colleges in India was formed out of a Sanskrit school established by the Scindia rulers.\nIn the British era, Agra became a great centre of Hindi literature with people like Babu Gulab Rai at the helm."}, {"Context": "Agra Universities and colleges", "Knowledge": "LOC Northern India, PER Pandit Gangadhar Shastri, ORG Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University, ORG of India, ORG Agra Lunatic Asylum, LOC Delhi, ORG Institute of Mental Health and Hospital, LOC Dimapur, LOC Rajputana, LOC Government, PER Mayawati, ORG Kendriya Hindi Sansthan, LOC Pradesh, ORG Agra University, LOC Hyderabad, PER Bharat Kokila Smt. Sarojini Naidu, LOC Mysore, ORG Ministry of Human Resource Development, LOC Central Provinces, ORG Agra College, ORG Sarojini Naidu Medical College, LOC Uttar Pradesh, LOC Bhubneshwar, ORG St. John ' s College, LOC Guwahati, ORG State of Uttar, LOC India, ORG Committee of Management, ORG Mental Hospital, Agra, LOC Shillong, ORG Central Institute of Hindi, LOC Ahmedabad, LOC United Provinces, LOC Agra", "Response": "Agra University was established on 1 July 1927 and catered to colleges spread across the United Provinces, the Rajputana, the Central Provinces and almost to entire northern India. There are 10 institutes comprising various departments and around 700 Colleges are affiliated to this university. The historic Agra University was later rechristened as Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University by the then Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, Mayawati.\n\nThe Institute of Mental Health and Hospital, formerly known as Agra Lunatic Asylum, was established in September 1859 governed by the State of Uttar Pradesh. It is spread over an extensive and beautiful ground of 172.8 acres (69.9 ha) land and is well-known centre for the treatment, training, and research on mental disorders in Northern India. The institute was renamed as Mental Hospital, Agra in 1925. Presently all admissions and discharges are being done under the provisions of Mental Health Act, 1987.\nCentral Institute of Hindi, (also known as Kendriya Hindi Sansthan) is an autonomous institute under Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India engaged in teaching Hindi as a foreign and second language. Apart from running residential Hindi language courses for foreign students, the institute also conducts regular training programmes for teachers of Hindi belonging to non-Hindi states of India. The institute is situated at an 11 acres (4.5 ha) campus on the outskirts of Agra city. Headquartered in Agra the institute has eight regional centres in Delhi, Hyderabad, Mysore, Shillong, Dimapur, Guwahati, Ahmedabad and Bhubneshwar. The institute is the only government-run institution in India established solely for research and teaching of Hindi as a foreign and second language.\nSarojini Naidu Medical College, is one of the three oldest medical colleges of India. It is located in Agra, Uttar Pradesh state. It is named after the first lady Governess of Uttar Pradesh, poet and freedom fighter, Bharat Kokila Smt. Sarojini Naidu.\nAgra College, is one of the oldest institutions in India. Pandit Gangadhar Shastri, a noted Sanskrit scholar founded the college in 1823. Till 1883 the institute was a government college and after that, a board of trustees and a Committee of Management managed the college. Agra College produced the first graduate in Uttar Pradesh and the first Law graduate to Northern India.\nSt. John's College, Agra, is a college established in 1850, now part of the Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar University, earlier known as Agra University. It is amongst the oldest and one of the most beautiful Christian colleges in India. The college runs a study centre of Indira Gandhi National Open University, a central university.\nRaja Balwant Singh College, Established in 1885 owes its existence to Raja Balwant Singh Ji of Awagarh who enabled the institution to grow as one of the oldest and biggest colleges of Uttar Pradesh. Raja Balwant Singh College is located at Bichpuri, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India. The college is affiliated to Uttar Pradesh Technical University, Lucknow, and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar University, Agra.\nDayalbagh Educational Institute, Radha Soami Satsang Sabha, started the Radhasoami Educational Institute, as a co-educational Middle School, open to all, on 1 January 1917. It became a Degree College in 1947, affiliated to Agra University. In 1975, it formulated a programme of undergraduate studies which received approbation from the Government of Uttar Pradesh and the University Grants Commission, as a result of which in 1981 the Ministry of Education, Government of India, conferred the status of an institution deemed to be a University on the Dayalbagh Educational Institute, to implement the new scheme."}, {"Context": "Agra Schools", "Knowledge": "PER Dominic Athaide, ORG CBSE, LOC Targhar, LOC India, ORG St. Paul ' s College, LOC Mall Road, ORG Church of North India, ORG Central Board of Secondary Education, ORG Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations, ORG Agra, ORG St. George ' s College, ORG St. Clare ' s Senior Secondary School, ORG St. Peter ' s College, ORG Minority Anglo - Indian Christian Institution, LOC Agra", "Response": "St. Clare's Senior Secondary School, Agra was established in 1957 by the Archbishop of Agra Dominic Athaide primarily to cater for the educational needs of children. It is a convent school and is managed by catholic archdiocese of Agra. It is affiliated to Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) and runs classes from I to XII.\nSt. George's College, Agra is one of the oldest convent schools in India. It is a Minority Anglo-Indian Christian Institution granted Minority Rights under Article 30 of the Indian Constitution. It is located near Mall Road and near to Targhar.\nSt. Paul's College, Agra was established on 25 January 1980 by the Church of North India and is affiliated to the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations board of schools.\nSt. Peter's College, Agra, founded in the year 1846, it is one of the oldest convent schools in India. It is a Roman Catholic Institution granted Minority Rights under Article 30 of the Indian Constitution"}, {"Context": "Agra Media", "Knowledge": "ORG Reliance Broadcast Network Limited, ORG Hindustan, LOC Agra, ORG Economic Times, ORG The Pioneer, ORG All India Radio, ORG I - Next, ORG Dainik Jagran, ORG Amar, ORG Station, ORG Inksaaf, ORG Aaj, ORG The Times of India, ORG Prabhanjan Sanket, ORG Rajasthan Patrika, ORG Radio City, ORG FM, LOC India, ORG Hindustan Times, ORG Deepsheel Bharat, ORG DLA, ORG The Sea Express", "Response": "Agra is home to the Dainik Jagran newspaper, the most read Hindi newspaper in India. Other widely read papers include Amar Ujala, Rajasthan Patrika, Aaj, Hindustan, The Sea Express, \"daily Amar Bharti\", Deepsheel Bharat, DLA. The English dailies published are The Times of India, Hindustan Times, Economic Times, and The Pioneer. The Urdy dailies published are Prabhanjan Sanket, and Inksaaf. There is also the Hindi and English mixed newspaper tabloid I-Next.\n\nState-owned All India Radio has a local station in Agra which transmits various programs of mass interest. There are four private FM radio stations, 92.7 BIG FM (Reliance Broadcast Network Limited), 93.7 Fever FM, 94.5 Tadka FM and Radio City 91.9 FM. There is a community Radio Station 90.4 FM."}, {"Context": "Agra Sister cities", "Knowledge": "LOC Petra, LOC Chengdu, LOC Jordan Tempe, LOC Sichuan, LOC China, LOC Arizona Samarkand, LOC Agra", "Response": "Agra is twinned with:\n\n Chengdu, Sichuan, China\n Petra, Jordan\n Tempe, Arizona\n Samarkand"}, {"Context": "Ahmedabad Introduction", "Knowledge": "LOC AH, ORG Forbes, LOC Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Sports Enclave, LOC Kanpur, ORG Cities, ORG The Times of India, LOC Sabarmati River, LOC Amdavad, LOC Narendra Modi Stadium, ORG Time, LOC Gandhinagar, LOC Gujarat, LOC Motera, LOC India, ORG Government of India, ORG Gujarat High Court, LOC Manchester, LOC Sports City, LOC Ahmedabad", "Response": "Ahmedabad ( AH-m\u0259-d\u0259-ba(h)d; Gujarati: Amdavad [\u02c8\u0259md\u0251\u02d0\u028b\u0251\u02d0d] (listen)) is the most populous city in the Indian state of Gujarat. It is the administrative headquarters of the Ahmedabad district and the seat of the Gujarat High Court. Ahmedabad's population of 5,570,585   (per the 2011 population census) makes it the fifth-most populous city in India, and the encompassing urban agglomeration population estimated at 6,357,693 is the seventh-most populous in India. Ahmedabad is located near the banks of the Sabarmati River, 25 km (16 mi) from the capital of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, also known as its twin city.Ahmedabad has emerged as an important economic and industrial hub in India. It is the second-largest producer of cotton in India, due to which it was known as the 'Manchester of India' along with Kanpur. Ahmedabad's stock exchange (before it was shut down in 2018) was the country's second oldest. Cricket is a popular sport in Ahmedabad; a newly built stadium, called Narendra Modi Stadium, at Motera can accommodate 132,000 spectators, making it the largest stadium in the world. The world-class Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Sports Enclave is currently under construction and once complete, it will be one of the biggest sports centers (Sports City) in India. The effects of the liberalisation of the Indian economy have energised the city's economy towards tertiary sector activities such as commerce, communication and construction. Ahmedabad's increasing population has resulted in an increase in the construction and housing industries, resulting in the development of skyscrapers.In 2010, Ahmedabad was ranked third in Forbes's list of fastest growing cities of the decade. In 2012, The Times of India chose Ahmedabad as India's best city to live in. The gross domestic product of Ahmedabad metro was estimated at $80 billion in 2020. In 2020, Ahmedabad was ranked as the third-best city in India to live by the Ease of Living Index. In July 2022, Time magazine included Ahmedabad in its list of world's 50 greatest places of 2022.Ahmedabad has been selected as one of the hundred Indian cities to be developed as a smart city under the Government of India's flagship Smart Cities Mission. In July 2017, the historic city of Ahmedabad, or Old Ahmedabad, was declared a UNESCO World Heritage City. The city is home to the world's first Swaminarayan Mandir, located in Kalupur area of Old Ahmedabad."}, {"Context": "Ahmedabad History", "Knowledge": "LOC Manek Burj, PER Muzaffarid, LOC Delhi Sultanate, PER Bahadur Shah, PER Rajesh Nath, LOC Champaner, LOC Patan, PER Ashaval, PER Zafar Khan Muzaffar, PER Ahmed, PER Mahmud Begada, LOC Diu, PER Solanki, PER Ahmed Shah, PER Chandan, LOC Karnavati, PER Dhu al - Qi ' dah, PER Ahmed Shah I, LOC Ashaval, PER Muzaffar Shah I, LOC Bhadra Fort, LOC Gujarat, LOC Dholka, PER Vaghela, LOC Sabarmati, PER Maneknath, PER Humayun, PER Chaulukya, PER Anhilwara, LOC Ahmedabad, LOC Karna, LOC Bhil", "Response": "The area around Ahmedabad has been inhabited since the 11th century, when it was known as Ashaval. At that time, Karna, the Chaulukya (Solanki) ruler of Anhilwara (modern Patan), waged a successful war against the Bhil king of Ashaval, and established a city called Karnavati on the banks of the Sabarmati. Solanki rule lasted until the 13th century, when Gujarat came under the control of the Vaghela dynasty of Dholka. Gujarat subsequently came under the control of the Delhi Sultanate in the 14th century. However, by the earlier 15th century, the local Muslim governor Zafar Khan Muzaffar established his independence from the Delhi Sultanate and crowned himself Sultan of Gujarat as Muzaffar Shah I, thereby founding the Muzaffarid dynasty. In 1411, this area came under the control of his grandson, Sultan Ahmed Shah, who selected the forested area along the banks of the Sabarmati river for a new capital city. He laid the foundation of a new walled city near Karnavati and named it Ahmedabad after himself. According to other versions, he named the city after four Muslim saints in the area who all had the name Ahmed. Ahmed Shah I laid the foundation of the city on 26 February 1411 (at 1.20 pm, Thursday, the second day of Dhu al-Qi'dah, Hijri year 813) at Manek Burj. Manek Burj is named after the legendary 15th-century Hindu saint, Maneknath, who intervened to help Ahmed Shah I build Bhadra Fort in 1411.\nHe chose it as the new capital on 4 March 1411.\nChandan and Rajesh Nath, 13th generation descendants of Saint Maneknath, perform puja and hoist the flag on Manek Burj on Ahmedabad's foundation day and for the Vijayadashami festival every year.\n\nIn 1487, Mahmud Begada, the grandson of Ahmed Shah, fortified the city with an outer wall 10 km (6.2 mi) in circumference and consisting of twelve gates, 189 bastions and over 6,000 battlements. In 1535 Humayun briefly occupied Ahmedabad after capturing Champaner when the ruler of Gujarat, Bahadur Shah, fled to Diu. Ahmedabad was then reoccupied by the Muzaffarid dynasty until 1573 when Gujarat was conquered by the Mughal emperor Akbar. During the Mughal reign, Ahmedabad became one of the Empire's thriving centres of trade, mainly in textiles, which were exported as far as Europe. The Mughal ruler Shahjahan spent the prime of his life in the city, sponsoring the construction of the Moti Shahi Mahal in Shahibaug. The Deccan Famine of 1630\u201332 affected the city, as did famines in 1650 and 1686. Ahmedabad remained the provincial headquarters of the Mughals until 1758, when they surrendered the city to the Marathas.During the period of Maratha Empire governance, the city became the centre of a conflict between the Peshwa of Poona and the Gaekwad of Baroda. In 1780, during the First Anglo-Maratha War, a British force under James Hartley stormed and captured Ahmedabad, but it was handed back to the Marathas at the end of the war. The British East India Company took over the city in 1818 during the Third Anglo-Maratha War. A military cantonment was established in 1824 and a municipal government in 1858. Incorporated into the Bombay Presidency during British rule, Ahmedabad became one of the most important cities in the Gujarat region. In 1864, a railway link between Ahmedabad and Mumbai (then Bombay) was established by the Bombay, Baroda, and Central India Railway (BB&CI), enabling traffic and trade between northern and southern India via the city. Over time, the city established itself as the home of a developing textile industry, which earned it the nickname \"Manchester of the East\".\n\nThe Indian independence movement developed roots in the city when Mahatma Gandhi established two ashrams \u2013 the Kochrab Ashram near Paldi in 1915 and the Satyagraha Ashram (now Sabarmati Ashram) on the banks of the Sabarmati in 1917 \u2013 which would become centres of nationalist activities. During the mass protests against the Rowlatt Act in 1919, textile workers burned down 51 government buildings across the city in protest at a British attempt to extend wartime regulations after the First World War. In the 1920s, textile workers and teachers went on strike, demanding civil rights and better pay and working conditions. In 1930, Gandhi initiated the Salt Satyagraha from Ahmedabad by embarking from his ashram on the Dandi Salt March. The city's administration and economic institutions were rendered inoperative in the early 1930s by the large numbers of people who took to the streets in peaceful protests, and again in 1942 during the Quit India Movement. Following independence and the partition of India in 1947, the city was scarred by the intense communal violence that broke out between Hindus and Muslims in 1947, Ahmedabad was the focus of settlement by Hindu migrants from Pakistan, who expanded the city's population and transformed its demographics and economy.\nBy 1960, Ahmedabad had become a metropolis with a population of slightly under half a million people, with classical and colonial European-style buildings lining the city's thoroughfares. It was chosen as the capital of Gujarat state after the partition of the State of Bombay on 1 May 1960. During this period, a large number of educational and research institutions were founded in the city, making it a centre for higher education, science and technology. Ahmedabad's economic base became more diverse with the establishment of heavy and chemical industry during the same period. Many countries sought to emulate India's economic planning strategy and one of them, South Korea, copied the city's second \"Five-Year Plan\".\n\nIn the late 1970s, the capital shifted to the newly built city of Gandhinagar. This marked the start of a long period of decline in the city, marked by a lack of development.\nThe 1974 Nav Nirman agitation \u2013 a protest against a 20% hike in the hostel food fees at the L.D. College of Engineering in Ahmedabad \u2013 snowballed into a movement to remove Chimanbhai Patel, then chief minister of Gujarat. In the 1980s, a reservation policy was introduced in the country, which led to anti-reservation protests in 1981 and 1985. The protests witnessed violent clashes between people belonging to various castes. The city was considerably impacted by the 2001 Gujarat earthquake; up to 50 multi-storey buildings collapsed, killing 752 people and causing much damage. The following year, a three-day period of violence between Hindus and Muslims in the western Indian state of Gujarat, known as the 2002 Gujarat riots, spread to Ahmedabad; in eastern Chamanpura, 69 people were killed in the Gulbarg Society massacre on 28 February 2002. Refugee camps were set up around the city, housing 50,000 Muslims, as well as some small Hindu camps.The 2008 Ahmedabad bombings, a series of seventeen bomb blasts, killed and injured several people. Militant group Harkat-ul-Jihad claimed responsibility for the attacks.Other than New Delhi, Ahmedabad is a rare city in India to have hosted premiers of major economies like the US, China and Canada. On 24 February 2020, President Trump became the first president of the US to visit the city as part of Namaste Trump. Earlier, President Xi Jinping and Prime Minister Justin Trudeau visited the city."}, {"Context": "Ahmedabad Population", "Knowledge": "LOC Chengdu, ORG Ahmedabad Cantonment, ORG Indian Army, ORG IMRB, LOC India, PER Vrajlal Sapovadia, ORG Forbes magazine, ORG B. K. School of Business Management, ORG NCRB, LOC Chongqing, LOC Ahmedabad, ORG National Crime Records Bureau", "Response": "At the 2011 Census of India Ahmedabad had a population of 5,633,927, making it the fifth most populous city in India. The urban agglomeration centred upon Ahmedabad, then having a population of 6,357,693, now estimated at 7,650,000, is the seventh most populous urban agglomeration in India. The city had a literacy rate of 88.29%; 92.30% of the men and 83.85% of the women were literate. Ahmedabad's sex ratio in 2011 was 897 women per 1000 men. According to the census for the Ninth Plan, there are 30,737 rural families living in Ahmedabad. Of those, 5.41% (1663 families) live below the poverty line. Approximately 440,000 people live in slums within the city.\nIn 2008, there were 2273 registered non-resident Indians living in Ahmedabad.\nIn 2010, Forbes magazine rated Ahmedabad as the fastest-growing city in India, and listed it as third fastest-growing in the world after the Chinese cities of Chengdu and Chongqing. In 2011, it was rated India's best megacity to live in by leading market research firm IMRB. According to the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) report of 2003, Ahmedabad has the lowest crime rate of the 35 Indian cities with a population of more than one million. In December 2011, market research firm IMRB declared Ahmedabad the best megacity to live in when compared to India's other megacities. Slightly less than half of all real estate in Ahmedabad is owned by \"community organisations\" (i.e. cooperatives), and according to Vrajlal Sapovadia, professor of the B.K. School of Business Management, \"the spatial growth of the city is to [an] extent [a] contribution of these organisations\". Ahmedabad Cantonment provides residential zones for Indian Army officials. Ahmedabad's 2020 population is now estimated at 8,059,441. In 1950, the population of Ahmedabad was 854,959. Ahmedabad has grown by 950,155 since 2015, which represents a 2.54% annual change. According to the UN World Population Prospects, the population might increase to 8,854,444 by 2025. It is also predicted to have a massive rise to 11,062,112 as early as 2035."}, {"Context": "Ahmedabad Poverty", "Knowledge": "LOC Ahmedabad, ORG AMC, ORG Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation", "Response": "In the mid-1970s and early 1980s, the textile mills that were responsible for much of Ahmedabad's wealth faced competition from automation and domestic specialty looms. Several mills closed down, leaving between 40,000 and 50,000 people without a source of income, and many moved into informal settlements in the city centre. The Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC), the governing and administrative body of the city, simultaneously lost much of its tax base and saw an increased demand for services. In the 1990s, newly emerging pharmaceutical, chemical, and automobile manufacturing industries required skilled labor, so many migrants seeking work ended up in the informal sector and settled in slums.Ahmedabad has made efforts to reduce poverty and improve the living conditions of poor residents. The urban poverty rate has declined from 28% in 1993\u20131994 to 10% in 2011\u20132012. This is partly due to the strengthening of the AMC and its partnership with several civil society organizations (CSOs) representing poor residents. Through projects and programs, the AMC has provided utilities and basic services to slums. However, some challenges remain, and there are still many residents who lack access to sanitation, improved water, and electricity. Riots, often rooted in religious tensions, threaten the stability of neighborhoods and have caused spatial segregation across religious and caste lines. Finally, the conception of pro-poor, inclusive development is being overshadowed by a national initiative promoting the creation of 'global cities' of capital investment and technological innovation. This has shifted priorities towards constructing new housing and attracting private development rather than servicing the urban poor."}, {"Context": "Ahmedabad Informal housing and slums", "Knowledge": "LOC Ahmedabad", "Response": "As of 2011, about 66% of the population lives in formal housing. The other 34% lives in slums or chawls, which are tenements for industrial workers. There are approximately 700 slum settlements in Ahmedabad, and 11% of the total housing stock is public housing. The population of Ahmedabad has increased while the housing stock has remained generally constant, and this has led to a rise in density of both formal and informal housing and a more economical usage of existing space. The Indian census estimates that the Ahmedabad slum population was 25.6% of the total population in 1991 and had decreased to 4.5% in 2011, but these numbers are contested and local entities maintain that the census underestimates informal populations. There is a consensus that there has been a reduction in the percentage of the population that lives in slum settlements, and that there has also been a general improvement in living conditions for slum residents."}, {"Context": "Ahmedabad Slum Networking Project", "Knowledge": "ORG Slum Networking Project, ORG AMC, ORG SNP", "Response": "In the 1990s, the AMC faced increased slum populations. They found that residents were willing and able to pay for legal connections to water, sewage, and electricity, but because of tenure issues, they were paying higher prices for low-quality, informal connections. To address this, beginning in 1995, the AMC partnered with civil society organizations to create the Slum Networking Project (SNP) to improve basic services in 60 slums, benefitting approximately 13,000 households. This project, also known as Parivartan (Change), involved participatory planning in which slum residents were partners alongside AMC, private institutions, microfinance lenders, and local NGOs. The goal of the program was to provide both physical infrastructure (including water supply, sewers, individual toilets, paved roads, storm drainage, and tree planting) and community development (i.e. the formation of resident associations, women's groups, community health interventions, and vocational training). In addition, participating households were granted a minimum de facto tenure of ten years. The project cost a total of \u20b94,350 million. Community members and the private sector each contributed \u20b9600 million, NGOs provided \u20b990 million, and the AMC paid for the rest of the project. Each slum household was responsible for no more than 12% of the cost of upgrading their home.This project has generally been regarded as a success. Having access to basic services increased the residents' working hours, since most work out of their homes. It also reduced the incidence of illness, particularly water-borne illness, and increased children's rates of school attendance. The SNP received the 2006 UNHABITAT Dubai International Award for Best Practice to Improve the Living Environment. However, concerns remain about the community's responsibility and capacity for the maintenance of the new infrastructure. Additionally, trust was weakened when the AMC demolished two of slums that were upgraded as part of SNP to create recreational parks."}, {"Context": "Ahmedabad Religion and ethnicity", "Knowledge": "ORG Latin Rite, ORG Diocese of Ahmedabad, LOC Gandhinagar, ORG Bene Israel, LOC Ahmedabad, LOC Our Lady of Mount Carmel, ORG Metropolitan of, ORG Roman", "Response": "According to the 2011 census, Hindus are the predominant religious community in the city comprising 81.56% of the population followed by Muslims (13.51%), Jains (3.62%), Christians (0.85%) and Sikhs (0.24%). Buddhists, people following other religions and those who didn't state any religion make up the remainder.\n\nIts (Marian) cathedral of Our Lady of Mount Carmel is the episcopal see of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Ahmedabad (Latin Rite; established 1949), a suffragan of the Metropolitan of Gandhinagar.\nMost of the residents of Ahmedabad are native Gujaratis. The city is home to some 2000 Parsis (Zoroastrians) and some 125 members of the Bene Israel Jewish community. There is also one synagogue in the city. Atheism is also on the rise in Ahmedabad."}, {"Context": "Ahmedabad Geography", "Knowledge": "LOC Narmada, ORG Art Reverie, LOC Kankaria, LOC Rann, LOC Moto Sutharvado, ORG Bureau of Indian Standards, PER Qutb - ud - din, ORG EuroIndia Centre, LOC Maninagar, LOC Vastrapur, PER Sultan, ORG UNESCO, LOC Gujarat, LOC Chandola, LOC Sabarmati, LOC Narmada Canal, LOC Bhadra, LOC India, LOC Thaltej - Jodhpur Tekra, LOC Ahmedabad, LOC Kutch", "Response": "Ahmedabad lies at 23.03\u00b0N 72.58\u00b0E\ufeff / 23.03; 72.58 in western India at 53 metres (174 ft) above sea level on the banks of the Sabarmati river, in north-central Gujarat. It covers an area of 505 km2 (195 sq mi). The Sabarmati frequently dried up in the summer, leaving only a small stream of water, and the city is in a sandy and dry area. However, with the execution of the Sabarmati River Front Project and Embankment, the waters from the Narmada river have been diverted to the Sabarmati to keep the river flowing throughout the year, thereby eliminating Ahmedabad's water problems. The steady expansion of the Rann of Kutch threatened to increase desertification around the city area and much of the state; however, the Narmada Canal network is expected to alleviate this problem. Except for the small hills of Thaltej-Jodhpur Tekra, the city is almost flat. Three lakes lie within the city's limits\u2014Kankaria, Vastrapur and Chandola. Kankaria, in the neighbourhood of Maninagar, is an artificial lake developed by the Sultan of Gujarat, Qutb-ud-din, in 1451.According to the Bureau of Indian Standards, the town falls under seismic zone 3, in a scale of 2 to 5 (in order of increasing vulnerability to earthquakes).Ahmedabad is divided by the Sabarmati into two physically distinct eastern and western regions. The eastern bank of the river houses the old city, which includes the central town of Bhadra. This part of Ahmedabad is characterised by packed bazaars, the pol system of closely clustered buildings, and numerous places of worship. A Pol (pronounced as pole) is a housing cluster which comprises many families of a particular group, linked by caste, profession, or religion. This is a list of Pols in the old walled city of Ahmedabad in Gujarat, India. Heritage of these Pols has helped Ahmedabad gain a place in UNESCO's Tentative Lists, in selection criteria II, III and IV. The secretary-general of EuroIndia Centre quoted that if 12000 homes of Ahmedabad are restored they could be very helpful in promoting heritage tourism and its allied businesses. The Art Reverie in Moto Sutharvado is Res Artis center.\nThe first pol in Ahmedabad was named Mahurat Pol. Old city also houses the main railway station, the main post office, and some buildings of the Muzaffarid and British eras. The colonial period saw the expansion of the city to the western side of Sabarmati, facilitated by the construction of Ellis Bridge in 1875 and later the relatively modern Nehru Bridge. The western part of the city houses educational institutions, modern buildings, residential areas, shopping malls, multiplexes and new business districts centred around roads such as Ashram Road, C. G. Road and Sarkhej-Gandhinagar Highway.\n\nSabarmati Riverfront is a waterfront being developed along the banks of the Sabarmati river in Ahmedabad, India. Proposed in the 1960s, its construction began in 2005, opened in 2012."}, {"Context": "Ahmedabad Climate", "Knowledge": "ORG AMC, ORG Climate & Development Knowledge Network, ORG Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation, LOC Ahmedabad, LOC Asia", "Response": "Ahmedabad has a hot semi-arid climate (K\u00f6ppen climate classification: BSh), with marginally less rain than required for a tropical savanna climate. There are three main seasons: summer, monsoon and winter. Aside from the monsoon season, the climate is extremely dry. The weather is hot from March to June; the average summer maximum is 43 \u00b0C (109 \u00b0F), and the average minimum is 24 \u00b0C (75 \u00b0F). From November to February, the average maximum temperature is 30 \u00b0C (86 \u00b0F), and the average minimum is 13 \u00b0C (55 \u00b0F). Cold winds from the north are responsible for a mild chill in January. The southwest monsoon brings a humid climate from mid-June to mid-September. The average annual rainfall is about 800 millimetres (31 in), but infrequent heavy torrential rains cause local rivers to flood and it is not uncommon for droughts to occur when the monsoon does not extend as far west as usual. The highest temperature in the city was recorded on 20 May 2016, with it reaching 48 \u00b0C (118 \u00b0F).\n\nFollowing a heat wave in May 2010 reaching 46.8 \u00b0C (116.2 \u00b0F) and claiming hundreds of lives, the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC), in partnership with an international coalition of health and academic groups and with support from the Climate & Development Knowledge Network, developed the Ahmedabad Heat Action Plan. Aimed at increasing awareness, sharing information and coordinating responses to reduce the health effects of heat on vulnerable populations, the action plan is the first comprehensive plan in Asia to address the threat of adverse heat on health. It also focuses on community participation, building public awareness of the risks of extreme heat, training medical and community workers to respond to and help prevent heat-related illnesses, and coordinating an interagency emergency response effort when heat waves hit."}, {"Context": "Ahmedabad Cityscape", "Knowledge": "ORG IIM, LOC Sanskar Kendra, PER Charles Correa, LOC Calico Dome, ORG Achyut, PER Louis Kahn, LOC Usmanpura Garden, ORG Ahmedabad Textile Industry, ORG Research Association, LOC Ravi Mathai Auditorium, LOC Sultanate of Gujarat, LOC Law Garden, ORG Alliance Fran\u00e7aise, LOC Kamla Nehru Zoological Park, LOC Amdavad ni Gufa, LOC Ellis Bridge, LOC Gandhi Ashram, PER Ahmed Shah, LOC Kankaria Lake, LOC Sarabhai Villas, PER Frank Lloyd Wright, LOC Lal Darwaja Garden, LOC Kanvinde, PER Le Corbusier, PER Christopher Charles Benninger, LOC Prahlad Nagar Garden, LOC Sangath, LOC Bhadra Fort, PER Doshi, PER B. V. Doshi, ORG Calico Mills, LOC Sidi Saiyyed Mosque, ORG CEPT, LOC Paris, PER Victoria, ORG Mill Owners ' Association Building, LOC Tagore Memorial Hall, LOC Shodhan, LOC Parimal Garden, PER Anant Raje, LOC Bal Vatika, ORG College of Law, LOC Victoria Garden, LOC Ahmedabad, ORG School of Architecture, LOC KLMD", "Response": "Early in Ahmedabad's history, under Ahmed Shah, builders fused Hindu craftsmanship with Persian architecture, giving rise to the Indo-Saracenic style. Many mosques in the city were built in this fashion. Sidi Saiyyed Mosque was built in the last year of the Sultanate of Gujarat. It is entirely arched and has ten stone latticework windows or jali on the side and rear arches. Private mansions or haveli from this era have carvings. A Pol is a typical housing cluster of Old Ahmedabad.\nAfter independence, modern buildings appeared in Ahmedabad. Architects given commissions in the city included Louis Kahn, who designed the IIM-A; Le Corbusier, who designed the Shodhan and Sarabhai Villas, the Sanskar Kendra and the Mill Owners' Association Building, and Frank Lloyd Wright, who designed the administrative building of Calico Mills and the Calico Dome. B. V. Doshi came to the city from Paris to supervise Le Corbusier's works and later set up the School of Architecture (now CEPT). His local works include Sangath, Amdavad ni Gufa, Tagore Memorial Hall and the School of Architecture. Charles Correa, who became a partner of Doshi's, designed the Gandhi Ashram and Achyut Kanvinde, and the Ahmedabad Textile Industry's Research Association complex. Christopher Charles Benninger's first work, the Alliance Fran\u00e7aise, is located in the Ellis Bridge area. Anant Raje designed major additions to Louis Kahn's IIM-A campus, namely the Ravi Mathai Auditorium and KLMD.Some of the most visited gardens in the city include Law Garden, Victoria Garden and Bal Vatika. Law Garden was named after the College of Law situated close to it. Victoria Garden is located at the southern edge of the Bhadra Fort and contains a statue of Queen Victoria. Bal Vatika is a children's park situated on the grounds of Kankaria Lake and also houses an amusement park. Other gardens in the city include Parimal Garden, Usmanpura Garden, Prahlad Nagar Garden and Lal Darwaja Garden.\nAhmedabad's Kamla Nehru Zoological Park houses a number of endangered species including flamingoes, caracals, Asiatic wolves and chinkara.The Kankaria Lake, built in 1451 AD, is one of the biggest lakes in Ahmedabad. In earlier days, it was known by the name Qutub Hoj or Hauj-e-Kutub. Lal Bahadur Shastri lake in Bapunagar is almost 136,000 square metres. In 2010, another 34 lakes were planned in and around Ahmedabad of which five lakes will be developed by AMC; the other 29 will be developed by the Ahmedabad Urban Development Authority (AUDA). Vastrapur lake is a small artificial lake located in the western part of Ahmedabad. Beautified by local authorities in 2002, it is surrounded by greenery and paved walkways and has become a popular leisure spot for the citizens. Chandola Lake covers an area of 1200 hectares. It is home to cormorants, painted storks and spoonbills. During the evening time, many people visit this place and take a leisurely stroll. There is a recently developed lake in Naroda, and there is also the world's largest collection of antique cars in Kathwada at IB farm (Dastan Farm). AMC has also developed the Sabarmati Riverfront.Looking at the health of traffic police staff deployed near the Pirana dump site, the Ahmedabad City Police is going to install outdoor air purifiers at traffic points so that the deployed staff can breathe fresh air."}, {"Context": "Ahmedabad Civic administration", "Knowledge": "ORG IPS, ORG AMC, ORG AUDA, ORG Indian Administrative Service, ORG Indian Police Service, ORG Ahmedabad Urban Development Authority, ORG IAS, PER Bijal Patel, ORG Gujarat Vidhan Sabha, LOC Gujarat, ORG Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation, ORG Indian Parliament, ORG Ahmedabad City Police, LOC India, ORG Bombay Provincial Corporation, ORG Gujarat High Court, ORG Legislative Assembly, LOC Ahmedabad, ORG Lok Sabha", "Response": "Ahmedabad is the administrative headquarters of Ahmedabad district, administered by the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC). The AMC was established in July 1950 under the Bombay Provincial Corporation Act of 1949. The AMC commissioner is an Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officer appointed by the state government who reserves the administrative executive powers, whereas the corporation is headed by the mayor of Ahmedabad. The city residents elect the 192 municipal councillors by popular vote, and the elected councillors select the deputy mayor and mayor of the city. The  mayor, Bijal Patel, was appointed on 14 June 2018. The administrative responsibilities of the AMC are: water and sewerage services, primary education, health services, fire services, public transport and the city's infrastructure. AMC was ranked 9th out of 21 cities for \"the best governance & administrative practices in India in 2014. It scored 3.4 out of 10 compared to the national average of 3.3.\" Ahmedabad registers two accidents per hour.The city is divided into seven zones constituting 48 wards. The city's urban and suburban areas are administered by the Ahmedabad Urban Development Authority (AUDA).\n\nThe city is represented by two elected members of parliament in the Lok Sabha (the lower house of the Indian Parliament) and 21 members of the Legislative Assembly at the Gujarat Vidhan Sabha.\nThe Gujarat High Court is located in Ahmedabad, making the city the judicial capital of Gujarat. Law enforcement and public safety is maintained by the Ahmedabad City Police, headed by the Police Commissioner, an Indian Police Service (IPS) officer."}, {"Context": "Ahmedabad Public services", "Knowledge": "LOC India, ORG Ahmedabad Electricity Company, ORG Torrent Power Limited, LOC Ahmedabad, LOC Asia", "Response": "Health services are primarily provided at Ahmedabad civil hospital, the largest civil hospital in Asia.\nElectricity in the city is generated and distributed by Torrent Power Limited, owned and operated by the Ahmedabad Electricity Company, which was previously a state-run corporation.Ahmedabad is one of the few cities in India where the power sector is privatised."}, {"Context": "Ahmedabad Culture", "Knowledge": "LOC Chandvilas Hotel, ORG KFC, LOC Kalupur, LOC Bhatiyar Gali, PER Baba Maneknath, LOC Jagannath Temple, LOC Gujarat, ORG McDonald ' s, LOC Ahmedabad, LOC Jamalpur, LOC Manek Chowk", "Response": "Ahmedabad observes a range of festivals. Celebrations and observances include Uttarayan, an annual kite-flying day on 14 and 15 January. Nine nights of Navratri are celebrated with people performing Garba, the most popular folk dance of Gujarat, at venues across the city. The festival of lights, Deepavali, is celebrated with the lighting of lamps in every house, decorating the floors with rangoli, and the lighting of firecrackers. The annual Rath Yatra procession on the Ashadh-sud-bij date of the Hindu calendar at the Jagannath Temple, the festival of colours Holi, celebrated on the last full moon day in the end of the winter and based on the lunisolar Hindu calendar, and the procession of Tajia during the Muslim holy month of Muharram are important events.One of the most popular dishes in Ahmedabad is a Gujarati thali, which was first served commercially by Chandvilas Hotel in 1900. It consists of roti (Chapati), dal, rice and shaak (cooked vegetables, sometimes with curry), with accompaniments of pickles and roasted papads. Sweet dishes include laddoo, mango, and vedhmi. Dhoklas, theplas and dhebras are also very popular dishes in Ahmedabad. Beverages include buttermilk and tea. Drinking alcohol is forbidden in Ahmedabad.There are many restaurants, which serve Indian and international cuisines. Most of the food outlets serve only vegetarian food, as a strong tradition of vegetarianism is maintained by the city's Jain and Hindu communities. The first all-vegetarian Pizza Hut in the world opened in Ahmedabad. KFC has a separate staff uniform for serving vegetarian items and prepares vegetarian food in a separate kitchen, as does McDonald's. Ahmedabad has a quite a few restaurants serving typical Mughlai non-vegetarian food in older areas like Bhatiyar Gali, Kalupur and Jamalpur.Manek Chowk is an open square near the centre of the city that functions as a vegetable market in the morning and a jewellery market in the afternoon. However, it is better known for its food stalls in the evening, which sell local street food. It is named after the Hindu saint Baba Maneknath. Parts of Ahmedabad are known for their folk art. The artisans of Rangeela pol make tie-dyed bandhinis, while the cobbler shops of Madhupura sell traditional mojdi (also known as mojri) footwear. Idols of Ganesha and other religious icons are made in huge numbers in the Gulbai Tekra area. In 2019, there was a swing in the trend and people are adopting a more eco-friendly version of the Ganesha statue. The shops at the Law Garden sell mirrorwork handicrafts.\n\nThree main literary institutions were established in Ahmedabad for the promotion of Gujarati literature: Gujarat Vidhya Sabha, Gujarati Sahitya Parishad and Gujarat Sahitya Sabha. Saptak School of Music festival is held in the first week of the new year. This event was inaugurated by Ravi Shankar.The Sanskar Kendra, one of the several buildings in Ahmedabad designed by Le Corbusier, is a city museum depicting its history, art, culture and architecture. The Gandhi Smarak Sangrahalaya and the Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Memorial have permanent displays of photographs, documents and other articles relating to Mahatma Gandhi and Sardar Patel. The Calico Museum of Textiles has a large collection of Indian and international fabrics, garments and textiles. The Hazrat Pir Mohammad Shah Library has a collection of rare original manuscripts in Arabic, Persian, Urdu, Sindhi and Turkish. There is the Vechaar Utensils Museum which has stainless steel, glass, brass, copper, bronze, zinc and German silver tools. The Conflictorium is an interactive installation space that explores conflict in society through art.Shreyas Foundation has four museums on the same campus. Shreyas Folk Museum (Lokayatan Museum) has art forms and artefacts from the communities of Gujarat. Kalpana Mangaldas Children's Museum has a collection of toys, puppets, dance and drama costumes, coins and a repository of recorded music from traditional shows from all over the world. Kahani houses photographs of fairs and festivals of Gujarat. Sangeeta Vadyakhand is a gallery of musical instruments from India and other countries.L D Institute of Indology houses 76,000 hand-written Jain manuscripts with 500 illustrated versions and 45,000 printed books, making it the largest collection of Jain scripts, Indian sculptures, terracottas, miniature paintings, cloth paintings, painted scrolls, bronzes, woodwork, Indian coins, textiles and decorative art, paintings of Rabindranath Tagore and art of Nepal and Tibet. N C Mehta Gallery of Miniature Paintings has a collection of ornate miniature paintings and manuscripts from all over India.In 1949 Darpana Academy of Performing Arts was established by the scientist Dr. Vikram Sarabhai and Bharat Natyam dancer Mrinalini Sarabhai, and thus Ahmemedabad city became the centre of Indian classical dance."}, {"Context": "Ahmedabad Education", "Knowledge": "ORG International Baccalaureate, ORG Gujarat Technological University, ORG Central Board for Secondary Education, ORG Gujarat Vidyapith, PER Vikram Sarabhai, ORG National Institute of Open School, PER Mrinalini Sarabhai, ORG Gujarat University, PER Babasaheb Ambedkar, PER Mahatma Gandhi, ORG Institute of Infrastructure Technology Research and Management, ORG Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad, ORG Ministry of Human Resource Development, ORG Open University, ORG CEPT University, ORG Nirma University, ORG UNESCO, ORG Ahmedabad University, ORG IITRAM, ORG Darpana Academy of Performing Arts, ORG Gujarat Secondary and Higher Secondary Education Board, LOC Ahmedabad, ORG Physical Research Laboratory, ORG Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations", "Response": "Ahmedabad had a literacy rate of 79.89% in 2001 which rose to 89.62 percent in 2011. As of 2011, the literacy rate among males and females were 93.96 and 84.81 percent, respectively.\nAmong the several universities in Ahmedabad, Gujarat University is the largest and claims to be the oldest; although the Gujarat Vidyapith was established in 1920 by Mahatma Gandhi \u2013 it received no charter from the British Raj, becoming a deemed university only in 1963. A large number of colleges in the city are affiliated with Gujarat University.\n\nGujarat Technological University, CEPT University, Nirma University, Institute of Infrastructure Technology Research and Management (IITRAM) and Ahmedabad University all date from this century. Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Open University has over 100,000 students enrolled on its distance learning courses.Ahmedabad is home to the Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad, which was ranked first among management institutes in the country by the Ministry of Human Resource Development in 2018.Established in 1947 by the scientist Vikram Sarabhai, the oldest of the research institutes in Ahmedabad, the Physical Research Laboratory is active in space science, astronomy, high-energy physics and other areas of research.\nThe Darpana Academy of Performing Arts, established in 1949 by Mrinalini Sarabhai, was listed by UNESCO as an institution active in the \"Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage\".Schools in Ahmedabad are either run publicly by the municipal corporation, or privately by entities, trusts and corporations. The majority of schools are affiliated with the Gujarat Secondary and Higher Secondary Education Board, although some are affiliated with the Central Board for Secondary Education, Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations, International Baccalaureate and National Institute of Open School."}, {"Context": "Ahmedabad Media", "Knowledge": "ORG InCablenet, ORG Ahmedabad Mirror, ORG My FM, ORG Navajivan Publishing House, ORG Airtel, ORG DNA, ORG Vodafone Idea, ORG Gyan Vani, ORG Aankhodekhi, ORG Gujarat University, ORG BSNL Mobile, ORG Metro, ORG Sambhaav, ORG The Times of India, ORG Red FM, PER Mahatma Gandhi, ORG Sandesh, ORG Jio, ORG Indian Express, ORG Radio Mirchi, ORG All India Radio Ahmedabad, ORG The Financial Express, ORG Gujarat Samachar, ORG Mirchi Love, ORG Rajasthan Patrika, ORG The Economic Times, ORG Radio One, ORG Radio City, ORG Siti Cable, ORG GTPL, LOC India, ORG Doordarshan, ORG Divya Bhaskar, LOC Ahmedabad", "Response": "Newspapers in Ahmedabad include English dailies such as The Times of India, Indian Express, DNA, The Economic Times, The Financial Express, Ahmedabad Mirror and Metro. Newspapers in other languages include Divya Bhaskar, Gujarat Samachar, Sandesh, Rajasthan Patrika, Sambhaav, and Aankhodekhi. The city is home to the historic Navajivan Publishing House, which was founded in 1919 by Mahatma Gandhi.The state-owned All India Radio Ahmedabad is broadcast both on medium wave bands and FM bands (96.7 MHz) in the city. It competes with five private local FM stations: Radio City (91.1 MHz), Red FM (93.5 MHz), My FM (94.3 MHz), Radio One (95.0 MHz), Radio Mirchi (98.3 MHz) and Mirchi Love (104 MHz). Gyan Vani (104.5 MHz) is an educational FM radio station run under the media co-operation model. In March 2012, Gujarat University started a campus radio service on 90.8 MHz, which was the first of its kind in the state and the fifth in India.The state-owned television broadcaster Doordarshan provides free terrestrial channels, while three multi system operators\u2014InCablenet, Siti Cable and GTPL\u2014provide a mix of Gujarati, Hindi, English, and other regional channels via cable. Telephone services are provided by landline and mobile operators such as Jio, BSNL Mobile, Airtel, and Vodafone Idea."}, {"Context": "Ahmedabad Economy", "Knowledge": "ORG Tata Consultancy Services, ORG Adani Group, ORG Ranchhodlal Chhotalal, LOC Manchester of the East, ORG Arvind Mills, ORG Nirma, ORG Ahmedabad Spinning and Weaving Company Limited, ORG Torrent Pharmaceuticals, ORG Bagicha Mills, ORG Cadila Pharmaceuticals, ORG Suzuki, ORG Ford, ORG Ahmedabad Stock Exchange, ORG Sardar Sarovar, PER Mahatma Gandhi, LOC Ambavadi, ORG Zydus Cadila, ORG Intas Biopharmaceuticals, ORG RBI, ORG Rasna, ORG Calico Mills, ORG Peugeot, LOC India, ORG Cadila Healthcare, ORG Tata, ORG NASSCOM, ORG Wagh Bakri, LOC Ahmedabad, LOC Ahmed", "Response": "The gross domestic product of Ahmedabad was estimated at US$80 billion in 2014. The RBI ranked Ahmedabad as the seventh largest deposit centre and seventh largest credit centre nationwide as of June 2012. In the 19th century, the textile and garments industry received strong capital investment. On 30 May 1861 Ranchhodlal Chhotalal founded the first Indian textile mill, the Ahmedabad Spinning and Weaving Company Limited, followed by the establishment of a series of textile mills such as Calico Mills, Bagicha Mills and Arvind Mills. By 1905 there were about 33 textile mills in the city. The textile industry expanded further at a rapid rate during the First World War, and benefited from the influence of Mahatma Gandhi's Swadeshi movement, which promoted the purchase of Indian-made goods. Ahmedabad was known as the \"Manchester of the East\" for its textile industry. The city is the largest supplier of denim and one of the largest exporters of gemstones and jewellery in India. The automobile industry is also important to the city; after Tata's Nano project, Ford and Suzuki are planning to establish plants near Ahmedabad while the Groundbreaking ceremony for Peugeot has already been performed.The Ahmedabad Stock Exchange, located in the Ambavadi area of the city, is India's second oldest stock exchange. Two of the biggest pharmaceutical companies of India \u2014 Zydus Cadila and Torrent Pharmaceuticals \u2013 are based in the city. The Nirma group of industries, which runs detergent and chemical industrial units, has its corporate headquarters in the city. The city houses the corporate headquarters of the Adani Group, a multinational trading and infrastructure development company. The Sardar Sarovar Project of dams and canals has improved the supply of potable water and electricity for the city. The information technology industry has developed significantly in Ahmedabad, with companies such as Tata Consultancy Services opening offices in the city. A NASSCOM survey in 2002 on the \"Super Nine Indian Destinations\" for IT-enabled services ranked Ahmedabad fifth among the top nine most competitive cities in the country. The city's educational and industrial institutions have attracted students and young skilled workers from the rest of India.\nAhmedabad houses other major Indian corporates such as Cadila Healthcare, Rasna, Wagh Bakri, Nirma, Cadila Pharmaceuticals, and Intas Biopharmaceuticals. Ahmedabad is the second largest cotton textile centre in India after Mumbai and the largest in Gujarat. Many cotton manufacturing units operate in and around Ahmedabad. Textiles are one of the major industries of the city. Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation has acquired land in Sanand taluka of Ahmedabad to set up three new industrial estates."}, {"Context": "Ahmedabad Air", "Knowledge": "LOC Fedara, LOC India, ORG Adani Group, LOC Dholera International Airport, LOC Gandhinagar, ORG Airports Authority of India, LOC Gujarat, LOC Ahmedabad, LOC Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport", "Response": "Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport, 15 km (9.3 mi) from the city centre, provides domestic and international flights for Ahmedabad and the capital Gandhinagar. It is the busiest airport in Gujarat and the seventh-busiest in India in terms of passenger traffic. The Ahmedabad airport was earlier managed by Airports Authority of India and was leased to the city-based Adani Group in November 2020 for operations and maintenance.   The Dholera International Airport is proposed to be built near Fedara. It will be the largest airport in India with a total area of 7,500 hectares."}, {"Context": "Ahmedabad Seaplane", "Knowledge": "LOC Ahmedabad, LOC Statue of Unity, LOC Kevadia, LOC India", "Response": "The first seaplane service in India started between Ahmedabad and the Statue of Unity, Kevadia, on 31 October 2020. The 19-seater plane makes four trips daily between the two destinations."}, {"Context": "Ahmedabad Rail", "Knowledge": "LOC India, LOC Asarva, LOC Sabarmati Junction, LOC Chandlodiya, LOC Kalupur, LOC Gujarat, LOC Ahmedabad, LOC Gandhigram, LOC Maninagar", "Response": "Ahmedabad is one of six operating divisions in the Western Railway zone. Ahmedabad railway station, locally known as Kalupur station, is the main terminus to differentiate it from other suburban railway stations. It is the centre point for railway stations in Gujarat and the Western Railway zone, so many lines begin from here, connecting the city to elsewhere in Gujarat and India. Other main stations are also present, which connect to different cities, such as Sabarmati Junction, Maninagar,\nGandhigram,\nAsarva,\nChandlodiya, etc."}, {"Context": "Ahmedabad Ahmedabad Metro", "Knowledge": "PER Narendra Modi, LOC Ahmedabad Metro, LOC Vastral Gam, LOC Gandhinagar, LOC Ahmedabad, LOC Apparel Park", "Response": "Ahmedabad Metro has been under construction since March 2015.   The first phase of the Ahmedabad metro is 40 km long; 6.5 km is underground and the remaining stretch is elevated. Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated the first section between Vastral Gam and Apparel Park on 4 March 2019 and was opened to public on 6 March 2019. The rest of the Phase-1 was inaugurated on 30 September 2022. The construction of the Phase-2 was started in 2021 connecting Gandhinagar."}, {"Context": "Ahmedabad Road", "Knowledge": "LOC Vadodara, LOC National Highway 48, LOC National Highway, LOC India, LOC Gandhinagar, ORG Gujarat Pollution Control Board, ORG Central Pollution Control Board, LOC New Delhi, LOC Ahmedabad, LOC Mumbai", "Response": "National Highway 48 passes through Ahmedabad and connects it with New Delhi and Mumbai. The National Highway 147 also links Ahmedabad to Gandhinagar. It is connected to Vadodara through National Expressway 1, a 94 km (58 mi)-long expressway with two exits. This expressway is part of the Golden Quadrilateral project.In 2001, Ahmedabad was ranked as the most-polluted city in India out of 85 cities by the Central Pollution Control Board. The Gujarat Pollution Control Board gave auto rickshaw drivers an incentive of \u20b910,000 to convert the fuel of all 37,733 auto rickshaws in Ahmedabad to cleaner-burning compressed natural gas to reduce pollution. As a result, in 2008, Ahmedabad was ranked as 50th most-polluted city in India."}, {"Context": "Ahmedabad Ahmedabad BRTS", "Knowledge": "ORG Ahmedabad BRTS, ORG AMTS, ORG Ahmedabad Janmarg Limited, ORG Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation, LOC Ahmedabad, ORG Ahmedabad Municipal Transport Service", "Response": "Ahmedabad BRTS is a bus rapid transit system in the city. It is operated by Ahmedabad Janmarg Limited, a subsidiary of Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation and others. Inaugurated in October 2009, the network expanded to 89 kilometres (55 mi) by December 2015 with daily ridership of 132,000 passengers. The Ahmedabad Municipal Transport Service (AMTS), maintained by Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation, runs the public bus service in the city. More than 750 AMTS buses serve the city. Ahmedabad BRTS also runs 50 electric buses apart from CNG and diesel busses."}, {"Context": "Ahmedabad AMTS", "Knowledge": "ORG Ahmedabad Municipal Transport Service, ORG Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation", "Response": "Ahmedabad Municipal Transport Service is a public bus service launched on 1 April 1947 and solely operated by Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation. It has a fleet of more than 900 buses as of 2018 covering almost every part of the city."}, {"Context": "Ahmedabad Bike", "Knowledge": "ORG PBS, LOC India, ORG MYBYK, LOC Ahmedabad, ORG BRTS", "Response": "A bicycle renting and sharing service was started in Ahmedabad in 2013 by MYBYK. The project started with 200 bicycles and aimed to provide bicycles for commuting from one BRTS station to another. As of 2021, it had 150 bicycle hubs with a fleet of 6,000 bicycles, making Ahmedabad India's largest public bicycle share (PBS) city."}, {"Context": "Ahmedabad Sports", "Knowledge": "LOC Narendra Modi Stadium, PER Geet Sethi, LOC India, ORG Adani Group, LOC Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Stadium, LOC Transtadia, LOC Arena, LOC Gujarat, ORG Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation, LOC Ahmedabad, LOC Mithakhali Multi Sports Complex, LOC Motera Stadium, ORG Sports Club of Gujarat, LOC Kankaria", "Response": "Cricket is one of the most popular sports in the city. Narendra Modi Stadium, also known as Motera Stadium, originally Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Stadium built in 1982, hosts both one day internationals and test matches. It is the largest stadium in the world by capacity, with a seating capacity of 132,000 spectators. It hosted the 1987, 1996 and 2011 Cricket World Cups. This is the home ground of first-class team Gujarat cricket team, which competes in domestic tournaments. Ahmedabad has a second cricket stadium at the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation's Sports Club of Gujarat.Other popular sports include field hockey, badminton, \ntennis, squash and golf. Ahmedabad has nine golf courses. Mithakhali Multi Sports Complex is being developed by the Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation to promote various indoor sports. Ahmedabad has also hosted national level games for roller skating and table tennis. Kart racing is gaining popularity in the city, with the introduction of a 380 metre long track based on Formula One design concepts.\n\nSabarmati Marathon has been organized every year December\u2013January since 2011; it has categories like a full and half-marathon, a 7 km dream run, a 5 km run for the visually disabled, and a 5 km wheelchair run. In 2007, Ahmedabad hosted the 51st national level shooting games.\nThe 2016 Kabaddi World Cup was held in Ahmedabad at The Arena by Transtadia (a renovated Kankaria football ground).\nGeet Sethi, a five-time winner of the World Professional Billiards Championship and a recipient of India's highest sporting award, the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna, was raised in Ahmedabad.The Adani Ahmedabad Marathon has been organized by the Adani Group every year since 2017; it attracted 8,000 participants in its first edition and also hosted its first virtual marathon in 2020 in compliance with COVID-19 guidelines."}, {"Context": "Ahmedabad Heritage", "Knowledge": "LOC Ahmedabad, LOC Darwaza Manek Burj, LOC Ahmedabad Bhadra Fort", "Response": "Gates of Ahmedabad\nPols in Ahmedabad\nBhadra Fort\nTeen Darwaza\nManek Burj"}, {"Context": "Ahmedabad Mosques and tombs", "Knowledge": "LOC Qutub - e - Alam, LOC Jama Mosque, PER Sardar Khan, LOC Usman, PER Rani Rupamati, PER Miya, PER Muazzam Khan, PER Malik Isan, LOC - e - Alam, LOC Khan Chishti, PER Saiyad, PER Dariya Khan, LOC Roza, PER Haibat, PER Mohammed, LOC Rani no Hajiro Qutbuddin Mosque, PER Sarkhej Roza Ahmed Shah, PER Ahmad Shah, LOC Rani Sipri, LOC Baba Lului, PER Wajihuddin, LOC Khan, LOC Roza Muhafiz Khan, PER Shah, PER Azam, LOC Sidi Saiyyed Mosque, PER Dastur Khan, LOC Ghous, LOC Sidi Bashir, LOC Achut Bibi", "Response": "Sidi Bashir Mosque-Shaking Minarets\nSidi Saiyyed Mosque\nSarkhej Roza\nAhmed Shah's Mosque\nHaibat Khan's Mosque\nJama Mosque\nAhmad Shah's Tomb\nRani no Hajiro\nQutbuddin Mosque\nSaiyad Usman Mosque\nDastur Khan's Mosque\nMiya Khan Chishti's Mosque\nAchut Bibi's Mosque\nDariya Khan's Tomb\nAzam and Muazzam Khan's Tomb\nQutub-e-Alam's Mosque\nShah-e-Alam's Roza\nMuhafiz Khan Mosque\nRani Rupamati's Mosque\nRani Sipri's Mosque\nMalik Isan's Mosque\nMohammed Ghous Mosque\nBaba Lului's Mosque\nWajihuddin's Tomb\nSardar Khan's Roza"}, {"Context": "Ahmedabad Museums", "Knowledge": "LOC Calico Museum of Textiles Lalbhai Dalpatbhai Museum, LOC Gujarat", "Response": "Calico Museum of Textiles\nLalbhai Dalpatbhai Museum\nGujarat Science City\nAuto World Vintage Car Museum"}, {"Context": "Ahmedabad Stepwells", "Knowledge": "PER Harir Stepwell, PER Adalaj Stepwell, PER Amritavarshini Vav, PER Dada, PER Stepwell, PER Mata Bhavani", "Response": "Mata Bhavani's Stepwell\nDada Harir Stepwell\nAdalaj Stepwell\nAmritavarshini Vav"}, {"Context": "Ahmedabad Temples", "Knowledge": "LOC Ashram Road Hutheesing Jain Temple, LOC Teen Darwaja Isckon Temple, LOC Shree Jagannath Mandir, LOC Kalupur Vaishno Devi Mandir, LOC Kalupur, LOC BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, ORG Swaminarayan, LOC SG Highway, LOC Jamalpur Bhadrakali temple, LOC Shahibaug Road Someshwar Mahadev Temple", "Response": "BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir - Shahibaug Road\nSomeshwar Mahadev Temple - Ashram Road\nHutheesing Jain Temple\nShree Swaminarayan Mandir Kalupur - Kalupur\nVaishno Devi Mandir - SG Highway\nShree Jagannath Mandir - Jamalpur\nBhadrakali temple - Teen Darwaja\nIsckon Temple - SG Highway"}, {"Context": "Ahmedabad Others", "Knowledge": "LOC Shahibaug Sabarmati Ashram Sabarmati, LOC Gujari, LOC Mercado Ravivar, LOC Kankaria Lake Nalsarovar Bird Sanctuary Indroda Dinosaur, LOC Park", "Response": "Shahibaug\nSabarmati Ashram\nSabarmati Riverfront\nKankaria Lake\nNalsarovar Bird Sanctuary\nIndroda Dinosaur and Fossil Park\nMercado Ravivar (Gujari)"}, {"Context": "Ahmedabad Notable people", "Knowledge": "PER Jasprit Bumrah, ORG Adani Group, PER Ali Sher Bengali, PER Gautam Adani, PER Narhari Parikh, PER Vikram Sarabhai, PER Mallika Sarabhai", "Response": "Gautam Adani (born 1962),  chairman and founder of the Adani Group\nAli Sher Bengali (died 1570s), Islamic scholar and author\nJasprit Bumrah (born 1993), cricketer\nNarhari Parikh (born 1891, died 1957), writer, activist, and social reformer\nMallika Sarabhai (born 1953), dancer, actor, and activist\nVikram Sarabhai (born 1919, died 1971), physicist and astronomer"}, {"Context": "Ahmedabad International relations", "Knowledge": "LOC Guangzhou, LOC Guangdong, LOC Russia, LOC Ohio, LOC Columbus, LOC Valladolid, LOC Hy\u014dgo Prefecture, LOC Kobe, LOC New Jersey, LOC Spain, LOC China, LOC Japan, LOC Jersey City, LOC Castile and Le\u00f3n, LOC Astrakhan, LOC Astrakhan Oblast, LOC United States", "Response": "Sister cities Astrakhan, Astrakhan Oblast, Russia\n Columbus, Ohio, United States (2008) \n Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (September 2014)\n Jersey City, New Jersey, United States (1994) \n Kobe, Hy\u014dgo Prefecture, Japan (2019)\n Valladolid, Castile and Le\u00f3n, Spain (2019)"}, {"Context": "Aizawl Introduction", "Knowledge": "LOC Aizawl, LOC India, LOC Mizoram", "Response": "Aizawl (English:  ; Mizo: [\u02c8\u028c\u026a\u032f.\u02c8z\u0254\u02d0l] (listen)) is the capital of the state of Mizoram in India. Aizawl was officially established on 25 February 1890. With a population of 293,416, it is the largest city in the state. It is also the centre of administration containing all the important government offices, state assembly house and civil secretariat. The population of Aizawl strongly reflects the different communities of the ethnic Mizo people."}, {"Context": "Aizawl History", "Knowledge": "PER Loch, LOC Aizawl, ORG MNF, PER Khalkom, LOC Lunglei, ORG Assam Police, LOC Reiek, LOC Silchar, ORG Indian Air Force, PER Dally, LOC Mizo, LOC Sairang, LOC Mizoram, ORG Mizo National Front, PER Suakpuilala, PER Skinner", "Response": "In 1871\u201372, the disorderly conduct of Khalkom, a Mizo chief, compelled the British to establish an outpost that later became the Aizawl village.\nThe post had been established by Suakpuilala, the Chief of Reiek and it was only 14 kilometres from Sairang from where one could travel by flat bottomed boat. In 1890, officer Dally of the Assam Police and his 400 men arrived at Aizawl to support Colonel Skinner's troops during a British military operation against the Mizo tribals. On Dally's recommendation, Aizawl was selected as the site of a fortified post that Colonel Skinner had been ordered to construct. The troops constructed stockades and buildings at the site. In 1892-95 Aizawl became accessible from Silchar by fair weather road under the supervision of Major Loch.The Indian Air Force carried out air strikes on the town during the March 1966 Mizo National Front uprising, following which the MNF withdrew to Lunglei. Until 1966, Aizawl was a large village but the regrouping of Mizo villages after the uprising made it become a larger town and then a city. Aizawl has become the centre of road network in Mizoram connecting the north and south, east and west. More than 25% of the Mizoram population reside in Aizawl."}, {"Context": "Aizawl Geography", "Knowledge": "LOC Tlawng, LOC Aizawl, LOC Tuirial, LOC Tropic of Cancer, LOC Mizoram", "Response": "Aizawl is located in north of the Tropic of Cancer in the northern part of Mizoram. It is situated on a ridge 1,132 metres (3715 ft) above sea level, with the Tlawng river valley to its west and the Tuirial river valley to its east."}, {"Context": "Aizawl Civic Administration", "Knowledge": "LOC Aizawl, ORG Congress - ZNP, ORG AMC, ORG Ward Committee, LOC Mizoram, ORG Aizawl Municipal Council", "Response": "The Aizawl Municipal Council is the authority of civic administration of Aizawl city. It was formed in 2010 with 19 Members when the Congress-ZNP party coalition was voted to power in the state legislative assembly. The AMC office is being administered by one council Chairman, Vice-Chairman and three executive members. It consists of 19 elected members representing 19 wards of the city and others appointed by the Governor of Mizoram. One-third of the total membership is reserved for women, these six seats shall be rotated after every five years. The tenure of the council is five years. There is a Ward Committee in every ward that consists of a Chairman, who is an elected councillor from that ward, and two members each from all the local council within the ward. There are 78 local councils having a term of five years."}, {"Context": "Aizawl Demographics", "Knowledge": "LOC Aizawl, ORG Baptists, ORG United Pentecostal Church, LOC North India, ORG Seventh - day Adventists, ORG Salvation Army, LOC Nepal", "Response": "As of 1910, there were 777 army personnel in Aizawl from different parts of North India as well as Nepal. The Gurkha's among the soldiers eventually settled in Aizawl.As of the 2011 Census of India, Aizawl had a population of 293,416. Females constitute 50.61% of the population and males made up the remaining 49.39%. Mizos from various tribes make up the majority of the population. Christianity forms majority of the city population about 93.63%. Other minority religions are Hinduism 4.14, Islam 1.52, Buddhism 0.45, Others 0.09%, Sikhism 0.03% and Jainism 0.02%. 0.11% peoples did not state their religion. Presbyterians make up the majority of the population. However, there are also significant numbers of the Salvation Army, Baptists, Seventh-day Adventists, United Pentecostal Church and Roman Catholics in the city. There are also some cultural based Christian sects. Hinduism and Islam are also represented in very small numbers in the city population."}, {"Context": "Aizawl Climate", "Knowledge": "LOC Aizawl", "Response": "Aizawl has a mild, sub-tropical climate due to its location and elevation. Under the K\u00f6ppen climate classification, Aizawl features a humid subtropical climate (Cwa). In summer, temperatures are moderately warm, averaging around 20\u201330 \u00b0C (68\u201386 \u00b0F). In winter, daytime temperatures are cooler in comparison to the rest of the year, averaging around 11\u201321 \u00b0C (52\u201370 \u00b0F). Rainfall is mostly concentrated between April and October, with the heaviest rainfall occurring in May, July, August and September. The remainder of the year is notably drier."}, {"Context": "Aizawl Economy", "Knowledge": "LOC Chawlhna Hotel, LOC Aizawl, LOC Zarkawt, LOC Tourist Lodge, LOC Ritz Hotel, LOC Hotel Ahimsa, LOC Hotel Regency, LOC Hotel Sangchia, LOC Dawrpui, LOC Chaltlang, LOC Mizoram, LOC Riakmaw Inn, LOC Hotel Floria, LOC Hotel Grand, LOC Canteen Kual", "Response": "The economy of Aizawl is basically sustained by government services as it is capital of Mizoram. The major banks are also located within Aizawl.\nA 3-star category hotel, Hotel Regency, has recently been inaugurated at Zarkawt, a central location within the city. It provides a much-needed hospitality service for tourists and business visitors to Aizawl. There are several other hotels apart from Hotel Regency. Those include - Hotel Sangchia located in Zarkawt, Hotel Grand located in Zarkawt, Hotel Floria located in Dawrpui, Ritz Hotel located in Canteen Kual, Tourist Lodge located in Chaltlang, Chawlhna Hotel located in Zarkawt, Riakmaw Inn located in Zarkawt, Hotel Ahimsa located in Zarkawt, and other numerous affordable hotels."}, {"Context": "Aizawl Air", "Knowledge": "LOC Delhi, LOC Champhai, LOC Kolasib, ORG IndiGo, ORG Go First, LOC Lengpui Airport, ORG Air India, PER Pawan Hans, LOC Hnahthial, LOC Ngopa, LOC Khawzawl, LOC Agartala, LOC Kolkata, LOC Saiha, LOC Aizawl, LOC Guwahati, LOC Chawngte, LOC Shillong, LOC Imphal, LOC Lunglei, LOC Lawngtlai, LOC Serchhip", "Response": "Aizawl is connected by air transport through Lengpui Airport which it is situated near Aizawl. The airport provides connectivity to Kolkata, Delhi, Guwahati, Agartala, Shillong and Imphal, operated by Air India, Go First and IndiGo. A helicopter service by Pawan Hans was started in 2012 and connects the city with Lunglei, Lawngtlai, Saiha, Chawngte, Serchhip, Champhai, Kolasib, Khawzawl, Ngopa and Hnahthial."}, {"Context": "Aizawl Rail", "Knowledge": "LOC Aizawl, LOC Zemabawk, LOC Bairabi, LOC Sairang, LOC Mizoram, LOC Bairabi Sairang Railway, LOC Kulikawn", "Response": "Mizoram is connected by railroad up to Bairabi, there are plans to connect Bairabi with Sairang with broad gauge railway track, near Aizawl. The government has also started a broad gauge Bairabi Sairang Railway connection for better connectivity in the state. There is also the plan for 5 km long Aizawl Monorail running between Zemabawk to Kulikawn."}, {"Context": "Aizawl Road", "Knowledge": "LOC National, LOC Aizawl, LOC Imphal, LOC Silchar, LOC Agartala", "Response": "Aizawl is connected by road with Silchar through National Highway 540, with Agartala through National Highway 40 and with Imphal through National Highway 150. The yellow-and-white taxis are widely available; Maruti cars are most widely used. Privately owned blue-and-white mini buses are on regular service as city buses.. For local conveyance 2 wheeler taxi are also available."}, {"Context": "Aizawl Media", "Knowledge": "LOC Aizawl, ORG FM Zoawi, ORG All India Radio", "Response": "Newspaper: The major media in Aizawl in Mizo and English Language are:\n\nRadio:\nAll India Radio also has a studio that host programmes at scheduled hours. FM Zoawi is a popular radio station in Aizawl."}, {"Context": "Aizawl Education", "Knowledge": "ORG Aizawl, LOC Zembawk, ORG Mount Carmel School, ORG St. Paul ' s Higher Secondary School, ORG Synod, ORG Baptist Church of Mizoram, ORG St. Mary ' s School, ORG Mary Mount School, ORG Presbyterian Church of India, ORG St. Lawrence School, ORG Kendriya Vidyalaya, ORG Home Missions School, ORG Oikos Higher Secondary School, PER Helen Lowry, ORG Seventh - day Adventists, ORG Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan", "Response": "There are both state and private schools. Parochial schools are run by the Baptist Church of Mizoram, the Presbyterian Church of India (Synod), several Roman Catholic (St. Paul's Higher Secondary School, Mary Mount School, St. Lawrence School, St. Mary's School) religious orders and the Seventh-day Adventists (Helen Lowry). Kendriya Vidyalaya, Aizawl, is another school run by the Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan, the school situated close to Zembawk. Other schools include Home Missions School, Mount Carmel School, Oikos Higher Secondary School."}, {"Context": "Aizawl Tertiary", "Knowledge": "ORG Tech, ORG Pachhunga University College, LOC Durtlang, ORG Indian Institute of Mass Communication, ORG Government Aizawl North College, ORG ICFAI University, ORG Aizawl College, LOC Chanmari, ORG Hrangbana College, ORG Aizawl West College, ORG National Institute of Technology Mizoram, ORG Zoram Medical College, ORG Mizoram University, ORG B, LOC Mizoram, LOC Aizawl, LOC Falkawn, ORG J. Thankima College, ORG Mizoram Law College, LOC Aizawl City", "Response": "Pachhunga University College was among the earliest colleges founded in 1958. Aizawl College, the second oldest college in Aizawl City was established in the year 1975. Hrangbana College was established in 1980, located in Chanmari, Aizawl, it has 57 teaching staffs with 22 non-teaching staffs and more than 2,000 students in commerce and arts departments. Mizoram University established in 2001 provides affiliation to all the colleges in Mizoram. Mizoram University also provides post-graduate education as well as B.Tech education and other departments. ICFAI University, Mizoram located in Durtlang, Aizawl West College, Government Aizawl North College, J. Thankima College also provides undergraduate courses. Mizoram Law College provides education to people who seek profession in Law. Indian Institute of Mass Communication and National Institute of Technology Mizoram has already started operations. Zoram Medical College is inaugurated on 7 August 2018 in Falkawn."}, {"Context": "Aizawl Sports", "Knowledge": "LOC Hawla Indoor Stadium, LOC Mualpui, LOC Aizawl, LOC India, LOC Rajiv Gandhi Stadium Mualpui, LOC Lammual, LOC Mizoram", "Response": "Football is the most popular sport in Mizoram with a number of footballers playing in national leagues in different parts of India. Some of the more important playing facilities in Aizawl are:\n\nRajiv Gandhi Stadium Mualpui, with a seating capacity of 20,000, is currently being constructed at Mualpui, Aizawl.\nHawla Indoor Stadium is the largest indoor stadium with basketball, badminton and boxing facilities.\nLammual stadium is a single tier stadium. The stadium under construction will have a seating capacity of about 5,000 spectators.Aizawl hosted the third edition of Xchange North East Youth NGO summit from October 3 to 5, 2018."}, {"Context": "Ajmer Introduction", "Knowledge": "LOC Ajayameru, LOC Rajasthan, ORG Government of India, LOC Ajmer, LOC Invincible Hills, LOC Aravalli Mountains, PER Ajayaraja II, PER Chahamana, LOC Ajmer District, PER Ajayaraja I", "Response": "Ajmer pronounced [\u0259d\u0292me\u02d0r] (listen) is one of the major and oldest cities in the Indian state of Rajasthan and the centre of the eponymous Ajmer District. It is located at the centre of Rajasthan.  It is also known as heart of Rajasthan. The city was established as \"Ajayameru\" (translated as \"Invincible Hills\") by a Chahamana ruler, either Ajayaraja I or Ajayaraja II, and served as their capital until the 12th century CE.Ajmer is surrounded by the Aravalli Mountains. Ajmer has been a municipality since 1869. Ajmer has been selected as one of the heritage cities for the HRIDAY and Smart City Mission schemes of the Government of India."}, {"Context": "Ajmer History", "Knowledge": "PER Dasharatha Sharma, LOC Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra, PER Akbar, PER Ajayameru, PER Dara Shikoh, PER R. B. Singh, LOC Ajmer, LOC Pattavali, LOC Ana Sagar, PER Moinuddin Chishti, LOC Mughal Empire, LOC Ajayameru, PER Singh, PER Ajayadeva, LOC Dhara, PER Vigraharaja IV, LOC Shakambhari, PER Jahanara Begum, LOC Prabandha - Kosha, LOC Taragarh, LOC Chahamana, PER Ajaydeva, PER Ajayaraja II, LOC Ajmer Subah, PER Shah Jahan, PER Ajayaraja I", "Response": "Ajmer was originally known as Ajayameru. The city was founded by an 11th-century Chahamana king Ajaydeva. Historian Dasharatha Sharma notes that the earliest mention of the city's name occurs in Palha's Pattavali, which was copied in 1113 CE (1170 VS) at Dhara. This suggests that Ajmer was founded sometime before 1113 CE. A prashasti (eulogistic inscription), issued by Vigraharaja IV and found at Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra (Sanskrit college), states Ajayadeva (that is Ajayaraja II) moved his residence to Ajmer.A later text Prabandha-Kosha states that it was the 8th-century king Ajayaraja I who commissioned the Ajayameru fort, which later came to be known as the Taragarh fort of Ajmer. According to historian R. B. Singh, this claim appears to be true, as inscriptions dated to the 8th century CE have been found at Ajmer. Singh theorizes that Ajayaraja II later expanded the town area, constructed palaces, and moved the Chahamana capital from Shakambhari to Ajmer.In 1193, Ajmer was annexed by the Ghurids and later was returned to Rajput rulers under condition of tribute.In 1556, Ajmer came under the Mughal Empire after being conquered by Mughal Emperor Akbar. It was made the capital of the eponymous Ajmer Subah. The city enjoyed special favour under the Mughals, who made frequent pilgrimages to the city to visit the dargah of Moinuddin Chishti. The city was also used as a military base for campaigns against Rajput rulers, and on a number of occasions became the site of celebration when a campaign bore success. Mughal Emperors and their nobles made generous donations to the city, and endowed it with constructions such as Akbar's palace and pavilions along the Ana Sagar. Their most prominent building activities were in the dargah and its vicinity. Jahanara Begum and Dara Shikoh, children of Shah Jahan, were both born in the city in 1614 and 1615 respectively.Mughal patronage of the city had waned by the beginning of the 18th century. In 1771, the Scindias conquered the city, and in 1818, the British gained authority over the city. A municipality was established at Ajmer in 1866. Colonial-era Ajmer served as the headquarters of the Ajmer-Merwara Province and possessed a Central jail, a large General Hospital, and two smaller hospitals according to Gazetteer, 1908. It was the headquarters of a native regiment and of a Railway Volunteer corps. From the 1900s, the United Free Church of Scotland, the church of England, the Roman Catholics, and the American Episcopal Methodists have mission establishments here. At that time there were twelve printing presses in the city, from which eight weekly newspapers were published.At the time of India's independence in 1947, Ajmer continued as a separate state with its own legislature until its merger with erstwhile Rajputana province then called Rajasthan. The Legislature of Ajmer State was housed in the building which now houses T. T. College. It had 30 MLAs, and Haribhau Upadhyay was the first chief minister of the erstwhile state, with Bhagirath Chaudhary as the first Vidhan Sabha speaker. In 1956, after acceptance of the proposal by Fazil Ali, Ajmer was merged into Rajasthan to form Ajmer District with the addition of Kishangarh sub-division of Jaipur district.url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_Rajasthan/tosMAQAAMAAJ |page=1166}}</ref> Colonial-era Ajmer served as the headquarters of the Ajmer-Merwara Province and possessed a Central jail, a large General Hospital, and two smaller hospitals according to Gazetteer, 1908. It was the headquarters of a native regiment and of a Railway Volunteer corps. From the 1900s, the United Free Church of Scotland, the church of England, the Roman Catholics, and the American Episcopal Methodists have mission establishments here. At that time there were twelve printing presses in the city, from which eight weekly newspapers were published."}, {"Context": "Ajmer Other Names", "Knowledge": "PER Zaverchand Meghani", "Response": "A Gujarati historic Novel named Gujaratno Jay written by Zaverchand Meghani, based on various Jain Prabandhas, describes the city as sap\u0101dalak\u1e63a\u1e47a (\u0ab8\u0aaa\u0abe\u0aa6\u0ab2\u0a95\u0acd\u0ab7\u0aa3)."}, {"Context": "Ajmer Geography", "Knowledge": "LOC Nagapathar Range, LOC Aravali Mountain, LOC India, LOC Ajmer, LOC Aravali Mountains, LOC Taragarh Hill, LOC Thar Desert", "Response": "Ajmer is in the northwest of India and is surrounded by the Aravali Mountains. It is situated on the lower slopes of the Taragarh Hill of that range. To the northwest is the Nagapathar Range of the Aravali Mountain Ranges which protects it from desertification from the Thar Desert."}, {"Context": "Ajmer Climate", "Knowledge": "LOC Ajmer", "Response": "Ajmer has a hot, semi-arid climate with over 55 centimetres (22 inches) of rain every year, but most of the rain occurs in the monsoon months, between June and September. Temperatures remain relatively high throughout the year, with the summer months of April to early July having an average daily temperature of about 30 \u00b0C (86 \u00b0F). During the monsoon there is frequent heavy rain and thunderstorms, but flooding is not a common occurrence. The winter months of November to February are mild and temperate with average temperatures ranging from 15\u201318 \u00b0C (59\u201364 \u00b0F) with little or no humidity. There are, however, occasional cold weather fronts that cause temperatures to fall to near freezing levels."}, {"Context": "Ajmer Air", "Knowledge": "LOC Indore, LOC Delhi, ORG SpiceJet, LOC Mumbai, ORG Star Air, LOC Ajmer, ORG AAI, LOC Hyderabad, LOC Surat, LOC Jaipur International Airport, ORG Airport Authority of India, LOC Rajasthan, PER Vasundhara Raje, LOC Ajmer Airport, PER Manmohan Singh, LOC India, LOC Kishangarh Airport, PER Jayant Sinha, LOC Ahmedabad, ORG Civil Aviation", "Response": "The Kishangarh Airport is the nearest airport. It is 25 km from Ajmer city. The Ajmer Airport ground breaking ceremony was done by then Prime Minister of India Dr. Manmohan Singh in 2012. The airport was finally completed and inaugurated by then Union Minister of State for Civil Aviation Jayant Sinha and Chief Minister Vasundhara Raje on 11 October 2017. The Airport is operational since then and regular flights to/from Delhi, Mumbai, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad, Indore and Surat are currently available. The airport is now amongst main and busy airports of Rajasthan. Currently SpiceJet and Star Air operate from Ajmer Airport on daily basis. Kishangarh Airport, Ajmer is being managed and operated  by Airport Authority of India (AAI).\nThe Jaipur International Airport which is 135 km from Ajmer is the nearest International Airport."}, {"Context": "Ajmer Rail", "Knowledge": "LOC Ajmer Junction", "Response": "The Ajmer Junction is the main railway station situated in the city. and was built during colonial times."}, {"Context": "Ajmer Tourism", "Knowledge": "PER Akbar, ORG Nizam, PER Padma Pur\u0101\u0146a, LOC Taragarh Hill, PER Ganj Shahldan, LOC Pushkar Lake, LOC Nur - chashma, PER William Bentinck, LOC Ajmer, LOC Lord Brahma Temple, LOC Hyderabad, PER Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti, LOC Brahma Temple, PER Saiyid Husain, LOC Akbari Mosque, PER Brahm\u0101, LOC Rajasthan, PER Ajaypal Chauhan, LOC Nasirabad, LOC Pushkar, LOC India, LOC Taragarh hill, PER Maldeo Rathor, LOC Ajmer Sharif Dargah, LOC Taragarh, LOC Taragarh Fort, PER Chauhan, PER Shah Jahan, LOC Agra", "Response": "Pushkar:  Located few kilometres from Ajmer, is an important tourist and pilgrimage destination and a satellite town of Ajmer city. It is famous for Pushkar Lake and the 14th century Brahma Temple at Pushkar, dedicated to Brahm\u0101, according to the Padma Pur\u0101\u0146a, Pushkar is important pilgrimage site for Lord Brahm\u0101. Around the world, Lord Brahma Temple is only situated at Pushkar Lake, Rajasthan, India.\nTaragarh Fort: It is reputed to be the oldest hill fort in India. It stands, with precipitous surroundings, at a height of 2,855 ft. above sea-level, and between 1,300 and 1,400 ft. above the valley at its base; and it is partially enclosed by a wall some 20 feet thick and as many high, built of huge blocks of stone, cut and squared and are about two miles (3 km) in circumference. This hill fort guarding Ajmer, was the seat of the Chauhan rulers. It was built by King Ajaypal Chauhan on the summit of Taragarh Hill and overlooks Ajmer. The battlements run along the top of the hill. When it fell to the British Raj, the fort was dismantled on the orders of Lord William Bentinck in 1832 and was converted into a sanatorium for the British troops stationed at the garrison town of Nasirabad.  Within it stands the shrine of a Muhammadan saint, Saiyid Husain, known as the Ganj Shahldan.In the older city, lying in the valley beneath the Taragarh hill and now abandoned, the Nur-chashma, a garden-house used by the Mughals, still remains, as also a water-lift commenced by Maldeo Rathor, to raise water to the Taragarh citadel.\nAjmer Sharif Dargah: It is a shrine of Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti which is situated at the foot of the Taragarh hill, and consists of several white marble buildings arranged around two courtyards, including a massive gate donated by the Nizam of Hyderabad, and the Akbari Mosque, built by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan and containing the domed tomb of the saint. Akbar and his queen used to come here by foot every year on pilgrimage from Agra in observance of a vow when he prayed for a son. The large pillars called \"Kose ('Mile') Minars\" (Kos Minar), erected at intervals of about two miles (3 km) along the entire way between Agra and Ajmer mark the places where the royal pilgrims halted every day, they are also seen today, one such is near private bus station in Ajmer City. About 125,000 pilgrims visit the site every day. The Urs of Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti is celebrated every year on the 6th and 7th of Rajab.\nAdhai Din Ka Jhonpra: Literally meaning \"shed of two-and-a-half days\", it is an ASI protected monument near Ajmer Sharif Dargah and a converted mosque built after the partial destruction of earlier Hindu and Jain temples there on orders of Muhammad Ghori after he defeated Prithviraj Chauhan at  the second battle of Tarain.\nMayo College: The college was founded in 1875 at the suggestion of Lord Mayo as a college where the sons of chiefs and nobles might receive an education to fit them for their high positions and important duties. It was known as \"Indian Eton\", as a number of Indian princes studied in this college. The main building, in white marble, is a classic example of Indo-Saracenic architecture. In front of the college is memorial marble statue of Lord Mayo.  The boarding-houses are arranged in the form of a horseshoe, with the college in the centre of the base. Some of the Native States built boarding-houses, while the Government of India presented the college park, comprising 167 acres and formerly the site of the old Residency, and erected the main building, the residences of the principal and vice-principal, and the Ajmer boarding- house. It provided the salaries of the English staff. The foundation-stone of the college was laid in 1878, and the building was opened by the Marquis of Dufferin in 1885. John Lockwood Kipling, father of Nobel Laureate, Rudyard Kipling, had been principal of Mayo College.\nSoni Ji Ki Nasiyaan: It is architecturally rich Jain temple built in the late nineteenth century whose main chamber Swarna Nagari \"City of Gold\", has prominent depiction of Ayodhya made from 1000 kg of gold.\nAkbari Fort & Museum: The city's museum was once the residence of Prince Sal\u012bm, the son of the Emperor Akbar, and presently houses a collection of Mughal and Rajput armour and sculpture. This is a magnificent example of Mughal architecture, construction of which was commissioned by Akbar in 1570. This is where Salim, as the Emperor Jahangir, read out the firman permitting the British East India Company to trade with India. It is a massive square building, with lofty octagonal bastions at each corner. It was the headquarters of the administration in their time and in that of the Marathas. It was here that the emperors appeared in state, and that, as recorded by Sir Thomas Roe, criminals were publicly executed. The interior was used as a magazine during the British occupation until 1857; and the central building, used as a tahsil office. With the fort, the outer city walls, of the same period, are connected. These surround the city and are pierced by the Delhi, Madar, Usri, Agra, and Tirpolia gates.\nNareli Jain Temple: is a Jain temple complex of fourteen temples recently built. It is known for its architecture and intricate stone carvings which gives it both a traditional and contemporary look.\nAna Sagar Lake: This is an historic man-made lake built by Maharaja Anaji (1135\u20131150 CE). By the lake is the Daulat Bagh, a garden laid out by Emperor Jahangir. Emperor Shah Jahan later added five pavilions, known as the Baradari, between the garden and the lake embankment of the Ana Sagar supports the beautiful marble pavilions erected as pleasure-houses by Shah Jahan. The embankment, moreover, contains the - site of the former hammam (bath-room). Three of the five pavilions were at one time formed into residences for British officials, while the embankment was covered with office buildings and enclosed by gardens. The houses and enclosures were finally removed in 1900\u20131902, when the two south pavilions were re-erected, the marble parapet completed, and the embankment restored, as far as practicable, to its early condition.The Baradari has since been closed for the public because of increased crowd and pollution caused by people.A new garden called Subhash Udhyan has been opened in the recent years in place of Baradari.\nLake Foy Sagar: It is a picturesque artificial lake that was created as a famine relief project in 1892 some 3 miles to the west of the city. It offers excellent views of Aravali mountains range as well migrating birds. The city used to derive its water-supply from it during colonial times. The water was conveyed into the city and suburbs through pipes which were laid underground. The capacity of the lake is 150,000,000 cubic feet.\nPrithviraj Smark: Prithviraj Smark is dedicated to Prithviraj Chauhan. It is located on the way to Taragarh Fort. This place has a life-size statue of King Prithviraj Chauhan mounted on a horse.\nTomb of Khwaja Husain Ajmeri: Khwaja Husain Ajmeri also known as Shaikh Husain Ajmeri, he was a Grandson of Khwaja Moinuddin Chishty of Ajmer from the line of Khwaja Fakhruddin's son Khwaja Husamuddin Jigar Sokhta, he was SajjadaNasheen and Mutwalli of Ajmer Dargah before and during the time of Emperor Akbar and Emperor Jahangir, his tomb is situated near the Sola Khamba (Tomb of Khwaja Alauddin another grandson of Khwaja Moinuddin Chishty of Ajmer), Behind Shahjahani Mosque Dargar Sharif Ajmer, he died sometime between the year 1619 and 1620. his tomb was built in the year 1637\u201338.\nManibandh : Also known as Chamunda Mata Mandir is one among the 108 Shakti Pitha at Gayatri hills near Pushkar, 11 km from Ajmer. It takes 14 minutes to travel from Pushkar Lake to Chamunda Mata Mandir (about 5\u20136 km)"}, {"Context": "Ajmer Education", "Knowledge": "ORG Mayo College, ORG CBSE", "Response": "The city has many schools and colleges. Among them, Mayo College is a prominent college. The regional office of CBSE is located here."}, {"Context": "Ajmer Demographics", "Knowledge": "LOC Ajmer", "Response": "According to the 2011 census, Ajmer had a population of 542,321 in the city, 551,101 including its suburbs.The female to male ratio in the city was 947/1,000. The literacy rate in the city was 86.52%, male literacy being 92.08% and female literacy being 80.69%.Ajmer's population growth in the decade was 18.48%; this compares to a growth figure of 20.93% in the previous decade."}, {"Context": "Ajmer Villages", "Knowledge": "LOC Ashok Nagar Ajmer, LOC Rajasthan, LOC Ajmer, LOC Srinagar, LOC Ajaysar Village", "Response": "Ajaysar Village, Rajasthan, located in Srinagar block of Ajmer district\nAshok Nagar Ajmer (1989), colony"}, {"Context": "Ajmer Bibliography", "Knowledge": "PER Dasharatha Sharma, PER R. B. Singh, ORG Millat Book Centre, ORG Motilal Banarsidass, PER W. D. Begg, LOC Delhi, LOC Ch\u0101ham\u0101nas, PER Har Bilas Sarda, PER Hazrat Khwaja Muinuddin Chishti, PER S. Chand, PER N. Kishore", "Response": "Dasharatha Sharma (1959). Early Chauh\u0101n Dynasties. S. Chand / Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 9780842606189.\nHar Bilas Sarda (1911). \"Adhai-Din-ka-Jhonpra\" (PDF). Ajmer: Historical and Descriptive. Scottish Mission.\nR. B. Singh (1964). History of the Ch\u0101ham\u0101nas. N. Kishore. OCLC 11038728.\nW.D. Begg: The Holy Biography of Hazrat Khwaja Muinuddin Chishti (Millat Book Centre, Delhi, 1999).\nAjmer The Imperial Gazetteer of India, 1909, v. 5, p. 137-146."}, {"Context": "Alappuzha Introduction", "Knowledge": "LOC Venetian Capital, LOC South, LOC Alappuzha, LOC Travancore, PER George Curzon, ORG Coir Board, LOC North, LOC Cochin, LOC Alleppey, ORG Central Government, LOC Kollam, ORG Central Coir Research Institute, LOC Laccadive Sea, LOC Kerala, LOC Kumarakom, LOC Kalavoor, LOC India, LOC Kochi, ORG Centre for Science and Environment, LOC Punnamada Lake, LOC Diwan, LOC Punnapra, ORG Coir Industry, LOC Thiruvananthapuram", "Response": "Alappuzha or Alleppey (Malayalam: [\u0250\u02d0l\u0250p\u02d0u\u027b\u0250] (listen)) is the administrative headquarters of Alappuzha district in state of Kerala, India. The Backwaters of Alappuzha  are one of the most popular tourist attractions in India which attracts millions of domestic and international tourists.Alleppey is a city and a municipality in Kerala with an urban population of 174,164 and ranks third among the districts in literacy rate in the state. In 2016, the Centre for Science and Environment rated Alappuzha as the cleanest town in India. Alappuzha is considered to be the oldest planned city in this region and the lighthouse built on the coast of the city is the first of its kind along the Laccadive Sea coast.The city is 55 km from Kochi and 155 km north of Thiruvananthapuram. A town with canals, backwaters, beaches, and lagoons, Alappuzha was described by George Curzon, Viceroy of India at the start of the 20th century, as the \"Venice of the East.\" Hence, it is known as the \"Venetian Capital\" of Kerala.\nIt is an important tourist destination in India.  It connects Kumarakom and Cochin to the North and Kollam to the South. It is also the access point for the annual Nehru Trophy Boat Race, held on the Punnamada Lake, near Alappuzha, on the second Saturday of August every year. This is amongst the most popular and competitive boat races in India.Alappuzha was home to the Punnapra-Vayalar uprising against the Separate American Model independent Travancore proposal and also the revolt against the Feudal raj. Over 200 Communist party members were killed by the army of the Diwan at Punnapra. Coir is the most important commodity manufactured in Alappuzha. The Coir Board was established by the Central Government under the provisions of the Coir Industry Act, 1955. A Central Coir Research Institute is located at Kalavoor."}, {"Context": "Alappuzha Etymology", "Knowledge": "LOC Kozhencherry, LOC Kanayannur, LOC Pathanamthitta, LOC Karunagappally, LOC Alappuzha, LOC Changanassery, LOC Karthikappally, LOC Kunnathur, LOC Chengannur, LOC Thiruvalla, LOC Ernakulam, LOC Ambalappuzha, LOC Kollam, LOC Laccadive Sea, LOC Cherthala, LOC Mavelikkara, LOC Kochi, LOC Vaikom, LOC Kuttanad, LOC Kottayam", "Response": "Carved out of the erstwhile Kottayam and Kollam districts,  Alappuzha district was formed on 17 August 1957 and consisted initially of seven taluks, namely Cherthala, Ambalappuzha, Kuttanad, Chengannur, Karthikappally and Mavelikkara.The name \u1fb9lappuzha is a toponym. \u2018\u1fb9layam\u2019 means \u2018home\u2019 and \u2018puzha\u2019 means \u2018watercourse\u2019 or \u2018river\u2019. The name refers to the network of waterways and backwaters in Alappuzha and its surrounding areas. The district is bounded on the north by Kochi and Kanayannur taluks of Ernakulam district, on the east by Vaikom, Kottayam and Changanassery taluks of Kottayam district and Thiruvalla and Kozhencherry taluks of Pathanamthitta district, on the South by Kunnathur and Karunagappally taluks of Kollam district and on the west by Laccadive Sea.The present Alappuzha district comprises six taluks, namely Cherthala, Ambalappuzha, Kuttanad, Karthikappally, Chengannur and Mavelikkara. The area of the district is 1,414 km2 (546 sq mi). Its headquarters is located at Alappuzha."}, {"Context": "Alappuzha History", "Knowledge": "LOC Maliankara, PER Ayyappa, LOC Chera, LOC Kodungallur, LOC Kayamkulam, PER Mahishi Demon, LOC Alappuzha, PER St Thomas, LOC Chengannur, LOC Kokkamangalam, LOC Calicut, PER Jesus Christ, LOC St Andrew, LOC South India, PER Ascharya Choodamani, PER Unnuneeli Sandesam, LOC Muziris Port, PER P. Unni Krishnan, LOC Karappuram, LOC Alappuzha District, LOC Kerala, PER Lord Ayyappan, LOC Kalari, LOC Mukkal vattam, LOC Purakkad, PER Sakthibhadran, LOC Cheerappanchira, LOC Cranganore, LOC Muhamma, LOC Kuttanad, PER Lord Ayyappa", "Response": "Kuttanad, the rice bowl of Kerala, with its paddy fields, small streams and canals with lush green coconut palms, was well known even from the early periods of the Sangam age.Literary works such as Unnuneeli Sandesam give some insight into the ancient period of this district. Archaeological antiquities, such as the stone inscriptions, historical monuments found in the temples, churches, and rock-cut caves, also emphasise the historic importance of Alappuzha District. \nChristianity had a foothold in this district, even from the 1st century AD. The church located at Kokkamangalam was one of the seven churches founded by St Thomas, one of the twelve disciples of Jesus Christ. It is generally believed that he landed at Maliankara in Muziris Port, presently known as Cranganore or Kodungallur, in 52 AD and preached Christianity in South India.\nThe district flourished in religion and culture under the second Chera Empire, during 9th to 12th centuries AD. The literary work, `Ascharya Choodamani`, a Sanskrit drama written by Sakthibhadran, a scholar of Chengannur, enables us to know many pertinent facts. Further, the temple on Lord Ayyappan, in Mukkal vattam near Muhamma in Alappuzha District, is called Cheerappanchira, for the Kalari from which Lord Ayyappa learnt his martial arts. A recent album by P. Unni Krishnan on Lord Ayyappa, titled 'Sabarimalai Va Charanam Solli Va', has songs illustrating the history of this temple and Lord Ayyappa's stay here before he went to conquer the Mahishi Demon.Since landing in Calicut in 1498, the Portuguese started playing an influential role in Alappuzha. They began by spreading Catholicism and converting already existing Christians into Catholics. St Andrew's Basilica was built during this period.In the 17th century, as the Portuguese power declined, the Dutch gained a predominant position in the principalities of this district. They built many factories and warehouses for storing pepper and ginger, relying on several treaties signed between the Dutch and the Rajas of Purakkad, Kayamkulam and Karappuram. In course of time they also delved into the political and cultural affairs of the district. At that time Maharaja Marthanda Varma (1706\u20131758), who was the 'Maker of modern Travancore', intervened in the political affairs of those princedoms.\nTravancore Dewan Ramayyan Dalawa (d. 1756) resided in Mavelikkara where he had a palace built by Marthanda Varma. After the death of his wife, Ramayyan consorted with a Nair lady from Mavelikkara of the Edassery family (PGN Unnithan, a member of this family, later became the last Dewan of Travancore in 1947). After his death Ramayyan's descendants left Travancore to settle in Pudukkottai in Tamil Nadu. His Nair consort was given gifts and presents and special allowances from the Travancore government in recognition of his services to the state while his own descendants were bestowed with the honorific title of Dalawa.\nIn the 19th century the district saw progress in many spheres. One of the five subordinate courts opened in the state in connection with the reorganization of the judicial system by Colonel George Monro was located at Mavelikkara. The first post office and first telegraph office in the former Travancore state were established in this district. The first manufacturing factory for the coir mats was established in 1859. In 1894 the city Improvement Committee was set up.\nThe district played a role in the freedom struggle of the country. The struggles of Punnapra and Vayalar in 1946 arrayed the people against Sir C. P. Ramaswami Iyer, who was Dewan of Travancore. This led to Ramaswami Iyer's exit from the political scene of Travancore. A popular Ministry was formed in Travancore on 24 March 1948 after India's independence.  Travancore and Cochin states were integrated on 1 July 1949. This arrangement continued until the formation of Kerala State on 1 November 1956, under the States Reorganisation Act 1956. The district came into existence as a separate administrative unit on 1 August 1957."}, {"Context": "Alappuzha Raja Kesavadas and Alappuzha", "Knowledge": "PER Raja Kesavadas, LOC Bombay, LOC Travancore, LOC Alappuzha, PER Kesavadas, LOC Calcutta, LOC Surat, PER Dharma Raja Karthika Thirunal Rama Varma, LOC Mumbai, LOC Kutch", "Response": "Raja Kesavadas, the Dewan of Travancore during the reign of Dharma Raja Karthika Thirunal Rama Varma in 18th century was well known for his planning skills and administrative acumen. He was the master mind in developing the Alappuzha town.He found Alappuzha as an ideal location and constructing a well planned port city in Travancore. Alappuzha was most suitable, because of the geographical and oceanic reasons. He constructed two parallel canals for bringing goods to port from backwaters and offered infrastructural facilities to merchants and traders from Surat, Mumbai and Kutch to start industrial enterprises, trading, and cargo centres. Alappuzha attained progress and became the financial nerve centre of Travancore during his time. The port was opened in 1762, mainly for the export of coir-matting and coir-yarn. Kesavadas built three ships for trade with Calcutta and Bombay, and alleppey afforded a convenient depot for the storage and disposal of goods produce in the east."}, {"Context": "Alappuzha Geography", "Knowledge": "LOC National Waterway, LOC Chengannur, LOC Vembanad Lake, LOC Laccadive Sea, LOC Bharanikkavu, LOC Chakara, LOC Kerala, LOC Alappuzha, LOC Kuttanad", "Response": "Alappuzha is located at 9.54\u00b0N 76.40\u00b0E\ufeff / 9.54; 76.40.  The average elevation is 1 metre (3.3 ft)\nAlappuzha covers an area of 1,414 square kilometres (546 sq mi) and is flanked by 2,195 square kilometres (847 sq mi) of Vembanad Lake, where six major rivers spread out before joining the 80 km coast line of the district. The city of Alappuzha is crisscrossed by a system of canals, which is a part of the National Waterway 3.The district is a sandy strip of land intercepted by lagoons, rivers and canals. There are no mountains or hills in the district except some scattered hillocks lying between Bharanikkavu and Chengannur blocks in the eastern portion of the district. There are no forest area in this district.\nAlappuzha is bounded by the Laccadive Sea on its west. The town has a network of lakes, lagoons and fresh water rivers. The richness of the coastal Alappuzha waters is expressed annually in the blooming and consequent deposit of a huge quantity of fishes and prawns on the Alappuzha coast called \u2018[Chakara]\u2019. This annual shifting of sandbank appears during the post-monsoon period and contributes to the local economy and is a festive season for the people of Kerala. The annual floods rejuvenate and cleanse the soil and water due to which there is abundance of marine life like prawns, lobsters, fishes, turtles and other flora in the sea.\nThe backwaters and wetlands host thousands of migrant common teal, ducks and cormorants every year who reach here from long distances. A major feature of the area is the region called Kuttanad, the 'granary of Kerala'. Kuttanad is also known as the rice bowl of Kerala and is one of the few places in the world where farming is done below sea level. The paddy fields lie about 0.6 to 2 m below mean sea level."}, {"Context": "Alappuzha Climate", "Knowledge": "LOC Alappuzha, LOC Southwest, LOC Northeast", "Response": "Owing to its proximity to the sea, the climate of Alappuzha is humid and hot during the summer, although it remains fairly cool and pleasant during the months of October and November. The average monthly temperature is 27 degree Celsius. The district gets the benefit of two seasonal monsoons, as in other parts of the state. Alappuzha town experiences a long monsoon season with heavy showers as both the Southwest and Northeast monsoon influences the weather of Alappuzha. The South-west monsoon affects the climate in the months from June to September. On the other hand, the North-east monsoon brings rain from October to November. The average rainfall received by the region is 2763 mm."}, {"Context": "Alappuzha Demographics", "Knowledge": "LOC Kollam, LOC Cochin, LOC Kodungalloor, LOC Kerala, LOC Alappuzha, LOC Central Travancore, LOC Punnapra, LOC Thuravoor, LOC Cherthala, LOC Travancore, LOC Alappuzha Municipality, LOC Kalarcode, LOC Konkan", "Response": "According to the 2011 census, Alappuzha Municipality+Outgrowths had a population of 240,991 with 116,439 men and 124,552 women. The City spreads over Alappuzha municipality and the outgrowths of Punnapra and Kalarcode villages with an area of 65.57 km2 (25.32 sq mi) and population density of 3,675 persons per square kilometre. There were 22,361 persons under six years of age. The literacy rate of Alappuzha city stands at 95.81% with 209,201 literates where 101,927 are males (97.3%) and 107,274 are females (94.43%). Alappuzha had a sex ratio of 1070.The population is predominantly Hindus, and there are sizeable numbers of Christians and Muslims. The most widely spoken language is Malayalam, although many people speak Konkani.\nThe standard dialect of Malayalam spoken is Central Travancore dialect. Konkani is a language that is spoken in the Konkan region. During the Portuguese and Dutch invasions of the 16th and 18th centuries, many Konkanis migrated southwards to Thuravoor, Cherthala and Alappuzha in the state of Travancore as well as other places in Kerala like Cochin, Kodungalloor, and Kollam. A majority of these people got settled in Alappuzha."}, {"Context": "Alappuzha Economy", "Knowledge": "LOC Kayamkulam, LOC Alappuzha, ORG National Coir Training and Designing Centre, ORG Coir Board, LOC Chengannur, LOC Alleppey, LOC Kokkothamangalam, LOC Aroor, ORG Central Government, LOC Mannancherry, LOC Kerala, LOC Cherthala, PER James Durragh, ORG Kerala Tourism, LOC Kalavoor, LOC Arookutty, LOC Mavelikkara, LOC Thanneermukkom, LOC Munnar, LOC Wayanad, LOC Kodamthuruth, LOC Muhamma, ORG Keltron, LOC Varkala, LOC Kuttanad, LOC Komalapuram, LOC Vayalar", "Response": "The economy of the district is based on agriculture and marine products. The agricultural activities predominantly revolve around the Kuttanad region, the rice bowl of Kerala. Though the district is industrially backward, some traditional industries based on coir and coir products, marine products, handlooms, different types of handicrafts, toddy tapping have been active from the very early times. The district is known as the traditional home of coir industry in Kerala.The availability of raw materials and the existence of backwaters and canals suitable for the getting of green husk and accessibility of transportation are the main factors of the development of this industry. Arabs had carried on trade in coir products from very ancient period. The manufacture of mats and mattings were first introduced in 1859 by James Durragh.The Coir Board was established by the Central Government under the provisions of the Coir Industry Act in 1955. A coir research institute functions at Kalavoor. The National Coir Training and Designing Centre was established at Alappuzha in 1965.\nCoir is the most important commodity manufactured in Alappuzha, Kayamkulam, Kokkothamangalam, Komalapuram, Mannancherry, Muhamma and Vayalar. Coir products are available in Cherthala and Mannancherry, lime shell in Arookutty and Kodamthuruth, plywood in Chengannur, Keltron controls in Aroor, potassium chloride in Mavelikkara, and coconuts and coconut oil in Thanneermukkom. Other important commodities manufactured in these towns are copra, glass, mats and matches.In recent times, tourism has become a major source of revenue. This is mainly due to the presence of houseboats that provide the tourists with a view of the scenic backwaters of the town. Another reason is the proximity to other tourist spots like Munnar, Varkala, Alappuzha and Wayanad. Furthermore, as per the Tourist Statstics by Kerala Tourism, there is a 74.55% increase in tourists arriving in Alleppey between 2021 and 2020 while the average for the entire state stands at 51.09%."}, {"Context": "Alappuzha Backwater paddy cultivation", "Knowledge": "PER Pallithanam Luca Matthai, LOC Madras Government, LOC Alappuzha, LOC Kuttanadu, LOC Venadu Lake, LOC Pallithanam Moovayiram, LOC Madathil Lake, LOC Travancore Kingdom, LOC Cherukara, LOC Rama Rajapuram Kayal, LOC Padsekharam, LOC Kayal, LOC Pamba, LOC Cherukali Kayal, LOC Kerala, PER Pallithanam Luca Mathai, LOC Vembanad Lake, ORG Rice Bowl, LOC Mathi Kayal, PER Pallithanathu Mathaichen, LOC Pantharndu Panku Kayal, LOC Chakram, LOC Aarupanku Kayal", "Response": "The major occupation in Alappuzha is farming. The Rice Bowl of Kerala, Kuttanadu is located in Alappuzha. Large farming areas near Vembanad Lake were reclaimed from the lake. In earlier times, the reclamation was done mainly from the shallow part of the Vembanad Lake or from the periphery of river Pamba. These reclamations constituted small areas of paddy fields called Padsekharam. The bailing out of water from those fields were done manually using water wheels (Chakram). Gradually the manual method used for bailing out of water gave way to steam engines.\nThree stages can be identified in the reclamation of lands from the Vembanad Lake. In the first stage it was carried out by private entrepreneurs without any financial support from the part of the government. The Pattom Proclamation, made by the Travancore Kingdom in the year 1865, gave a great boost to the reclamation activities between 1865 and 1890. During this period de-watering of the polders were done manually, using waterwheels, restricting large-scale reclamations. Only about 250 hectares of land were reclaimed during this period. Venadu Lake and Madathil Lake that were reclaimed during this period are considered as the first Kayal Nilam (lake-reclaimed land) which were reclaimed from Vembanad Lake. The pioneering reclamation activity of lake-reclamation and cultivation was made by Pallithanam Luca Matthai. The period between 1865 and 1890 is usually considered as the first phase of lake-cultivation.\nThe introduction of kerosene engines for dewatering resulted in the reclamation of wider areas of the lake for cultivation. It made the farmers consider venturing into the deeper parts of the lake. During the period between 1898 and 1903, reclamation activity was led by Pallithanam Luca Mathai (alias Pallithanathu Mathaichen) who reclaimed the Cherukara and Pallithanam Moovayiram kayals.\nThe second phase (1890 to 1903) of reclamation activities came to a halt because of the ban on lake reclamation imposed by the Madras Government in 1903. Cherukali Kayal, Rama Rajapuram Kayal, Aarupanku Kayal, Pantharndu Panku Kayal, and Mathi Kayal were the other major reclamations during this period.\nIn 1912, the Madras Government approved a proposal from the Travencore Government for further reclamations in three stages. Under this reclamation scheme areas were notified for reclamation in blocks each named by an alphabet letter. Out of the total area of 19,500 acres of reclaimed land 12,000 acres were reclaimed between 1913 and 1920. The reclamations between 1914 and 1920 are known as new reclamations, which were carried out in three periods. In the first period Blocks A to G measuring 6300 Acres were reclaimed. C Block, D Block (Attumukham Aarayiram (Attumuttu Kayal), Thekke Aarayiram and Vadakke Aarayiram) and E Block (Erupathinalayiram Kayal) F Block (Judge's Aarayiram Kayal) and G Block (Kochu Kayal) are the major reclamations during this period. During the second period of new reclamation, blocks H to N measuring 3600 acres were reclaimed. During the third period of new reclamation, R Block measuring 1,400 acres were reclaimed.\nDue to the steep decline in the price of rice during 1920 to 1940, the reclamation activities became sluggish, but they gained momentum again in the early 1940s. During this period, in order to increase the agricultural output, government initiated a Grow More Food campaign and provided incentives to encourage new reclamations. The advent of electric motors made the reclamation easier, cheaper and less risky as compared to the earlier periods. The last tract of the reclamations namely Q, S and T block were made during this period."}, {"Context": "Alappuzha National highways", "Knowledge": "LOC Udupi, LOC Kozhikode, LOC Kollam, LOC Panvel, LOC Ernakulam, LOC Alappuzha Bypass, LOC Kommady, LOC Alappuzha, LOC Kalarkode, LOC Mangalore, LOC Kanyakumari, LOC State Highway, LOC Kannur, LOC Trivandrum, LOC Kodaikanal, LOC Mumbai", "Response": "Nation Highway 66, connecting Panvel to Kanyakumari runs through the Alappuzha city centre. The Alappuzha Bypass was built to route the national highway around city centers between Kommady and Kalarkode. National Highway 66 connects Alappuzha city to other major cities like Mumbai, Udupi, Mangalore, Kannur, Kozhikode, Ernakulam, Kollam and Trivandrum. There is a plan to upgrade State Highway 11 to a national highway in order to help connect Alappuzha to Kodaikanal as part of promoting the coastal-hill tourism project."}, {"Context": "Alappuzha State highways", "Knowledge": "LOC State, LOC Alappuzha, LOC Mangalore, LOC Changanassery, LOC Madurai, ORG SETC, LOC Thiruvalla, ORG TNSTC, LOC Thoppumpady, LOC Kottayam, ORG Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation, LOC Trivandrum, LOC Mysore, LOC Kalarcode, LOC AC, LOC Chennai, LOC Perunna, LOC Tamil Nadu, LOC Coimbatore, ORG KSRTC, LOC Stateway High, LOC Vazhicherry, LOC State Highway 11, LOC Kollur, LOC Banglore", "Response": "There are eight state highways in Alappuzha district, of which three of them originates from Alappuzha town. State Highway 11 starts from Kalarcode and ends at Perunna. This highway is locally known as AC road (Alappuzha-Changanassery road) and it covers a distance of 24.2 km. It is an important road which connects Alappuzha town with Kottayam district. Stateway High 40 is an interstate highway in Alappuzha district which connects Alappuzha town with Madurai in Tamil Nadu. It is the only interstate highway in Alappuzha district. State Highway 66 originates from Alappuzha town and terminates at Thoppumpady.There are two bus terminals are situated in Alappuzha town, one for KSRTC buses (situated near state water transport corporation headquarters, boat jetty road) and the V K soman memorial municipal bus stand for private buses and interstate bound contract carriage buses (situated near Vazhicherry). KSRTC buses connect Alappuzha with, among other places, Banglore, Mysore, Kollur, Mangalore, Chennai, Coimbatore, Trivandrum, and Thiruvalla. SETC and TNSTC ply many daily services to the city. Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation have two daily services originating from Alappuzha."}, {"Context": "Alappuzha Water", "Knowledge": "ORG KSRTC, LOC Kollam, LOC National Waterway, LOC Alappuzha, LOC Kottayam", "Response": "The presence of a lot of backwaters and canals makes water transport a popular means of transport. National Waterway-3 passes through Alappuzha. There is a SWTD boat jetty in the city that lies opposite to the KSRTC bus stand. It is served by boat services to  Kottayam and Kollam cities besides other small towns and jetties. Availing an SWTD boat is a cheaper alternative to houseboats for visiting tourists."}, {"Context": "Alappuzha Rail", "Knowledge": "LOC Bokaro, LOC Chandigarh, LOC Alappuzha, LOC Delhi, LOC Mangalore, LOC Mumbai, LOC Bangalore, LOC Kozhikode, LOC Cochin, LOC Hyderabad, LOC Trivandrum, LOC Kollam, LOC Ernakulam \u2013 Kayamkulam, LOC Amritsar, LOC Chennai, LOC Coimbatore, LOC Dhanbad, LOC Tatanagar, LOC Kannur", "Response": "Alappuzha is linked by Ernakulam\u2013Kayamkulam coastal railway line and connects to cities like Trivandrum, Kollam, Cochin, Coimbatore, Chennai, Delhi, Bokaro and Mumbai. The railway station is about 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) from the heart of the city. A total of four trains originate from Alappuzha to cities like Kannur, Chennai, Dhanbad and Tatanagar. There are a lot of local trains running throughout the day, which connect Alappuzha to other towns near by. Since Alappuzha is a prime destination, trains from important cities like Delhi, Chandigarh, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Mangalore, Kozhikode and Amritsar pass through this station."}, {"Context": "Alappuzha Air", "Knowledge": "LOC North, LOC Thiruvananthapuram International Airport, LOC South, LOC Alappuzha, LOC Calicut, LOC Cochin International Airport, LOC Coimbatore", "Response": "Cochin International Airport, which is 78 kilometres (48 mi) to the North, is the closest airport. Thiruvananthapuram International Airport, 159 kilometres (99 mi) to the South, is the other airport that links the district with other countries. International tourists use these airports to reach Alappuzha. The other nearest airports are Calicut (236 kilometres (147 mi)) and Coimbatore (254 kilometres (158 mi)) airports. A helipad in the town is reserved for government uses."}, {"Context": "Alappuzha Administration and politics", "Knowledge": "LOC Arookutty, LOC Ambalappuzha, LOC Karthikapally, LOC Mavelikkara, LOC Chengannur, LOC Vayalar East, ORG Assembly, LOC Kayamkulam, LOC Kodamthuruth, LOC Thaneermukkam Thekku, ORG Development Block, LOC Alappuzha, LOC Cherthala, LOC Kokkothamangalam, LOC Kuttanad, LOC Aroor, LOC Haripad, LOC Thanneermukkom Vadakku", "Response": "The two administrative systems prevailing in the district are revenue and local self-government. Under the revenue system, the district is divided into two revenue divisions, six taluks and 91 villages. The two revenue divisions are Alappuzha division comprising Cherthala, Ambalappuzha and Kuttanad taluks consisting of 47 villages and Chengannur division comprising Karthikapally, Chengannur and Mavelikkara taluks consisting of 44 villages. For census purposes, Aroor, Arookutty, Kodamthuruth, Thanneermukkom Vadakku, Thaneermukkam Thekku, Vayalar East and Kokkothamangalam village, except the portions included in Cherthala municipality are treated in the 1981 census as census towns based on the threefold criteria adopted for treating a place as census town.Under the local self-government system, the district is divided into five statutory towns and development blocks consisting of 71 panchayats. The jurisdiction of a Development Block includes the areas falling in census towns also.There were nine legislative assembly segments in Alappuzha district for the 2011 Assembly elections. They are Aroor, Cherthala, Alappuzha, Kuttanad, Haripad, Kayamkulam, Mavelikkara and Chengannur.Alappuzha assembly constituency is part of Alappuzha (Lok Sabha constituency). The other Lok Sabha constituency of the district is Mavelikkara."}, {"Context": "Alappuzha Education", "Knowledge": "ORG CMI Congregation, ORG CSI Christ Church, LOC India, LOC Cochin, PER Thomas Norton, ORG Carmel Polytechnic College, ORG CMS, ORG CMS ) School, LOC Alappuzha, PER John Gomes Pereira, ORG Leo XIIIth Higher Secondary School, ORG Church Missionary Society, PER Gilbert Palaekunnel, LOC Carmel", "Response": "There are schools, computer institutes and colleges all over the district, with nine training schools, 405 lower primary schools, 105 high schools and 87 higher secondary schools.The first school in Alappuzha, the Church Missionary Society (CMS) School, was established in 1816. The school was established by the Rev. Thomas Norton, the first CMS missionary to India. The school is run by the CSI Christ Church, Alappuzha. The first higher secondary school in Alappuzha was the Leo XIIIth Higher Secondary School, which was opened on 1 June 1889 by Portuguese Bishop John Gomes Pereira of Cochin. The first polytechnic college in Alappuzha was the Carmel Polytechnic College, established by Fr. Gilbert Palaekunnel and it's managed by CMI Congregation. Carmel is the academically top-ranked polytechnic in the state still.\n\nColleges in Alappuzha offer both graduate and postgraduate courses for their students."}, {"Context": "Alappuzha Major college institutes", "Knowledge": "ORG Punnapra, ORG Cochin University College of Engineering Kuttanad Sanatana Dharma College, ORG S. D. V. College of Arts and Applied Science Sree Narayana College Cherthala, LOC Kayamkulam, LOC Alappuzha, ORG Christian College, ORG St Joseph ' s College for Women, ORG St. Aloysius College, LOC Chengannur, LOC Edathua, ORG Kanjikkuzhy N. S. S. College, ORG College of Engineering, ORG Mavelikkara Carmel College of Engineering and Technology Alappuzha Government T D Medical College, ORG MSM, ORG College of Engineering and Management, ORG SN, ORG St Michael ' s College, ORG Government College, LOC Ambalappuzha, ORG Bishop Moore College Mavelikkara Milad - E - Sherief Memorial College, LOC Cherthala, ORG Mar Gregorios College Punnapra College of Engineering Chengannur College of Applied Sciences, ORG T. K. Madhava Memorial College", "Response": "College of Engineering, Cherthala\nCochin University College of Engineering Kuttanad\nSanatana Dharma College\nS. D. V. College of Arts and Applied Science\nSree Narayana College Cherthala-SN College Kanjikkuzhy\nN.S.S. College, Cherthala\nGovernment College, Ambalappuzha\nCollege of Engineering and Management, Punnapra\nMar Gregorios College Punnapra\nCollege of Engineering Chengannur\nCollege of Applied Sciences, Mavelikkara\nCarmel College of Engineering and Technology Alappuzha\nGovernment T D Medical College, Alappuzha\nSt Joseph's College for Women, Alappuzha\nSt Michael's College, Cherthala\nT. K. Madhava Memorial College\nSt. Aloysius College Edathua\nBishop Moore College Mavelikkara\nMilad-E-Sherief Memorial College, Kayamkulam (MSM)\nChristian College, Chengannur"}, {"Context": "Alappuzha Religious buildings/ shrines", "Knowledge": "LOC Cherthala Kandiyoor Sree Mahadeva Temple, LOC Alappuzha, LOC Thankey, LOC Our Lady of Assumption Church, LOC Poomkavu, LOC Makidusha Jumah Masjid Alappy Kizhake Masthan Jumah Masjid Padinjaare Jumah Masjid Thekke Jumah Masjid Kadhar Ali Bava Thykaav Dargah Purakkad Mosque Dargah Zilla Court Jumah Makidusha, LOC Paul Forane Church, LOC Basilica, LOC Alleppey, LOC Haripad Sree Subrahmanya Swamy Temple Kanichukulangara Devi Temple Kuttikattu Sree Bhadra Kali Devi Temple Karthyayani Devi Temple, LOC Chambakulam kalloorkadu Basilica, LOC Bhagavathy Temple, LOC Mavelikkara Karayamvattam Hanuman Temple Mannarasala Temple, LOC KarthikappallyMuslim, LOC Karthikappally Vettikodu Sri Nagararaja, LOC St Mary ' s Forane Church, LOC Arthunkal Ss George, LOC Ambalappuzha Sree Krishna Swamy Temple Anandeshwaram Mahadeva Temple Chakkulathukavu Temple, LOC Pallipuram, LOC Mount Carmel Cathedral, LOC Chettikulangara Devi Temple Chengannur Mahadeva Temple Cheriyanad Sree Balasubrahmanya Swami Temple Chunakkara Thiruvairoor Mahadevar Temple, LOC Champakulam, LOC St Mary, LOC Maruthorvattom Sri Dhanwanthari Temple, LOC Pulincunno, LOC Cherthala Mullakkal Rajarajeswari Temple Mavelikara Sree Krishna Swamy Temple Padanilam Parabrahma Temple, LOC St Andrew ' s Basilica, LOC Nooranad Thripuliyoor Mahavishnu Temple Thrikkunnappuzha Sree Dharmasastha Temple Thrichittatt Maha Vishnu Temple Thuravoor Mahakshetram Thiruvizha Mahadeva Temple, LOC Cherthala Valiyakulangara Devi Temple, LOC St Thomas Orthodox Cathedral, LOC Sree Nagaraja Temple, LOC St Thomas Church, LOC Thumpoly", "Response": "Hindu Temples in Alappuzha (Alleppey)\n\nAmbalappuzha Sree Krishna Swamy Temple\nAnandeshwaram Mahadeva Temple\nChakkulathukavu Temple (Bhagavathy Temple)\nChettikulangara Devi Temple\nChengannur Mahadeva Temple\nCheriyanad Sree Balasubrahmanya Swami Temple\nChunakkara Thiruvairoor Mahadevar Temple\nHaripad Sree Subrahmanya Swamy Temple\nKanichukulangara Devi Temple\nKuttikattu Sree Bhadra Kali Devi Temple\nKarthyayani Devi Temple, Cherthala\nKandiyoor Sree Mahadeva Temple, Mavelikkara\nKarayamvattam Hanuman Temple\nMannarasala Temple (Sree Nagaraja Temple)\nMaruthorvattom Sri Dhanwanthari Temple, Cherthala\nMullakkal Rajarajeswari Temple\nMavelikara Sree Krishna Swamy Temple\nPadanilam Parabrahma Temple, Nooranad\nThripuliyoor Mahavishnu Temple\nThrikkunnappuzha Sree Dharmasastha Temple\nThrichittatt Maha Vishnu Temple\nThuravoor Mahakshetram\nThiruvizha Mahadeva Temple, Cherthala\nValiyakulangara Devi Temple, Karthikappally\nVettikodu Sri Nagararaja TempleChristian churches in Alappuzha (Alleppey)\n\nSt Andrew's Basilica, Arthunkal\nSs George/Paul Forane Church)\nBasilica of St Mary, Champakulam (Chambakulam kalloorkadu Basilica)\nSt Thomas Church, Thumpoly\nOur Lady of Assumption Church, Poomkavu\nSt Mary's Forane Church, Pulincunno\nSt Mary's Forane Church, Thankey\nSt Mary's Forane Church, Pallipuram\nMount Carmel Cathedral Church, Alappuzha\nSt Thomas Orthodox Cathedral, KarthikappallyMuslim mosques in Alappuzha (Alleppey)\n\nMakidusha Jumah Masjid Alappy\nKizhake Masthan Jumah Masjid\nPadinjaare Jumah Masjid\nThekke Jumah Masjid\nKadhar Ali Bava Thykaav Dargah\nPurakkad Mosque Dargah\nZilla Court Jumah Makidusha"}, {"Context": "Alappuzha Sports", "Knowledge": "LOC KCA Cricket Stadium Alappuzha, LOC India, LOC Punnamada Lake, PER Nehru, PER Jawaharlal Nehru, LOC Alleppey, LOC EMS Stadium, LOC Kerala, LOC Alappuzha, ORG Kerala Cricket Association", "Response": "Alappuzha is globally famous for snake boat races, especially the Nehru Trophy Boat Race held in the Punnamada Lake near Alappuzha. In 1952, when Jawaharlal Nehru, the first prime minister of India, visited Kerala, the people of Alleppey decided to give a special entertainment for their prestigious guest and conducted a snake boat race. Nehru got so excited by this event and he jumped into 'Nadubhagam Chundan' (a snake boat), ignoring the security officials. By this excitement of sailing in a snake boat he donated a rolling trophy to be awarded to the winner of the race. Other than this snake boat race cricket, football, basketball and rowing are among the most popular sports in town. In 2015, the Kerala Cricket Association inaugurated the KCA Cricket Stadium Alappuzha, which is an A-class cricket stadium. Another stadium named as EMS Stadium or municipal stadium is under construction as of 2021."}, {"Context": "Alappuzha Notable people", "Knowledge": "PER M. K. Sanu, ORG Dinamani, PER Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai, ORG Guru, PER Irayimman Thampi, PER V. P. Sivakumar, PER Vayalar Ramavarma, ORG Aroor, PER Arattupuzha Velayudha Panicker, PER Kavalam Narayana Panicker, ORG S. N. Trust, PER Justice C. T. Ravikumar, PER Vayalar Sarath Chandra Varma, PER Itty Achudan, PER P. S. Karthikeyan, PER Rajeev Alunkal, LOC Kerala, ORG Santhigiri Ashram, PER Karunakara, ORG International body for Human rights, ORG SNDP Yogam, PER M. G. Sreekumar, ORG Infosys Navajyothi Sree, PER Eleanour Sinclair Rohde, LOC India, PER Joy J. Kaimaparamban, ORG Legislative Assembly, PER S. D. Shibulal, PER Kavalam Sreekumar", "Response": "Thakazhi Sivasankara Pillai - novelist and short story writer, recipient of India's highest literary award, the Jnanpith.\nVayalar Ramavarma - Malayalam poet and film lyricist\nArattupuzha Velayudha Panicker - Social reformer in Kerala\nM. G. Sreekumar - musician, singer and music director\nVayalar Sarath Chandra Varma - poet and lyricist\nM. K. Sanu \u2013 writer, critic and social activist, a permanent member of the International body for Human rights\nIrayimman Thampi -  Carnatic musician as well as a music composer from Kerala\nKavalam Narayana Panicker - Dramatist,theatre director,poet\nRajeev Alunkal - lyricist, poet and orator\nS. D. Shibulal - chief executive officer and managing director of Infosys\nNavajyothi Sree Karunakara Guru - founder of Santhigiri Ashram\nP. S. Karthikeyan - former Secretary, S. N. Trust, former Director of SNDP Yogam, former Member of the Legislative Assembly (Aroor), Chief Editor of Dinamani daily\nJoy J. Kaimaparamban - English and Malayalam author\nItty Achudan - the major contributor of ethno-medical information for the compilation of Hortus Malabaricus\nEleanour Sinclair Rohde - British gardener and writer on horticulture\nV. P. Sivakumar - short story writer\nJustice C.T.Ravikumar - Supreme Court Judge.\nKavalam Sreekumar - Classical musician,playback singer,composer"}, {"Context": "Alappuzha Religion", "Knowledge": "PER Saint Kuriakose Elias Chavara, PER Theodore, ORG Carmelites of Mary, ORG Santhigiri Ashramam Palackal, PER Thoma Malpan, PER Karunakara Guru, PER Joseph C. Panjikaran, ORG Medical Sisters of St. Joseph Antony", "Response": "Karunakara Guru - founder of Santhigiri Ashramam\nPalackal Thoma Malpan - founder of the Carmelites of Mary Immaculate\nMgr. Joseph C. Panjikaran - founder of the Medical Sisters of St. Joseph\n\nAntony Theodore - Christian educator, poet, social worker\nSaint Kuriakose Elias Chavara - Christian saint"}, {"Context": "Alappuzha Politics", "Knowledge": "ORG UDF Ministry, ORG Union Cabinet, PER Suseela Gopalan, LOC Haripad, PER C. K. Chandrappan, ORG Overseas Indian Affairs, PER K. R. Gowri, ORG Bharatheeya Vichara Kendram, PER Vayalar Ravi, PER P. Parameswaran, ORG Kerala LDF, ORG All India Kisan Sabha, PER G. Sudhakaran, LOC Kerala, PER Ramesh Chennithala, ORG Communist Party of India, PER S. Ramachandran Pillai, PER A. K. Antony, ORG PWD, ORG Peasants Union, LOC India, PER V. S. Achuthanandan", "Response": "A. K. Antony - three times Chief Minister of Kerala in UDF Ministry, former Indian Defence Minister\nV. S. Achuthanandan - former chief minister of Kerala and one of the most senior communist politicians of India\nRamesh Chennithala - former Home Minister and Former Leader of the opposition of Kerala, current legislative assembly member of Haripad constituency.\nSuseela Gopalan- Former Kerala Industries Minister and Communist Leader\nK. R. Gowri - Revenue Minister in first Kerala LDF ministry, initiated the land reforms in Kerala, Agriculture minister in Kerala UDF Ministry\nVayalar Ravi - former Home minister of Kerala in UDF Ministry, former Union Cabinet Minister of Overseas Indian Affairs and Minister for Parliamentary Affairs\nC. K. Chandrappan - communist leader and former Member of Parliament\nS. Ramachandran Pillai - Politburo member of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) and General Secretary of All India Kisan Sabha (Peasants Union)\nG. Sudhakaran - member of the Communist Party of India (Marxist) and former PWD minister of Kerala\nP. Parameswaran - Director of Bharatheeya Vichara Kendram; philosopher"}, {"Context": "Alappuzha Cinema", "Knowledge": "PER Navodaya Appachan, PER Riaz M T, PER Jijo Punnoose, PER Ratheesh, PER Rajan P. Dev, ORG Manichitrathazhu, PER Madhu Muttom, PER KPAC Lalitha, PER Ashokan, PER Kunchacko Boban, ORG Kakkothikkavile, PER Samantha Ruth Prabhu, PER S. L. Puram Sadanandan, PER Padmarajan, PER Appooppan Thaadikal, PER Jagannatha Varma, PER Kunchacko, PER Narendra Prasad, PER Radhika, PER Nedumudi Venu, PER Beeyar Prasad, PER Fazil, PER Sreekumaran Thampi, PER Chelangatt Gopalakrishnan, PER Fahadh Faasil, PER Jomon T. John", "Response": "Sreekumaran Thampi - lyricist, director, producer and screenwriter in Malayalam cinema\nJomon T. John - Indian cinematographer\nRatheesh - Malayalam film actor\nKunchacko - Indian film producer and director\nNedumudi Venu - Malayalam film actor.\nFazil - Malayalam film director\nKunchacko Boban - Malayalam film actor\nRiaz M T - Malayalam film actor\nFahadh Faasil - Malayalam film actor\nJagannatha Varma - Kathakali artist, actor in Malayalam film and serial\nAshokan - Malayalam film actor\nRajan P. Dev \u2013 Malayalam film actor and drama/theatre person\nS. L. Puram Sadanandan - Malayalam playwright and film scriptwriter\nChelangatt Gopalakrishnan - writer and film critic\nRadhika (Malayalam actress) - Malayalam film actress\nNavodaya Appachan - Malayalam movie producer and businessman\nJijo Punnoose - film director\nPadmarajan - film director\nNarendra Prasad - film actor, writer and critic\nKPAC Lalitha - Malayalam film actress\nBeeyar Prasad - Indian Malayalam lyricist and poet\nMadhu Muttom - Screenwriter,Screenwriter of Manichitrathazhu, Kakkothikkavile Appooppan Thaadikal \nSamantha Ruth Prabhu- Actress"}, {"Context": "Alappuzha Sport", "Knowledge": "ORG Royal Challengers Bangalore, PER Saji Thomas, LOC Kerala, PER Thomas J. Fenn, PER Prasanth Parameswaran", "Response": "Thomas J. Fenn - former Kerala State and International basketball player and referee\nPrasanth Parameswaran - Kerala first class cricketer (Indian Premier League and Royal Challengers Bangalore player)\nSaji Thomas - sportsman and Arjuna awardee"}, {"Context": "Amaravati Introduction", "Knowledge": "LOC Velagapudi, LOC Krishna, PER Narendra Modi, LOC Uddandarayunipalem, LOC Andhra Pradesh, LOC India, ORG Andhra Pradesh Legislature, LOC Amaravati, LOC Guntur, LOC Dharanikota, LOC Britain, LOC Amaravati Stupa, LOC Hyderabad", "Response": "Amaravati () is the capital of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is located on the banks of the river Krishna in Guntur district.\nDharanikota, the ancient city site nearby, was founded more than 2,200 years ago, serving as an ancient capital. The Amaravati Stupa was an important Buddhist site of pilgrimage and holy learning.  Under the British Raj, many ancient Buddhist sculptures were taken to other museums in India and Britain.\nThe Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi laid the foundation stone at a ceremonial event in Uddandarayunipalem village on 22 October 2015.The office of the Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh has operated from Velagapudi since April 2016. The Andhra Pradesh Legislature remained in Hyderabad until March 2017, when it was relocated to newly constructed interim legislative buildings in Velagapudi."}, {"Context": "Amaravati Etymology", "Knowledge": "LOC Vijayawada, LOC Amaravathi, PER Satavahana, LOC Amaravati, LOC Guntur, LOC Dharanikota, LOC Tenali", "Response": "The name \"Amaravati\" only dates back to the 18th century; the Amaravathi village, is near Dharanikota, the ancient capital of the Satavahana dynasty.  The metropolitan areas of Guntur, Vijayawada and Tenali are the major conurbations of Amaravati.  Amaravati translates literally as 'the place for immortals'."}, {"Context": "Amaravati History", "Knowledge": "LOC Cholas, LOC Delhi Sultanate, ORG Nizam, LOC British Museum, LOC Vijayanagara Empire, LOC Mahachaitya, ORG Satavahana Dynasty, LOC Nagarjuna Konda, LOC France, LOC Kakatiyas, LOC Vishnukundina, LOC Hyderabad, LOC Government Museum, LOC Mughal Empire, LOC Pallavas, LOC Bahmani Sultanate, LOC Andhra Pradesh, LOC Guntur, LOC Golconda, LOC Amaravati Stupa, LOC Chennai, ORG East India Company, LOC Dh\u0101nyakatakam, PER Gautam, LOC Sultanate, LOC India, LOC Ikshvakus, LOC Amaravati, LOC Dharanikota, LOC Musunuri Nayaks, LOC Nizamate", "Response": "Dharanikota (Dh\u0101nyakatakam) near Amaravati was an important city in the cultural heritage and history of Andhra Pradesh. Its history dates back to 2nd Century BCE when it was the capital of the Satavahana Dynasty of the (Andhras), one of the earliest Indian empires and the ancestral dynasty of Andhra Pradesh. The Satavahanas are prominent in the history of Andhra Pradesh. Their main language was Prakrit written using Brahmi Script, which served as the base for the script of Telugu Language. They issued many coins with this Prakrit language which can be found in many inscriptions in this region today. The practice of Buddhism was predominant during this period and the dynasty was partly responsible for the prevalence of Buddhism in the region.\nThe city was also once a holy site of Mahayana Buddhism. The city used to have a large Buddhist Stupa now known as Amaravati Stupa but then called a Mahachaitya, which was ruined over time. It was also the centre of Buddhist learning and art where many buddhist followers from many South East Asian countries used to visit. It can be seen from the Amaravati Stupa, many Buddhist inscriptions, sculptures and Gautam Buddha Statue in the city. Many other ancient Amaravati sculptures and Buddhist relics from the region were unfortunately destroyed over the time and the largest group was removed to the Government Museum, Chennai and others to the British Museum during British rule, which can be seen there today. The sculptures from Amaravati depict many scenes from Buddhist art, inscriptions and Buddhist stupas. The city along with Nagarjuna Konda is viewed as one of the richest holy sites of Buddhism in the whole of India.  \nThe present capital area has its historical significance of having recorded its first-ever legislation 2,200 years ago. The present-day capital region includes the Amaravati village. The area has been ruled by the Mauryas, Satavahanas, Ikshvakus, Vishnukundina, Pallavas, Cholas, Kakatiyas, Delhi Sultanate, Musunuri Nayaks, Bahmani Sultanate, Vijayanagara Empire, Sultanate of Golconda and Mughal Empire successively before the founding of the Nizam of Hyderabad in 1724. It was ceded to France in 1750 but was captured by the East India Company in 1759. Guntur returned to the Nizamate in 1768 but was ceded to Britain again in 1788. It was briefly occupied by Hyder Ali. It was then ruled by Vasireddy Venkatadri Nayudu, who founded the modern Amaravathi village, using building materials from the stupa, which he largely demolished. It was part of the Madras Presidency during the British colonial period.\nAs per the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014, Hyderabad became the capital of the then newly formed state of Telangana, post bifurcation of Andhra Pradesh. However, Hyderabad would remain as the joint capital of both states for a period not exceeding ten years. Hence, Amaravati is being built to serve as the capital of Andhra Pradesh.The foundation for the city was laid at Uddandarayunipalem on 22 October 2015. The Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi;  the  Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh, N. Chandrababu Naidu; the Vice President of India and the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha Muppavarapu Venkaiah Naidu; then Governor E. S. L. Narasimhan; the Japanese minister for economy trade and industry, Yosuke Takagi; and the Singaporean Minister for Trade and Industry, S. Iswaran, laid the foundation for the city.In August 2020, Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly passed Andhra Pradesh Decentralisation and Inclusive Development of All Regions Act, 2020. According to its provisions, Visakhapatnam is the executive capital while Amaravati and Kurnool serve as legislative and judicial capitals, respectively. The decision resulted in widespread protests by the farmers of Amaravati. The act has been challenged in Andhra Pradesh High Court, which ordered to maintain status quo until the court completes its hearing. On 22 November 2021, the government, led by Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy, have withdrawn the act."}, {"Context": "Amaravati Geography", "Knowledge": "LOC Vijayawada, LOC Andhra Pradesh, LOC Coromandel Coast, LOC Guntur, LOC Krishna River, LOC Coastal Andhra, LOC Palnadu, LOC Tenali", "Response": "The city is being built in Guntur district and Palnadu district, on the banks of the Krishna River. The city will be 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) south-west of Vijayawada, 25 kilometres (16 mi) north of Guntur, 45 kilometres (28 mi) south-east of Tenali surrounding the Coromandel Coast of Coastal Andhra region in Andhra Pradesh."}, {"Context": "Amaravati Vision", "Knowledge": "PER N. Chandrababu Naidu, LOC Andhra Pradesh, LOC Krishna River, LOC Singapore, PER Amaravati, LOC Smart", "Response": "The 13th Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh N. Chandrababu Naidu envisioned Amaravati to be the people-centric pioneer Smart City of India, built around sustainability and livability principles, and to be the happiest city in the world. Among the innovative features on the drawing board are navigation canals around the city, and connecting to an island in the Krishna River. The Government has envisaged an investment needed of US$2\u20134 billion for the development of the city.The city is being designed to have 51% green space and 10% of water bodies, with a plan to house some of the most iconic buildings there. It is being modeled on Singapore, with the master plan being prepared by two Singapore government-appointed consultants. Other international consultants and architects will then be brought in to give the city an international flavor."}, {"Context": "Amaravati City planning", "Knowledge": "LOC Vijayawada, LOC River Krishna, ORG Capital Region Development Authority, ORG CRDA, LOC Capital, LOC Amaravati, LOC Guntur, LOC Prakasam Barrage, ORG Andhra Pradesh State Cabinet, LOC Amaravati Capital City, LOC KC Canal, ORG State Government, LOC Capital City, LOC Mangalagiri, LOC Thullur, LOC Gannavaram, LOC Tadepalli", "Response": "The Andhra Pradesh State Cabinet meeting passed a resolution of 1 September 2014 to locate the Capital City in a central place of the state, around Vijayawada, and to go for decentralized development of the state with 3 Mega Cities and 14 Smart Cities. The State Government identified the Capital City area between Vijayawada and Guntur cities on the Southern bank of River Krishna upstream of Prakasam Barrage. The Amaravati Capital City has an area of 217.23 km2 and is spread across 25 villages in 3 mandals (Thullur, Mangalagiri and Tadepalli) of Guntur district. The 25 villages in the Capital City area have about 1 lakh population in about 27,000 households. The nearest cities are Vijayawada at a distance of 30 km and Guntur at a distance of 18 km. The nearest railway station is KC Canal railway station near Tadepalli and the nearest airport is Gannavaram which is at a distance of 22 km. The city is planned to spread over 217 km2 area with a total cost of \u20b9 553.43 billions to the Capital Region Development Authority (CRDA) out of which state government contribution is only \u20b9 126 billion (equity \u20b9 66.29 billion and supporting grant \u20b9 59.71 billion) spread over a period of 8 years from April 2018 to March 2026 (\u20b9 5 billion in 2018\u201319, \u20b9 18 billion per year for later six years and \u20b9 13 billion in 2025\u201326).\nThe contribution from the government is to be repaid by the CRDA after 2037. Ultimately state or union governments are not incurring any expenditure to construct the city but wholly financed by the income accrued from the sale of land for various development schemes (\u20b9 171.51 billion), loans and the local taxes (\u20b9 146.41 billion by 2037) to the CRDA. The state and union governments are expected to earn \u20b9 120 billion per annum out of which state goods and services tax (State GST) alone is \u20b9 60 billion per annum. The entire city construction is planned by self-financing from loans and land selling with the state government's moral support. CRDA is expecting a net surplus income of \u20b9 333 billion by 2037 after meeting the total expenditure on the city. Amaravati government complex which is intended to provide world-class facilities needed for the state government and its employees' accommodation is also part of the CRDA project. The bus rapid transit system (BRTS) in Amaravati to connect with the adjacent Vijayawada and Guntur cities by world-class road network is also part of the CRDA project. Both Amaravati government complex and BRTS are planned with an expenditure of \u20b9 140 billion."}, {"Context": "Amaravati Status", "Knowledge": "ORG Government, LOC Andhra Pradesh, LOC Kurnool, ORG YSRCP, LOC Amaravati, LOC Visakhapatnam, PER Naidu", "Response": "In 2019, the new state government allocated a budget of only \u20b9500 crore and immediately stopped all running projects in the middle of construction that was started by the previous Naidu government. The Amaravati project has substantially slowed with no deadline in sight.As of 2020, the fate of Amaravati as the sole capital of Andhra Pradesh hangs in balance as the incumbent YSRCP Government has proposed to move the Executive and Judicial components of the capital to Visakhapatnam and Kurnool respectively. There has been a continuing backlash from the farmers of the region against this decision of the Government for the past 644 days. The agitators are still awaiting the Chief Minister's appointment for a plausible solution."}, {"Context": "Amaravati Administration", "Knowledge": "LOC Velagapudi, ORG APCRDA, LOC Andhra Pradesh Capital Region, LOC Amaravati, LOC M, ORG Andhra Pradesh Capital Region Development Authority, LOC Tadepalle, LOC Mangalagiri, ORG Amaravati Development Corporation Limited, LOC Thullur, ORG Andhra Pradesh Secretariat", "Response": "Amaravati is an Urban Notified Area and its urban development and planning activities are undertaken by the Amaravati Development Corporation Limited and Andhra Pradesh Capital Region Development Authority (APCRDA). The Andhra Pradesh Secretariat at Velagapudi is the administrative block for the employees of the state government.\n\nThe APCRDA has its jurisdiction over the city and is the conurbation covering Andhra Pradesh Capital Region. The capital city is spread over an area of 217.23 km2 (83.87 sq mi), and will comprise villages (including some hamlets) from three mandals viz., Mangalagiri, Thullur and Tadepalle. The seed capital is spread over an area of 16.94 km2 (6.54 sq mi).The table below lists the identified villages and hamlets under their respective mandals, which became a part of the capital city.\nNotes:\n\nM \u2013 municipality\nThe names in brackets are the hamlet villages of the respective settlement."}, {"Context": "Amaravati Language and religion", "Knowledge": "LOC Amaralingeswara Swamy Temple, LOC Amaravati, LOC Amaravati stupa", "Response": "The residents of Amaravati are mainly Telugu-speaking people along with some Urdu and other minorities. Telugu is the official language of the city. Hindus form a very large majority, but there are also Muslim, Christian, and Buddhist communities. Religious sites include the Amaralingeswara Swamy Temple, and the Amaravati stupa in the Amaravati heritage complex."}, {"Context": "Amaravati Economy and infrastructure", "Knowledge": "ORG Reliance Group, LOC Electronics, ORG HCL Technologies, LOC Mangalagiri, ORG Hafeez Contractor, LOC Government, ORG Ascendas - Singbridge and Sembcorp Development, ORG Pi Data Centre, LOC Finance, ORG NRDC, ORG Ascendas - Singbridge, LOC Amravati, LOC Sports, ORG Indian Government, ORG Sembcorp Development, LOC Media, ORG Pi Care Services, LOC Andhra Pradesh, ORG BRS Medicity, ORG HUDCO, ORG World Bank, LOC Justice, LOC India, ORG Housing and Urban Development Corporation, LOC Amaravati, LOC Health, PER Norman Foster, LOC Asia", "Response": "The state government originally initiated the Singapore-based Ascendas-Singbridge and Sembcorp Development consortium for the city's construction. The city's infrastructure was to be developed in 7\u20138 years in phases, at an estimated cost of \u20b933,000 crore. \u20b97,500 crore from the Housing and Urban Development Corporation (HUDCO), $500 million from the World Bank and \u20b92,500 crore from the Indian Government, of which \u20b91,500 crore has been granted.As of July 2019, the World Bank dropped funding for Amaravati. As of September 2019, the Ascendas-Singbridge and Sembcorp Development consortium have also withdrawn from the project. With only state government allocated budget of \u20b9500 crore in 2019, the Amravati project has substantially slowed, with no deadline in sight.Nine themed cities consisting of Finance, Justice, Health, Sports, Media, and Electronics; including Government buildings designed by Norman Foster, Hafeez Contractor, Reliance Group, and NRDC-India will be built within the city. Pi Data Centre, the fourth largest of its kind in Asia with an investment of \u20b9600 crore (US$75 million), and Pi Care Services, a healthcare BPO, were inaugurated at Mangalagiri IT park. HCL Technologies, an IT firm would set up one of its centres in Amaravati.BRS Medicity with an investment of $1.8 billion is to come to Amaravati.Mangalagiri Sarees and Fabrics produced in Mangalagiri mandal, a part of the state capital, were registered as one of the geographical indications from Andhra Pradesh."}, {"Context": "Amaravati Education", "Knowledge": "ORG Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University, ORG Vellore Institute of Technology Siddhartha Medical College Gudlavalleru Engineering College NRI Academy of Medical Sciences, ORG KL University Vignan ' s, ORG Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies, ORG Dr. NTR University of Health Sciences, ORG King ' s College London, ORG IUIH, ORG Krishna University, ORG Andhra Loyola College SRM University, LOC Andhra Pradesh, ORG Amrita University, LOC Ainavolu, ORG National Institute of Design, ORG Indo - UK Institute of Health, ORG Amity University, ORG Xavier School of Management, ORG Nuzvid, LOC Amaravati, ORG Acharya Nagarjuna University Guntur Medical College, ORG Foundation for Science, Technology & Research, ORG All India Institute of Medical Sciences, ORG Andhra Christian College Vasireddy Venkatadri Institute of Technology Katuri Medical", "Response": "Colleges and universities\nThere are public funded universities within the city limits:\n\nAcharya Nagarjuna University\nGuntur Medical College\nAcharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University\nKrishna University\nDr. NTR University of Health Sciences\nNational Institute of Design\nRajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies, Nuzvid\nAll India Institute of Medical Sciences, MangalagiriPrivate and autonomous colleges in the city include:\n\nKL University\nVignan's Foundation for Science, Technology & Research\nAndhra Loyola College\nSRM University, Andhra Pradesh\nVellore Institute of Technology\nSiddhartha Medical College\nGudlavalleru Engineering College\nNRI Academy of Medical Sciences\nAndhra Christian College\nVasireddy Venkatadri Institute of Technology\nKaturi Medical CollegePrivate institutes like Amrita University, Amity University and the Indo-UK Institute of Health (IUIH) in collaboration with the King's College London, are among others to set up campus in Amaravati. In 2018 the city's first management institute, Xavier School of Management, was under construction near Ainavolu."}, {"Context": "Amaravati Tourism", "Knowledge": "LOC Amaravati Amaralingeswara Temple Undavalli Caves Bhavani Island Kondapalli Fort Kanaka Durga Temple Prakasam Barrage Kondaveedu Fort, LOC Amaravati Stupa Archaeological Museum, PER Dhyana Buddha, LOC Krishna River", "Response": "Located on the banks of the Krishna River and between natural getaways and places of heritage, the city has several tourist attractions:\n\nDhyana Buddha statue\nAmaravati Stupa\nArchaeological Museum, Amaravati\nAmaralingeswara Temple\nUndavalli Caves\nBhavani Island\nKondapalli Fort\nKanaka Durga Temple\nPrakasam Barrage\nKondaveedu Fort"}, {"Context": "Amaravati Transport", "Knowledge": "LOC Vijayawada, LOC North, LOC NTR, LOC Guntur, LOC South, ORG Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation, LOC Tenali, LOC Pandit Nehru Bus Station, ORG APSRTC", "Response": "The buses operated by Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation (APSRTC) from Pandit Nehru Bus Station and NTR bus station, Tenali bus station connects the city with Vijayawada and Tenali, Guntur respectively.\nThe government, however, is to explore other means of mass transport like \u2018monorail\u2019, Bus Rapid Transit System (BRTS) and tramways. Two new depots, North and South of the APSRTC are proposed to be constructed. Auto rickshaws also operate for shorter distances in the capital city area."}, {"Context": "Amaravati Air", "Knowledge": "LOC Region, LOC Vijayawada International Airport, LOC Andhra Pradesh", "Response": "Vijayawada International Airport serves the whole Andhra Pradesh Capital Region."}, {"Context": "Amaravati Roadways", "Knowledge": "LOC National Highway 16, LOC Vijayawada, LOC Anantapur, LOC Anantapur Expressway, LOC Kurnool, LOC Prakasam, LOC Amaravati, LOC Kadapa, LOC Guntur, LOC Rajamahendravaram, LOC Kakinada, LOC Visakhapatnam, ORG Feeder Roads", "Response": "The Amaravati\u2013Anantapur Expressway, supported by Kurnool and Kadapa Feeder Roads is an ongoing greenfield expressway project, which would provide faster road access from the districts of Anantapur, Guntur, Kadapa, Kurnool and Prakasam to Amaravati, Rajamahendravaram, Kakinada, and Visakhapatnam.  The Amaravati seed capital road is an arterial road under construction to access the core capital area from National Highway 16. The Vijayawada-Amaravati road connects the city with Vijayawada."}, {"Context": "Amaravati Railways", "Knowledge": "LOC Vijayawada, LOC Guntur, LOC Tenali", "Response": "A proposed Amaravati high-speed circular railway line would connect the city with the nearby cities of Vijayawada, Guntur and Tenali, extending up to a length of 105 km (65 mi) with an estimated cost of \u20b910,000 crore (US$1.3 billion).And a metro rail project is proposed between the cities of Tenali, Guntur, and Vijayawada of 100 km circular corridor."}, {"Context": "Amaravati ACA International Cricket Stadium", "Knowledge": "LOC Amaravati, LOC Guntur, LOC Andhra Cricket Association International Cricket Stadium, LOC Mangalagiri, LOC ACA International Cricket Stadium, ORG Andhra Cricket Association", "Response": "ACA International Cricket Stadium (also known as the Andhra Cricket Association International Cricket Stadium) is a stadium under construction at Mangalagiri in Amaravati. It is situated in Guntur district and will be spread over 24 acres. The stadium will be owned by Andhra Cricket Association and has a seating capacity of 40,000."}, {"Context": "Amaravati Amaravati International Sports Complex", "Knowledge": "ORG Sports Authority of Andhra Pradesh, LOC Vidyadharapuram, ORG SAAP", "Response": "The complex has been under construction at Vidyadharapuram on 8.9 acres (3.6 ha) of land. It consists of two swimming pools of 50\u00d720 metres and 20\u00d720 metres, an outdoor synthetic track, a multipurpose indoor hall, and a Ground+2 clubhouse. This complex will be the new headquarters for the Sports Authority of Andhra Pradesh (SAAP)."}, {"Context": "Amaravati F1H2O Grand Prix of India", "Knowledge": "LOC India, LOC Amaravati, ORG Team Amaravati, PER Jonas Andrson, PER Eric Edin, LOC Mumbai", "Response": "From 16 to 18 November in 2018, Amaravati hosted the second (after Mumbai in 2004) F1H2O World championship Grand Prix ever held in India. The event brought wide media attention especially after one of the teams took the color and the name of the state, making it the first Indian branded team in the history of F1H2O. Team Amaravati led by drivers Jonas Andrson and Eric Edin."}, {"Context": "Amaravati First National Women's Parliament in Amaravati", "Knowledge": "PER Dalai Lama, LOC Amaravati, LOC Andhra Pradesh", "Response": "Buddhist spiritual leader the Dalai Lama participated in the First National Women's Parliament in Amaravati on 10 February 2017. He said, \"Making Amaravati, the capital of new Andhra Pradesh is a welcome move and I wish it develops well on all fronts. This heritage city has undergone a lot of change over the years... The economy would flourish where there is peace\"."}, {"Context": "Amaravati Happy Cities Summit", "Knowledge": "ORG APCRDA, ORG Government, LOC Andhra Pradesh, LOC Amaravati, PER Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy", "Response": "The Happy Cities Summit Amaravati 2019 backed by APCRDA aims to build on the success and momentum of the inaugural summit to establish Amaravati at the forefront of the discourse on urban innovation with a focus on citizen happiness. Discussion of the Happy Homes project was underway after Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy was elected Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh. The Government of Andhra Pradesh has also successfully hosted the inaugural Happy Cities Summit in Amaravati in April 2018. The summit saw the participation of 1,500+ delegates from 15+ countries, including eminent city leaders and urban experts."}, {"Context": "Amritsar Introduction", "Knowledge": "LOC R\u0101md\u0101spur, ORG United Nations, PER Harmandir Sahib, LOC Amritsari, LOC Chandigarh, LOC Punjab, LOC India, LOC Amritsar Metropolitan Region, ORG Government of India, LOC Pakistan, LOC Ludhiana, LOC Majha, LOC Golden Temple, LOC Amritsar, LOC New Delhi, LOC Ambarsar, PER Karamjit Singh Rintu, LOC Lahore", "Response": "Amritsar (Punjabi pronunciation: [\u0259m\u02d0\u02c8\u027e\u026ats\u0259\u027e] (listen)), historically also known as R\u0101md\u0101spur  and colloquially as Ambarsar, is the second largest city in the Indian state of Punjab, after Ludhiana. It is a major cultural, transportation and economic centre, located in the Majha region of Punjab. The city is the administrative headquarters of the Amritsar district.\nAccording to the United Nations, as of 2018, Amritsar is the second-most populous city in Punjab and the most populous metropolitan region in the state with a population of roughly 2 million. Amritsar is the centre of the Amritsar Metropolitan Region. \nAccording to the 2011 census, the population of Amritsar was 1,989,961. It is one of the ten Municipal Corporations in the state, and Karamjit Singh Rintu is the current Mayor of the city. The city is situated 217 km (135 mi) north-west of Chandigarh, 455 km (283 miles) north-west of New Delhi, and 47 km (29.2 miles) north-east of Lahore, Pakistan, with the India-Pakistan border only 28 km (17.4 mi) away.\nAmritsar is the economic capital of Punjab. It is a major tourist centre with nearly a hundred thousand daily visitors. The city has been chosen as one of the heritage cities for HRIDAY scheme of the Government of India. Amritsar is home to Sri Harmandir Sahib, popularly known as \"the Golden Temple\", one of Sikhism religion's most spiritually significant and most-visited gurudwaras. The city is also known for Amritsari food, its wooden chessboards and chess pieces manufacturing industry."}, {"Context": "Amritsar Mythology", "Knowledge": "PER Maharishi Valmiki, PER Lava, LOC Durgiana Temple, LOC Ramtirath ashram, LOC Lahore, PER Kusha, LOC Ramtirath Temple, LOC Kasur, PER Kush, LOC Bhagwan Valmiki Tirath Sthal, LOC Amritsar, LOC Ashram, PER Hanuman, PER Rama, PER Sita", "Response": "The Bhagwan Valmiki Tirath Sthal situated at Amritsar is believed to be the Ashram site of Maharishi Valmiki, the writer of Ramayana. As per the Ramayana, Sita gave birth to Lava and Kusha, sons of lord Rama at Ramtirath ashram. Large number of people visit Ramtirath Temple at annual fair. Nearby cities to Amritsar, Lahore and Kasur were believed to be founded by Lava and Kusha, respectively. It is believed that During Ashvamedha Yajna by Lord Rama, Lava and Kush caught the ritual horse and tied Lord Hanuman to a tree near to today's Durgiana Temple."}, {"Context": "Amritsar Founding of Amritsar City", "Knowledge": "PER Ahmad Shah, PER Harmandir Sahib, LOC India, LOC Durrani Empire, PER Guru Arjan Dev ji, PER Guru Ram Das, PER Guru Ram Das Ji, LOC Amritsar, PER Guru Da Chakk, PER Ram Das, PER Mahima Prakash Vartak, ORG Sikh Confederacy, LOC Ramdaspur, PER Guru Amar Das, PER Guru, LOC Tung", "Response": "Guru Ram Das, the fourth Sikh guru is credited with founding the holy city of Amritsar in the Sikh tradition. Two versions of stories exist regarding the land where Guru Ram Das Ji settled. In one based on a Gazetteer record, the land was purchased with Sikh donations, for 700 rupees from the owners  of the village of Tung.According to the historical Sikh records, the site was chosen by Guru Amar Das and called Guru Da Chakk, after he had asked Ram Das to find land to start a new town with a man-made pool as its central point. After his coronation in 1574, and the hostile opposition he faced from the sons of Guru Amar Das, Guru Ram Das ji founded the town named after him as \"Ramdaspur\". He started by completing the pool, and building his new official Guru centre and home next to it. He invited merchants and artisans from other parts of India to settle into the new town with him. The town expanded during the time of Guru Arjan Dev ji financed by donations and constructed by voluntary work. The town grew to become the city of Amritsar, and the pool area grew into a temple complex after his son built the gurdwara Harmandir Sahib, and installed the scripture of Sikhism inside the new temple in 1604.The construction activity between 1574 and 1604 is described in Mahima Prakash Vartak, a semi-historical Sikh hagiography text likely composed in 1741, and the earliest known document dealing with the lives of all the ten Gurus.\n\nIn 1762 and 1766\u20131767, Ahmad Shah of the Durrani Empire invaded the Sikh Confederacy, besieged Amritsar, massacred the populace and destroyed the city."}, {"Context": "Amritsar Old walled city", "Knowledge": "LOC Doburji, LOC Punjab, LOC Dhoor Kot, LOC Gilwali, PER Sher Singh, LOC Hall Gate, LOC Ramgarhia, LOC Amritsar, LOC Rambagh Deori, LOC Lohgarh, LOC Deori Kalan, LOC Ahluwalia, LOC Katra Maha Singh, LOC Shahzada, LOC Hakeema, LOC Khazana, PER Ranjit Singh, LOC Lahori Darwaza, LOC Rangar Nangalia", "Response": "During Sikh Empire in 1822 Maharaja Ranjit Singh fortified the city starting from a wall at Katra Maha Singh area. Later, Sher Singh continued with the construction of the wall with twelve gates (Lahori Darwaza, Khazana, Hakeema, Rangar Nangalia, Gilwali, Ramgarhia, Doburji, Ahluwalia, Deori Kalan, Rambagh Deori, Shahzada and Lohgarh) in it and a fort named Dhoor Kot that had fortification 25 yards broad and 7 yards high. The circumference of the walled city was around five miles. When in 1849, British annexed Punjab, Amritsar was a walled city and they built a thirteenth gate to it known as Hall Gate."}, {"Context": "Amritsar Jallianwala Bagh massacre", "Knowledge": "LOC Punjab, ORG Rakab Ganj, ORG Home Rule League, ORG Indian National Congress, PER Reginald Edward Harry Dyer, LOC Lucknow, LOC New Delhi, PER Mahatma Gandhi, LOC Gurdwara, PER Annie Besant, LOC South Africa, LOC Amritsar, ORG Theosophical Society of India, PER Saifuddin Kitchlew, PER Gandhi, LOC India, LOC Dharamsetla, LOC Himachal Pradesh, PER Satya Pal, LOC Jallianwala Bagh", "Response": "The Jallianwala Bagh massacre, involving the killings of hundreds of Indian civilians on the orders of British Colonel Reginald Edward Harry Dyer, took place on 13 April 1919 in the heart of Amritsar, the holiest city of the Sikhs, on a day sacred to them as the birth anniversary of the Khalsa (Vaisakhi day).In Punjab, during World War I (1914\u201318), there was considerable unrest particularly among the Sikhs, first on account of the demolition of a boundary wall of Gurdwara Rakab Ganj at New Delhi and later because of the activities and trials of the Ghadarites, almost all of whom were Sikhs. In India as a whole, too, there had been a spurt in political activity mainly owing to the emergence of two leaders: Mahatma Gandhi (1869\u20131948) who after a period of struggle against the British in South Africa, had returned to India in January 1915, and Annie Besant (1847\u20131933), head of the Theosophical Society of India, who on 11 April 1916 established the Home Rule League with autonomy for India as its goal. In December 1916, the Indian National Congress, at its annual session held at Lucknow, passed a resolution asking the king to issue a proclamation announcing that it is the \"aim and intention of British policy to confer self-government on India at an early date\".On 10 April 1919, Satya Pal and Saifuddin Kitchlew, two popular proponents of the Satyagraha movement led by Gandhi, were called to the deputy commissioner's residence, arrested and sent off by car to Dharamsetla, a hill town, now in Himachal Pradesh. This led to a general strike in Amritsar. Excited groups of citizens soon merged into a crowd of about 50,000 marchings on to protest to the deputy commissioner against the arrest of the two leaders. The crowd, however, was stopped and fired upon near the railway foot-bridge. According to the official version, the number of those killed was 12 and of those wounded between 20 and 30. Evidence before an inquiry of the Indian National Congress put the number of the dead between 20 and 30.\nThree days later, on 13 April, the traditional festival of Baisakhi, thousands of Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims gathered in the Jallianwala Bagh. An hour after the meeting began as scheduled at 16:30, Dyer arrived with a group of sixty-five Gurkha soldiers (from the 9th Gorkha Rifles) and twenty-five Baluchi soldiers (from the 59th Scinde Rifles). Without warning the crowd to disperse, Dyer blocked the main exits and ordered his troops to begin shooting toward the densest sections of the crowd; the firing continued for approximately ten minutes. A British government inquiry into the massacre placed the death toll at 379. The Indian National Congress, on the other hand, estimated that approximately 1,000 people were killed."}, {"Context": "Amritsar Operation Blue Star", "Knowledge": "LOC India, ORG India Today, LOC Golden Temple, ORG CBI, PER Indira Gandhi, LOC Amritsar, LOC Sikh Reference Library", "Response": "Operation Blue Star (1 \u2013 6 June 1984) was an Indian military operation ordered by Indira Gandhi, the Prime Minister of India to curb and remove Sikh militants from the Golden Temple in Amritsar. The operation was carried out by Indian army troops with tanks and armoured vehicles. Militarily successful, the operation aroused immense controversy, and the government's justification for the timing and style of the attack are hotly debated. Operation Blue Star was included in the Top 10 Political Disgraces by India Today magazine.Official reports put the number of deaths among the Indian army at 83, with 493 civilians and Sikh militants killed. While independent estimates place the numbers upwards of 5,000 people, a majority of them pilgrims, including women and children. In addition, the CBI is considered responsible for seizing historical artefacts and manuscripts in the Sikh Reference Library before burning it down. Four months after the operation, on 31 October 1984, Indira Gandhi was assassinated by two of her Sikh bodyguards in what is viewed as an act of vengeance. Following her assassination, more than 17,000 Sikhs were killed in the 1984 anti-Sikh riots."}, {"Context": "Amritsar Geography", "Knowledge": "LOC Budha Theh, LOC Beas, LOC Punjab, LOC Jandiala Guru, LOC Verka Town, LOC Pakistan, LOC Attari, LOC North India, LOC Majha, LOC Chheharta Sahib, LOC Amritsar, LOC Ajnala, LOC Majitha, LOC Rajasansi, LOC Ramdass, LOC Rayya, LOC Baba Bakala", "Response": "Amritsar is located at 31.63\u00b0N 74.87\u00b0E\ufeff / 31.63; 74.87 with an average elevation of 234 metres (768 ft). Amritsar is located in the Majha region of the state of Punjab in North India lies about 15 miles (25 km) east of the border with Pakistan. Administrative towns includes Ajnala, Attari, Beas, Budha Theh, Chheharta Sahib, Jandiala Guru, Majitha, Rajasansi, Ramdass, Rayya, Verka Town and Baba Bakala."}, {"Context": "Amritsar Climate", "Knowledge": "LOC Northwestern India, LOC Rajasansi, LOC Amritsar", "Response": "Typically for Northwestern India, Amritsar has a hot semi-arid climate (K\u00f6ppen BSh) bordering on a monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate (Cwa). Temperatures in Amritsar usually range from 0 to 45 \u00b0C (32 to 113 \u00b0F). It experiences four primary seasons: winter (December to March), when temperatures can drop to \u22121 \u00b0C (30 \u00b0F); summer (April to June), when temperatures can reach 45 \u00b0C (113 \u00b0F); monsoon (July to September); and post-monsoon (October to November). Annual rainfall is about 726.0 millimetres (28.6 in). The lowest recorded temperature is \u22123.6 \u00b0C (25.5 \u00b0F), was recorded on 9 December 1996 and the highest temperature, 48.0 \u00b0C (118.4 \u00b0F), was recorded on 24 May 2013. The official weather station for the city is the civil aerodrome at Rajasansi. Weather records here date back to 15 November 1947."}, {"Context": "Amritsar Demographics", "Knowledge": "LOC Amritsar", "Response": "As of the 2011 census, Amritsar municipality had a population of 1,132,761 and the urban agglomeration had a population of 1,183,705. The municipality had a sex ratio of 879 females per 1,000 males and 9.7% of the population were under six years old. Effective literacy was 85.27%; male literacy was 88.09% and female literacy was 82.09%. The scheduled caste population is 28.8%"}, {"Context": "Amritsar Religion", "Knowledge": "LOC Amritsar", "Response": "According to 2011 Census of India, Hinduism is the main religion of the Amritsar city at 49.5% of the population, followed by Sikhism (47.9%), Christianity (1.2%), and Islam (0.5%). Around 0.9% of the population of the city stated 'No Particular Religion' or other religion.Amritsar is the holiest city in Sikhism and about 80 million people visit it each year for pilgrimage."}, {"Context": "Amritsar Politics", "Knowledge": "LOC Amritsar", "Response": "The city is part of the Amritsar (Lok Sabha constituency)."}, {"Context": "Amritsar Economy", "Knowledge": "LOC Punjab, LOC India, ORG Project Virasat, ORG UNESCO, LOC Amritsar", "Response": "Amritsar is the second-largest city and district of Punjab. It is also one of the fastest-growing cities of Punjab. In the mid-1980s the city was famous for its textile industry. Amritsar\u2019s trade and industry faced a blow during militancy period in 1980s, but there are still many textile mills, knitting units and embroidery factories functional in the city. It is famous for its pashmina shawls, woolen clothes, blankets, etc. Among handicrafts, the craft of the Thatheras of Jandiala Guru in Amritsar district got enlisted on UNESCO's List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in 2014, and the effort to revive this craft under the umbrella of Project Virasat is among India's biggest government-sponsored craft revival programs.\nTourism and hospitality have recently become the backbone of local economy due to heavy tourist arrivals. Hundreds of small and some large hotels have sprung up to cater to the increased tourist inflow. Restaurants, taxi operators, local shopkeepers have all benefited from the tourist boom."}, {"Context": "Amritsar Air", "Knowledge": "LOC Sri Guru Ramdasji International Airport, LOC Amritsar, LOC Punjab, LOC India", "Response": "Amritsar hosts Sri Guru Ramdasji International Airport. The airport is connected to other parts of India and other countries with direct international flights to cities. The Airport is 12th busiest Airport of India in terms of International Traffic. The Airport serves not only Amritsar, but also many other districts in Punjab and neighbouring states."}, {"Context": "Amritsar Rail", "Knowledge": "ORG GMR, LOC Bhagtanwala, LOC Amritsar Central Railway Station, LOC Chheharta, LOC Chheharta Railway Station, LOC Indian State of Punjab, LOC Amritsar, LOC Railway, ORG Northern Railways, ORG Indian Railway Stations Development Corporation, ORG International Airport, ORG Indian Railways", "Response": "Amritsar Central Railway Station is the main station serving Amritsar. It is the busiest Railway Station in Indian State of Punjab and one of the highest revenue generating station of Northern Railways. Due to high traffic at the Amritsar Central Railway Station, Indian Railways has planned to develop 2 satellite stations-Chheharta and Bhagtanwala, in order to decongest traffic at this station. As many as 6 trains would be shifted to Chheharta Railway Station in the first phase. The Indian Railway Stations Development Corporation has also planned to make the Amritsar Central Railway Station, a world class railway station on lines of International Airport based on PPP Model. The project has received an overwhelming response with bids from 7 private firms, including GMR."}, {"Context": "Amritsar Road", "Knowledge": "LOC Katra Expressway, LOC National Highway, LOC India, LOC Grand Trunk Road, LOC Jamnagar, LOC NH, LOC G. T Road, LOC Jalandhar, LOC Golden Temple, LOC Delhi, LOC Amritsar, LOC Gujarat, LOC New Delhi, LOC G. T. Road, LOC Amritsar Jamnagar Expressway", "Response": "Amritsar is located on the historic Grand Trunk Road (G.T Road), also known as NH 1 now renumbered as National Highway 3. An expressway by name of Delhi-Amritsar-Katra Expressway at the cost of \u20b925,000 crore is approved under Bharatmala scheme which will cut the travel time from Amritsar to New Delhi by road from current 8 hours, to 4 hours. Another expressway, called Amritsar Jamnagar Expressway is under construction which will connect Amritsar to Jamnagar in Gujarat.\nAdditionally, NH 54 (Old NH15), NH 354 and NH 503A connect Amritsar to other parts of state and rest of India.\nA ring road will also be built surrounding all 4 sides of Amritsar\u20b9 450,000,000 is being spent to expand the Amritsar-Jalandhar stretch of G.T. Road to four lanes. In 2010, elevated road with four lanes connected to the National highway for better access to the Golden Temple has been started."}, {"Context": "Amritsar Amritsar MetroBus", "Knowledge": "LOC Golden Temple Jallianwala Bagh, LOC Golden Gate, ORG Guru Nanak Dev University, ORG Tata, LOC India Gate, LOC Amritsar, ORG Durgiana Temple Khalsa College", "Response": "Amritsar has a bus rapid transit service, the Amritsar Metrobus which was launched on 28 January 2019. 93 fully air-conditioned Tata Marcopolo buses are used for the service connecting places like \n\nGolden Temple\nJallianwala Bagh\nGuru Nanak Dev University\nGolden Gate\nIndia Gate, Amritsar\nDurgiana Temple\nKhalsa College"}, {"Context": "Amritsar Sister Cities", "Knowledge": "LOC Amritsar", "Response": "Following cities are Sister Cities of Amritsar:"}, {"Context": "Amritsar Educational institutions", "Knowledge": "ORG Spring Dale Senior School, ORG Government Medical College, ORG BBK DAV College for Women, ORG Global Institute, ORG Indian Institute of Management, ORG Shri Ram Ashram Public, ORG St. Francis School, ORG Guru Nanak Dev University Holy Heart Presidency School, ORG Khalsa College, LOC Delhi, LOC Amritsar, LOC Chamiyari, ORG Sri Guru Harkrishan Public School, ORG St. Mary ' s Convent school, ORG Khalsa College of Law, ORG D. A. V College D. A. V Public", "Response": "BBK DAV College for Women, Amritsar\nD.A.V College\nD.A.V Public School\nDelhi Public School, Amritsar\nGlobal Institute, Amritsar\nGovernment Medical College, Amritsar\nGuru Nanak Dev University\nHoly Heart Presidency School, Amritsar\nKhalsa College, Amritsar\nKhalsa College of Law\nIndian Institute of Management, Amritsar\nSpring Dale Senior School\nShri Ram Ashram Public School\nSri Guru Harkrishan Public School, Amritsar\nSt. Francis School, Amritsar\nSt. Mary's Convent school, Chamiyari, Amritsar"}, {"Context": "Amritsar Medical facilities", "Knowledge": "ORG Government Medical College, ORG . Vidyasagar Institute of Mental Health, LOC Sri Amritsar Fortis Hospital, LOC Mall Road, PER Om Parkash, PER Daljit, LOC Amritsar, LOC G. T. Road Medicity, ORG Sri Guru Ram Das University of Health Sciences, LOC Singh, LOC Byepass Amandeep Hospital", "Response": "Dr. Vidyasagar Institute of Mental Health, a government mental hospital.\nGovernment Medical College, Amritsar\nSri Guru Ram Das University of Health Sciences, Sri Amritsar\nFortis Hospital, Byepass\nAmandeep Hospital, G. T. Road\nMedicity, Mall Road\nDr. Daljit Singh Eye Hospital\nDr. Om Parkash Eye Hospital"}, {"Context": "Amritsar Sources", "Knowledge": "PER Dupree, ORG Princeton University Press, PER Louis, LOC Afghanistan", "Response": "Dupree, Louis (1980). Afghanistan. Princeton University Press."}, {"Context": "Anantnag Introduction", "Knowledge": "LOC Anantnag, LOC Jammu, LOC Islamabad, LOC Kashmir, LOC Srinagar", "Response": "Anantnag (/\u0259'n\u028cntna:g/ or /-n\u0251\u02d0g/ listen ), also called Islamabad, is the administrative headquarters of the Anantnag district in the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir. It is located at a distance of 53 kilometres (33 miles) from the union territory's capital Srinagar. It is the third largest city in Jammu and Kashmir after Srinagar and Jammu with an urban agglomerate population of  159,838  and municipal limit population of 109,433."}, {"Context": "Anantnag Name", "Knowledge": "PER Marc Aurel Stein, LOC Anantan\u0101ga, PER Vishnu, PER Islam Khan, PER Ananta, LOC Anantnag, LOC Islamabad, LOC Kashmir Valley, LOC Anantnag wazarat", "Response": "The town has been called by both the names Islamabad and Anantnag. The latter is characterised by Marc Aurel Stein as its \"Hindu name\".\"Anantnag\" derives from the name of the spring at the southern end of the town, whose sanskrit name Anantan\u0101ga was mentioned in the Nilamata Purana and other texts. According to the Gazetteer of Kashmir and Ladak, it is named after Ananta, the great serpent of Vishnu and the emblem of eternity.The name Islamabad is believed to have derived from the name of a Mughal governor Islam Khan who built a garden in the area.Both names are used for the town, Anantnag being preferred by the Hindus and Sikhs while Islamabad is preferred by the Muslims. The locals continue to use the name Islamabad, even though the Indian security forces deployed in the area from 1998 onwards frown on its use.During the Dogra rule, Anantnag/Islamabad was the headquarters of one of Kashmir Valley's three districts, which was referred to as the \"Anantnag wazarat\"."}, {"Context": "Anantnag Geography", "Knowledge": "LOC NH 44, LOC Srinagar, LOC Anantnag, LOC NH 1A", "Response": "Anantnag is located at 33.73\u00b0N 75.15\u00b0E\ufeff / 33.73; 75.15, at an elevation of 5,300 feet (1,600 m) above sea level, at a distance of 53 kilometres (33 mi) from Srinagar on NH 44 (former name NH 1A before renumbering of all national highways)."}, {"Context": "Anantnag Demographics", "Knowledge": "LOC Anantnag, ORG Anantnag Municipal Council", "Response": "There are three definitions of Anantnag:\n\nAnantnag Municipal Council: population in 2011: 109,433, area: 15.72 km2 (6.07 sq mi).\nAnantnag city including outgrowths: population in 2011: 150,592, area: 37.94 km2 (14.65 sq mi).\nAnantnag Urban Agglomeration: population in 2011: 159,838, area: 40.44 km2 (15.61 sq mi).Including outgrowths, in 2011 the city's population had 77,508 males (52%) and 72,690 females (48%). There were 25,102 (16.7%) age 0-6: 13,528 males (54%) and 11,574 females (46%).  The literacy rate for the people over six was 73.8% (males 81.0%, females 66.2%)."}, {"Context": "Anantnag Government and politics", "Knowledge": "PER Hilal Ahmed Shah, LOC Anantnag, ORG BJP, ORG Municipal Council Anantnag, ORG Municipal Council, ORG Indian National Congress", "Response": "The local body for Anantnag is called Municipal Council Anantnag. Anantnag has 25 wards. The local body elections in Anantnag took place in 2018 in which the party Indian National Congress won 20 wards and BJP won 3 wards. The President and Vice President are the elected heads of the Municipal Council. The elections are indirect elections. Hilal Ahmed Shah is the President of Municipal Council Anantnag."}, {"Context": "Anantnag Sites", "Knowledge": "LOC Anantnag, PER Sikander Buthshikan, LOC Kashmir, LOC Masjid Baba Dawood Khaki, LOC Kehribal, LOC Mattan, LOC Sun Temple, LOC Martand Sun Temple", "Response": "Masjid Baba Dawood Khaki is among the oldest mosques in the city, being built around 1400 CE.The Martand Sun Temple is one of the important archaeological sites of Kashmir, built around 500 CE. It temple is situated at Kehribal, 9 km east-north-east of Anantnag and south of Mattan. This famous Sun Temple was destroyed by Ruler namely Sikander Buthshikan of Shahmiri Dynasty."}, {"Context": "Anantnag Economy", "Knowledge": "LOC North - South Corridor Road, LOC Kashmir Valley, LOC Anantnag", "Response": "In 2010 Anantnag was declared as major City of Export excellence with a total GDP of 3.7 billion $. The high GDP of Anantnag is due to the centralised position and presence of high concentration of troops and migrant labours in it. Anantnag has a strategic position lying on the main North-South Corridor Road and with the highest number of tourist destinations it an economic hub of Kashmir Valley. The city suffered heavily during conflict times of the 1990s; many roads, bridges, and government buildings were reduced to ash. But in the 2000s, it made a quick recovery. It has been listed among 100 fastest economically developing cities."}, {"Context": "Anantnag Road", "Knowledge": "LOC Kokarnag, LOC Achabal, LOC Anantnag, LOC Doru Shahabad, LOC NH 44, LOC NH 1A, LOC Kashmir, LOC Srinagar, LOC Jawahar Tunnel, LOC Pahalgam, LOC National Highway 44", "Response": "Srinagar is 53 km from Anantnag on NH 44 (former name NH 1A before renumbering of all national highways). The distances of some other towns from Anantnag are: Achabal 10 km, Kokarnag 23 km, Doru Shahabad 20 km and Pahalgam 39 km. The city is served by National Highway 44. The city is gateway to the Kashmir valley as one side of Jawahar Tunnel opens here."}, {"Context": "Anantnag Rail", "Knowledge": "LOC BRML, LOC Anantnag, LOC Baramulla, LOC India, LOC Banihal, LOC BAHL, LOC Qazigund, LOC Srinagar, LOC Kashmir Valley, LOC Pir Panjal, LOC ANT", "Response": "Anantnag (ANT) is a station on the 119 km (74 mi) long Banihal-Baramulla line that started in October 2009 and connects Baramulla (BRML) and Srinagar to Banihal (BAHL), Qazigund. The railway track also connects to Banihal across the Pir Panjal mountains through a newly constructed 11 km long Banihal tunnel, and subsequently to the Indian railway network after a few years. It takes approximately 9 minutes and 30 seconds for a train to cross the tunnel. It is the longest rail tunnel in India. This railway system, proposed in 2001, is not expected to connect the Indian railway network until 2017 at the earliest, with a cost overrun of 55 billion INR. The train also runs during heavy snow across the Kashmir Valley."}, {"Context": "Anantnag Education", "Knowledge": "ORG Anantnag Industrial Training Institute, ORG Anantnag Government Medical College, ORG Anantnag Al Ahad College of Education, ORG Anantnag Government Polytechnic College Anantnag, ORG Anantnag Government Degree College for Boys, ORG University of Kashmir South Campus, ORG Anantnag Jamia College of Education, ORG Anantnag Government Boys Model Higher Secondary School, ORG Brakpora, ORG Anantnag Government College for Women", "Response": "There are numerous primary, middle secondary and higher secondary schools in the city. Of the higher education, the following establishments are notable:\n\nUniversity of Kashmir South Campus, Anantnag\nGovernment Medical College, Anantnag\nIndustrial Training Institute, Anantnag\nGovernment Degree College for Boys, Anantnag\nGovernment College for Women, Anantnag\nGovernment Boys Model Higher Secondary School, Brakpora, Anantnag\nAl Ahad College of Education, Anantnag\nJamia College of Education, Anantnag\nGovernment Polytechnic College Anantnag"}, {"Context": "Aurangabad Introduction", "Knowledge": "LOC Deccan Traps, PER Satavahana, LOC Kha\u1e0dk\u012b, LOC Jama Mosque, LOC Himayat Bagh, LOC Delhi Sultanate, LOC Delhi, LOC Maharashtra, LOC Ajanta, LOC Bibi Ka Maqbara, LOC Panchakki, ORG AURIC, PER Babasaheb Ambedkar, PER Alauddin Khalji, LOC Aurangabad Caves, ORG Industrial City, LOC Ahmadnagar Sultanate, LOC City of Gates, LOC Paithan, LOC Chhatrapati Sambhaji Nagar, PER Muhammad bin Tughluq, LOC Aurangabad, LOC Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar, LOC Marathwada, LOC Salim Ali Lake, LOC Grishneshwar Temple, LOC Daulatabad, LOC India, LOC Devagiri Fort, ORG Marathwada University, PER Yadava, LOC Ellora, LOC D\u0113vagir\u012b", "Response": "Aurangabad (pronunciation  officially known as Chhatrapati Sambhaji Nagar, also spelt Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar, is a city in the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is the administrative headquarters of Aurangabad district and is the largest city in the Marathwada region. Located on a hilly upland terrain in the Deccan Traps, Aurangabad is the fifth-most populous urban area in Maharashtra with a population of 1,175,116. The city is known as a major production center of cotton textile and artistic silk fabrics. Several prominent educational institutions, including Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, are located in the city. The city is also a popular tourism hub, with tourist destinations like the Ajanta and Ellora caves lying on its outskirts, both of which have been designated as UNESCO World Heritage Sites since 1983. Other tourist attractions include the Aurangabad Caves, Devagiri Fort, Grishneshwar Temple, Jama Mosque, Bibi Ka Maqbara, Himayat Bagh, Panchakki and Salim Ali Lake. Historically, there were 52 Gates in Aurangabad, some of them extant, because of which Aurangabad is nicknamed as the \"City of Gates\". In 2019, the Aurangabad Industrial City (AURIC) became the first greenfield industrial smart city of India under the country's flagship Smart Cities Mission.Paithan, the imperial capital of the Satavahana dynasty (1st century BCE\u20132nd century CE), as well as D\u0113vagir\u012b, the capital of the Yadava dynasty (9th century CE\u201314th century CE), are located within the limits of modern Aurangabad. In 1308, the region was annexed by the Delhi Sultanate during the rule of Sultan Alauddin Khalji. In 1327, the capital of the Delhi Sultanate was shifted from Delhi to Daulatabad (in present-day Aurangabad) during the rule of Sultan Muhammad bin Tughluq, who ordered a mass migration of Delhi's population to Daulatabad. However, Muhammad bin Tughluq reversed his decision in 1334 and the capital was shifted back to Delhi. In 1499, Daulatabad became a part of the Ahmadnagar Sultanate. In 1610, a new city named Kha\u1e0dk\u012b was established at the location of modern Aurangabad to serve as the capital of the Ahmadnagar Sultanate by the Ethiopian military leader Malik Ambar, who was brought to India as a slave but rose to become a popular Prime Minister of the Ahmadnagar Sultanate. Malik Ambar was succeeded by his son Fateh Khan, who changed the name of the city to Fatehnagar. In 1636, Aurangzeb, who was then the Mughal viceroy of the Deccan region, annexed the city into the Mughal Empire. In 1653, Aurangzeb renamed the city as \"Aurangabad\" and made it the capital of the Deccan region of the Mughal Empire. In 1724, the Mughal governor of the Deccan, Nizam Asaf Jah I, seceded from the Mughal Empire and founded his own Asaf Jahi dynasty. The dynasty established the State of Hyderabad with their capital initially at Aurangabad, until they transferred their capital to the city of Hyderabad in 1763. Hyderabad State became a princely state during the British Raj, and remained so for 150 years (1798\u20131948). Until 1956, Aurangabad remained part of Hyderabad State. In 1960, Aurangabad and the larger Marathi-speaking Marathwada region became a part of the state of Maharashtra."}, {"Context": "Aurangabad History", "Knowledge": "PER Muazzam, LOC Mughal Deccan, LOC Kha\u1e0dk\u012b, PER Nizam Ali Khan, LOC Delhi, LOC Mughal Aurangabad, PER Malik Ambar, PER Mirza Rajah Jai Singh, PER Murtaza Nizam Shah II, PER Nizam Shahi, LOC Deccan, PER Nizam al - Mulk, PER Fateh Khan, LOC Khujista Bunyad, PER Aurangzeb, LOC Mughal Empire, LOC Aurangabad, LOC Ahmednagar, LOC Devagiri Fort, PER Asaf Jah, LOC Fatehnagar", "Response": "Kha\u1e0dk\u012b was the original name of the village which was made a capital city by Malik Ambar, the Prime Minister of Murtaza Nizam Shah II, Sultan of Ahmednagar. Within a decade, Kha\u1e0dk\u012b grew into a populous and imposing city. Malik Ambar died in 1626. He was succeeded by his son Fateh Khan, who changed the name of Kha\u1e0dk\u012b to Fatehnagar. With the capture of Devagiri Fort by the imperial troops in 1633, the Nizam Shahi dominions, including Fatehnagar, came under the possession of the Mughals.In 1653, when Mughal prince Aurangzeb was appointed the Viceroy of the Deccan for the second time, he made Fatehnagar his capital and renamed it Aurangabad. Aurangabad is sometimes referred to as Khujista Bunyad by the chroniclers of Aurangzeb's reign.In 1667 Muazzam, son of Aurangzeb became governor of this province. Before him Mirza Rajah Jai Singh was in-charge of this province for some time.In 1681, after Aurangzeb's coronation as emperor, he shifted his court from the capital city of Delhi to Aurangabad in order to conduct his military campaigns in the Deccan. The presence of Mughal elites in the city led to urban development, as numerous public and private buildings were constructed. Though Aurangzeb chose not to reside in the city after 1684, the city retained importance as the primary military outpost of the Mughal Deccan, attracting wealth and turning Aurangabad into a centre of trade; the manufacture of embroidered silks emerged during this period and is still practiced in Aurangabad today. Mughal Aurangabad was also a cultural hub, serving as an important centre of Persian and Urdu literature. During the Mughal era, Aurangabad had an estimated population of 200,000 people, living in 54 suburbs.In 1724, Asaf Jah, a Mughal general and Nizam al-Mulk in the Deccan region, decided to secede from the crumbling Mughal Empire, with the intention of founding his own dynasty in the Deccan. Aurangabad continued to be politically and culturally significant for the next 40 years as capital of Asaf Jah's new dominion, until his son and successor Nizam Ali Khan Asaf Jah II transferred the capital to Hyderabad in 1763. The loss of Aurangabad's privileged position led to a period of economic decline; by the beginning of the 19th century, the city had become notably underpopulated, leading to the crippling of its administration, and its buildings were in decay. However, Aurangabad would continue to be important as the \"second city\" of the Nizam's dominions for the remainder of the polity's lifetime.In 1816, the British established a cantonment outside Aurangabad (as they did in other parts of the Nizam's dominions), but were discouraged from entering the city proper by the Nizam's officials. As a princely state under British suzerainty, the Nizam's Hyderabad State was quasi-autonomous, meaning that Aurangabad's culture was somewhat free of colonial influence.Aurangabad began to industrialise in the late 19th century, with the city's first cotton mill being opened in 1889. The population of the city was 30,000 in 1881, growing to 36,000 over the next two decades. Aurangabad was particularly affected by Deccan famines in 1899-1900, 1918, and 1920, causing surges in crime.Following Indian independence, Hyderabad State was annexed into the Indian Union in 1948, and consequently Aurangabad became a part of the Indian Union's Hyderabad State. In 1956, it passed into the newly formed bilingual Bombay State, and in 1960 it became a part of Maharashtra state.Bal Thackeray in 1988 proposed the city to be renamed as Sambhajinagar. The local governing body i.e., City Corporation passed a resolution on name change in 1995. On 29 June 2022, the Shiv Sena-led Maharashtra cabinet approved the renaming of Aurangabad to Sambhaji Nagar, after Sambhaji Bhosale, second Chhatrapati of the Maratha Empire."}, {"Context": "Aurangabad Geography", "Knowledge": "LOC Aurangabad", "Response": "The co-ordinates for Aurangabad are N 19\u00b0 53' 47\" \u2013 E 75\u00b0 23' 54\". The city is surrounded by hills on all directions."}, {"Context": "Aurangabad Climate", "Knowledge": "LOC Aurangabad, LOC India", "Response": "Aurangabad features a semiarid climate under the K\u00f6ppen climate classification. Annual mean temperatures range from 17 to 33 \u00b0C, with the most comfortable time to visit in the winter \u2013 October to February. The highest maximum temperature ever recorded was 46 \u00b0C (114 \u00b0F) on 25 May 1905. The lowest recorded temperature was 2 \u00b0C (36 \u00b0F) on 2 February 1911. In the cold season, the district is sometimes affected by cold waves in association with the eastward passage of western disturbances across north India, when the minimum temperature may drop down to about 2 \u00b0C to 4 \u00b0C (35.6 \u00b0F to 39.2 \u00b0F).Most of the rainfall occurs in the monsoon season from June to September. Thunderstorms occur between November to April. Average annual rainfall is 710 mm. The city is often cloudy during the monsoon season and the cloud cover may remain together for days. The daily maximum temperature in the city often drops to around 22 \u00b0C due to the cloud cover and heavy rains."}, {"Context": "Aurangabad Geology", "Knowledge": "LOC Deccan Trap, LOC Sukhana, LOC Kham, LOC Deccan, LOC Aurangabad", "Response": "The entire area is covered by the Deccan Traps lava flows of Upper Cretaceous to Lower Eocene age. The lava flows are overlain by thin alluvial deposits along the Kham and Sukhana river. The basaltic lava flows belonging to the Deccan Trap is the only major geological formation occurring in Aurangabad. The lava flows are horizontal and each flow has two distinct units. The upper layers consist of vesiculara and amygdaloidal zeolitic basalt while the bottom layer consists of massive basalt. The lava flows are individually different in their ability to receive as well as hold water in storage and to transmit it. The difference in the productivity of groundwater in various flows arises as a result of their inherent physical properties such as porosity and permeability. The groundwater occurs under water table conditions and is mainly controlled by the extent of its secondary porosity i.e. thickness of weathered rocks and spacing of joints and fractures. The highly weathered vesicular trap and underlying weathered jointed and fractured massive trap constitutes the main water-yielding zones. The soil is mostly formed from igneous rocks and is black, medium black, shallow and calcareous types having different depths and profiles."}, {"Context": "Aurangabad Demographics", "Knowledge": "LOC Aurangabad", "Response": "According to the 2011 Indian Census, Aurangabad has a population of 1,175,116, of which 609,206 are males and 565,910 are females. Population in the age range of 0 to 6 years is 158,779. The total number of literates in Aurangabad was 889,224, which constituted 75.67% of the population with male literacy of 79.34% and female literacy of 71.72%. The effective literacy rate of 7+ population of Aurangabad was 87.5%, of which male literacy rate was 92.2% and female literacy rate was 82.5%. The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes population is 229,223 and 15,240 respectively. There were 236659 households in Aurangabad in 2011."}, {"Context": "Aurangabad Religion", "Knowledge": "LOC Aurangabad", "Response": "The majority of the population in Aurangabad are Hindu (51%), followed by 30% Muslim, 15.2% Buddhist and 1.6% Jain. There are a substantial number of adherents of Sikhism and Christianity in the city. Buddhists are of Navayana tradition who are mostly scheduled castes."}, {"Context": "Aurangabad Language", "Knowledge": "", "Response": "Marathi is the official language of the city. Marathi is also the most commonly spoken language in the city, followed by Urdu and Hindi."}, {"Context": "Aurangabad Local administration", "Knowledge": "ORG Standing Committee, ORG Municipal Corporation, LOC Prabhag, ORG General Body, ORG AMC, ORG AMRDA, ORG Aurangabad Metropolitan Region Development Authority, ORG Municipal Council, ORG Aurangabad Municipal Corporation, ORG IAS", "Response": "Aurangabad Municipal Corporation (AMC) is the local civic body. It is divided into six zones. The Municipal Council was established in 1936, the Municipal Council area was about 54.5 km2. It was elevated to the status of Municipal Corporation from 8 December 1982, and simultaneously including eighteen peripheral villages, making the total area under its jurisdiction to 138.5 km2 extended its limits.\nThe city is divided in 115 electoral wards called as Prabhag, and each ward is represented by a Corporator elected by the people from each ward. There are two Committees, General Body and Standing Committee headed by the Mayor and the chairman respectively. AMC is responsible for providing basic amenities like drinking water, drainage facility, road, street lights, healthcare facilities, primary schools, etc. AMC collects its revenue from the urban taxes which are imposed on citizens. The administration is headed by the Municipal Commissioner; an IAS Officer, assisted by the other officers of different departments.Aurangabad Metropolitan Region Development Authority (AMRDA) is being Formed for the Allover Development of the Region.[1]"}, {"Context": "Aurangabad State and central administration", "Knowledge": "PER Pradeep Jaiswal, LOC India, LOC Aurangabad Central, ORG Shiv - Sena, PER Atul Moreshwar Save, LOC Aurangabad West, LOC Maharashtra, LOC Aurangabad, ORG AIMIM, LOC Marathwada, LOC Aurangabad East, PER Sayed Imtiyaz Jaleel, ORG BJP, ORG Lok Sabha, PER Sanjay Shirsat", "Response": "Aurangabad division is one of the six administrative divisions of Maharashtra state in India. Aurangabad divisions almost completely coincides with the Marathwada region of Maharashtra. Aurangabad contributes one seat to the Lok Sabha \u2013 Aurangabad (Lok Sabha constituency). In 2019 general election, AIMIM candidate Sayed Imtiyaz Jaleel was elected as a member of parliament from Aurangabad.Aurangabad also contributes three state assembly seats namely Aurangabad East, Aurangabad Central and Aurangabad West which are represented by Atul Moreshwar Save (BJP), Pradeep Jaiswal (Shiv-Sena) and Sanjay Shirsat (Shiv-Sena) respectively since 2019 Maharashtra Legislation Assembly election."}, {"Context": "Aurangabad Economy", "Knowledge": "ORG DMIC, ORG Waluj MIDC, ORG BMW, LOC Chikalthana, LOC Waluj, LOC Shendra, ORG Bajaj Auto, LOC Hyderabad - Godavari Valley Railways, ORG Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation, LOC Aurangabad, ORG Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company, ORG Skoda Auto, ORG Audi India, LOC Shendra - Bidkin Industrial Park, ORG Industrial, ORG Russian Steel Company NLMK, LOC Auragabad, ORG Siemens, ORG Maharashtra Center For Entrepreneurship Development, LOC Jalna, ORG MIDC, LOC Chikhalthana", "Response": "Aurangabad is considered to be a classic example of efforts of state government towards balanced industrialisation of state. The city was a major silk and cotton textile production center. A fine blend of silk with locally grown cotton was developed as Himroo textile. Paithani silk saris are also made in Aurangabad. With the opening of the Hyderabad-Godavari Valley Railways in the year 1900 several ginning factories were started. After 1960, Maharashtra Industrial Development Corporation (MIDC) began acquiring land and setting up industrial estates. The Maharashtra Center For Entrepreneurship Development's main office is in Aurangabad. Major industries in Auragabad are manufacturing, biotechnology, pharmaceuticals and automobiles etc. In the 1990s, land near Shendra village on the Aurangabad-Jalna route was purchased. The MIDC created the Waluj and Chikalthana Industrial Areas as part of its efforts, which were quickly purchased.Aurangabad is surrounded by the industrial areas (MIDCs) of Chikhalthana, Shendra and Waluj MIDC. A new industrial belt namely Shendra - Bidkin Industrial Park is being developed under DMIC. Major Siemens and automotive companies such as BMW, Audi India, Skoda Auto, Bajaj Auto and Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company have there units in the city. One of the largest Russian Steel Company NLMK has setup plant in DMIC Shendra phase."}, {"Context": "Aurangabad Culture", "Knowledge": "PER Wali Dakhni, PER Maulana Ahmad Hasan, PER Syed Abul A ' ala Maududi, LOC India, PER Wali Aurangabadi, PER Shah Abro, ORG Jamaat - e - Islami, PER Sikandar Ali Wajd, PER Azad Bilgrami, LOC Aurangabad, LOC Hyderabad, PER Siraj Aurangabadi, PER Abul Ala Maududi, PER Zauq, PER Sauda, PER Shah Hatem, PER Mir Taqi Mir", "Response": "The culture of Aurangabad city is heavily influenced by the culture of Hyderabad. The old city still retains the cultural flavour and charms of Muslim culture of Hyderabad. Its influence is reflected in the language and cuisine of the locals. Although Urdu is among the principal languages of the city, along with Marathi and Hindi, it is spoken in the Dakhni \u2013 Hyderabadi Urdu dialect.\nWali Dakhni also known as Wali Aurangabadi (1667\u20131731 or 1743) was a classical poet of Urdu from Aurangabad. He was the first established poet to have composed in Urdu language. Prominent poets like Shah Hatem, Shah Abro, Mir Taqi Mir, Zauq and Sauda were among his admirers. Other prominent poets from Aurangabad include Siraj Aurangabadi, Azad Bilgrami and Sikandar Ali Wajd.\nAbul Ala Maududi one of the Muslim scholars (1903\u20131979) was born in Aurangabad, India. Syed Abul A'ala Maududi was born to Maulana Ahmad Hasan, a lawyer by profession. His father was \"descended from the Chishti line of saints. He was also the founder of Jamaat-e-Islami, the Islamic revivalist party."}, {"Context": "Aurangabad Tourist attractions", "Knowledge": "LOC Aurangabad", "Response": "Aurangabad is a historical city along with its surrounding towns and villages."}, {"Context": "Aurangabad Indian rock-cut architecture", "Knowledge": "LOC Aurangabad Caves Aurangabad Caves", "Response": "Aurangabad Caves\n\t\t\n\t\t\nAurangabad Caves: These are situated at a distance of 5 km (3 mi), nestled amidst the hills are 12 Buddhist caves dating back to 3 A.D. Of particular interest are the Tantric influences evident in the iconography and architectural designs of the caves."}, {"Context": "Aurangabad Hindu and Jain temples", "Knowledge": "PER Parshvanath, LOC Kachner Jain Temple, PER Chintamani Parshvanath", "Response": "Kachner Jain Temple: This is a 250 years old temple dedicated to Parshvanath. The idol here is called Chintamani Parshvanath."}, {"Context": "Aurangabad Gates and forts", "Knowledge": "LOC City of Gates", "Response": "Gate: The city is also known for the 52 gates built during Mughal era which gives it the name of \"City of Gates\"."}, {"Context": "Aurangabad Mughal architecture", "Knowledge": "PER Rabia - ud - Daurani, LOC Taj Mahal, LOC Deccan, LOC Aurangabad, PER Dilras Banu Begum, PER Aurangzeb, LOC Taj, LOC Bibi Ka Maqbara, LOC Agra", "Response": "Bibi Ka Maqbara: Aurangabad is known for the Bibi Ka Maqbara situated about 3 km (2 mi) from the city, which is the burial mausoleum of Emperor Aurangzeb's wife Dilras Banu Begum, also known as Rabia-ud-Daurani. It is an imitation of the Taj Mahal at Agra and due to its similar design, it is popularly known as the \"Taj of the Deccan\"."}, {"Context": "Aurangabad Other", "Knowledge": "LOC Salim Ali Talab, LOC Delhi Darwaza, LOC Siddharth Garden and Zoo, LOC Salim Ali Lake & Bird Sanctuary, LOC Himayat Bagh, PER Gautama Buddha, LOC Khiziri Talab, PER Salim Ali, LOC Aurangabad, LOC Marathwada, ORG Aurangabad Municipal Corporation, LOC Siddhartha", "Response": "Panchakki: Panchakki, which literally means water mill, is a 17th-century watermill situated within the old city is known for its underground water channel, which traverses more than 8  km from nearby hills. The channel culminates into an artificial waterfall that powers the mill.\nSalim Ali Lake & Bird Sanctuary: Popularly known as Salim Ali Talab (lake) is located in the northern part of the city near Delhi Darwaza, opposite Himayat Bagh. During the Mughal period, it was known as Khiziri Talab. It has been renamed after the great ornithologist and naturalist Salim Ali. It also has a bird Sanctuary and a garden maintained by the Aurangabad Municipal Corporation.\nSiddharth Garden and Zoo: is a park and zoo situated in near of the central bus station in Aurangabad. This is the only zoo in Marathwada region. There are various types of animals, birds, flowers and trees. The name of \"Siddhartha\" has been kept on the name of Gautama Buddha."}, {"Context": "Aurangabad Mashru and Himroo", "Knowledge": "LOC Daulatabad, LOC India, LOC Kaghzipura, LOC Persia, LOC Aurangabad, PER Mohammad Tughlaq", "Response": "Himroo: The fabric is said to have originated in Persia, though not conclusively proved, Himroo is associated with the times of Mohammad Tughlaq who ruled in the 14th century. Fabrics and shawls from Aurangabad are much in demand for their unique style and design.\nKaghzipura: A place situated near Daulatabad made first handmade paper in India after the technology was brought here by Mongol invaders. However, the use of paper was not widespread there until the 12th century."}, {"Context": "Aurangabad Cuisine", "Knowledge": "LOC Aurangabad, LOC Marathwada, LOC India", "Response": "Aurangabadi food is much like Mughlai or Hyderabadi cuisine with its fragrant pulao and biryani. Meat cooked in fresh spices and herbs is a speciality, as are the delectable sweets. The local cuisine is a blend of Mughlai and Hyderabadi cuisine, with an influence of the spices and herbs of the Marathwada region.\nNaan Qalia is a dish that is associated with Aurangabad in India. It is a concoction of mutton and a variety of spices. Naan is the bread made in tandoor (Hot furnace) while Qalia is a mixture of mutton and various spices.\nAurangabad/Marathwada/Dakhni cuisine is a blend of the Puneri and the Hyderabadi cuisine (which blends the use of typical South Indian ingredients such as curry leaves, tamarind and coconut into their celebrated culinary practices)."}, {"Context": "Aurangabad Air", "Knowledge": "LOC Aurangabad Airport, LOC Udaipur, LOC Delhi, LOC Hyderabad, LOC Tirupati, LOC Visakhapatnam, LOC Ahmedabad, LOC Mumbai, LOC Thiruvananthapuram, LOC Bangalore", "Response": "Aurangabad Airport is an airport serving the city and has connecting flights to Hyderabad, Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore, Ahmedabad, Udaipur, Tirupati, Visakhapatnam and Thiruvananthapuram. In 2008, flights were made available to the people travelling to the Hajj pilgrimage."}, {"Context": "Aurangabad Rail", "Knowledge": "LOC South Central, LOC Nashik Road, LOC Shendra, LOC Nanded, LOC Nagpur, ORG DPR, LOC Nizamabad, LOC Waluj, LOC Latur Road, LOC Delhi, LOC Aurangabad, LOC Hyderabad, LOC Manmad, LOC Kacheguda, LOC Mumbai, LOC Pune", "Response": "Aurangabad railway station is the major railway station under Nanded railway division of the South Central Railway zone. It is located on the Kacheguda-Manmad section and has rail connectivity with major cities such as Delhi, Hyderabad, Latur Road, Manmad, Mumbai, Nagpur, Nanded, Nashik Road, Nizamabad and Pune. The work of DPR preparation is ongoing for metro in Aurangabad from Shendra and Waluj. The work of surveys and DPR is also ongoing for high speed rail line from Mumbai to Nagpur, which will have a halt in Aurangabad."}, {"Context": "Aurangabad Road", "Knowledge": "LOC Indore, LOC Vadodara, LOC Khargone, LOC Burhanpur, ORG MSRTC, LOC Gandhinagar, LOC Bhopal, LOC Delhi, LOC Maharashtra, LOC Aurangabad, LOC Jaipur, ORG Central Bus Stand, LOC Hyderabad, LOC Ujjain, LOC Khandwa, LOC Surat, ORG Ola", "Response": "Central Bus Stand, Aurangabad of MSRTC is the main public transport centre. Buses are available to every major bus depots of Maharashtra. Ola Cabs service is available in city. Major long route Aurangabad buses reach Delhi, Jaipur, Gandhinagar and Hyderabad in 2\u20133 days. MSRTC buses are also available for all district of Maharashtra and neighboring State's cities like Indore, Ujjain, Surat, Vadodara, Khandwa, Burhanpur, Khargone, Bhopal. There are Smart City Bus service in Aurangabad as the part of public transport in Aurangabad."}, {"Context": "Aurangabad Education", "Knowledge": "ORG AMC, ORG Nizam, ORG Azad College of Arts and Science, ORG Army, ORG Government Polytechnic Aurangabad, ORG Institute of Hotel Management, ORG University of Huddersfield, ORG BAMU, ORG Dr. B. A. M. University, ORG Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, ORG Jawaharlal Nehru Engineering College, ORG Aurangabad Municipal Corporation, ORG Ministry of Communication & Information Technology Government of India, LOC Taj, ORG Government of Maharashtra, ORG Maharashtra National Law University, LOC Beed, LOC Aurangabad, ORG NIELIT, LOC Marathwada, ORG M. tech, LOC Osmanabad, ORG B. TECH, ORG Marathwada Institute of Technology, LOC Jalna, PER Rafiq Zakaria, ORG Electronics Design Technology, ORG Government College of Engineering, ORG Vivanta, ORG National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology, ORG Maulana Azad Education Society", "Response": "Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University (BAMU) is located in Aurangabad city. Many colleges in the region are affiliated to it. The university has 101 Colleges affiliated in Aurangabad and 99 Colleges in Beed, 53 & 55 Colleges affiliated in Jalna & Osmanabad.Government College of Engineering, Aurangabad is an autonomous engineering college. It was affiliated to the Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University and was established in 1960. The construction of the college was started in 1957 and was completed in 1960. Marathwada Institute of Technology and Jawaharlal Nehru Engineering College are two other engineering colleges in Aurangabad.\nMaharashtra National Law University, Aurangabad is a state university located in Aurangabad. It was established in 2017 by the Government of Maharashtra, the third and final university to be installed through the Maharashtra National Law University Act, 2014Maulana Azad College of Arts and Science was founded in 1963 by Rafiq Zakaria, who formed a trust called Maulana Azad Education Society to manage the affairs. The college is affiliated to Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University of Aurangabad.\nNational Institute of Electronics & Information Technology Aurangabad (NIELIT Aurangabad) is located inside the Dr. B.A.M. University campus. It is a central government engineering institute under the Ministry of Communication & Information Technology Government of India. It offers DEPM, B.TECH (Electronics Engineering), M.tech (Electronics Design Technology), Ph.D., and short-term courses.Aurangabad has schools run by the Aurangabad Municipal Corporation (AMC) and private schools owned and run by trusts and individuals. Government Polytechnic Aurangabad is one of the polytechnic institutions in Marathwada region.\nInstitute of Hotel Management, Aurangabad, is affiliated to University of Huddersfield. Students have internships in the Vivanta, Taj in Aurangabad.In 1903, a treaty was signed between British and the Nizam to train the Nizam's Army and it was decided to establish a proper cantonment. Today the cantonment is spread across 2,584 acres (10.46 km2) with civil population of 19,274 as per 2001 census."}, {"Context": "Aurangabad Sports", "Knowledge": "ORG Jawaharlal Nehru Engineering College, LOC Aurangabad District Cricket Association Stadium, LOC Garware Stadium, LOC Jawaharlal Nehru Engineering College Sports Complex", "Response": "Garware Stadium is the municipal stadium in the city. International-standard cricket stadium at Aurangabad District Cricket Association Stadium is under construction. Jawaharlal Nehru Engineering College Sports Complex is a sports complex with in Jawaharlal Nehru Engineering College mainly used by college sports event."}, {"Context": "Aurangabad Notable people", "Knowledge": "ORG All India Majlis - e - Ittehadul Muslimeen, PER Sandipanrao Bhumre, PER Ankit Bawne, PER Bashar Nawaz, PER Siraj Aurangabadi, PER Iqbal Siddiqui, ORG Indian National Congress, LOC Aurangabad East, PER Aurangabadi Mahal, PER Malik Ambar, PER Dulari Qureshi, PER Aurangzeb Abul A ' la Maududi, PER Tarang Jain, ORG Bharatiya Janata Party, ORG Shiv Sena, LOC Paithan, PER Imtiyaz Jaleel, PER Rajendra Darda, PER Prashant Bamb, LOC Khadki, PER Vineet Verma, PER Rafiq Zakaria, PER Nikki Tamboli, PER Chandrakant Khaire, LOC Gangapur, PER Mayuri Kango", "Response": "Malik Ambar, a Siddi military leader and founder of Khadki (former name of city).\nSiraj Aurangabadi, 18th-century Indian Urdu and Persian poet\nPrashant Bamb, MLA from the Gangapur constituency, member of the Bharatiya Janata Party\nAnkit Bawne, cricketer\nSandipanrao Bhumre, MLA from Paithan constituency, member of Shiv Sena\nRajendra Darda, former MLA from Aurangabad East constituency, member of the Indian National Congress\nTarang Jain, businessman\nImtiyaz Jaleel, Indian politician and member of the All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen\nMayuri Kango, film actress\nChandrakant Khaire, Indian politician and member of Shiv Sena\nAurangabadi Mahal, wife of Mughal emperor Aurangzeb\nAbul A'la Maududi, Pakistani theologian and philosopher of Islam\nBashar Nawaz, Indian Urdu poet and lyricist\nDulari Qureshi, art historian\nIqbal Siddiqui, cricketer\nNikki Tamboli, film actress\nVineet Verma, film director\nRafiq Zakaria, Indian politician"}, {"Context": "Ayodhya Introduction", "Knowledge": "ORG Ayodhya Municipal Corporation, PER Anantnath, PER Mahavira, LOC Babri, LOC Mokshdayini Sapt Puris, LOC Faizabad, PER Ajitanatha, PER Sumatinath, PER Babur, PER Bharata Chakravarti, LOC Ayodhya, LOC Saryu, PER Gautama Buddha, LOC Uttar Pradesh, ORG Uttar Pradesh Sunni Central Waqf Board, PER Rishabhanatha, PER Rama, LOC Kosala Kingdom, LOC Saketa, LOC India, LOC Ram Mandir, ORG Supreme Court, LOC Ayodhy\u0101, PER Abhinandananatha", "Response": "Ayodhya (Hindustani: [\u0259\u02c8jo\u02d0d\u02b1ja\u02d0] (listen); IAST: Ayodhy\u0101) is a city situated on the banks of holy river Saryu in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It is the administrative headquarters of the Faizabad district as well as the Faizabad division of Uttar Pradesh, India. Ayodhya city  is administered by the Ayodhya Municipal Corporation,  the governing civic body of the city.\nAyodhya was historically known as Saketa. The early Buddhist and Jain canonical texts mention that the religious leaders Gautama Buddha and Mahavira visited and lived in the city. The Jain texts also describe it as the birthplace of five tirthankaras namely, Rishabhanatha, Ajitanatha, Abhinandananatha, Sumatinath and Anantnath, and associate it with the legendary Bharata Chakravarti. From the Gupta period onwards, several sources mention Ayodhya and Saketa as the name of the same city.\nThe legendary city of Ayodhya, popularly identified as the present-day Ayodhya, is the birthplace of the Hindu deity Rama of Kosala Kingdom and setting of the great epic Ramayana. Owing to the belief as the birthplace of Rama, Ayodhya (Awadhpuri) has been regarded as first one of the seven most important pilgrimage sites (Mokshdayini Sapt Puris) for Hindus. It is believed that a temple stood at the supposed birth spot of Rama, which was demolished by the orders of the Mughal emperor Babur and a mosque erected in its place. In 1992, the dispute over the spot led to the demolition of the mosque by Hindu mobs, who aimed to rebuild a grand temple of Rama at the site. A five-judge full bench of the Supreme Court heard the title cases from August to October 2019 and ruled that the land belonged to the government per tax records, and ordered it to be handed over to a trust to build a Hindu temple. It also ordered the government to give an alternative 5 acres (2.0 ha) of land to the Uttar Pradesh Sunni Central Waqf Board to build a mosque in lieu of the demolished Babri mosque. The construction of Ram Mandir commenced in August 2020."}, {"Context": "Ayodhya Etymology and names", "Knowledge": "PER Vaman Shivram Apte, LOC Saketa, LOC Oudh State, LOC Yogyakarta, LOC Ayutthaya, LOC Oude, LOC Kosala, PER Hans T. Bakker, LOC Thailand, LOC Oudh, LOC Indonesia, LOC Ayodhya", "Response": "The word \"Ayodhya\" is a regularly formed derivation of the Sanskrit verb yudh, \"to fight, to wage war\". Yodhya is the future passive participle, meaning \"to be fought\"; the initial a is the negative prefix; the whole, therefore, means \"not to be fought\" or, more idiomatically in English, \"invincible\". This meaning is attested by the Atharvaveda, which uses it to refer to the unconquerable city of gods. The ninth century Jain poem Adi Purana also states that Ayodhya \"does not exist by name alone but by the merit\" of being unconquerable by enemies. Satyopakhyana interprets the word slightly differently, stating that it means \"that which cannot be conquered by sins\" (instead of enemies).\"Saketa\" is the older name for the city, attested in Sanskrit, Jain, Buddhist, Greek and Chinese sources. According to Vaman Shivram Apte, the word \"Saketa\" is derived from the Sanskrit words Saha (with) and Aketen (houses or buildings). The Adi Purana states that Ayodhya is called Saketa \"because of its magnificent buildings which had significant banners as their arms\". According to Hans T. Bakker, the word may be derived from the roots sa and ketu (\"with banner\"); the variant name saketu is attested in the Vishnu Purana.The older name in English was \"Oudh\" or \"Oude\", and the princely state it was the capital of until 1856 is still known as Oudh State.Ayodhya was stated to be the capital of the ancient Kosala kingdom in the Ramayana. Hence it was also referred to as \"Kosala\". The Adi Purana states that Ayodhya is famous as su-ko\u015bala \"because of its prosperity and good skill\".The cities of Ayutthaya (Thailand), and Yogyakarta (Indonesia), are named after Ayodhya."}, {"Context": "Ayodhya History", "Knowledge": "LOC Sagara Chakra, ORG Kosala, LOC Viniya, LOC Aodhya, ORG Paumachariya, ORG Kalidasa, LOC Shakya, ORG Avassagacurni, LOC Sageya, LOC Kosala, LOC Ayodhya, PER Raghuvamsha, PER Patanjali, PER Ikshvaku, LOC Prakrit, PER Mahavastu, LOC Shravasti, LOC Pratishthana, PER Panini, LOC Saeya, ORG Avassaganijjutti, LOC Vinita, ORG Sutta Nipata, PER Rishabhanatha, PER Rama, LOC Saketa, LOC Ikkhagabhumi, LOC Aojjha, LOC Rishabhadev, LOC Kapilavastu, PER Sujata, LOC Bharata Chakravartin", "Response": "Ancient Hindu Sanskrit-language epics, such as the Ramayana and the Mahabharata mention a legendary city called Ayodhya, which was the capital of the legendary Ikshvaku kings of Kosala, including Rama. Neither these texts, nor the earlier Sanskrit texts such as the Vedas, mention a city called Saketa. Non-religious, non-legendary ancient Sanskrit texts, such as Panini's Ashtadhyayi and Patanjali's commentary on it, do mention Saketa. The later Buddhist text Mahavastu describes Saketa as the seat of the Ikshvaku king Sujata, whose descendants established the Shakya capital Kapilavastu.The earliest of the Buddhist Pali-language texts and the Jain Prakrit-language texts mention a city called Saketa (Sageya or Saeya in Prakrit) as an important city of the Kosala mahajanapada. Topographical indications in both Buddhist and Jain texts suggest that Saketa is the same as the present-day Ayodhya. For example, according to the Samyutta Nikaya and the Vinaya Pitaka, Saketa was located at a distance of six yojanas from Shravasti. The Vinaya Pitaka mentions that a big river was located between the two cities, and the Sutta Nipata mentions Saketa as the first halting place on the southward road from Shravasti to Pratishthana.Fourth century onwards, multiple texts, including Kalidasa's Raghuvamsha, mention Ayodhya as another name for Saketa. The later Jain canonical text Jambudvipa-Pannati describes a city called Viniya (or Vinita) as the birthplace of Lord Rishabhanatha, and associates this city with Bharata Chakravartin; the Kalpa-Sutra describes Ikkhagabhumi as the birthplace of Rishabhadev. The index on the Jain text Paumachariya clarifies that Aojjha (Aodhya), Kosala-puri (\"Kosala city\"), Viniya, and Saeya (Saketa) are synonyms. The post-Canonical Jain texts also mention \"Aojjha\"; for example, the Avassagacurni describes it as the principal city of Kosala, while the Avassaganijjutti names it as the capital of Sagara Chakravartin. The Avassaganijjutti implies that Viniya (\"Vinia\"), Kosalapuri (\"Kosalapura\"), and Ikkhagabhumi were distinct cities, naming them as the capitals of Abhinamdana, Sumai, and Usabha respectively. Abhayadeva's commentary on the Thana Sutta, another post-canonical text, identifies Saketa, Ayodhya, and Vinita as one city.According to one theory, the legendary Ayodhya city is the same as the historical city of Saketa and the present-day Ayodhya. According to another theory, the legendary Ayodhya is a mythical city, and the name \"Ayodhya\" came to be used for the Saketa (present-day Ayodhya) only around the fourth century, when a Gupta emperor (probably Skandagupta) moved his capital to Saketa, and renamed it to Ayodhya after the legendary city. Alternative, but less likely, theories state that Saketa and Ayodhya were two adjoining cities, or that Ayodhya was a locality within the Saketa city."}, {"Context": "Ayodhya As Saketa", "Knowledge": "ORG Samyutta Nikaya, PER Dhananjaya, PER Mahavira, LOC Magadha, LOC Taxila, PER Pasenadi, LOC Surappia, LOC Varanasi, PER Visakha, PER Anguttara, LOC Pasamiya, LOC Kosala, LOC Ayodhya, PER Ajatashatru, LOC Pratishthana, LOC Shravasti, PER Pannavana, PER Gautama Buddha, LOC Muni Suvratasvamin, PER Buddha, PER Parshvanatha, LOC Saketa, LOC India, PER Prasenajit, ORG Nikaya, LOC Rajagriha", "Response": "Archaeological and literary evidence suggests that the site of present-day Ayodhya had developed into an urban settlement by the fifth or sixth-century BC. The site is identified as the location of the ancient Saketa city, which probably emerged as a marketplace located at the junction of the two important roads, the Shravasti-Pratishthana north\u2013south road, and the Rajagriha-Varanasi-Shravasti-Taxila east\u2013west road. Ancient Buddhist texts, such as Samyutta Nikaya, state that Saketa was located in the Kosala kingdom ruled by Prasenajit (or Pasenadi; c. sixth\u20135th century BC), whose capital was located at Shravasti. The later Buddhist commentary Dhammapada-atthakatha states that the Saketa town was established by merchant Dhananjaya (the father of Visakha), on the suggestion of king Prasenajit. The Digha Nikaya describes it as one of the six large cities of India. The early Buddhist canonical texts mention Shravasti as the capital of Kosala, but the later texts, such as the Jain texts Nayadhammakahao and Pannavana Suttam, and the Buddhist Jatakas, mention Saketa as the capital of Kosala.As a busy town frequented by travellers, it appears to have become important for preachers such as Gautama Buddha and Mahavira. The Samyutta Nikaya and Anguttara Nikaya mention that Buddha resided at Saketa at times. The early Jain canonical texts (such as Antagada-dasao, Anuttarovavaiya-dasao, and Vivagasuya) state that Mahavira visited Saketa; Nayadhammakahao states that Parshvanatha also visited Saketa. The Jain texts, both canonical and post-canonical, describe Ayodhya as the location of various shrines, such as those of snake, yaksha Pasamiya, Muni Suvratasvamin, and Surappia.It is not clear what happened to Saketa after Kosala was conquered by the Magadha emperor Ajatashatru around fifth century BC. There is lack of historical sources about the city's situation for the next few centuries: it is possible that the city remained a commercial centre of secondary importance, but did not grow into a political centre of Magadha, whose capital was located at Pataliputra. Several Buddhist buildings may have been constructed in the town during the rule of the Maurya emperor Ashoka in the third century BC: these buildings were probably located on the present-day man-made mounds in Ayodhya. Excavations at Ayodhya have resulted in the discovery of a large brick wall, identified as a fortification wall by archaeologist B. B. Lal. This wall probably erected in the last quarter of the third-century BC.\n\nAfter the decline of the Maurya empire, Saketa appears to have come under the rule of Pushyamitra Shunga. The first century BC inscription of Dhanadeva suggests that he appointed a governor there. The Yuga Purana mentions Saketa as the residence of a governor, and describes it as being attacked by a combined force of Greeks, Mathuras, and Panchalas. Patanjali's commentary on Panini also refers to the Greek siege of Saketa.Later, Saketa appears to have become part of a small, independent kingdom. The Yuga Purana states that Saketa was ruled by seven powerful kings after the retreat of the Greeks. The Vayu Purana and the Brahmanda Purana also state that seven powerful kings ruled in the capital of Kosala. The historicity of these kings is attested by the discovery of the coins of the Deva dynasty kings, including Dhanadeva, whose inscription describes him as the king of Kosala (Kosaladhipati). As the capital of Kosala, Saketa probably eclipsed Shravasti in importance during this period. The east\u2013west route connecting Pataliputra to Taxila, which earlier passed through Saketa and Shravasti, appears to have shifted southwards during this period, now passing through Saketa, Ahichhatra and Kanyakubja.After the Deva kings, Saketa appears to have been ruled by the Datta, Kushan, and Mitra kings, although the chronological order of their rule is uncertain. Bakker theorises that the Dattas succeeded the Deva kings in the mid-1st century AD, and their kingdom was annexed to the Kushan Empire by Kanishka. The Tibetan text Annals of Li Country (c. 11th century) mentions that an alliance of king Vijayakirti of Khotan, king Kanika, the king of Gu-zan, and the king of Li, marched to India and captured the So-ked city. During this invasion, Vijayakirti took several Buddhist relics from Saketa, and placed them in the stupa of Phru-no. If Kanika is identified as Kanishka, and So-ked as Saketa, it appears that the invasion of Kushans and their allies led to the destruction of the Buddhist sites at Saketa.Nevertheless, Saketa appears to have remained a prosperous town during the Kushan rule. The second century geographer Ptolemy mentions a metropolis \"Sageda\" or \"Sagoda\", which has been identified with Saketa. The earliest inscription that mentions Saketa as a place name is dated to the late Kushan period: it was found on the pedestal of a Buddha image in Shravasti, and records the gift of the image by Sihadeva of Saketa. Before or after the Kushans, Saketa appears to have been ruled by a dynasty of kings whose names end in \"-mitra\", and whose coins have been found at Ayodhya. They may have been members of a local dynasty that was distinct from the Mitra dynasty of Mathura. These kings are attested only by their coinage: Sangha-mitra, Vijaya-mitra, Satya-mitra, Deva-mitra, and Arya-mitra; coins of Kumuda-sena and Aja-varman have also been discovered."}, {"Context": "Ayodhya Gupta period", "Knowledge": "PER Paramartha, PER Skandagupta, PER Vikramaditya, PER Gupta, PER Prithvisena, PER Robert Montgomery Martin, PER Kumaragupta I, PER Xuanzang, PER Bakker, PER Karmdand, LOC Kosala, LOC Sha, ORG dynasty, LOC Ayodhya, PER Vikramditya, PER Ikshvaku, LOC Gupta Empire, LOC Shravasti, PER Faxian, PER Saketa, LOC Ramgar, LOC Sha - chi, PER Rama, PER Brihadbala, LOC Saketa, LOC Pataliputra, LOC Ujjain, PER Vikrama", "Response": "Around the fourth century, the region came under the control of the Guptas, who revived Brahmanism. The Vayu Purana and the Brahmanda Purana attest that the early Gupta kings ruled Saketa. No Gupta-era archaeological layers have been discovered in present-day Ayodhya, although a large number of Gupta coins have been discovered here. It is possible that during the Gupta period, the habitations in the city were located in the areas that have not yet been excavated. The Buddhist sites that had suffered destruction during the Khotanese-Kushan invasion appear to have remained deserted. The fifth-century Chinese traveller Faxian states that the ruins of Buddhist buildings existed at \"Sha-chi\" during his time. One theory identifies Sha-chi with Saketa, although this identification is not undisputed. If Sha-chi is indeed Saketa, it appears that by the fifth century, the town no longer had a flourshing Buddhist community or any important Buddhist building that was still in use.An important development during the Gupta time was the recognition of Saketa as the legendary city of Ayodhya, the capital of the Ikshvaku dynasty. The 436 AD Karamdanda (Karmdand) inscription, issued during the reign of Kumaragupta I, names Ayodhya as the capital of the Kosala province, and records commander Prithvisena's offerings to Brahmins from Ayodhya. Later, the capital of the Gupta Empire was moved from Pataliputra to Ayodhya. Paramartha states that king Vikramaditya moved the royal court to Ayodhya; Xuanzang also corroborates this, stating that this king moved the court to the \"country of Shravasti\", that is, Kosala. A local oral tradition of Ayodhya, first recorded in writing by Robert Montgomery Martin in 1838, mentions that the city was deserted after the death of Rama's descendant Brihadbala. The city remain deserted until King Vikrama of Ujjain came searching for it, and re-established it. He cut down the forests that had covered the ancient ruins, erected the Ramgar fort, and built 360 temples.Vikramditya was a title of multiple Gupta kings, and the king who moved the capital to Ayodhya is identified as Skandagupta. Bakker theorises that the move to Ayodhya may have been prompted by a flooding of the river Ganges at Pataliputra, the need to check the Huna advance from the west, and Skandagupta's desire to compare himself with Rama (whose Ikshvaku dynasty is associated with the legendary Ayodhya). According to Paramaratha's Life of Vasubandhu, Vikramaditya was a patron of scholars, and awarded 300,000 pieces of gold to Vasubandhu. The text states that Vasubandhu was a native of Saketa (\"Sha-ki-ta\"), and describes Vikramaditya as the king of Ayodhya (\"A-yu-ja\"). This wealth was used to build three monasteries in the country of A-yu-ja (Ayodhya). Paramartha further states that the later king Baladitya (identified with Narasimhagupta) and his mother also awarded large sums of gold to Vasubandhu, and these funds were used to build another Buddhist temple at Ayodhya. These structures may have been seen by the seventh century Chinese traveller Xuanzang, who describes a stupa and a monastery at Ayodhya (\"O-yu-t-o\")."}, {"Context": "Ayodhya Decline as a political centre", "Knowledge": "PER Xuanzang, PER Gurjara - Pratiharas, PER Vishnu, LOC Pataliputra, PER Yashovarman, LOC Kanyakubja, PER Ganesha, LOC Harsha, PER Harishchandra, PER Mihirakula, PER Harsha, LOC Kannauj, PER Maukhari, PER K\u0101\u015bik\u0101v\u1e5btt\u012b, LOC Ayodhya", "Response": "Ayodhya probably suffered when the Hunas led by Mihirakula invaded the Gupta empire in the sixth century. After the fall of the Guptas, it may have been ruled by the Maukhari dynasty, whose coins have been found in the nearby areas. It was not devastated, as Xuanzang describes it as a flourishing town and a Buddhist centre. However, it had lost its position as an important political centre to Kanyakubja (Kannauj). At the time of Xuanzang's visit, it was a part of Harsha's empire, and was probably the seat of a vassal or an administrative officer. Xuanzang states that the city measured about 0.6 km (20 li) in circumference. Another seventh-century source, K\u0101\u015bik\u0101v\u1e5btt\u012b, mentions that the town was surrounded by a moat similar to that around Pataliputra.After the fall of Harsha's empire, Ayodhya appears to have been variously controlled by local kings and the rulers of Kannauj, including Yashovarman and the Gurjara-Pratiharas. The town is not mentioned in any surviving texts or inscriptions composed during 650\u20131050 AD, although it may be identified with the \"city of Harishchandra\" mentioned in the eighth-century poem Gaudavaho. Archaeological evidence (including images to Vishnu, Jain tirthankaras, Ganesha, the seven Matrikas, and a Buddhist stupa) suggests that the religious activity in the area continued during this period."}, {"Context": "Ayodhya Early medieval period", "Knowledge": "PER Hans Bakker, LOC Gopratara tirtha, LOC Vishnu, PER Vishnu, ORG Gahadavala, PER Vishnu Hari, LOC Sarayu, LOC Delhi, LOC Awadh, PER Hans T. Bakker, LOC Guptar Ghat, PER Aurangzeb, PER Rama, LOC Ayodhya, LOC Oudh", "Response": "According to Indologist Hans T. Bakker, the only religious significance of Ayodhya in the first millennium AD was related to the Gopratara tirtha (now called Guptar Ghat), where Rama and his followers are said to have ascended to heaven by entering the waters of Sarayu.In the 11th century, the Gahadavala dynasty came to power in the region, and promoted Vaishnavism. They built several Vishnu temples in Ayodhya, five of which survived till the end of Aurangzeb's reign. Hans Bakker concludes that there might have been a temple at the supposed birth spot of Rama built by the Gahadavalas (see Vishnu Hari inscription). In subsequent years, the cult of Rama developed within Vaishnavism, with Rama being regarded as the foremost avatar of Vishnu. Consequently, Ayodhya's importance as a pilgrimage centre grew.In 1226 AD, Ayodhya became the capital of the province of Awadh (or \"Oudh\") within the Delhi sultanate. Muslim historians state that the area was little more than wilderness prior to this. Pilgrimage was tolerated, but the tax on pilgrims ensured that the temples did not receive much income."}, {"Context": "Ayodhya Mughal and British period", "Knowledge": "LOC United Provinces of Agra, LOC Babri, LOC Awadh, PER Aurangzeb, LOC Oudh, PER Rama, LOC Ayodhya", "Response": "Under Mughal rule, the Babri mosque was constructed in Ayodhya. The city was the capital of the province of Awadh (mispronounced as \"Oudh\" by the British), which is also believed to be a variant of the name \"Ayodhya\".After the death of Aurangzeb in 1707 AD, the central Muslim rule weakened, and Awadh became virtually independent, with Ayodhya as its capital. However, the rulers became increasingly dependent on the local Hindu nobles, and control over the temples and pilgrimage centres was relaxed.\n\nIn the 1850s, a group of Hindus attacked the Babri mosque, on the grounds that it was built over the birthplace of the Hindu deity Rama. To prevent further disputes, the British administrators divided the mosque premises between Hindus and Muslims.Ayodhya was annexed in 1856 by the British rulers. The rulers of Awadh were Shia, and the Sunni groups had already protested against the permissive attitude of the former government. The British intervened and crushed the Sunni resistance. In 1857, the British annexed Oudh (Awadh) and subsequently reorganised it into the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh."}, {"Context": "Ayodhya Independent India", "Knowledge": "ORG Supreme Court of India, LOC Babri, ORG Vishva Hindu Parishad, LOC Rama, LOC Lucknow, LOC Ramlalla temple, LOC Ayodhya, PER Ram Lalla, ORG Archaeological Survey of India, ORG Allahabad High Court, ORG Nirmohi Akhara, ORG Uttar Pradesh Sunni Central Waqf Board, PER Rama, ORG ASI, LOC Babri Masjid, LOC Ram Mandir, ORG Supreme Court, PER Ram, LOC Ram Janmabhoomi", "Response": "A movement was launched in 1984 by the Vishva Hindu Parishad party to reclaim the Babri mosque site for a Rama temple. In 1992, a right wing Hindu nationalist rally turned into a riot, leading to the demolition of the Babri mosque. A makeshift temple at Ram Janmabhoomi for Ram Lalla, infant Rama was constructed. Under the Indian government orders, no one was permitted near the site within 200 yards, and the gate was locked to the outside. Hindu pilgrims, however, began entering through a side door to offer worship.In 2003, the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) carried out an excavation at the mosque site to determine if it was built over the ruins of a temple. The excavation uncovered pillar bases indicating a temple had been in existence under the mosque. Besides Hindus, the Buddhist and Jain representatives claimed that their temples existed at the excavated site.On 5 July 2005, five terrorists attacked the site of the makeshift Ramlalla temple in Ayodhya. All five were killed in the ensuing gunfight with security forces, and one civilian died in the bomb blast triggered as they attempted to breach the cordon wall.\nOn 30 September 2010, the Lucknow bench of the Allahabad High Court ruled that one-third of the disputed land should be given to the Uttar Pradesh Sunni Central Waqf Board, one-third to the Nirmohi Akhara and one-third to the Hindu party for the shrine of \"Ram Lalla\" (infant Rama). The court further ruled that the area where the idols of Ram are present be given to Hindus in the final decree, while the rest of the land shall be divided equally by metes and bounds among the three parties. The judgment, along with evidences provided by the Archaeological Survey of India, upheld that the Babri Masjid was built after demolishing the Hindu temple, which is the birthplace of Rama, and that the mosque was not constructed according to the principles of Islam. The final verdict by the Supreme Court on the case ruled the disputed land in the favour of Hindus for the construction of Ram Mandir and ordered an alternative piece of land be given to the Muslim community for the construction of a mosque.In a judgement pronounced by a 5 judge bench of the Supreme Court of India on 9 November 2019, the land was handed over to the government to form a trust for the construction of a temple. The court instructed the government to also allot a plot of 5 acres (2.0 ha) in Ayodhya to the Uttar Pradesh Sunni Central Waqf Board to construct a mosque/Masjid.Some South Koreans have identified the \"Ayuta\" mentioned in their ancient Samgungnyusa legend with Ayodhya. According to this legend, the ancient Korean princess Heo Hwang-ok came from Ayuta. In the 2000s, the local government of Ayodhya and South Korea acknowledged the connection and held a ceremony to raise a statue of the princess."}, {"Context": "Ayodhya Ram temple", "Knowledge": "PER Narendra Modi, LOC India, PER Ram, LOC Gorakhpur, LOC Navya Ayodhya, LOC Faizabad", "Response": "On 5 August 2020, the prime minister of India, Narendra Modi, laid the ceremonial foundation stone for a new temple at what is believed to be the birthplace of the god, Ram.  It is planned to build a new township, Navya Ayodhya, on a 500-acre (2.0 km2) site next to the Faizabad-Gorakhpur highway, which will have luxury hotels and apartment complexes."}, {"Context": "Ayodhya Demographics", "Knowledge": "LOC Ayodhya, LOC India", "Response": "As of the 2011 Census of India, Ayodhya had a population of 55,890. Males constituted 56.7% of the population and females 43.3%. Ayodhya had an average literacy rate of 78.1%. As per the religion data of 2011 Census, the majority population is of Hindu religion with 93.23%, and Muslims comes the second with 6.19%."}, {"Context": "Ayodhya Geography and climate", "Knowledge": "LOC Ayodhya, LOC India", "Response": "Ayodhya has a humid subtropical climate, typical of central India. Summers are long, dry and hot, lasting from late March to mid-June, with average daily temperatures near 32 \u00b0C (90 \u00b0F). They are followed by the monsoon season which lasts till October, with annual precipitation of approximately 1,067 mm (42.0 in) and average temperatures around 28 \u00b0C (82 \u00b0F). Winter starts in early November and lasts till the end of January, followed by a short spring in February and early March. Average temperatures are mild, near 16 \u00b0C (61 \u00b0F), but nights can be colder."}, {"Context": "Ayodhya Places of interest", "Knowledge": "LOC Varanasi, LOC Avantika, LOC Mathura, LOC India, LOC Kashi, LOC Kanchi, LOC Haridvara, LOC Ayodhya", "Response": "Ayodhya is an important place of pilgrimage for the Hindus. A verse in the Brahmanda Purana names Ayodhya among \"the most sacred and foremost cities\", the others being Mathura, Haridvara, Kashi, Kanchi and Avantika. This verse is also found in the other Puranas with slight variations. In Garuda Purana, Ayodhya is said to be one of seven holiest places for Hindus in India, with Varanasi being the most sacrosanct."}, {"Context": "Ayodhya Hanuman Garhi Fort", "Knowledge": "LOC Kanak Bhawan, PER Maa Anjani, PER Kaikeyi, LOC Ramkot, PER Hanuman, LOC Hanuman Garhi, LOC Janambhoomi, PER Rama, LOC Ayodhya, PER Sita", "Response": "Hanuman Garhi, a massive four-sided fort with circular bastions at each corner and a temple of Hanuman inside, is the most popular shrine in Ayodhya. Situated in the center of town, it is approachable by a flight of 76 steps. Its legend is that Hanuman lived here in a cave and guarded the Janambhoomi, or Ramkot. The main temple contains the statue of Maa Anjani with Bal Hanuman seated on her lap. The faithful believe wishes are granted with a visit to the shrine. Kanak Bhawan is a temple said to have been given to Sita and Rama by Rama's stepmother Kaikeyi as a wedding gift, and only contains statues of Sita with her husband."}, {"Context": "Ayodhya Ramkot", "Knowledge": "LOC Indore, PER Ashoka, PER Kuldevi, PER Ashvamedha Yajnya, PER Ahilyabai Holkar, LOC Chhoti Devkali Mandir, LOC Kaleram - ka - Mandir, LOC Mani Parbat, PER Raja, LOC Kulu, LOC Ayodhya, PER Durga, LOC Treta ke Thakur, LOC Sarayu, LOC Ramkot, LOC Sita, PER Rama, LOC Sugriv Parbat, LOC Swarg Dwar, PER Ishani", "Response": "Ramkot is the main place of worship in Ayodhya, and the site of the ancient citadel of its namesake, standing on elevated ground in the western city. Although visited by pilgrims throughout the year, it attracts devotees from all over the world on \"Ram Navami\", the day of the birth of Rama. Ram Navami is celebrated with great pomp in the Hindu month of Chaitra, which falls between March and April. Swarg Dwar is believed to be the site of cremation of Rama. Mani Parbat and Sugriv Parbat are ancient earth mounds, the first identified by a stupa built by the emperor Ashoka, and the second is an ancient monastery. Treta ke Thakur is a temple standing at the site of the Ashvamedha Yajnya of Rama. Three centuries prior, the Raja of Kulu built a new temple here, which was improved by Ahilyabai Holkar of Indore in 1784, the same time the adjacent Ghats were built. The initial idols in black sandstone were recovered from Sarayu and placed in the new temple, which was known as Kaleram-ka-Mandir. Chhoti Devkali Mandir is the temple of goddess Ishani, or Durga, Kuldevi of Sita."}, {"Context": "Ayodhya Nageshwarnath Temple", "Knowledge": "PER Shiva, PER Kanya, LOC Nageshwarnath, PER Vikramaditya, LOC Sarayu, PER Nag, PER Kush, PER Rama, LOC Ayodhya", "Response": "The temple of Nageshwarnath was established by Kush, son of Rama. Legend has it that Kush lost his armlet while bathing in the Sarayu, and it was retrieved by a Nag-Kanya who fell in love with him. As she was a devotee of Shiva, Kush built her this temple. It was the only temple to survive when Ayodhya was abandoned until the time of Vikramaditya. While the rest of city was in ruin and covered by dense forest, this temple allowed Vikramaditya to recognise the city. The festival of Shivratri is celebrated here with great splendor."}, {"Context": "Ayodhya Other places of interest", "Knowledge": "PER Brahma Kund Ram", "Response": "Brahma Kund\nRam ki Paidi"}, {"Context": "Ayodhya Memorial of Heo Hwang-ok", "Knowledge": "PER Heo Hwang - ok, LOC Memorial, LOC Uttar Pradesh, PER Akhilesh Yadav, LOC Korea, PER Suro, LOC Heo Hwang - ok, LOC Ayodhya, LOC Geumgwan Gaya", "Response": "The legendary princess Heo Hwang-ok, who married king Suro of Geumgwan Gaya of Korea, is believed by some to be a native of Ayodhya. In 2001, a Memorial of Heo Hwang-ok was inaugurated by a Korean delegation, which included over a hundred historians and government representatives. In 2016, a Korean delegation proposed to develop the memorial. The proposal was accepted by the Uttar Pradesh chief minister Akhilesh Yadav."}, {"Context": "Ayodhya Sister cities", "Knowledge": "PER Heo Hwang, LOC South Korea, PER Sita, LOC Gimhae, LOC Janakpur, PER ok, PER Rama, LOC Ayodhya, LOC Nepal", "Response": "Gimhae, South Korea\nThe mayors of Ayodhya and Gimhae signed a sister city bond in March 2001, based on Ayodhya's identification as the birthplace of the legendary queen Heo Hwang-ok.\n Janakpur, Nepal.Ayodhya and Janakpur became sister cities in November 2014. Ayodhya is the birthplace of Rama and Janakpur is the birthplace of his consort, Sita."}, {"Context": "Ayodhya Road", "Knowledge": "LOC Varanasi, LOC Allahabad, LOC Gorakhpur, LOC Janakpur, LOC Lucknow, LOC Delhi, LOC Nepal, LOC Ayodhya, PER Sita", "Response": "Ayodhya is connected by road to several major cities and towns, including Lucknow (130 km [81 mi]), Gorakhpur (140 km [87 mi]), Allahabad (160 km [99 mi]), Varanasi (200 km [120 mi]) and Delhi (636 km [395 mi]).A direct bus service has been started between Ayodhya and Janakpur (birthplace of Sita), in Nepal as a part of Ramayana circuit."}, {"Context": "Ayodhya Rail", "Knowledge": "LOC Mughal Sarai, ORG Northern Railway, ORG Ramayana Circuit, LOC Lucknow, LOC Delhi, LOC Faizabad, LOC Ayodhya", "Response": "The city is on the broad gauge Northern Railway line on Mughal Sarai on the Lucknow main route with Ayodhya and Faizabad railway stations.\nRamayana Circuit Train : Special Train that runs from Delhi to main sites of the Ramayana Circuit"}, {"Context": "Ayodhya Flight", "Knowledge": "LOC Allahabad, LOC Lucknow, LOC Amausi, LOC Ayodhya", "Response": "The nearest airports are Ayodhya, 5 km (3.1 mi) away, Amausi in Lucknow, 134 km (83 mi) away, Allahabad, 166 km (103 mi) away."}, {"Context": "Badami Introduction", "Knowledge": "LOC \u0cb5\u0cbe\u0ca4\u0cbe\u0caa\u0cbf, ORG Government, ORG India, LOC India, LOC Bhutanatha, LOC Agastya, LOC Jambulingesvara Temple, LOC Bagalkot, ORG Chalukyas, LOC Karnataka, LOC Badami Shivalaya, LOC V\u0101t\u0101pi, LOC Badami", "Response": "Badami, formerly known as V\u0101t\u0101pi [Sanskrit: from \u0101pi, \u2018friend, ally\u2019; \u2018having the wind (v\u0101ta) as an ally\u2019] (Kannada script: \u0cb5\u0cbe\u0ca4\u0cbe\u0caa\u0cbf), is a town and headquarters of a taluk by the same name, in the Bagalkot district of Karnataka, India. It was the regal capital of the Badami Chalukyas from 540 to 757. It is famous for its rock cut monuments such as the Badami cave temples, as well as the structural temples such as the Bhutanatha temples, Badami Shivalaya and Jambulingesvara Temple. It is located in a ravine at the foot of a rugged, red sandstone outcrop that surrounds Agastya lake. \nBadami has been selected as one of the heritage cities for HRIDAY - Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana scheme of Government of India."}, {"Context": "Badami History", "Knowledge": "PER Mangalesha, LOC Northern Bhutanatha, LOC Delhi Sultanate, LOC Maharashtra, LOC Rashtrakutas, PER George Michell, PER Pulakeshin II, LOC Yellamma Temple, LOC Later Chalukyas, LOC Vatapi, PER Buddhavarasa, PER Vishnuvardhana, LOC Malprabha, LOC Karnataka, LOC Eastern Bhutanatha, LOC Mahakuta, LOC Andhra Pradesh, LOC Aihole, LOC Jambulingesvara temple, LOC Chalukyas, LOC Tamil Nadu, LOC Badami, LOC Pattadakal, PER Kirtivarman I, ORG Badami Chalukyas, LOC Agastya, PER Pulakeshin I, ORG Chalukyas, ORG Badami Chalukya, PER Pulakeshin", "Response": "Pulakeshin I an early ruler of the Chalukyas, is generally regarded as having founded the Badami Chalukya dynasty in 540. An inscription record of this king engraved on a boulder in Badami records the fortification of the hill above 'Vatapi' in 544. Pulakeshin's choice of this location for his capital was likely due to strategic considerations, as Badami is protected on three sides by rugged sandstone cliffs. His sons Kirtivarman I and his brother Mangalesha constructed the cave temples located there. The Agastya lake (formerly Vatapi lake) is a man-made lake, a water infrastructure project completed in the 7th century, likely as a strategic source of water for the capital and around which many Hindu temples were constructed.Kirtivarman I strengthened Vatapi and had three sons, Pulakeshin II, Vishnuvardhana and Buddhavarasa, who were minors at the time of his death. Kirtivarman I's brother Mangalesha ruled the kingdom, as is mentioned in the Mahakuta Pillar inscription. In 610, the famous Pulakeshin II came to power and ruled between up to 642. Vatapi was the capital of the Early Chalukyas, who ruled much of Karnataka, Maharashtra, parts of Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh between the 6th and 8th centuries.\n\nUnder the Badami Chalukyas, Badami emerged as one of the regional centres of art in the Malprabha valley \u2013 a cradle of Hindu and Jain temple architecture schools. Both Dravida and Nagara styles of temples are found in Badami, along with those in Aihole, Pattadakal and Mahakuta. Many of the temples in Badami, such as the Eastern Bhutanatha group and the Jambulingesvara temple, were built between the 6th and 8th century. They are key to understanding the development of temple architecture and arts, as well as the Karnata tradition of arts around the mid 1st-millennium CE.These sites also contain many increasingly sophisticated temples and arts from the Rashtrakutas and Later Chalukyas, such as the Northern Bhutanatha group of temples and the Yellamma Temple, completed through the early 13th-century. Thereafter, states George Michell, this region was ravaged and temples ruined by conquering armies of the Delhi Sultanate. \nBadami and other sites in the Malprabha region were fought over by the Hindu kings of the Vijayanagara Empire and the Islamic Sultans of Deccan region. The Vijayanagara kings commissioned expanded fort walls in Badami and elsewhere. Many ruins, the fort and some well preserved temples in high hillocks survive and attest to the rich heritage of Badami and nearby sites from these centuries. The Muslim rule that followed the Vijayanagara period added to the heritage. This is attested by two monuments here. One is the Markaj Jumma near the entrance of the cave temples and structural temples. It has the 18th-century tomb of Abdul Malik Aziz. The other Islamic monument is also of modern era \u2013 the dargah of Sayyid Hazrat Badshah near the Upper Shivalaya."}, {"Context": "Badami Pre-historic and epic", "Knowledge": "PER Agastya, LOC Vatapi, PER Vatapi, LOC Agasthya, PER Ilvala, LOC Badami", "Response": "The Badami region was settled in pre-historic times, as is evidenced by megalithic dolmens.\nIn the local tradition, the town of Badami is linked to the Agastya legend of the epics. In the Mahabharata, the asura Vatapi would become a goat, be cooked by his brother Ilvala, and be eaten. Following this, he would recollect in the stomach and tear himself out from the inside of the victim, killing the victim. When the sage Agastya arrives, Ilvala offers the goat to him. However, Agastya, who is known for his enormous powers of ingestion and digestion, kills Vatapi by digesting the meal and giving Vatapi no time to recollect. Agastya thus kills the demons Vatapi and Ilvala. This legend is believed to have played out near Badami, hence the names Vatapi and Agasthya lake."}, {"Context": "Badami Inscriptions", "Knowledge": "PER Mangalesha, PER Tirtankara Adinatha, PER Kappe Arabhatta, PER Pulakeshin I, PER Vallabheswara, LOC Bhuthanatha, LOC Badami", "Response": "Badami has eighteen inscriptions, with important historical information. The first Sanskrit inscription in old Kannada script, on a hillock dates back to 543 CE, from the period of Pulakeshin I (Vallabheswara), the second is the 578 CE cave inscription of Mangalesha in Kannada language and script and the third is the Kappe Arabhatta records, the earliest available Kannada poetry in tripadi (three line) metre. one inscription near the Bhuthanatha temple also has inscriptions dating back to the 12th century in Jain rock-cut temple dedicated to the Tirtankara Adinatha."}, {"Context": "Badami Paintings", "Knowledge": "PER Shiva, LOC India, LOC Vishnu temple, PER Parvati, LOC Cave, LOC Badami", "Response": "The Badami cave temples were likely fully painted inside by the late 6th century. Most of these paintings are now lost, except for the mural fragments, bands and faded sections found in Cave 3 (Vaishnava, Hindu) and Cave 4 (Jain). The original murals are most clearly evidenced in Cave 3, where inside the Vishnu temple, there are paintings of secular art as well as murals that depict legends of Shiva and Parvati on the ceiling and in parts less exposed to the natural elements. These are among the earliest known paintings of Hindu legends in India that can be dated."}, {"Context": "Badami In Literature", "Knowledge": "LOC Taj Mahal, LOC Agastya Teertha, LOC Badami, PER Kalki Krishnamurthy", "Response": "Badami is predominantly featured in the Tamil language historical fiction novel series Sivagamiyin Sapatham, written by Kalki Krishnamurthy. A part of the Tamil film Taj Mahal was shot in Badami, with a part of the song 'Adi Manja Kilange' shot at Agastya Teertha."}, {"Context": "Badami Government", "Knowledge": "LOC Bagalkot District, LOC Badami Taluk, LOC Karnataka, LOC India", "Response": "It is a town in the Bagalkot District in Karnataka state, India. It is also headquarters of Badami Taluk in the district."}, {"Context": "Badami Taluka", "Knowledge": "LOC Badami Taluka", "Response": "The Badami Taluka has thirty-four panchayat villages:"}, {"Context": "Badami Geography", "Knowledge": "LOC Aihole, LOC Bijapur, LOC Bagalkot, LOC Hubli, LOC Agastya tirtha water reservoir, LOC Badami, LOC Bangalore", "Response": "Badami is located at 15.92\u00b0N 75.68\u00b0E\ufeff / 15.92; 75.68. It has an average elevation of 586 metres (1922 ft). It is located at the mouth of a ravine between two rocky hills and surrounds Agastya tirtha water reservoir on the three other sides. The total area of the town is 10.3 square kilometers.\nIt is located 30 kilometers from Bagalkot, 128 kilometers from Bijapur, 132 kilometers from Hubli, 46 kilometers from Aihole, another ancient town, and 589 kilometers from Bangalore, the state capital."}, {"Context": "Badami Climate", "Knowledge": "LOC Badami, LOC India", "Response": "Summer \u2013 March to June\nSpring \u2013 Jan to March\nMonsoons \u2013 July to October that contributes to rainfall\nWinter \u2013 November to FebruaryThe temperature ranges from a minimum 22 degrees to a maximum 40 degrees in summer and from 14 to 29 degrees in winter. The average rainfall is around 68 cm (680 mm). The best time to visit Badami is considered to be between the low-humid season from November to March.\nThe climate of Badami has made it a safe haven for the monkeys of southern India. Tourists often flock to Badami for the opportunity to see monkeys interact in a natural environment."}, {"Context": "Badami Demographics", "Knowledge": "LOC Badami", "Response": "As of the 2011 Indian Census, Badami had a total population of 30,943, of which 15,539 were males and 15,404 were females. The population within the age group of 0 to 6 years was 3,877. The total number of literates in Badami was 22,093, which constituted 71.4% of the population with male literacy of 78.1% and female literacy of 64.7%. The effective literacy rate of 7+ population of Badami was 81.6%, of which male literacy rate was 89.7% and female literacy rate was 73.6%. The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes population was 4,562 and 1,833 respectively. Badami had 6214 households in 2011.As of the 2001 Indian census, Badami had a population of 25,851. Males constituted 51% of the population and females 49%. Badami had an average literacy rate of 64.8%, comparable to the national average of 65%; with 59% of the males and 41% of females literate. 14% of the population was under 6 years of age.\nThe main language spoken is Kannada."}, {"Context": "Badami Transport", "Knowledge": "LOC Solapur, LOC Hospet, LOC Bijapur, LOC Hubli Airport, LOC Hubli, LOC Badami Railway Station, LOC Badami, LOC Bangalore", "Response": "The nearest railway station to Badami is Badami Railway Station, which is located 5 km from Badami city. The nearest airport is Hubli Airport, which is 105 km away from Badami. The town is located on the Hubli-Solapur rail route, and is connected to Hubli and Bijapur by road.\nBadami can be reached from Bangalore by a 12-hour bus ride, by a direct train (Solapur Gol Gumbaz Exp - 16535), or by a combination of an overnight train journey from Bangalore to Hospet followed by a bus ride from Hospet to Badami. Another possible route is to go by train from Bangalore to Hubli (8\u20139 hours) followed by a bus ride to Badami (3 hours). Badami is around 110 km from Hubli. \nLocal transport is by auto-rickshaws and city buses."}, {"Context": "Badami Climbing", "Knowledge": "LOC Gunks, PER Gerhard Schaar, PER Rajendra Hasabavi, ORG Thimayya National Academy of Adventure, ORG National Rock Climbing Centre, LOC Banshankari Road, LOC Karnataka, PER Pranesh Manchaiah, ORG Department of Youth Empowerment and Sports, LOC Badami, LOC Bangalore", "Response": "Badami's red sandstone cliffs are popular amongst local and international climbers. This is popular location for free sport climbing and bouldering. The cliffs have a horizontal crack systems, similar to Gunks. There are over 150 bolted routes and multiple routes for free climbing. Gerhard Schaar, a German Climber and Pranesh Manchaiah, a local climber from Bangalore, were instrumental in setting up the sport routes by driving a project called 'Bolts for Bangalore'.The National Rock Climbing Centre, whose manager is Rajendra Hasabavi in Banshankari Road by the General Thimayya National Academy of Adventure, Department of Youth Empowerment and Sports, Govt.of Karnataka is conducting various rock climbing and adventure camps for the youth and school children."}, {"Context": "Badrinath Introduction", "Knowledge": "LOC India, LOC Chamoli, LOC Badrinath, LOC Badrinath Temple, LOC Uttarakhand", "Response": "Badrinath is a town and nagar panchayat in Chamoli district in the state of Uttarakhand, India. A Hindu holy place, it is one of the four sites in India's Char Dham pilgrimage and is also part of India's Chota Char Dham pilgrimage circuit. It gets its name from the Badrinath Temple."}, {"Context": "Badrinath Etymology", "Knowledge": "PER Vishnu, LOC Badarikashrama", "Response": "Badrinath derives from the Sanskrit compound Badar\u012bn\u0101tha, consisting of the terms badar\u012b (jujube tree) and n\u0101tha (lord), an epithet of Vishnu. It is also known as Badarikashrama."}, {"Context": "Badrinath History", "Knowledge": "PER Adi Shankara, LOC Nilkantha, LOC Badrinath", "Response": "Badrinath was re-established as a major pilgrimage site by Adi Shankara in the 8th century. In earlier days, pilgrims used to walk hundreds of miles to visit the Badrinath temple.The temple has been repeatedly destroyed by earthquakes and avalanches. As late as the First World War, the town consisted only of the 20-odd huts used by the temple's staff, but the site drew thousands each year and up to 50,000 on its duodecennial festivals (every twelve years). In recent years its popularity has increased still more, with an estimated 600,000 pilgrims visiting during the 2006 season, compared to 90,676 in 1961. The temple in Badrinath is also a sacred pilgrimage site for Vaishnavites. Badrinath is also gateway to several mountaineering expeditions headed to mountains like Nilkantha."}, {"Context": "Badrinath Temple", "Knowledge": "PER Adi Shankaracharya, PER King of Garhwal, LOC Alaknanda River, LOC Tapt Kund, LOC Badrinath temple, PER Badrinarayan", "Response": "The Badrinath temple is the main attraction in the town. According to legend, Adi Shankaracharya discovered a black stone image of Lord Badrinarayan made of Shaligram stone in the Alaknanda River. He originally enshrined it in a cave near the Tapt Kund hot springs. In the sixteenth century, the King of Garhwal moved the murti to the present temple. The temple is approximately 50 ft (15 m) tall with a small cupola on top, covered with a gold gilt roof. The facade is built of stone, with arched windows. A broad stairway leads up to a tall arched gateway, which is the main entrance. The architecture resembles a Buddhist vihara (temple), with the brightly painted facade also more typical of Buddhist temples. Just inside is the mandapa, a large pillared hall that leads to the garbha grha, or main shrine area. The walls and pillars of the mandapa are covered with intricate carving."}, {"Context": "Badrinath Legend", "Knowledge": "PER Arjuna, PER Vyasa, LOC Badrikashram, PER Krishna, LOC Mana, PER Lakshmi, LOC Swargarohini, PER Nath, PER Vishnu, LOC Suryavanshi, LOC Gaurishankar, LOC Garhwal, PER BadriNath, PER Ganga, PER Badri, LOC Ashtapad, LOC Ganga, PER Bhagiratha, LOC Himalaya, PER BADRI VISHAL, LOC Badarikaashram, LOC Bad, PER Narayana, LOC Ganges, LOC Badari, PER Nara, LOC Svarga, LOC Badrinath, LOC Alaknanda, LOC Kailash, LOC \u092c\u0926\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0936\u094d\u0930\u092e", "Response": "According to the Bhagavata Purana, \"There in Badrikashram, the supreme being (Vishnu), in his incarnation as the sages Nara and Narayana, had been undergoing great penance since time immemorial for the welfare of all living entities.\" (Bhagavata Purana 3.4.22)\nThe Badrinath area is referred to as Badari or Badarikaashram (\u092c\u0926\u0930\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0936\u094d\u0930\u092e) in Hindu scriptures. It is a place sacred to Vishnu, particularly in Vishnu's dual form of Nara-Narayana. Thus, in the Mahabharata, Krishna, addressing Arjuna, says, \"Thou wast Nara in a former body, and, with Narayana for thy companion, didst perform dreadful austerity at Badari for many myriads of years.\"As per one legend, when the goddess Ganga was requested to descend on earth to help the suffering humanity at the request of Suryavanshi king Bhagiratha, the earth was unable to withstand the force of her descent. Therefore, the mighty Ganga (Ganges) was split into two holy channels, with Alaknanda as one of them.\nAnother lore states that the area was full of Badri bushes and Vishnu meditated here. His beloved Lakshmi stood next to him, sheltering him from scorching sunlight and thus turned into a Badri herself called 'BADRI VISHAL' and her lord (Nath) became the BadriNath.\nThe mountains around Badrinath are mentioned in the Mahabharata, when the Pandavas were said to have expired one by one, when ascending the slopes of a peak in western Garhwal called Swargarohini (literal meaning - the 'Ascent to Heaven'). The Pandavas passed through Badrinath and the town of Mana, 4 km north of Badrinath, on their way to Svarga (heaven). There is also a cave in Mana where Vyasa, according to legend, wrote the Mahabharata.The area around Badrinath was celebrated in Padma Purana as abounding in spiritual treasures.\nThis place is considered holy in Jainism as well. In Jainism, Himalaya is also called Ashtapad because of its eight different mountain range Gaurishankar, Kailash, Badrinath, Nanda, Drongiri, Nara-Narayana and Trishuli. Rishabhanatha attained Nirvana on Mount Kailash situated in the Himalayan range and according to Jain faith (Nirvankand), from Badrinath numerous Jain Muni got Moksha by doing Tapsya. According to Shrimadbhagwat, at this place Rishabhdev's father Nabhirai and mother Marudevi had done hard Tapa after Rishabhdev's Rajyabhishek and taken Samadhi. Even today footprint of Nabhirai at Neelkanth mountain attracts everybody towards him."}, {"Context": "Badrinath Geography", "Knowledge": "LOC Nanda Devi, LOC Gaurikund, LOC Nar, LOC Kedarnath, LOC Nilkantha, LOC Alaknanda River, LOC Badrinath, LOC Garhwal, LOC Rishikesh, LOC Narayana", "Response": "Badrinath has an average elevation of 3,100 metres (10,170 feet). It is in the Garhwal Himalayas, on the banks of the Alaknanda River. The town lies between the Nar and Narayana mountain ranges 9 km east of Nilkantha peak (6,596m). Badrinath is located 62 km northwest of Nanda Devi peak and 301 km north of Rishikesh. From Gaurikund (near Kedarnath) to Badrinath by road is 233 km.\nAccording to the K\u00f6ppen climate system, Badrinath's climate is humid continental (Dwb) bordering a subtropical highland climate (Cwb)."}, {"Context": "Badrinath Demographics", "Knowledge": "LOC Badrinath", "Response": "As of 2011 Indian Census, Badrinath had a total population of 2,438, of which 2,054 were males and 384 were females. Population within the age group of 0 to 6 years was 68. The total number of literates in Badrinath was 2,265, which constituted 92.9% of the population with male literacy of 95.4% and female literacy of 79.7%. The effective literacy rate of 7+ population of Badrinath was 95.6%, of which male literacy rate was 97.1% and female literacy rate was 86.9%. The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes population was 113 and 22 respectively. Badrinath had 850 households in 2011."}, {"Context": "Bekal Introduction", "Knowledge": "LOC India, LOC West, LOC Kerala, LOC Bekal, LOC Kasaragod", "Response": "Bekal is a small town in the Kasaragod district on the West coast of the state of Kerala, India."}, {"Context": "Bekal Location", "Knowledge": "LOC Paravur, LOC State Highway 57, LOC Kollam Ashtamudi, LOC Palakkad, LOC Kerala, LOC Bekal, LOC Northern Kerala, LOC Punnamada, LOC Kanhangad, LOC Kasaragod, ORG Lonely Planet, LOC Mangalore, LOC Calicut, LOC Kumarakom, LOC Kannur, LOC Arabian Sea, LOC NH 66, LOC Bekal Fort", "Response": "Bekal is a town located 12 km (7.5 mi) south of Kasaragod town and 14 km (8.7 mi) north of Kanhangad on the State Highway 57. Bekal Fort is the largest fort in Kerala state situated adjacent to the beach. Shaped like a giant keyhole, the historic Bekal Fort offers a view of the Arabian Sea from its tall observation towers, which had huge cannons a couple centuries ago. \nThe state of Kerala is reviewing a plan to start seaplane services connecting Bekal with Kollam Ashtamudi, Kumarakom, Punnamada and famous Paravur backwaters. Bekal in Northern Kerala was one of the top ten travel destinations selected by Lonely Planet.Local roads have access to NH 66 which connects to Mangalore in the north and Calicut in the south. The nearest railway station is Kanhangad on Mangalore-Palakkad line. There are airports at Mangalore and Calicut And Kannur."}, {"Context": "Bekal Transportation", "Knowledge": "LOC Kanhangad Railway Station, LOC Kotikulam Railway Station, LOC Bekal Fort Railway Station, LOC Palakkad, LOC Mangalore, LOC Kanhangad, LOC Kasaragod, LOC Kannur, LOC Kerala State Highway, LOC Calicut", "Response": "Kerala State Highway connecting to Kasaragod in the north and Kanhangad in the south. The nearest railway station is Bekal Fort Railway Station, Kotikulam Railway Station and Kanhangad Railway Station on Mangalore-Palakkad line. There are airports at Mangalore, Kannur and Calicut."}, {"Context": "Belgaum Introduction", "Knowledge": "PER Narendra Modi, LOC Bengaluru, LOC Suvarna Vidhana Soudha, LOC Belgaon, ORG Government of Karnataka, LOC Belagavi, LOC Karnataka, LOC B\u0113\u1e37ag\u0101ma, LOC Western Ghats, LOC Belgaum", "Response": "Belgaum (ISO: B\u0113\u1e37ag\u0101ma; also Belgaon  and officially known as Belagavi) is a city in the Indian state of Karnataka located in its northern part along the Western Ghats. It is the administrative headquarters of the eponymous Belagavi division and Belagavi district. The Government of Karnataka has proposed making Belagavi the second capital of Karnataka alongside Bengaluru, hence a second state administrative building Suvarna Vidhana Soudha was inaugurated on 11 October 2012.Belagavi has been selected in first phase out of 20 cities, as one of the hundred Indian cities to be developed as a smart city under PM Narendra Modi's flagship Smart Cities Mission."}, {"Context": "Belgaum History", "Knowledge": "PER Peshwas, PER Krishna, LOC Sevunas, LOC Delhi Sultanate, LOC Kamalabasti, LOC Bijapur, LOC Vijayanagara Empire, PER Asad Khan, ORG Peshwa, LOC Saundatti, PER Kartaveerya IV, PER Adil Shah, LOC Bahamani sultanate, LOC Goa, PER Tipu Sultan, PER Kitturu, PER Aurangzeb, LOC Kingdom of Mysore, LOC Bahmani Sultanate, LOC Bijapur Sultanate, LOC Yadava, PER Khalji, PER Mahamood Gawan, LOC Azamnagar, LOC Kamal Basadi, ORG Maratha, PER Hyder Ali, LOC Venugrama, LOC Safa Mosque, PER Neminatha, ORG Ratta, PER Bichiraja, LOC Bijapur sultanate, LOC Vijayanagara, LOC Venupura, PER Yadava, LOC Belgaum", "Response": "Belgaum was founded in late 12th century AD by the Ratta dynasty, who shifted from nearby Saundatti. A Ratta official named Bichiraja built Kamal Basadi, a Jain temple, dedicated to Neminatha in 1204, which came to be called Kamalabasti. Pillars found inside Belgaum fort have Kannada inscriptions in Nagari scripts, one from 1199 by Ratta King Kartaveerya IV. The city original name was Venugrama, a Sanskrit word which means \"village of bamboo\". Alternatively, it is referred to as Venupura in early Indian texts, which means \"city of bamboo\".Belgaum became a part of the Yadava dynasty kingdom (Sevunas) in early 13th century. An inscription from 1261 of King Krishna belonging to the Yadava dynasty attests to this. The region was invaded by Khalji dynasty of Delhi Sultanate in 14th century. Shortly thereafter, the Vijayanagara Empire was founded, and Belgaum came under the rule of Vijayanagara. In 1474, the Bahmani Sultanate conquered Belgaum with an army led by Mahamood Gawan.\n\nThe Belgaum fort was strengthened by the Adil Shah dynasty Sultans and they built the Safa Mosque. A Persian inscription states that the mosque was built by Asad Khan, a Bijapur Commander. In 1518, the Bahamani sultanate splintered into five small states and Belgaum became part of the Bijapur Sultanate. The Adilshahis extended their control to the port of Goa, but retreated after the arrival and wars with the Portuguese. In 1686, the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb overthrew the Bijapur sultanate and Belgaum passed nominally to the Mughals, who called it \"Azamnagar\". However, the Mughal empire control collapsed after the death of Aurangzeb in 1707. The Maratha confederacy took control of the area during the rule of the Peshwas. In 1776, the region was overrun by Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan after Hyder Ali's coup in the Kingdom of Mysore. The Peshwa regained Belgaum, after Tipu Sultan was defeated by the British forces. In 1818, the British annexed Belgaum and the region in the control of the Peshwa. Kitturu Chennamma (1778\u20131829) was the queen of the princely state of Kittur in Karnataka and in 1824 she led an unsuccessful armed rebellion against the British in response to the Doctrine of lapse.\nBelgaum was chosen as the venue of the 39th session of the Indian National Congress in December 1924 under the presidency of Mahatma Gandhi. The city served as a major military installation for the British Raj, primarily due to its proximity to Goa, which was then a Portuguese territory. Once the British left India, the Indian government continued and still continues to have armed forces installations in Belgaum. In 1961, the Indian government, under Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, used forces from Belgaum to end Portuguese rule of Goa.\nWhen India became independent in 1947, Belgaum and its district were part of Bombay State. In 1956, the Indian states were reorganised along linguistic lines by the States Reorganisation Act and Belgaum  including 10 taluks of Bombay State were transferred to Mysore State, which was renamed Karnataka in 1973.In 2006, the Government of Karnataka announced that Belgaum would be made the state's second capital, and that the city would be a permanent venue for the annual 15-day winter session of the state legislature."}, {"Context": "Belgaum City names", "Knowledge": "LOC India, LOC Belgaon, LOC Belagavi, LOC Karnataka, LOC Maharashtra, LOC Belgaum", "Response": "On 1 November 2014, the city's name was changed from Belgaum to Belagavi by the Karnataka government, with approval of the central government of India along with 12 other cities. Belgaum is known as Belgaon (IPA: [be\u02d0\u026d\u0261a\u02d0\u028b]) in Maharashtra and amongst Marathi people."}, {"Context": "Belgaum Topography", "Knowledge": "LOC Sahyadri, LOC Western Ghats, LOC Belgaum, LOC Maharashtra, LOC Goa, LOC Karnataka, LOC Hyderabad, LOC Markandeya, LOC Mysore, LOC Arabian Sea, LOC Mumbai, LOC Bangalore", "Response": "Belgaum is located at 15.87\u00b0N 74.5\u00b0E\ufeff / 15.87; 74.5. It has an average elevation of 751 metres (2,464 feet). The city is in the northwestern parts of Karnataka and lies at the border of two states, Maharashtra and Goa on the western ghats (50 km (31 mi) from the Goa state border). It is one of the oldest towns in the state, lying 502 km (312 mi) from Bangalore,  500 km (310 mi) from Mumbai, 515 km (320 mi) from Hyderabad, and 600 km (370 mi) from Mysore. The district comprises 1278 villages with an area of 31,415 km2 (12,129 sq mi) and a population of around 4.8 million according to the census of 2011. Belgaum district is the biggest district of Karnataka. Situated near the foothills of the Sahyadri mountain range (Western Ghats) at an altitude of about 779 m (2,556 ft), 100 km (62 mi) from the Arabian Sea with the Markandeya river flowing nearby, Belgaum exhibits swift and kaleidoscopic changes in topography, vegetation and climate."}, {"Context": "Belgaum Climate", "Knowledge": "LOC Karnataka, LOC Belgaum", "Response": "Belgaum has a tropical savanna climate (K\u00f6ppen climate classification Aw). It is known for its pleasant year-round climate. Belgaum is at its coldest in winter (lowest temperature in Karnataka is usually recorded in Belgaum) and it experiences almost continuous monsoon rains from June through September. Belgaum sometimes receives hail storms during April."}, {"Context": "Belgaum Population", "Knowledge": "LOC Belgaum", "Response": "According to the 1881 census, 64.39% of the population of Belgaum were Kannada speakers and 26.04% spoke Marathi.\n\nAs per the 2011 India census, the population of Belgaum city is 490,045. Males constitute 246,537 of the population and females 243,508. Belgaum has an average literacy rate of 88.92%: 93.78% for males and 85.84% for females. 10.71% percent of the population is under 6 years of age."}, {"Context": "Belgaum Languages", "Knowledge": "", "Response": "Kannada (37.46%) and Marathi (32.91%) are the predominant languages. Urdu is spoken by 19.82%, while Konkani (2.64%), Hindi (2.42%) and Telugu (1.92%) are also spoken."}, {"Context": "Belgaum Administration", "Knowledge": "LOC Belgaum", "Response": "Belgaum is located in the Belgaum Lok Sabha constituency."}, {"Context": "Belgaum Assembly session", "Knowledge": "LOC Government, LOC Suvarna Vidhana Soudha, ORG of, LOC Karnataka, ORG Karnataka Legislative Assembly, LOC Belgaum", "Response": "In 2006, the Government of Karnataka decided to hold one week sessions of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly every year during the winter season at the Suvarna Vidhana Soudha administrative building, constructed and inaugurated in Belgaum in 2012."}, {"Context": "Belgaum Belgaum border dispute", "Knowledge": "LOC Bombay Presidency, ORG Karnataka Rakshna Vedike, PER Shantinath Budavi, ORG BCC, LOC Maharashtra, LOC Bangalore, ORG KRV, LOC Belgaum, LOC Nipani, LOC Karnataka, PER Bal Thackeray, LOC Mysore, PER Ajit Pawar, ORG Shiv Sena, PER Vijay More, LOC Karwar, PER Prashanta Budavi, ORG Belgaum City Corporation, ORG Belgaum, PER N. D. Patil, PER Uddhav Thackeray, ORG Government of Karnataka, ORG Maharashtra Ekikaran Samiti, ORG Karnataka Rakshana Vedike", "Response": "The Belgaum border dispute is a dispute involving the Indian states of Karnataka and Maharashtra. Belgaum, currently a part of Karnataka and earlier the erstwhile Bombay Presidency, is claimed by Maharashtra on linguistic grounds. In 1956, the States Reorganization Act incorporated the Belgaum district including the 10 taluks in the Mysore state, which became Karnataka in 1973. Though according to the 1881 census, 64.39% of the population of Belgaum were Kannada speakers and 26.04% spoke Marathi.In 1948, the Maharashtra Ekikaran Samiti, a Belgaum based regional organisation fighting for the merger, was formed. On 17 January 1956, Marathi activists against the inclusion were shot by the police forces of Mysore state. Since then, 17 January is observed as the 'martyr's day' by Maharashtra Ekikaran Samiti.On 11 November 2005, Karnataka Rakshna Vedike (KRV) activists daubed Belgaum Mayor Vijay More's face with black paint (and later surrendered to the police) in the wake of Belgaum City Corporation (BCC) passing a resolution to include the district of Belgaum into Maharashtra, a neighbouring state. Upon his return to Belgaum, Vijay More was served with several show-cause notices by the Government of Karnataka and later dissolved the council.Following this incident, in the following year's election, Prashanta Budavi, wife of KRV (Karnataka Rakshana Vedike) City President Shantinath Budavi was appointed as mayor of the Belgaum City Corporation. Maharashtra has asked to bring 865 disputed villages including Belgaum under centre's rule until Supreme court's final verdict. N.D. Patil, head of legal-committee appointed by Maharashtra government said that Karnataka is intensifying the problem. He added that Marathi people of border region are not able to live with honour and dignity under Karnataka's rule pointing out to the 'unconstitutional' dissolution of Belgaum city corporation and manhandling of Belgaum mayor by Kannada activists at Bangalore.Even though case is pending in supreme court, in 2019, Deputy CM of Maharashtra Ajit Pawar called for the incorporation of Belgaum along with Karwar and Nipani area in Maharashtra citing it was of dream of Shiv Sena founder Bal Thackeray, a statement reiterated by CM Uddhav Thackeray in January 2021. Thackeray went on to term the region as 'Karnataka-occupied areas'. The case regarding the dispute is pending before the Supreme Court for many years."}, {"Context": "Belgaum Economy", "Knowledge": "LOC NH -, LOC Pune, LOC Bangalore, LOC Bailhongal, LOC India, LOC Deshnur, ORG Aditya Birla Group, LOC Mangalore, LOC Belagavi, LOC Goa, LOC Maharashtra, LOC Bangalore National, PER Babu Rao Pusalkar, ORG Hindalco Industries, LOC North Karnataka, LOC Belgaum", "Response": "The city's humble industrial growth begin when an entrepreneur named Babu Rao Pusalkar set up a small unit in city over a century ago and that transformed Belagavi city into foundry and hydraulics base.Belgaum is an important source of vegetables, fruits, meat, poultry, fish, mining production, and wood (due to heavy rainfall, rivers and the abundance of water). Trading in North Karnataka is mainly with Goa and Maharashtra along with major cities like Pune, Bangalore and Mangalore. Rich deposits of Bauxite are found in Belgaum district and have led to the creation of the Indian aluminium-producing company Hindalco Industries of the Aditya Birla Group. Uranium deposits have been found at Deshnur, a small village near Bailhongal town.A 300-acre (1.2 km2) Special Economic Zone (India's first Private Aerospace SEZ ) is being set up along the Pune-Bangalore National Highway (NH-4) to cater to the precision engineering requirements of the global aerospace, automotive and industrial verticals."}, {"Context": "Belgaum Defence training centres", "Knowledge": "ORG National Defence Academy, LOC Khanapur, LOC Mhow, ORG Commando Training Wing, LOC Goa, ORG Infantry School, ORG Military Hospital, ORG Junior Leaders Wing, ORG Infantry Officers, ORG Maratha Light Infantry Regimental Centre, ORG Belgaum Military School, ORG Indo - Tibetan Border Police, ORG MLIRC, ORG Indian Air Force, ORG East India Company, LOC India, ORG CoBRA School of Jungle Warfare, ORG Indian Armed Forces, ORG ITBP, ORG Central Reserve Police Force Institute, ORG Armed Forces, LOC Halbhavi, LOC Belgaum", "Response": "Belgaum's salubrious climate, proximity to the coast and strategic position near Portuguese Goa commended it to the British as a suitable location for an army training centre and cantonment, which it continues to be today for the Indian Armed Forces, along with an air force station of the Indian Air Force. The British had a sizeable infantry post here, having realised the military importance of its geographical location.\nDevelopment of a rail network for movement of resources and later troops was one of the means employed by both the East India Company and the British to exert control over India. Belgaum houses the Maratha Light Infantry Regimental Centre (MLIRC). It also houses the Commando Training Wing which is a part of the Junior Leaders Wing (formerly known as Infantry School, Belgaum). This establishment is affiliated to The Infantry School, Mhow. Herein, Infantry Officers and Soldiers are trained in endurance, escape and evasion, guerrilla and commando warfare techniques and to live off the land. The commando course at Belgaum is mandatory for all Infantry Officers. Officers of Other branches of the military and even some foreign officers undertake the course, upon being nominated to do so. In between the Military Hospital and the Junior Leaders Wing lies the Belgaum Military School, established in 1945 spread over an area of 64 acres (26 ha). The School provides quality education to sons of wards of Servicemen and Ex Servicemen of the Armed Forces. Several of them go on to join the National Defence Academy. \nThe Indo-Tibetan Border Police, ITBP, is building a full-fledged recreation and training centre in Belgaum at Halbhavi. Belgaum provides an excellent climate for recreation and ITBP will have large family bases in Belgaum for its soldiers after high altitude stressful duty.\nThe Central Reserve Police Force Institute of elite central paramilitary forces is setting up a national-level training institution (for jungle warfare) at Khanapur in Belgaum. The establishment, called the CoBRA School of Jungle Warfare is already operational."}, {"Context": "Belgaum Cuisine", "Knowledge": "LOC Maharashtra, LOC Karnataka, LOC Konkan, LOC Belgaum", "Response": "the cuisine of Belgaum is derived from the food cultures of three regions Karnataka, Konkan and Maharashtra. Typical breakfast items include poori-bhaji, idli-dosa, upma, sheera, sabudana khichadi and sabuvada. Chapatis, rice, phulka, jowar rotti, thalipeeth, jhunka and vegetables are taken in lunch. Non-vegetarian items such as various seafoods are cooked in Goan, Maharashtrian and North Kannadi style. Belgaum is noted for a specific kind of biryani, the Belagavi Biryani, which uses Belagavi Basmati Rice for its preparation.Belgaum is known for kunda, a sweet made from milk. A special sweet called mandige in Kannada and in Marathi as maande, is a prerequisite for weddings."}, {"Context": "Belgaum Road", "Knowledge": "ORG Government of Goa, LOC Gadag, LOC Haveri, ORG MSRTC, LOC Bagalkot, LOC Maharashtra, ORG Karnataka Rajyotsava, ORG NWKRTC, LOC North Western, LOC Belgaum, LOC Karnataka, LOC Goa, ORG Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation, ORG Government of Maharashtra, LOC Andhra Pradesh, ORG Road Transport Corporation, ORG North Western Karnataka Road Transport Corporation, LOC Tamil Nadu, LOC Telangana, ORG KSRTC, ORG KADAMBA, LOC Golden Quadrilateral, LOC Belgaum District, LOC Dharwad, LOC Belgaum City, LOC Karwar", "Response": "Belgaum is connected by road via national highways 4 (connecting Maharashtra (now part of the Golden Quadrilateral), Karnataka, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu) and 4A (connecting Karnataka and Goa). North Western Karnataka Road Transport Corporation (NWKRTC) run buses to all corners of Karnataka and to neighbouring states. There are many prominent private bus companies providing services to all major destinations in Karnataka and surrounding states. KSRTC services almost all villages in Karnataka. 92% villages are served by KSRTC (6,743 out of 7,298 Villages) and 44% in other areas. KSRTC operates 6463 schedules in a day covering an effective distance of 2374,000 km with a total fleet of 7599 buses. It transports, on an average, 2457,000 passengers per day.\nThe North Western Karnataka Road Transport Corporation was established on 1 November 1997, under provision of the Road Transport Corporation Act 1950, on the auspicious day of Karnataka Rajyotsava upon bifurcation from Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation to provide adequate, efficient, economic and properly coordinated transport services to the commuters of North Western part of Karnataka. The Corporation jurisdiction covers the districts of Belgaum, Dharwad, Karwar, Bagalkot, Gadag & Haveri.\nNWKRTC operates its services to all villages, which have motorable roads in its jurisdiction, and also covers intra- and inter- state transport operations.\nThe Government of Goa operates KADAMBA bus service from Goa to Belgaum city and some other parts of the Belgaum District.\nThe Government of Maharashtra also operates MSRTC buses from various parts of Maharashtra to Belgaum City and some other parts of the Belgaum District."}, {"Context": "Belgaum Air", "Knowledge": "LOC Indore, LOC Nashik, ORG Spice Jet, LOC Belgaum Airport, LOC Jodhpur, LOC Mumbai, LOC Bangalore, ORG Star Air, LOC Sambra, LOC Hyderabad, LOC State Highway 20, ORG IndiGo, LOC Surat, LOC Mysore, LOC North Karnataka, LOC Kadapa, LOC Tirupati, LOC Chennai, ORG TruJet, LOC Pune, LOC Nagpur, LOC Kolhapur, ORG Alliance Air, LOC Ahmedabad, LOC Belgaum", "Response": "The city is served by Belgaum Airport at Sambra, which is the oldest airport in North Karnataka and lies 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from the city on State Highway 20. Belgaum airport is included in UDAN 3 scheme. Alliance Air, Spice Jet, Star Air, IndiGo and TruJet have flights to Bangalore, Hyderabad, Mysore, Kadapa, Tirupati, Surat, Ahmedabad, Indore, Mumbai, Pune, Nagpur, Kolhapur, Nashik and Chennai. Flight connectivity to Jodhpur will be soon started by Star Air in the future days."}, {"Context": "Belgaum Rail", "Knowledge": "ORG Indian Railways, LOC South Western, LOC Belgaum", "Response": "Belgaum railway station is on the Indian Railways grid, being part of the South Western railways, and is well connected by rail to major destinations."}, {"Context": "Belgaum VTU", "Knowledge": "ORG VTU, ORG Visvesvaraya Technological University, PER Visweshwariah, LOC Machhe, PER Bharat Ratna, LOC Belgaum", "Response": "Visvesvaraya Technological University (VTU), named after Bharat Ratna Sir M Visweshwariah, is located in Machhe in Belgaum. It has more than 208 affiliated colleges. Over 67,000 students graduate from VTU every year."}, {"Context": "Belgaum Rani Channamma University", "Knowledge": "LOC Pune, ORG Karnatak University KRCPG, LOC NH, LOC Bangalore National, ORG Karnatak University, LOC Bagalkot, ORG PG, LOC Bhutramanahatti, LOC Vijaypur, LOC Dharwad, ORG Rani Channamma University, ORG Karnatak University PG Centre, LOC North Karnataka Region, LOC Belgaum", "Response": "Rani Channamma University was established in 2010 by upgrading the post-graduate centre of Karnatak University, Dharwad.\nBefore the Rani Channamma University came into being in 2010, Karnatak University KRCPG Centre of Karnatak University, Dharwad was functioning at Belgaum. The Karnatak University PG Centre was established at Belgaum in the year 1982, to provide an opportunity to develop access to the students for higher education hailing from North Karnataka Region. In 1994 the PG centre was shifted to the present campus of 172 acres of land at Bhutramanahatti adjacent to the Pune-Bangalore National Highway \u2013 4 NH 4, about 18 km from Belgaum. Karnatak University PG Centre has been declared as Rani Channamma University in the month of July 2010 with the jurisdiction of Belgaum, Vijaypur, and Bagalkot districts."}, {"Context": "Belgaum Media", "Knowledge": "ORG Sakaal, ORG Samyukta Karnataka, ORG Tarun Bharat, ORG Pudhari, ORG Vijay Vani, ORG Kannadamma, ORG Prajavani, ORG Deccan Herald, ORG Kannada Prabha, ORG Vijaya Karnataka, ORG The Times of India", "Response": "Newspapers include Vijaya Karnataka, Vijay Vani, Kannada Prabha, Samyukta Karnataka, Prajavani, and Kannadamma in Kannada; The Times of India and Deccan Herald in English, and Tarun Bharat,Sakaal, Pudhari in Marathi."}, {"Context": "Belgaum Notable people", "Knowledge": "PER Cornelia Sorabji, PER Bandu Patil, PER Raosaheb Gogte, PER Pavani Reddy, PER Raai Laxmi, PER Atul Kulkarni, PER Shri Thanedar, ORG Gogte Group, ORG Gogte Circle, PER Phadeppa Dareppa Chaugule, ORG Gogte Institute of Technology, PER Charan Raj, LOC Britain, PER Ronit More, LOC India, ORG Gogte College of Commerce and Science, PER Nima Poovaya - Smith, PER Alice Maude Sorabji Pennell, LOC Belgaum", "Response": "Phadeppa Dareppa Chaugule, India's first Olympic marathon runner\nRaosaheb Gogte, industrialist of the Gogte Group. Namesake of the Gogte Institute of Technology, Gogte College of Commerce and Science, and the Gogte Circle in Belgaum.\nAtul Kulkarni, actor\nRaai Laxmi, actor\nRonit More, Indian Cricket Player\nBandu Patil, Indian hockey player\nNima Poovaya-Smith, museum curator, art historian and writer\nAlice Maude Sorabji Pennell, Doctor and writer\nCharan Raj, actor\nPavani Reddy, actor\nCornelia Sorabji, lawyer and writer. Notably the first woman to practice law in India and Britain.\nShri Thanedar, American politician"}, {"Context": "Bengaluru Introduction", "Knowledge": "PER Kemp\u00e9 Gowd\u0101, PER Devaraja Wodeyar II, PER Adil Shahi Bijapur, ORG Empire, LOC Bangalore, LOC Nageshwara Temple, PER Kempe Gowda, PER Haider Ali, LOC Begur, LOC Karnataka, LOC Mysore, LOC South India, LOC Kingdom of Mysore, LOC Deccan Plateau, LOC Bengaluru, LOC Garden City, PER Kempe Gowda III, LOC Vijayanagar, LOC Mysore State, ORG British East India Company, LOC India, PER Krishnaraja Wadiyar III, LOC Vijayanagara, LOC \u0cac\u0cc6\u0c82\u0c97\u0cb3\u0cc2\u0cb0\u0cc1, PER Shahaji Bhonsle", "Response": "Bangalore (), officially Bengaluru (Kannada: \u0cac\u0cc6\u0c82\u0c97\u0cb3\u0cc2\u0cb0\u0cc1, Kannada pronunciation: [\u02c8be\u014bg\u0250\u026du\u02d0\u027eu] (listen)), is the capital and largest city of the southern Indian state of Karnataka. It has a population of more than 8 million and a metropolitan population of around 11 million, making it the third most populous city and fifth most populous urban agglomeration in India, as well as the largest city in South India, and the 27th largest city in the world. Located on the Deccan Plateau, at a height of over 900 m (3,000 ft) above sea level, Bangalore has a pleasant climate throughout the year, with its parks and green spaces earning it the reputation as the \"Garden City\" of India. Its elevation is the highest among the major cities of India.The city's history dates back to around 890 CE, as found in a stone inscription found at the Nageshwara Temple in Begur, Bangalore. In 1537 CE, Kemp\u00e9 Gowd\u0101, a feudal ruler under the Vijayanagara Empire, established a mud fort, considered the foundation of modern Bangalore and its oldest areas, or p\u00e9t\u00e9s, which still exist. After the fall of the Vijayanagar Empire, Kempe Gowda declared independence; in 1638, a large Adil Shahi Bijapur army defeated Kempe Gowda III, and Bangalore was came under Shahaji Bhonsle as a jagir which later became his capital. The Mughals later captured Bangalore and sold it to Maharaja Devaraja Wodeyar II of the Kingdom of Mysore. When Haider Ali seized control of the kingdom, the administration of Bangalore passed into his hands.\nThe city was captured by the British East India Company after victory in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1799), which then returned administrative control of the city, along with the kingdom, to Maharaja Krishnaraja Wadiyar III. The old city developed under the dominions of the maharaja. In 1809, the British shifted their cantonment to Bangalore, outside the old city, and a town grew up around it, which played as British residence in Mysore. Following India's independence in 1947, Bangalore became the capital of Mysore State, and remained the capital when the state was enlarged and unified in 1956 and after the state's renaming as Karnataka in 1973. The two urban settlements of Bangalore\u2013the town and the cantonment\u2013 which had developed as independent entities merged into a single urban centre in 1949. The existing Kannada name, Bengal\u016bru, was declared the city's official name in 2006.\nBangalore is considered to be one of the fastest-growing global major metropolises. Recent estimates of the metro economy of its urban area has ranked Bangalore as one of the most productive metro areas of India. The city is considered to be the pivot for high-technology-based heavy manufacturing industry, with numerous large multinational technology corporations setting up their headquarters in Bangalore. This metropolis is home to many top-tier engineering and research institutions. Bangalore is known as the \"Silicon Valley of India\" because of its role as the nation's leading software exporter as well as being a major semiconductor hub. Several state-owned aerospace and defence organisations are located in the city. The presence of numerous notable sporting arenas in Bangalore makes it one of the sporting hubs of the country."}, {"Context": "Bengaluru Etymology", "Knowledge": "PER Suryanath Kamath, ORG BBMP, PER U. R. Ananthamurthy, LOC Benda - Kaal - uru, ORG Hoysala, LOC Bangalore, PER Kempe Gowda, LOC D\u0113var\u0101yanagara, ORG Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike, LOC Begur, LOC Karnataka, LOC Bengaluru, LOC Kodigehalli, PER Veera Ballala II, LOC Bengal\u016bru, LOC Kaly\u0101napura, ORG Union, LOC Bengal\u016br\u016b, ORG Government of Karnataka, LOC Kaly\u0101napuri", "Response": "Bangalore is an anglicised version of the city's Kannada name Bengal\u016bru. It was the name of a village near Kodigehalli in Bangalore city today and was used by Kempe Gowda to name the city as Bangalore at the time of its foundation in 1537. The earliest reference to the name \"Bengal\u016bru\" was found in a ninth-century Western Ganga dynasty stone inscription on a v\u012bra gallu (Kannada: \u0cb5\u0cc0\u0cb0\u0c97\u0cb2\u0ccd\u0cb2\u0cc1; lit.\u2009'hero stone', a rock edict extolling the virtues of a warrior). According to an inscription found in Begur, \"Bengal\u016br\u016b\" was the place of a battle in 890 CE.It was also referred to as \"Kaly\u0101napura\" or \"Kaly\u0101napuri\" (\"Auspicious City\") and \"D\u0113var\u0101yanagara\" during the Vijayanagara times.An apocryphal story states that the twelfth-century Hoysala king Veera Ballala II, while on a hunting expedition, lost his way in the forest. Tired and hungry, he came across a poor old woman who served him boiled beans. The grateful king named the place \"Benda-Kaal-uru\" (literally, \"town of boiled beans\"), which eventually evolved into \"Bengal\u016bru\". Suryanath Kamath has put forward an explanation of a possible floral origin of the name as derived from benga, the Kannada term for Pterocarpus marsupium (also known as the Indian Kino Tree), a species of dry and moist deciduous trees that grows abundantly in the region.On 11 December 2005, the Government of Karnataka accepted a proposal by Jnanpith Award winner U. R. Ananthamurthy to rename Bangalore to Bengal\u016bru. On 27 September 2006, the Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP) passed a resolution to implement the name change. The government of Karnataka accepted the proposal and it was decided to officially implement the name change from 1 November 2006. The Union government approved this request, along with name changes for 11 other Karnataka cities, in October 2014. Hence, Bangalore was renamed to \"Bengaluru\" on 1 November 2014."}, {"Context": "Bengaluru Early and medieval history", "Knowledge": "LOC Choleshwara Temple, LOC Hesaraghatta, LOC Chokkanathaswamy, PER Ereganga Nitimarga I, LOC Chikkajala, LOC Yeswanthpur, ORG Western Ganga, ORG Hoysala, LOC Bangalore, LOC Binnamangala, PER Rajendra Chola I, LOC Domlur, PER Raja Raja Chola I, PER Vishnuvardhana, LOC Jadigenahalli, PER Claudius, LOC Begur, LOC Karnataka, PER Augustus, LOC Mysore, LOC Koramangala, LOC Aigandapura, LOC Someshwara Temple, ORG Western Gangas, PER Nitimarga II, ORG Rashtrakutas, LOC Tamil Nadu, LOC Sidhapura, LOC Begur Nageshwara Temple, PER Edgar Thurston, ORG Cholas, LOC Mukthi Natheshwara Temple, LOC Badami, LOC Talakad, LOC Gangavadi, ORG Chalukyas, LOC Jalahalli, LOC Ulsoor, LOC HAL Airport, PER Tiberius", "Response": "A discovery of Stone Age artefacts during the 2001 Census of India at Jalahalli, Sidhapura and Jadigenahalli, all of which are located on Bangalore's outskirts today, suggest human settlement around 4000 BCE. Around 1,000 BCE (during the Iron Age), burial grounds were established at Koramangala and Chikkajala on the outskirts of Bangalore. Coins of the Roman emperors Augustus, Tiberius, and Claudius found at Yeswanthpur and HAL Airport indicate that the region was involved in trans-oceanic trade with the Romans and other civilisations in 27 BCE.The region of modern-day Bangalore was part of several successive South Indian kingdoms. Between the fourth and tenth centuries, the region was ruled by the Western Ganga dynasty of Karnataka, the first dynasty to set up effective control over the region. According to Edgar Thurston, there were twenty-eight kings who ruled Gangavadi from the start of the Christian era until its conquest by the Cholas. The Western Gangas ruled the region initially as a sovereign power (350\u2013550 CE), and later as feudatories of the Chalukyas of Badami, followed by the Rashtrakutas until the tenth century. The Begur Nageshwara Temple was commissioned around 860, during the reign of the Western Ganga King Ereganga Nitimarga I, and extended by his successor Nitimarga II. Around 1004, during the reign of Raja Raja Chola I, the Cholas defeated the Western Gangas under the command of the crown prince Rajendra Chola I, and captured Bangalore. During this period, the Bangalore region witnessed the migration of many groups\u2014warriors, administrators, traders, artisans, pastorals, cultivators, and religious personnel from Tamil Nadu and other Kannada-speaking regions. The Chokkanathaswamy temple at Domlur, the Aigandapura complex near Hesaraghatta, Mukthi Natheshwara Temple at Binnamangala, Choleshwara Temple at Begur, Someshwara Temple at Ulsoor, date from the Chola era.In 1117, the Hoysala king Vishnuvardhana defeated the Cholas in the Battle of Talakad in south Karnataka, and extended its rule over the region. Vishnuvardhana expelled the Cholas from all parts of the Mysore state. By the end of the 13th century, Bangalore became a source of contention between two warring cousins, the Hoysala ruler Veera Ballala III of Halebidu and Ramanatha, who administered from the Hoysala held territory in Tamil Nadu. Veera Ballala III had appointed a civic head at Hudi (now within Bangalore Municipal Corporation limits), thus promoting the village to the status of a town. After Veera Ballala III's death in 1343, the next empire to rule the region was the Vijayanagara Empire, which itself saw the rise of four dynasties, the Sangamas (1336\u20131485), the Saluvas (1485\u20131491), the Tuluvas (1491\u20131565), and the Aravidu (1565\u20131646). During the reign of the Vijayanagara Empire, Achyuta Deva Raya of the Tuluva dynasty raised the Shivasamudra Dam across the Arkavati river at Hesaraghatta, whose reservoir is the present city's supply of regular piped water."}, {"Context": "Bengaluru Foundation and early modern history", "Knowledge": "LOC Doddapet\u00e9 Street, PER Achuta Deva Raya, ORG Bijapur, LOC Doddapet\u00e9 Square, LOC Vijayanagara Empire, PER Sh\u0101hji Bh\u014dnsl\u0113, PER Gangaraja, LOC Kempe, LOC Bangalore, LOC Chikkapet\u00e9 Street, PER Ranadulla Khan, ORG Mysore Army, PER Kempe Gowda, PER Krishnaraja Wodeyar II, LOC Kanchi, PER Kasim Khan, PER Kempe Gowda I, PER Aurangzeb, PER Kempe Gowda II, LOC Land, LOC Kingdom of Mysore, PER Sh\u0101hji, PER Gowda, PER Kempe Gowda III, LOC Kaly\u0101napura, LOC City, PER Chikkadevaraja Wodeyar, PER Hyder Ali, PER Ekoji I, LOC Kaly\u0101napuri, PER Adil Shahi, LOC Vijayanagara, LOC Devar\u0101yanagara, PER Shahaji Bhonsle", "Response": "Modern Bangalore was begun in 1537 by a chief of the Vijayanagara Empire, Kempe Gowda I, who aligned with the Vijayanagara empire to campaign against Gangaraja (whom he defeated and expelled to Kanchi), and who built a mud-brick fort for the people at the site that would become the central part of modern Bangalore. Kempe Gowda was restricted by rules made by Achuta Deva Raya, who feared the potential power of Kempe Gowda and did not allow a formidable stone fort. Kempe Gowda referred to the new town as his \"gandubh\u016bmi\" or \"Land of Heroes\". Within the fort, the town was divided into smaller divisions, each called a pete (Kannada pronunciation: [pe\u02d0te\u02d0]). The town had two main streets\u2014Chikkapet\u00e9 Street and Doddapet\u00e9 Street. Their intersection formed the Doddapet\u00e9 Square\u2014the heart of Bangalore. Kempe Gowda I's successor, Kempe Gowda II, built four towers that marked Bangalore's boundary. During the Vijayanagara rule, many saints and poets referred to Bangalore as \"Devar\u0101yanagara\" and \"Kaly\u0101napura\" or \"Kaly\u0101napuri\" (\"Auspicious City\").After the fall of the Vijayanagara Empire in 1565 in the Battle of Talikota, Bangalore's rule changed hands several times. Kempe Gowda declared independence, then in 1638, a large Adil Shahi Bijapur army led by Ranadulla Khan and accompanied by his second in command Sh\u0101hji Bh\u014dnsl\u0113 defeated Kempe Gowda III, and Bangalore was given to Sh\u0101hji as a jagir (feudal estate). around 1639 Shahaji Bhonsle given order to reconstruction of destroyed City and building new lakes to solve water shortage of region.  In 1687, the Mughal general Kasim Khan, under orders from Aurangzeb, defeated Ekoji I, son of Sh\u0101hji, and sold Bangalore to Chikkadevaraja Wodeyar (1673\u20131704), the then ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore for three lakh rupees.  After the death of Krishnaraja Wodeyar II in 1759, Hyder Ali, Commander-in-Chief of the Mysore Army, proclaimed himself the de facto ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore. Hyder Ali is credited with building the Delhi and Mysore gates at the northern and southern ends of the city in 1760. The kingdom later passed to Hyder Ali's son Tipu Sultan. Hyder and Tipu directed the building of the Lal Bagh Botanical Gardens in 1760. Under them, Bangalore developed into a commercial and military centre of strategic importance.The Bangalore fort was captured by British forces under Lord Cornwallis on 21 March 1791 during the Third Anglo-Mysore War and formed a centre for British resistance against Tipu Sultan. Following Tipu's death in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1799), the British returned administrative control of the Bangalore p\u0113t\u0113 to the Maharaja of Mysore and was incorporated into the Princely State of Mysore, which existed as a nominally sovereign entity of the British Raj. The old p\u0113t\u0113 developed in the dominions of the Maharaja of Mysore. The Residency of Mysore State was first established in Mysore City in 1799 and later shifted to Bangalore in 1804. It was abolished in 1843, only to be revived in 1881 at Bangalore and closed down permanently in 1947, with Indian independence. The British found Bangalore to be a pleasant and appropriate place to station their garrison and therefore moved their cantonment to Bangalore from Seringapatam in 1809 near Ulsoor, about 6 km (4 mi) northeast of the city. A town grew up around the cantonment, by absorbing several villages in the area. The new centre had its own municipal and administrative apparatus, though technically it was a British enclave within the territory of the Wodeyar Kings of the Princely State of Mysore. Two important developments which contributed to the rapid growth of the city, include the introduction of telegraph connections to all major Indian cities in 1853 and a rail connection to Madras (now Chennai), in 1864."}, {"Context": "Bengaluru Later modern and contemporary history", "Knowledge": "LOC Cantonment, PER McClintock, PER Mahatma Gandhi, LOC Binny Mills, LOC British India, LOC India, ORG Indian Institute of Science, ORG Madras Sappers and Miners, LOC Garden City, PER Curzon, LOC Victoria Hospital, LOC Basavanagudi, LOC Shivanasamudra, PER Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV, LOC Mysore, LOC Malleswaram, ORG Civil and Military Station, LOC Bangalore", "Response": "In the 19th century, Bangalore essentially became a twin city, with the \"p\u0113t\u0113\", whose residents were predominantly Kannadigas and the cantonment created by the British. Throughout the 19th century, the Cantonment gradually expanded and acquired a distinct cultural and political salience as it was governed directly by the British and was known as the Civil and Military Station of Bangalore. While it remained in the princely territory of Mysore, Cantonment had a large military presence and a cosmopolitan civilian population that came from outside the princely state of Mysore, including British and Anglo-Indians army officers.Bangalore was hit by a plague epidemic in 1898 that claimed nearly 3,500 lives. The crisis caused by the outbreak catalysed the city's sanitation process. Telephone lines were laid to help co-ordinate anti-plague operations. Regulations for building new houses with proper sanitation facilities came into effect. A health officer was appointed and the city divided into four wards for better co-ordination. Victoria Hospital was inaugurated in 1900 by Lord Curzon, the then Governor-General of British India. New extensions in Malleswaram and Basavanagudi were developed in the north and south of the p\u0113t\u0113. In 1903, motor vehicles came to be introduced in Bangalore. In 1906, Bangalore became one of the first cities in India to have electricity from hydro power, powered by the hydroelectric plant situated in Shivanasamudra. The Indian Institute of Science was established in 1909, which subsequently played a major role in developing the city as a science research hub. In 1912, the Bangalore torpedo, an offensive explosive weapon widely used in World War I and World War II, was devised in Bangalore by British army officer Captain McClintock of the Madras Sappers and Miners.Bangalore's reputation as the \"Garden City of India\" began in 1927 with the silver jubilee celebrations of the rule of Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV. Several projects such as the construction of parks, public buildings and hospitals were instituted to improve the city. Bangalore played an important role during the Indian independence movement. Mahatma Gandhi visited the city in 1927 and 1934 and addressed public meetings here. In 1926, the labour unrest in Binny Mills due to demand by textile workers for payment of bonus resulted in lathi charging and police firing, resulting in the death of four workers, and several injuries. In July 1928, there were notable communal disturbances in Bangalore, like when a Ganesh idol was removed from a school compound in the Sultanpet area of Bangalore. In 1940, the first flight between Bangalore and Bombay took off, which placed the city on India's urban map.After India's independence in August 1947, Bangalore remained in the newly carved Mysore State of which the Maharaja of Mysore was the Rajapramukh (appointed governor). The \"City Improvement Trust\" was formed in 1945, and in 1949, the \"City\" and the \"Cantonment\" merged to form the Bangalore City Corporation. The Government of Karnataka later constituted the Bangalore Development Authority in 1976 to coordinate the activities of these two bodies. Public sector employment and education provided opportunities for Kannadigas from the rest of the state to migrate to the city. Bangalore experienced rapid growth in the decades 1941\u201351 and 1971\u201381, which saw the arrival of many immigrants from northern Karnataka. By 1961, Bangalore had become the sixth-largest city in India, with a population of 1,207,000. In the following decades, Bangalore's manufacturing base continued to expand with the establishment of private companies such as MICO (Motor Industries Company), which set up its manufacturing plant in the city.By the 1980s, urbanisation had spilled over the current boundaries, and in 1986, the Bangalore Metropolitan Region Development Authority, was established to co-ordinate the development of the entire region as a single unit. On 8 February 1981, a major fire broke out at Venus Circus in Bangalore, where more than 92 people died, the majority of them children. Bangalore experienced a growth in its real estate market in the 1980s and 1990s, spurred by capital investors from other parts of the country who converted Bangalore's large plots and colonial bungalows into multi-storied apartments. In 1985, Texas Instruments became the first multinational corporation to set up base in Bangalore. Other information technology companies followed suit and by the end of the 20th century, Bangalore had established itself as the Silicon Valley of India. Today, Bangalore is India's third most populous city. During the 21st century, Bangalore has had major terrorist attacks in 2008, 2010, and 2013."}, {"Context": "Bengaluru Geography", "Knowledge": "LOC Vrishabhavathi, LOC Hesaraghatta, LOC Basavanagudi, LOC Bangalore, LOC Government, PER Mirza Ismail, LOC Bangalore Urban, LOC Kaveri, LOC Ramanagara, LOC Deccan, LOC Karnataka, PER Kempe Gowda I, LOC Mysore, LOC Kempambudhi Kere, LOC Nandi Hills, PER Diwan, LOC Thippagondanahalli, LOC Bangalore Rural, ORG of Karnataka, LOC South Pennar, LOC Arkavathi, LOC Vidyaranyapura Doddabettahalli, LOC Mysore Plateau", "Response": "Bangalore lies in the southeast of the South Indian state of Karnataka. It is in the heart of the Mysore Plateau (a region of the larger Cretaceous Deccan Plateau) at an average elevation of 900 m (2,953 ft).:\u200a8\u200a It is located at 12\u00b058\u203244\u2033N 77\u00b035\u203230\u2033E and covers 741 km2 (286 sq mi). The majority of the city of Bangalore lies in the Bangalore Urban district of Karnataka and the surrounding rural areas are a part of the Bangalore Rural district. The Government of Karnataka has carved out the new district of Ramanagara from the old Bangalore Rural district.Bangalore's topography is generally flat, although the western parts of the city are hilly. The highest point is Vidyaranyapura Doddabettahalli, 962 m (3,156 ft) above sea level, situated to the northwest of the city. No major rivers run through the city, although the Arkavathi and South Pennar cross paths at the Nandi Hills, 60 km (37 mi) to the north. River Vrishabhavathi, a minor tributary of the Arkavathi, arises within the city at Basavanagudi and flows through the city. The rivers Arkavathi and Vrishabhavathi together carry much of Bangalore's sewage. A sewerage system, constructed in 1922, covers 215 km2 (83 sq mi) of the city and connects with five sewage treatment centres located in the city's periphery.In the 16th century, Kempe Gowda I constructed many lakes to meet the town's water requirements. The Kempambudhi Kere, since overrun by modern development, was prominent among those lakes. In the first half of the 20th century, the Nandi Hills waterworks were commissioned by Sir Mirza Ismail (Diwan of Mysore, 1926\u201341 CE) to provide a water supply to the city. The river Kaveri provides around 80% of the city's water supply and the remaining 20% is obtained from the Thippagondanahalli and Hesaraghatta reservoirs of the Arkavathi river. Bangalore receives 800 million litres (210 million US gallons) of water a day, more than any other Indian city, but Bangalore does face occasional water shortages, especially during summer and in years with low rainfall. A random sampling of the air quality index (AQI) of twenty stations within the city ranged from 76 to 314, suggesting heavy to severe air pollution around areas of high traffic.Bangalore has a handful of freshwater lakes and water tanks, the largest of which are Madivala tank, Hebbal Lake, Ulsoor Lake, Yediyur Lake and Sankey Tank. However, about 90% of Bangalore's lakes are polluted; the city government began revival and conservation efforts in December 2020. Groundwater occurs in silty to sandy layers of the alluvial sediments. The Peninsular Gneissic Complex (PGC) is the most dominant rock unit in the area and includes granites, gneisses and migmatites, while the soils of Bangalore consist of red laterite and red, fine loamy to clayey soils.The city's vegetation is mostly large deciduous canopy and some coconut trees. Many trees are frequently felled to pave way for infrastructure development. Though Bangalore has been classified as a part of the seismic zone II (a stable zone), it has experienced earthquakes of magnitude as high as 4.5 on the Richter scale."}, {"Context": "Bengaluru Climate", "Knowledge": "LOC Bangalore", "Response": "Bangalore has a tropical savanna climate (K\u00f6ppen climate classification Aw) with distinct wet and dry seasons. Due to its high elevation, Bangalore usually enjoys a more moderate climate throughout the year, although occasional heat waves can make summer somewhat uncomfortable. The coolest month is January with an average low temperature of 15.1 \u00b0C (59.2 \u00b0F) and the hottest month is April with an average high of 35 \u00b0C (95 \u00b0F). The highest temperature ever recorded in Bangalore is 39.2 \u00b0C (103 \u00b0F), recorded 24 April 2016, corresponding with the strong El Ni\u00f1o in that year. The lowest ever recorded is 7.8 \u00b0C (46 \u00b0F) in January 1884. Winter temperatures rarely drop below 14 \u00b0C (57 \u00b0F), and summer temperatures seldom exceed 36 \u00b0C (97 \u00b0F). Bangalore receives rainfall from both the northeast and the southwest monsoons, and the wettest months is September, followed by October and August. The summer heat is moderated by fairly frequent thunderstorms, which occasionally cause power outages and local flooding. Most of the rainfall occurs during the late afternoon or evening and rain before noon is infrequent. November 2015 (290.4 mm) was recorded as one of the wettest months in Bangalore with heavy rains causing severe flooding in some areas, and closure of a number of organisations for over a couple of days. The heaviest rainfall recorded in a 24-hour period is 179 mm (7 in) recorded on 1 October 1997. In 2022, Bangalore faced a large amount of rainfall, which was 368% more than the yearly average. Several areas were flooded, and power supply was also cut off."}, {"Context": "Bengaluru Demographics", "Knowledge": "LOC Nairobi, LOC India, LOC Bengaloorigaru, ORG National Crime Records Bureau, LOC Bengaloorinavaru, LOC New Delhi, ORG Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs, LOC Mumbai, LOC Bangalore", "Response": "Bangalore is a megacity with a population of 8,443,675 in the city and 10,456,000 in the urban agglomeration, up from 8.5 million at the 2011 census. It is the third most populous city in India, the 18th most populous city in the world and the fifth most populous urban agglomeration in India. With a growth rate of 38% during the decade, Bangalore was the fastest-growing Indian metropolis after New Delhi between 1991 and 2001. Residents of Bangalore are referred to as \"Bangaloreans\" in English, Bengaloorinavaru or Bengaloorigaru in Kannada and Banglori in Hindi or Urdu. People from other states have migrated to Bangalore, study, or work there as well.\n\nAccording to the 2011 census of India, 78.9% of Bangalore's population is Hindu, a little less than the national average. Muslims comprise 13.9% of the population, roughly the same as their national average. Christians and Jains account for 5.6% and 1.0% of the population, respectively, double that of their national averages. The city has a literacy rate of 90%. Roughly 10% of Bangalore's population lives in slums.\u2014a relatively low proportion when compared to other cities in the developing world such as Mumbai (50%) and Nairobi (60%). The 2008 National Crime Records Bureau statistics indicate that Bangalore accounts for 8.5% of the total crimes reported from 35 major cities in India which is an increase in the crime rate when compared to the number of crimes fifteen years ago.In the Ease of Living Index 2020 (published by the Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs), it was ranked the most livable Indian city with a population of over a million.Bangalore has the same major urbanisation problems seen in many fast-growing cities in developing countries: rapidly escalating social inequality, mass displacement and dispossession, the proliferation of slum settlements, and epidemic public health crisis due to severe water shortage and sewage problems in poor and working-class neighbourhoods."}, {"Context": "Bengaluru Languages", "Knowledge": "LOC Kodagu, LOC Karnataka, LOC Calcutta, LOC Mysore, LOC Bangalore", "Response": "The official language of Bangalore is Kannada, spoken by 42.05% of the population. The second-largest language is Tamil, spoken by 16.34% of the population. 13.73% speak Telugu, 13.00% Urdu, 4.64% Hindi, 3.16% Malayalam and 2.05% have Marathi as their first language. Other major languages in the city include Konkani, Marwari, Tulu, Odia and Gujarati. The Kannada language spoken in Bangalore is a form called as 'Old Mysuru Kannada' which is also used in most of the southern part of Karnataka. A vernacular dialect of this, known as Bangalore Kannada, is spoken among the youth in Bangalore and the adjoining Mysore regions. English is extensively spoken and is the principal language of the professional and business class.The major communities of Bangalore who share a long history in the city, other than the Kannadigas, are the Telugus and Tamilians, who both migrated to Bangalore in search of a better livelihood, and the Dakhanis. Already in the 16th century, Bangalore had few Tamil or Telugu or speakers, who spoke Kannada for business. Telugu-speaking people initially came to Bangalore on invitation by the Mysore royalty.Other native communities are the Tuluvas and the Konkanis of coastal Karnataka, and the Kodavas of the state's Kodagu district. The migrant communities include Maharashtrians, Punjabis, Rajasthanis, Gujaratis, Tamilians, Telugus, Malayalis, Odias, Sindhis, Biharis, Jharkhandis, and Bengalis. Bangalore once had a large Anglo-Indian population, the second-largest after Calcutta. Today, there are around 10,000 Anglo-Indians in Bangalore. Bangalorean Christians include Tamil Christians, Mangalorean Catholics, Kannadiga Christians, Malayali Syrian Christians and Northeast Indian Christians. Muslims form a very diverse population, consisting of Dakhini and Urdu-speaking Muslims, Kutchi Memons, Labbay and Mappilas.Other languages with sizeable numbers of speakers include Konkani, Bengali, Marwari, Tulu, Odia, Gujarati, Kodagu, Punjabi, Lambadi, Sindhi and Nepali."}, {"Context": "Bengaluru Management", "Knowledge": "ORG Council, LOC Town Municipal, ORG BBMP, PER Tushar Giri Nath, PER Pratap Reddy, ORG Bangalore Development Authority, ORG Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike, LOC Bangalore Mahanagara Palike, ORG BJP, ORG Greater Bangalore Municipal Corporation, ORG Bharatiya Janata Party, PER Sampath Raj, ORG Indian National Congress, PER Gaurav Gupta, PER Gangambike Mallikarjun, PER Goutham Kumar, LOC Bangalore", "Response": "The Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike (BBMP, Greater Bangalore Municipal Corporation) is in charge of civic administration of the city. It was formed in 2007 by merging 100 wards of the erstwhile Bangalore Mahanagara Palike, with seven neighbouring City Municipal Councils, one Town Municipal Council and 110 villages around Bangalore. The number of wards increased to 198 in 2009. The BBMP is run by a city council of 250 members, including 198 corporators representing each of the wards of the city and 52 other elected representatives, consisting of members of Parliament and the state legislature. Elections to the council are held once every five years and are decided by popular vote. Members contesting elections to the council usually represent one or more of the state's political parties. A mayor and deputy mayor are also elected from the elected members of the council. Elections to the BBMP were held on 28 March 2010, after a gap of three and a half years since the expiry of the previous elected body's term, and the Bharatiya Janata Party was voted into power \u2013 the first time it had ever won a civic poll in the city. Indian National Congress councillor Sampath Raj became the city's mayor in September 2017; the vote was boycotted by the BJP. In September 2018, Indian National Congress councillor Gangambike Mallikarjun was elected as mayor, replacing Sampath Raj. In 2019 BJP's M Goutham Kumar took charge as mayor. On 10 September 2020, the term of the BBMP council ended and Gaurav Gupta was appointed as the administrator of BBMP. The municipal commissioner of Bangalore is Tushar Giri Nath, and the police commissioner is Pratap Reddy.Bangalore's rapid growth has created several administrative problems relating to traffic congestion and degrading infrastructure. The unplanned nature of growth in the city resulted in massive traffic gridlocks; a flyover system and one-way traffic systems were introduced, which were only moderately successful. A 2003 Battelle Environmental Evaluation System (BEES) evaluation of Bangalore's physical, biological and socioeconomic parameters indicated that Bangalore's water quality and terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems were close to ideal, while the city's socioeconomic parameters (traffic, quality of life) air quality and noise pollution were poor. The BBMP works in conjunction with the Bangalore Development Authority (BDA) and the Agenda for Bangalore's Infrastructure and Development Task Force (ABIDe) to design and implement civic and infrastructural projects.The Bangalore City Police (BCP) has seven geographic zones, includes the Traffic Police, the City Armed Reserve, the Central Crime Branch and the City Crime Record Bureau and runs 86 police stations, including two all-women police stations. Other units within the BCP include Traffic Police, City Armed Reserve (CAR), City Special Branch (CSB), City Crime Branch (CCB) and City Crime Records Bureau (CCRB). As capital of the state of Karnataka, Bangalore houses important state government facilities such as the Karnataka High Court, the Vidhana Soudha (the home of the Karnataka state legislature) and Raj Bhavan (the residence of the governor of Karnataka). Bangalore contributes four members to the lower house of the Indian Parliament, the Lok Sabha, from its four constituencies: Bangalore Rural, Bangalore Central, Bangalore North, and Bangalore South, and 28 members to the Karnataka Legislative Assembly.Electricity in Bangalore is regulated through the Bangalore Electricity Supply Company (BESCOM), while water supply and sanitation facilities are provided by the Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board (BWSSB).The city has offices of the Consulate General of Germany, France, Japan, Israel, British Deputy High Commission, along with honorary consulates of Ireland, Finland, Switzerland, Maldives, Mongolia, Sri Lanka and Peru. It also has a trade office of Canada and a virtual Consulate of the United States."}, {"Context": "Bengaluru Pollution control", "Knowledge": "LOC Hesaraghatta Lake, ORG BBMP, LOC Whitefield, PER Anil Kumar, LOC Bangalore", "Response": "As of 2022, Bangalore produces around 6000 metric tonnes of solid waste per day. This waste is transported from collection units located near Hesaraghatta Lake, to the garbage dumping sites. The city has considerable dust pollution, hazardous waste disposal, and disorganised, unscientific waste retrievals. The IT hub, the Whitefield region, is the most polluted area in Bangalore. In 2016, a study found that over 36% of diesel vehicles in the city exceed the national limit for emissions.Anil Kumar, Commissioner of the BBMP, said: \"The deteriorating air quality in cities and its impact on public health is an area of growing concern for city authorities. While much is already being done about collecting and monitoring air quality data, little focus has been given on managing the impacts that bad air quality is having on the health of citizens.\""}, {"Context": "Bengaluru Slums", "Knowledge": "LOC India, LOC Karnataka Municipality, LOC North India, ORG Karnataka Slum Clearance Board, LOC Karnataka, LOC Chennai, LOC Hyderabad, ORG World Bank, LOC Bangalore", "Response": "According to a 2012 report submitted to the World Bank by Karnataka Slum Clearance Board, Bangalore had 862 slums out of around 2000 slums in all of Karnataka. 42% of the households migrated from different parts of India like Chennai, Hyderabad and most of North India, and 43% of the households had remained in the slums for over 10 years. The Karnataka Municipality works to shift 300 families annually to newly constructed buildings. One-third of these slum clearance projects lacked basic service connections, 60% of slum dwellers lacked complete water supply lines and shared BWSSB water supply."}, {"Context": "Bengaluru Waste management", "Knowledge": "ORG Karnataka State Pollution Control Board, ORG KSPCB, ORG CPCB, ORG Central Pollution Control Board, LOC Karnataka, LOC Bangalore", "Response": "\u0399n 2012, Bangalore generated 2.1 million tonnes of Municipal Solid Waste, or 194.3 kilograms per person. Waste management in Karnataka is regulated by the Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB) under the aegis of the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), a Central Government entity. As part of the Waste Management Guidelines, the government of Karnataka through the KSPCB has authorised a few well-established companies to manage biomedical and other hazardous waste in Karnataka."}, {"Context": "Bengaluru Economy", "Knowledge": "LOC Doddaballapura, ORG Mphasis, ORG Krishnarajapuram, LOC Delhi, ORG Hoskote, ORG Peenya, ORG Forbes, ORG Electronic City, LOC Mumbai, LOC Bangalore, ORG Biocon, ORG Infosys, LOC Mahadevapura, LOC Domlur, ORG Narasapura, LOC Karnataka, LOC Bidadi, ORG Flipkart, LOC Bommasandra, LOC Bommanahalli, ORG Mindtree, LOC Hoodi, ORG Bashettihalli, LOC Chennai, ORG Yelahanka, LOC Silicon Valley, LOC Kolkata, LOC Adugodi, LOC India, ORG Wipro, ORG Bellandur, ORG Myntra, LOC Whitefield, LOC Rajajinagar, ORG Fortune Companies", "Response": "Bangalore is one of the fastest-growing metropolises in India. Bangalore contributes 38% of India's total IT exports. Its economy is primarily service oriented and industrial, dominated by information technology, telecommunication, biotechnology, and manufacturing of electronics, machinery, automobiles, food, etc. Major industrial areas around Bangalore are Adugodi, Bidadi, Bommanahalli, Bommasandra, Domlur, Hoodi, Whitefield, Doddaballapura, Hoskote, Bashettihalli, Yelahanka, Electronic City, Peenya, Krishnarajapuram, Bellandur, Narasapura, Rajajinagar, Mahadevapura etc. It is the fifth Indian city to host maximum numbers of Fortune Companies, after Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata and Chennai.\n\nThe growth of IT has presented the city with unique challenges. Ideological clashes sometimes occur between the city's IT moguls, who demand an improvement in the city's infrastructure; and the state government, whose electorate is primarily from rural Karnataka. The encouragement of high-tech industry in Bangalore, for example, has not favoured local employment development, but instead increased land values and forced out small enterprise. The state has also resisted the massive investments required to reverse the rapid decline in city transport, driving new and expanding businesses elsewhere in India. Bangalore is a hub for Indian biotechnology-related industry and in 2005 was home to around 47% of the 265 biotechnology companies in India, including Biocon, India's largest biotechnology company, giving Bangalore the nickname of the \"Biotech Capital of India\". Bangalore is also the country's fourth largest fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) market. Forbes considers Bangalore one of \"The Next Decade's Fastest-Growing Cities\". The city is the third largest hub for high-net-worth individuals. There were a large number of high-net-worth individuals with a \u20b94.5 crore investment surplus in 2007. In the Ease of Living Index 2020, it was ranked the most livable Indian city with a population of over a million.\n\nThe city is widely regarded as the \"Silicon Valley of India\", as the largest IT hub of the continent. Infosys, Wipro, Mindtree, Mphasis, Flipkart, Myntra are headquartered in Bangalore. Information technology companies located in the city contributed 33% of India's \u20b91,442 billion (US$20 billion) IT exports in 2006\u201307. Bangalore's IT industry is divided into three main clusters: Software Technology Parks of India (STPI); International Tech Park, Bangalore (ITPB); and Electronic City. Most of the IT companies are located in  Bommanahalli, Domlur, Whitefield, Electronic City, Krishnarajapuram, Bellandur, Mahadevapura."}, {"Context": "Bengaluru Air", "Knowledge": "LOC Kempegowda International Airport, ORG GVK Group, LOC India, ORG BMTC, ORG Volvo, LOC Delhi, LOC Vimanapura, LOC Devanahalli, LOC HAL Airport, LOC Bangalore International Airport, LOC Mumbai, LOC Bangalore", "Response": "Bangalore is served by Kempegowda International Airport, located at Devanahalli, about 40 km (25 mi) from the city centre. Formerly Bangalore International Airport, the airport started operations from 24 May 2008 and is privately managed by a consortium led by the GVK Group. The city was earlier served by the HAL Airport at Vimanapura, a residential locality in the eastern part of the city. The airport is the third-busiest in India after Delhi and Mumbai in terms of passenger and airplane traffic. Taxis and air-conditioned Volvo buses operated by BMTC connect the airport with the city."}, {"Context": "Bengaluru Railways and Metro", "Knowledge": "LOC Tumkur, LOC Hassan, LOC Mangalore, ORG Indian Railways, LOC Electronic City, LOC Bangalore, LOC MG Road, LOC Krantiveera Sangolli Rayanna Railway Station, LOC Mysore, LOC Bangalore Cantonment, ORG Rail Wheel Factory, LOC Krishnarajapuram, LOC Kadapa, LOC Guntakal, LOC Yeshwantapur Junction, LOC Baiyappanahalli, LOC Kolar, LOC Outer Ring Road, LOC Jolarpettai, LOC South Western Railway, LOC Salem, LOC Yelahanka, LOC Vimanapura, LOC Whitefield, LOC Asia", "Response": "As of 2022, a rapid transit system called the Namma Metro is being built in stages. Initially opened with the 7 km (4.3 mi) stretch from Baiyappanahalli to MG Road in 2011, roads totaling 42.30 km (26.28 mi) for the north\u2013south and east\u2013west lines were made operational in June 2017. Phase 2 of the metro covering 72.1 km (44.8 mi) is under construction and includes two new lines along with the extension of the existing north\u2013south and east\u2013west lines. There are also plans to extend the north\u2013south line to the airport, covering a distance of 29.6 km (18.4 mi).Bangalore is a divisional headquarters in the South Western Railway zone of the Indian Railways. There are four major railway stations in the city: Krantiveera Sangolli Rayanna Railway Station; Bangalore Cantonment railway station; Yeshwantapur Junction and Krishnarajapuram railway station, with railway lines towards Jolarpettai in the east; Guntakal in the north; Kadapa (only operational until Kolar) in the northeast; Tumkur in the northwest; Hassan and Mangalore in the west; Mysore in the southwest; and Salem in the south. There is also a railway line from Baiyappanahalli to Vimanapura, no longer in use. Though Bangalore has no commuter rail as of 2022, there have been demands for a suburban rail service because of the large number of employees working in the IT corridor areas of Whitefield, Outer Ring Road and Electronic City. The Rail Wheel Factory is Asia's second-largest manufacturer of wheel and axle for railways and is headquartered in Yelahanka, Bangalore."}, {"Context": "Bengaluru Bus", "Knowledge": "ORG KSRTC, LOC Mysore Road, LOC Shantinagar Bus Station, ORG Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation, LOC Kempegowda International Airport, LOC Andhra Pradesh, LOC India, ORG BMTC, LOC Kempegowda Bus Station, LOC Satellite Bus Station, LOC Karnataka, LOC Baiyappanahalli, LOC Majestic, LOC Tamil Nadu, ORG Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation, LOC Telangana, LOC Bangalore", "Response": "Buses operated by Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation (BMTC) are a staple of city public transport. While commuters can buy tickets on boarding these buses, BMTC also provides an option of a bus pass to frequent users. BMTC runs air-conditioned luxury buses on major routes and operates shuttle services from various parts of the city to Kempegowda International Airport.  The Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation operates 6,918 buses on 6,352 schedules, connecting Bangalore with other parts of Karnataka and with neighbouring states. The main bus depots that KSRTC maintains are the Kempegowda Bus Station, locally known as \"Majestic bus stand\", where most of the buses going out of the city ply from. Some of the KSRTC buses to Tamil Nadu, Telangana and Andhra Pradesh ply from Shantinagar Bus Station, Satellite Bus Station at Mysore Road and Baiyappanahalli satellite bus station. BMTC and KSRTC were the first operators in India to introduce Volvo city buses and intra-city coaches in India. Three-wheeled, yellow and black or yellow and green auto-rickshaws, referred to as autos, are popular for transport. They are metered and can accommodate up to three passengers. Taxis are usually available via phone calls or online services; they are metered and generally more expensive than auto-rickshaws."}, {"Context": "Bengaluru Road", "Knowledge": "ORG Bangalore Regional Transport Offices, ORG RTOs", "Response": "An average of 1,750 vehicles are registered daily in Bangalore Regional Transport Offices (RTOs). The total number of vehicles as of 2020 are around 8,500,000 vehicles, and the city's roads total 11,000 km (6,835 mi)."}, {"Context": "Bengaluru Culture", "Knowledge": "LOC Lal Bagh, LOC St., LOC India, LOC Garden City, ORG Vokkaligas, LOC Halasuru Someshwara Temple, LOC Karnataka, LOC Ulsoor, ORG Lonely Planet, ORG PETA, LOC Cubbon Park, ORG Thigala, LOC Lal Bagh Botanical Gardens, PER Draupadi, LOC Ganesh Chaturthi, LOC Bangalore", "Response": "Bangalore is known as the \"Garden City of India\" because of its greenery, broad streets, and presence of many public parks, such as Lal Bagh and Cubbon Park.  In May 2012, guidebook publisher Lonely Planet ranked Bangalore third among the world's top ten cities to visit.Biannual flower shows are held at the Lal Bagh Botanical Gardens during the weeks of India's Republic Day and Independence Day. Bangalore Karaga or \"Karaga Shaktyotsava\" is one of Bangalore's oldest festivals and is dedicated to the Hindu goddess Draupadi. It is celebrated annually by the Thigala community over a period of nine days in March or April. The Someshwara Car festival, held annually in April, is a procession of the idol of the Halasuru Someshwara Temple (Ulsoor) led by the Vokkaligas, a major landholding community in southern Karnataka. Karnataka Rajyotsava is widely celebrated on 1 November and is a public holiday in the city, to mark the formation of Karnataka state on 1 November 1956. Other popular festivals in Bangalore are Ugadi, Ram Navami, Eid ul-Fitr, Ganesh Chaturthi, St. Mary's feast, Dasara, Deepawali and Christmas.Bangalore's social and economic diversity is reflected in its cuisine. Roadside vendors, tea stalls, and South Indian, North Indian, Chinese and Western fast food are all popular. Udupi restaurants are popular and serve predominantly vegetarian, regional cuisine. Bangalore is also home to many vegan restaurants and vegan activism groups, and has been named as India's most vegan-friendly city by PETA's Indian branch."}, {"Context": "Bengaluru Art and literature", "Knowledge": "ORG Karnataka Chitrakala Parishath, ORG Indian Institute of Cartoonists, LOC India, PER Kempe Gowda, ORG Indian Cartoon Gallery, ORG Veerashaiva Mathas, ORG Kannada Sahitya Parishat, LOC National Gallery of Modern Art, LOC Delhi, LOC Mumbai, LOC Bangalore", "Response": "Compared to Delhi and Mumbai, Bangalore lacked a contemporary art scene until the 1990s, when several art galleries emerged, including the government-established National Gallery of Modern Art. Bangalore's international art festival, Art Bangalore, was established in 2010.Kannada literature flourished in Bangalore even before Kempe Gowda laid the city's foundations. During the 18th and 19th centuries, Kannada literature was enriched by the Vachanas (a form of rhythmic writing) composed by the heads of the Veerashaiva Mathas (monastery) in Bangalore. The headquarters of the Kannada Sahitya Parishat, a nonprofit organisation that promotes the Kannada language, is located in Bangalore. The city has its own literary festival, known as the \"Bangalore Literature Festival\", inaugurated in 2012.The Karnataka Chitrakala Parishath is an art gallery that showcases a collection of painting, sculptures, and various other forms of art. The Indian Cartoon Gallery is located in the heart of Bangalore, dedicated to the art of cartooning, and is the first of its kind in India. The gallery conducts fresh cartoon exhibitions of various professional as well as amateur cartoonists every month. The gallery has been organised by the Indian Institute of Cartoonists based in Bangalore that serves to promote and preserve the work of eminent cartoonists in India. The institute has organised more than one hundred exhibitions of cartoons."}, {"Context": "Bengaluru Theatre, music, and dance", "Knowledge": "ORG Shankara, ORG Ranga Shankara, ORG Raghu Dixit Project, ORG Alliance Fran\u00e7aise de Bangalore, LOC Chowdiah Memorial Hall, LOC Bangalore, ORG Swaratma, ORG Inner Sanctum, LOC Karnataka, ORG Max M\u00fcller Bhavan, ORG Bangalore Rock, ORG Agam, ORG Kathak, ORG Kalakshetra, ORG Kryptos, ORG Bharat, PER Ranga, LOC India, ORG British Council, PER Ravindra", "Response": "Bangalore is home to the Kannada film industry, which produces about 200 Kannada feature films each year. Bangalore also has an active theatre culture; popular theatres include Ravindra Kalakshetra and the Ranga Shankara. The city has an active English- and foreign-language theatre scene; popular theatres include Ranga Shankara and Chowdiah Memorial Hall.\nKannada theatre is popular in Bangalore and consists mostly of political satire and light comedy. Plays are organised mostly by community organisations, but some by amateur groups. Drama companies touring India under the auspices of the British Council and Max M\u00fcller Bhavan also stage performances in the city frequently. The Alliance Fran\u00e7aise de Bangalore also hosts numerous plays throughout the year.Bangalore is also a major centre of Indian classical music and dance. The cultural scene features a diverse set of music concerts, dance performances and plays. Performances of Carnatic (South Indian) and Hindustani (North Indian) classical music, and dance forms like Bharat Natyam, Kuchipudi, Kathakali, Kathak, and Odissi are very popular. Yakshagana, a theatre art indigenous to coastal Karnataka is often played in town halls. The two main music seasons in Bangalore are April\u2013May during the Ram Navami festival, and September\u2013October during the Dusshera festival, when music activities by cultural organisations are at their peak. Though both classical and contemporary music are played in Bangalore, rock music dominates the music of urban Bangalore; Bangalore has its own subgenre of rock, \"Bangalore Rock\", an amalgamation of classic rock, hard rock and heavy metal, and some jazz and blues. Notable bands from Bangalore include Raghu Dixit Project, Kryptos, Inner Sanctum, Agam, All the fat children, and Swaratma. Bangalore is sometimes called as the \"Pub Capital of India\" and the \"Rock/Metal Capital of India\" because of its underground music scene."}, {"Context": "Bengaluru Schools", "Knowledge": "ORG NIOS, ORG CBSE, ORG King George Royal Indian Military Colleges, ORG Bangalore High School, ORG St. Joseph ' s European School, ORG Wesleyan Canarese School, PER Mummadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar, LOC Bangalore, ORG IB, ORG British Wesleyan Mission, PER George VI, ORG Bangalore Military School, ORG Central Board of Secondary Education, LOC Mysore, ORG SSLC, ORG IGCSE, ORG Paris Foreign Missions, ORG International General Certificate of Secondary Education, ORG CISCE, ORG National Institute of Open Schooling, ORG Secondary School Leaving Certificate, ORG Bishop Cotton Boys ' School, ORG Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations", "Response": "Bangalore has a literacy rate of around 88%, according to the 2011 national census. Until the early 19th century, education in Bangalore was mainly run by religious leaders and restricted to students of that religion. The western system of education was introduced during the rule of Mummadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar. In 1832, the British Wesleyan Mission established the first English school, the Wesleyan Canarese School. The fathers of the Paris Foreign Missions established the St. Joseph's European School in 1858. The Bangalore High School was started by the Mysore government in 1858 and the Bishop Cotton Boys' School was started in 1865. In 1945 when World War II came to an end, King George Royal Indian Military Colleges was started at Bangalore by King George VI; the school is popularly known as Bangalore Military School.Primary, middle school and secondary education in Bangalore is offered by various schools which are affiliated to one of the government or government recognised private boards of education, such as the Secondary School Leaving Certificate (SSLC), Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE), Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE), International Baccalaureate (IB), International General Certificate of Secondary Education (IGCSE) and National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS). Schools in Bangalore are either government run or are private (both aided and un-aided by the government). Bangalore has a significant number of international schools due to large number of expats and people employed in the IT sector. After completing their secondary education, students either attend a pre-university course or continue an equivalent high school course in one of three streams \u2013 arts, commerce or science \u2013 in various combinations. Alternatively, students may enroll in diploma courses. Upon completing the required coursework, students enroll in general or professional degrees in universities through lateral entry."}, {"Context": "Bengaluru Universities", "Knowledge": "ORG Christ University, ORG Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences, PER M. Visvesvaraya, ORG Central College, ORG SVKM, LOC Bangalore, ORG CMR University, ORG Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, ORG St. John ' s Medical College, ORG M. S. Ramaiah Medical College, ORG NMIMS, ORG Dayananda Sagar University, ORG Bangalore University, ORG Paris Foreign Missions Society, ORG University of Mysore, ORG University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering, ORG M. P. Birla Institute of Fundamental Research, ORG Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, ORG Jain University, ORG PES University, ORG St. Joseph ' s College, ORG Symbiosis International University, ORG Central College of Bangalore, ORG Jnanabharathi", "Response": "Established in 1858, the Central College of Bangalore is the city's oldest college. It was affiliated originally with University of Mysore and subsequently with Bangalore University. In 1882 priests from the Paris Foreign Missions Society established St. Joseph's College. Bangalore University was established in 1886; it is affiliated with over 500 colleges and has a total student enrolment of over 300,000. The university has two campuses within Bangalore \u2013 Jnanabharathi and Central College. University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering was established in 1917 by M. Visvesvaraya and is affiliated with many private engineering colleges.\nSome private institutions in Bangalore include Symbiosis International University, SVKM's NMIMS, CMR University, Christ University, Jain University, PES University, Dayananda Sagar University and Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences. Private medical colleges include St. John's Medical College, M. S. Ramaiah Medical College, Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences, and Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre. The M. P. Birla Institute of Fundamental Research has a branch in Bangalore."}, {"Context": "Bengaluru Media", "Knowledge": "ORG Bangalore Mirror, ORG STPI, ORG Vishwavani, ORG Star TV, LOC Kannada, ORG All India Radio, LOC Bangalore, ORG Kannadaprabha, ORG VU2ARC, ORG DD Chandana, ORG Sanjevani, ORG VSNL, LOC Karnataka, ORG Deccan Herald, ORG The Times of India, ORG Vijaya Karnataka, ORG Vijayvani, ORG DTH, ORG Namma Wifi, ORG Mysore Vrittanta Bodhini, ORG Bangalore Herald, LOC M. G. Road, ORG Radio City, ORG Direct To Home, ORG Printers ( Mysore ) Limited, LOC India, ORG Bangalore Amateur Radio Club, ORG Doordarshan, ORG Prajavani, ORG Udayavani, ORG D - VoiS, LOC Brigade Road, ORG Wesleyan Christian Mission", "Response": "The first printing press in Bangalore was established in 1840 in Kannada by the Wesleyan Christian Mission. In 1859, the bi-weekly Bangalore Herald became the first English newspaper to be published in Bangalore, and in 1860, the Mysore Vrittanta Bodhini became the first Kannada newspaper to be circulated in Bangalore. Vijaya Karnataka and The Times of India are the most widely circulated newspapers in Kannada and English, respectively, closely followed by the Prajavani and Deccan Herald \u2013 both owned by the Printers (Mysore) Limited, the largest print media house in Karnataka. Other circulated newspapers include Vijayvani, Vishwavani, Kannadaprabha, Sanjevani, Bangalore Mirror, Udayavani provide localised news updates.All India Radio, the Indian national state radio service, started broadcasting from its Bangalore station on 2 November 1955. All broadcasts were AM until 2001, when Radio City became the first private channel in India to start transmitting FM radio from Bangalore; a number of other FM channels have been initiated since. The city probably has India's oldest amateur (ham) radio club \u2013 the Bangalore Amateur Radio Club (VU2ARC), established in 1959.Bangalore got its first television network when Doordarshan established a relay centre on 1 November 1981. A production centre was established in the Doordarshan's Bangalore office in 1983, thereby allowing the introduction of a news program in Kannada on 19 November 1983. Doordarshan also launched a Kannada satellite channel on 15 August 1991, now named DD Chandana. Star TV was the first Bangalorean private satellite channel, starting in September 1991. Direct To Home (DTH) services also became available in Bangalore from around 2007.The first Internet service provider in Bangalore was STPI, which started offering internet services in early 1990s. This Internet service was, however, restricted to corporates until VSNL started offering dial-up internet services to the general public at the end of 1995. Bangalore has the largest number of broadband Internet connections in India.Namma Wifi is a free municipal wireless network in Bangalore, the first free WiFi in India. It began operations on 24 January 2014. Service is available at M.G. Road, Brigade Road, and other locations. The service is operated by D-VoiS and is paid for by the Karnataka state government. Bangalore was the first city in India to have access to 4G mobile internet services."}, {"Context": "Bengaluru Sports", "Knowledge": "ORG Bengaluru FC, ORG Kingfisher Airlines, ORG UBA Pro Basketball League, PER Roger Binny, PER Syed Kirmani, PER Rahul Dravid, PER Karun Nair, PER Gundappa Viswanath, ORG Bangalore Club, LOC Bangalore, LOC Chinnaswamy Stadium, PER Winston Churchill, ORG Sherato, PER Prakash Padukone, PER . A. S. Prasanna, ORG Kanteerava Indoor Stadium, ORG National Cricket Academy, LOC Kanteerava Indoor Stadium, PER Vinay Kumar, PER Pankaj Advani, ORG FC Bengaluru United, PER Mahesh Bhupathi, PER Stuart Binny, ORG Bengaluru Beast, ORG BRFC, PER Nisha Millet, PER Maharaja of Mysore, PER KL Rahul, ORG Ozone FC, ORG E, PER Robin Uthappa, ORG Royal Challengers Bangalore, PER Venkatesh Prasad, LOC India, ORG Century Club, ORG South United FC, ORG Bowring Institute, PER Sunil Joshi, PER Rohan Bopanna, PER Mayank Agarwal, PER Brijesh Patel, LOC M. Chinnaswamy Stadium, ORG The Bangalore Golf Club, PER B. S. Chandrasekhar, PER Anil Kumble", "Response": "Cricket is the most popular sport in the city. Bangalore's many parks and gardens allow for impromptu games. Many national cricketers have come from Bangalore, including former captains Rahul Dravid and Anil Kumble. Some other notable Bangaloreans who have represented India include Gundappa Viswanath, Syed Kirmani, E. A. S. Prasanna, B. S. Chandrasekhar, Roger Binny, Venkatesh Prasad, Sunil Joshi, Robin Uthappa, Vinay Kumar, KL Rahul, Karun Nair, Mayank Agarwal, Brijesh Patel and Stuart Binny. Bangalore's international cricket stadium is the M. Chinnaswamy Stadium, which has a seating capacity of 40,000 and has hosted matches during the 1987 Cricket World Cup, 1996 Cricket World Cup and the 2011 Cricket World Cup. The Chinnaswamy Stadium is the home of India's National Cricket Academy. The Indian Premier League franchise Royal Challengers Bangalore is based in the city.Association football also has a significant following and has produced several notable players. The Indian Super League club Bengaluru FC are based in the city. It hosted some games of the 2014 Unity World Cup. The I-League 2nd Division clubs FC Bengaluru United, Ozone FC and South United FC are also based in Bangalore.The city hosts the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) Bangalore Open tournament annually. Beginning September 2008, Bangalore has also been hosting the Kingfisher Airlines Tennis Open ATP tournament annually.Bangalore is home to the Bangalore rugby football club (BRFC). The city also has a number of elite clubs, like Century Club, The Bangalore Golf Club, the Bowring Institute and the exclusive Bangalore Club, whose previous members include Winston Churchill and the Maharaja of Mysore.India's Davis Cup team members Mahesh Bhupathi and Rohan Bopanna reside in Bangalore. Other sportspeople from Bangalore include national swimming champion Nisha Millet, world snooker champion Pankaj Advani and former All England Open badminton champion Prakash Padukone.Bangalore's Kanteerava Indoor Stadium hosted the SABA Championship in 2015 and 2016. India's national basketball team won the gold medal on both occasions.  Bangalore is home to the Bengaluru Beast\u2014the 2017 vice-champion of India's top professional basketball division, the UBA Pro Basketball League.The Kanteerava Indoor Stadium and Sheraton Grand has hosted various kabaddi matches, including the entire Pro Kabaddi League Season 8. The Bengaluru Bulls is one of the teams in this league."}, {"Context": "Bengaluru Sister cities", "Knowledge": "LOC Cleveland, LOC Ohio, LOC Chengdu, LOC Sichuan, LOC Minsk, LOC San Francisco, LOC China, LOC California, LOC Belarus, LOC United States", "Response": "Minsk, Belarus (1973) \n Cleveland, Ohio, United States (1992) \n San Francisco, California, United States (2008) \n Chengdu, Sichuan, China (2013)"}, {"Context": "Bhopal Introduction", "Knowledge": "LOC Indore, ORG Master Control Facility, ORG NCSM, LOC Sehore, LOC Madhya Pradesh, LOC City of Lakes, ORG IIIT, ORG BHEL, ORG Dow Chemical Company, LOC Taj Mahal, ORG AIIMS, PER Nawabs, ORG IIFM, ORG AMPRI, ORG IISER, ORG National Council of Science Museums, ORG ISRO, ORG NLIU, LOC Habibganj, LOC Bhopal State, ORG Union Carbide, ORG NIDMP, LOC Bhopal, ORG WCR, LOC Taj - ul - Masajid, ORG Regional Science Centre, ORG SPA, LOC India, ORG Directorate of Economics and Statistics, ORG MANIT", "Response": "Bhopal (; Hindi: [b\u02b1o\u02d0pa\u02d0l] (listen)) is the capital city of the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh and the administrative headquarters of both Bhopal district and Bhopal division. It is known as the City of Lakes due to its various natural and artificial lakes. It is also one of the greenest cities in India. It is the 16th largest city in India and 131st in the world. After the formation of Madhya Pradesh, Bhopal was part of the Sehore district. It was bifurcated in 1972 and a new district, Bhopal, was formed. Flourishing around 1707, the city was the capital of the former Bhopal State, a princely state of the British ruled by the Nawabs of Bhopal. Numerous heritage structures from this period include the Taj-ul-Masajid and Taj Mahal palace. In 1984, the city was struck by the Bhopal disaster, one of the worst industrial disasters in history.\nBhopal has a strong economic base with numerous large and medium industries operating in and around the city. Bhopal is considered as one of the important financial and economic destinations in Madhya Pradesh's two strong wealth pillars, the other being Indore. Bhopal's GDP(nominal) was estimated at INR 44,175 crores (2020\u201321) by the Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Madhya Pradesh.\nA Y-class city, Bhopal houses various educational and research institutions and installations of national importance, including ISRO's Master Control Facility, BHEL and AMPRI. Bhopal is home to a large number of institutes of National Importance in India, namely, IISER, MANIT, SPA, AIIMS, NLIU, IIFM, NIDMP and IIIT (currently functioning from a temporary campus inside MANIT). Bhopal city is also the divisional headquarter of Bhopal division of west central railways (WCR), whose office is located at Habibganj.\nBhopal city also has Regional Science Centre, Bhopal, one of the constituent units of the National Council of Science Museums (NCSM).\nThe city attracted international attention in December 1984 after the Bhopal disaster, when a Union Carbide pesticide manufacturing plant (now owned by Dow Chemical Company) leaked a mixture of deadly gases composed mainly of methyl isocyanate, leading to one of the worst industrial disasters in the world's history. The Bhopal disaster continues to be a part of the socio-political debate and a logistical challenge for the people of Bhopal.Bhopal was selected as one of the first twenty Indian cities (the first phase) to be developed as a smart city under PM Narendra Modi's flagship Smart Cities Mission. Bhopal was also rated as the cleanest state capital city in India for three consecutive years, 2017, 2018 and 2019."}, {"Context": "Bhopal Early history", "Knowledge": "PER Bhupala, PER Bhupal, LOC Malwa, PER Bhoj, LOC Fatehgarh, LOC Dhar, PER Aurangzeb, LOC Bhopal State, PER Bhoja, PER Dost Mohammad Khan, LOC Bhopal, LOC Bhoj, LOC Bhojpal, LOC Berasia, LOC Bhoj Tal, PER Kamlapati, LOC Gond, PER Khan, LOC Paramara", "Response": "According to folklore, Bhopal was founded in the 11th century by the Paramara king Bhoja, who ruled from his capital at Dhar. This theory states that Bhopal was originally known as Bhojpal after a dam (pal) constructed by the king's minister. An alternative theory says that the city is named after another king called Bhupala (or Bhupal). According to yet another version, Raja Bhoj suffered from leprosy. His physician advised him to build a lake with water from 365 rivers and take daily bath in it. When such a lake was built, it was called Bhoj Tal [or Bhoj's lake]. Gradually people started calling the city Bhojpal, and finally Bhopal.\n\nIn the early 17th century, Bhopal was a small village in the Gond kingdom. The modern Bhopal city was established by Dost Mohammad Khan (1660-1726) died at the age of 66, a Pashtun soldier in the Mughal army. After the death of the emperor Aurangzeb, Khan started providing mercenary services to local chieftains in the politically unstable Malwa region. In 1709, he took on the lease of Berasia estate and later annexed several territories in the region to establish the Bhopal State. Khan received the territory of Bhopal from the Gond queen Kamlapati in lieu of payment for mercenary services and usurped her kingdom after her death. In the 1720s, he built the Fatehgarh fort in the village, which developed into the city of Bhopal over the next few decades."}, {"Context": "Bhopal Begum rule", "Knowledge": "PER Victoria, PER Begum, PER Hamidullah Khan, PER Nazar Mohammed Khan, PER Qudsia, LOC Bhopal, PER Kaikhusrau Jahan, LOC British Empire, ORG British East India Company, PER Shah Jehan, PER Qudsia Begum, PER Sikandar", "Response": "Bhopal became a princely state after signing a treaty (During the reign of Nazar Mohammed Khan 1816\u20131819)  with the British East India Company in 1818. Between 1819 and 1926, the state was ruled by four women, Begums \u2013 unique in the royalty of those days \u2013 under British suzerainty. Qudsia Begum was the first woman ruler (between 1819 and 1837), who was succeeded by her granddaughter, Shah Jehan. Between the years 1844\u20131860, when Shah Jehan was a child, her mother Sikandar (only daughter of Qudsia) ruled as regent. Curiously during the 1857 revolt, Sikandar supported the British, for which she was rewarded by proclaiming her as king in 1858. To give her further honor, she was given a 19-gun salute and the Grand Cross of the Star of India. The latter made her equivalent to a British person, who had been granted a knighthood. Thus she became, at that time, the only female knight in the entire British Empire besides Queen Victoria. Among the relatively minor rewards, a territory was restored to her, that she had earlier lost to a neighbouring prince.Sikandar ruled until 1868, when Shah Jehan succeeded her and was Begum until 1901. In 1901, Shah Jehan's daughter Kaikhusrau Jahan became Begum, ruled until 1926, and was the last of the female line of succession. In 1926, she abdicated in favour of her son, Hamidullah Khan, who ruled until 1947, and was the last of the sovereign Nawabs. The rule of Begums gave the city its waterworks, railways, a postal system, and a municipality constituted in 1907."}, {"Context": "Bhopal Post independence", "Knowledge": "LOC Bhopal State, ORG Union of India, LOC India, LOC Bhopal, ORG Nawab, PER Shankar Dayal Sharma, LOC Hyderabad, ORG Union Government of India", "Response": "Bhopal State was the second-largest Muslim-ruled princely state: the first being Hyderabad. After the independence of India in 1947, the last Nawab expressed his wish to retain Bhopal as a separate unit. Agitations against the Nawab broke out in December 1948, leading to the arrest of prominent leaders including Shankar Dayal Sharma. Later, the political detainees were released, and the Nawab signed the agreement for Bhopal's merger with the Union of India on 30 April 1949. The Bhopal state was taken over by the Union Government of India on 1 June 1949."}, {"Context": "Bhopal Bhopal gas tragedy", "Knowledge": "LOC Bhopal, ORG Union Carbide, LOC Madhya Pradesh", "Response": "In early December 1984, a Union Carbide pesticide plant in Bhopal leaked around 32 tons of toxic gases, including methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas which led to the worst industrial disaster in the world to date.\nThe official death toll was initially recorded as around 4,000. A Madhya Pradesh government report stated 3,787 deaths, while other estimates state the fatalities were significantly higher (16,000) from the accident and the medical complications caused by the accident in the weeks and years that followed. The higher estimates have been challenged by Union Carbide, however, medical staff in the city were not able to adequately record data due to the massive influx of patients. The impact of the disaster continues to this day in terms of psychological and neurological disabilities, blindness, skin, vision, breathing, and birth disorders.The soil and ground water near the factory site have been contaminated by the toxic wastes. The Bhopal disaster continues to be the part of the socio-political debate; the clean-up of environmental contamination and rehabilitation of those affected continues to challenge the people of Bhopal.The centre is seeking a direction to Union Carbide and other firms for \u20b9 78.44 billion additional amount over and above the earlier settlement amount of US$470 million in 1989 for paying compensation to the gas tragedy victims."}, {"Context": "Bhopal Geography", "Knowledge": "LOC Malwa, LOC Vindhya, LOC New Bhopal, LOC Idgah, LOC India, LOC Shyamala, LOC Bhopal, LOC Vindhya Range, ORG Bhopal Municipal Corporation, LOC Old Bhopal, LOC Katara, LOC Lake, LOC Bhopal Region", "Response": "Bhopal has an average elevation of 500 metres (1401 ft) and is located in the central part of India, just north of the upper limit of the Vindhya mountain ranges. Located on the Malwa plateau, it is higher than the north Indian plains and the land rises towards the Vindhya Range to the south. The city has uneven elevation and has small hills within its boundaries. The prominent hills in Bhopal are the Idgah and Shyamala hills in the northern region, together with the Katara hills in the southern region. There are two lakes namely upper lake and lower lake. The Upper Lake has a surface area of 36 km2 and catchment area of 361 km2 while the Lower Lake has a surface area of 1.29 km2 and catchment area of 9.6 km2. Recently, Bhopal Municipal Corporation came with a resolution to involve local citizens in cleaning, conserving and maintaining the lakes. Bhopal city is divided into two parts where one part which is near the VIP and lake is Old Bhopal (north) and the other, New Bhopal (south), where malls are mainly situated. List of pin codes from Bhopal is 462001 to 462050 which comes under Bhopal postal division (Bhopal Region)."}, {"Context": "Bhopal Climate", "Knowledge": "LOC Bhopal", "Response": "Bhopal has a humid subtropical climate, with cool, dry winters, a hot summer and a humid monsoon season. Summers start in late March and go on until mid-June, the average temperature being around 30 \u00b0C (86 \u00b0F), with the peak of summer in May, when the highs regularly exceed 40 \u00b0C (104 \u00b0F) Extreme high in May was 46.7 \u00b0C on 19 May 2016 and in June it was 45.9 \u00b0C on 7 June 2019. The monsoon starts in late June and ends in late September. These months see about 40 inches (1020 mm) of precipitation, frequent thunderstorms and flooding. The average temperature is around 25 \u00b0C (77 \u00b0F) and the humidity is quite high. Temperatures rise again up to early November when winter starts, which lasts up to early March. Winters in Bhopal are cool, and not very much comfortable like summers, with average daily temperatures around 16 \u00b0C (61 \u00b0F). The winter peaks in January when temperatures may drop close to freezing on some nights. Lowest temperature ever recorded was 0.3 \u00b0C. Total annual rainfall is about 1146 mm (46 inches)."}, {"Context": "Bhopal Demographics", "Knowledge": "LOC Bhopal, ORG Bhopal Municipal Corporation", "Response": "According to the 2011 census, the population of the Bhopal city (the area under Bhopal Municipal Corporation) is 1,798,218, with 936,168 males and 862,050 females. The population of the Bhopal metropolitan area (the urban agglomeration that extends beyond Bhopal city) was 1,886,100 in 2011. The total effective literacy rate (for population aged 7+ years) was 85.24%, with male and female literacy respectively at 89.2% and 80.1%."}, {"Context": "Bhopal Government and politics", "Knowledge": "PER Pragya Singh Thakur, PER Shivraj Singh Chouhan, ORG Majlis - e - intezamia, ORG Vidhan Sabha, ORG Bhartiya Janata Party, LOC Bhopal, ORG Bhopal Municipal Council, ORG Legislative Assembly, ORG BJP, ORG Corporation, ORG State Legislative Assembly, ORG Assembly, ORG District Magistrate of Bhopal", "Response": "Bhopal is the name of the division, as well as the district and the capital city of the district. The division is headed by the commissioner and additional commissioner for the division. The division has five districts, of which Bhopal is one. Bhopal district administration is headed by the District Magistrate of Bhopal, who is the chief executive officer for the district.The city is represented in the parliament by Bhopal Lok Sabha constituency, with Pragya Singh Thakur from the BJP elected in 2019. Bhopal also houses the State Legislative Assembly, or the Vidhan Sabha, which seats 230 members of Legislative Assembly. The fourteenth (and current) Vidhan Sabha was elected in December 2018. As of March 2020, the party in the majority in Vidhan Sabha is Bhartiya Janata Party (BJP) with 107 seats which is led by Shivraj Singh Chouhan. Bhopal district elects seven seats to the Assembly, and as per delimitation in 2008, Bhopal city is represented in 6 constituencies:\nIt is also part of the larger urban agglomeration of Bhopal, with a population of 1,883,381. The first municipal body that governed the municipal population of the city came into being in 1907 in erstwhile Bhopal estate, and was called Majlis-e-intezamia\". The first city survey was conducted in 1916 after the enactment of Municipal act. Till 1956, the area under Bhopal Municipal limit was very small, after which surrounding villages were added to it. By 1975, the municipal limit reached 71.23 square km. Bhopal Municipal Council got the status of Municipal Corporation, with total of 56 wards in 1983."}, {"Context": "Bhopal Civic administration", "Knowledge": "ORG Madhya Pradesh, ORG Environment, ORG General Administration, LOC Madhya Pradesh, ORG Engineering, ORG Kolar Municipal Corporation, ORG Social JusticeFood, ORG BMC, ORG MIC, PER Malti Rai, ORG Health, ORG Bhopal Municipal Corporation, ORG Power, ORG Mohalla, ORG Project, ORG Education, ORG JnNURM, PER V. S. Choudhary Kolsani, ORG Transport, ORG Library, ORG Pioneer, LOC Bhopal, ORG Revenue, LOC India, ORG Accounting, ORG Planning, PER Shashwant Singh Meena, ORG Rehabilitation, ORG M. P. U. S. P, ORG Fire Brigade, ORG Public Relations", "Response": "Bhopal Municipal Corporation (BMC) is the urban civic body which oversees the needs of Bhopal city. The municipal corporation follows guidelines under the Madhya Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act, 1956, as well as the Madhya Pradesh Municipalities Act, 1961. In 2015, Kolar Municipal Corporation merged with it, after having been split from it earlier. In 2019, it was announced that the corporation would be split again and a proposal was put forth to the urban administration and housing department, which was criticised by the mayor-in-council. It also proposed for indirect election of the mayor.The municipal corporation is spread over an area of 463 km2 (179 sq mi) and has a population of 1795648. The city is divided into 14 zones and 85 wards for the purpose of administration, and each ward is represented by a councillor elected for a term of five years. The winning party elects a council of members, who are responsible for various departments. Ward committees as well as Mohalla committees have been prescribed by the corporation act. In October 2016, the Pioneer reported the meeting of one ward committee in the city. Madhya Pradesh is one of the few states in India, which uses the Mayor-in-Council (MIC) system and hence the elected representatives of the Bhopal Municipal Corporation are also organised as MIC. There are multiple municipal departments in BMC such as Health and Environment; Education, Social JusticeFood and Culture; Planning and Rehabilitation; Public Relations and Library; Fire Brigade and Transport; Power; Engineering; Revenue and Project; Accounting; JnNURM; M.P.U.S.P and General Administration.Elections held for 85 wards of Bhopal Municipal Corporation on 6 July 2022  As of September 2020, the reservation of wards has been decided. The present mayor of the city is Malti Rai. In 2019, the state government changed the rules that had applied since 1988, allowing the mayor to be indirectly elected, by elected councillors. V.S.Choudhary Kolsani is the municipal commissioner of the city. Additional municipal commissioner is Shashwant Singh Meena.The municipality receives income from tax collection, assigned revenue, rental income, fees and user charges, revenue grants, income from investment funds. The budget for the year 2020-21 has been approved as Rs 2495 crore."}, {"Context": "Bhopal Civic utilities", "Knowledge": "LOC Adampur, ORG National Green Tribunal, ORG Environment, LOC India, ORG BMC, LOC Bhanpur, LOC Bhopal, ORG Free Press Journal, LOC Adampur Chhawni, ORG NGT, ORG Madhya Pradesh Madhya Kshetra Vidyut Vitaran Company Limited, LOC Mandhya Pradesh, ORG Bhopal Municipal Corporation, ORG Central Pollution Control Board, ORG MPSEB, ORG Bhopal Development Authority, ORG Madhya Pradesh State Electricity Board", "Response": "Bhopal Development Authority is the apex body for planning and co-ordination of development activities in the Mandhya Pradesh, which consists of Bhopal and its influence area, and was set up in 1976 under the Bhopal Development Authority Act, 1974.Electricity in Bhopal is distributed by the Madhya Pradesh Madhya Kshetra Vidyut Vitaran Company Limited, the central discom of the state. It is regulated by the state electricity board, the Madhya Pradesh State Electricity Board (MPSEB), which is located in Bhopal. Fire services are provided by the Bhopal Municipal Corporation.Bhopal Municipal Corporation is responsible for planning, constructing and maintaining the water supply system within the city. Natural sources of water are surface water (upper lake, kolar reservoir, narmada river), with a significant portion of the population depending on ground water (tubewells, handpumps) as well as privately owned and unaccounted for dugwells and borewells. According to a study done in 2014, piped water supply in the city covers about 6% of the population; however, irregular and bad quality of water supply is a common complaint in the city.The system of solid waste disposal in urban areas is governed by the municipality under the Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules 2000. These rules have been framed under the Environment Protection Act, 1986. The city of Bhopal generates 900 tonnes of solid waste. As of 2018, only 1.5% of this waste is segregated. While the municipality website states that door-to-door collection was started by BMC at each zone and ward level from 15 August 2013, Free Press Journal has reported in 2020 that the civic body has failed in the same. Bhopal has 8 transfer stations, where the garbage collected zone wise is dumped, and without any segregation, the waste is transferred to the Adampur Chhawni landfill site. In 2018, after the National Green Tribunal (NGT) directed the BMC to clean dump at Bhanpur, which activists claim is 80 feet high and has polluted ground water up to 500 metres below, the trenching ground was shifted to Adampur. In 2019, it was announced that India's first e-waste clinic was being set up in Bhopal. BMC along with Central Pollution Control Board came together to establish this clinic which will enable segregation, processing and disposal of waste, both residential and commercial. In January 2020, the clinic was inaugurated for operations. It started initially as a three-month pilot and if the pilot is successful, the clinics will be opened in other places as well.As of 2017, the city of Bhopal produces 310 MLD of sewage per day, of which only 50 MLD is treated in the 7 Sewage treatment plants that have a capacity of 80 MLD. Most of the sewage reaches water bodies, the Upper and Lower Lake, Motia Lake, Siddique Hasan Lake, Munshi Hussain Khan Lake. There are about 800 large drains in Bhopal. About 80% sewerage water mixes with storm water drains main drains include Patra, Mandi and Hataikheda, Jatkhedi.After a gap of 25 years, the state capital's masterplan 2031 was finally released in March 2020 by the Directorate of Town and Country Planning, Madhya Pradesh. The previous masterplan of 1995 was valid until 2005; and Bhopal had no masterplan between 2005 and 2020. Bhopal Municipal Corporation was ranked 3rd out of 21 Cities for best governance and administrative practices in India in 2014. It scored 3.7 on 10 compared to the national average of 3.3."}, {"Context": "Bhopal Culture", "Knowledge": "ORG Arera Colony Bangiya parishad, ORG Bharat Sevashram Sangha, LOC EIntkhedi, ORG Ramakrishna Mission Ashrama, ORG TT Nagar, PER Lakshmi, ORG Bengali Speaking Hindu, LOC Dussehra, ORG TT nagar, ORG BHEL Kalibari, ORG Trilanga Kali puja, ORG Kolar Kalibari, LOC Bhopali, ORG Habibganj Kalibari, ORG Purbachal club, LOC Bhopal, ORG Sundervan Bairagarh, ORG Ijtema, PER Ravan", "Response": "Diwali and Eid are major festivals in Bhopal. Gifts and sweets are exchanged and donation are made to the poor. Diwali is celebrated by worshiping the wealth goddess Lakshmi. Eid is special to the city as all the Hindus take time out to visit their Muslim friends and greet them and get treated with delicacies, the speciality of the day being sweet sewaiya. Bhopali culture is such that both Hindus and Muslims visit each other on their respective festivals to greet and exchange sweets. During Ganesh puja and Durga Puja (Navratras), idols of Ganesh and Durga are established in jhankis throughout the city. People throng to offer prayers to their deities. At the end of Navratras, on the day of Vijayadashami (or Dussehra), huge effigies of Ravan are burnt in different parts of the city. Apart from jhankis, several Bengali associations like TT Nagar Bengali association, BHEL Kalibari, Arera Colony Bangiya parishad, Sundervan Bairagarh, Purbachal club, Habibganj Kalibari, Kolar Kalibari celebrates the annual Durga puja in a huge way where large idols of mother goddess and pandals are installed and bhog is served. TT nagar Bengali association had its 65th year Durgotsav in the year 2021. Also, these associations conduct several cultural programmes and other pujas like Kalipuja, Saraswati puja etc. One of the famous kali puja in new bhopal region is Trilanga Kali puja committee which conducts kalipuja from the last 25 years. \nOther places of worship and cultural activities for the Bengali Speaking Hindu diaspora includes Ramakrishna Mission Ashrama and Bharat Sevashram Sangha. Bhopal Ijtema is an annual Muslim world preachers congregation, is held at EIntkhedi 11 km from Bhopal. The annual congregation near Bhopal attracts between 500,000 and 1,000,000 Muslims globally."}, {"Context": "Bhopal Architecture", "Knowledge": "LOC Bharat Bhavan, PER Charles Correa, LOC Taj Mahal, ORG MP Legislative Assembly, LOC Bhopal, LOC Taj - ul - Masajid, LOC Upper Lake", "Response": "The Nawabs of Bhopal built several structures including the Taj-ul-Masajid and Taj Mahal palace in Indo-Islamic and European styles.\nBharat Bhavan is the main cultural centre of the city, and hosts many theatre and film festivals every year. It has an art gallery, an open-air amphitheatre facing the Upper Lake, two other theatres and a tribal museum. The Bharat Bhavan as well as the MP Legislative Assembly were designed by Charles Correa."}, {"Context": "Bhopal Economy", "Knowledge": "LOC Bhopal Airport, ORG DB Corp, ORG WIPRO, ORG Caresoft Inc India, ORG Bhaskar Group, LOC Maharana Pratap Nagar, LOC Madhya Pradesh, ORG Soluzione IT Services, ORG Sutherland Global Services, LOC Bhopal District, ORG ISoft InfoTech, ORG Netlink Software Pvt Ltd., LOC IT Park, LOC Bhopal, LOC Manjul Publishing House, ORG Osmo IT Solution Pvt Ltd., ORG Directorate of Economics and Statistics, ORG Dainik Bhaskar, LOC Old City", "Response": "The economy of Bhopal is heavily industrial based with pharmaceutical, automobile, textile, and production of electrical goods mostly being prevalent. Nominal GDP of Bhopal District was Rs. 44,175 crores for the year 2020\u201321 with a per-capita GDP of INR 1,40,729 as per the Directorate of Economics and Statistics (Madhya Pradesh). The major industries in the old city are electrical goods, medicinal, cotton, chemicals and jewellery. Other industries include cotton and flour milling, cloth weaving and painting, as well as making matches, sealing wax, and sporting equipment. The residents of Bhopal also engage in large retail businesses. Handicrafts, like zardozi and batua (a small string purse, usually used with Indian traditional dresses) are some of the products of the Old City.Bhopal is also home to the DB Corp, informally called the Bhaskar Group (named after its major publication Dainik Bhaskar), a \u20b917 billion business conglomerate with a strong presence in media. Its head office is located in Maharana Pratap Nagar. While an IT Park, near Bhopal Airport, houses various software development companies and the city is expected to further enlarge its IT presence in near future with giants like WIPRO intending to establish software development centre in the city. Other Software and IT companies established in the city include Sutherland Global Services, ISoft InfoTech, Soluzione IT Services, Netlink Software Pvt Ltd., Caresoft Inc India, Osmo IT Solution Pvt Ltd., and many more.\nManjul Publishing House, located in the old city, is a major publishing house made famous by the translation of the Harry Potter series of novels into Hindi."}, {"Context": "Bhopal Industries", "Knowledge": "ORG Mohasa Babai Industrial Area, ORG HEG Limited, ORG Trident Group, ORG Insulators and Electricals Limited, LOC Govindpura Industrial Area, LOC Eastern Part, ORG Inox Air Products Pvt. Ltd., ORG B. S. Engineering Works, LOC Sehore, LOC BHEL Suburb, LOC Raisen, ORG Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited, LOC Rajgarh, LOC Acharpura Industrial Area, LOC NH 12, ORG Lupin Limited, LOC Badiyakhedi Industrial Area, LOC Bagroda AKVN, ORG Eicher Tractors, LOC Bhopal, LOC Narmadapuram, ORG Welspun Corp. Ltd, ORG Lapp India, ORG Procter & Gamble, LOC Tamot Plastic Park, LOC India, ORG Vardhaman Industries, ORG Tafe Motors And Tractors Limited, LOC Budhni Industrial Area, LOC Mandideep, LOC Pilukhedi Industrial Area, ORG Jamuniya Khejda", "Response": "Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited, the largest engineering and manufacturing enterprise in India, has a unit in Bhopal. It occupies a large area in the Eastern Part of the city and maintains a suburb named after it. A majority of the residents of the BHEL Suburb are employed by the unit. Govindpura Industrial Area is a huge industrial zone situated in northern limits of the city.\nMandideep is an industrial suburb of Bhopal. It is located to the south of the city on the NH 12. Manufacturing units in Mandideep include HEG Limited, Procter & Gamble, Lupin Limited, Eicher Tractors, Insulators and Electricals Limited, Tafe Motors And Tractors Limited, B. S. Engineering Works, etc.\nRapidly transforming industrial zones near Bhopal also include Bagroda AKVN, Tamot Plastic Park and Acharpura Industrial Area. With the state government providing conducive environment for setting up of manufacturing units, the industrial zones have seen exponential demand from the investors to purchase the land which are provided at heavily subsidized prices.\nBhopal also has in its vicinity Badiyakhedi Industrial Area (Sehore), Pilukhedi Industrial Area (Rajgarh), Budhni Industrial Area (Sehore), Jamuniya Khejda (Raisen) and Mohasa Babai Industrial Area (Narmadapuram). The industrial areas have attracted huge investments with companies like Welspun Corp. Ltd, Vardhaman Industries, Trident Group, Lapp India, and Inox Air Products Pvt. Ltd. already operating manufacturing plants in various industrial belts."}, {"Context": "Bhopal Upcoming Projects", "Knowledge": "LOC Bhopal Airport, LOC Delhi, ORG TCS, LOC Sehore, LOC Madhya Pradesh, ORG NHAI, ORG ADB, LOC Central, LOC Bhopal Highway, LOC IT, ORG Asian Development Bank, LOC Bhopal, LOC Obaidullaganj, LOC Berasia Industrial Area, LOC Nagpur, ORG Wipro, ORG DPR, LOC Mandideep, LOC Jaipur, LOC Gwalior", "Response": "Bhopal also has many other mega projects lined up in its vicinity. In March 2022, Madhya Pradesh government announced the development of Bagroda Industrial Area Phase-2 after observing the immense interest of investors to set up manufacturing units near Bhopal. The government has also decided to develop Berasia Industrial Area in Bhopal district, a site close to Jaipur-Bhopal Highway and Delhi-Gwalior-Bhopal Highway.\nIn the sphere of IT development, a mega skill park with a total investment of more than INR 1,500 crores is being built in the eastern portion of the city. The Global Skills Park, Bhopal is a highly touted project of the Central and the state government which is being funded by the Asian Development Bank (ADB). The Park is expected to be fully commissioned at the end of 2023. While the IT Park near Bhopal Airport is eying investments of software companies including TCS and Wipro. IT startups of the city are already functioning in this area.\nBhopal is set to be a crucial intermediate city under the recently announced Delhi-Nagpur industrial corridor. While a multi-modal logistics park has been proposed to take shape near Mandideep. NHAI has already prepared DPR for the upcoming ring road project between Obaidullaganj and Sehore with a cost of around Rs. 720 crores."}, {"Context": "Bhopal By air", "Knowledge": "LOC Raipur, LOC Udaipur, ORG Spice Jet, LOC Gandhi Nagar, LOC Madhya Pradesh, LOC Raja Bhoj International Airport, LOC Mumbai, LOC Bangalore, LOC VIP Road, LOC Hyderabad, LOC New Delhi, LOC Bairagad, ORG Air India, LOC Sant Hirdaram Nagar, LOC Bhopal, LOC Bairagarh, LOC Panchvati, LOC Pune, LOC N. H, LOC India, ORG Indigo, LOC Jaipur, LOC Ahmedabad", "Response": "The Raja Bhoj International Airport is located near the suburb of Sant Hirdaram Nagar (formerly known as Bairagarh) and is the primary airport serving the state of Madhya Pradesh, India.There are three routes or ways to reach the airport: (1) Via Bairagad, (2) Via Panchvati, (3) Via Gandhi Nagar road (N.H 12). From within the city, VIP Road, a four lane road takes one to the airport, which lies 15 km to the north of the city. International flights began operations in 2010.\nDomestic direct flight services are operated by Air India, Spice Jet and Indigo. As of January 2020, Bhopal has non-stop flights to New Delhi, Mumbai, Jaipur, Ahmedabad, Udaipur, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Pune and Raipur.\nThere are no international flight from Bhopal."}, {"Context": "Bhopal Rail", "Knowledge": "ORG West, LOC Sant Hirdaram Nagar, LOC India, LOC Bhopal City, LOC Central, LOC Bhopal, LOC Bhopal Junction, ORG Divisional Railway Manager ', LOC Rani Kamlapati, ORG DRM, LOC Railway, LOC West Central, LOC Habibganj, LOC Bhopal Division", "Response": "Bhopal lies in the West Central Railway Zone. Considering both north\u2013south and east\u2013west train routes, it is one of the most rail connected cities in India which halts more than 200 daily trains, with a total of more than 380 trains within a week. The main stations of Bhopal are the Bhopal Junction station and Rani Kamlapati Railway station  along with Sant Hirdaram Nagar railway station. The main stations are equipped with WiFi, have enough: waiting halls, refreshment centers, passenger ticket counters and ticket vending machines, vehicle parking, communication facilities, sanitary facilities and dedicated government railway police force to ensure security. Altogether the city has six railway stations within its city limits.The Divisional Railway Manager's (DRM) office of Bhopal Division is situated close to the Railway station, at Habibganj, the southern location in Bhopal City. The division falls under West Central railways."}, {"Context": "Bhopal Roads", "Knowledge": "LOC Indore, LOC NH 46, LOC Jabalpur, LOC Sehore, LOC Rani Kamlapati, LOC North, LOC Guna, LOC State Highway 18, LOC NH 146, LOC Kanpur, LOC State Highway 23, LOC Dewas, LOC East, LOC National Highway 46, LOC Bhopal, LOC Kushabhau Thakre Inter State Bus Terminal, LOC NH 45, LOC Berasia, LOC Jaipur", "Response": "National Highway 46 forms a ring-road around Bhopal which connects it to Jabalpur in the East (via NH 45) and Jaipur to the North west. NH 146, a branch of NH 46, connects the city to Kanpur in the North . State Highway 18 connects the city with Indore (with Sehore and Dewas on the way). State Highway 23 connects the city to Guna and Berasia in the north.\n\nAn interstate bus terminus inaugurated in 2011, the Kushabhau Thakre Inter State Bus Terminal is located near the Rani Kamlapati  railway station,"}, {"Context": "Bhopal Bhopal BRTS", "Knowledge": "ORG BCLL, ORG Bhopal City Link Limited", "Response": "The Bus Rapid Transit System, which opened in 2013, is run by Bhopal City Link Limited (BCLL). The company has identified 4 trunk and 8 standard routes in the city on which 225 buses would be operated daily (365 a day in a year), from 5 a.m. to 11 p.m. 82 bus stops are built along the 24 km long corridor."}, {"Context": "Bhopal Metro Rail", "Knowledge": "ORG Bhoj Metro", "Response": "The Bhoj Metro project is under construction for the city."}, {"Context": "Bhopal Basic education", "Knowledge": "ORG NIOS, ORG CBSE, ORG CIE, ORG St. Joseph ' s Convent, ORG Delhi Public School, ORG Cambridge International Examinations, ORG Campion School, ORG The Sanskaar Valley School, ORG Madhya Pradesh Board of Secondary Education, LOC Bhopal, ORG MPBSE, ORG ICSE, ORG Shree Bhavan ' s Bharti Public School, LOC Cambridge", "Response": "Bhopal has more than 550 state-sponsored schools, most of which are affiliated to the Madhya Pradesh Board of Secondary Education (MPBSE). In addition, there are three Kendriya Vidyalayas in the city. The city is also served by numerous other private schools affiliated to either CBSE, ICSE, MPBSE, NIOS and CIE (Cambridge).\nSchools include Delhi Public School, Bhopal (CBSE), The Sanskaar Valley School (ICSE & Cambridge International Examinations), Campion School (CBSE), Shree Bhavan's Bharti Public School (CBSE) and St. Joseph's Convent (CBSE)."}, {"Context": "Bhopal Higher education", "Knowledge": "ORG IISER, ORG CSIR AMPRI, ORG Research Institutes Bhopal", "Response": "The institutes and universities headquartered in the city include:\n\nResearch Institutes\nBhopal offer a number of Research institutes. Some are under central and some under state government, including CSIR AMPRI and IISER."}, {"Context": "Bhopal Sports", "Knowledge": "PER Shahryar Khan, PER Sameer Dad, ORG Pakistan Cricket Board, PER Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi, LOC India, PER Jalaluddin Rizvi, PER Bhawna Dehariya, PER Fatima, LOC Madhya Pradesh, LOC Mount Everest, PER Aslam Sher Khan", "Response": "Fatima Bano - female wrestling coach\nSameer Dad \u2013 National hockey player\nBhawna Dehariya \u2013 First female of Madhya Pradesh summit Mount Everest\nAslam Sher Khan \u2013 National hockey player and Member of Parliament\nShahryar Khan \u2013 Chairman of Pakistan Cricket Board\nMansoor Ali Khan Pataudi \u2013 Former Captain of the India national cricket team\nJalaluddin Rizvi \u2013 National hockey player and Arjuna Award winner"}, {"Context": "Bhopal Teams", "Knowledge": "ORG Bhopal Badshahs, ORG Chandigarh Comets, PER Sameer Dad, ORG Badshahs, LOC India, LOC Bhopal, LOC Aishbagh Stadium, PER Vasudevan Bhaskaran, LOC Moscow", "Response": "Bhopal Badshahs is a hockey team based in Bhopal that plays in World Series Hockey. The team is captained by Indian hockey player Sameer Dad and coached by Vasudevan Bhaskaran who was the captain of India's Olympic victory in 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow. Badshahs defeated Chandigarh Comets in the inaugural match of 2012 World Series Hockey 4\u20133. Aishbagh Stadium in Bhopal is the home ground of Bhopal Badshahs."}, {"Context": "Bhopal Stadiums", "Knowledge": "LOC Aishbagh Stadium, LOC TT Nagar Stadium, LOC Bhopal", "Response": "Aishbagh Stadium is a field hockey stadium in Bhopal.\nTT Nagar Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium is Bhopal."}, {"Context": "Bhopal Nature", "Knowledge": "LOC Kaliyasot Dam, LOC Van Vihar, LOC Kerwa Dam, LOC Van Vihar National Park, LOC India, LOC Lakes, LOC Bhadbhada Dam, PER Wakankar, LOC Bhopal, ORG UNESCO, LOC Kolar Dam, LOC Madhya Pradesh, ORG Central Zoo Authority, LOC Halali Dam, LOC Bhimbetka Caves", "Response": "Bhimbetka Caves are about 35 kilometres from Bhopal city. They have evidence of dwellings of pre-historic man during the Paleolithic era. Rock paintings in the caves are specimens of pre-historic settlements in India. There are about 600 caves, but only 12 are open for visitors. The caves are located in the midst of sal and teak forests and includes a short trail around the caves. They were discovered by Wakankar in 1957. UNESCO declared Bhimbetka Caves as a World Heritage Site in 2003.Van Vihar National Park is a national park in central India. It is located in Bhopal, the capital city of Madhya Pradesh. Declared a national park in 1979, it covers an area of about 4.45 km2. Although it has the status of a national park, Van Vihar is developed and managed as a modern zoological park, following the guidelines of the Central Zoo Authority. The animals are kept in their near natural habitat. Most of the animals are either orphaned brought from various parts of the state or those, which are exchanged from other zoos. No animal is deliberately captured from the forest.[1] Van Vihar is unique because it allows easy access to the visitors through a road passing through the park, security of animals assured from poachers by building trenches and walls, chain-link fence and by providing natural habitat to the animals.\nApart from Lakes, Bhopal also has many water reservoirs(Dams) in and around the city. The Dams are Bhadbhada Dam, Kerwa Dam, Kaliyasot Dam, Halali Dam and Kolar Dam. People of Bhopal mostly visit these places during weekends. The weather is pleasant during and post monsoon. These places are surrounded by greenery throughout the year."}, {"Context": "Bhopal Activity centres", "Knowledge": "LOC Bhopal, LOC India, LOC Museum of Man", "Response": "The Museum of Man in Bhopal exhibits tribal and folk houses from all corners of India."}, {"Context": "Bhopal Shopping", "Knowledge": "LOC Chowk Bazar, LOC DB City Mall, LOC Bhopal, LOC Sarafa, LOC Aashima Anupama Mall, ORG New Market, LOC MP Nagar, LOC New Market", "Response": "The New Market is a commercial area in Bhopal. It is characterised by offices, new businesses and trade establishments. Notable malls include DB City Mall in MP Nagar, and Aashima Anupama Mall. Apart from New Market, people can go for shopping at Chowk Bazar and Sarafa in Old City Area of Bhopal."}, {"Context": "Bhopal Tourist attractions", "Knowledge": "LOC Taj - ul - Masjid Bhojeshwar Temple, LOC Bharat Bhavan, LOC Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya Kamlapati Palace, LOC Raisen Sanchi Shaurya Smarak, LOC Taj Mahal, LOC Bhopal, LOC Natural History, PER Indira Gandhi, LOC Lower Lake, LOC Upper Lake, LOC Van Vihar National Park Bhimbetka", "Response": "This is a list of tourist attractions in or near Bhopal:\nUpper Lake (Bhopal)\nVan Vihar National Park\nBhimbetka rock shelters\nRaisen\nSanchi\nShaurya Smarak\nTaj-ul-Masjid\nBhojeshwar Temple\nLower Lake (Bhopal)\nTaj Mahal (palace)\nBharat Bhavan\nRegional Museum of Natural History, Bhopal\nIndira Gandhi Rashtriya Manav Sangrahalaya\nKamlapati Palace"}, {"Context": "Bhopal Politics, civil service, science", "Knowledge": "ORG United Nations, PER Paul Shrivastava, PER Mohamed Barakatullah, ORG Heptulla, LOC Madhya Pradesh, PER Sadr Diwani Adalat Najma, ORG Pennsylvania State University, PER Kailash Chandra Joshi, PER Shankar Dayal Sharma, ORG Operations, ORG House of Bourbon, PER Raghuram Rajan, PER Balthazar Napoleon IV de Bourbon, LOC Bhopal, ORG RBI, PER Munshi Hakimuddin, ORG Bhopal, PER Abdul Qadeer Khan, LOC India, PER Amit Sood, ORG Criminal, PER Anees Ahmed", "Response": "Anees Ahmed \u2013 Lawyer in United Nations Peacekeeping Operations and United Nations International Criminal Tribunals\nMohamed Barakatullah Bhopali \u2013 Revolutionary\nBalthazar Napoleon IV de Bourbon \u2013 Head of the House of Bourbon-Bhopal\nMunshi Hakimuddin - Chief Secretary at Bhopal state, known for Sadr Diwani Adalat\nNajma Heptulla \u2013 Former Union Minister\nKailash Chandra Joshi \u2013 Former Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh\nAbdul Qadeer Khan \u2013 Pakistani nuclear physicist\nRaghuram Rajan \u2013 23rd Governor of RBI\nShankar Dayal Sharma \u2013 9th President of India\nPaul Shrivastava \u2013 Professor of Management & Chief Sustainability Officer, The Pennsylvania State University\nAmit Sood \u2013  American physician, professor and author"}, {"Context": "Bhopal Literature", "Knowledge": "PER Mohsin Bhopali, PER Bashir Badr, PER Manzar Bhopali, PER Manzoor Ahtesham, PER Asad Bhopali, PER Kaif Bhopali, PER Geet Chaturvedi, PER Javed Akhtar", "Response": "Manzoor Ahtesham \u2013 writer\nJaved Akhtar \u2013 poet, screenwriter and lyricist\nBashir Badr \u2013 poet\nAsad Bhopali \u2013 poet and lyricist\nKaif Bhopali \u2013 poet and lyricist\nManzar Bhopali \u2013 poet\nMohsin Bhopali \u2013 poet and travel writer\nGeet Chaturvedi \u2013 poet, novelist and lyricist"}, {"Context": "Bhopal Film, television and art", "Knowledge": "PER Shoaib Ibrahim, PER Munnawar Masoom, PER Sunil Lahri, PER Rajeev Verma, LOC India, PER Annu Kapoor, PER Divyanka Tripathi, PER Stebin Ben, PER Saumya Tandon, PER Eisha Singh, PER Shawar Ali, PER Sara Khan, PER Shakeela Bano Bhopali, PER Arshi Khan, PER Vipul Roy, PER Jaya Bachchan", "Response": "Shawar Ali \u2013 Actor\nJaya Bachchan \u2013 Actress\nStebin Ben \u2013 Singer\nShakeela Bano Bhopali \u2013 film actress and the first women Qawwal of India\nShoaib Ibrahim \u2013 TV actor\nAnnu Kapoor \u2013 Actor, TV presenter and National Film Award winner\nArshi Khan \u2013 Actress, model\nSara Khan \u2013 Actress\nSunil Lahri \u2013 Actor\nMunnawar Masoom \u2013 Qawwali singer\nVipul Roy \u2013 Actor\nEisha Singh \u2013 Actress\nSaumya Tandon \u2013 Television actress\nDivyanka Tripathi \u2013 Actress\nRajeev Verma \u2013 Actor"}, {"Context": "Bhubaneswar Introduction", "Knowledge": "LOC Chandigarh, PER Otto K\u00f6nigsberger, LOC Konark, LOC Ekamra Kshetra, LOC Puri, LOC Rourkela, LOC Odisha, LOC Eastern India, LOC Britain, LOC Cuttack, LOC Odia, LOC Golden Triangle, LOC Chakra Kshetra, LOC India, LOC Swarna Tribhuja, LOC Bhubaneswar, LOC Jamshedpur, LOC Temple City, LOC Kalingan", "Response": "Bhubaneswar (; Odia: [\u02c8b\u02b1ub\u0254nesw\u0254\u027e\u0254, -\u0255w\u0254\u027e] (listen)) is the capital and largest city of the Indian state of Odisha. The region, especially the old town, was historically often depicted as Chakra Kshetra and Ekamra Kshetra (Area adorned with a mango tree). Bhubaneswar is dubbed the \"Temple City\", a nickname earned because of the 700 temples which once stood there. In contemporary times, it has emerged as an education hub and an attractive business destination.Although the modern city of Bhubaneswar was formally established in 1948, the history of the areas in and around the present-day city can be traced to the 7th century BCE and earlier. It is a confluence of Hindu, Buddhist and Jain heritage and includes several Kalingan temples, many of them from 6th\u201313th century CE. With Puri and Konark it forms the 'Swarna Tribhuja' (\"Golden Triangle\"), one of Eastern India's most visited destinations.Bhubaneswar replaced Cuttack as the capital on 19 August 1949, two years after India gained its independence from Britain. The modern city was designed by the German architect Otto K\u00f6nigsberger in 1946. Along with Jamshedpur and Chandigarh, it was one of modern India's first planned cities. Bhubaneswar and Cuttack are often referred to as the 'twin cities of Odisha'. The metropolitan area formed by the two cities had a population of 1.7 million in 2011. The Bhubaneswar metro area has a population of around a million people, and is categorised as a Tier-2 city. Bhubaneswar and Rourkela are the two cities in smart city mission from Odisha."}, {"Context": "Bhubaneswar Etymology", "Knowledge": "PER I\u015bwara, PER Lord, PER Shiva, PER Tribhubana, LOC Bhubaneswar, LOC Bhubane\u015bwara", "Response": "Bhubaneswar is the anglicisation of the actual Odia name \"Bhubane\u015bwara\"(\u0b2d\u0b41\u0b2c\u0b28\u0b47\u0b36\u0b4d\u0b71\u0b30), derived from the word Tribhubane\u015bwara (\u0b24\u0b4d\u0b30\u0b3f\u0b2d\u0b41\u0b2c\u0b28\u0b47\u0b36\u0b4d\u0b71\u0b30), which literally means the Lord (I\u015bwara) of the Three Worlds (Tribhubana), which in this context refers to Shiva."}, {"Context": "Bhubaneswar History", "Knowledge": "ORG Bhoi, LOC Udayagiri, PER Keshari, PER Mukunda Deva, PER Shailodbhavas, PER Somavamshi, LOC Orissa Province, PER Ashoka, PER Matharas, LOC Bihar, PER Mahameghavahana, PER Vishnu, PER Satavahanas, LOC Dhauli, LOC Ananta Vasudeva Temple, LOC Khandagiri, PER Karrani, ORG Eastern Gangas, PER Kharavela, PER Shaiva, LOC Cuttack, LOC Kalinga, LOC Bengal Presidency, LOC Bhubaneswar, LOC Kalinganagara, LOC Sisupalgarh", "Response": "Bhubaneswar stands near the ruins of Sisupalgarh, the ancient capital of the erstwhile province of Kalinga. Dhauli, near Bhubaneswar was the site of the Kalinga War (c.\u2009262-261 BCE), in which the Mauryan emperor Ashoka invaded and annexed Kalinga. One of the most complete edicts of the Mauryan Emperor, Ashoka, dating from between 272 and 236 BCE, remains carved in rock, 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) to the southwest of the modern city. After the decline of the Mauryan empire, the area came under the rule of Mahameghavahana dynasty, whose most well-known ruler is Kharavela. His Hathigumpha inscription is located at the Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves near Bhubaneswar. The area was subsequently ruled by several dynasties, including Satavahanas, Guptas, Matharas, and Shailodbhavas.In the 7th century, Somavamshi or Keshari dynasty established their kingdom in the area, and constructed a number of temples. After the Kesharis, the Eastern Gangas ruled Kalinga area until the 14th century CE. Their capital Kalinganagara was located in present-day Bhubaneswar City. After them, Mukunda Deva of the Bhoi dynasty \u2013 the last Hindu ruler of the area until the Marathas \u2013 developed several religious buildings in the area. Most of the older temples in Bhubaneswar were built between 8th and 12th centuries, under Shaiva influence. The Ananta Vasudeva Temple is the only old temple of Vishnu in the city. In 1568, the Karrani dynasty of Afghan origin gained control of the area. During their reign, most of the temples and other structures were destroyed or disfigured.In the 16th century, the area came under pachamani Mughal control. The Marathas, who succeeded the Mughals in the mid-18th century, encouraged pilgrimage in the region. In 1803, the area came under British colonial rule, and was part of the Bengal Presidency (until 1912), Bihar and Orissa Province (1912\u20131936) and Orissa Province (1936\u20131947). The capital of the British-ruled Orissa Province was Cuttack, which was vulnerabile to floods and suffered from space constraints. Because of this, on 30 September 1946, a proposal to move the capital to a new capital was introduced in the Legislative Assembly of the Odisha Province. After independence of India, the foundation of the new capital was laid by Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru on 13 April 1948.The name of the new capital came from \"Tribhubaneswara\" or \"Bhubaneswara\" (literally \"Lord of the Earth\"), a name of Shiva, the deity of the Lingaraja temple. The Legislative Assembly of Odisha was shifted from Cuttack to Bhubaneswar in 1949. Bhubaneswar was built as a modern city, designed by German architect Otto K\u00f6nigsberger with wide roads, gardens and parks. Though part of the city followed the plan, it grew rapidly over the next few decades, outstripping the planning process. According to the first census of independent India, taken in 1951, the city's population was just 16,512. From 1952 to 1979, it was administered by a Notified Area Council or a nagar panchayat; a municipality was established only on 12 March 1979. By the 1991 census, the population of Bhubaneswar had increased to 411,542. Accordingly, on 14 August 1994, the Bhubaneswar Municipal Corporation was established."}, {"Context": "Bhubaneswar Geography", "Knowledge": "LOC Daya River, ORG United Nations Development Programme, LOC Kanjia, LOC Odisha, LOC Bhubaneswar, ORG Bureau of Indian Standards, LOC Eastern Ghats, LOC Kuakhai River, LOC Chandaka Wildlife Sanctuary, LOC Nandankanan Zoo, LOC Khordha, LOC Mahanadi River", "Response": "Bhubaneswar is in Khordha district of Odisha. It is in the eastern coastal plains, along the axis of the Eastern Ghats mountains. The city has an average altitude of 45 m (148 ft) above sea level. It lies southwest of the Mahanadi River that forms the northern boundary of Bhubaneswar metropolitan area, within its delta.\n\nThe city is bounded by the Daya River to the south and the Kuakhai River to the east; the Chandaka Wildlife Sanctuary and Nandankanan Zoo lie in the western and northern parts of Bhubaneswar, respectively.Bhubaneswar is topographically divided into western uplands and eastern lowlands, with hillocks in the western and northern parts. Kanjia lake on the northern outskirts, affords rich biodiversity and is a wetland of national importance. Bhubaneswar's soils are 65 per cent laterite, 25 per cent alluvial and 10 per cent sandstone. The Bureau of Indian Standards places the city inside seismic zone III on a scale ranging from I to V in order of increasing susceptibility to earthquakes. The United Nations Development Programme reports that there is \"very high damage risk\" from winds and cyclones. The 1999 Odisha cyclone caused major damage to buildings, the city's infrastructure and cost many human lives. Floods and waterlogging in the low-lying areas have become common due to unplanned growth."}, {"Context": "Bhubaneswar Urban structure", "Knowledge": "LOC Saheed Nagar, LOC Satya Nagar, LOC Cuttack - Puri Road, ORG Utkal University, ORG State Secretariat, LOC Lingaraja, LOC Rajarani, ORG Gandhi Park, LOC Bij, ORG Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, LOC Pandaba Nagar, ORG State Assembly, LOC Kuakhai River, LOC Lingaraja Nagar, LOC Bapuji Nagar, ORG Sainik School, LOC Unit, LOC Janpath, LOC Indira Gandhi Park, LOC Raj Bhavan, LOC Bhimatangi, LOC Temple Town, LOC Kapileswara, LOC Brahmeswara Bagh, LOC Somabaresvara Siva Temple, ORG Building, ORG Bhubaneswar Municipal Corporation, LOC Gouri Nagar, LOC Nilakantha Siva, LOC Market, LOC Ashok Nagar, ORG Institute of Physics, LOC Rajarani Colony, LOC Bhubaneswar, LOC Muktesvara, LOC Kartikesvara Siva Temple", "Response": "The Bhubaneswar urban development area consists of the Bhubaneswar Municipal Corporation area, 173 revenue villages and two other municipalities spread over 1,110 km2 (430 sq mi). The area under the jurisdiction of the Bhubaneswar Municipal Corporation covers 186 square kilometres (72 sq mi). The city is somewhat dumbbell-shaped with most of the growth taking place to the north, northeast and southwest. The north\u2013south axis of the city is widest, at roughly 22.5 kilometres (14.0 mi). Growth in the east is restricted due to the presence of Kuakhai River and by the wildlife sanctuary in the northwestern part. The city can be broadly divided into the old town, planned city (or state capital), added areas and outer peripheral areas. It is subdivided into Units and Colonies.\nThe old town or \"Temple Town\", the oldest part of the city, is characterised by many temples, including the Lingaraja, Nilakantha Siva, Rajarani and Muktesvara temples, standing alongside residential areas. Additional structures include the Somabaresvara Siva Temple and the Kartikesvara Siva Temple. The area is congested, with narrow roads and poor infrastructure. Among neighbourhoods in the old town are Rajarani Colony, Pandaba Nagar, Brahmeswara Bagh, Lingaraja Nagar, Gouri Nagar, Bhimatangi and Kapileswara.\nThe planned city was designed in 1948 to house the capital. It is subdivided into units, each with a high school, shopping centres, dispensaries and play areas. While most of the units house government employees, Unit V houses the administrative buildings, including the State Secretariat, State Assembly and the Raj Bhavan. Private residential areas were later built in other areas of the planned city, including Saheed Nagar and Satya Nagar. Unit I, popularly known as the Market Building, was formed to cater to the shopping needs of the new capital's residents. Later, markets and commercial establishments developed along the Janpath and Cuttack-Puri Road at Saheed Nagar, Satya Nagar, Bapuji Nagar and Ashok Nagar. A dedicated institutional area houses educational and research institutes, including Utkal University, the Institute of Physics, the Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology and Sainik School. Indira Gandhi Park, Gandhi Park and the Biju Patnaik Park are located in the unit.The added areas are mostly areas lying north of National Highway 5, including Nayapalli, Jayadev Vihar, Chandrasekharpur and Sailashree Vihar, Niladri vihar which were developed by Bhubaneswar Development Authority to house the growing population. With the development of the new areas such as Chandrasekharpur the city is now divided roughly into North(newer areas) and South Bhubaneswar (older areas) by the NH-5 highway.\nThe peripheral areas are outside the municipal boundary or have subsequently been included within the extended boundary, including Tomando, Patia and Raghunathpur. Most of these areas were developed in a haphazard manner, without proper planning. The Master Planning Branch of the Bhubaneswar Development Authority developed the Comprehensive Development Plan (CDP) in 2010. According to the Odisha Development Authorities Act, 1982, the Development Authority has control over the planning for municipal areas. Apart from the CDP, BDA has also created Zonal Development Plans for some of the areas under the CDP. Bhubaneswar secured the top rank in the Smart city list in India."}, {"Context": "Bhubaneswar Climate", "Knowledge": "LOC Bay of Bengal, LOC Bhubaneswar", "Response": "Bhubaneswar has a tropical savanna climate, designated Aw under the K\u00f6ppen climate classification. Temperatures in Bhubaneswar ususally range from 11 to 45 \u00b0C (52 to 113 \u00b0F). It experiences four primary seasons: winter (December to February), when temperatures can drop to 11 \u00b0C (52 \u00b0F); summer (March to May), when temperatures can reach 45 \u00b0C (113 \u00b0F) or higher; monsoon (June to October); and post-monsoon (November). The annual mean temperature is 27.4 \u00b0C (81.3 \u00b0F); monthly mean temperatures are 22\u201332 \u00b0C (72\u201390 \u00b0F). Summers (March to June) are hot and humid, with temperatures in the low 30s C; during dry spells, maximum temperatures often exceed 40 \u00b0C (104 \u00b0F) in May and June. Winter lasts for only about ten weeks, with seasonal lows dipping to 15\u201318 \u00b0C (59\u201364 \u00b0F) in December and January. May is the hottest month, when daily temperatures range from 32\u201342 \u00b0C (90\u2013108 \u00b0F). January, the coldest month, has temperatures varying from 15\u201328 \u00b0C (59\u201382 \u00b0F). Extreme temperatures have ranged from 8.2 to 46.7 \u00b0C (46.8 to 116.1 \u00b0F).Rains brought by the Bay of Bengal branch of the south west summer monsoon lash Bhubaneswar between June and September, supplying it with most of its annual rainfall of 1,657.8 mm (65 in). The highest monthly rainfall total, 374.6 mm (15 in), occurs in August."}, {"Context": "Bhubaneswar Economy", "Knowledge": "ORG Department of Industries, LOC Rasulgarh, LOC Mancheswar, LOC India, ORG Government of India, LOC Bhagabanpur, LOC Bhubaneswar, LOC Chandaka, ORG Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India, ORG Cushman, ORG World Bank, ORG Wakefield", "Response": "Bhubaneswar is an administrative, information technology, education and tourism city. Bhubaneswar was ranked as the best place to do business in India by the World Bank in 2014. Bhubaneswar has emerged as one of the fast-growing, important trading and commercial hub in the state and eastern India. Tourism is a major industry, attracting about 1.5 million tourists in 2011. Bhubaneswar was designed to be a largely residential city with outlying industrial areas. The economy had few major players until the 1990s and was dominated by retail and small-scale manufacturing. With the economic liberalisation policy adopted by the Government of India in the 1990s, Bhubaneswar received investment in telecommunications, information technology (IT) and higher education.In 2011, according to a study by Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India, Bhubaneswar had the highest rate of employment growth among 17 Tier-2 cities in India. It has been listed among the top ten emerging cities in India by Cushman and Wakefield, taking into consideration factors like demographics, physical, social and real estate infrastructure, current level and scope of economic activities and government support. In 2012, Bhubaneswar was ranked third among Indian cities, in starting and operating a business by the World Bank.\nBhubaneswar has been traditionally home to handicrafts industry, including silver filigree work, appliqu\u00e9 work, stone and wood carvings and patta painting, which significantly contributes to the city's economy. The late 2000s saw a surge of investments in the real estate, infrastructure, retail and hospitality sectors; several shopping malls and organised retails opened outlets in Bhubaneswar. In the informal sector, 22,000 vendors operate in regulated or unregulated vending zones.As of 2001, around 2.15% of the city's workforce was employed in the primary sector (agriculture, forestry, mining, etc.); 2.18% worked in the secondary sector (industrial and manufacturing); and 95.67% worked in the tertiary sector (service industries).The Department of Industries established four industrial areas in and around Bhubaneswar, in the Rasulgarh, Mancheswar, Chandaka, and Bhagabanpur areas. Industrial sector in Bhubaneswar includes paper, steel, automobile, food, pharma and electronics industries. A large number of companies including Odisha State Cooperative Milk Producers' Federation, Bharat Biotech, Topaz Solar, Britannia Industries, SMS Group and Jockey International have there manufacturing plant.In 2009, Odisha was ranked ninth among Indian states in terms of software export by NASSCOM, with most IT/ITES companies established in Bhubaneswar. In 2011\u201312, Odisha had a growth rate of 17% for software exports. According to a 2012 survey, among the tier-2 cities in India, Bhubaneswar has been chosen as the best for conducting IT/ITES business. The government fostered growth by developing of IT parks such as Infocity-1, Infovalley, STPI-Bhubaneswar and JSS STP. Infocity was conceived as a five-star park, under the Export Promotion Industrial Parks (EPIP) Scheme to create infrastructure facilities for setting up information technology related industries. Infosys and Tech Mahindra have been present in Bhubaneswar since 1996. Other software companies, firms and Multinational Companies include Tata Consultancy Services, Wipro, IBM, Genpact, Firstsource, Mindtree, MphasiS, Ericsson, Semtech, Reliance Communications, PricewaterhouseCoopers , Bharti Airtel, DLF (company), Capgemini and Deloitte. It also houses the headquarters of POSCO India, a subsidiary of South Korean conglomerate POSCO and Govt. of India owned National Aluminium Company(NALCO). Apart from the big multinationals, some 300 small and mid-size IT companies and business startups have offices in Bhubaneswar."}, {"Context": "Bhubaneswar Population", "Knowledge": "ORG IIT Kharagpur, LOC Bhubaneswar, LOC India", "Response": "As per the 2011 census of India, Bhubaneswar had a population of 837,737, while the metropolitan area had a population of 881,988. As per the estimate of IIT Kharagpur, which made a development plan, the Bhubaneswar\u2013Cuttack Urban complex, consisting of 721.9 square kilometres (278.7 sq mi), has a population of 1.9 million (as of 2008). As of 2011, the number of males was 445,233, while the number of females were 392,504. The decadal growth rate was 45.90 per cent."}, {"Context": "Bhubaneswar Literacy", "Knowledge": "LOC Bhubaneswar", "Response": "Effective male literacy was 95.69 per cent, while female literacy was 90.26 per cent. About 75,237 were under six. Bhubaneswar's literacy rate is 93.15 per cent\u2014significantly higher than the national average of 74.04 per cent."}, {"Context": "Bhubaneswar Language", "Knowledge": "LOC Andhra Pradesh, LOC Rajasthan, LOC Bhubaneswar, LOC Jharkhand, LOC Odias, LOC West Bengal, LOC Bihar", "Response": "The main language spoken in the city is Odia. However, English and Hindi are understood by most residents. Although Odias comprise the vast majority, migrants from other states like Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Rajasthan and Jharkhand also dwell in the city. Growth in the information technology industry and education sector in Bhubaneswar changed the city's demographic profile; likely infrastructure strains and haphazard growth from demographic changes have been a cause of concern."}, {"Context": "Bhubaneswar Religion", "Knowledge": "LOC Bhubaneswar", "Response": "Bhubaneswar is a very religiously diverse city. Hindus form the majority in the city with more than 95% of the total population, as of 2011 Census of India. Muslims forms the second largest minority with 3.3% and Christians with 0.92%. There is also a significant minority population of Sikhs, Buddhists and Jains."}, {"Context": "Bhubaneswar Civic Administration", "Knowledge": "ORG Orissa Municipal Corporation, ORG Notified Area Committee, ORG Bhubaneswar Municipal Corporation, ORG PR & Communication, ORG BMC, LOC Bhubaneswar, ORG High Court", "Response": "The Bhubaneswar Municipal Corporation (BMC) oversees and manages civic infrastructure for the city's 67 wards. It started as a Notified Area Committee in 1946 and was upgraded to a municipal corporation in 1994. Orissa Municipal Corporation Act, 2003 is the governing act. Residents of each ward elect a corporator to the BMC for a five-year term. Standing committees handle urban planning and maintain roads, government-aided schools, hospitals and municipal markets.As Bhubaneswar's apex body, the corporation discharges its functions through the mayor-in-council, which comprises a mayor, a deputy mayor and other elected members. The executive wing is headed by a Commissioner. There are 13 administrative departments under BMC: PR & Communication, Disaster Management, Finance, Health & Sanitation, Engineering, Revenue & Tax, Electrical, Environment, Social Welfare, IT and Social Projects, Establishment, Land & Assets, Enforcement & Recovery. The responsibilities of the municipal body include drainage and sewerage, sanitation, solid waste management and street lighting.The tenure of the last elected body ended in January 2019 and new elections have not taken place yet, because the High Court struck down the delimitation process that was carried out for exceeding 50% reservations of seats. Ward committees have been formed in Bhubaneswar and are very active. The Committees are responsible for issues such as public health, sanitation, street lighting and conservancy in their respective wards. There is no fixed number of members in the committees.\nThe processes for the municipal budget 2020\u201321 was initiated in February 2020, but it is unclear if they have continued after the lockdown was announced. The budget for 2020\u201321 was supposed to be aroound Rs. 700, an increase of 51.8% from the 2019\u201320 budget. The increase was supposedly to fund the various socio-economic welfare schemes in the city. The key revenue sources for BMC are: Holding Taxes, tax from advertisements, rent from municipal properties such as markets, shopping complexes, and kalyan mandaps (marriage halls), fees and user charges, and grants from state and central governments."}, {"Context": "Bhubaneswar Lok Sabha and Vidhan Sabha Constituencies", "Knowledge": "LOC Bhubaneswar Central, LOC North, LOC India, PER Aparajita Sarangi, LOC Central, ORG Vidhan Sabha, LOC Bhubaneswar, LOC Bhubaneswar North, ORG Biju Janata Dal, PER Ananta Narayan Jena, PER Ashok Chandra Panda, ORG Lok Sabha, LOC Ekamra, PER Susant Kumar Rout, ORG Bharatiya Janata Party", "Response": "Citizens of Bhubaneswar elect one representative to India's lower house, the Lok Sabha, and three representatives to the state legislative assembly, through the constituencies of Bhubaneswar North, Ekamra-Bhubaneswar, and Bhubaneswar Central. The last Lok Sabha election was in 2019, when Aparajita Sarangi from Bharatiya Janata Party won the seat. The last state assembly election took place in 2019 as well, when all three Vidhan Sabha seats in Bhubaneswar were won by Biju Janata Dal: Susant Kumar Rout from North, Ashok Chandra Panda from Ekamra, and Ananta Narayan Jena from Central."}, {"Context": "Bhubaneswar Judicial and Police Institutions", "Knowledge": "ORG IPS, ORG Odisha Legislative Assembly, LOC Bhubaneswar, LOC Cuttack, ORG Government of Odisha, ORG Sessions Court, ORG District Civil Court, ORG Court of Small Causes, PER S. K. Priyadarshi, ORG \u2013 Cuttack Police Commissionerate", "Response": "As the seat of the Government of Odisha, Bhubaneswar is home to the Odisha Legislative Assembly and the state secretariat. Bhubaneswar has lower courts: the Court of Small Causes and the District Civil Court decide civil matters; the Sessions Court rules in criminal cases. The Bhubaneswar\u2013Cuttack Police Commissionerate, established in 2008, is a city police force with primary responsibilities in law enforcement and investigation in the Bhubaneswar-Cuttack area. Shri S.K. Priyadarshi, IPS is the police commissioner."}, {"Context": "Bhubaneswar Public utilities", "Knowledge": "ORG Reliance Jio, ORG Bharti Airtel, ORG Bhubaneswar Municipal Corporation BMC, ORG Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, ORG Engineering Department of BMC, ORG JNNURM, ORG TATA Power, LOC Daya, ORG Public Health Engineering Organisation, LOC Bhubaneswar, ORG BSNL, LOC Kuakhai, ORG Vodafone Idea, LOC Mahanadi, ORG Odisha Fire Service, ORG Central Electricity Supply Utility of Odisha", "Response": "Electricity is supplied by the state-operated Central Electricity Supply Utility of Odisha.  TATA Power as a private entity started Power distribution in the city by the end of 2020. Fire services are handled by the state agency Odisha Fire Service. Drinking water is sourced from the Mahanadi, Kuakhai and Daya rivers. Water supply and sewerage are handled by the Public Health Engineering Organisation. As of 2015, 35% of the city was covered by piped water connections, 1.4% of the households had metered water connection, and the extent of non-revenue water in the city ran to 62.5%. The Engineering Department of BMC creates and maintains roads.\n\n26.7% of the city is covered by sewage network, while more than 50% of the households are dependent on onsite containment systems, such as septic tanks. There is no sewage treatment plant in Bhubaneswar right now, but one is being built using JNNURM funds. The waste from the limited sewage network flows untreated into the Daya river. There is one septage treatment plant for fecal sludge with a capacity of 75 KLD.The municipal corporation is responsible for the solid waste management in the city. The average municipal waste generated in the city is 480 kg/m3 for wet waste and 600 kg/m3 for wet waste. Bhubaneswar Municipal Corporation BMC has introduced door to door collection through battery operated garbage collection vehicle. It is trying to introduce segregation at source by providing two waste bins to every household, one each for dry and wet waste. Landfilling is the most common method of waste disposal in Bhubaneswar. State-owned Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, or BSNL, as well as private enterprises, among them Reliance Jio, Bharti Airtel, Vodafone Idea, are the leading telephone, cell phone and internet service providers in the city."}, {"Context": "Bhubaneswar Education", "Knowledge": "ORG Utkal University Bhubaneswar, LOC India, ORG NISER Bhubaneswar, ORG AIIMS Bhubaneswar, LOC Bhubaneswar, ORG IIT Bhubaneswar, LOC Eastern India, LOC Odisha, LOC Eastern Region, ORG NIFT Bhubaneswar", "Response": "Bhubaneswar is a centre for higher education in the Eastern Region and is considered the education hub of Eastern India with several government and privately funded Universities and colleges. IIT Bhubaneswar, NISER Bhubaneswar, AIIMS Bhubaneswar and NIFT Bhubaneswar are some of the elite institutions of country which are located in the city. Utkal University Bhubaneswar is the oldest university in Odisha and the 17th oldest university in India."}, {"Context": "Bhubaneswar Primary and secondary education", "Knowledge": "ORG CBSE, ORG St. Joseph ' s High School, ORG CHSE, ORG Bhubaneswar Government High School, ORG Badagada Government High School, LOC Unit, ORG Sai International School, LOC Chandrasekharpur, ORG Sainik, ORG Kendriya Vidyalaya No. 1, ORG Loyola School, LOC Odisha, ORG Saheed, ORG BSE, ORG VT, ORG Bhubaneswar Capital High School, LOC Bhubaneswar, ORG DAV Public School, ORG D. A. V. Public School", "Response": "Odia and English are the primary languages of instruction. Schools in Bhubaneswar follow the \"10+2+3\" plan for Regular Graduates and \"10+2+4\" plan for Technical studies. Schools in Bhubaneswar are either run by the state government or private organisations. Students typically enroll in schools that are affiliated with any of the following mediums of education.\n\nBSE, Odisha\nCHSE, Odisha\nCBSE\nCouncil for the Indian School Certificate Examinations\nSCTE&VT, OdishaNotable union government schools in the city include\n\nKendriya Vidyalaya No. 1, Bhubaneswar,\nSainik SchoolNotable state government schools in the city include\n\nBadagada Government High School, Bhubaneswar\nCapital High School, Bhubaneswar\nGovernment High School, Saheed NagarNotable private schools in the city include\n\nDAV Public School, Unit-8, Bhubaneswar,\nD.A.V. Public School, Chandrasekharpur,\nLoyola School, Bhubaneswar,\nSai International School, Bhubaneswar,\nSt. Joseph's High School, Bhubaneswar,"}, {"Context": "Bhubaneswar Higher education", "Knowledge": "ORG Ministry of Human Resource Development, LOC Bhubaneswar, LOC India", "Response": "Several colleges are affiliated with universities or institution based in Bhubaneswar or elsewhere in India. Most offer a wide range of programs in STEM and applied research and are rated highly by the Ministry of Human Resource Development, India."}, {"Context": "Bhubaneswar Engineering and applied sciences institutions", "Knowledge": "ORG IndianOil, ORG Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, ORG Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, ORG Orissa Engineering College, ORG IIIT, LOC Mumbai, ORG National Institute of Science Education and Research, ORG National Institute of Fashion Technology, ORG NIFT, ORG IIT Kharagpur, ORG Eastern Academy of Science and Technology, ORG Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar Institute of Chemical Technology, ORG International Institute of Information Technology, ORG Institute of Physics, ORG IMMT, ORG NISER, ORG Regional Institute of Education, LOC Bhubaneswar, ORG Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, ORG C. V. Raman Global University, ORG RRL", "Response": "C. V. Raman Global University\nCentral Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture\nEastern Academy of Science and Technology\nIndian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar\nInstitute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai (off campus in collaboration with IndianOil and IIT Kharagpur)\nInstitute of Minerals and Materials Technology (IMMT, erstwhile RRL)\nInstitute of Physics\nInternational Institute of Information Technology, Bhubaneswar (IIIT-BBSR or IIIT-BH)\nKalinga Institute of Industrial Technology\nNational Institute of Fashion Technology (NIFT)\nNational Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER)\nOrissa Engineering College\nRegional Institute of Education"}, {"Context": "Bhubaneswar Medical institutions", "Knowledge": "ORG Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, LOC Bhubaneswar, ORG Sum, ORG All India Institute of Medical Sciences Bhubaneswar Hi - Tech Medical College & Hospital, ORG Institute of Medical Sciences, LOC Hospital", "Response": "All India Institute of Medical Sciences Bhubaneswar\nHi-Tech Medical College & Hospital, Bhubaneswar\nInstitute of Medical Sciences and Sum Hospital\nKalinga Institute of Medical Sciences\nRegional Medical Research Center"}, {"Context": "Bhubaneswar Universities", "Knowledge": "ORG Bhuneshwar Branch, ORG EIRC, ORG Regional College of Management Siksha ' O ' Anusandhan Utkal, ORG Odisha State Open University Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, ORG BBSR, ORG University of Culture Utkal University, ORG BH, ORG Xavier UniversityProfessional Institute, ORG Bhubaneswar Chapter, ORG Institute of Chartered Accountants of India, ORG Odisha University of Technology and Research, LOC Bhubaneswar, ORG Birla Global University, ORG International Institute of Information Technology, ORG Institute of Cost Accountants of India, ORG Rama Devi Women ' s University, ORG Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, ORG Centurion University of Technology and Management", "Response": "Birla Global University, Bhubaneswar\nCenturion University of Technology and Management, Bhubaneswar\nOdisha University of Technology and Research\nInternational Institute of Information Technology, Bhubaneswar (IIIT-BBSR or IIIT-BH)\nKalinga Institute of Industrial Technology\nOdisha State Open University\nOdisha University of Agriculture and Technology\nRama Devi Women's University\nRegional College of Management\nSiksha 'O' Anusandhan\nUtkal University of Culture\nUtkal University\nXavier UniversityProfessional Institute\n\nThe Institute of Cost Accountants of India -Bhubaneswar Chapter, Bhubaneswar.\nThe Institute of Chartered Accountants of India-Bhuneshwar Branch of EIRC"}, {"Context": "Bhubaneswar Think tanks / Research institutes", "Knowledge": "ORG Eastern Regional Centre of Indian Institute of Tourism and Travel Management, ORG NCDS, ORG ATC, ORG IATA Authorised Training Centre, ORG IITTM, ORG Nabakrushna Choudhury Centre for Development Studies, LOC Gwalior", "Response": "Nabakrushna Choudhury Centre for Development Studies (NCDS)Tourism education is another field of study emerging. The Eastern Regional Centre of Indian Institute of Tourism and Travel Management (IITTM), the second in the country after Gwalior, was established in 1996. One IATA Authorised Training Centre (ATC) is also located in the city premises. Several regional management educational institutions also have travel and tourism related courses in their curriculum."}, {"Context": "Bhubaneswar Bicycle", "Knowledge": "ORG Bhubaneswar Smart City Limited, ORG Hero Cycles, ORG Mo Cycle, ORG BSCL, PER Naveen Patnaik, ORG CRUT, ORG Capital Region Urban Transport, ORG Hexi, ORG Yulu, ORG Yaana", "Response": "A public bicycle sharing project named Mo Cycle has been started by the Bhubaneswar Smart City Limited (BSCL) and the Capital Region Urban Transport (CRUT). The scheme aims to reduce traffic congestion, promote non-motorized transport in the city and ensure better last mile connectivity. Chief minister Naveen Patnaik in November 2011 inaugurated Mo Cycle.\nAround 400 cycle stands have been set up across the city. Around 2,000 bicycles have been ordered from three companies \u2013 Hexi, Yaana and Yulu. Hexi (from Hero Cycles) will provide 1,000 bicycles and Yaana and Yulu will provide 500 each. The availability of rentals Bicycles are accessed by the Dedicated mobile app \u2013 \"mo app\"."}, {"Context": "Bhubaneswar Bus", "Knowledge": "LOC AH, LOC National, LOC Jharkhand, LOC Chhattisgarh, LOC Asian, LOC NH, LOC Puri, LOC Barmunda, LOC State Highway, LOC West Bengal, ORG Odisha State Road Transport Corporation, ORG Mo Bus, LOC Andhra Pradesh, ORG Capital Region Urban Transport, ORG CRUT, LOC Odisha, LOC NH 203, ORG My Bus, LOC Chennai, LOC Cuttack, LOC Kolkata, LOC Golden, LOC India, LOC Bhubaneswar, ORG OSRTC", "Response": "Internal public transport is maintained by \"Mo Bus (My Bus)\" service administrated by CRUT(Capital Region Urban Transport) along with connecting nearest cities like Cuttack and Puri.\nThe headquarters of the Odisha State Road Transport Corporation (OSRTC) is in Bhubaneswar. The main Bhubaneswar inter-state bus terminus is at Barmunda, 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) from the city centre, from where OSRTC and private operators run buses connecting Bhubaneswar to cities in Odisha and with the neighbouring states of Andhra Pradesh, Jharkhand, West Bengal and Chhattisgarh. Bhubaneswar is connected to the rest of Odisha and India by National Highway-NH 16, which is a part of the Kolkata-Chennai prong of the Golden Quadrilateral, NH 203, State Highway 13 (Odisha) and State Highway 27 (Odisha). Asian Highway- AH 45 passes through the city."}, {"Context": "Bhubaneswar Road", "Knowledge": "LOC Puri, LOC India, ORG Bhubaneswar Development Authority, LOC Baramunda, LOC Odisha, ORG ISBT, LOC Bhubaneswar, ORG Inter State Bus Terminus, LOC Raipur, LOC Ranchi, ORG Mo, LOC Hyderabad, LOC Visakhapatnam, ORG Capital Region Urban Transport Authority, LOC Cuttack, LOC Kolkata, LOC Khordha", "Response": "Bhubaneswar has roads in grid form in the central city. Bhubaneswar has approximately 1,600 kilometres (990 mi) of roads, with average road density of 11.82 square kilometres (4.56 sq mi). Baramunda Inter State Bus Terminus (ISBT) is the major bus terminus in the city from where buses ply to all the districts in Odisha as well as to neighbouring state's cities like Hyderabad, Kolkata, Visakhapatnam, Raipur and Ranchi. City bus service (Mo Bus) runs across Bhubaneswar by Capital Region Urban Transport Authority run by Bhubaneswar Development Authority . A fleet of 300+ buses cover all major destinations including Cuttack, Puri and Khordha. Auto rickshaws are available for hire and on a share basis throughout the city. In parts of the city, cycle rickshaws offer short trips. To ease traffic jams, over-bridges at major road junctions and expansion of roads are under construction. In a study of six cities in India, Bhubaneswar was ranked third concerning pedestrian infrastructure. The city scored 50 points out of a maximum of 100."}, {"Context": "Bhubaneswar Railway Station", "Knowledge": "LOC Barang, ORG East Coast Railway, LOC New Bhubaneswar, LOC Bhubaneswar", "Response": "Bhubaneswar has the following stations:\n\nThe East Coast Railway has its headquarters in Bhubaneswar. Bhubaneswar railway station is one of the main stations of the Indian railway network. It is connected to major cities by daily express and passenger trains and daily service to all metro cities is available from here. However, the station is overloaded by existing traffic. Currently, the station has six platforms. There are plans to add two more platforms.A satellite station New Bhubaneswar railway station is opened near Barang in July 2018 to decongest the existing installation."}, {"Context": "Bhubaneswar Airport", "Knowledge": "LOC Bangalore, LOC Biju Patnaik International Airport, LOC BBI, LOC Odisha, LOC Bhubaneswar, ORG Air India, LOC Delhi, LOC Vishakhapatnam, ORG Indigo, LOC Hyderabad, LOC Chennai, ORG Vistara, ORG AirAsia Berhad, ORG VEBS, LOC Kolkata, LOC Mumbai, ORG AirAsia India, LOC Bhubaneswar Airport", "Response": "Biju Patnaik International Airport (IATA: BBI, ICAO: VEBS) also known as Bhubaneswar Airport, 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) south of the city centre, is the major and sole international airport in Odisha. There are daily domestic flights from Bhubaneswar to Delhi, Hyderabad, Mumbai, Kolkata, Vishakhapatnam, Chennai and Bangalore.The major carriers from Bhubaneswar are Indigo, Vistara, AirAsia Berhad, AirAsia India and Air India. In March 2013, a new domestic terminal with a capacity of handling 30 million passengers per year was inaugurated to handle increased air traffic. On 10 July 2015, the first international flight took off from terminal 2 of Biju Patnaik International Airport."}, {"Context": "Bhubaneswar Culture", "Knowledge": "LOC Udayagiri, ORG Japan Buddha Sangha, PER Ashoka, LOC ISKCON, LOC Muktesvara Temple, LOC Kukutesvara Siva Temple, LOC Dhauli, LOC Ananta Vasudeva Temple, LOC Khandagiri, LOC Cuttack, LOC Rajarani Temple, PER Shiva, LOC Peace Pagoda, LOC India, LOC Ram Mandir, LOC Lingaraja Temple, LOC Bhubaneswar, ORG Ollywood, ORG Kalinga Nippon Buddha Sangha", "Response": "Bhubaneswar is supposed to have had over one thousand temples, earning the tag of the 'Temple City of India'. Temples are made in the Kalinga architectural style with a pine spire that curves up to a point over the sanctum housing the presiding deity and a pyramid-covered hall where people sit and pray.\nFamous temples include Lingaraja Temple, Muktesvara Temple, Rajarani Temple, Ananta Vasudeva Temple. The Kukutesvara Siva Temple is a small, 1000-year-old shrine to Shiva.\nThe twin hills of Khandagiri and Udayagiri, served as the site of an ancient Jaina monastery which was carved into cave-like chambers in the face of the hill. These caves, with artistic carvings, date back to the 2nd century BCE. Dhauli hills has major edicts of Ashoka engraved on a mass of rock and a white Peace Pagoda was built by the Japan Buddha Sangha and the Kalinga Nippon Buddha Sangha in the 1970s. Apart from the ancient temples, other important temples were built in recent times include Ram Mandir and ISKCON.\nBhubaneswar along with Cuttack is the home of the Odia cinema industry, dubbed \"Ollywood\", where most of the state's film studios are situated.\nOdia culture survives in the form of Classical Odissi dance, handicrafts, sand artistry and sculpturing as well as theatre and music. Boundary walls and gardens are increasingly being redone to depict the folk art of the state. Odissi, the oldest of the eight surviving classical dance forms of India can be traced from archaeological evidence from the temples in Bhubaneswar."}, {"Context": "Bhubaneswar Odissi dance", "Knowledge": "ORG Srjan, PER Guru Kelucharan Mohapatra, LOC Bhubaneswar, ORG Odissi, LOC Rabindra Mandapa", "Response": "Odissi dance is generally accompanied by Odissi music. Srjan, the Odissi dance academy founded by Guru Kelucharan Mohapatra, the legendary Odissi dancer is found here. The Rabindra Mandapa in central Bhubaneswar plays host to cultural engagements, theatre and private functions."}, {"Context": "Bhubaneswar Dress and attire", "Knowledge": "LOC Ekamra Haat, LOC Pathani Samanta Planetarium, LOC Regional Museum of Natural History, LOC State Handicrafts Museum, LOC Tribal Research Institute Museum, LOC Ocean World, ORG World Association of Zoos and Aquariums, LOC Odisha State Museum, LOC Regional Plant, LOC Ekamra Kanan, LOC Nandankanan Zoological Park, LOC Odisha, LOC Regional Science Center, LOC State Botanical Garden, LOC Odia, ORG Resource, LOC India, LOC Nicco Park, LOC Center", "Response": "Though Odia women traditionally wear the sari, shalwar kameez and of late, Western attire is gaining acceptance among younger women. Western-style dress has greater acceptance among men, although the traditional dhoti and kurta are seen during festivals.The Odisha State Museum offers archaeological artefacts, weapons, local arts and crafts as well as insights into Odisha's natural and indigenous history. The Tribal Research Institute Museum hosts authentic tribal dwellings created by tribal craftsmen. Nandankanan Zoological Park, located on the northern outskirt of the city, is India's first zoo to join World Association of Zoos and Aquariums. The State Botanical Garden (Odisha) and Regional Plant Resource Center, popularly known as Ekamra Kanan, a park and botanical garden, has a large collection of exotic and regional fauna. The Ekamra Haat is a hand-loom and handicrafts market. Nicco Park and Ocean World are amusement parks. Other museums include Pathani Samanta Planetarium, Regional Museum of Natural History, Regional Science Center and State Handicrafts Museum."}, {"Context": "Bhubaneswar Festivals", "Knowledge": "PER Shiva, PER Vishnu, PER Lingaraja, LOC Mausima Temple, PER Rukuna, LOC India, PER Krishna, LOC Nuakhai, LOC Lingaraja Temple, LOC Odisha, LOC Bhubaneswar, PER Jagannatha, LOC Ashokashtami", "Response": "On the day of Ashokashtami in the month of March or April, the image of Lingaraja (Shiva) and other deities are taken in a procession from Lingaraja Temple to the Mausima Temple, where the deities remain for four days. Hundreds of devotees participate in pulling the temple car that carries the deities, known as Rukuna Ratha. Ratha-Yatra, \"Temple Car Festival,\" is the most important festival in Odisha and Bhubaneswar. The festival commemorates Jagannatha, who is said to have been the incarnation of India's revered deities, Vishnu and Krishna. Durga Puja, held in September\u2013October, is an occasion for glamorous celebrations.As a part of the Ekamra Festival, many cultural sub-festivals take place in January in Bhubaneswar which include Kalinga Mahotsaba (for traditional martial arts), Dhauli-Kalinga Mahotsaba (for classical dance forms), Rajarani Music Festival (for classical music) and Mukteswara Dance Festival (for Odishi dance). Residents engage in khattis, or leisurely chats, that often take the form of freestyle intellectual conversation.Other festivals celebrated include Shivaratri, Diwali, Ganesha Chaturthi, Nuakhai and Saraswati Puja. Eid and Christmas are celebrated by the religious minorities in the city.The Adivasi Mela, held in January, is a fair that displays the art, artefacts, tradition, culture, and music of the tribal inhabitants of Odisha. The Toshali National Crafts Mela, held in December, showcases handicrafts from all over India and from foreign countries. Other important fairs in the city include the Rajdhani Book Fair, Dot Fest and Khandagiri Utsav. Two international literary festivals are held in the city, Kalinga Literary Festival and Mystic Kalinga Festival. In modern times Bhubaneswar hosts a literary festival, the Odisha Literary Fest."}, {"Context": "Bhubaneswar Cuisine", "Knowledge": "LOC Chilika Lake, LOC Lingaraja Temple, LOC Odisha, LOC Ananta Vasudeva Temple", "Response": "Key elements of the city's cuisine include rice and a fish curry known as Machha Jhola, which can be accompanied by desserts such as Rasagola, Rasabali, Chhena Gaja, Chhena Jhilli and Chhena Poda. Odisha's large repertoire of seafood dishes includes various preparations of lobsters and crabs brought in from Chilika Lake.Street foods such as gupchup (a deep-fried cr\u00eape, stuffed with a mix of mashed potatoes and boiled yellow peas, and dipped in tamarind-infused water), cuttack-chaat, dahibara aloo dum (a deep-fried doughnut-shaped lentil dumpling marinated in yogurt-infused water and served alongside potato curry) and bara-ghuguni are sold all over the city. Traditional Oriya food such as dahi-pakhala (rice soaked in water with yogurt and seasonings) which is considered as a body coolant, accompanied by badi chura or saga are consumed during the months of April\u2013June.The abadha of Lingaraja Temple and Ananta Vasudeva Temple served for devotees is considered a vegetarian culinary delight. Other vegetarian dishes are Dalma (made of lentils and vegetables boiled together and then fried with other spices) and Santula (lightly spiced steamed vegetables)."}, {"Context": "Bhubaneswar Sports", "Knowledge": "LOC Infocity, LOC Bhubaneswar Golf Club, ORG FIH, ORG Government of, LOC Delhi, LOC Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology Stadium, ORG HPC, ORG KIIT University, ORG Indian Super League, ORG Odisha, LOC East Coast Railway Stadium, ORG Odisha FC, PER Narindar Batra, LOC Odisha Naval Tata Hockey High Performance Centre, LOC Odisha, LOC Batra, ORG Hockey Ace, LOC Kalinga Stadium, ORG Bhubaneswar Jaguars, LOC Cuttack, LOC Barabati Stadium, LOC KIIT Stadium, ORG Hockey India League, LOC Pune, ORG Kalinga Lancers, LOC India, ORG IOA, LOC Bhubaneswar, ORG Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology University Campus, ORG Tata Steel & Tata Trusts", "Response": "Bhubaneswar's major sporting arena is the Kalinga Stadium, having facilities for athletics, football, hockey, basketball, tennis, table tennis and swimming. It is known for hosting the Odisha Hockey World Cup in November\u2013December 2018. Kalinga Lancers, the sixth franchise of Hockey India League and Odisha FC, a club of Indian Super League, are based in Bhubaneswar with Kalinga Stadium as their home ground. East Coast Railway Stadium, a prominent cricket stadium hosts Ranji Trophy and other matches.Odisha Naval Tata Hockey High Performance Centre, a hockey academy for sub-junior and junior category, has also been set up at Kalinga Stadium after Government of Odisha, Tata Steel & Tata Trusts (Hockey Ace foundation) joined hands to initiate a three-pronged program under the HPC banner of Government of Odisha.The construction of a gallery and stadium renovation is under way. An air-conditioned indoor stadium, with a capacity of 2000 spectators for badminton, volleyball, basketball and table tennis games is also being constructed. Barabati Stadium in Cuttack, Odisha's only venue for international cricket matches, is located around 25 kilometres (16 mi) away. Bhubaneswar has a franchise of Odisha Premier League, Bhubaneswar Jaguars, which started in 2010. Bhubaneswar Golf Club, a nine-hole golf course is situated in Infocity.The Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology Stadium commonly KIIT Stadium is a new multipurpose stadium located as a part of Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology University Campus or KIIT University in Bhubaneswar with a capacity of 40,000 currently.\nThe 2017 Asian Athletics Championships was the 22nd edition of the Asian Athletics Championships. It was held from 6\u20139 July 2017 at the Kalinga Stadium. Bhubaneswar is the third Indian city to host the Asian Athletics Championships, with Delhi being the first, in 1989, and Pune, the second, in 2013.Bhubaneswar is emerging as the new sports capital of India, as the FIH and the IOA president, Narindar Batra, recently stated in a ceremony, while unveiling the new logo for the Indian hockey team jersey, which is sponsored by the government of Odisha. The state, Batra mentioned, provides equal importance and opportunity for all sports such as cricket, football, field hockey, tennis, badminton, chess and many more."}, {"Context": "Bhubaneswar Media", "Knowledge": "ORG The Hindu, ORG Sarthak TV, ORG The Statesman, ORG Asian Age, ORG MBC TV, ORG All India Radio, ORG AIR, ORG Business Standard, ORG Manjari, ORG Sidarth TV, ORG The Times of India, ORG Colors Odia, ORG Odia Age, ORG Samaya, ORG Sambad, ORG Prameya, ORG Samaja, ORG Doordarshan Odia, ORG Saptahika Samaja, ORG Orissa Bhaskara, ORG Naxatra News, ORG The Financial Express, ORG Saptahika Samaya, ORG The Economic Times, ORG Orissa Post, ORG Dharitri, ORG Argus, LOC Cuttack, ORG Tarang TV, ORG Khabara, ORG News 7, LOC India, ORG Pragatibadi, ORG Hindustan Times, ORG The Indian Express, ORG Odisha TV, LOC Bhubaneswar, ORG Kanak TV, ORG Business Line, ORG ETV News Odia, ORG Kadambini", "Response": "The city's widely circulated Odia-language newspapers are Sambad, Dharitri, Pragatibadi, Samaja, News 7, Argus, Khabara, Orissa Bhaskara, Prameya and Samaya. Orissa Post and Odia Age are the English-language newspaper that is produced and published from Bhubaneswar. Other popular English-language newspapers published and sold in Bhubaneswar include The Times of India, The Statesman, Hindustan Times, The Hindu, The Indian Express and the Asian Age. Bhubaneswar has substantial circulation of financial dailies, including The Economic Times, The Financial Express, Business Line and Business Standard. Vernacular newspapers, such as those in the Hindi, Bengali and Telugu languages are read by minorities. Major periodicals based in Bhubaneswar include Saptahika Samaya, Saptahika Samaja and Kadambini.\nAll India Radio, the national state-owned radio broadcaster, airs several AM channels from the radio station located in Cuttack. Bhubaneswar has five local radio stations broadcasting on FM, including two from AIR. India's state-owned television broadcaster Doordarshan Odia provides two free-to-air terrestrial channels, while a mix of Odia, Hindi, English and other regional channels are accessible via cable subscription and direct-broadcast satellite services. Some of the Odia language television channels are Sidarth TV, Manjari, Colors Odia, Sarthak TV and Tarang TV. Odia-language 24-hour television news channels include News 7, Argus, Odisha TV, Kanak TV, ETV News Odia, MBC TV and Naxatra News."}, {"Context": "Bhubaneswar Notable people", "Knowledge": "LOC Bhubaneswar", "Response": "The following are some of the notable people associated (i.e. either born or spent a significant part of their life) with Bhubaneswar:"}, {"Context": "Bhubaneswar Sister cities", "Knowledge": "LOC South Africa, PER Cupertino, LOC California, LOC Bloemfontein, LOC United States", "Response": "Cupertino, California, United States\n Bloemfontein, South Africa"}, {"Context": "Bhuj Introduction", "Knowledge": "LOC Kutch District, LOC Bhuj, LOC Gujarat, LOC India", "Response": "Bhuj (pronunciation ) is a Municipality and District Headquarters of Kutch District in the state of Gujarat, India."}, {"Context": "Bhuj Etymology", "Knowledge": "PER Bhujanga, PER Bheria, LOC Bhuj, PER Naga, PER Bhujang, PER Bheria Kumar, LOC N\u0101ga, LOC Kutch, PER Sagai, PER Sheshapattana, LOC Bhujia Hill", "Response": "According to legend, Kutch was ruled by the N\u0101ga chieftains in the past. Sagai, a queen of Sheshapattana, who was married to King Bheria Kumar, rose up against Bhujanga, the last chieftain of Naga. After the battle, Bheria was defeated and Queen Sagai committed sati. The hill where they lived later came to be known as Bhujia Hill and the town at the foothill as Bhuj. Bhujang was later worshiped by the people as snake god, Bhujanga, and a temple was constructed to revere him."}, {"Context": "Bhuj History", "Knowledge": "LOC Bhuj, PER Rao Khengarji I, PER Rao, LOC Bhujia Fort, LOC Maharashtra, LOC Suleiman Nagar, PER Hansraj, PER Fateh Muhammad, PER Alexander Burnes, PER Rao Rayadhan III, LOC Bombay, PER Rao Hamir, PER Rao Deshalji I, PER Vikram Samvat, PER Meghji Seth, LOC Gujarat, PER Devkaran Seth, PER William Keir, LOC India, LOC Bhujia, PER Sarbuland Khan, PER Mian Ghulam Shah Kalhoro, LOC Kutch, PER Rao Godji I, LOC Kutch State", "Response": "Bhuj was founded by Rao Hamir in 1510 and was made the capital of Kutch by Rao Khengarji I in 1549. Its foundation stone as state capital was formally laid on Vikram Samvat 1604 Maagha 5th (approx. 25 January 1548). From 1590 onwards, when Rao was forced to acknowledge the Mughal supremacy, Bhuj came to be known as Suleiman Nagar amongst Muslims. The city's walls were built by Rao Godji I in 1723, and the Bhujia Fort by Devkaran Seth in Rao Deshalji I's time (1718 - 1741).Bhuj has been attacked six times. In two instances, the defense was successful and in four other instances, the defense failed. In 1728, an attack by Sarbuland Khan, Mughal Viceroy of Gujarat, was repulsed by Rao Deshalji I, and, in 1765 Mian Ghulam Shah Kalhoro was, by a timely display of the strength of the fortifications, induced to withdraw. During the civil troubles of the reign of the Rao Rayadhan III, Bhuj was thrice taken, by Meghji Seth in 1786, by Hansraj in 1801, and by Fateh Muhammad in 1808. On 26 March 1819, the hill fort of Bhujia was captured by a British detachment under Sir William Keir.In 1818, Bhuj had a population of 20,000 people. The earthquake on 16 June 1819 destroyed nearly 7000 houses with a loss of an estimated 1140 human lives. About one-third of the buildings that escaped ruin were heavily damaged, and the north face of the town wall was leveled with the ground.\nThe British garrison at Bhuj peaked in 1826 with nearly 1400 British troops (685 infantry, 543 dragoons, 90 foot artillery and 74 horse artillery) supported by over 5000 Indian soldiers. Amongst the highest profile British figures during this time was Alexander Burnes who was based here between 1826 and 1829.\nIn 1837, Bhuj is said to have had a population of 30,000, including 6,000 Muslims.After independence of India in 1947, Kutch State acceded unto the dominion of India and was constituted an independent commissionaire, Kutch State. In 1956, Kutch State was merged with Bombay state, which in 1960 was divided into the new linguistic states of Gujarat and Maharashtra, with Kutch becoming part of Gujarat state as Kutch district. Bhuj is the district headquarters of Kutch District, the largest district in India.\nOn 21 July 1956 as well as on 26 January 2001, the city suffered great losses of life and property due to earthquakes. Many parts of Bhuj were demolished due to the extensive damage, whilst others were repaired. There has been great progress in rebuilding the City since the 2001 earthquake, with considerable improvements to roads, transportation, and infrastructure.\nBhuj is home to one of the first Swaminarayan Sampraday temples, built in 1822. Bhuj temple is one of the six original temples built during the earthly presence of the Lord Swaminarayan. The devotees living in Bhuj including Gangaram Mull, Sundarji Suthar and Hirji Suthar requested Lord to construct a temple at Bhuj. Lord instructed Vaishnavanand Swami to construct the temple, and Lord himself installed the murti of Lord NarNarayan Dev in Bhuj on VS 1879 on the 5th day of the bright half of the month of Vaishakh (Friday 15 May 1823 AD)."}, {"Context": "Bhuj Geography", "Knowledge": "LOC Bhuj, LOC Madhapar, LOC Bhujia Fort, LOC \u0aa6\u0ac7\u0ac7\u0ac7\u0ab6\u0ab3\u0ab8\u0ab0, LOC Hamirsar, LOC Bhujia Hill, LOC Deshadsar, LOC Asia", "Response": "Bhuj has an average elevation of 110 metres (360 feet). On the eastern side of the city is a hill known as Bhujia Hill, on which there is a Bhujia Fort, that separates Bhuj city and Madhapar town ( considered one of the richest villages in Asia ). It has two lakes namely Hamirsar and Deshadsar (\u0aa6\u0ac7\u0ac7\u0ac7\u0ab6\u0ab3\u0ab8\u0ab0)."}, {"Context": "Bhuj Climate", "Knowledge": "LOC Bhuj, LOC Pilbara, LOC Western Australia, LOC Line Islands, LOC Cape Verde, LOC Northeastern Brazil, LOC Kiribati", "Response": "Bhuj has a borderline hot desert climate (K\u00f6ppen BWh) just short of a hot semi-desert climate (BSh). Although annual rainfall \"averages\" around 330 millimetres or 13 inches the variability is among the highest in the world with coefficient of variation of around sixty per cent \u2013 among the few comparably variable climates in the world being the Line Islands of Kiribati, the Pilbara coast of Western Australia, the sert\u00e3o of Northeastern Brazil, and the Cape Verde islands. Recorded annual rainfall has been as low as 21.9 millimetres or 0.86 inches in 1899 \u2013 yet in 1926 a total of 1,177.1 millimetres or 46.34 inches fell and in the incomplete year of 1959 rainfall exceeded 1,160 millimetres or 45.67 inches, of which 730.6 millimetres or 28.76 inches fell during Bhuj's wettest-ever month of July 1959.\nApart from the cool mornings of the \"winter\" season from December to February, temperatures are very warm to sweltering throughout the year, which further reduces the effectiveness of the erratic monsoonal rainfall. During the \"hot\" season from mid-March to mid-June, temperatures of 40 \u00b0C or 104 \u00b0F are frequent, whilst during the monsoon season they exceed 34 \u00b0C or 93.2 \u00b0F with high humidity except during rainy spells accompanied by cooler temperatures but oppressive humidity."}, {"Context": "Bhuj Places of interest", "Knowledge": "LOC Bhuj, ORG Bhachau Hwy Opp. Anchor Company, LOC Sharadbaug Palace, LOC Smritivan, LOC Bharatiya Sanskriti Darshan Museum Swaminarayan temple Bhujia Fort, LOC Vaniyavad, LOC Pannah Masjid, LOC Chhathi Bari, LOC Bhujodi, ORG Chhatardi Ramkund Mohammad, LOC Prag Mahal, LOC Sarpat, LOC Patvadi, LOC Bhujia Hill, LOC Hamirsar Lake Kutch Museum, LOC Mahadev, LOC Bhuj -, LOC Centre, LOC Ajarakhpur, LOC Bhid, ORG Living and Learning Design Centre, LOC Aina Mahal, LOC Hill Garden Trimandir Tapkeshwari Temple Vande Mataram Memorial", "Response": "The Fort: The old city was surrounded by a fort wall with five major gates (Mahadev, Patvadi, Sarpat, Bhid and Vaniyavad) and one small gate known as Chhathi Bari (sixth window). The fort wall is 35 feet high and four feet thick, and during its use was armed with fifty-one guns. Much of the fort wall has either fallen down or been demolished, due to the damage sustained in the 2001 earthquake and the city's redevelopment.\nHamirsar Lake\nKutch Museum\nPrag Mahal\nAina Mahal\nSharadbaug Palace\nChhatardi\nRamkund\nMohammad Pannah Masjid\nBharatiya Sanskriti Darshan Museum\nSwaminarayan temple\nBhujia Fort and Smritivan on Bhujia Hill\nRegional Science Centre\nHill Garden\nTrimandir\nTapkeshwari Temple\nVande Mataram Memorial at village Bhujodi near Bhuj\nLiving and Learning Design Centre at Bhuj - Bhachau Hwy Opp. Anchor Company, Ajarakhpur, Bhuj"}, {"Context": "Bhuj Demographics", "Knowledge": "LOC Bhuj, LOC Western Bhuj", "Response": "In 2011 the population of Bhuj was 213,514, which consisted of 111,146 males and 102,368 females. A 2003 source reported that 24% of Bhuj's population was Muslim.The slums of Bhuj are inhabited primarily by Muslims, Dalits and other minorities. For example, in the slums of Western Bhuj, an estimated 80% of the population is Muslim."}, {"Context": "Bhuj Culture", "Knowledge": "LOC Hamirsar Lake, LOC Bhuj, LOC India, LOC Kutch, LOC Jubilee Ground", "Response": "Bhuj is a famous destination within India for observing the historic craftsmanship of the Kutch region, including the textile crafts of bandhni (tie-dye), embroidery, and leatherwork. Artists of nearby villages bring their artwork for sale in 'Bhuj Haat', which is situated near Jubilee Ground. Locals often visit Hamirsar Lake for relaxation in natural surroundings.\nBhuj is also famous for its regional cuisine, especially Pakvans, chikki, Kutchhi Dabeli, (a vegetarian burger made with mashed potato, cooked with masala curry and chutneys), and regional Gujarati sweets."}, {"Context": "Bhuj Media and communications", "Knowledge": "LOC Bhuj, ORG All India Radio", "Response": "State-owned All India Radio has a local station in Bhuj which transmits various programmes. Local TV channels and newspapers are the most popular media."}, {"Context": "Bhuj Education", "Knowledge": "ORG Alfred High School, LOC Bhuj, ORG Little Steps Montessori School, ORG Montessori School, ORG Krantiguru Shyamji Krishna Verma Kachchh University, PER Kutch, LOC Kutch, PER Tera", "Response": "Alfred High School, the first high school of Kutch, established in 1870, is also an architectural heritage of the town.\nKrantiguru Shyamji Krishna Verma Kachchh University is located in Bhuj. The university has 41 colleges affiliated, nineteen of which are in Bhuj. The university grants degrees in arts, science, commerce, law education, management, pharmacy, social welfare, medicine and engineering.Little Steps Montessori School is the first Montessori School in Kutch established in the year 2000 by the royal family of Tera-Kutch."}, {"Context": "Bhuj Primary and secondary", "Knowledge": "LOC Bhuj, LOC White House, ORG Matrushree R. D. Varsani, ORG Army Public School Sheth V. D. High School Indira Bai Girls High School, LOC Ashapura Nagar, ORG s, ORG Hope Foundation School, ORG Shree Swaminarayan Vidhyalaya Shishukunj International School, ORG Bhuj Bhuj, ORG Kiddy, ORG Bhuj, PER Kutchi Leva Patel, ORG Matruchhaya Kanya Vidyalay, ORG Kanya, ORG St. Xavier ' s, ORG Airforce Station, ORG Alfred High School, ORG School, ORG Steps, ORG Kendriya Vidyalaya, ORG Army Cantt", "Response": "Matruchhaya Kanya Vidyalay Little Steps Montessori School Bhuj \n\nSt. Xavier's High School, Bhuj\nAlfred High School\nArmy Public School\nSheth V.D. High School\nIndira Bai Girls High School\nHope Foundation School near Ashapura Nagar\nShree Swaminarayan Vidhyalaya\nShishukunj International School\nWhite House Public School\nMatrushree R.D. Varsani high school\nKendriya Vidyalaya No.1, Airforce Station Bhuj\nKendriya Vidyalaya No.2, Army Cantt. Bhuj\nBhuj English School\nKiddy's Campus Nursery and Playhouse.\nShree Kutchi Leva Patel Kanya Vidhyamandir."}, {"Context": "Bhuj Higher education", "Knowledge": "ORG Gujarat Adani Institute of Medical Science", "Response": "Gujarat Adani Institute of Medical Science"}, {"Context": "Bhuj Government Engineering College, Bhuj", "Knowledge": "ORG Shri R. R. Lalan College Sheth D. L. Law College, ORG Government Polytechnic, ORG J B Thacker Commerce College MEWS College of Management & IT Sanskar Institute of Management & IT, ORG Industrial Training Institute", "Response": "Government Polytechnic\nShri R. R. Lalan College\nSheth D. L. Law College\nIndustrial Training Institute\nJ B Thacker Commerce College\nMEWS College of Management & IT\nSanskar Institute of Management & IT"}, {"Context": "Bhuj Radio Station & Television", "Knowledge": "LOC Bhuj, ORG FM, ORG MW, ORG Studio. Prasar Bharati, ORG Information and Broadcasting Ministry", "Response": "Bhuj has its own Radio Station with Studio. Prasar Bharati under Information and Broadcasting Ministry is operating Radio Studio. MW is available on 1314 kHz and FM is available on 103.7 MHz. There is also terrestrial DD channel available. DD National and DD Girnar available."}, {"Context": "Bhuj Transportation", "Knowledge": "LOC Bhuj, LOC Moradabad, LOC Delhi, LOC Kharagpur, LOC Mumbai, LOC Bareilly, ORG ST, LOC Ajmer, LOC Hapur, ORG Air India, LOC Vadodara, LOC Gujarat, LOC Kolkata, LOC Pune, LOC Surat Mumbai, LOC India, LOC Gaziabad, LOC Jaipur, LOC Ujjain, LOC Ahmedabad, LOC Kandla Airport", "Response": "Bhuj is connected to Ahmedabad, Vadodara, Surat Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Pune, Gaziabad, Jaipur, Ajmer, Hapur, Moradabad, Bareilly, Kharagpur, Ujjain and other cities within India by railway.  The city has a domestic airport, from which daily flights connect to Mumbai with flights operated by Air India. State Transport buses are available from the ST stand in the middle of the town to various places in Gujarat. Additionally, many private tour operators also run frequent buses to major cities within and outside of the state of Gujarat. Kandla Airport is 53 km from Bhuj. The city may be navigated by the city bus and auto rickshaw."}, {"Context": "Bidar Introduction", "Knowledge": "LOC Archaeological Map, LOC Bidar Metropolitan, LOC Bidar, LOC India, ORG IAF Station, ORG Department of Archaeology, Museums and Heritage, LOC SH4, LOC Bidar City, LOC Maharashtra, LOC Karnataka, LOC Deccan, LOC Bollywood, LOC Telangana, LOC Bangalore", "Response": "Bidar (/bi\u02d0d\u032a\u0259r/) is a city in the north-eastern part of Karnataka state in India. It is the headquarters of Bidar district, which borders Maharashtra and Telangana. It is a rapidly urbanising city in the wider Bidar Metropolitan area. The city is well known for its many sites of architectural, historical and religious importance. Bidar City have a population of more than 2 lakh and are likely to get upgraded to municipal corporation in the next 5 years.\nBeing located at the farthest of around 700 km (430 mi) from the state capital Bangalore, it has been neglected by the state government for a long time. However, owing to its rich heritage, the city has a prominent place on the Archaeological Map of India. Picturesquely perched on the Deccan plateau, the Bidar fort is more than 500 years old and still standing strong. According to the book \"Bidar Heritage\" published by the state Department of Archaeology, Museums and Heritage, of the 61 monuments listed by the department, about 30 are tombs located in and around Bidar city., explaining its nickname, \"City of Whispering Monuments\". The heritage sites in and around Bidar have become the major attraction for film shooting in recent years, with Bollywood making visits apart from Kannada film industryBidar is home for the second biggest Indian Air Force training centre in the country. The IAF Station Bidar is used for advanced jet training of prospective fighter pilots on BAe Hawk aircraft.Bidar city is known for its Bidri handicraft products, and its rich history. Bidar is also considered one of the holiest place for Sikh pilgrimage. Unlike other places in the region, Bidar is the coldest and wettest place in north Karnataka. For the year 2009\u201310, Bidar was ranked 22nd among the cleanest cities in India, and 5th cleanest in Karnataka. SH4 passes through Bidar and the whole city is integrated with 4 lane road."}, {"Context": "Bidar Etymology", "Knowledge": "LOC Vidharba, LOC Bahmani Sultanate, PER Raja Bhima, LOC Bidar, PER Damayanti, PER Nala, PER Firishta, LOC Vidarbha, LOC Muhammadabad, PER Vidura, PER Daughter of, LOC Viduranagara", "Response": "The name of Bidar appears to be derived from \u2018bidiru\u2019, which means bamboo.Legend has associated Bidar with the ancient kingdom of Vidarbha, to which references are found in early Hindu literature like Malavikagnimitra, Mahabharata, the Harivamsa, Bhagavata, and a few other Puranas.:\u200a3\u200a  Its association can be seen apparently on account of the similarity in names Bidar and Vidarbha. This has been mentioned in Firishta's writings.\nThe traditional tales reveal that Vidura lived here; hence the place was earlier called Viduranagara and also as the place where Nala and Damayanti (Daughter of Raja Bhima, the King of Vidharba) were meeting.Bidar under the rule of the Bahmani Sultanate was known as Muhammadabad."}, {"Context": "Bidar History", "Knowledge": "PER Kadambasand Chalukyas, LOC Bidar, LOC Delhi Sultanate, ORG Bahmanids, PER Ahmed Shah Wali Bahmani, PER Padshah, LOC Warangal, ORG Bahmanid Dynasty, PER Tughlaq, PER Allauddin Khilji, LOC Devagiri, PER Chalukyas, ORG Mauryan, LOC Kalyanis, ORG Barid Shahi, PER Ahmad Shah I, PER Rashtrakutas, LOC Hasanabad, LOC Deccan, ORG Bahmani dynasty, PER Ulugh Khan, PER Aurangzeb, PER Ala - ud - Din Bahman Shah Bahmani, LOC Bidar Fort, PER Kakatiyas, LOC Kalaburagi, LOC Bijapur Sultanate, LOC Adil Shahis, PER Mahmud Gawan, PER Muhammed - bin - Tughluq, LOC Badami, LOC Vijaynagar Kingdom, ORG Bahmanid dynasty, LOC Bahmani Kingdom, LOC Gulbarga, LOC Kalyana, PER Kalachuris, PER Sultan of Delhi, PER Shah Jahan", "Response": "The recorded History of the city goes back to the third century B.C. when it was a part of the Mauryan Empire. After the Mauryas, Satavahanas, Kadambasand Chalukyas of Badami and later the Rashtrakutas reigned over Bidar territory. The Chalukyas of Kalyana and Kalachuris of Kalyanis also regained the area. For a short period after Kalyani Chalukyas the area of Bidar was under the Seunas of Devagiri and Kakatiyas of Warangal.\nThe Delhi Sultanate invaded the area first by Allauddin Khilji, and later, Muhammed-bin-Tughluq took control of entire Deccan including Bidar. In the middle of the 14th century, the Sultan of Delhi's officers that were stationed in Deccan rebelled and this resulted in the establishment of Bahmanid Dynasty in 1347 A.D. at Gulbarga/Hasanabad (present Kalaburagi). There was frequent warfare between the Bahmanids and the Vijaynagar Kingdom.The history of the present fort at Bidar is attributed to the sultan Ahmed Shah Wali Bahmani, the  sultan of the Bahmani dynasty till 1427, when he shifted his capital from Gulbarga to Bidar since it had better climatic conditions and was also a fertile and fruit-bearing land.  The earliest recorded history of its existence as a small and strong fort is also traced to prince Ulugh Khan in 1322, whereafter it came under the reign of the Tughlaq dynasty.With the establishment of the Bahmanid dynasty (1347), Bidar was occupied by Sultan Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah Bahmani. During the rule of Ahmad Shah I (1422\u20131486), Bidar was made the capital city of Bahmani Kingdom. The old fort was rebuilt and madrasas, mosques, palaces, and gardens were raised. Mahmud Gawan, who became the prime minister in 1466, was a notable figure in the history of Bidar. Bidar remained under the Barid Shahi dynasty until conquest by the Bijapur Sultanate in 1619.\nAurangzeb came to Bidar after his father, Padshah (emperor) Shah Jahan, appointed him the Prince of Deccan. He wrested the Bidar Fort from the Adil Shahis after a 21-day war in 1656. With this, Bidar became a part of the Mughal dynasty for the second time. Bidar was made a subah (imperial top-level province) in 1656, which Telangana Subah was merged into the next year.In 1724, Bidar became a part of the Asaf Jahi Kingdom of the Nizams. Third son of Asaf jah l ( Nizam l ) Mir Sa'id Muhammad Khan, Salabat Jang ruled from Bidar fort from 1751 to 1762, till his brother Mir Nizam Ali Khan Asaf Jah III imprisoned him in this fort, and was killed in Bidar fort on 16 September 1763. Mohammedabad old name of Bidar is also on his name. It was connected to Hyderabad by rail in the early 20th century. After India's independence, in 1956 all Kannada speaking areas were merged to form the Mysore State and Bidar became part of the new Mysore (now Karnataka) state.Ancient Karez System in the city have been recently discovered. The Karez (Qanat) is an underground network of aqueducts for water supply. The Bidar Karez, built in the 15th century, is more than 3 km (1.9 mi) long with 21 air vents. Underground canals, built to connect underground water streams, were meant to provide drinking water to civilian settlements and the garrison inside the Bidar fort. This was necessary in a city where the soil was rocky and drilling wells was difficult."}, {"Context": "Bidar Geography", "Knowledge": "LOC Bidar, LOC Nanded, LOC Nizamabad, LOC Medak, LOC Latur, LOC Gulbarga, LOC Maharashtra, LOC Deccan, LOC Karnataka, LOC Osmanabad, LOC Telangana", "Response": "Bidar is located at 17.9\u00b0N 77.5\u00b0E\ufeff / 17.9; 77.5, lies at a central position in Deccan, a plateau at an elevation of 2300 ft from the sea level.  It has common boundaries with Maharashtra and Telangana which is, with the districts of Nizamabad and Medak in Telangana on the East and the districts of Latur, Nanded and Osmanabad in Maharashtra on the west. On the south lies the district Gulbarga of Karnataka."}, {"Context": "Bidar Geology", "Knowledge": "", "Response": "The upper crust of the plateau is of laterite, a soft porous rock with limonitic surface. This crust varies in depth from 100 ft (30 m) to 500 ft (150 m) and rests on a bed of trap, which is of much harder texture and less pervious to water. The volume of water filtered during the monsoons through the laterite stratum is arrested by the trappean bed, and a nursery of springs is formed whose natural level of effluence is the line of contact of the two strata along the base of the cliffs of the plateau. The water in course of time frets out for itself an orifice and macerates and loosens portions of its rocky channel till a rift is produced. The rift gradually dilates into a ravine, and the ravine expands into a vale.\nThe Karez System is built along a geological fracture. Such fractures are formed at the intersection of laterite and basalt rocks and form lineaments or springs that yield water."}, {"Context": "Bidar Soil", "Knowledge": "", "Response": "Bidar soils are deep (>100 cm), well-drained gravelly red clayey soils developed on plateaus of laterites. They are slightly acid to neutral (pH 6.6) in reaction with low cation exchange capacity. They are highly gravelly soils with gravel content (60 to 10%) that decrease with depth."}, {"Context": "Bidar Climate", "Knowledge": "LOC Karnataka, LOC Bidar", "Response": "The winter season is from November to middle of February. Bidar is one of the coldest cities (by southern standards) in Karnataka as the minimum temperature during winter nights regularly hovers around 11-12 during December, which is the coldest month with mean daily maximum temperature of 27.3 C and mean daily minimum of 13.4 C. From the middle of the February, both day and night temperatures begin to rise rapidly. May is the hottest month with mean daily maximum temperature of 38.8 C and mean daily minimum of 25.9 C. With the withdrawal of southwest monsoon in the first week of October, there is slight increase in day temperature but night temperature decreases steadily. After October, both day and night temperatures decreases progressively. The highest maximum temperature recorded at Bidar was on 8-5-1931(43.3-degree C) and the lowest minimum was on 5-1-1901(2.9-degree C, the lowest temperature ever recorded in Karnataka).Present day Bidar covers an expanse of 5448 square kilometres of land and lies between 17\u00b035' and 18\u00b025' North latitudes and 76\u00b042' and 77\u00b039' east longitudes."}, {"Context": "Bidar Demographics", "Knowledge": "LOC Bidar", "Response": "At the time of the 2011 census, Bidar had a population of 216,020. Bidar city has a sex ratio of 938 females to males and a literacy rate of 85.90%. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes made up 14.11% and 4.73% of the population respectively.\n\nAt the time of the 2011 census, 52.23% of the population spoke Kannada, 33.32% Urdu, 5.54% Marathi, 3.67% Hindi and 3.33% Telugu as their first language."}, {"Context": "Bidar Economy", "Knowledge": "LOC Bidar, LOC Kolhar", "Response": "Once a home to many cottage industries, such as cotton and oil-ginning mills, there are now few industries that draw on local raw materials or skills. Even the well known form of local articrafts, bidri ware, is in a state of decline. Increasing prices of materials, especially silver, and declining sales have meant that many of the hereditary artisans are no longer employed in the production of such ware. Bidar city has a large industrial area known as Kolhar industrial area."}, {"Context": "Bidar Tourism", "Knowledge": "LOC Bidar, ORG State Archaeology Department, LOC India, LOC Rajasthan, ORG Archaeological Survey of India, LOC Fatehpur Sikri, ORG WMF, LOC Deccan, LOC Karnataka, LOC Juna Mahal, PER Bonnie Burnham, LOC New York, PER Salim Chisti", "Response": "Bidar is symbolically described as City of Whispering Monuments. The mountaintop city that served as the capital of medieval Deccan, has 98 monuments of which four national monuments are protected by the Archaeological Survey of India and 14 by the State Archaeology Department, Karnataka.\nBidar earned a place on the World Monument Watchlist 2014. Of the 741 proposals received from 166 countries, 67 sites from 41 countries were finally selected which were announced by WMF president Bonnie Burnham in New York on 8 October 2013. Along with \"the historic city of Bidar\", two other sites in India to figure in the list were the house of Sheikh Salim Chisti in Fatehpur Sikri and Juna Mahal in Rajasthan.\nThe WMF in its current watch site for \"the historic city of Bidar\" says \u2033challenges to the site include a lack of integrated conservation and maintenance, environmental pollution, and the construction of new developments and roadways that encroach on the historic fabric. Current land use regulations also threaten the economic livelihood of many of the city's residents, and it is hoped that revised, context-specific planning policies would both protect Bidar's historic assets while also supporting the future of its local population. It is hoped that Watch-listing will spur documentation and analysis of the city's conditions, followed by policy development and applied conservation interventions that will reveal and maintain Bidar's rich heritage, as well as support a robust and sustainable tourist industry.\u2033"}, {"Context": "Bidar Mahmud Gawan Madrasa", "Knowledge": "LOC Mahmud Gawan Madrasa, LOC India, ORG Archaeological Survey of India, PER Aurangazeb, PER Mahmud Gawan, ORG Madrasa", "Response": "This grandiose madrasa was built by the prime-minister of the Bahmani empire, Mahmud Gawan in the late 15th century. Its only the most imposing building of the Bahmani period, but in its plan and in the general style of its architecture it is a unique monument of its kind in India. The Madrasa, a multi-disciplinary university he set up, which had a library of around 3,000 valuable manuscripts, was severely damaged when gunpowder stored inside the rooms went off during a 27-day siege of the city by Mughal king Aurangazeb in 1656. The Mahmud Gawan Madrasa is protected by the Archaeological Survey of India."}, {"Context": "Bidar Bidar Fort", "Knowledge": "LOC Bidar Fort, PER Ahemd shah, LOC Bidar, LOC Tarkash Mahal, LOC Gagan Mahal, LOC Royal Palace, PER Barid, PER Gumbad Darwaza, LOC Rangeen Mahal, PER Barid Shahi, LOC Rangin Mahal, LOC Takht Mahal, PER Bahamani, LOC Mahal", "Response": "Bidar Fort is considered one of the most formidable forts of the country. Bidar city was distinctly planned and built. The main citadel complex housed the royal places. Mahals and Mosque. Adjoining to this on the southern side, the city was built for the people. Both the citadel complex and city had separate forts for protection the plan of the Bidar city fortification is pentagonal. There are five gateways for entry into the city fort. It is main citadel complex fort which is stronger.\nIt is built on the brink of the plateau. Engineers and architecture of various countries were employed on its design and construction.\nA Museum is preset there having old armor, old sculptures. including many of the ancient stones,\n\nRangeen Mahal, situated in the fort, near Gumbad Darwaza, is unique because of its decoration with coloured tiles and other art work. Wood carving done there is not only precious but also unique. The walls of Mahal are adorned with mother-of-pearl of the finest quality in laid in jet-black stone. Floral patterns and calligraphic text are also depicted here. Stone carving, stucco art are other attractions of this monument. It was rebuilt during Barid Shahi period. The design of this monument represents a blend of both Hindu and Muslim architecture. There are rooms in the basement of the Rangin Mahal.\nTarkash Mahal is said to have been built for Turkish wife of the sultan. From the remains of the decorative work found in the ornamentation of the walls, it can be said that the Mahal was built or extended by the Barid Shahi Sultans who had kept large harem with ladies from different nationalities.The rooms were decorated with stucco work.\nGagan Mahal was originally built by the Bahamani kings and some alterations and additions were made by the Barid Shahi rulers. It has two courts. The outer court was used by the male staff and guards. The inner court also, there are rooms on either side of the covered passage for the accommodation of the guards. The main building of the palace was for the use of the sultan and his harem.\nTakht Mahal, The Royal Palace, was built by Ahemd shah. It was the royal residence. The place was fully decorated with coloured titles and stone carvings part of which can be seen even today. It had two side royal pavilions with lofty arches and a spacious hall at the back of which was the sultan's room. The building had stately dimensions and exquisite surface decoration. The coronations of several Bahamanis and Barid Shahi sultans were held there. From the royal pavilion which is situated behind throne palace one can view the valley and low land below.\nSolah Khamba Mosque (Solah Sutoon Ki Masjid) was built by Qubil Sultani between 1423 and 1424. The mosque derives its name from the 16 pillars that are lined in the front of the structure. Popularly known as the Zanana Masjid, this mosque is about 90 metres long and 24 metres wide. Behind the southern wall of this mosque, there is a large well. Characterised by columns, arches and domes, this mosque is one of the largest in India."}, {"Context": "Bidar Other monuments", "Knowledge": "LOC Jama Masjid, LOC Chaubara, LOC Ashtur, LOC Bidar, LOC Barid Shahi, LOC Bahmani, LOC Chaukhandi, LOC Hazrat Khalil Ullah", "Response": "Chaubara is a tall tower, facing in four directions. This is an old cylindrical tower of 22 meters, height is situated in the centre of Bidar city. It was used as a watchtower, commanding a fine view of the entire plateau from the top. A winding staircase of eight steps leads to the top of the tower, a clock is being placed on top of the tower, can be viewed from all the four directions .\nJama Masjid, a large mosque with no minarets, located near Chaubara.\nBahmani Tombs called as \"Ashtur\", located near \"Chaukhandi of Hazrat Khalil Ullah\" around a distance of 1 km\nBarid Shahi Tombs\nChaukhandi of Hazrat Khalil Ullah"}, {"Context": "Bidar Gurudwara Nanak Jhira Sahib", "Knowledge": "LOC Gurudwara Nanak Jhira Saheb, PER Guru Shri Guru Nanak Dev ji, LOC India", "Response": "Gurudwara Nanak Jhira Saheb is known to be one of Holiest Place For Sikh Devotees in India and is believed that first sikh Guru Shri Guru Nanak Dev ji visited the place during famine in this region."}, {"Context": "Bidar Muslim shrine (Dargah)", "Knowledge": "PER Sufi Hazrat Khaja Banda nawaz, PER Hazrat Khaja Ghareeb Nawaz, LOC Bidar, LOC India", "Response": "Muslim shrines are in Bidar since Mughal empire in India, some of these Sufies are a relatives of world famous Sufi Hazrat Khaja Banda nawaz and Hazrat Khaja Ghareeb Nawaz"}, {"Context": "Bidar Bidri wares", "Knowledge": "LOC London, PER Vijay Mallya, LOC Bidar, ORG Kingfisher, LOC Rajpath, LOC Davos, LOC National Museum, LOC Karnataka, LOC Victoria and Albert Museum, LOC New Delhi, ORG Bidri, PER Rehaman Patel, LOC Indian Museum, LOC Kolkata, ORG Gulbarga University", "Response": "Bidriware, one of the rarest and most intricate art forms is now unique to the city. This native art form has obtained Geographical Indications (GI) registry. The various art forms created by artists from Bidar city centuries ago are now major attractions in museums such as Victoria and Albert Museum, London, the National Museum in New Delhi and Indian Museum in Kolkata.The Karnataka tableau at the 2011 Republic Day Parade at Rajpath in New Delhi featured Bidriware and Bidri artisans from Bidar.\nRehaman Patel did an extensive research in Bidri Art from Gulbarga University. His book in Kannada version (2012) and English version (2017) also published on Bidri Art.\nAll the dignitaries & guests of XIX Commonwealth Games 2010 were presented with mementos hand crafted in Bidri art. This art form is the Union government's choice for souvenirs at the World Economic Forum in Davos. The Kingfisher company owner Vijay Mallya has a bidri dining table with floral designs made of nearly 3.5 kg silver."}, {"Context": "Bidar Rail", "Knowledge": "LOC Vijayawada, PER Narendra Modi, ORG Daily, LOC Bidar, LOC Nanded, LOC Machilipatnam, LOC Latur, LOC Renigunta, LOC Gulbarga, LOC Aurangabad, LOC Sainagar Shirdi, LOC Parbhani Jn, LOC Hyderabad, LOC Manmad, LOC Visakhapatnam, LOC Yeshwantpur, LOC Mumbai, LOC Bangalore", "Response": "Bidar has connectivity with Bangalore, Hyderabad, Sainagar Shirdi, Parbhani Jn, Aurangabad, Latur, Nanded, Manmad, Mumbai, Visakhapatnam, Machilipatnam, Vijayawada and Renigunta (according to railway budget 2014-15) Construction of the Gulbarga-Bidar link is completed which was inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi.\nBidar-Hyderabad inter-city train service became operative in September 2012. A Bidar-Yeshwantpur (Daily) express train and Bidar-LTT Mumbai express train service has been started recently. Another train starting from Bidar through Latur to Mumbai started, which runs on Thursday, Saturday and Sunday."}, {"Context": "Bidar Air", "Knowledge": "LOC Bidar Airport, ORG Force Station, LOC Bidar, LOC India, LOC Domestic Airport, ORG Star Air, LOC BLR, LOC Bidar Air, LOC Karnataka, PER VOBR, LOC IXX, LOC Bangalore", "Response": "Bidar Airport, also known as Bidar Air Force Station, (IATA: IXX, ICAO: VOBR) is a military airbase cum Domestic Airport in Bidar, Karnataka, India.The city is home to an air force station. Star Air operates 3 days a week flight between Bidar (IXX) and Bangalore (BLR)."}, {"Context": "Bidar Road", "Knowledge": "ORG KSRTC, LOC Belgavi, LOC Bengaluru, LOC Davangere, LOC Nanded, LOC Solapur, LOC Kalaburgi, ORG Volvo, LOC Latur, LOC Gulbarga, LOC Mangalore, LOC Hubli, LOC Hyderabad, LOC Mumbai, LOC Udgir, LOC Pune", "Response": "Frequent KSRTC buses to Kalaburgi (Gulbarga), Hyderabad, Latur, Udgir, Nanded, Solapur. Also Volvo services to Bengaluru, Hubli, Belgavi, Davangere, Mumbai, Mangalore and Pune."}, {"Context": "Bidar Education institutions", "Knowledge": "ORG Bidar Institute of Medical Sciences, LOC Bidar, ORG Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University Shaheen Group of Institutions, ORG BRIMS, ORG Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College", "Response": "Bidar Institute of Medical Sciences (BRIMS)\nKarnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University\nShaheen Group of Institutions, Bidar\nGuru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Bidar"}, {"Context": "Bidar Citations", "Knowledge": "", "Response": "This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain."}, {"Context": "Bidar Bibliography", "Knowledge": "PER Ghulam, ORG Pioneer Press, LOC Bidar, LOC Allahabad, PER Yazdani, PER Haig, LOC Deccan, ORG Oxford University Press, PER Major T. W.", "Response": "Haig, Major T. W. (1907). Historic Landmarks of the Deccan. Pioneer Press, Allahabad.\nYazdani, Ghulam (1947). Bidar, Its History and Monuments. Oxford University Press."}, {"Context": "Bikaner Introduction", "Knowledge": "LOC Bikaner, LOC Ganges Canal, LOC India, LOC Rajasthan, LOC Indira Gandhi Canal, LOC Jaipur, LOC Bikaner District, PER Rao Bika", "Response": "Bikaner (pronunciation ) is a city in the northwest of the state of Rajasthan, India. It is located 330 kilometres (205 mi) northwest of the state capital, Jaipur. Bikaner city is the administrative headquarters of Bikaner District and Bikaner division.\nFormerly the capital of the princely state of Bikaner, the city was founded by Rao Bika in 1488 CE and from its small origins it has developed into the fourth largest city in Rajasthan. The Ganges Canal, completed in 1928, and the Indira Gandhi Canal, completed in 1987, facilitated its development."}, {"Context": "Bikaner History", "Knowledge": "LOC Bikaner, PER Rao Jodha, LOC Junagarh Fort, PER Akbar, LOC Jodhpur, PER Bika, LOC Bika, PER Rao Bika, LOC Mahal, LOC Mewar, LOC Burhanpur, PER Rai Singh, PER Karan Singh, LOC Karan Mahal, LOC Rajasthan, PER Jodha, LOC Gujarat, PER Jahangir, LOC Central Asia, LOC Empire, LOC Jangladesh, PER Rai Singhji, LOC Chintamani Durg, LOC Junagarh, LOC Thar Desert", "Response": "Prior to the mid 15th century, the region that is now Bikaner was a barren wilderness called Jangladesh.Rao Bika established the city of Bikaner in 1488. He was the first son of Maharaja Rao Jodha of the Rathore clan, the founder of Jodhpur and conquered the largely arid country in the north of Rajasthan. As the first son of Jodha he wanted to have his own kingdom, not inheriting Jodhpur from his father or the title of Maharaja. He therefore decided to build his own kingdom in what is now the state of Bikaner in the area of Jangladesh. Though it was in the Thar Desert, Bikaner was considered an oasis on the trade route between Central Asia and the Gujarat coast as it had adequate spring water. Bika's name was attached to the city he built and to the state of Bikaner (\"the settlement of Bika\") that he established. Bika built a fort in 1478, which is now in ruins, and a hundred years later a new fort was built about 1.5 km from the city centre, known as the Junagarh Fort.Around a century after Rao Bika founded Bikaner, the state's fortunes flourished under the sixth Raja, Rai Singhji, who ruled from 1571 to 1611. During the Mughal Empire's rule in the country, Raja Rai Singh accepted the suzerainty of the Mughals and held a high rank as an army general at the court of the Emperor Akbar and his son the Emperor Jahangir. Rai Singh's successful military exploits, which involved winning half of Mewar kingdom for the Empire, won him accolades and rewards from the Mughal emperors. He was given the jagirs (lands) of Gujarat and Burhanpur. With the large revenue earned from these jagirs, he built the Chintamani Durg (Junagarh fort) on a plain which has an average elevation of 760 feet (230 m). He was an expert in arts and architecture, and the knowledge he acquired during his visits abroad is amply reflected in the numerous monuments he built at the Junagarh fort.Maharaja Karan Singh, who ruled from 1631 to 1639, under the suzerainty of the Mughals, built the Karan Mahal palace. Later rulers added more floors and decorations to this Mahal. Anup Singh, who ruled from 1669 to 1698, made substantial additions to the fort complex, with new palaces and the Zenana quarter, a royal dwelling for women and children. He refurbished the Karan Mahal with a Diwan-i-Am (public audience hall) and called it the Anup Mahal. Maharaja Gaj Singh, who ruled from 1746 to 1787 refurbished the Chandra Mahal (the Moon Palace).\nDuring the 18th century, there was an internecine war between the rulers of Bikaner and Jodhpur and also amongst other thakurs, which was put down by British troops.Following Maharaja Gaj Singh, Maharaja Surat Singh ruled from 1787 to 1828 and lavishly decorated the audience hall (see illustration) with glass and lively paintwork. Under a treaty of paramountcy signed in 1818, during Maharaja Surat Singh's reign, Bikaner came under the suzerainty of the British, after which the Maharajas of Bikaner invested heavily in refurbishing Junagarh fort.\n\nDungar Singh, who reigned from 1872 to 1887, built the Badal Mahal, the 'weather palace', so named in view of a painting of clouds and falling rain, a rare event in arid Bikaner.\nGeneral Maharaja Ganga Singh, who ruled from 1887 to 1943, was the best-known of the Rajasthan princes and was a favourite of the British Viceroys of India. He was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India, served as a member of the Imperial War Cabinet, represented India at the Imperial Conferences during the First World War and the British Empire at the Versailles Peace Conference. His contribution to the building activity in Junagarh involved separate halls for public and private audiences in the Ganga Mahal and a durbar hall for formal functions. He also built the Ganga Niwas Palace, which has towers at the entrance patio. This palace was designed by Sir Samuel Swinton Jacob, the third of the new palaces built in Bikaner. He named the building Lalgarh Palace in honour of his father and moved his main residence there from Junagarh Fort in 1902. The hall where he held his Golden Jubilee (in 1938) as Bikaner's ruler is now a museum.Ganga Singh's son, Lieutenant-General Sir Sadul Singh, the Yuvaraja of Bikaner, succeeded his father as Maharaja in 1943, but acceded his state to the Union of India in 1949. Maharaja Sadul Singh died in 1950, being succeeded in the title by his son, Karni Singh (1924-1988). The Royal Family still lives in a suite in Lalgarh Palace, which they have converted into a heritage hotel."}, {"Context": "Bikaner Climate", "Knowledge": "LOC Bikaner, LOC Thar", "Response": "Bikaner is situated in the middle of the Thar desert and has a hot desert climate (K\u00f6ppen climate classification BWh) with very little rainfall and extreme temperatures. In summer temperatures can exceed 48 \u00b0C, and during the winter they may dip below freezing.\nThe climate in Bikaner is characterized by significant variations in temperature. In the summer season it is very hot when the temperatures lie in the range of 28\u201353.5 \u00b0C (82.4\u2013128.3 \u00b0F). In the winter, it is fairly cold with temperatures lying in the range of \u22124\u201323.2 \u00b0C (24.8\u201373.8 \u00b0F). Annual rainfall is in the range of 260\u2013440 millimetres (10\u201317 in). The highest ever temerature recorded is 49.5 \u00b0C (121.1 \u00b0F) on 19 May 2016 and lowest ever recorded is \u22124.0 \u00b0C (24.8 \u00b0F) on 26 January 1964."}, {"Context": "Bikaner Demographics", "Knowledge": "LOC Rajasthan, LOC Bikaner, LOC India", "Response": "As of the 2011 Census of India the population of Bikaner city was 644,406 placing it in the top 70 major cities of India and 5th in Rajasthan. The female to male ratio in the city was 904/1,000. The literacy rate in the city was about 79%, male literacy being 87% and female literacy being 71%.\nMajority of the population of the city follows Hinduism, with followers of Islam a large minority. The city has a substantial followers of Jainism."}, {"Context": "Bikaner Transport", "Knowledge": "LOC Indore, LOC National, LOC Bikaner, PER Narendra Modi, LOC Chandigarh, LOC Allahabad, LOC Bilaspur, LOC Alwar, ORG Delhi, LOC Bikaner Railway Station, LOC North Western Railway, LOC Jodhpur, LOC Delhi, ORG Central Bus Stand, LOC Rajasthan State, ORG Indian Railways, LOC Mumbai, LOC Nagaur, LOC Jammu, LOC Bhatinda, LOC Kanpur, LOC Hisar, LOC Puri, LOC Ludhiana, LOC Ajmer, LOC Jalandhar, LOC Churu, LOC Sikar, LOC Nal Airport, LOC Hyderabad, LOC Pathankot, LOC Surat, LOC Haridwar, LOC Sri Ganganagar, LOC Vadodara, LOC Panipat, LOC Rewari, LOC Bengaluru, LOC Bhilwara, LOC Rajasthan, LOC Jaisalmer, LOC Narnaul, LOC Amritsar, LOC Chennai, LOC Coimbatore, ORG Jodhpur State Railway, LOC Kolkata, LOC Pune, LOC Guwahati, ORG JAI, LOC Howrah, LOC Bhubaneswar, LOC Ambala, LOC Jaipur, LOC Baroda, LOC Barmer, LOC Ahmedabad, LOC Ratangarh, LOC Thiruvananthapuram, LOC Agra", "Response": "Bikaner railway station is a major railway junction in the North Western Railway zone of Indian Railways. The first railway link to Bikaner was established on 9 December 1891 as part of Jodhpur State Railway and it has undergone many administrative modifications since then.\nToday Bikaner Railway Station is efficiently well connected to National Capital Delhi and Rajasthan State's capital Jaipur along with major Indian cities like Jodhpur, Sri Ganganagar, Rewari, Howrah, Kolkata, Mumbai, Kanpur, Agra, Allahabad, Surat, Ahmedabad, Vadodara, Pathankot, Bhatinda, Amritsar, Haridwar, Jammu, Chandigarh, Pune, Hisar, Bengaluru, Chennai, Hyderabad, Guwahati, Puri, Coimbatore, Thiruvananthapuram, Bhubaneswar, Bilaspur, Indore, Jalandhar, Baroda, Ratangarh, Jaisalmer, Barmer, Alwar, Nagaur, etc.\nBikaner is well served with roads and is linked directly to Delhi, Jaipur, Agra, Sri Ganganagar, Jodhpur, Alwar, Rewari, Narnaul, Ludhiana, Bhatinda, Ambala, Panipat, Surat, Ahmedabad, Ajmer, Haridwar, Jaisalmer, Bhilwara, Churu, Sikar and many other cities. \nCentral Bus Stand is the main bus station in Bikaner. It connects Bikaner to other cities in Rajasthan and nearby states via road.\nBikaner has Domestic Civil Airport Nal Airport which is located 15 km west of the city. Regular flights to Jaipur JAI and Delhi DEL commenced in 2017-18 under UDAN scheme of Narendra Modi Govt."}, {"Context": "Bikaner Cuisine", "Knowledge": "LOC Bikaner", "Response": "The city is most famous for its savoury snack Bikaneri bhujia which is sold all over the world and also have geographical indication (GI) tag to keep its originality intact. Other special food items for which Bikaner is well known are Bajre ki Roti (Chapati made up of Pearl millet flour), Dal baati Churma, Ghevar, Halvas, Papads/Papadum, Rasgulla, Gulab Jamun, Kachori and Samosa."}, {"Context": "Bikaner Junagarh Fort", "Knowledge": "LOC Bikaner, LOC Chintamani, PER Raja, LOC Junagarh Fort, LOC Rajasthan, PER Rai Singh, PER Karni Singh", "Response": "The Junagarh Fort was built around 1594 CE by Raja Rai Singh. The fort was originally called Chintamani. It is one of the few major forts in Rajasthan which was not built on hilly terrain. The modern city of Bikaner has developed around the fort. The fort is studded with temples, grand palaces and huge pavilions and walls. In 1961, a museum was set up by Maharaja Karni Singh. Its temples and palaces are preserved as museums and provide insight into the grandiose living style of the past Maharanas of Rajasthan."}, {"Context": "Bikaner Laxmi Niwas Palace", "Knowledge": "PER Samuel Swinton Jacob, LOC Bikaner, LOC Laxmi Niwas Palace, PER Ganga Singh", "Response": "The Laxmi Niwas Palace is a former residential palace built by Maharajah Ganga Singh, the ruler of the former state of Bikaner. It was designed by the British architect, Samuel Swinton Jacob in the year 1902. The style of architecture is Indo-Saracenic. It is now a luxury Heritage hotel owned by the royal family of Bikaner."}, {"Context": "Bikaner Rao Bikaji's Fort", "Knowledge": "PER Rao Bikaji, LOC Junagarh Fort, LOC Bikaji Ki Tekri", "Response": "Rao Bikaji's first fort, 'Bikaji Ki Tekri' built in 1478 is now in ruins. A hundred years later a new fort was built about 1.5 km from the city centre, named Junagarh Fort."}, {"Context": "Bikaner Karni Mata Temple", "Knowledge": "LOC Bikaner, LOC \u0915\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u093e ) Temple, PER Durga, LOC Karni Mata, LOC Rajasthan, LOC Jodhpur, PER Karni, PER Karni Mata, LOC Rat Temple, LOC Deshnoke", "Response": "The Karni Mata (\u0915\u0930\u0923\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0924\u093e) Temple or the Rat Temple of Rajasthan is situated around 30 km away from the Bikaner city and is dedicated to goddess Karni Mata, a famous mystic of her times, believed to be an incarnation of goddess Durga. The locals will be quick to point out that the creatures running around in the temple are not rats, they are kaaba. Kaabas are believed to be reincarnations of humans who had been devotees of Karni Mata, and the brevity of human life did not sufficiently satisfy their devotion.\nThe shrine of Karni Mata can be found in the town of Deshnoke 30 km south from Bikaner on the road to Jodhpur. Karni Mata is worshiped as an incarnation of Goddess Durga."}, {"Context": "Bikaner Mukam Bishnoi Temple", "Knowledge": "PER Jambeshwar, PER Guru Jambeshwar, LOC Mukam, ORG Bishnois, LOC Mukam Temple, LOC Mukti Dham Mukam, LOC Nokha", "Response": "The Mukam Temple, also known as Mukti Dham Mukam, is located near Nokha. The Mukam is a holy place of 29 rules of followers of Bishnois. Bishnoi sect was founded by Guru Jambeshwar. Bishnois are quite protective of nature. Mukam Temple is the place where the soul of guru Jambeshwar lies."}, {"Context": "Bikaner Laxminath Temple", "Knowledge": "LOC Bikaner, PER Lord, PER Vishnu, PER Laxmi, LOC Junagarh Fort, PER Maharaja Rao Lunkaran, LOC Shri Laxminath Temple", "Response": "Built by Maharaja Rao Lunkaran, Shri Laxminath Temple is one of the oldest temples in Bikaner and just 4 kilometres away from the famous Junagarh Fort. Lord Vishnu and Goddess Laxmi, grace the sacred sanctum of the temple. The most exquisite artwork inside the temple apart from the shrines is the doorway which is embellished in silver work. Festivals like Janmashtmi, Nirjala Ekadashi, Rama Navami, Diwali and Gita Jayanti are majorly celebrated at the temple."}, {"Context": "Bikaner Bhandasar Jain Temple", "Knowledge": "LOC Bhandasar Jain Temple, PER Bhandasa Oswal", "Response": "Bhandasar Jain Temple is known for its beautiful leaf paintings, frescoes and ornamented mirror work. This temple was constructed by Bhandasa Oswal in the 15th century. This temple is constructed using red sandstone with beautiful paintings on walls and pillars of the sanctum and mandapa. The temple is dedicated to the 5th Tirthankara sumatinatha. The temple consist of garbhagriha, antarala, mahamandapa, and ardhamandapa."}, {"Context": "Bikaner Wildlife", "Knowledge": "LOC Bikaner, LOC Gajner Wildlife Sanctuary, LOC Jorbeer, LOC Turkey, LOC Spain", "Response": "A variety of wild animals including various birds, mammals and reptiles are found in Bikaner's Semi-Arid climate. Initiatives are being taken to bring back the number of vultures which have dwindled at a staggering rate before. There are around 600 resident vultures at Jorbeer. The region is host to another 1200 migratory vultures. Local varieties include Egyptian and King Vultures. The most common migratory vulture is Eurasian Griffon coming from Spain and Turkey. Other migratory vultures include Cinereous and Himalayan Griffons.Saw-scaled Viper is also natively found in Bikaner.Gajner Wildlife Sanctuary is located 32 km west of the Bikaner city."}, {"Context": "Bikaner National Research Centre on Camels, Bikaner", "Knowledge": "PER Maharaja Ganga Singh, LOC Bikaner, ORG BSF, ORG Bikaner Camel Corps, ORG Indian Council of Agricultural Research, ORG Independent India, ORG National Research Centre on Camels, ORG Central Government, LOC Indian State of Bikaner", "Response": "National Research Centre on Camels was established in 1984 in Bikaner by the Central Government under Indian Council of Agricultural Research at the outskirts of Bikaner city to promote research and development related to camels such as effective breeding, utilisation of camel milk. Scientists engage with all stakeholders like Camel herders, traders via collaborative programmes and significant growth had been made. A camel museum is available to apprise them of the developmental and research aspects of the camel in the desert ecosystem. Maharaja Ganga Singh of the Indian State of Bikaner founded Bikaner Camel Corps around 1890 and became a part of the BSF in Independent India."}, {"Context": "Bikaner Cow sanctuary", "Knowledge": "LOC Rajasthan, LOC Bikaner, ORG Ministry of Cow Husbandry, LOC Amarpura", "Response": "The Rajasthan government has decided to set up its first cow sanctuary in Bikaner. It has a dedicated Ministry of Cow Husbandry. The sanctuary is likely to be set up near Amarpura village, about 70 km from Bikaner."}, {"Context": "Bikaner Education", "Knowledge": "LOC Bikaner, ORG Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, ORG Sardar Patel Medical College, ORG Maharaja Ganga Singh University, ORG Government Engineering College Bikaner, ORG Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University, ORG Bikaner Technical University, ORG Government Polytechnic College Bikaner", "Response": "Educational Institutes located in Bikaner are  Sardar Patel Medical College,  Government Engineering College Bikaner, Government Polytechnic College Bikaner, Maharaja Ganga Singh University, Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University, and Bikaner Technical University."}, {"Context": "Bikaner International Camel Festival", "Knowledge": "PER Marwan, PER Bikana, ORG Department of Tourism, Art and Culture", "Response": "International Camel Festival is held every year in January. Organised by the Department of Tourism, Art and Culture, the city celebrates the festival in honour of the \"Ship of the Desert \u2013 The Camel\". \nBeautifully adorned camels and performances by artists from different regions are the key attraction for both domestic and foreign tourists. The event includes spectacular camel performances like Camel dances, Camel races, Neck shaking Camel rides.\nCompetitions like Mr Bikana and Miss Marwan are also held during the festival."}, {"Context": "Bishnupur Introduction", "Knowledge": "LOC Vishnupur, LOC Bishnupur", "Response": "Bishnupur or Vishnupur may refer to:"}, {"Context": "Bishnupur Administrative divisions", "Knowledge": "LOC India, LOC Manipur, LOC India Bishnupur, LOC Bishnupur, LOC West Bengal", "Response": "Bishnupur district in Manipur, India\nBishnupur district, West Bengal in West Bengal, India\nBishnupur subdivision in West Bengal, India"}, {"Context": "Bishnupur Municipal division", "Knowledge": "LOC Siraha, LOC Saptari, LOC Nepal, ORG Bishnupur Rural Municipality", "Response": "Bishnupur Rural Municipality, Saptari, a rural municipal division in Province No. 2, Nepal\nBishnupur Rural Municipality, Siraha, a rural municipal division in Province No. 2, Nepal"}, {"Context": "Bishnupur CD Blocks", "Knowledge": "LOC Bankura, LOC South 24 Parganas district, LOC India, LOC Bishnupur, LOC West Bengal", "Response": "Bishnupur, Bankura (community development block) in Bankura district, West Bengal, India\nBishnupur I - Community development block in South 24 Parganas district, West Bengal, India\nBishnupur II - Community development block in South 24 Parganas district, West Bengal, India"}, {"Context": "Bishnupur Electoral constituencies", "Knowledge": "LOC West Bengal Bishnupur, LOC Bankura, LOC South 24 Parganas, LOC Manipur, LOC India Bishnupur, LOC Bishnupur, LOC West Bengal, ORG Assembly", "Response": "Bishnupur (Lok Sabha constituency) in Bankura district, West Bengal, India\nBishnupur, Bankura (Vidhan Sabha constituency) in West Bengal\nBishnupur, South 24 Parganas (Vidhan Sabha constituency) in West Bengal\nBishnupur (Manipur Legislative Assembly constituency), in Manipur"}, {"Context": "Bishnupur Towns and villages", "Knowledge": "LOC Bankura District, LOC India Vishnupuri, LOC Manipur, LOC Sitamarhi, LOC Maharashtra, LOC Bishnupur District, LOC Bihar, LOC India Vishnupur, LOC Birbhum, LOC North 24 Parganas, LOC Bishnupur, LOC West Godavari, LOC West Bengal, LOC Mandirbazar, LOC Bara, LOC Bankura, LOC South 24 Parganas, LOC Meghalaya, LOC Andhra Pradesh, LOC East Khasi Hills, LOC South Bishnupur, LOC India Vishnupur Ratwara, LOC Nepal Bishnupur, LOC India, LOC Shillong, LOC Nanded, LOC Mahottari, LOC India Bishnupur", "Response": "Bishnupur, Manipur, a town in Bishnupur District, Manipur, India\nBishnupur, Bankura, a town in Bankura District in West Bengal, India, noted for its archaeological importance\nBishnupur, South 24 Parganas a town in South 24 Parganas district in West Bengal, India\nBishnupur, North 24 Parganas, a census town in North 24 Parganas district in West Bengal, India\nBishnupur, Bara, a village in Nepal\nBishnupur, Mahottari, a village in Nepal\nBishnupur, in Shillong taluk, East Khasi Hills district, Meghalaya, India\nSouth Bishnupur (South 24 Parganas), an area in Mandirbazar, West Bengal, India\nVishnupuri, Nanded, a village in Nanded district, Maharashtra, India\nVishnupur Ratwara, a village in Sitamarhi district, Bihar, India\nVishnupur, a village in West Godavari district, Andhra Pradesh, India\nBishnupur, Birbhum, a census town in West Bengal, India"}, {"Context": "Bishnupur Other uses", "Knowledge": "LOC Bankura, LOC India, LOC Bishnupur, LOC Bishnupur Kingdom, LOC West Bengal", "Response": "Bishnupur Kingdom, a mediaeval kingdom of Bankura district, West Bengal, India\nBishnupur gharana, a form of singing which originated in Bishnupur, Bankura"}, {"Context": "Bodh Gaya Introduction", "Knowledge": "LOC Lumbini, LOC Gaya, LOC Sarnath, LOC Bodhi Tree, PER Gautama Buddha, LOC Mahabodhi Temple, LOC Bodh Gaya, LOC Bodh Gay\u0101, LOC Mahabodhi Temple Complex, LOC Bihar, LOC Kushinagar", "Response": "Bodh Gay\u0101 is a religious site and place of pilgrimage associated with the Mahabodhi Temple Complex in Gaya district in the Indian state of Bihar. It is famous as it is the place where Gautama Buddha is said to have attained  Enlightenment (Pali: bodhi) under what became known as the Bodhi Tree. Since antiquity, Bodh Gaya has remained the object of pilgrimage and veneration both for Hindus and Buddhists. In particular, archaeological finds including sculptures show that the site was in use by Buddhists since the Mauryan period.For Buddhists, Bodh Gaya is the most important of the main four pilgrimage sites related to the life of Gautama Buddha, the other three being Kushinagar, Lumbini, and Sarnath. In 2002, Mahabodhi Temple, located in Bodh Gaya, became a UNESCO World Heritage Site."}, {"Context": "Bodh Gaya History", "Knowledge": "LOC Benares, LOC Gaya, LOC Sarnath, LOC Buddhagaya, LOC Lilajan River, LOC Deer Park, PER Gautama Siddhartha, LOC Vaisakh, PER Gautama, LOC Bodh Gaya, LOC Urubela, PER Ashoka, PER Baisakhi, LOC Uruwela, LOC Nirvana, PER Buddha, PER Siddhartha", "Response": "Bodh Gaya is considered to be the holiest site in Buddhism. Known as Uruwela in the Buddha's time, it is situated by the bank of Lilajan River. The first temple at the site was built by King Ashoka.Traditionally, Buddha was born in 563 BC on the following auspicious Baisakhi purnima. As Siddhartha, he renounced his family at the age of 29 in 534 BC, and travelled and meditated in search of truth. After practicing self-mortification for six years at Urubela (Buddhagaya) in Gaya, he gave up that practice because it did not give him Vimukthi. Then he discovered Noble Eight-fold path without help from anyone and practiced it, then he attained Buddhatva or enlightenment. Enlightenment is a state of being completely free from lust (raga), hatred (dosa) and delusion (moha). By gaining enlightenment, you enter Nirvana, in which the final stage is Parinirvana.\nAt this place, the Buddha was abandoned by the five men who had been his companions of earlier austerities. All they saw was an ordinary man; they mocked his well-nourished appearance. \"Here comes the mendicant Gautama,\" they said, \"who has turned away from asceticism. He is certainly not worth our respect.\" When they reminded him of his former vows, the Buddha replied, \"Austerities only confuse the mind. In the exhaustion and mental stupor to which they lead, one can no longer understand the ordinary things of life, still less the truth that lies beyond the senses. I have given up extremes of either luxury or asceticism. I have discovered the Middle Way.\" This is the path which is neither easy (a rich prince) nor hard (living in austere conditions practicing self-denial). Hearing this, the five ascetics became the Buddha's first disciples in Deer Park, Sarnath, 13 kms north east of Benares.The disciples of Gautama Siddhartha began to visit the place during the full moon in the month of Vaisakh (April\u2013May), as per the Hindu calendar. Over time, the place became known as Bodh Gaya, the day of enlightenment as Buddha Purnima, and the tree as the Bodhi Tree.\nThe history of Bodh Gaya is documented by many inscriptions and pilgrimage accounts. Foremost among these are the accounts of the Chinese pilgrims Faxian in the 5th century and Xuanzang in the 7th century. The area was at the heart of a Buddhist civilization for centuries, until it was conquered by Turkic armies in the 13th century.\nThe place-name, Bodh Gaya, did not come into use until the 18th century CE. Historically, it was known as Uruvela, Sambodhi (Sa\u1e43+bodhi, \"Complete Enlightenment\" in Ashoka's Major Rock Edict No.8), Vajrasana (the \"Diamond Throne\" of the Buddha) or Mahabodhi (\"Great Enlightenment\"). The main monastery of Bodh Gaya used to be called the Bodhimanda-vih\u0101ra (Pali). Now it is called the Mahabodhi Temple.\nDuring the period from the 11th to 13th centuries, Bodh Gaya was under the control of local chieftains known as the Pithipatis of Bodh Gaya who were responsible for the management of the region. One of their rulers, Acarya Buddhasena, was noted as making a grant to Sri Lankan monks near the Mahabodhi temple."}, {"Context": "Bodh Gaya Mahabodhi Temple", "Knowledge": "PER St\u016bpa I, LOC Sri Lanka, LOC Mahabodhi Temple, LOC Bh\u0101rhut, LOC Bodh Gaya, LOC Patna, PER Asoka, PER Buddha, LOC Sanchi", "Response": "The complex, located about 110 kilometres from Patna, at 24\u00b041\u203243\u2033N 84\u00b059\u203238\u2033E,\ncontains the Mahabodhi Temple with the Vajrasana or \"diamond throne\" and the holy Bodhi tree. This tree was originally a sapling of the Sri Maha Bodhi tree in Sri Lanka, itself grown from a what is claimed to be a sapling of the original Bodhi tree.\nIn approximately 250 BCE, about 200 years after the Buddha attained Enlightenment, Emperor Asoka visited Bodh Gaya in order to establish a monastery and shrine on the holy site.Representations of this early temple are found at Sanchi, on the tora\u1e47as of St\u016bpa I, dating from around 25 BCE, and on a relief carving from the stupa railing at Bh\u0101rhut, from the early Shunga period (c. 185\u2013c. 73 BCE)."}, {"Context": "Bodh Gaya Other Buddhist temples", "Knowledge": "LOC Ceylon, LOC Sri Lanka, LOC Mongolia, LOC Bakraur, LOC Japan, LOC Middle Way, PER Banyan, PER Xuanzang, LOC China, PER Elder Revata, LOC Thailand, LOC Nepal, LOC Bagan, PER Kittisirimegha, LOC Cambodia, PER Gautama Buddha, PER Samudragupta, LOC Tibet, LOC Laos, PER Beal, PER Buddha, LOC Sujata Stupa, LOC Vietnam, LOC Sujata, LOC Myanmar, LOC Mahabodhi Temple, PER Buddhaghosa, LOC Nippon temple, LOC Korea, LOC Sikkim, PER Sujata, LOC Taiwan, LOC Bhutan, LOC Phalgu", "Response": "Kittisirimegha of Sri Lanka, a contemporary of Samudragupta, erected with the permission of Samudragupta, a Sangh\u0101r\u0101ma near the Mahabodhi Temple, chiefly for the use of the Singhalese monks who went to worship the Bodhi tree. The circumstances in connection with the Sangh\u0101r\u0101ma are given by Xuanzang (Beal, op. cit., 133ff) who gives a description of it as seen by himself. It was probably here that Buddhaghosa met the Elder Revata who persuaded him to come to Ceylon.\nSeveral Buddhist temples and monasteries have been built by the people of Bhutan, Mongolia, China, Japan, Korea, Cambodia,  Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Sikkim, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Tibet and Vietnam in a wide area around the Mahabodhi Temple. These buildings reflect the architectural style, exterior and interior decoration of their respective countries. The statue of Buddha in the Chinese temple is 200 years old and was brought from China. Japan's Nippon temple is shaped like a pagoda. The Myanmar (Burmese) temple is also pagoda shaped and is reminiscent of Bagan. The Thai temple has a typical sloping, curved roof covered with golden tiles. Inside, the temple holds a massive bronze statue of Buddha. Next to the Thai temple is 25-metre statue of Buddha located within a garden which has existed there for over 100 years.\n\nSujata StupaAcross the Phalgu river is the Sujata Stupa, in the village of Bakraur. The stupa was dedicated to the milkmaid Sujata, who is said to have fed Gautama Buddha milk and rice as he was sitting under a Banyan tree, ending his seven years of fasting and asceticism, and allowing him to attain illumination through the Middle Way. The stupa was built in the 2nd century BCE as confirmed by finds of black polished wares and punch-marked coins in the attending monastery."}, {"Context": "Bodh Gaya The Great Buddha Statue", "Knowledge": "LOC India, LOC Mahabodhi Temple, PER Dalai Lama, ORG Daijokyo, LOC Bodhgaya", "Response": "The Great Buddha Statue also known as 80 feet statue is in Bodhgaya. The unveiling and consecration of the Great Buddha Statue took place on 18 November 1989. The consecration ceremony was attended by the 14th Dalai Lama, who blessed the 25-meter statue, the first great Buddha ever built in the history of India. The Statue is now a symbol of the holy place Bodhgaya, next to Mahabodhi Temple which is a World Heritage site, and enjoys constant visits of pilgrims from all over the world. Among local people, it is nicknamed \"the 80-foot (25-meter) Buddha Statue.\"\nUnder the slogan \"Spread Buddha's rays to the Whole World,\" Daijokyo spent seven years on construction of the Great Buddha Statue, mobilizing 120,000 masons in total."}, {"Context": "Bodh Gaya Mahabodhi Temple bombings", "Knowledge": "ORG National Investigation Agency, LOC Karmapa Temple, ORG NIA, LOC Mahabodhi Temple, LOC Patna, ORG Indian Mujahideen, PER Buddha", "Response": "On 7 July 2013, at around 05:15, a low intensity bomb blast took place in the 2500-year-old Mahabodhi Temple complex. This was followed by a series of nine low intensity blasts which resulted in two monks being injured; one was Tibetan and the other Burmese. These blasts were carried out by an Islamic terrorist organization called Indian Mujahideen. Two other bombs, one under the 80-foot statue of the Buddha and the other near Karmapa Temple were defused by the police.On 1 June 2018, a special National Investigation Agency (NIA) court of Patna sentenced five suspects in the case to life imprisonment."}, {"Context": "Bodh Gaya Demographics", "Knowledge": "LOC Bodh Gaya", "Response": "As per the 2001 census, Bodh Gaya had a population of 30,883. Males constitute 54% of the population and females 46%. Bodh Gaya has an average literacy rate of 51%, lower than the national average of 59.5%; with male literacy of 63% and female literacy of 38%. 8% of the population is under 6 years of age."}, {"Context": "Bodh Gaya Transportation", "Knowledge": "ORG BSTDC, LOC Gaya Airport, LOC Gaya Junction, LOC Bodh Gaya, LOC Patna, ORG Bihar Tourism Department, LOC Rajgir, LOC Bodhgaya", "Response": "Buses have been introduced by the BSTDC between Patna and Bodh Gaya via Rajgir.\nA special caravan service called Wonder on Wheel, between Patna and Bodh Gaya, has been introduced by the Bihar Tourism Department.\nGaya Airport is situated 7 kilometres (4 mi) from Bodh Gaya and approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) from Gaya Junction railway station.\nBodhgaya has restricted the use of auto rickshaws, cars and buses to make the pilgrimage site more peaceful. A permit is required for the use of cars and buses, and the only taxi available is an electric rickshaw that is mostly noiseless."}, {"Context": "Bodh Gaya Sister cities", "Knowledge": "LOC Bodh Gaya, LOC Nara Prefecture, LOC Japan", "Response": "Bodh Gaya has one official sister city:\n\n Nara Prefecture, Japan"}, {"Context": "Bodh Gaya Bibliography", "Knowledge": "LOC London, PER Matthew R, PER Jacob N., ORG Routledge, PER Abhishek Singh, PER Amar, PER Sayers, PER Geary, ORG Journal of the American Academy of Religion, PER David, LOC New York, PER Kinnard", "Response": "Kinnard, Jacob N. (1998). When Is The Buddha Not the Buddha? The Hindu/Buddhist Battle over Bodhgay\u0101 and Its Buddha Image. Journal of the American Academy of Religion 66 (4), 817-839\nGeary, David; Sayers, Matthew R; Amar, Abhishek Singh (2012). Cross-disciplinary perspectives on a contested Buddhist site: Bodh Gaya jataka. London, New York: Routledge"}, {"Context": "Chamba Introduction", "Knowledge": "PER Chamba", "Response": "Chamba may refer to:"}, {"Context": "Chamba People", "Knowledge": "PER Jessica Chamba, PER Gilberto Chamba", "Response": "Gilberto Chamba (born 1961), Ecuadorian serial killer\nJessica Chamba (born 1981), European activist"}, {"Context": "Chamba Ghana", "Knowledge": "LOC Chamba, LOC Northern Region", "Response": "Chamba, a town in the Northern Region"}, {"Context": "Chamba India", "Knowledge": "LOC Chamba, LOC Himachal Pradesh Chamba, LOC Himachal Pradesh, LOC Tehri - Garhwal, LOC Chamba State, LOC Uttarakhand", "Response": "Chamba (Vidhan Sabha constituency), Himachal Pradesh\nChamba, Himachal Pradesh, city in Himachal Pradesh\nChamba district, Himachal Pradesh\nChamba State, princely state\nChamba, Uttarakhand, small town in Tehri-Garhwal district, Uttarakhand"}, {"Context": "Chamba Iran", "Knowledge": "LOC Chamba, LOC Zanjan, LOC Khuzestan Province, LOC Zanjan Province, LOC Khuzestan", "Response": "Chamba, Khuzestan, a village in Khuzestan Province\nChamba, Zanjan, a village in Zanjan Province"}, {"Context": "Chamba Pakistan", "Knowledge": "LOC Chamba, LOC Khyber - Pakhtunkhwa, LOC Abbottabad, LOC Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, LOC Mansehra", "Response": "Chamba, Abbottabad, a village in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province\nChamba, Mansehra, a village in the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province"}, {"Context": "Chamba Other uses", "Knowledge": "LOC Nigeria, LOC Chamb\u00e1, LOC Cameroon, LOC Malawi", "Response": "Chamba language (disambiguation), several languages\nChamba people, ethnic group in Nigeria and Cameroon\nChamba goat, a Himalayan breed\nes:Chamba, a slang word used by some Spanish speaking people to denote \"work\"\nChamba or Malawi Gold, a popular strain of marijuana\nChamb\u00e1, a local name for the medicinal plant Justicia pectoralis"}, {"Context": "Champhai Introduction", "Knowledge": "LOC Myanmar, LOC India, LOC Indo, LOC Mizoram, LOC Champhai", "Response": "Champhai (Pron:/t\u0283am\u02c8p\u02b0a\u026a/) is a border town in Mizoram state, in far eastern India. It is the headquarters of Champhai district, one of the eleven districts in the state. It is located on the Indo-Myanmar border and is situated in a strategically important location. Because of this, it is the main business corridor for India and Myanmar in the area.\nThe area of Champhai is 3,185.83 square kilometres (1,230 sq mi). The average annual rainfall is 1,814 millimetres (71.4 in)."}, {"Context": "Champhai History", "Knowledge": "PER Lalbura Sailo, ORG MNF, ORG Assam Rifles, ORG British Colonial Authorities, PER Vanhnuailiana, ORG Mizo Independence, LOC Champhai, LOC Champhai Valley, LOC Mizo", "Response": "Champhai was the headquarters of Lalbura Sailo, son of Vanhnuailiana, a Mizo Chief against whom the British Expedition of 1871\u201372 was directed. It was accorded the status of a fort during the British period. The Champhai Valley was once a lake and was gradually silted to obliterate the lake. The soil of the plain was still uncultivated during the Lushai Expedition of 1872. Irrigated rice cultivation started in Champhai in the year 1898 encouraged by the British Colonial Authorities to supply rice for their soldiers and laborers. As of 1922, there was only 1 shop in Champhai. On 1 March 1966, the MNF declared unilateral Mizo Independence and attacked Assam Rifles post at  Champhai."}, {"Context": "Champhai Economy", "Knowledge": "LOC Zokhawthar, LOC Myanmar, LOC Mizoram, LOC Champhai", "Response": "The economy of Champhai is mainly agriculture and border trade. Champhai is also the main trading centre of Mizoram with goods like clothes, silverware and electronics imported from Myanmar through the trading post in Zokhawthar. It has a flatland measuring 113 kilometres long and 48 kilometres in width for wet rice cultivation which can produce 19,200 quintals of rice per year. 10,000 quintals of grape were cultivated in 2011 alone churning 20,000 bottles a year. These are the two main agricultural products."}, {"Context": "Champhai Climate", "Knowledge": "LOC Champhai", "Response": "Champhai has a moderate climate. In winter, the temperature varies from 10 \u00b0C to 20 \u00b0C and between 15 \u00b0C and 30 \u00b0C in summer."}, {"Context": "Champhai Education", "Knowledge": "ORG Champhai College", "Response": "Champhai College is the only institution for higher education in the town. However, there are many government owned and privately run schools operating here."}, {"Context": "Champhai Media", "Knowledge": "ORG Lenrual Pasaltha Rihlipui, LOC Champhai", "Response": "The Major Media in Champhai are:\nLenrual\nPasaltha\nRihlipui\nCCN (Digital TV Operator)\nLCN (Digital TV Operator)"}, {"Context": "Champhai Transport", "Knowledge": "PER Pawan Hans, LOC Aizawl, LOC Champhai", "Response": "A helicopter service by Pawan Hans has been started which connects the Aizawl  with Champhai. The distance between Champhai and Aizawl is 194 km and is connected with regular service of bus and maxi cab."}, {"Context": "Chandigarh Introduction", "Knowledge": "PER Jane Drew, LOC Chandigarh, LOC Mohali, PER Maciej Nowicki, LOC Chandigarh Capital Region, ORG BBC, LOC New Delhi, LOC Greater Chandigarh, LOC Panchkula, ORG LG Electronics, PER Le Corbusier, LOC State of Haryana, LOC Amritsar, ORG UNESCO, LOC State of Punjab, PER Corbusier, LOC India, PER Albert Mayer, LOC Capitol Complex, PER Maxwell Fry", "Response": "Chandigarh () is a union territory and planned city in India. Chandigarh is bordered by the State of Punjab to the north, west and the south, and by the State of Haryana to the east, the states for which it serves as the capital. It constitutes the bulk of the Chandigarh Capital Region or Greater Chandigarh, which also includes the adjacent satellite cities of Panchkula and Mohali. It is located 260 km (162 miles) north of New Delhi and 229 km (143 miles) southeast of Amritsar.\nChandigarh is one of the earliest planned cities in post independence India and is internationally known for its architecture and urban design. The master plan of the city was prepared by Swiss-French architect Le Corbusier, which built upon earlier plans created by the Polish architect Maciej Nowicki and the American planner Albert Mayer. Most of the government buildings and housing in the city were designed by a team headed by Le Corbusier, Jane Drew and Maxwell Fry. Chandigarh's Capitol Complex\u2014as part of a global ensemble of Corbusier's buildings\u2014was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO at the 40th session of the World Heritage Conference in July 2016.Chandigarh has grown greatly since its initial construction, and has also driven the development of two satellite cities in its neighbouring states. The metropolitan area of Chandigarh, Mohali and Panchkula collectively forms a \"tri-city\", with a combined population of over 1,611,770. The city has one of the highest per capita incomes in the country. The union territory has one of the highest Human Development Index among Indian states and territories. In 2015, a survey by LG Electronics ranked it as the happiest city in India on the happiness index.  In 2015, an article published by BBC named Chandigarh one of the few master-planned cities in the world to have succeeded in terms of combining monumental architecture, cultural growth, and modernisation."}, {"Context": "Chandigarh Etymology", "Knowledge": "LOC Panchkula District, LOC Chandigarh, PER Albert Mayer, PER Chandi, LOC Chandi, LOC Garh, PER Hindu, LOC Chandi Mandir", "Response": "The name Chandigarh is a compound of Chandi and Garh. Chandi refers to the Hindu goddess Chandi and Garh means fortress. The name is derived from Chandi Mandir, an ancient temple devoted to the Hindu Goddess Chandi near the city in Panchkula District.The motif or sobriquet of \"The City of Beauty\" was derived from the City Beautiful movement, which was a popular philosophy in North American urban planning during the 1890s and 1900s. Architect Albert Mayer, the initial planner of Chandigarh, lamented the American rejection of City Beautiful concepts and declared, \"We want to create a beautiful city...\" The phrase was used as a logo in official publications in the 1970s and is now how the city describes itself."}, {"Context": "Chandigarh History", "Knowledge": "LOC Chandigarh, LOC Punjab, PER Jawaharlal Nehru, PER Matthew Nowicki, LOC Lahore, LOC High Court, LOC East Punjab, LOC Pakistan, PER Partap Singh Kairon, LOC Palace of Assembly, LOC Geometric Hill, LOC Shimla, PER Edward Nirmal Mangat Rai, PER Le Corbusier, LOC La Main Ouverte, LOC Martyrs Memorial, LOC Secretariat, PER Mayer, LOC India, LOC Assembly, PER Albert Mayer, LOC Secretariat Building, LOC West Punjab, LOC Capitol Complex, PER Nowicki", "Response": "As part of the partition of India in 1947, the former British province of Punjab was divided into two parts, the mostly Hindu and Sikh East Punjab in India, and the mostly Muslim West Punjab in Pakistan. The capital of undivided Punjab, Lahore, had become part of Pakistan after the partition. Instead of shifting the capital to an already existing and established city, Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India, envisioned an altogether new and modern city to be built to serve as the capital of Punjab. Partap Singh Kairon, then the Chief Minister of East Punjab, and Edward Nirmal Mangat Rai, then the Chief Secretary of East Punjab, were instrumental in creating Chandigarh as the capital of the state. In 1949, the American planner and architect Albert Mayer was commissioned to design a new city to be called \"Chandigarh\". The government carved out Chandigarh from about fifty Puadhi-speaking villages in the then-state of East Punjab, India. Shimla was the temporary capital of the state until Chandigarh was completed.\nAlbert Mayer developed a superblock-based city interspersed with green spaces, with an emphasis on cellular neighbourhoods and traffic segregation. His site plan took advantage of natural land characteristics; the land's gentle grade promoted proper drainage. Mayer stopped his work on the city after his architect-partner Matthew Nowicki died in a plane crash in 1950. Government officials recruited Le Corbusier to succeed Mayer and Nowicki, who utilized many elements of Mayer's original plan without attributing them to him.\nLe Corbusier designed many administration buildings, including the High Court, the Palace of Assembly, and the Secretariat Building. Le Corbusier also designed the general layout of the city, dividing it into sectors. Chandigarh hosts the largest of Le Corbusier's many Open Hand sculptures, standing 26 metres high. The Open Hand (La Main Ouverte) is a recurring motif in Le Corbusier's architecture, a sign for him of \"peace and reconciliation. It is open to give and open to receive.\" It represents what Le Corbusier called the \"Second Machine Age\". Two of the six monuments planned in the Capitol Complex which has the High Court, the Assembly, and the Secretariat, remain incomplete. These include Geometric Hill and Martyrs Memorial. Drawings were made, and they were begun in 1956, but they were never completed.The capital city was officially shifted from Shimla to Chandigarh on 21 September 1953, though Chandigarh was formally inaugurated by India's first president, Rajendra Prasad on 7 October 1953.\n\nDuring excavations at the time of the building of the city, some Indus valley artefacts were discovered, suggesting that the area that is today Chandigarh was home to some settlements of the Indus valley civilisation.\nOn 1 November 1966, after a long-drawn movement demanding the formation of a Punjabi state, the former state of Punjab was split in two. The western and northern mostly Punjabi-speaking portion became the present-day state of Punjab, while the eastern and southern Hindi- and Haryanvi-speaking areas became Haryana. Chandigarh ended up being located on the border of the two states, and both of them moved to incorporate the city into their respective territories. However, the city of Chandigarh was controlled directly by the central government and was to serve as the shared capital of the two states until a resolution could be reached.\n\nPresent-day Chandigarh was also the site of a short-lived late 18th-century principality, with a small fort at Mani Majra. As of 2016, many villages that predate the city are still inhabited within the modern blocks of some sectors, including Burail and Ottawa, while several other such villages lie on the margins of the city."}, {"Context": "Chandigarh Location", "Knowledge": "LOC Shivalik Range, LOC Terai, LOC Himalayas, LOC New Chandigarh, LOC Chandigarh, LOC Punjab, LOC India, LOC Mohali, LOC Patiala, LOC Rupnagar, LOC Ambala, LOC Delhi, LOC Amritsar, LOC Haryana, LOC Bhabar, LOC Zirakpur, LOC Panchkula", "Response": "Chandigarh is located by the foothills of the Shivalik Range of the Himalayas in northwest India. It covers an area of approximately 114 km2. It borders the states of Punjab and Haryana. The exact geographic coordinates of Chandigarh are 30.74\u00b0N 76.79\u00b0E\ufeff / 30.74; 76.79. It has an average elevation of 321 metres (1053 ft).\nThe city, lying in the northern plains, includes a vast area of flat, fertile land. Its northeast covers sections of Bhabar, while the remainder of its terrain is part of the Terai. Its surrounding cities are Mohali, New Chandigarh, Patiala, Zirakpur and Rupnagar in Punjab, and Panchkula and Ambala in Haryana.\nChandigarh is situated 44 km (28 miles) north of Ambala, 229 km (143 miles) southeast of Amritsar, and 250 km (156 miles) north of Delhi."}, {"Context": "Chandigarh Climate", "Knowledge": "LOC Himalayas, LOC Chandigarh, LOC Mediterranean Sea", "Response": "Chandigarh has a humid subtropical climate (K\u00f6ppen: Cwa) characterised by a seasonal rhythm: very hot summers, mild winters, unreliable rainfall and great temperature variation (\u22121 to 45 \u00b0C or 30.2 to 113.0 \u00b0F). The average annual rainfall is 1,110.7 millimetres or 43.73 inches. The city also receives occasional winter rains from the Western Disturbance originating over the Mediterranean Sea. The western disturbances bring rain predominantly from mid-December until the end of April, which can be heavier sometimes with strong wind and hail if the weather turns colder (during March\u2013April months), which usually proves disastrous to local crops. Cold winds usually tend to come from the Himalayas that lie to the north, which receive snowfall during wintertime.\nThe city experiences the following seasons and the respective average temperatures:\n\nSpring: During spring (from February-end to early April), temperatures vary between a maximum of 13 to 20 \u00b0C or 55.4 to 68.0 \u00b0F and a minimum of 5 to 12 \u00b0C or 41.0 to 53.6 \u00b0F.\nAutumn: In autumn (from September-end to mid-November), the temperature may rise to a maximum of 30 \u00b0C or 86 \u00b0F. Temperatures usually remain between 10 to 22 \u00b0C or 50.0 to 71.6 \u00b0F in autumn. The minimum temperature is around 6 \u00b0C or 42.8 \u00b0F.\nSummer: The temperature in summer (from mid-April to June-end) usually peaks at around 43 \u00b0C or 109.4 \u00b0F in mid-June, and generally varies between 38 and 42 \u00b0C (100.4 and 107.6 \u00b0F).\nMonsoon: During the monsoon season (from early July to mid-September), Chandigarh receives moderate to heavy rainfall and sometimes heavy to very heavy rainfall (generally during August or September). Usually, the rain-bearing monsoon winds blow from the southwest/southeast. The city mostly receives heavy rain from the south (which is mainly persistent rain), but it generally receives most of its rain during the monsoon season either from the northwest or the northeast. The maximum amount of rain received by the city of Chandigarh during the monsoon season is 195.5 millimetres or 7.70 inches in a single day.\nWinter: Winters (November-end to February-end) are mild but can get chilly during peak winter weeks. Average temperatures in the winter generally fluctuate between a maximum of 5 to 14 \u00b0C or 41.0 to 57.2 \u00b0F and a minimum of \u22121 to 5 \u00b0C or 30.2 to 41.0 \u00b0F. Rain usually comes from the west during winter as a persistent rain for 2\u20133 days, sometimes with hailstorms."}, {"Context": "Chandigarh Wildlife and biodiversity", "Knowledge": "LOC Chandigarh, LOC Sukhna Lake, LOC Sukhna Wildlife Sanctuary, LOC Japan, LOC Parrot Bird Sanctuary Chandigarh, LOC Siberia, LOC Ashoka", "Response": "Most of Chandigarh is covered by dense banyan and eucalyptus plantations. Ashoka, cassia, mulberry and other trees flourish in the forested ecosystem. The city has forests surrounding itself that sustain many animal and plant species. Deer, sambars, barking deer, parrots, woodpeckers, and peacocks inhabit the protected forests. Sukhna Lake hosts a variety of ducks and geese and attracts migratory birds from parts of Siberia and Japan in the winter season.\nThe Parrot Bird Sanctuary Chandigarh provides a home to a large number of parrots. Sukhna Wildlife Sanctuary was declared a wildlife sanctuary in 1998."}, {"Context": "Chandigarh Heritage Trees of Chandigarh", "Knowledge": "LOC Chandigarh, ORG Department of Forest & Wildlife Chandigarh Administration", "Response": "Many trees in Chandigarh are given the status of the natural heritage of the city. The Chandigarh government has identified a list of 31 trees as Heritage Trees. The Department of Forest & Wildlife Chandigarh Administration is the nodal department for this purpose, and has published a detailed booklet about it. The trees in the city which are 100 years or more old have been given heritage status."}, {"Context": "Chandigarh Landscape", "Knowledge": "LOC Zakir Hussain Rose Garden, LOC Butterfly Park, LOC Chandigarh, LOC Botanical garden, LOC Valley of Animals, LOC Garden of Palms, LOC Japanese Garden, LOC Bougainvillea Garden, LOC Sukhna Lake, LOC Garden of Silence, LOC Garden of Fragrance, LOC Sukhna Choe, LOC Rock Garden, LOC Terraced Garden, LOC Shanti Kunj Garden, LOC Shivalik Hills, LOC Asia", "Response": "Sukhna Lake, a 3 km2 artificial rain-fed lake in Sector 1, was created in 1958 by damming the Sukhna Choe, a seasonal stream coming down from the Shivalik Hills.Chandigarh has a belt of parks running from sectors. It is known for its green belts and other special tourist parks. Sukhna Lake itself hosts the Garden of Silence. The Rock Garden, is located near the Sukhna Lake and has numerous sculptures made by using a variety of different discarded waste materials. The Zakir Hussain Rose Garden (which is also Asia's largest rose garden) contains nearly 825 varieties of roses in it and more than 32,500 varieties of other medicinal plants and trees. Other gardens include the Garden of Fragrance in Sector 36, Garden of Palms in Sector 42, Butterfly Park in Sector 26, Valley of Animals in Sector 49, the Japanese Garden in Sector 31, the Terraced Garden in Sector 33, Shanti Kunj Garden, the Botanical garden and the Bougainvillea Garden. There is also a Government museum and art gallery in Sector 10, Chandigarh."}, {"Context": "Chandigarh Population", "Knowledge": "LOC Chandigarh, LOC India", "Response": "As of 2011 India census, Chandigarh had a population of 1,055,450, giving it a density of about 9,252 (7,900 in 2001) persons per square kilometre.Males constitute 55% of the population and females 45%. The sex ratio is 818 females for every 1,000 males. The child sex ratio is 880 females per thousand males. Chandigarh has an effective literacy rate of 86.77% (based on population 7 years and above), higher than the national average; with male literacy of 90.81% and female literacy of 81.88%. 10.8% of the population is under 6 years of age. The population of Chandigarh forms 0.09 per cent of India in 2011.There has been a substantial decline in the population growth rate in Chandigarh, with just 17.10% growth between 2001 and 2011. Since the 1951\u20131961 period, the growth rate has decreased from 394.13% to 17.10%, a likely cause being the rapid urbanisation and development in neighbouring cities. The urban population constitutes 97.25% of the total and the rural population makes up 2.75%, as there are only a few villages within Chandigarh, situated on its Western and South-Eastern border, and the majority of people live in the heart of Chandigarh."}, {"Context": "Chandigarh Languages", "Knowledge": "LOC Chandigarh", "Response": "English is the sole official language of Chandigarh. The majority of the population speaks Hindi (76.8%) while Punjabi is spoken by 22.03%. Government schools use English, Hindi, and Punjabi textbooks. The percentage of Punjabi speakers has fallen from 36% in 1981 to 22% in 2011, while that of Hindi speakers has increased from 51% to 78%."}, {"Context": "Chandigarh Religion", "Knowledge": "LOC Mata Mansa Devi Mandir, LOC Chandigarh, LOC Manimajra, LOC Mata Jayanti Devi Mandir, LOC Nada Sahib Gurudwara, LOC Mata Basanti Devi Mandir, LOC Chandi Mandir, ORG Roman Catholic Diocese of Simla and, PER Shitala, LOC Burail", "Response": "Hinduism  is the predominant religion of Chandigarh followed by 80.71% of the population. Sikhism is the second most popular religion in the city, followed by 13.11% of the people, followed by Islam at 4.87%. Minorities are Christians at 0.83%, Jains at 0.19%, Buddhists at 0.11%, those that didn't state a religion at 0.10%, and others are 0.02%.There are several places of worship located all over the city, with many in each sector. One such historic temple located in the heart of the city is Mata Basanti Devi Mandir at Sector 24 of the city. The temple is dedicated to Goddess Shitala and specially visited by devotees during first Tuesday of Chaitra month after Holi. Chandi Mandir, Mata Mansa Devi Mandir and Mata Jayanti Devi Mandir are important Hindu temples located near Chandigarh.Nada Sahib Gurudwara, a famous place for Sikh worship lies in its vicinity. Apart from this, there are a couple of historical mosques in Manimajra and Burail. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Simla and Chandigarh serves the Catholics of the city, with a co-cathedral in the city. Most of the convent schools of Chandigarh are governed by this institution."}, {"Context": "Chandigarh Administrator of the Union Territory", "Knowledge": "LOC Chandigarh, LOC Punjab, LOC India, PER Banwarilal Purohit, LOC Union Territories", "Response": "Article 239 of the Constitution of India provides for the administration of the Union Territories by the President through an administrator. Since 1984 the Governor of Punjab has served concurrently as the administrator of Chandigarh. Banwarilal Purohit is the administrator of the union territory since September 2021."}, {"Context": "Chandigarh Politics", "Knowledge": "ORG State Assembly, PER Kirron Kher, LOC Chandigarh, ORG BJP", "Response": "Chandigarh, as a union territory, is not entitled to a state-level election: thus State Assembly elections are not held and it is directly controlled by the central government. One seat for Chandigarh is allocated in the Lok Sabha elections held every five years.\nKirron Kher (BJP) is the Member of Parliament elected in 2019 from the Chandigarh Lok Sabha constituency."}, {"Context": "Chandigarh Civic administration", "Knowledge": "ORG Akali Dal, LOC Chandigarh, PER Amit Shah, LOC Punjab, PER Anindita Mitra, ORG Chandigarh Municipal Corporation, PER Sarbjit Kaur, ORG INC, ORG AAP, ORG Union", "Response": "The city is governed by a civic administration or local government headed by Municipal Commissioner Anindita Mitra and Mayor Sarbjit Kaur. The city comprises 35 wards represented by 35 elected councillors, and also nominates 9 councillors.On 27 March 2022, Union Home Minister Amit Shah announced that the Chandigarh employees who were working under the Punjab service rules until 2022, would be working under the central civil services rules from 1 April 2022. The move was criticised by political parties such as the AAP, the INC and the Akali Dal.Composition of Chandigarh Municipal Corporation after 2021 Chandigarh Municipal Corporation election as of December 2021:"}, {"Context": "Chandigarh Civic utilities", "Knowledge": "ORG CSCL, LOC Chandigarh, ORG Municipal Corporation, ORG BJP, ORG Chandigarh Smart City Ltd, ORG Municipal Corporation Chandigarh", "Response": "The prime responsibilities of the civic body Municipal Corporation Chandigarh, are to ensure cleanliness and sanitation in the city, illumination of street lights, maintenance of parks, and sewerage disposal. The city has both brick and pipe sewers laid in four phases. In September 2020, the civic body announced that it would upgrade and renew the 50-year-old sewerage system. The pilot project for the 24x7 water supply is expected to begin in Chandigarh in May 2021, which was initially to start in September 2020 and end in March 2022. On 8 April 2021, the Chandigarh Smart City Ltd (CSCL) board is yet to take the final decision.In 2021, the BJP ruled corporation had increased the water tariff by 1.5 to 2.5 times. This created a widespread discontent among the residents.In 2021, there was an acute shortage of parking spaces. The problem was aggravated by an increase of 17% in parking rates by the Municipal Corporation. The increase in the waste collection charges, water tariff and property tax rates during the last five years 2016 to 2021 were unpopular among the public."}, {"Context": "Chandigarh Cleanliness", "Knowledge": "ORG BJP, LOC Dadu Majra, LOC Chandigarh, LOC India", "Response": "In 2016, Chandigarh was the second cleanest city of India. In the years that followed, garbage from the city was not disposed of properly. The lack of a proper process or mechanism led to the garbage piled up at the Dadu Majra garbage dump site.In 2021, Chandigarh fell 66 positions in the list of cleanest cities in India, once a point of pride for the city. The fall in cleanliness became an important poll issue. The residents were upset with the downfall in the cleanliness.The government's handling of the COVID-19 pandemic in India damaged the BJP's image as the voters felt that they were not given desired help in getting the hospital beds and medical oxygen from their elected representatives. The sitting Councillors were accused of not being found to be approachable when the public needed support. Complaints that No major relief measure was taken by the local government were raised."}, {"Context": "Chandigarh Economy", "Knowledge": "ORG Reserve Bank of India, LOC Chandigarh, LOC India, LOC Beldon, LOC Amritsar", "Response": "Chandigarh has been rated as one of the \"Wealthiest Towns\" of India. The Reserve Bank of India ranked Chandigarh as the third-largest deposit centre and seventh largest credit centre nationwide as of June 2012. With an average household monthly income of \u20b9199,000 (US$2,500), Chandigarh is one of the richest towns in India. Chandigarh's gross state domestic product for 2014\u201315 is estimated at \u20b9290 billion (short scale) (US$4.3 billion) at current prices. According to a 2014 survey, Chandigarh is ranked 4th in the top 50 cities identified globally as \"emerging outsourcing and IT services destinations\" ahead of cities like Beldon (Amritsar)."}, {"Context": "Chandigarh Employment", "Knowledge": "LOC Chandigarh, LOC Punjab, LOC Rajiv Gandhi Chandigarh Technology, ORG CII, LOC Delhi, ORG PGIMER, ORG Airtel, ORG Ordnance Cable Factory of the Ordnance Factories Board, LOC Haryana, ORG Park, ORG Infosys, ORG PhD Chamber of Commerce and Industry, ORG IT Park, LOC Chandigarh Metro, ORG The Associated Chambers of Commerce & Industry, ORG ASSOCHAM India, PER Kirron Kher, ORG Punjab, ORG TechMahindra, ORG Chandigarh Administration, ORG Quark, ORG FICCI, ORG EVRY, ORG Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, ORG Confederation of Indian Industry, LOC India, LOC Himachal Pradesh, ORG Amadeus IT Group, ORG DLF, ORG Haryana High Court, ORG Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry", "Response": "The government is a major employer in Chandigarh, with three governments having their base here, those being the Chandigarh Administration, the Punjab government and the Haryana government. A significant percentage of Chandigarh's population, therefore, consists of people who are either working for one of these governments or have retired from government service, mainly armed forces. For this reason, Chandigarh is often called a \"Pensioner's Paradise\". Ordnance Cable Factory of the Ordnance Factories Board has been set up by the government of India. There is about 15 medium-to-large industries, including two in the public sector. In addition, Chandigarh has over 2,500 units registered under the small-scale sector. The city's important industries are paper manufacturing, basic metals and alloys, and machinery. Other industries in the city are food products, sanitary ware, auto parts, machine tools, pharmaceuticals, and electrical appliances.\nThe main occupation here is trade and business. However, the Punjab and Haryana High Court, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), the availability of an IT Park, and more than a hundred government schools provide other job opportunities to people.\nFour major trade promotion organisations have their offices in Chandigarh. These are The Associated Chambers of Commerce & Industry, ASSOCHAM India in Sector 8, Chandigarh, Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry, (FICCI) the PhD Chamber of Commerce and Industry and the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) which has its regional headquarters at Sector 31, Chandigarh.Chandigarh IT Park (also known as Rajiv Gandhi Chandigarh Technology Park) is the city's attempt to break into the information technology world. Chandigarh's infrastructure, proximity to Delhi, Haryana, Punjab, and Himachal Pradesh, and the IT talent pool attracts IT businesses looking for office space in the area. Major Indian firms and multinational corporations like Quark, Infosys, EVRY, TechMahindra, Airtel, Amadeus IT Group, DLF have set up base in the city and its suburbs.\nThe work of the Chandigarh Metro was slated to start by 2019. It was opposed by the Member of Parliament from Chandigarh, Kirron Kher. With an estimated cost of around $109 billion including 50% funds from the governments of Punjab and Haryana and 25% from Chandigarh and government of India, funds from the Japanese government were proposed to include approximately 56% of the cost. However, the project was turned down owing to its non-feasibility. Kher promised a film city for Chandigarh. After winning the seat, she said that she had difficulty in acquiring land in Chandigarh. Her proposal was accepted by the Chandigarh Administration and the film city is proposed to be set up in Sarangpur, Chandigarh. This has been considered as a source of employment in the future."}, {"Context": "Chandigarh Festivals", "Knowledge": "LOC Zakir Hussain Rose Garden, LOC Sukhna Lake", "Response": "Every year, in September or October during the festival of Navratri, many associations and organisations hold a Ramlila event, which has been conducted here for over 50 years.The Rose Festival in Zakir Hussain Rose Garden every February shows thousands of subspecies of roses.The Mango Festival is held during the monsoons, and other festivals are held at Sukhna Lake."}, {"Context": "Chandigarh Road", "Knowledge": "LOC Panipat, LOC Patiala, LOC Chandigarh, LOC Punjab, LOC India, ORG Chandigarh Transport Undertaking, LOC NH 44, LOC Himachal Pradesh, LOC NH, LOC Ambala, LOC Ludhiana, ORG CTU, LOC NH 5, LOC Delhi, LOC Kaithal, LOC Haryana, LOC Shimla", "Response": "Chandigarh has the largest number of vehicles per capita in India. Wide, well-maintained roads and parking spaces all over the city ease local transport. The Chandigarh Transport Undertaking (CTU) operates public transport buses from its Inter State Bus Terminals (ISBT) in Sectors 17 and 43 of the city. CTU also operates frequent bus services to the neighbouring states of Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, and to Delhi.\nChandigarh is well-connected by road to the following nearby cities, by the following highway routes:\n\n NH 7 to Patiala in the southwest.\n NH 152 to Ambala and Kaithal in the south (NH 44 catches up from Ambala to Panipat-Delhi).\n NH 5 to Shimla in the northeast, and to Ludhiana in the west."}, {"Context": "Chandigarh Air", "Knowledge": "LOC Dubai, LOC Chandigarh, LOC Punjab, LOC India, LOC Mohali, LOC Chandigarh Airport, LOC Sharjah, ORG Airports Authority of India, LOC Haryana", "Response": "Chandigarh Airport has scheduled commercial flights to the major cities of India. An international terminal was completed in 2015, and international flight routes to Dubai and Sharjah were started. The runway is located in Chandigarh, while the terminal is in Mohali. The governments of Punjab and Haryana each have a 24.5% stake in the international terminal building, while the Airports Authority of India holds a 51% stake."}, {"Context": "Chandigarh Rail", "Knowledge": "ORG Northern Railway, LOC India, LOC Chandigarh Junction, ORG Indian Railways, LOC Panchkula", "Response": "Chandigarh Junction railway station lies in the Northern Railway zone of the Indian Railways network and provides connectivity to most of the regions of India. The railway station also serves the neighbouring town of Panchkula. There were long-standing proposals to develop a metro rail system in the city, which were formally scrapped in 2017."}, {"Context": "Chandigarh Education", "Knowledge": "ORG Punjab Engineering College, LOC Chandigarh, ORG PGIMER, ORG St. Anne ' s Convent School, ORG Bhavan Vidyalaya, ORG National Institute of Technical Teacher Training and Research, ORG NITTTR, ORG Delhi Public School, ORG Carmel Convent School, ORG Government Model Senior Secondary School, ORG St. John ' s High School, ORG Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, ORG Sector 16, ORG Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, ORG Sacred Heart Senior Secondary School, ORG Panjab University, ORG Post Graduate Government College, ORG D. A. V. Public School, ORG DAV College", "Response": "There are numerous educational institutions in Chandigarh. These range from privately and publicly operated schools to colleges. These include Panjab University, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Punjab Engineering College, National Institute of Technical Teacher Training \nand Research (NITTTR), Post Graduate Government College, and DAV College.\nAccording to the Chandigarh administration's department of education, there are a total of 115 government schools in Chandigarh, including Government Model Senior Secondary School, Sector 16, Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Bhavan Vidyalaya, convent schools like St. Anne's Convent School, St. John's High School, Chandigarh, Sacred Heart Senior Secondary School and Carmel Convent School, and other private schools like Delhi Public School and D.A.V. Public School."}, {"Context": "Chandigarh Sports", "Knowledge": "LOC Mohali, LOC Sector 16 Stadium, LOC PCA Stadium, LOC Chandigarh Golf Club", "Response": "The Sector 16 Stadium has been a venue of several international cricket matches, but it has lost prominence after the PCA Stadium was constructed in Mohali. It still provides a platform for cricketers in this region to practice and play inter-state matches.The Chandigarh Golf Club has a 7,202-yard, 18-hole course known for its challenging narrow fairways, dogleg 7th hole, and floodlighting on the first nine holes."}, {"Context": "Chandigarh Tourist attractions", "Knowledge": "LOC Chandigarh", "Response": "The main tourist attractions in Chandigarh are:"}, {"Context": "Chandigarh Natural landscape", "Knowledge": "LOC Chandigarh, LOC Chandigarh Parrot Bird Sanctuary, LOC Chandigarh Sukhna, LOC Chandigarh Zakir Hussain Rose Garden, LOC Garden of Springs, LOC Mahendra Chaudhary Zoological Park Sukhna Lake Sukhna", "Response": "Rock Garden of Chandigarh\nGarden of Springs, Chandigarh\nZakir Hussain Rose Garden\nJapanese Garden, Chandigarh\nParrot Bird Sanctuary, Chandigarh\nMahendra Chaudhary Zoological Park\nSukhna Lake\nSukhna Wildlife Sanctuary\nRose Festival (Chandigarh)\nHeritage Trees of Chandigarh\nSukhna Interpretation Centre"}, {"Context": "Chandigarh Museums", "Knowledge": "LOC Gandhi Bhawan, ORG Government Museum and Art Gallery, LOC Chandigarh", "Response": "Government Museum and Art Gallery, Chandigarh\nGandhi Bhawan, Chandigarh\nOpen Hand Monument"}, {"Context": "Chandigarh Architecture", "Knowledge": "LOC Palace of Assembly, LOC Chandigarh Chandigarh Capitol Complex, LOC Chandigarh", "Response": "Open Hand Monument\nPalace of Assembly, Chandigarh\nChandigarh Capitol Complex\nSecretariat Building, Chandigarh"}, {"Context": "Chandigarh Others", "Knowledge": "LOC Downtown, ORG Tagore Theatre, LOC Chandigarh Burail Fort Manimajra Fort Chandi Mandir, LOC Mall, ORG Elante", "Response": "Sector-17, Chandigarh\nBurail Fort\nManimajra Fort\nChandi Mandir\nElante Mall\nParas Downtown Square\nTagore Theatre"}, {"Context": "Chandigarh Background", "Knowledge": "PER Le Corbusier, LOC Chandigarh, LOC India, PER Nehru, LOC Punjab, LOC Pakistan, LOC New Delhi", "Response": "Nehru said of Chandigarh when he first visited the site of the new city in 1952: \"Let this be a new town, symbolic of the freedom of India, unfettered by the traditions of the past, an expression of the nation's faith in the future\". For Nehru, Chandigarh represented a vision of how a new planned city could be a canvas for the regeneration of the nation itself after centuries of oppression under British colonial rule and the dilution of Indian character from the nation's towns. Guided by the architectural optics of Le Corbusier, the development of Chandigarh was part of a state-driven exercise to break from the traditions of imperialism in city making and begin the process of healing from the injustices suffered.To the extent that Chandigarh epitomises the destructive influence of the British, in the impetus of its creation as a solution to the otherwise violent partitioning of territory between India and Pakistan, it represents an early ideological symbol for the birth of India's future. The selection of the physical site involved an extensive vetting process. Many existing towns in Punjab were surveyed as options for the new capital and dismissed for poor performance concerning factors such as military defensibility and capacity for accommodating potential refugee influxes. The construction of a new town in Chandigarh was determined to be the best option due to its relative strength in these factors as well as its proximity to the national capital, New Delhi, its central location within the state of Punjab, its abundance of fecund land and its beautiful natural landscape."}, {"Context": "Chandigarh Modernism in new town design", "Knowledge": "LOC Chandigarh, PER Le Corbusier, LOC India, PER Nehru, LOC Bhubaneswar, LOC Gandhinagar, LOC Britain", "Response": "Off the back of this conflation of assets Chandigarh then was well poised to serve a function as a city-building project in national identity. From a federal policy perspective, the development of the new town became a tool in India for modernisation and an intended driver of economic activity, legal reform, and regional growth as well as a significant agent for the decolonisation project. As Britain's grip on their empire began to weaken their accelerated withdrawal between the beginning of the second world war and 1947 left their former colony in states of disarray and disorganisation, and policymakers for the new Indian government were required to contend with issues such as rapid rural depopulation, urban congestion, and poverty. As well as in Chandigarh this policy tool was implemented in the creation of new capital cities in Bhubaneswar and Gandhinagar, and more broadly throughout India in the 112 planned cities created between independence and 1971, purposed to absorb migration from those regions in demise after being abandoned by the British and provide hubs for growing industries such as in steel and energy.These examples from a genealogy of utopian urban forms developed in post-independence India as a panacea for issues related to underdevelopment as well as post-independence complications to do with separatist religious conflict and the resulting diplomatic tensions. Chandigarh is the first example of a state-funded master-planned modernisation scheme. These \"urban utopias\" attempt to enforce nation-building policies through a federalised rule of law at a regional level, and diffuse postcolonial urbanism which codes justice in its design. The intent is that the economic success and progressivism of cities such as Chandigarh as a lightning rod for social change would gradually be emulated at the scale of the nation. Chandigarh was for Nehru and Le Corbusier an embodiment of the egalitarian potential offered by modernism, where the machine age would complete the liberation of the nation's citizens through the productive capacity of industrial technology and the relative ease of constructing civic facilities such as dams, hospitals, and schools; the very antithesis of the conservative and traditional legacy of colonialism. Though built as a state capital Chandigarh came to be focused on industry and higher education. The specialisation of these new towns in particular functions represents a crucial aspect of the modernisation process as a decolonising enterprise, in completing a national portfolio where each town forms a part of the utopian model for contemporary India.\nThe post-colonialism of Chandigarh is rooted in the transformation of the political ideas of those such as Nehru who generated a new Indian nationalism through the design of newly built forms. Scholars such as Edward Said have emphasised the sinister nature of nostalgia and the romanticisation of colonial architecture in newly independent colonies as artefacts that perpetuate the ideological legacy of the hegemony and replicate the hierarchy of power even after decolonisation. Insofar as modernism in architecture (which defined town planning under the Nehru era of rule) represents an active radical break from tradition and a colonial past even the very presence of Le Corbusier has been recognised as an indelible resistance to the British construction legacy, as he provided the first non-British influence on design thinking in India, enabling a generational shift in the contemporary cohort of architects and planners to be hired by the state throughout the rest of the century who were initiated under Modernist conditioning.As early as the 1950s the presence of the International Style could be detected in the design of houses in India, \"whether mistri or architect-designed\". The development of low-cost housing was a priority for Chandigarh, and the modern forms designed by Corbusier are characterised by a dispensing with colonial forms focused on classic aesthetics and a refocusing on strategies such as using narrow frontages and orientation for minimising direct exposure to the sun and maximising natural ventilation and efficient cost while providing modern amenities in the International Style aesthetic. These developments are credited as the beginning of a \"Chandigarh architecture\", inspiring gradual experimentation with form and an \"Indianising\" of the International Style which precipitated the formation of the country's new cultural identity in town design."}, {"Context": "Chandigarh Criticisms", "Knowledge": "PER Corbusier, LOC Chandigarh, PER Le Corbusier, LOC India, PER Nehru, PER Brent C. Brolin", "Response": "Criticisms are well established regarding the implementation of the postcolonial vision of Nehru and Le Corbusier, and the critical emphasis on its influence. Claims have been made that the focus on Corbusier's architect-centred discourse erases the plural authorship of the narrative of Chandigarh's development, arguing that it was, in fact, hybridity of values and of \"contested modernities\" of Western and indigenous Indian origin and cultural exchanges rather than an uncontested administrative enterprise. Such criticism is consistent with claims that decolonisation in India has marked a shift from segregation based on race to segregation based on class, and that planned cities are truly \"designed\" ones which represent the values and interests of a westernised middle-class Indian elite which ignore the complexities of India's diverse ethnic and cultural landscape and enabled neocolonial hierarchies such as the imposition of the Hindi language on non-conforming castes.Brent C. Brolin argues that Le Corbusier ignored Indian preferences in designing the housing and communities and that the residents have done what they can to recreate their accustomed lifestyle. Furthermore, the early over-saturation of the minimalist International Style in building design in Chandigarh has attracted criticisms of effecting a \"democratic, self-effacing banality\", though this criticism is perhaps negligent of how this was necessary for galvanising higher standards of urban living throughout the country."}, {"Context": "Chennai Introduction", "Knowledge": "LOC London, LOC Pallava, LOC Fort St. George, LOC British Raj, PER Damarla Chennapa Nayaka, LOC Coromandel Coast, LOC Chola, ORG India Today, LOC Madrasapattinam, LOC Madras Presidency, LOC Chennai Metropolitan, ORG Area, LOC South India, LOC Madras State, LOC Chennai, LOC Tamil Nadu, LOC Pandya, ORG British East India Company, LOC India, LOC Madras, LOC Vijayanagara, LOC Bay of Bengal, ORG Greater Chennai Corporation", "Response": "Chennai ( (listen), Tamil: [\u02c8t\u0361\u0255en\u02d0a\u026a\u032f]), formerly known as Madras, is the capital city of Tamil Nadu, the southernmost Indian state. It is the state's primate city both in area and population and is located on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal. According to the 2011 Indian census, Chennai is the sixth-most populous city in India and forms the fourth-most populous urban agglomeration. The Greater Chennai Corporation is the civic body responsible for the city; it is the oldest city corporation of India, established in 1688\u2014the second oldest in the world after London.\nHistorically, Chennai and surroundings were part of the Chola, Pandya, Pallava and Vijayanagara kingdoms for many centuries. The coastal land, which then contained the fishing village Madrasapattinam, was purchased by the British East India Company from the Nayak ruler Damarla Chennapa Nayaka, in the 17th century. The British garrison established the Madras city and port, and built Fort St. George\u2014the first British fortress in India\u2014which the French won over briefly in 1746, before becoming the winter capital of the Madras Presidency, a colonial province of the British Raj in the Indian subcontinent. After India gained its independence in 1947, Madras continued as the capital city of the Madras State and present-day Tamil Nadu. The city was officially renamed as Chennai in 1996.\nThe city is coterminous with Chennai district, which together with the adjoining suburbs constitutes the Chennai Metropolitan Area, the 36th-largest urban area in the world by population and one of the largest metropolitan economies of India. As the traditional and de facto gateway of South India, Chennai is among the most-visited Indian cities by foreigners. It was ranked the 43rd most-visited city in the world in 2015 and 36th in 2019. The Quality of Living Survey rates it as India's safest city. Chennai attracts 45 percent of health tourists visiting India, and 30 to 40 percent of domestic health tourists. As such, it is termed \"India's health capital\". Chennai has the fifth-largest urban economy, and had the third-largest expatriate population in India.Ranked as a beta-level city in the Global Cities Index, Chennai was dubbed India's best city by India Today in 2014. It was named the \"hottest\" city (city worth visiting and worth living in for long term) by the BBC in 2015, citing its amalgam of both modern and traditional values. It was the only South Asian city to feature on National Geographic's \"Top 10 food cities\" in 2015, and ranked ninth on Lonely Planet's best cosmopolitan cities of the world. In October 2017, Chennai was added to the UNESCO Creative Cities Network (UCCN) list for its rich musical tradition. Chennai hosts more than one-third of India's automobile industry, and is a major film production center, home to the Tamil film industry."}, {"Context": "Chennai Etymology", "Knowledge": "LOC Church, PER Francis Day, PER God, PER M\u00e3e de Deus, LOC Vijayanagara Empire, LOC Chennakesava Perumal Temple, LOC Madraspattinam, ORG Madras Veterinary College, LOC Mundir - raj, ORG Government of Tamil Nadu, ORG IIT Madras, ORG Madras Christian College, LOC Nayak, ORG University of Madras, ORG St. Mary, PER de Dios, LOC Fort St George, LOC M\u0101darasanpattanam, LOC Royapuram, PER Damarla Venkatapathy Nayak, LOC Madre, LOC Chennai, PER Damarla Mudirasa Chennappa Nayakudu, ORG East India Company, PER Venkata III, LOC India, LOC Madras, LOC Mundiraj, ORG Madras Medical College, LOC Mudiraj, ORG Madras Institute of Technology", "Response": "The name Chennai was derived from the name of Damarla Mudirasa Chennappa Nayakudu, father of Damarla Venkatapathy Nayak, a Nayak ruler who served as a general under Venkata III of the Vijayanagara Empire from whom the British acquired the town in 1639. As such, the city's name is of Telugu language origin. The first official use of the name Chennai is said to be in a sale deed, dated August 1639, to Francis Day of the East India Company, even before the Chennakesava Perumal Temple was built in 1646, while some scholars argue to the contrary.The name Madras is also of native origin, and has been shown to have been in use before the British established a presence in India. A Vijayanagara-era inscription dated to the year 1367 that mentions the port of M\u0101darasanpattanam, along with other small ports on the east coast, was discovered in 2015 and it was theorised that the aforementioned port is the fishing port of Royapuram. According to some sources, Madras is derived from Madraspattinam, a fishing village north of Fort St George. However, it is uncertain whether the name was in use before the arrival of Europeans. British military mapmakers believed Madras was originally Mundir-raj or Mundiraj, which was the name of a Telugu community, Mudiraj, who were the native inhabitants of the city.There are also suggestions that it may have originated from the Portuguese phrase M\u00e3e de Deus or Madre de Dios, which means \"mother of God\", due to Portuguese influence on the port city, specifically referring to a Church of St. Mary.In August 1996, the Government of Tamil Nadu officially changed the name from Madras to Chennai. At that time many Indian cities underwent a change of name. However, the name Madras continues in occasional use for the city, as well as for places named after the city such as University of Madras, IIT Madras, Madras Institute of Technology, Madras Medical College, Madras Veterinary College, Madras Christian College."}, {"Context": "Chennai History", "Knowledge": "LOC Chandragiri, PER Francis Day, LOC Cholas, LOC Madraspatnam, LOC Vijayanagara Empire, LOC Fort St. George, LOC Pandyas, LOC Pallavaram, LOC Mahabalipuram, LOC Pulicat, PER St. Thomas, LOC Kanchi, LOC S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9, PER Nayak, LOC South India, PER Kalahasti Damarla Chennappa Nayakudu, PER Peda Venkata Raya. Day, LOC Cheras, ORG Archaeological Survey of India, PER Thiruvalluvar, LOC Mylapore, LOC Chennai, LOC Tamil Nadu, ORG East India Company, ORG ASI, LOC Poonamallee, PER Mahendravarman I, LOC Coromandel, PER Damarla Venkatadri Nayaka, LOC India, PER Aiyappa Nayaka, PER Vijayanager", "Response": "Stone age implements have been found near Pallavaram in Chennai. According to the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), Pallavaram was a megalithic cultural establishment, and pre-historic communities resided in the settlement.The region around Chennai has served as an important administrative, military, and economic centre for many centuries. During the 1st century CE, a poet and weaver named Thiruvalluvar lived in the town of Mylapore (a neighbourhood of present Chennai). From the 1st\u201312th century the region of present Tamil Nadu and parts of South India was ruled by the Cholas.The Pallavas of Kanchi built the areas of Mahabalipuram and Pallavaram during the reign of Mahendravarman I. They also defeated several kingdoms including the Cheras, Cholas and Pandyas who ruled over the area before their arrival. Sculpted caves and paintings have been identified from that period. Ancient coins dating to around 500 BCE have also been unearthed from the city and its surrounding areas. A portion of these findings belonged to the Vijayanagara Empire, which ruled the region during the medieval period.The Portuguese first arrived in 1522 and built a port called S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 after the Christian apostle, St. Thomas, who is believed to have preached in the area between 52 and 70 CE. In 1612, the Dutch established themselves near Pulicat, north of Chennai.On 20 August 1639 Francis Day of the East India Company along with the Nayak of Kalahasti Damarla Chennappa Nayakudu, travelled to the Chandragiri palace for an audience with the Vijayanager Emperor Peda Venkata Raya. Day was seeking to obtain a grant for land on the Coromandel coast on which the company could build a factory and warehouse for their trading activities. He was successful in obtaining the lease of a strip of land about  10 km (6 mi) long and  1.6 km (1 mi) inland in return for a yearly sum of five hundred lakh pagodas. On 22 August, he secured the land grant from local Nayak (Damarla Venkatadri Nayaka and his younger brother Aiyappa Nayaka of Poonamallee). The region was then formerly a fishing village known as \"Madraspatnam\". A year later, the Company built Fort St. George, the first major English settlement in India, which became the nucleus of the growing colonial city and urban Chennai, grew around this Fort. Post independence the fort housed the Tamil Nadu Assembly until the new Secretariat building was opened in 2010, but shortly afterwards it was again moved back to Fort St. George, due to a change in the Government.In 1746, Fort St. George and Madras were captured by the French under General La Bourdonnais, the Governor of Mauritius, who plundered the town and its outlying villages. The British regained control in 1749 through the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle and strengthened the town's fortress wall to withstand further attacks from the French and Hyder Ali, the Sultan of Mysore. They resisted a French siege attempt in 1759. In 1769 the city was threatened by Mysore and the British were defeated by Hyder Ali, after which the Treaty of Madras ended the war. By the 18th century, the British had conquered most of the region around Tamil Nadu and the northern modern\u2013day states of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka, establishing the Madras Presidency with Madras as the capital.\n\nGradually, the city grew into a major naval base and became the central administrative centre for the British in South India. The city served as the baseline for the Great Trigonometrical Survey of India started on 10 April 1802. With the advent of railways in India in the 19th century, the thriving urban centre was connected to other important cities such as Bombay and Calcutta, promoting increased communication and trade with the hinterland. Sir Arthur Lawley was Governor of Madras from 1906 to 1911 and promoted modern agriculture, industry, railways, education, the arts and more democratic governance. The Governor lived in Government House, Fort St George, and had a country home at Guindy, with access to a golf course, hockey pitches, riding stables and the Guindy Horse Racing Track. In the First World War as Red Cross Commissioner in Mesopotamia, he looked after the welfare of Indian soldiers. Madras was the only Indian city to be attacked by the Central Powers during World War I, when an oil depot was shelled by the German light cruiser SMS Emden on 22 September 1914, as it raided shipping lanes in the Indian Ocean, causing disruption to shipping.After India gained its independence in 1947, the city became the capital of Madras State, which was renamed as Tamil Nadu in 1969. The violent agitations of 1965 against the compulsory imposition of Hindi and in support of English in India in the state marked a major shift in the political dynamics of the city and eventually it had a big impact on the whole state. Because of Madras and its people, English was not abolished as an official language, and remains an official language of India alongside Hindi. On 17 July 1996, the city known as Madras was officially renamed Chennai, in line with what was then a nationwide trend to using less Anglicised names. On 26 December 2004, an Indian Ocean tsunami lashed the shores of Chennai, killing 206 people in Chennai and permanently altering the coastline. The 2015 Chennai Floods submerged major portions of the city, killing 269 people and resulting in damages of \u20b986.4 billion (US$1 billion)."}, {"Context": "Chennai Geography", "Knowledge": "LOC Adambakkam, LOC Chepauk, LOC Vyasarpadi, LOC Otteri Nullah, LOC Maduravoyal, LOC Ennore, LOC Buckingham Canal, LOC Delhi, LOC Alapakkam, LOC Madhavaram, LOC New Washermanpet, LOC Uthandi, LOC Tiruvottiyur, LOC Manali, LOC Mumbai, LOC Velachery, LOC Kolathur, LOC Jaladampet, LOC Coumm, LOC Adyar River, LOC Kortalaiyar, LOC Eastern Coastal Plains, LOC George Town, LOC K. K. Nagar, LOC Anna Nagar, LOC Mudichur, LOC Besant Nagar, LOC Pallikaranai, LOC Mylapore, LOC Cooum River, LOC Chennai, LOC Tamil Nadu, LOC Cooum, LOC Kolkata, LOC Koovam, LOC Tambaram, LOC Porur, LOC India, LOC Guindy, LOC Nanganallur, LOC Pallavaram Semmencherry, LOC Adyar, LOC Bay of Bengal, LOC Basin Bridge, LOC Alandur", "Response": "Chennai is located on the south\u2013eastern coast of India in the north\u2013eastern part of Tamil Nadu on a flat coastal plain known as the Eastern Coastal Plains. Its average elevation is around  6.7 m (22 ft), and its highest point is  60 m (200 ft). Chennai is  2,184 km (1,357 mi) south of Delhi,  1,337 km (831 mi) southeast of Mumbai, and  1,707 km (1,061 mi) southwest of Kolkata by road. Two major rivers flow through Chennai, the Cooum River (or Koovam) through the centre and the Adyar River to the south. A third river, the Kortalaiyar, travels through the northern fringes of the city before draining into the Bay of Bengal, at Ennore. The estuary of this river is heavily polluted with effluents released by the industries in the region. Adyar and Cooum rivers are heavily polluted with effluents and waste from domestic and commercial sources, the Coumm being so heavily polluted it is regarded as the city's eyesore. A protected estuary on the Adyar forms a natural habitat for several species of birds and animals. The Buckingham Canal,  4 km (2.5 mi) inland, runs parallel to the coast, linking the two rivers. The Otteri Nullah, an east\u2013west stream, runs through north Chennai and meets the Buckingham Canal at Basin Bridge. Several lakes of varying size are located on the western fringes of the city. Some areas of the city have the problem of excess iron content in groundwater.\n\nChennai's soil is mostly clay, shale and sandstone. Clay underlies most of the city, chiefly Manali, Kolathur, Maduravoyal, K. K. Nagar, Tambaram, Mudichur, Pallavaram Semmencherry, Alapakkam, Vyasarpadi and Anna Nagar. Sandy areas are found along the river banks and coasts, and include areas such as Tiruvottiyur, George Town, Madhavaram, New Washermanpet, Chepauk, Mylapore, Porur, Adyar, Besant Nagar and Uthandi. In these areas, rainwater runoff percolates quickly through the soil. Areas having hard rock surface include Guindy, Nanganallur, Pallikaranai, Alandur, Jaladampet, Velachery, Adambakkam and a part of Saidapet and Perungudi. The ground water table in Chennai is at 4\u20135 m below ground in most of the areas, which was considerably improved and maintained through the mandatory rain water harvesting system. Of the 24.87 km coastline of the city, 3.08 km experiences erosion, with sand accretion along the shoreline can be noticed at the Marina beach and the area between the Ennore Port and Kosasthalaiyar river."}, {"Context": "Chennai Geology", "Knowledge": "LOC Chennai", "Response": "Chennai is classified as being in Seismic Zone III, indicating a moderate risk of damage from earthquakes. Owing to the geotectonic zone the city falls in, the city is considered a potential geothermal energy site. The crust has granite rocks indicating volcanic activities in the past. It is expected that temperatures of around 200 to 300 C\u00b0 will be available if the ground were drilled 4 to 5 km deep. The region has the oldest rocks in the country dating back to nearly a billion years."}, {"Context": "Chennai Flora and fauna", "Knowledge": "LOC Tiruvanmiyur, LOC Pallikaranai, LOC Adyar, LOC Guindy National Park, LOC Chennai, LOC Neelangarai, LOC Cooum, ORG Madras Naturalists ' Society, ORG Madras Crocodile Bank Trust, LOC Arignar Anna Zoological Park", "Response": "The southern stretch of Chennai's coast from Tiruvanmiyur to Neelangarai are favoured by the endangered olive ridley sea turtles to lay eggs every winter. A large number of cattle egrets, pond herons and other waterbirds can be seen in the rivers of Cooum and Adyar. About 75,000 birds migrate to Chennai every year. Marshy wetlands such as Pallikaranai also play host to a number of migratory birds during the monsoon and winter. Over 300 species of birds have been recorded in the city and its neighbourhood by members of Madras Naturalists' Society since its inception in 1978.\nGuindy National Park is a protected area within the city limits. Wildlife conservation and research activities take place at\nArignar Anna Zoological Park including olive ridley sea turtle conservation. Madras Crocodile Bank Trust is a herpetology research station, located  40 km (25 mi) south of Chennai. The city's tree cover is estimated to be around 64.06 sq km. The most dominant tree species is the copper pod, followed by Indian beech and Neem. A total of 121 species of trees belonging to 94 genera and 42 families are found in the city. Nearly half of the native plant species in the city's wetlands have disappeared in recent years. The city, which had 85 percent of its area covered with aquatic plants until the 1970s, now has only 25 percent of its area covered with such plants."}, {"Context": "Chennai Environment conservation", "Knowledge": "ORG Environmentalist Foundation of India, ORG Chennai River Restoration trust, LOC Chennai, LOC Adyar", "Response": "Chennai has three rivers and many lakes spread across the city. Urbanization has led to the shrinkage of water bodies and wetlands. The quantity of wetlands in the city has decreased from 650 to only 27 currently. The Chennai River Restoration trust set up by the government is working on the restoration of Adyar river. Environmentalist Foundation of India is a volunteering group working towards wildlife conservation and habitat restoration.The encroachment of urban development on wetlands has gravely hampered the city's sustainability, and contributed both to the city's floods in 2015 and water scarcity crisis in 2019."}, {"Context": "Chennai Climate", "Knowledge": "LOC Orissa, LOC Bengal, LOC Myanmar, LOC Coromandel Coast, LOC India, LOC Bangladesh, LOC NE, LOC Bay of Bengal, LOC Chennai", "Response": "Chennai has a dry-summer tropical wet and dry climate under the (K\u00f6ppen climate classification). The city lies on the thermal equator and is also on the coast, which prevents extreme variation in seasonal temperature. The hottest part of the year is late May to early June, known regionally as Agni Nakshatram (\"fire star\") or as Kathiri Veyyil, with maximum temperatures around  35\u201340 \u00b0C (95\u2013104 \u00b0F). The coolest part of the year is January, with minimum temperatures around  19\u201325 \u00b0C (66\u201377 \u00b0F). The lowest recorded temperature was  13.9 \u00b0C (57.0 \u00b0F) on 11 December 1895 and 29 January 1905. The highest recorded temperature was  45 \u00b0C (113 \u00b0F) on 31 May 2003. The average annual rainfall is about  140 cm (55 in).The city gets most of its seasonal rainfall from the north\u2013east monsoon winds, from mid\u2013October to mid\u2013December. Cyclones in the Bay of Bengal sometimes hit the city. The highest annual rainfall recorded is  257 cm (101 in) in 2005. Prevailing winds in Chennai are usually southwesterly between April and October and north-easterly during the rest of the year. Historically, Chennai has relied on the annual rains of the monsoon season to replenish water reservoirs, as no major rivers flow through the area. Chennai has a water table at 2 metres for 60 percent of the year. The city of Chennai is located on the east coast of India, which is also known as the Coromandel Coast.\nChennai is largely dependent on NE monsoon, since 65% of rains are received in this season. Cyclones and depressions are common features during the season. Cyclones, in particular, are especially unpredictable. They may even move towards Orissa, west Bengal, Bangladesh, and also Myanmar. The season between October and December is referred as the NE monsoon period. Floods are common during this period. In 2015, Chennai received record-breaking rains since 1918, which caused massive floods."}, {"Context": "Chennai Land usage", "Knowledge": "ORG World Health Organization", "Response": "As of 2018, the city had a green cover of 14.9 percent, against the World Health Organization recommendation of 9 square metres of green cover per capita in cities. The city had a built-up area of 71 percent. Waterbodies cover an estimated 6 percent of the total area, and at least 8 percent of the area has classified as open space. As of 2017, the total volume of water harvested was 339 mcft and groundwater recharge was 170 mcft."}, {"Context": "Chennai Administration", "Knowledge": "ORG Corporation of Madras, LOC South, LOC Kanchipuram, LOC Mahabalipuram, LOC Chennai Central, LOC Secretariat Buildings, LOC North, LOC Central, ORG Madras High Court, LOC Chennai South, LOC Chennai North, LOC Fort St George, LOC Tiruvallur, ORG CMDA, LOC Chengalpattu, LOC Sriperumpudur, ORG Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority, LOC Chennai, LOC Tamil Nadu, LOC Maraimalai Nagar, LOC Puducherry, LOC Chennai Metropolitan Area, LOC India, ORG Chennai Corporation, LOC Arakkonam, ORG Legislative Assembly, ORG Greater Chennai Corporation, PER Priya Rajan", "Response": "Chennai city is governed by the Greater Chennai Corporation (formerly \"Corporation of Madras\"), which was established in 1688. It is the oldest surviving municipal corporation in India and the second oldest surviving corporation in the world. In 2011, the jurisdiction of the Chennai Corporation was expanded from  174 km2 (67 sq mi) to an area of  426 km2 (164 sq mi), dividing into three regions\u2014North, South and Central, which covers 200 wards. The corporation is headed by a mayor, an office presently occupied by Priya Rajan. The Mayor and councillors of the city are elected through a popular vote by the residents. While the city limit was expanded in 2011, the revised population is yet to be officially announced.\nThe Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority (CMDA) is the nodal agency responsible for planning and development of Chennai Metropolitan Area, which is spread over an area of  1,189 km2 (459 sq mi), covering the Chennai district and parts of Tiruvallur, Kanchipuram and Chengalpattu districts. The larger suburbs are governed by town municipalities and the smaller ones are governed by town councils called panchayats. Under the gamut of the CMDA are 5 parliamentary and 28 assembly constituencies. The CMDA has drafted an additional Master Plan that aims to develop satellite townships around the city. The city's contiguous satellite towns include Mahabalipuram in the south, Chengalpattu and Maraimalai Nagar in the southwest, and Sriperumpudur, Arakkonam, Kanchipuram and Tiruvallur to the west.Chennai, as the capital of the state of Tamil Nadu, houses the state executive and legislative headquarters primarily in the Secretariat Buildings in the Fort St George campus. The Madras High Court, is the highest judicial authority in the state, whose jurisdiction extends across Tamil Nadu and Puducherry. Chennai has three parliamentary constituencies\u2014Chennai North, Chennai Central and Chennai South\u2014and elects 24 Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) to the state legislature."}, {"Context": "Chennai Law and order", "Knowledge": "LOC North Chennai, ORG Greater Chennai Police, ORG Chennai Metropolitan Police, LOC India, ORG Chennai Corporation, LOC Central Chennai, ORG CMDA, LOC Puzhal Central Prison, ORG Tamil Nadu Home Ministry, ORG Chennai City Traffic Police, ORG Madras Central Prison, ORG Chennai Police Commissionerate, ORG CCTP, LOC Kanchipuram, LOC Thiruvallur, LOC Chennai, ORG Tamil Nadu Police, LOC South Chennai", "Response": "The Greater Chennai Police is the main law enforcement agency in the city, with a jurisdiction of over  745 km2 (288 sq mi) catering to over 8.5 million people. It consists of 121 police stations and is headed by a commissioner of police. The Greater Chennai Police is a division of the Tamil Nadu Police, and the administrative control lies with the Tamil Nadu Home Ministry. Chennai City Traffic Police (CCTP) is responsible for the traffic management in the city. The metropolitan suburbs are policed by the Chennai Metropolitan Police, headed by the Chennai Police Commissionerate, and the outer district areas of the CMDA are policed by the Kanchipuram and Thiruvallur police departments.\n\nAs of 2011 (prior to the expansion of Chennai Corporation area), Chennai city has a sanctioned strength of 14,000 police personnel. With a population density of 26,903 persons per square kilometre, the city had 1 policeman for every 413 people. The Chennai suburban police had about 4,093 police personnel and a ratio of 1:1,222. In 2010, the crime rate in the city was 169.2 per 100,000 people, as against an average of 341.9 in the 35 major cities of India. In 2011, North Chennai zone had 30 police stations and 3 police out posts, Central Chennai zone had 28 police stations and 3 police out posts, and South Chennai zone had 30 police stations.In 2009, Madras Central Prison, one of the oldest prisons in India, built over  11 acres (4 ha) of land, was demolished; the prisoners were moved to Puzhal Central Prison."}, {"Context": "Chennai Politics", "Knowledge": "ORG Tamil Nadu Congress, ORG Congress Party, ORG Hindi, PER E. V. Ramasami, ORG Indian National Congress, PER Anna, PER A. O. Hume, ORG Congress, LOC Deccan, PER C. N. Annadurai, ORG Justice Party, ORG South Indian Welfare Association, ORG Indian Union, ORG Dravidar Kazhagam, LOC Chennai, LOC Tamil Nadu, ORG Periyar, LOC Dravida Nadu, ORG DMK, LOC India, ORG DK, LOC Madras Province, ORG Theosophical Society, LOC Avadi, PER Periyar", "Response": "Since the 19th century, when Western scholars proposed that Dravidian languages, which dominated the southern region of India, formed a different linguistic group to that of the Indo-Aryan languages that are predominant in the north of the subcontinent, the aspects of Tamil nationalism gained prominence. This resulted in the Anti-Hindi agitations in the city and across the state. However, the post-Independence re-organisation of Indian states according to linguistic and ethnic basis has moderated Tamil nationalism, especially the demand for separation from the Indian Union. The Anti-Hindi agitations in mid-1960s made the DMK more popular and more powerful political force in the state. The agitations of the 1960s played a crucial role in the defeat of the Tamil Nadu Congress party in the 1967 elections and the continuing dominance of Dravidian parties in Tamil Nadu politics.\n\nBeing the capital of the Madras Province that covered a vast area of the Deccan region, Chennai remained the centre of politics in the southern region of India during the British colonial era. After Independence, it remained the centre of political activities of the state of Tamil Nadu. Chennai is the birthplace of the idea of the Indian National Congress, commonly known as the Congress Party. Founded by Indian and British members of the Theosophical Society movement, most notably A.O. Hume, the idea was originally conceived in a private meeting of 17 men after a Theosophical Convention held in the city in December 1884. During the first 50 years of the Indian National Congress, the city played host to its conferences seven times in 1887, 1894, 1898, 1903, 1908, 1914 and 1927, becoming one of the strong bases for the Indian independence movement. After independence, the city hosted the Congress in 1955 in its suburb of Avadi.Chennai is also the birthplace of several regional political movements since the British era. South Indian Welfare Association, one of the earliest regional parties, was founded in 1916, which later came to be known as the Justice Party, which was the main opposition party to the Indian National Congress in the state. In 1944, the party was renamed Dravidar Kazhagam (DK) by E. V. Ramasami (popularly known as 'Periyar'). The party was a non-political party that demanded the establishment of an independent state called Dravida Nadu. However, due to the differences between its two leaders Periyar and C. N. Annadurai, the party was split. Annadurai left the party to form the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK). The DMK decided to enter into politics in 1956."}, {"Context": "Chennai Utility services", "Knowledge": "LOC Red Hills Lake, LOC Chennai City, LOC Chembarambakkam Lake, ORG Chennai MetroWater Supply and Sewage Board, LOC Chembarambakkam, LOC Minjur, ORG Tamil Nadu Electricity Board, LOC Veeranam, LOC Kilpauk, ORG Ramky Enviro Engineers Limited, LOC Pallikaranai, LOC Telugu Ganga, ORG Corporation, ORG Corporation of Chennai, LOC Puzhal, LOC Chennai, ORG Tamil Nadu Fire and Rescue Services, LOC Krishna River, LOC Kodungaiyur", "Response": "The city's water supply and sewage treatment are managed by the Chennai MetroWater Supply and Sewage Board. Water is drawn from Red Hills Lake and Chembarambakkam Lake, the primary water reservoirs of the city, and treated at water treatment plants located at Kilpauk, Puzhal, Chembarambakkam and supplied to the city through 27 water distribution stations. The city receives 530 million liters per day (mld) of water from Krishna River through Telugu Ganga project, 180 mld of water from the Veeranam lake project and 100 mld of water from the Minjur desalination plant, the country's largest sea water desalination plant. However, Chennai is predicted to face a huge deficit of 713 mld in 2026 as the demand is projected at 2,248 mld and supply estimated at only 1,535 mld. The city's sewer system was designed in 1910, with some modifications in 1958. There are 714 public toilets in the city managed by the city corporation, and 2,000 more have been planned by the corporation. The corporation also owns 52 community halls across the city.The Corporation of Chennai provides civic services to the city. Garbage collection in some of the wards is contracted to Ramky Enviro Engineers Limited, a private company, while the Corporation looks after the removal and processing of solid waste in the others, with a superintendent engineer managing the channels. As of 2011, eight transfer stations exist within the city for treating the waste. Garbage is dumped in two dump-yards in the city\u2014One in Kodungaiyur and another in Pallikaranai, with a major portion of the latter covering the Pallikaranai marshland. In market areas, the conservancy work is done during the night. Electricity is distributed by the Tamil Nadu Electricity Board. Fire services are handled by the Tamil Nadu Fire and Rescue Services. The city, along with the suburbs, has 33 operating fire stations.The Chennai City region has 568 post offices, of which nearly 460 operate from rented premises."}, {"Context": "Chennai Architecture", "Knowledge": "LOC Triplicane, LOC Southern Railway, LOC Marina Beach, LOC Victoria Public Hall, LOC Senate House, LOC Mamallapuram, LOC Fort St. George, PER Henry Irwin, ORG College, LOC Parthasarathy Temple, ORG Engineering, LOC Tiruvanmiyur, LOC Sathyavedu, LOC National Art Gallery, LOC Government Museum, ORG University of Madras, LOC Bharat Insurance Building, LOC Madras High Court, LOC Madras Museum, PER Arthur Lawley, LOC Mylapore, LOC Amir Mahal, LOC Chennai, LOC Kolkata, LOC Chepauk Palace, LOC Kapaleeshwarar Temple, PER Robert Fellowes Chisholm, LOC India, PER Paul Benfield, LOC Madras, LOC Vijayanagara, LOC of, LOC Ripon Building", "Response": "With the history of many neighbourhoods of the city such as Mylapore, Triplicane, and Tiruvanmiyur antedating that of the city itself, the architecture of Chennai ranges in a wide chronology. The oldest buildings in the city date from the 7th and 8th centuries CE, which include the Kapaleeshwarar Temple in Mylapore and the Parthasarathy Temple in Triplicane, built in the Dravidian architecture. This architecture includes various styles, such as those of the Pallavas, the Cholas, and the Vijayanagara empires. The associated Agraharam architecture, which consists of traditional row houses surrounding a temple, can still be seen in these areas. The heritage temples at Mamallapuram at the outskirts of the city are some of the examples of the Pallava architecture. Chennai ranks second to Kolkata in having the largest collection of Indian heritage buildings in the country.\n\nWith the advent of the Mugals and the British, the city saw a rise in a blend of Hindu, Islamic and Gothic revival styles, resulting in the distinct Indo-Saracenic architecture. The architecture for several early institutions such as banking and commerce, railways, press and education, chiefly through the colonial rule, followed the earlier directions of the Neo-Classical and the Indo-Saracenic. The Chepauk Palace in the city, designed by Paul Benfield, is said to be the first Indo-Saracenic building in India. Since then, many of the colonial-era buildings in the city were designed in this style of architecture, which is most apparent around the Fort St. George built in 1640. Most of these were designed by English architects Robert Fellowes Chisholm and Henry Irwin. The best examples of this style include the Madras High Court (built in 1892), Southern Railway headquarters, Ripon Building, Government Museum, Senate House of the University of Madras, Amir Mahal, Bharat Insurance Building, Victoria Public Hall and the College of Engineering. The Triumph of Labour, also known as the Labour statue, at the Marina Beach is an important landmark of Chennai.\n\nThe construction of the National Art Gallery in Madras was completed in 1909. The new building, with a distinct fa\u00e7ade, was built of pink sandstone brought from Sathyavedu, and formed part of the Madras Museum campus. It was opened, on 23 January 1909, by the Governor of Fort St. George, Sir Arthur Lawley, and called the Victoria Memorial Hall after the Queen-Empress Victoria. The residential architecture in the city was based on the bungalow or the continuous row house prototypes. Gothic revival style buildings include the Chennai Central and Chennai Egmore railway stations. The Santhome Church, which was originally built by the Portuguese in 1523 and is believed to house the remains of the apostle St. Thomas, was rebuilt in 1893 in neo-Gothic style.By the early 20th century, the art deco too made its entry upon the city's urban landscape. From the 1930s onwards, many buildings in George Town were built in this style, including the United India building (presently housing the Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC)) and the Burma Shell building (presently the Chennai House), both built in the 1930s, and the Dare House, built in 1940. Other examples include the Bombay Mutual building (presently housing LIC) and the South Indian Chamber of Commerce building. After Independence, the city witnessed a rise in the Modernism style of architecture. The completion of the LIC Building in 1959, the tallest building in the country at that time, marked the transition from lime-and-brick construction to concrete columns in the region. The presence of the weather radar at the Chennai Port, however, prohibited the construction of buildings taller than 60 m around a radius of 10 km for several decades that followed. In addition, the floor-area ratio (FAR) in the central business district is also 1.5, much less than that of smaller cities of the country. This resulted in the city expanding horizontally, unlike other metropolitan cities where vertical growth was prominent. On the contrary, the peripheral regions, especially on the southern and south-western sides, began experiencing vertical growth with the construction of buildings up to 60 floors. Within the downtown area, the 48-storied Highliving District Tower H remains the tallest building at 161 metres."}, {"Context": "Chennai Population", "Knowledge": "ORG Greater Chennai Corporation, ORG Chennai Municipal Corporation, ORG Municipal Corporation, LOC Chennai", "Response": "A resident of Chennai is called a Chennaite. According to 2011 census, the city had a population of 4,646,732, within an area of 174 square kilometres administered by the Municipal Corporation, working out a population density of 26,705 persons per square kilometre; that had 11 lakh households, with 51% of them living in rented houses. The city's limits were expanded later in 2011 to 426 square kilometres and its population reached 7,088,000, resulting in a population density of 16,639 persons per square kilometre, with Chennai Municipal Corporation being renamed as Greater Chennai Corporation.As of 2019, 712,000 families live below poverty line, which is about 40 percent of the 1.788 million families in the city."}, {"Context": "Chennai Languages", "Knowledge": "LOC Chennai, LOC India", "Response": "Tamils form the majority of Chennai's population. English is spoken largely by white-collar workers, often mixed into Tamil. In 2001, out of the 2,937,000 migrants (33.8% of its population) in the city, 61.5% were from other parts of the state, 33.8% were from rest of India and 3.7% were from outside the country. As per the 2001 census, the number of speakers mother tongue wise are as follows, Tamil is spoken by 3,424,107 (78.8%), followed by Telugu by 419,209 (9.7%), Urdu by 180,245 (4.1%), Malayalam by 113,828 (2.6%), Hindi by 104,084 (2.4%), and Kannada by 22,250 (0.5%). Korean, Japanese, French, Mandarin Chinese, Russian, German and Spanish are some of the languages spoken by the 250,000 foreign expatriates residing in the city."}, {"Context": "Chennai Religion and ethnicity", "Knowledge": "LOC Mumbai, LOC Delhi, LOC Bengaluru, LOC Chennai", "Response": "Chennai, along with Bengaluru, Mumbai and Delhi, is one of the few Indian cities that are home to a diverse population of ethno-religious communities. Minorities include Telugus, Marwaris, Gujaratis, Parsis, Sindhis, Odias, Goans, Kannadigas, Anglo-Indians, Bengalis, Punjabi, and Malayalees. As per the religious census of 2011, Chennai's population was 80.73% Hindu, 9.45% Muslim, 7.72% Christian, 1.11% Jain, 0.06% Sikh, 0.06% Buddhist, <0.04% followed other religions and 0.83% followed no religion or did not indicate any religious preference."}, {"Context": "Chennai Housing", "Knowledge": "LOC Asia Pacific, LOC Tiruvallur, ORG Supreme Court, LOC Kancheepuram, LOC Chennai", "Response": "In a 2013 survey titled 'Emerging trends in real estate in Asia Pacific 2014', Chennai emerged in the top 25 real estate destinations list in the Asia Pacific region. The city ranked 22nd in the list. There are about 1,240 slums in Chennai home to about 900,000 people.Per 2011 census, there are 1.1 million households in the city and the residential housing stock available is 1,150,000 \u2013 a surplus of about 50,000 houses. About 43,700 of them are kept vacant. In the suburbs of Chennai located in Tiruvallur and Kancheepuram districts, the figures of vacant houses 56,000 and 71,000, respectively. Of the existing housing stock in the city, about 200,000 houses are not in good condition, necessitating either to rebuild or build new units. About 26,000 households live in houses without any room and another 427,000 families (with an average size of five members) live in small dwelling units with only one room. An earlier estimate shows that there is a need to generate about 420,000 units for low-income groups by 2016.As of 2012, an estimated population of 11,116 (0.16 percent) were homeless. Per Supreme Court guidelines, the city needs 65 shelters for the homeless. However, it has only 15, of which eight are functioning and two are under renovation.As of 2017, there are more than 2.2 million households, with 40 percent of the residents not owning a house."}, {"Context": "Chennai Museums and art galleries", "Knowledge": "LOC Fort St George, LOC India, ORG Archaeological Survey of India, LOC Fort Museum, LOC Chennai, LOC Fort St. George, LOC National Art Gallery, LOC Government Museum", "Response": "Chennai is home to many museums, galleries, and other institutions, many of which are free of admission charges and are major tourist attractions as well as playing a research role. The city also has one of the oldest museums and art galleries in the country \u2013 Government Museum, Chennai and The National Art Gallery (Chennai), established in the early 18th century.The city also hosts two art festivals annually. The \"Fort Museum\" inside the premises of Fort St. George is an important museum having a noteworthy collection of objects of the British era in its collection. The museum is managed by the Archaeological Survey of India and has in its possession, the first Flag of India hoisted at Fort St George after the declaration of India's Independence on 15 August 1947."}, {"Context": "Chennai Music and performing arts", "Knowledge": "LOC North Chennai, ORG Madras Music Academy, ORG UCCN, LOC Kalakshetra, LOC India, ORG Bharatha Natyam, ORG Bharata Natyam, LOC Kerala, ORG Madras University, ORG UNESCO Creative Cities Network, LOC Chennai, LOC Tamil Nadu, ORG of Chennai Sangamam, LOC Onam", "Response": "Chennai is a major centre for music, art and culture in India. The city is known for its classical dance shows. In 1930, for the first time in India, Madras University introduced a course of music, as part of the Bachelor of Arts curriculum. The Madras Music Season, initiated by Madras Music Academy in 1927, is celebrated every year during the month of December. It features performances of traditional Carnatic music by many artists in and around the city. The main folk music in Chennai is Gaana, a combination of various folk musics sung mainly sung in the working-class area of North Chennai.An arts festival called the Chennai Sangamam, which showcases not only various art of Tamil Nadu, but also from the neighbouring states, like kalari (from Kerala), which is a major attraction, is held in January every year. The Speciality of Chennai Sangamam is that the various programmes are held near or at the various famous landmarks in the city so that everyone in the city has access to the programmes and there is no fee charged for entry for any of the programmes. Pookolam, a form of art that uses coloured flour to create patterns and designs, comes from Kerala, but can be seen in abundance at the time of Onam.The city has a diverse theatre scene and is one of the important centres for Bharata Natyam, a classical dance form that originated in Tamil Nadu and is the oldest dance of India. An important cultural centre for Bharata Natyam is Kalakshetra, on the beach in the south of the city. In 2012, a group of five Bharatha Natyam dancers from Chennai performed at the India Campaign during the 2012 Summer Olympics.\nChennai has been featured in UNESCO Creative Cities Network (UCCN) list since October 2017 for its century-old musical tradition. Chennai is also home to some choirs, who during the Christmas season stage various carol performances across the city in Tamil and English."}, {"Context": "Chennai Cityscape", "Knowledge": "LOC North Chennai, LOC GST Road, LOC North, LOC Sriperumbdur, LOC Grand Southern Trunk Road, LOC Central, LOC Central Chennai, LOC Old Mahabalipuram Road, LOC West, LOC South, LOC West Chennai, LOC Koyambedu, LOC Chennai, LOC Ambattur", "Response": "Chennai is broadly divided into four regions: North, Central, South, and West. North Chennai is primarily an industrial area, with a higher population density and narrower roads. South and West Chennai, previously mostly residential, are rapidly becoming commercial, home to a growing number of information technology firms, financial companies and call centres. The city is expanding quickly along the Old Mahabalipuram Road and the Grand Southern Trunk Road (GST Road) in the south and towards Ambattur, Koyambedu and Sriperumbdur in the west. Central Chennai comprises residential elements, but is primarily home to the downtown area, and surrounding areas, the most visited by travellers to the city."}, {"Context": "Chennai Economy", "Knowledge": "ORG India, LOC Delhi, LOC Gateway, LOC Detroit, LOC Mumbai, LOC France, LOC South India, ORG Euromonitor, ORG Forbes magazine, LOC Mylapore, LOC Chennai, ORG GaWC, LOC Kolkata, ORG Madras Stock Exchange, ORG SEBI, LOC India, ORG Confederation of Indian Industry, ORG National Stock Exchange, ORG Bombay Stock Exchange", "Response": "Recent estimates of the economy of the entire Chennai Metropolitan Area range from $78.6 to $86 billion (PPP GDP), ranking it from fourth- to sixth-most productive metro area of India. Chennai has a broad industrial base in the automobile, computer, technology, hardware manufacturing and healthcare sectors. As of 2012, the city is India's second-largest exporter of information technology (IT) and business process outsourcing (BPO) services. A major part of India's automobile industry is located in and around the city thus earning it the nickname \"Detroit of India\". Known as the \"Gateway of South India\", Chennai is the third-most visited city in India by international tourists according to Euromonitor. The city is also called the Cultural Capital of South India. The city was home to the Madras Stock Exchange, India's fourth stock exchange, one of four permanently recognised by SEBI, and India's third-largest by trading volume, ranked behind the Bombay Stock Exchange and the National Stock Exchange of India.Industrialisation in the city dates back to the 16th century, when textile mills manufactured goods which were exported to British during its war with France. According to Forbes magazine, Chennai is one of the fastest-growing cities in the world and is ranked among the \"Forbes-Top 10 Fastest Growing Cities in the World\". It is ranked 4th in hosting the maximum number of Fortune 500 companies of India, next only to Mumbai, Delhi and Kolkata. It also is home to 24 Indian companies having a net worth of more than US$1 billion. As of 2012, the city has about 34,260 identified companies in its 15 zones, of which 5,196 companies have a paid-up the capital of over \u20b9 50 lakh.\n\nChennai has a diversified economic base anchored by the automobile, software services, hardware manufacturing, health care and financial services industries. According to the Confederation of Indian Industry, Chennai is estimated to grow to a US$100 billion economy, 2.5 times its present size, by 2025. As of 2012, with \u20b9 1 lakh crore investment in the pipeline over 5 years, the city is poised for major industrial investment. Chennai is classified as a global city by GaWC, with a ranking of Beta based on the extent of global reach and financial influence. It is estimated that about 400 financial industry businesses are headquartered in the city, half of which are located in the areas of Mylapore, R. A. Puram, Nungambakkam and T. Nagar.The city is base to around 40 percent of India's automobile industry and 45 percent of auto components industry. A large number of automotive companies including Royal enfield, Hyundai, Renault, Robert Bosch, Nissan Motors, Ashok Leyland, Yamaha Motor, Daimler AG, Caterpillar Inc., Komatsu Limited, BharatBenz, Ford, BMW, Citro\u00ebn and Mitsubishi have manufacturing plants in Chennai. The Heavy Vehicles Factory at Avadi produces military vehicles, including India's main battle tank: Arjun MBT. The Integral Coach Factory manufactures railway coaches and other rolling stock for Indian Railways. The Ambattur\u2013Padi industrial zone houses many textile manufacturers, and a special economic zone (SEZ) for apparel and footwear manufacturing has been set up in the southern suburbs of the city. Chennai contributes more than 50 percent of India's leather exports.Many software and software services companies have development centres in Chennai, which contributed 14 percent of India's total software exports of \u20b9 14,42,140 lakh during 2006\u201307, making it the second largest Indian city software exporter following Bangalore. The Tidel Park in Chennai was billed as Asia's largest IT park when it was built. Major software companies have their offices set up here, with some of them making Chennai their largest base.\n\nProminent financial institutions, including the World Bank, Standard Chartered Bank, ABN AMRO, Bank of America, The Royal Bank of Scotland, Goldman Sachs, Barclays, HSBC, ING Group, Allianz, Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation, The Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ, Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank, Asian Development Bank, Credit Suisse, BNP Paribas Fortis, Irevna, Deutsche Bank and Citibank have back office and development centre operations in the city. Chennai is home to the national level commercial banks Indian Bank and Indian Overseas Bank and many state level co\u2013operative banks, finance and insurance companies. Telecom and Electronics manufacturers based in and around Chennai include Samsung, Nokia Siemens, Motorola, Lenovo, Dell, Force10, Wipro, Flextronics and Siemens among others. Chennai is currently the largest electronics hardware exporter in India, accounting for 45% of the total exports in 2010\u201311. Telecom giants Ericsson and Alcatel-Lucent, pharmaceuticals giant Pfizer and chemicals giant Dow Chemicals have research and development facilities in Chennai. The TICEL bio\u2013tech park at Taramani and Golden Jubilee bio\u2013tech park at Siruseri houses biotechnology companies and laboratories. The World Trade Center complex is located at Perungudi on the southern side of the city. According to Jones Lang LaSalle, demand for investment-grade buildings in Chennai is high from IT companies. The average annual gross demand in Chennai is 4.5 million square feet.\n\nA study conducted by the National Housing Bank on the residential price index of Indian cities showed that Chennai experienced the highest growth after the financial crisis of 2007\u20132008. Medical tourism is an important part of Chennai's economy with 45 percent of total medical tourists to India making to Chennai. The Tamil film industry and the Tamil television industry are also significant parts of Chennai's economy. The city also has a permanent exhibition complex in Nandambakkam called the Chennai Trade Centre. It hosted the Tamil Nadu Global Investors Meet in 2019 which was a business summit organised by the Government of Tamil Nadu. With 385 ultra-rich living in the city as of 2013, Chennai is positioned in the sixth place among Indian cities that are home to the country's super-rich. The city is the third largest market in India for luxury cars."}, {"Context": "Chennai Banking and finance", "Knowledge": "ORG Bank of Bombay, ORG Government Bank, LOC DC, ORG General Bank of India, ORG British Finance Committee, ORG Reserve Bank Staff College, ORG Indian Overseas Bank, ORG Bank of Bengal, ORG Indian Bank, ORG British Bank of Madras, ORG Bharat Overseas Bank, LOC George Town, ORG Bank of Hindustan, ORG Reserve Bank of India, ORG Madras Bank, ORG State Bank of India, LOC Chennai, ORG World Bank, ORG Nattukottai Chettiars, ORG Nagarathars, LOC India, ORG Asiatic Bank, LOC Rajaji Road, ORG Carnatic Bank, ORG Imperial Bank of India, LOC Washington, ORG Bank of Madras", "Response": "The Reserve Bank of India ranked Chennai as third-largest deposit centre and third-largest credit centre nationwide as of June 2012. Prior to the advent of modern commercial banks, the banking services in the city were offered to the public by Nattukottai Chettiars or Nagarathars, chiefly in and around the neighbourhood of George Town, who offered loans as well as accepted money deposits from the public, in addition to offering loans to the agricultural labourers. Even today, many of the banking offices are housed in heritage structures belonging to the colonial era that are chiefly clustered around Rajaji Road in George Town. Chennai is home to the first European-style banking system in India with the establishment of the 'Madras Bank' on 21 June 1683, almost a century before the establishment of the first commercial banks, such as the Bank of Hindustan and the General Bank of India, which were established in 1770 and 1786, respectively. Upon the recommendation of the British Finance Committee on the formation of a government bank, the Madras Bank, then known as the 'Government Bank', started functioning again from 1806. In 1843, the bank merged with the Carnatic Bank (1788), the British Bank of Madras (1795) and the Asiatic Bank (1804) and became the Bank of Madras, which was one of the three Presidency banks of India, the other two being the Bank of Bengal and the Bank of Bombay. In 1921, the three Presidency banks merged to form the Imperial Bank of India, which later became the State Bank of India in 1955.Chennai is the headquarters of the Indian Bank, the Indian Overseas Bank and the erstwhile Bharat Overseas Bank, which merged with the Indian Overseas Bank in 2007. The city is home to the south zonal office of the Reserve Bank of India, the country's central bank, along with its zonal training centre and Reserve Bank Staff College, one of the two colleges of the bank. The city also houses the permanent back office of the World Bank, which is one of the largest buildings owned by the bank outside its headquarters in Washington, DC. The Chennai office handles corporate financial, accounting, administrative and IT services of the bank, in addition to several value-added operations of the bank that were earlier handled only in its Washington, DC office, including the bank's analytical work in bond valuation which is estimated to be US$100 billion. Several foreign banks have established their branches in the city. The first Sri Lankan Bank in India was established when the Bank of Ceylon opened its branch in Madras on 31 October 1995."}, {"Context": "Chennai Communication", "Knowledge": "ORG MTS, LOC Russia, LOC Sri Lanka, LOC Car Nicobar, LOC Andaman, ORG BSNL, LOC Tuticorin, ORG Vodafone, LOC UAE, ORG Airtel, LOC Great Nicobar, LOC Middle East, LOC Brazil, LOC Mumbai, LOC Little Andaman, LOC China, LOC Port Blair, ORG Tata Docomo GSM, ORG Tata Docomo CDMA, ORG BRICS, ORG Reliance GSM, LOC Western Europe, LOC Kamorta, ORG Idea, LOC South Africa, ORG Aircel, ORG Reliance CDMA, LOC Chennai, LOC Sultanate of Oman, LOC Southeast Asia, LOC Nicobar Islands, LOC India, LOC Kochi, LOC Singapore, LOC Havelock, LOC Long Island, LOC Malaysia, LOC Rangat, LOC Hutbay, ORG Gulf Bridge International", "Response": "Chennai is one of four Indian cities connected to the rest of the world by undersea fibre-optic cables, the other three being Mumbai, Kochi, and Tuticorin. The city is the landing point of major submarine telecommunication cable networks such as SMW4 (connecting India with Western Europe, Middle East and Southeast Asia), i2i (connecting India with Singapore), TIC (connecting India with Singapore), BBG (connecting India with the Sultanate of Oman, Malaysia, the UAE, and Sri Lanka), Gulf Bridge International, and BRICS (connecting India with Brazil, Russia, China and South Africa). The 3,175-km-long, 8-fiber-paired i2i has the world's largest design capacity of 8.4 terabits per second. Work to lay a 2,300-km undersea optical submarine cable connecting Andaman and Nicobar Islands to mainland India through Chennai, carrying 100 Gbit/s optical waves, is slated to begin in December 2019 and completed by March 2020. It will connect Port Blair and the islands of Havelock, Little Andaman (Hutbay), Car Nicobar, Kamorta, Great Nicobar, Long Island and Rangat with Indian mainland.As of 2013, eight mobile phone service companies operate seven GSM networks including Airtel, Aircel, BSNL, Vodafone, Tata Docomo GSM, Idea, Reliance GSM and three CDMA networks including MTS, Reliance CDMA, Tata Docomo CDMA in the city. 2G Mobile internet connections are provided by all the operators, and 3G and 4G mobile broadband are provided by few operators in the city. There are four land line companies providing commercial and domestic broadband Internet services. Chennai was the first Indian city to deploy Wi-Fi internet access in a widespread manner. As of 2010, there were 9.8 million mobile phone users in Chennai. In 2010, Chennai had the fourth highest number of active Internet users in India, with 2.2 million users. As of 2018, the city topped in broadband speed among Indian cities, with a recorded download speed of 32.67 Mbit/s."}, {"Context": "Chennai Power", "Knowledge": "LOC Diesel, LOC Plant, LOC Basin Bridge Gas Turbine Power Station, ORG GMR Vasavi, LOC North Chennai Thermal Power Station, LOC Madras Atomic Power Station, ORG TANGEDCO, ORG Tamil Nadu Generation and Distribution Corporation Limited, LOC Vallur Thermal Power Project, ORG Power, LOC Tamil Nadu, LOC Ennore Thermal Power Station", "Response": "Major power plants in the city include North Chennai Thermal Power Station, GMR Vasavi Diesel Power Plant, Ennore Thermal Power Station, Basin Bridge Gas Turbine Power Station, Madras Atomic Power Station and Vallur Thermal Power Project. According to the Tamil Nadu Generation and Distribution Corporation Limited (TANGEDCO), as of 2013, the city consumes about 20 percent of the electricity in the state of Tamil Nadu. The peak evening demand of the city is 1,500 MW which is about 50 percent of the state's peak evening demand of 3,000 megawatt. This includes 37 percent consumption by the industrial sector, 30 percent by the domestic sector, 18 percent by the agricultural sector, and 11.5 percent by the commercial sector. The peak power consumption is for four months between May and August, with the city consuming the highest during June because it is when the summer peaks. On 20 June 2013, the city consumed the highest of 52,785 MU.As of 2014, the city consumes around 3.83 crore units of power a day or 1,400 crore units annually. Hourly consumption of power in the city is about 2,000 to 3,000 MW. Availability of power in the city has become a concern in recent years due to increasing demand and slow-paced addition of power plants, due to which scheduled power cuts have become increasingly common. However, this situation was eradicated by the end of 2014. As of 2016, the total electricity consumption by the street lamps in the city is 27 MW, costing about \u20b9 60,000,000 per month. The 426 sq km of the city has over 248,000 streetlights, including 88,000 in the newly expanded areas."}, {"Context": "Chennai Health care", "Knowledge": "LOC Dr Mehta, LOC Lifeline, ORG College, LOC MIOT, LOC Global, LOC General Hospital, LOC Chettinad Health City, ORG National Institute of Siddha, LOC Sankara Nethralaya, ORG World Health Organization, ORG Institute, LOC TB Sanatorium, ORG Vijaya Medical & Educational Trust, LOC Research Centre, LOC Chennai, LOC SRM Medical College, LOC Apollo Hospitals, LOC Apollo Speciality Hospital, ORG Adyar Cancer, LOC India, LOC Research, LOC Fortis Malar Hospital, LOC Vasan Healthcare, LOC Sri Ramachandra Medical, LOC Institute", "Response": "Chennai is known for its advanced medical facilities, including both government-run and private hospitals. The government-aided hospitals include General Hospital, Adyar Cancer Institute, TB Sanatorium, and National Institute of Siddha. The National Institute of Siddha is one of the seven apex national-level educational institutions that promote excellence in Indian system of medicine and Ayurveda. Major hospitals in Chennai include Apollo Hospitals, Apollo Speciality Hospital, SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Chettinad Health City, MIOT Hospitals, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Fortis Malar Hospital, Lifeline Hospitals, Vasan Healthcare, Dr Mehta Hospitals, Global Hospitals & Health City, Sankara Nethralaya and Vijaya Medical & Educational Trust. Chennai attracts about 45 percent of health tourists from abroad and 30 percent to 40 percent of domestic health tourists. The city has been termed India's health capital.The city has more than 12,500 beds in its hospitals, including about 5,000 in multi-specialty hospitals in the private sector and over 6,000 beds in the public sector. This works to 2.1 beds per 1,000 population against the national average of less than one bed per 1,000 population and the World Health Organization's norms of three beds per 1,000 persons, higher than any other city in the country."}, {"Context": "Chennai Waste management", "Knowledge": "LOC Perungudi, LOC Kuthambakkam, LOC Malaipattu, LOC Pallikaranai, LOC Vallur, LOC Minjur, LOC Kodungaiyur", "Response": "The city generates 4,500 tonnes of garbage every day of which 429 tonnes are plastic waste. The city has three dumpyards, one each at Perungudi, Kodungaiyur, and Pallikaranai. The corporation has planned to close these yards and create four new dumpyards at Malaipattu, Minjur, Vallur and Kuthambakkam villages, ranging in size from  20 acres (8 ha) to  100 acres (40 ha). The civic body also spends \u20b9 400 crore a year on solid-waste management."}, {"Context": "Chennai Tourism and hospitality", "Knowledge": "LOC Sri Lanka, LOC India, LOC France, LOC Singapore, LOC Delhi, LOC Malaysia, LOC Chennai, LOC United Kingdom, LOC Mahabalipuram, LOC Mumbai, LOC United States", "Response": "With temples, beaches and centres of historical and cultural significance, including the UNESCO Heritage Site of Mahabalipuram, Chennai is one of the most-visited cities in India. The city serves as the gateway to the southern part of India with tourists landing in the city and then visiting the rest of the region. Chennai was the most-visited Indian city by foreign tourists in 2009 and issued the third-highest number of visas on arrival in 2014. In 2011, Chennai was ranked the 41st most visited city, with 3,174,500 tourists, a 14-percent increase from 2010. About 830,620 domestic tourists arrived in Chennai in March 2011. Chennai's leading tourist countries-of-origin are Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Singapore, the United Kingdom, France and the United States. In 2015, the city received 4,243,700 foreign tourists, making it the third-most-visited city in India after Delhi and Mumbai and 43rd-most visited city in the world by foreign tourists. As of 2012, the city had 21 luxury hotels in the five-star category, with over 4,500 rooms in the inventory. The collective luxury room inventory across four- and five-star categories as of 2018 is around 7,000. About 85 percent of the room demand in Chennai comes from business travellers."}, {"Context": "Chennai Entertainment", "Knowledge": "LOC Mayajaal, LOC Escape, LOC Kodambakkam, LOC India, PER Jayalalithaa, ORG Kollywood, PER C. N. Annadurai, PER M. Karunanidhi, LOC Chennai, PER M. G. Ramachandran, ORG AVM Productions, LOC Sathyam, LOC Devi", "Response": "Chennai is the base for Tamil cinema, sometimes nicknamed as Kollywood, alluding to the neighbourhood of Kodambakkam where a number of film studios are located. Many film personalities have gone on to become politicians including C. N. Annadurai, M. Karunanidhi, M. G. Ramachandran and Jayalalithaa. Chennai hosts major film studios, including AVM Productions, the oldest surviving studio in India. As of 2012, there are 120 cinema screens and multiplexes. Major multiplexes include Sathyam Cinemas, Escape cinemas, Devi and Mayajaal. Chennai's expansive theatre network stages many Tamil plays of many genres: political satire, slapstick comedy, history, mythology and drama. English plays are popular in the city, along with the more common Tamil-language plays."}, {"Context": "Chennai Recreation", "Knowledge": "ORG Boat Club, LOC Tholkappia Poonga, LOC Covelong Beach, ORG Central Zoo Authority of India, LOC Semmoli Poonga, LOC Arignar Anna Zoological Park, LOC Elliot ' s, LOC Queen ' s Land, LOC Guindy National Park, LOC Chennai, LOC Tamil Nadu, LOC Cooum, ORG Madras Crocodile Bank Trust, LOC Elliot ' s Beach, LOC Marina, LOC Gymkhana Club, LOC India, LOC Madras, LOC Adyar, LOC Coromandal Coast, ORG Wonderla, LOC MGM Dizzee World", "Response": "The zoo, beaches and wildlife parks form the primary recreation areas of the city. Chennai has a 19+ km coastline with its corporation limits. The city boasts two popular beaches, the Marina and the Elliot's. The Marina spans  13 km (8.1 mi) between the deltas of Cooum and Adyar, and is the second-longest urban beach in the world. Elliot's Beach lies south of the Adyar delta. Covelong Beach lies along the Coromandal Coast. Madras Crocodile Bank Trust is a reptile zoo located  40 km (25 mi) south of the city covering an area of  8.5 acres (3.4 ha) and had over 450,000 visitors in 2007. The center has one of the world's largest collections of reptiles and has bred 14 of the 23 existing species of crocodiles and alligators. The Arignar Anna Zoological Park, one of the largest zoological parks in the world, annually attracts nearly 2 million visitors. Guindy National Park, a protected area of Tamil Nadu, has a children's park and a snake park, which gained statutory recognition as a medium zoo from the Central Zoo Authority of India in 1995. Chennai is one of the few cities in the world to accommodate a national park, the Guindy National Park, within its limits. An estimated 4.5 percent of the city's area is under green cover. This enables birding. The seven zones of the old corporation limits have about 260 parks, many of which suffer poor maintenance. The city has a per capita park space of 0.41 sq m, which is the least among all metros in India. The eight zones in the newly added areas of the city have about 265 locations that have been identified for development of new parks. The largest park is the 358-acre Tholkappia Poonga, developed to restore the fragile ecosystem of the Adyar estuary. The horticulture department-owned Semmoli Poonga is a 20-acre downtown botanical garden.Chennai houses several theme parks, namely MGM Dizzee World and Queen's Land. However, several fatal accidents have occurred in the theme parks. Wonderla plans to open an amusement park in 2017. Other important recreation centres include Madras Boat Club, which is over 140 years old, and Gymkhana Club, which is famous for its 18-hole golf courses. Built in 1867, Madras Boat Club is the second-oldest surviving Indian rowing club."}, {"Context": "Chennai Shopping", "Knowledge": "LOC Spencer Plaza, LOC Forum Vijaya Mall, LOC India, ORG Cushman & Wakefield, LOC Khader Nawaz Khan Road, LOC Nungambakkam, LOC Abirami, LOC Citi Centre, LOC Phoenix Market City, LOC Ampa Skywalk, ORG World Gold Council, LOC Chennai, LOC T. Nagar, LOC Express Avenue, LOC EA", "Response": "Chennai is home to several malls, due to its status as an IT hub. Major ones include Express Avenue (EA), Citi Centre, Abirami mega mall, Spencer Plaza, Ampa Skywalk, Phoenix Market City and Forum Vijaya Mall. Chennai is an important gold market in India contributing to 45 percent of the 800-tonne annual national gold uptake. The city is also the base to the World Gold Council's India operations. The city's retail industry is majorly concentrated in T. Nagar which accounts for major share jewellery and clothes sold in Chennai. According to the 2012 report by property consultant Cushman & Wakefield, Main Streets Across the World, Khader Nawaz Khan Road at Nungambakkam ranked 10th position in the list of 'Top 10 Global Highest Retail Rental Growth Markets 2012', with 36.7 percent jump in rents."}, {"Context": "Chennai Air", "Knowledge": "LOC Indira Gandhi International Airport, LOC Africa, LOC Bengaluru, LOC India, LOC Chennai International Airport, LOC Delhi, LOC Chatrapati Shivaji International Airport, LOC Sriperumbudur, LOC Chennai, LOC Middle East, LOC New Delhi, LOC Europe, LOC Mumbai, LOC Asia", "Response": "The Chennai International Airport is the fourth-busiest in India in terms of passenger traffic behind New Delhi, Mumbai and Bengaluru. It handled about 15.2 million passengers in 2013\u20132014; in terms of international passengers, Chennai is the third-busiest airport behind Indira Gandhi International Airport, Delhi, and Chatrapati Shivaji International Airport, Mumbai. Chennai handles 400 flights a day, again placing it fourth among Indian airports. The city is connected to major hubs across Asia, Europe, Middle East and Africa through more than 30 national and international carriers.The existing airport is undergoing modernisation and expansion with an addition of  1,069.99 acres (433.01 ha), while a new greenfield airport is to be constructed at an estimated cost of \u20b9 2,000 crore in Sriperumbudur on  4,200 acres (17 km2) of land. The new airport is said to be likely to handle cargo spillover traffic from the existing one."}, {"Context": "Chennai Rail", "Knowledge": "LOC Tambaram, LOC Tamil Nadu, LOC Chennai Beach, ORG Southern Railway, LOC Chennai, LOC Chennai Egmore, LOC Chennai Central, LOC Velachery", "Response": "Chennai hosts the headquarters of the Southern Railway. The city has four main railway terminals. Chennai Central, Chennai Egmore, Chennai Beach and Tambaram. Chennai Central station, the city's largest, provides nationwide access, whereas Chennai Egmore provides access to destinations primarily within Tamil Nadu; however, it also handles a few inter\u2013state trains. A fifth terminal has been proposed to decongest Chennai Central. The Chennai suburban railway network, one of the oldest in the country, facilitates transportation within the city. It consists of four 5 ft 6 in (1,676 mm) broad gauge sectors terminating at two locations in the city, namely Chennai Central and Chennai Beach. While three sectors are operated on-grade, the fourth sector is primarily an elevated corridor, linking Chennai Beach to Velachery and is connected with the rest of the rail network."}, {"Context": "Chennai Metro rail", "Knowledge": "LOC Thiruvottiyur, LOC Chennai International Airport, LOC Central, ORG State, ORG Chennai Metro, ORG Metro, ORG CMRL, LOC Koyambedu, LOC Washermanpet, ORG Chennai Metro Rail Limited, LOC Chennai, LOC Chennai Central, LOC Alandur", "Response": "Chennai Metro is a rapid-transit system serving the city and was partially commenced on 29 June 2015. To improve the city's public transportation system and prepare the city for the future commuting needs, the Chennai Metro was planned and approved by the state cabinet during 2007 for which construction began on 2009. Phase I of the Chennai Metro network consists of the Blue Line and the Green Line covering a length of 45.1 kilometres (28.0 mi) consisting of 40 stations with Alandur and Chennai Central serving as interchanges. 55% of the corridors in Phase I are underground and the rest are elevated. The first stretch of Phase I, covering seven stations from Koyambedu to Alandur over a distance of  10 km (6.2 mi), began operation on 29 June 2015. As of March 2019, the entire Phase 1 stretching from Chennai Central to Alandur on the Green line and Washermanpet to Chennai International Airport on Blue line are commercially operational, bringing the total operational network over 45 km. With this, the entirety of Phase I is operational. In December 2016, Chennai Metro Rail Limited (CMRL) announced the Phase-2 of Chennai Metro for a length of 104 km consisting of 104 stations, subject to approval from the State and Central governments. The Phase 2 was subsequently approved in late 2018, with certain provisos, and soil testing for the various stations are in full swing with construction set to begin in late 2019/ early 2020. As of April 2019 ridership has risen considerably to around 100,000 daily commuters, post the inaugural of the entire Phase I. Phase I-A, which is an extension of the Blue line from Washermanpet to Thiruvottiyur is expected to be inaugurated by June 2020."}, {"Context": "Chennai Road", "Knowledge": "LOC GST Road, LOC Tiruchirapalli, LOC Perungalathur, LOC CTH Road, LOC Mumbai, LOC Bangalore, LOC Villupuram, LOC Kathipara, LOC Theni, LOC NH, LOC Anna Salai, ORG Transport Department, LOC Nemilicherry, LOC Trichy, LOC Nazarathpet, LOC Inner Ring Road, LOC Hosur, ORG Metropolitan Transport Corporation, LOC Chennai, LOC Tirupati, LOC Vellore, LOC GWT Road, LOC Outer Ring Road, LOC Kolkata, LOC Pune, LOC Madanapalle, ORG MTC, LOC Th, LOC Union Territory of Puducherry, LOC Dindigul, LOC Bhubaneswar, ORG Volvo, ORG Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation, LOC Pondicherry, ORG Chennai Mofussil Bus Terminus, ORG CMBT, LOC Visakhapatnam, LOC Asia", "Response": "As of 2019, the city corporation maintains about 471 bus route roads and 33,0000 interior roads. The Chennai\u2013Mumbai and Chennai\u2013Kolkata prongs of the Golden Quadrilateral system of National Highways start from the city. In addition, four major National Highways (NH), namely, NH 4 to Mumbai (via Bangalore and Pune), NH 5 to Kolkata (linked via NH 6) (via Visakhapatnam and Bhubaneswar), NH 45 to Theni (via Villupuram, Tiruchirapalli and Dindigul) and NH 205 to Madanapalle (via Tirupati) originate in the city, connecting it to other Indian cities. Chennai is connected to other parts of the state and the Union Territory of Puducherry by state highways.The government has constructed grade separators and flyovers at major intersections, and built Inner Ring Road and Outer Ring Road. The Gemini flyover, built in 1973, crosses over the arterial road, and eases the traffic movements towards Anna Salai and towards the Kathipara Flyover. As of 2011, according to the Transport Department, there were 25.8 lakh two\u2013wheelers and 5.6 lakh four\u2013wheelers in the city, and the Metropolitan Transport Corporation (MTC) bus fleet were 3,421, equaling 0.1% of all vehicles in the city.When opened, the Chennai Mofussil Bus Terminus (CMBT) was the largest bus station in Asia. It is the main intercity bus station of Chennai, administered by seven government-owned transport corporations, which operate intercity and interstate bus services. There are many private bus companies. The MTC provides an exclusive intracity bus service, consisting of 3,421 buses on 724 routes, which provides transportation to 55.2 lakh passengers daily. The Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation operates Volvo air-conditioned services from Chennai to nearby Pondicherry, Vellore, Hosur and Trichy.The other means of road transport in the city include vans, regionally known as Maxi Cabs, auto rickshaws, on-call metered taxis and tourist taxis.Chennai outer ring road is 62.3 km long connecting NH 45 (GST Road) at Perungalathur, NH 4 (GWT Road) at Nazarathpet, NH 205 (CTH Road) at Nemilicherry (Thiruninravur), NH 5 (GNT Road) at Nallur and TPP road at Minjur under the process by Chennai Metropolitan Area."}, {"Context": "Chennai Sea", "Knowledge": "LOC Royapuram, LOC India, LOC Ennore Port, ORG Kattupalli Shipyard, LOC Bay of Bengal, LOC Chennai Port", "Response": "The city is served by two major ports, Chennai Port, one of the largest artificial ports in India, and Ennore Port. Chennai Port is the largest in the Bay of Bengal, with an annual cargo tonnage of 61.46 million (2010\u20132011), and the second-largest container-hub in India, with an annual container volume of 1.523 million TEUs (2010\u20132011). The port handles transportation of automobiles, motorcycles and general industrial cargo. The Ennore Port with an annual cargo tonnage of 11.01 million (2010\u20132011), handles coal, ore and other bulk and rock mineral products. Royapuram fishing harbour is used by fishing boats and Kattupalli Shipyard near Ennore Port was inaugurated in January 2013."}, {"Context": "Chennai Media", "Knowledge": "ORG The Hindu, ORG The Hindu Business Line, ORG The Deccan Chronicle, ORG Eenadu, ORG The Shopping Express, ORG Sun TV, ORG Dinakaran, ORG The Hindu Tamil, ORG Malayala Manorama, ORG Kumudam, ORG Kalki, ORG Kungumam, ORG The Spectator, ORG Frontline, ORG Jaya TV, ORG Sportstar Doordarshan, ORG T. Nagar Times, ORG Mathrubhumi, ORG Kalaignar TV, ORG Sakshi, ORG The Madras Courier, ORG Andhra Patrika, ORG Captain TV, ORG Mint, ORG PuthiyaThalaimurai TV, ORG Vasanth TV, ORG Business Standard, ORG Chrompet Times, ORG Dina Malar, ORG Satya Doota, ORG Sun Network, ORG Puthiya Thalaimurai, ORG The Times of India, ORG Zee Tamizh, ORG Pillar Times, ORG Tamil Murasu, ORG Dina Thanthi, ORG Vaartha, ORG Raj TV, ORG Star Vijay, ORG Dina Mani, ORG The Government Gazette, ORG Arcot Road Talk, ORG Malai Malar, ORG Thuglak, ORG The Financial Express, LOC Chennai, ORG The Economic Times, ORG Rajasthan Patrika, ORG Andhra Jyothi, ORG The Trinity Mirror, ORG Ananda Vikatan, ORG Makkal TV, LOC India, LOC Madras, ORG Swadesamitran, ORG News Today, ORG The New Indian Express, ORG The Madras Gazette, ORG Makkal Kural", "Response": "Newspaper publishing started in Chennai with the launch of a weekly, The Madras Courier, in 1785. It was followed by the weeklies The Madras Gazette and The Government Gazette in 1795. The Spectator, founded in 1836, was the first English newspaper in Chennai to be owned by an Indian and became the city's first daily newspaper in 1853. The first Tamil newspaper, Swadesamitran, was launched in 1899. First Telugu journal printed from Madras was Satya Doota in 1835 and Andhra Patrika found in 1908 was the most successful Telugu newspaper from Madras.\n\nThe major English dailies published in Chennai are The Hindu, The New Indian Express, The Deccan Chronicle and The Times of India and many more. The evening dailies are, The Trinity Mirror and News Today. As of 2004, The Hindu was the city's most read English newspaper, with a daily circulation of 267,349. The major business dailies published from the city are The Economic Times, The Hindu Business Line, Business Standard, Mint and The Financial Express. The major Tamil dailies include the Dina Thanthi, Dinakaran, Dina Mani, Dina Malar, The Hindu Tamil, Tamil Murasu, Makkal Kural and Malai Malar. Malayala Manorama and Mathrubhumi are the major Malayalam dailies while major Telugu dailies include Eenadu, Vaartha, Andhra Jyothi and Sakshi. The one and only Hindi Newspaper published from Chennai is the Rajasthan Patrika. The Local weekly Newspapers circulated to residents are T. Nagar Times, Pillar Times, Arcot Road Talk, Chrompet Times. Chennai's First Corporate Leisure Newspaper, The Shopping Express. Magazines published from Chennai include Ananda Vikatan, Kumudam, Kalki, Kungumam, Puthiya Thalaimurai, Thuglak, Frontline and Sportstar\nDoordarshan runs two terrestrial television channels and two satellite television channels from its Chennai centre, which was set up in 1974. Private Tamil satellite television networks such as Sun TV, Raj TV, Zee Tamizh, Star Vijay, Jaya TV, Makkal TV, Vasanth TV, Kalaignar TV, Captain TV and PuthiyaThalaimurai TV broadcast out of Chennai. The Sun Network one of India's largest broadcasting companies is based in the city. While the cable TV service is entirely controlled by the state government, direct\u2013to\u2013home (DTH) is available via DD Direct Plus, Dish TV, Tata Sky, Videocon DTH, Sun direct DTH, Reliance Big TV and Digital TV. Chennai is the first city in India to have implemented the Conditional Access System for cable television. Radio broadcasting began in 1924 by the Madras Presidency Radio Club. The radio station at the Rippon Buildings complex was founded in 1930 and was then shifted to All India Radio in 1938. The city has four AM and 11 FM radio stations operated by All India Radio, Anna University and Suryan FM, Radio Mirchi, BIG FM, Hello FM, Radio City, Radio One among others."}, {"Context": "Chennai Education", "Knowledge": "ORG NIOS, ORG CBSE, ORG Tamil Nadu State Board, LOC Anna Centenary Library, ORG Central Leather Research Institute, ORG Indian Institute of Technology Madras, LOC Asia, ORG Booksellers and Publishers Association of South India, ORG College of Engineering, ORG Central Board of Secondary Education, ORG CSIR, ORG IIT Madras, ORG BAPASI, ORG University of Madras, LOC American Library, ORG Structural Engineering Research Centre, ORG Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education, LOC British Council Library, LOC Chennai, ORG Anna University, ORG Guindy, LOC India, ORG Chennai Corporation, ORG National Institute of Open Schooling, ORG Officers Training Academy, ORG Indian Army, ORG Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations, LOC Connemara Public Library", "Response": "Chennai is home to some of the best educational institutions in the country. The city ranks second among Indian metropolitan city centres with a 90.33 percent literacy rate. Chennai has a mix of public and private schools, some of which also receive financial support from the government.\nThe public school system is managed by the Chennai Corporation with an enrollment of 142,387 students in over 330 schools. Tamil and English are the primary medium of instruction, though some schools also use Telugu and Urdu as medium of instruction in their schools. Public schools run by the Chennai Corporation are all affiliated with the Tamil Nadu State Board, while private schools may be affiliated with either of the Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education or the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE). A few schools are affiliated with the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations, the National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS) board or the Montessori system. Education in Chennai starts with two years of Kindergarten from age three onward and then follows the Indian 10+2+3 plan, ten years of school, two years of higher secondary education, and three years of undergraduate education.English is the medium of instruction in the majority of institutions for higher education. The University of Madras, founded in 1857, is one of India's first three modern universities. Colleges for science, arts, and commerce degrees are typically affiliated with the University of Madras, which has six campuses in the city. The Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IIT Madras) and the College of Engineering, Guindy, Anna University are two well-known centres for engineering education in the city. The Indian Army's Officers Training Academy is also headquartered in the city.\nChennai has a plethora of libraries, including British Council Library, American Library, Connemara Public Library, and Anna Centenary Library. The Connemara Public Library is one of four National Depository Centres in India that receive a copy of all newspapers and books published in the country. The Anna Centenary Library is the largest library in Asia.Chennai has two CSIR research institutions namely Central Leather Research Institute and Structural Engineering Research Centre. Chennai Book Fair, an annual book fair organised in Chennai by the Booksellers and Publishers Association of South India (BAPASI), is the largest exhibition for Tamil book publishers to display their books. The fair is typically held for about 10 days between the last week of December and the third week of January."}, {"Context": "Chennai Sports and recreation", "Knowledge": "ORG UBA Pro Basketball League, LOC Chemplast Cricket Ground, ORG MRF Pace Foundation, PER Glenn Mcgrath, ORG Chennaiyin FC, ORG FIFA, ORG Madras Cricket Club, LOC Mayor Radhakrishnan Stadium, ORG Chennai Super Kings, ORG Asian Football Federation, PER Somdev Devvarman, ORG Chennai Slam, LOC Velachery Aquatic Complex, PER Francis Spring, ORG Chennai Cheetahs, LOC M. A. Chidambaram Stadium, PER T. A. Sekhar, ORG Madras Boat Club, PER S. Venkataraghavan, LOC Chennai, ORG Royal Madras Yacht Club, PER Kris Srikkanth, PER Vijay Amritraj, PER Mahesh Bhupathi Ramesh Krishnan, LOC Pune, LOC Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, LOC India, LOC Madras, LOC Marina Arena, ORG IIT", "Response": "Cricket is the most popular sport in Chennai. It was introduced in 1864 with the foundation of the Madras Cricket Club. The M.A. Chidambaram Stadium established in 1916 is among the oldest cricket stadiums in India. The stadium was also one of the venues of the 1987,1996 and 2011 ICC Cricket World Cups. Chemplast Cricket Ground located at the IIT Madras campus is another important venue for cricket matches. Prominent cricketers from the city include former cricket captains S. Venkataraghavan and Kris Srikkanth. A cricket fast bowling academy called the MRF Pace Foundation, whose coaches include T. A. Sekhar and Glenn Mcgrath, is based in Chennai. Being home to the Indian Premier League (IPL) cricket team Chennai Super Kings, the city hosted the finals of the IPL's 2011 and 2012 series.\n\nThe city's professional football club Chennaiyin FC competes in Indian Super League, the country's top tier association football league associated with Asian Football Federation and recognized by FIFA. The club uses the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium nicknamed the Marina Arena as their home ground and are champions of the Indian Super League in 2015 and 2018.\nChennai was the venue of the 1995 South Asian Games. Chennai is home to a World Series Hockey (WSH) team, the Chennai Cheetahs. The Mayor Radhakrishnan Stadium is associated with hockey and was venue for the international hockey tournament the 2005 Men's Champions Trophy and the 2007 Men's Asia Cup. The Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium is associated for hosting Football and athletic competitions, it also houses a multi\u2013purpose indoor complex for competition in volleyball, basketball and table tennis. Water sports are played in the Velachery Aquatic Complex. Tennis sport is popularising among the city youths, Since 1997 Chennai has been host to the only ATP World Tour event held in India, the Chennai Open which has been shifted to Pune as Maharashtra Open from 2017. Vijay Amritraj, Mahesh Bhupathi Ramesh Krishnan and Somdev Devvarman are tennis players from Chennai.\nChennai is home to Chennai Slam, two-time national champion of India's top professional basketball division, the UBA Pro Basketball League.\n\nMadras Boat Club (founded in 1846) and the Royal Madras Yacht Club (founded by Sir Francis Spring in 1911) promote the sailing sports in Chennai, and organise national and international sailing events. Automobile racing in India has been closely connected with Chennai since its beginnings shortly after independence. Motor racing events are held on a special purpose track in Madras Motor Race Track, Sriperumbudur, which has also been the venue for several international competitions. Formula One driver Karun Chandhok was born in Chennai.Horse racing is held at the Guindy Race Course, while rowing competitions are hosted at the Madras Boat Club. The city has two 18-hole golf courses, the Cosmopolitan Club and the Gymkhana Club, both established in the late nineteenth century. The city has a rugby union team called the Chennai Cheetahs.\n\nHome to the country's first international chess master, the first grandmaster, the first female grandmaster, the first international arbiter, and 12 of the 34 world chess grandmasters from India, Chennai is often dubbed \"India's chess capital\". Former world chess champion Viswanathan Anand grew up and resides in Chennai. Other sports persons of repute from Chennai include table tennis players Sharath Kamal and two\u2013time world carrom champion, Maria Irudayam. Chennai was the host of the World Chess Championship 2013 match between Viswanathan Anand and Magnus Carlsen. In 2022, Chennai hosted the 44th Chess Olympiad, in which 1,400 players from across 187 countries will participate."}, {"Context": "Chennai Foreign missions", "Knowledge": "LOC Haddows Road, ORG Foreigners Regional Registration Office, ORG FRRO, PER William Abbott, LOC Chennai, LOC Shastri Bhavan, LOC US, LOC South India", "Response": "The consular presence in the city dates back to 1794, when William Abbott was appointed US consular agent for South India. As of 2012, there were 43 foreign representations in Chennai, including consulates general, deputy high commissions and honorary consulates. The American Consulate in Chennai is one of the top adjudication posts in the world and the number one in processing employment-based visas. It was ranked among the top globally in issuing 'L' and 'H' category visas for workers and professionals and was ranked eighth globally in terms of all category of visas being issued.The Foreigners Regional Registration Office (FRRO), which is the office of the field officers in charge of immigration and registration activities in the city, is located at Shastri Bhavan at Haddows Road."}, {"Context": "Chennai Twin towns \u2013 Sister cities", "Knowledge": "LOC Chennai", "Response": "Chennai has sister city relationships with the following cities of the world:"}, {"Context": "Chitrakoot Introduction", "Knowledge": "LOC India Chitrakoot Colony, LOC Madhya Pradesh Chitrakoot, LOC Chitrakut, LOC Chhattisgarh, LOC Madhya Pradesh, ORG Indian Railways, LOC Indravati River, LOC India Chitrakoot, LOC Chittor Fort, LOC Karwi, ORG Chitrakoot Express, LOC Chitrakoot, LOC Rajasthan, LOC Uttar Pradesh, LOC Chitrakoot Airport Chitrakoot Falls, LOC India, ORG a, LOC Jaipur, LOC Chitrakoot Dham", "Response": "Chitrakoot may refer to:\n\nChitrakoot, Madhya Pradesh, a municipality in Madhya Pradesh, India\nChitrakoot, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency, Madhya Pradesh\nChitrakoot division, a division in Uttar Pradesh, India\nChitrakoot district\nChitrakoot Dham (Karwi), district headquarters\nChitrakoot Airport\nChitrakoot Falls, a waterfall on the Indravati River, Chhattisgarh, India\nChitrakoot Colony, a neighbourhood in west Jaipur, Rajasthan, India\nChitrakoot Express, a mail/express train of Indian Railways\nChittor Fort (formerly Chitrakut(a)), Rajasthan"}, {"Context": "Chittorgarh Introduction", "Knowledge": "PER Akbar, PER Bahadur Shah, PER Rani Padmini, LOC Mewar, LOC Gambhiri, PER Panna Dai, LOC Berach River, PER Alauddin Khalji, LOC Chittor Fort, LOC Medapata, LOC Chittorgarh, LOC Banas, LOC Rajasthan, LOC Gujarat, LOC Chittor, PER Meera, LOC India, LOC Rajput State, LOC Berach, LOC Chittorgarh District, LOC Asia, LOC Chittaurgarh", "Response": "Chittorgarh  pronunciation  (also Chittor or Chittaurgarh) is a major city in Rajasthan state of western India. It lies on the Berach River, a tributary of the Banas, and is the administrative headquarters of Chittorgarh District. It was a major stronghold of the Rajput State of Medapata. (modern Mewar) The city of Chittorgarh is located on the banks of river Gambhiri and Berach.\nChittorgarh is home to the Chittor Fort, the largest fort in India and Asia. It was sacked thrice; first in 1303 by Alauddin Khalji, again in 1535 by Bahadur Shah of Gujarat, and lastly by the Mughal Emperor Akbar in 1568. Its Hindu Rajput rulers fought fiercely to maintain their independence. On all three occasions when faced with a certain defeat, the men fought to death, while the women committed suicide by jauhar (mass self-immolation). Chittor also has been a land of worship for Meera. It is also known for Panna Dai and Rani Padmini."}, {"Context": "Chittorgarh History", "Knowledge": "PER Alauddin Khilji, ORG Guhila, LOC Chitrakuta, ORG Guhilas, PER Akbar, LOC Delhi Sultanate, PER Bahadur Shah, PER Chitranga, PER Rana Kumbha, LOC Mewar, PER Ratnasimha, LOC Mughal, PER Maharana, PER Bappa Rawal, LOC Chittor Fort, ORG British Indian Empire, LOC Chittorgarh, PER Amar Singh I, PER Rana Sanga, LOC Gujarat, LOC Chittor, PER Jahangir, PER Hammir Singh, LOC Gahlot, PER Humayun, ORG Sisodia, PER Allata", "Response": "Originally called Chitrakuta, the Chittor Fort is said to have been built by Chitranga, a mori king.The Guhila (Gahlot) ruler Bappa Rawal is said to have captured the fort in either 728 CE or 734 CE. However, some historians doubt the historicity of this legend, arguing that the Guhilas did not control Chittor before the reign of the later ruler Allata.In 1303, the Delhi Sultanate ruler Alauddin Khilji defeated the Guhila king Ratnasimha, and captured the fort. The fort was later captured by Hammir Singh, a king of the Sisodia branch of the Guhilas. Chittor gained prominence during the period of his successors, which included Rana Kumbha and Rana Sanga. In 1535, Bahadur Shah of Gujarat besieged and conquered the fort. After he was driven away by the Mughal emperor Humayun, the fort was given back to Sisodias by him.\nIn 1567\u201368, the Mughal emperor Akbar besieged and captured the fort. In 1615, as part of a peace treaty between Akbar's successor Jahangir and the Maharana of Mewar, Amar Singh I, Mewar accepted Mughal suzerainty and the fort as well as the areas surrounding Chittorgarh were given to Mewar. However, due to the military danger presented by the fort, it was never to be fortified or even repaired. Later, it was occupied by the British Indian Empire. The fort was refurbished in 1905 during British Raj."}, {"Context": "Chittorgarh Geography", "Knowledge": "LOC India, LOC Rajasthan, LOC Gambhiri River, LOC Chittorgarh, LOC Rajasthan State", "Response": "Chittorgarh is located at 24.88\u00b0N 74.63\u00b0E\ufeff / 24.88; 74.63. It has an average elevation of 394 metres (1292 ft).Chittorgarh is located in the southern part of the state of Rajasthan, in the northwestern part of India. It is located beside a high hill near the Gambhiri River. Chittorgarh is located between 23\u00b0 32' and 25\u00b0 13' north latitudes and between 74\u00b0 12' and 75\u00b0 49' east longitudes in the southeastern part of Rajasthan state. The district encompasses 350.8 square km (3.17 per cent of the Rajasthan State) area of land."}, {"Context": "Chittorgarh Transport", "Knowledge": "LOC Indore, LOC Ratlam, LOC Kota, LOC Rewa, LOC Bilaspur, LOC Udaipur, LOC Jodhpur, LOC Delhi, LOC Jhansi, LOC Chittaurgarh Junction, ORG Western Railway, ORG Rajasthan Roadways, ORG Indian Railways, LOC Mumbai, LOC Dabok Airport, LOC Ajmer, ORG RSRTC, LOC Chittorgarh, LOC Hyderabad, LOC New Delhi, LOC Mandsaur, LOC Khajuraho, LOC Yeshwantpur, LOC Surat, LOC Mysore, LOC Haridwar, LOC Vadodara, LOC Ratlam Division, LOC Rameswaram, LOC Chittorgarh City, LOC Bundi, LOC Bhopal, LOC Chennai, LOC Kolkata, LOC Pune, LOC India, LOC Nagpur, LOC Jaipur, LOC Ahmedabad, LOC Gwalior, LOC Agra", "Response": "The completed Golden Quadrilateral highway system passes through Chittorgarh, connecting it to most of India. The East-West Corridor (Express Highway) also crosses it. Chittorgarh is situated on National Highway No. 76 & 79. National Highway 76 connects to Kota with a 2 hour drive.\nChittaurgarh Junction is a busy junction of Western Railway of Indian Railways, Ratlam Division. It has direct rail links with all major Indian cities including Ajmer, Udaipur, Jaipur, Jodhpur, Agra, Delhi, Haridwar, Mumbai, Hyderabad, Kolkata, Pune, Chennai, Rameswaram, Yeshwantpur, Ahmedabad, Surat, Vadodara, Indore, Ratlam, Gwalior, Bhopal, Mandsaur, Jhansi, Khajuraho, Rewa, Nagpur, Bilaspur, Kota, and Mysore.\n\nChittorgarh is well connected to all parts of India by roads. The Golden Quadrilateral Road Project and North-South-East-West corridor expressways pass through Chittorgarh City. The bus stand (bus depot) of Chittorgarh is located between the old and new cities. There are good bus services (private as well as state-owned) available for Delhi, Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Ajmer, Bundi, Kota, Udaipur, and other major cities.\nRajasthan Roadways (RSRTC) provides a service for visiting areas around Chittorgarh. Rajasthan Roadways also has premier services called Pink Line, Silver line and Sleeper Coaches (Grey Line).\nThe nearest airport is Udaipur (Dabok Airport). The airport is located 70 kilometres from Chittorgarh and linked by daily air service from New Delhi, Jaipur, Jodhpur, Ahmedabad, Chennai, and Mumbai."}, {"Context": "Chittorgarh Chittorgarh Fort", "Knowledge": "PER Pancha Pandavas, PER Badal, PER Patta, LOC Chittor Fort, PER Maharana Pratap, PER Jaimal, PER Rana Kumbha, PER Bhima, PER Gora", "Response": "The Chittor Fort is seated on a 180-metre hill, covers an expanse of 700 acres (2.8 km2). It was constructed by the Mauryans in the 7th century CE. There is also a belief that it was constructed by Bhima of the Pancha Pandavas.  This fort was the citadel of many great rajput warriors such as Gora, Badal, Rana Kumbha, Maharana Pratap, Jaimal, Patta, etc."}, {"Context": "Chittorgarh Kalika Mata Temple", "Knowledge": "PER Kali, LOC Kalika Mata Temple, PER Sun God", "Response": "Kalika Mata Temple was originally built in the 8th century for Sun God and was later converted to a temple for mother Goddess, Kali in the 14th century. During the festival days of Navaratri, fairs are organised and pilgrims from different places come here to pay obeisance at the temple."}, {"Context": "Chittorgarh Vijay Stambha", "Knowledge": "LOC Malwa, PER Maharana Kumbha, LOC Gujarat, PER Vijay Stambha", "Response": "Vijay Stambha, is a huge nine storey tower which was built by Maharana Kumbha to commemorate his victory over the rulers of Malwa and Gujarat in 1440. The tower is 122 ft (37 m) high and stands on a 10 ft (3.0 m) high base. There are sculptures and carvings on the exterior walls of the tower.  The tower is visible from any section of the town below. To reach the top of the tower top one has to climb 157 steps, it offers great view of the surroundings from the top.  The inside walls of the tower are carved with images of Gods, weapons, etc."}, {"Context": "Chittorgarh Kirti Stambh", "Knowledge": "LOC Kirti Stambh, PER Rishabha, PER Adinathji, PER Biherwal Mahajan Sanaya, LOC Chittorgarh, LOC Tower of Fame", "Response": "Kirti Stambh (Tower of Fame) is a 22-metre-high (72 ft) tower built in the 12th century CE. Kirti Stambh is built inside Chittorgarh fort. It is dedicated to Rishabha, the first Tirthankara of Jainism. It was built by a merchant and is decorated with figures from the Jain pantheon. It is a seven storied pillar which was built by Biherwal Mahajan Sanaya of Digambar Jain sect. On its four corners are engraved idols of Shri Adinathji in Digambar style which each are five feet (about 1.5 meters) high and elsewhere are engraved several small idols consecrated to Jain lineage of deities."}, {"Context": "Chittorgarh Rana Kumbha's Palace", "Knowledge": "PER Maharana Udai Singh, LOC Rana Kumbha, LOC Udaipur, LOC Vijay Stambh, PER Rani Padmini, PER Banbir, PER Rani Meera Bai, PER Panna Dhay, LOC Palace", "Response": "Rana Kumbha's Palace is near the Vijay Stambh. This is the birthplace of Maharana Udai Singh, the founder of Udaipur. His life was saved by the heroic act of the maid Panna Dhay, who replaced her son in place of the prince, with the result that her son was killed by Banbir. She carried the prince away to safety in a fruit basket. Rani Meera Bai also lived in this palace.  This is the place where Rani Padmini committed jauhar with the other ladies in one of the underground cellars."}, {"Context": "Chittorgarh Rani Padmini's Palace", "Knowledge": "PER Rawal Ratan Singh, LOC Rani Padmini, PER Alauddin Khalji, LOC Delhi Sultanate, PER Khalji, PER Rani, LOC Palace", "Response": "According to legend, Rani Padmini's Palace is from which the Delhi Sultanate ruler Alauddin Khalji was allowed to watch a reflection of the Rani by replacing the mirror at such an angle that even if he turned back he could not see the room. Khalji had been warned by the Rani's husband Rawal Ratan Singh that if he turned back they would cut his neck."}, {"Context": "Chittorgarh Maharana Pratap Jayanti", "Knowledge": "PER Maharana, LOC Rajasthan, PER Maharana Udai Singh II, PER Maharani Jaivanta Bai Songara, PER Maharana Pratap, LOC Kumbhalgarh, LOC Rajsamand", "Response": "The legendary Maharana Pratap was a true patriot who initiated the first war of independence. Maharana was born on May 9, 1540, in Kumbhalgarh in Rajsamand district of Rajasthan to Maharana Udai Singh II and Maharani Jaivanta Bai Songara. Maharana Pratap has gained amazing respect and honor as he is seen as an epitome of valor, heroism, pride, patriotism and the spirit of independence. His birth anniversary (Maharana Pratap Jayanti) is celebrated as full-fledged festival every year on the 3rd day of Jyestha Shukla phase.\nSpecial puja and processions are held in his remembrance on Maharana Pratap Jayanti day everywhere. Several cultural programs such as debate are also organized."}, {"Context": "Chittorgarh Meera Mahotsav", "Knowledge": "PER Mirabai, PER Bhoj Raj, LOC Rajasthan, PER Ratan Singh, PER Rao Duda, LOC Medta, LOC Jodhpur, PER Rathore, PER Mira Bai, PER Meera Smrithi Sansathan, LOC Chittorgarh, PER Meera Bai, PER Lord Krishna, LOC Chittor, PER Meera, ORG Meera Memorial Trust", "Response": "Meera Bai (1498\u20131547) was a devout follower of Lord Krishna. Meera Bai was one of the foremost exponents of the Prema Bhakti (Divine Love) and an inspired poet. Mira Bai was a Rajput princess who lived in the north Indian state of Rajasthan. Meera was Rajput princess born in about 1498 in Medta, Rajasthan. Her father, Ratan Singh, was the youngest son of Rao Duda, ruler of Medta, and son of Rao Duda ruler and founder of Jodhpur. Ratan Singh belonged to the Rathore clan. She was married to Bhoj Raj, ruler of Chittor.\nMeera Smrithi Sansathan (Meera Memorial Trust) along with the Chittorgarh district officials organise Meera Mahotsav every year on Sharad Purnima day (On Mirabai's birth anniversary) for 3 days. Many famous musicians and singers get together for singing bhajans in this celebration. The 3 days celebration also features puja's, discussions, dances, fireworks."}, {"Context": "Chittorgarh Teej", "Knowledge": "PER Shiva, LOC Chittorgarh, PER Parvati", "Response": "Teej is one of the major festivals in Chittorgarh which is celebrated with great enthusiasm. Teej is the festival of swings. It marks the advent of the monsoon month of Shravan (August). The monsoon rains fall on the parched land and the pleasing scent of the wet soil rises into the air. Swings are hung from trees and decorated with flowers. Young girls and women dressed in green clothes sing songs in celebration of the advent of the monsoon. This festival is dedicated to the Goddess Parvati, commemorating her union with Lord Shiva. Goddess Parvati is worshipped by seekers of conjugal bliss and happiness."}, {"Context": "Chittorgarh Gangaur", "Knowledge": "PER Shiva, LOC Rajasthan, LOC State, PER Gan, PER Gaur, PER Parvati, PER Gauri, PER Lord Shiva", "Response": "The Gangaur Festival is the colourful and most important local festival of Rajasthan and is observed throughout the State with great fervour and devotion by womenfolk who worship Gauri, the consort of Lord Shiva during July\u2013August. Gan is a synonym for Shiva and Gaur which stands for Gauri or Parvati who symbolises saubhagya (marital bliss). Gauri is the embodiment of perfection and conjugal love which is why the unmarried women worship her for being blessed with good husbands, while married women do so for the welfare, health and long life of their spouses and happy married life."}, {"Context": "Chittorgarh Jauhar Mela", "Knowledge": "LOC Chittorgarh Fort, LOC Chittorgarh, PER Padmini", "Response": "The fort and the city of Chittorgarh host the biggest Rajput festival called the \"Jauhar Mela\". It takes place annually on the anniversary of one of the jauhars, but no specific name has been given to it. It is generally believed that it commemorates Padmini's jauhar, which is most famous. This festival is held primarily to commemorate the bravery of Rajput ancestors and all three jauhars which happened at Chittorgarh Fort. A huge number of Rajputs, which include the descendants of most of the princely families, hold a procession to celebrate the jauhar. It has also become a forum to air one's views on the current political situation in the country."}, {"Context": "Chittorgarh Rang Teras \u2013 The Tribal Fair", "Knowledge": "PER Mother Earth, LOC Mewar, LOC Chaitra", "Response": "Rang Teras is a popular tribal fest of Mewar celebrated on the 13th moon night of the month of Chaitra. A big colorful fair and huge gathering of tribal to rejoice the harvest of wheat has been celebrating Rang Teras is customary since 15th century. It is a thanksgiving festival of farmers. Farmers pay their honor to Mother Earth for providing them food for next year."}, {"Context": "Chittorgarh Industries", "Knowledge": "ORG Chanderiya, ORG Chanderiya Lead - Zinc Smelter", "Response": "Chanderiya Lead-Zinc Smelter is one of the largest zinc-lead smelting complexes in the world. Its current metal production capacity is 610,000 tonnes per annum (525,000 tonnes per annum of zinc and 85,000 tonnes per annum of lead). In the year ended March 2013, Chanderiya produced 443,000 MT of zinc and 60,000 MT of lead. The main products are special high grade (SHG) zinc, continuous galvanising grade (CGG) zinc, prime western (PW) zinc and pure lead. It also produces a number of valuable by-products including silver and cadmium."}, {"Context": "Coimbatore Introduction", "Knowledge": "ORG Presidency, LOC Vijayanagara Empire, LOC Palakkad Gap, LOC Coimbatore City, LOC Rajakesari Peruvazhi, ORG Kovai, LOC Koyamputhur, LOC Madurai, ORG Kingdom of Mysore, PER Tipu Sultan, LOC Arikamedu, LOC Muziris, LOC South India, LOC Cheras, ORG Coimbatore Municipal Corporation, LOC Chennai, LOC Coimbatore, LOC Tamil Nadu, LOC Noyyal River, ORG Cholas, ORG British East India Company, PER Dheeran Chinnamalai, LOC India, LOC Kovai, ORG Government of India, LOC Madras, LOC Coimbatore District, LOC Podanur Junction, LOC Manchester, LOC Kongu Nadu, LOC Western Ghats, ORG Coimbatore", "Response": "Coimbatore, also spelt as Koyamputhur (Tamil pronunciation: [ko\u02d0jamb\u028at\u032a\u02d0u\u02d0\u027e]), sometimes shortened as Kovai (IPA: [ko\u02d0\u028baj]), is one of the major metropolitan cities in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is located on the banks of the Noyyal River and surrounded by the Western Ghats. Coimbatore is the second largest city in Tamil Nadu after Chennai in terms of population and the 16th largest urban agglomeration in India as per the census 2011. It is administered by the Coimbatore Municipal Corporation and is the administrative capital of Coimbatore District. In 1981, Coimbatore formed as the third municipal corporation in Tamil Nadu after Chennai and Madurai. Podanur Junction is the oldest railway station in Coimbatore City. The city is one of the largest exporters of jewellery, wet grinders, poultry and auto components; the \"Coimbatore Wet Grinder\" and the \"Kovai Cora Cotton\" are recognised as Geographical Indications by the Government of India. Being a hub of textile industry in South India, the city is sometimes referred to as the \"Manchester of South India\". It was ranked the 7th best city in India in the Ease of Living index 2020.The region around Coimbatore was ruled by the Cheras during the Sangam period between the 1st and the 4th centuries CE and it served as the eastern entrance to the Palakkad Gap, the principal trade route between the west coast and Tamil Nadu. Coimbatore was located along the ancient trade route Rajakesari Peruvazhi that extended from Muziris to Arikamedu in South India. The medieval Cholas conquered the Kongu Nadu in the 10th century CE. The region was ruled by Vijayanagara Empire in the 15th century followed by the Nayaks who introduced the Palayakkarar system under which Kongu Nadu region was divided into 24 Palayams. In the later part of the 18th century, the Coimbatore region came under the Kingdom of Mysore and following the defeat of Tipu Sultan in the Anglo-Mysore Wars, the British East India Company annexed Coimbatore to the Madras Presidency in 1799. The Coimbatore region played a prominent role in the Second Poligar War (1801) when it was the area of operations of Dheeran Chinnamalai.\nIn 1804, Coimbatore was established as the capital of the newly formed Coimbatore district and in 1866, it was accorded municipality status with Robert Stanes as its chairman. 24 November used to be Coimbatore Day, say those familiar with the history of Coimbatore. The city experienced a textile boom in the early 19th century due to the decline of the cotton industry in Mumbai. Post \u2013 Independence, Coimbatore has seen rapid growth due to industrialisation including the introduction of 3 malls in major locations. Coimbatore was ranked the best emerging city in India by India Today in the 2014 annual Indian city survey. The city was ranked fourth among Indian cities in investment climate by Confederation of Indian Industry and 17th among the top global outsourcing cities by Tholons. Coimbatore has been selected as one of the hundred Indian cities to be developed as a smart city under Prime Minister Narendra Modi's flagship Smart Cities Mission. Coimbatore regularly features among the top 10 best cities to live in India. Coimbatore was rated as one of the safest cities in India for women according to National Crime Records Bureau report in 2015."}, {"Context": "Coimbatore Etymology", "Knowledge": "LOC Kovanpudhur, PER Kovaiamma, LOC Coimbatore, PER Koyan, PER Koniamma, LOC Koyampuththoor, LOC Kovan, PER Koyamma", "Response": "There are multiple theories regarding the origin of the name Coimbatore. According to one theory, \"Coimbatore\" is a derivation of Kovanpudhur (literally 'new town of Kovan'), after chieftain Kovan or Koyan, evolved into Koyampuththoor and later anglicised as Coimbatore. Koyamma, the goddess worshipped by Koyan evolved into Koniamma and later Kovaiamma. Another theory states that the name could have been derived from Kovaiamma."}, {"Context": "Coimbatore History", "Knowledge": "LOC Vijayanagara Empire, LOC Palakkad Gap, PER Madurai Nayak, LOC Rajakesari Peruvazhi, LOC Mumbai, PER R., PER Madurai Nayaks, LOC Chola, PER Tipu Sultan, LOC Arikamedu, PER Silappathikaram, LOC Muziris, ORG Coimbatore City Council, LOC Kingdom of Mysore, PER Mahatma Gandhi, LOC Cheras, ORG Dheeran Chinnamalai, LOC Vijaynagara Empire, LOC Coimbatore, LOC Tamil Nadu, ORG British East India Company, ORG Kosar, ORG Madurai Nayaks, PER S. P. Narasimhalu Naidu, LOC Madras, PER Robert Stanes, LOC Kongu Nadu", "Response": "The region around Coimbatore was ruled by the Cheras during Sangam period between c. 1st and the 4th centuries CE and it served as the eastern entrance to the Palakkad Gap, the principal trade route between the west coast and Tamil Nadu. The Kosar tribe mentioned in the 2nd century CE Tamil epic Silappathikaram and other poems in Sangam literature is associated with the Coimbatore region. The region was located along an ancient Roman trade route that extended from Muziris to Arikamedu. The medieval Cholas conquered the Kongu Nadu in the 10th century. A Chola highway called Rajakesari Peruvazhi ran through the region. Much of Tamil Nadu came under the rule of the Vijayanagara Empire by the 15th century. In the 1550s, Madurai Nayaks, who were the military governors of the Vijaynagara Empire, took control of the region. After the Vijayanagara Empire fell in the 17th century, the Madurai Nayaks established their state as an independent kingdom. They introduced the Palayakkarar system under which Kongu Nadu region was divided into 24 Palayams(towns).\n\nIn the latter part of the 18th century, the region came under the Kingdom of Mysore, following a series of wars with the Madurai Nayak dynasty. After the defeat of Tipu Sultan in the Anglo-Mysore Wars, the British East India Company annexed Coimbatore to the Madras Presidency in 1799. The Coimbatore region played a prominent role in the Second Poligar War (1801), when it was the area of operations of Dheeran Chinnamalai. In 1804, Coimbatore was established as the capital of the newly formed Coimbatore district and in 1866 it was accorded municipality status. Sir Robert Stanes became the first chairman of the Coimbatore City Council. The region was hard hit during the Great Famine of 1876\u201378 resulting in nearly 200,000 famine related fatalities. The first three decades of the 20th century saw nearly 20,000 plague-related deaths and acute water shortage.The decline of the cotton industry in Mumbai fuelled an economic boom in Coimbatore in the 1920s and 1930s. The region played a significant role in the Indian independence movement with Mahatma Gandhi visiting the city three times. Coimbatore was the base of operations for such political figures as S. P. Narasimhalu Naidu, R. K. Shanmukham Chetty, C.S. Rathinasabapathy and C. Subramaniam during the independence movement. Post independence, Coimbatore has seen rapid growth due to industrialisation and in 1981 it was constituted as a municipal corporation. On 14 February 1998, the radical Islamist group Al Ummah bombed 11 places across the city killing 58 people and injuring more than 200."}, {"Context": "Coimbatore Geography", "Knowledge": "LOC Bengal, LOC Kumaraswami, LOC Anaimalai, LOC Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, LOC Coim, ORG Bureau of Indian Standards, LOC Ukkadam Periyakulam, LOC Singanallur, LOC Kerala, LOC Valankulam, LOC Selvampathy, LOC Coimbatore, LOC Tamil Nadu, LOC Noyyal River, LOC Selvachinthamani, LOC Munnar, LOC India, LOC Palghat Gap, LOC Nilgiris, LOC Nilgiri, LOC Krishnampathi, LOC Narasampathi, LOC Western Ghats", "Response": "Coimbatore lies at 11\u00b01\u20326\u2033N 76\u00b058\u203221\u2033E in south India at 427 metres (1401 ft) above sea level on the banks of the Noyyal River, in northwestern Tamil Nadu. It covers an area of 642.12 km2 (247.92 sq mi). It is surrounded by the Western Ghats mountain range to the west and the north, with reserve forests of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve on the northern side. The Noyyal River forms the southern boundary of the city, which has an extensive tank system fed by the river and rainwater. The eight major tanks and wetland areas of Coimbatore are namely, Singanallur, Valankulam, Ukkadam Periyakulam, Selvampathy, Narasampathi, Krishnampathi, Selvachinthamani, and Kumaraswami. Multiple streams drain the waste water from the city.The city is divided into two distinctive geographic regions: the dry eastern side which includes majority of the urban area of the city and the western region which borders the Nilgiris, Anaimalai and Munnar ranges. Palghat Gap, a mountain pass which connects the neighbouring state of Kerala to Tamil Nadu, lies to the west of the city. Because of its location in the biodiversity hotspot of the Western Ghats, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, the city is rich in fauna and flora. The Coimbatore urban wetlands harbours around 116 species of birds, of which 66 are resident, 17 are migratory and 33 are local migrants. The spot-billed pelican, painted stork, openbill stork, ibis, Indian spot-billed duck, teal and black-winged stilt visit the Coimbatore wetlands on their migration. Apart from the species common to the plains, various threatened and endangered species such as Indian elephants, wild boars, leopards, Bengal tigers, gaurs, Nilgiri tahr, sloth bear and black-headed oriole are found in the region.The northern part of the city has a rich tropical evergreen forest with commercially significant trees such as teak, sandalwood, rosewood and bamboo. The soil is predominantly black, which is suitable for cotton cultivation, but some red loamy soil is also found. According to the Bureau of Indian Standards, Coimbatore falls under the Class III/IV Seismic Zone, having experienced an earthquake of magnitude 6.0 on the Richter scale on 8 February 1900."}, {"Context": "Coimbatore Climate", "Knowledge": "LOC Pilloor, LOC Palghat, LOC Siruvani, LOC Coimbatore", "Response": "Under the K\u00f6ppen climate classification, the city has a hot semi-arid climate (BSh), with a wet season lasting from September to November due to the northeast monsoon. The mean maximum temperature ranges from 35.9 \u00b0C (96.6 \u00b0F) to 29.2 \u00b0C (84.6 \u00b0F) and the mean minimum temperature ranges from 24.5 \u00b0C (76.1 \u00b0F) to 19.8 \u00b0C (67.6 \u00b0F). The highest temperature ever recorded is 42.6 \u00b0C (108.7 \u00b0F) on 22 April 1976 while the lowest is 12.2 \u00b0C (54.0 \u00b0F) on 12 January 1957.Coimbatore has a tropical wet and dry climate. It experiences hot and humid summers from March to June with temperatures ranging from 25\u00b0C to 38\u00b0C. The monsoon season starts from July and lasts till October. The city receives moderate rainfall from the south-west monsoon and occasional heavy rainfall from the north-east monsoon. The winter season starts from November and ends in February. The temperatures during this season range from 20\u00b0C to 30\u00b0C.\nDue to the south-west monsoon winds passing through the Palghat gap, elevated regions of the city receive rainfall in the months from June to August. After a warm and foggy September, the north-east monsoon starts from October, lasting until early November. The average annual rainfall is around 600 mm (23.6 in) with the northeast and the southwest monsoons contributing to 47% and 28% respectively to the total rainfall. This periodic rainfall does not satisfy the city's water requirements throughout the year and water supply schemes like Siruvani and Pilloor maintain its availability during low rainfall months."}, {"Context": "Coimbatore Demographics", "Knowledge": "LOC India, LOC Chennai, LOC Coimbatore", "Response": "Coimbatore has a population of 1,601,438. As per the 2011 census based on pre-expansion city limits, Coimbatore had a population of 1,050,721 with a sex ratio of 997 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929. It is the second largest city in the state after capital Chennai and the sixteenth largest urban agglomeration in India. A total of 102,069 were under the age of six, comprising 52,275 males and 49,794 females. The average literacy of the city was 82.43%, compared to the national average of 72.99%. There were a total of 425,115 workers, comprising 1,539 cultivators, 2,908 main agricultural labourer, 11,789 in house hold industries, 385,802 other workers, 23,077 marginal workers, 531 marginal cultivators, 500 marginal agricultural labourer, 1,169 marginal workers in household industries and 20,877 other marginal workers.As per the 2001 census, Coimbatore had a population of 930,882 within the municipal corporation limits. The population of the urban agglomeration as per 2011 census is 2,136,916 with males constituting 50.08% of the population and females 49.92%. Coimbatore has an average literacy rate of 89.23%, higher than the national average of 74.04%. Male literacy is 93.17% and female literacy is 85.3% with 8.9% of the population under six years of age. The sex ratio was 964 females per 1000 males. In 2005, the crime rate in the city was 265.9 per 100,000 people, accounting for 1.2% of all crimes reported in major cities in India. It ranked 21st among 35 major cities in India in the incidence of crimes. In 2011, the population density in the city was 10,052 per km2 (26,035 per mi2). Around 8% of the city's population lives in slums."}, {"Context": "Coimbatore Administration and politics", "Knowledge": "LOC Kurichi, LOC Vedapatti, LOC Sarcarsamakulam, LOC Veerapandi, LOC Chettipalayam, LOC South, LOC Perur, LOC Goundampalayam, LOC Narasimhanaickenpalayam, LOC Ettimadai, LOC Karumathampatti, LOC Sulur, LOC Kuniyamuthur, LOC Irugur, LOC North, LOC Central, LOC Alanthurai, LOC Arasur, LOC Kurudampalayam, LOC Madukkarai, LOC Neelambur, LOC Idikarai, LOC Vellalur, LOC Somayampalayam, LOC Malumichampatti, LOC Kaniyur, LOC Mopperipalayam, LOC Pooluvapatti, LOC East, LOC Ashokapuram, LOC West, ORG Coimbatore City Police, ORG Coimbatore Municipal Corporation, LOC Kannampalayam, LOC Pallapalayam, LOC Coimbatore, LOC Thondamuthur, LOC Uliyampalayam, LOC Thenkarai, LOC Gudalur, LOC Othakalmandapam, LOC Thirumalayampalayam, LOC Muthugoundan Pudur, LOC Selvapuram, LOC Periyanaickenpalayam, LOC Chinniampalayam", "Response": "Coimbatore is a municipal corporation administered by the Coimbatore Municipal Corporation and is the administrative headquarters of Coimbatore district. Coimbatore was established as the capital of Coimbatore district in 1804 and in 1866, it was accorded municipality status. In 1981, Coimbatore was elevated as a municipal corporation. The city is divided into five administrative zones \u2013 East, West, North, South and Central, each further subdivided into 20 wards. Each ward is represented by a councillor who is elected by direct election and the Mayor of Coimbatore is elected by Councillors. The executive wing of the corporation is headed by a Corporation Commissioner and maintains basic services like water supply, sewage and roads. The district itself is administered by the district collector and the district court in Coimbatore is the highest court of appeal in the district. The Coimbatore City Police is headed by a Commissioner of Police and there are 18 police stations in the city.\n\nA large part of the Coimbatore urban agglomeration falls outside the Municipal corporation limits. These suburbs are governed by local bodies called Village Panchayats and Town Panchayats.\nBesides the Coimbatore Municipal Corporation, the Coimbatore urban agglomeration comprises the Town Panchayats of Vellalur, Irugur, Pallapalayam, Kannampalayam, Veerapandi, Periyanaickenpalayam, Narasimhanaickenpalayam, Idikarai, Vedapatti, Perur, Madukkarai, Ettimadai, Thondamuthur, Uliyampalayam, Thirumalayampalayam, Othakalmandapam, Alanthurai, Pooluvapatti, Thenkarai, Karumathampatti, Sarcarsamakulam, Mopperipalayam and Gudalur, census towns of Ashokapuram, Kurudampalayam, Malumichampatti, Selvapuram, Chettipalayam, Sulur, Chinniampalayam, Somayampalayam, Muthugoundan Pudur, Arasur, Kaniyur, Neelambur and municipalities of Kuniyamuthur, Kurichi and Goundampalayam. These local bodies are in turn split into wards each electing a councillor through direct election. The head of the local body, known as the President, is elected by the councillors from among their number.Coimbatore has traditionally been a stronghold of the Dravidian party All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) with national parties such as the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) as well as the Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI(M)) also having a significant presence. The city elects ten members to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly and one member to the Indian Parliament. The six legislative assembly constituencies in the city are Coimbatore North, Coimbatore South, Kaundampalayam, Singanallur and Thondamuthur and Kinathukadavu which form a part of the Coimbatore Parliamentary Constituency. Part of the urban agglomeration comes under the Nilgiris and Pollachi constituencies. In the Indian general election held in 2019, CPI (M) candidate P.R. Natarajan defeated C. P. Radhakrishnan of the BJP in the Lok Sabha constituency. In the last legislative assembly election held in 2021, the AIADMK led front won in all five assembly constituencies."}, {"Context": "Coimbatore Economy", "Knowledge": "ORG TIDEL Park Coimbatore, ORG TIDEL Park, ORG Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International School of Textiles & Management, ORG COINDIA, ORG Robert Stanes, ORG CICR, ORG South, ORG SITRA, LOC ELCOT SEZ, ORG Tholons, ORG South India Textile Research Institute, ORG Cora, LOC Chennai, ORG Central Institute for Cotton Research, LOC Tamil Nadu, LOC Coimbatore, LOC India, LOC Kovai, ORG CODISSIA, LOC Manchester, ORG COJEWEL", "Response": "A major hub for manufacturing, education and healthcare in Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore is among the fastest growing tier-II cities in India. It houses more than 25,000 small, medium and large industries with the primary industries being engineering and textiles. Coimbatore is called the \"Manchester of South India\" due to its extensive textile industry, fed by the surrounding cotton fields. TIDEL Park Coimbatore in ELCOT SEZ was the first special economic zone (SEZ) set up in 2006. In 2010, Coimbatore ranked 15th in the list of most competitive (by business environment) Indian cities. Coimbatore also has a 160,000 square feet (15,000 m2) trade fair ground, built in 1999 and is owned by CODISSIA.Coimbatore region experienced a textile boom in the 1920s and 1930s. Though, Robert Stanes had established Coimbatore's first textile mills as early as the late 19th century, it was during this period that Coimbatore emerged as a prominent industrial centre. In 2009 Coimbatore was home to around 15% of the cotton spinning capacity in India. Coimbatore has trade associations such as CODISSIA, COINDIA and COJEWEL representing the industries in the city. Coimbatore houses a number of textile mills and is the base of textile research institutes like the Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International School of Textiles & Management, Central Institute for Cotton Research (CICR) and the South India Textile Research Institute (SITRA). Kovai Cora Cotton saree is a recognised Geographical Indication.Coimbatore is the second largest producer of software in the state, next to capital Chennai. TIDEL Park Coimbatore and other Information technology parks in the city has aided in the growth of IT and Business process outsourcing industries in the city. It is ranked at 17th among the top global outsourcing cities by Tholons. Software exports stood at \u20b97.1 billion (US$89 million) for the financial year 2009\u201310 up 90% from the previous year. Coimbatore has a large and diversified manufacturing sector and a number of engineering colleges producing about 50,000 engineers annually. Due to huge demand from IT Companies for space at Coimbatore, TIDEL Park Coimbatore-Phase-II is planned to be built within ELCOT SEZ on an additional 9 acres of land with 5 Lakh sq.feet space at \u20b9 250 crores. TICEL Bio-Park III, a Bio-Technology Park is being constructed in 10 acres of land at Somayampalayam, Coimbatore.\nCoimbatore is a major centre for the manufacture of automotive components in India with car manufacturers Maruti Udyog and Tata Motors sourcing up to 30%, of their automotive components from the city. G.D. Naidu developed India's first indigenous motor in 1937. India's first indigenously developed diesel engine for cars was manufactured in the city in 1972. The city is also a major centre for small auto component makers catering to the automobile industry, from personal to commercial and farm vehicles. The city contributes to about 75% of the 1 lakh total monthly output of wet grinders in India. The industry employs 70,000 people and had a yearly turnover of \u20b92,800 crore (US$350 million) in 2015. The term \"Coimbatore Wet Grinder\" has been given a Geographical indication.Coimbatore is also referred to as \"the Pump City\" as it supplies nearly 50% of India's requirements of motors and pumps. Coimbatores largest pump manufacturer CRI pumps, contributes a lot towards the \"pump city\" status of coimbatore. The city is one of the largest exporters of jewellery renowned for diamond cutting, cast and machine made jewellery. There are about 3,000 jewellery manufacturers employing over 40,000 goldsmiths.Coimbatore has a large number of poultry farms and is a major producer of chicken eggs. The city contributes to nearly 95% of processed chicken meat exports. Coimbatore has some of the country's oldest flour mills and these mills which cater to all the southern states, have a combined grinding capacity of more than 50,000 MT per month. The hospitality industry has seen a growth in the 21st century with new upscale hotels being set up. Coimbatore is the largest non-metro city for e-commerce in South India."}, {"Context": "Coimbatore Culture", "Knowledge": "LOC Coimbatore", "Response": "Coimbatore and its people have a reputation for entrepreneurship. Though it is generally considered a traditional city, Coimbatore is diverse and cosmopolitan. The World Classical Tamil Conference 2010 was held in Coimbatore. The heavy industrialisation of the city has also resulted in the growth of trade unions."}, {"Context": "Coimbatore Language", "Knowledge": "LOC Coimbatore", "Response": "Tamil is the official language and Kongu Tamil (also called Kangee or Kongalam), a dialect, is predominantly spoken. Coimbatore also has a significant number of Telugus, Kannada, Malayalis, and North Indians, mainly Gujaratis. As per the 2011 census, Tamil is the most spoken language with 710,326 speakers, followed by Telugu (173,136),\nKannada (102,000), Malayalam (76,485). Other languages spoken in the city include Urdu (15,484) and Hindi (13,608). During the 1970s the city witnessed a population explosion as a result of migration fuelled by increased economic growth and job opportunities."}, {"Context": "Coimbatore Religion", "Knowledge": "LOC Koniamman Temple, LOC Thandu Mariamman Temple, LOC Karamadai Ranganathaswamy Temple, LOC Oppanakara Street, LOC Marudamalai Murugan Temple, LOC Naga Sai Mandir, LOC Loga Nayaga Shaniswara Temple, LOC Sikh Gurudwaras, LOC Masani Amman Temple, LOC Coimbatore, LOC Ashtamsa Varadha Anjaneyar Temple, LOC Eachanari Vinayagar Temple, LOC Perur Patteeswarar Temple, LOC Big Bazaar Street", "Response": "The city's population is predominantly Hindu with minority Muslim and Christian population. Jains, Sikhs and Buddhists are also present in small numbers. According to the religious census of 2011, Coimbatore has 83.31% Hindus, 8.63% Muslims, 7.53% Christians, 0.28% Jains, 0.05% Sikhs, 0.02% Buddhists and 0.01% Others. 0.17% of the respondents did not state their religion.The Mariamman festivals at the city's numerous Mariamman temples are major events in summer. Major Hindu temples in the city include the Perur Patteeswarar Temple, Naga Sai Mandir, Koniamman Temple, Thandu Mariamman Temple, Eachanari Vinayagar Temple, Karamadai Ranganathaswamy Temple, Marudamalai Murugan Temple, Loga Nayaga Shaniswara Temple, Ashtamsa Varadha Anjaneyar Temple, Masani Amman Temple. The mosques on Oppanakara Street and Big Bazaar Street date back to the 18th century CE. Christian missions date back to the 17th century when permission was granted by the Nayak rulers to set up churches in the region. Sikh Gurudwaras and Jain temples are also present in Coimbatore."}, {"Context": "Coimbatore Cuisine", "Knowledge": "LOC Coimbatore", "Response": "Coimbatore cuisine is predominantly south Indian with rice as its base. Most local restaurants still retain their rural flavor, with many restaurants serving food over a banana leaf. Eating on a banana leaf is an old custom and imparts a unique flavor to the food and is considered healthy. North Indian, Chinese and continental cuisines are also available. Idly, dosa, paniyaram and appam are popular dishes.Coimbatore has an active street food culture and various cuisine options for dining. Arisi paruppu sadam and sambar sadam, made from a mixture of dal and rice, is a recipe that existed from the 4th century CE that is unique to the area. Ariseemparuppu or arisi paruppu satham (literally translated as Rice and dal) originated from Coimbatore and the people of the city celebrate January 8 as national Aruseemparuppu day, after given light by a popular influencer and food consultant. Kaalaan is a popular dish prepared by simmering deep-fried mushrooms (usually chopped) in a spicy broth until it reaches a porridge-like consistency; the dish is served sprinkled with chopped onions and coriander leaves. Chaats made from potatoes and a mix of other vegetables and spices are also popular."}, {"Context": "Coimbatore Arts", "Knowledge": "PER Swamikannu Vincent, ORG Pakshiraja Studios, LOC Kasthuri Srinivasan Art Gallery, LOC India, LOC Kadhi Gandhi Gallery, ORG Central Studios, LOC H A Gass Forest Museum, LOC G. D. Naidu Museum & Industrial Exhibition, LOC Coimbatore, LOC Government Museum, LOC Textile Museum, PER S. M. Sriramulu Naidu", "Response": "Swamikannu Vincent, who had built the first cinema of south India in Coimbatore, introduced the concept of Tent Cinema in which a tent was erected on an open land to screen the films. Central Studios was set up in 1935 while S. M. Sriramulu Naidu established Pakshiraja Studios in 1945. The city conducts its own music festival every year. Art, dance and music concerts are held annually during the months of September and December (Tamil calendar month \u2013 Margazhi). Coimbatore also houses a number of museums and art galleries like G.D. Naidu Museum & Industrial Exhibition, H A Gass Forest Museum, Government Museum, Kadhi Gandhi Gallery and Kasthuri Srinivasan Art Gallery and Textile Museum."}, {"Context": "Coimbatore Air", "Knowledge": "ORG Indian Airlines, LOC Sri Lanka, ORG PlanetX Aerospace, LOC Coimbatore Airport, LOC Coimbatore International Airport, ORG Airports Authority of India, ORG Union Cabinet, LOC Coorg, LOC Sharjah, LOC Karnataka, ORG Air Carnival, ORG Sarang, LOC Sulur AFS, LOC Kerala, LOC Coimbatore, ORG Indian Air Force, PER Manmohan Singh, ORG Sukhoi, LOC Munnar, LOC India, LOC Sulur Air Force Station, LOC Kangayampalayam, LOC Singapore, LOC Peelamedu", "Response": "The city is served by the Coimbatore International Airport at Peelamedu 15 km (9.3 mi) from the city centre. The airport commenced operations in 1940 as a civil aerodrome with Indian Airlines operating Fokker F27, Douglas DC-3 and later Hawker Siddeley HS 748 aircraft. The then Prime Minister of India Manmohan Singh declared the government's intention to upgrade the Coimbatore Airport to International status in a meeting with senior ministers on 6 June 2012 and it was granted the status of international airport by the Union Cabinet on 2 October 2012. The airport is operated by Airports Authority of India and caters to domestic flights to major Indian cities and international flights to Sharjah, Singapore and Sri Lanka. As of 2014-15, the airport was the 15th largest airport in India in terms of total aircraft movement, 18th largest in terms of passengers handled and 13th largest in terms of cargo handled. It has a single runway, which is 9,760 feet (2,970 m) in length and is capable of handling large aircraft. Air Carnival, a private airline commenced its operations in 2016 with the Coimbatore International Airport as its hub. PlanetX Aerospace operates private helicopter rides from Coimbatore to popular tourist hotspots nearby including Munnar in Kerala and Coorg in Karnataka.Sulur Air Force Station, located at Kangayampalayam is an air base operated by the Indian Air Force and accommodates Antonov An-32 heavy air lifter aircraft, Mil Mi-8 transport helicopters and the HAL Dhruv helicopters of the Sarang helicopter display team. The first squadron of ingeniously built HAL Tejas will be inducted at Sulur AFS and Sukhoi Su-30MKI aircraft were stationed at the base by 2016."}, {"Context": "Coimbatore Rail", "Knowledge": "LOC Irugur Junction, LOC Sulur, LOC Chennai Central, ORG Indian Railways, LOC Ooty, LOC Nilgiri Mountain Railway, LOC Coimbatore \u2013, LOC Madukkarai, LOC Somanur, LOC Singanallur, ORG Southern Railway, LOC Kerala, LOC Chennai, LOC Coimbatore, LOC Perianaikanpalayam, LOC Coimbatore Junction, LOC Salem, LOC India, LOC Coimbatore North Junction, LOC Madras, LOC Podanur Junction, LOC Podanur, LOC Peelamedu", "Response": "Train service in Coimbatore started in 1861, upon the construction of the Podanur \u2013 Madras line connecting Kerala and the west coast with the rest of India. Coimbatore lies on the Coimbatore \u2013 Chennai 5 ft 6 in (1,676 mm) broad gauge railway line and the city falls under the Salem division of the Southern Railway zone of Indian Railways. The major railway station is the Coimbatore Junction which is the second-largest income generating station in the Southern Railway zone after Chennai Central and is amongst the top hundred booking stations of Indian Railways. Other major railway stations catering to the city include Coimbatore North Junction, Podanur Junction and minor stations at Peelamedu, Singanallur, Irugur Junction, Perianaikanpalayam, Madukkarai, Somanur and Sulur. The city is located near the railhead for the Nilgiri Mountain Railway, a UNESCO World heritage site and mountain railway which goes to the hill station of Ooty."}, {"Context": "Coimbatore Metro rail", "Knowledge": "ORG Central Government, ORG Nadu, LOC Tamilnadu, ORG Government, LOC Kaniyur, LOC India, LOC Tamil, ORG Coimbatore Railway Struggle Committee, LOC Karunya Nagar Ukkadam, ORG CMRL, LOC Coimbatore, LOC Bilichi Karanampettai, ORG Systra, PER E. Sreedharan, LOC Thaneer Panthal Ganeshapuram", "Response": "The Central Government proposed a metro rail system for 16 tier-2 cities in India including Coimbatore in 2010. While the Government of Tamilnadu in 2011, shelved in favour of a monorail. Coimbatore Railway Struggle Committee has also protested to implement metro rail project in Coimbatore. In 2013, E. Sreedharan made survey and announced metro rail as suitable transport for Coimbatore\nIn 2017, the Tamil Nadu Government proposed a metro for the city of Coimbatore. The Systra group was involved to do the feasibility and finalize the routes in the proposed metro rail. The CMRL proposed five corridors in Coimbatore Metro.\nUkkadam Bus Terminus to Kaniyur\nUkkadam Bus Terminus to Bilichi\nKaranampettai to Thaneer Panthal\nGaneshapuram to Karunya Nagar\nUkkadam Bus Terminus to Coimbatore Integrated Bus Terminus"}, {"Context": "Coimbatore Road", "Knowledge": "LOC Ukkadam, LOC Palakkad Road, ORG Tamil, LOC Mettupalayam Road, LOC Pollachi Road, LOC Thadagam Road, LOC Nadu, LOC Trichy Road, ORG Government, LOC Neelambur, LOC Madukkarai, LOC Mettupalayam road, LOC South India, ORG State Highways, LOC Tamil Nadu, LOC Coimbatore, LOC Athupalam, LOC Sathy Road, LOC Avinashi Road, LOC Peelamedu", "Response": "There are six major arterial roads in the city: Avinashi Road, Trichy Road, Sathy Road, Mettupalayam Road, Palakkad Road, Pollachi Road and Thadagam Road. The Coimbatore bypass is a series of bypasses connecting the various National Highways and State Highways passing through and originating from Coimbatore. The first section of the bypass, a 28-kilometre (17 mi) stretch from Neelambur to Madukkarai on National Highway 544 opened for traffic in 2000. It was the first road privatisation project to be implemented on a build\u2013operate\u2013transfer model in South India. In 2008, the State Highways department came up with a proposal to create a Ring road to help de-congest the main arterial roads and the 12 km road would extend from Peelamedu to Mettupalayam road. In 2011, the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu announced the construction of two new flyovers at Ukkadam and Athupalam to help de-congest the Palakkad Road. In 2012, the Government of Tamil Nadu decided in favour of an eastern road that connected Mettupalayam Road with Avinashi Road and the existing bypass. The city municipal corporation is undertaking the construction of six rail-over-bridges in the city. There are five National Highways passing through the city:\nApart from State and National Highways, the city corporation maintains a 635.32 kilometres (394.77 miles) long road network."}, {"Context": "Coimbatore Bus", "Knowledge": "LOC Ukkadam, LOC South, LOC Avinashi, LOC Mettupalayam, ORG Uber, ORG Coimbatore BRTS, ORG Avis, LOC North, LOC Central, ORG Ola Cabs, LOC Singanallur, LOC West, ORG RedTaxi, LOC Chennai, LOC Coimbatore, ORG GoTaxi, LOC TN, ORG Zoomcar, LOC Saibaba Colony, LOC Gandhipuram Central, LOC Vellalore, ORG Government of India, ORG Coimbatore", "Response": "Town buses started operating in 1921 and serve most parts of the city, as well as other towns and villages in the district. The number of inter-city routes operated by Coimbatore division is 119 with a fleet of more than 500 buses. It also operates town buses on 257 intra-city routes. The intra-city buses operate from major bus stations in Gandhipuram Central Bus Terminus, Singanallur Bus Terminus, Ukkadam Bus Terminus and Saibaba Colony Bus Terminus to other parts across the city. Inter-city and intra-city buses that connect Coimbatore operate from different bus stands:\nThe Coimbatore Integrated Bus Terminus planned at Vellalore is under construction. The proposed terminus will be built at a cost of \u20b9 168 crores.\nCoimbatore BRTS is a proposed bus rapid transit project under the JNNURM scheme of the Government of India. It is planned along a 27.6 kilometres (17.1 mi) stretch connecting Avinashi road and Mettupalayam road. The city is also served by auto rickshaws and radio taxi services like Uber, Ola Cabs, RedTaxi, GoTaxi, Zoomcar, Avis. Coimbatore has four Regional Transport Offices viz. TN 37 (South), TN 38 (North), TN 66 (Central), TN 99 (West).Coimbatore to Chennai Bus route is very busy and there are buses plying at regular intervals. The distance between the two cities is approximately 500 km."}, {"Context": "Coimbatore Education", "Knowledge": "ORG Bharathiar University, ORG Anna University Coimbatore, ORG Tamil Nadu State Board, ORG Government Arts College, ORG Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, ORG Government, ORG Coimbatore Medical College, ORG Coimbatore Institute of Technology, ORG Sugarcane Breeding Research Institute, ORG Government College of Technology, ORG Tamil Nadu Institute of Urban Studies, ORG C. S. I. Boys High School, ORG S\u00e1lim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History, ORG Arthur Hope College of Technology, ORG Stanes Anglo Indian Higher Secondary School, ORG Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, ORG PSG College of Technology, LOC Coimbatore, PER G. D. Naidu, ORG Indian Air Force, ORG St. Michael ' s Higher Secondary School, ORG Central Institute for Cotton Research, ORG Tamil Nadu Anglo Indian School Board, ORG Government of India, ORG St. Francis Anglo - Indian Girls School, ORG Stanes, ORG St Francis, ORG IFGTB, ORG Air Force Administrative College, ORG Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, ORG ESIC Medical College, ORG Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education", "Response": "Coimbatore is a major educational hub. The earliest educational institutions established in the city date back to more than a century with C.S.I. Boys High School (1831), St. Michael's Higher Secondary School (1860), Stanes Anglo Indian Higher Secondary School (1862) and St. Francis Anglo-Indian Girls School (1898) being the oldest. In 1867, the first group of students appeared for the SSLC Examinations from Coimbatore.The first college of Coimbatore, Government Arts College, was opened in 1875. The first engineering college in the city, the Arthur Hope College of Technology (now known as the Government College of Technology, Coimbatore), was started by G.D. Naidu in 1945 followed later by private engineering colleges PSG College of Technology, and Coimbatore Institute of Technology in the 1950s. The Air Force Administrative College, established in 1949, is the oldest training institute of the Indian Air Force. Coimbatore Medical College was opened in 1966 and also city has another Government run ESIC Medical College, Coimbatore. The Government law college started functioning from 1978. The agricultural school established in 1868 was converted into a full-fledged agricultural university. Tamil Nadu Agricultural University in 1971 and the S\u00e1lim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History was opened in 1990.As of 2010, the district is home to seven universities, 78 engineering colleges, 3 medical colleges, 2 dental colleges, 35 polytechnics and 150 arts and science colleges. The city houses three government run universities Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Bharathiar University, Anna University Coimbatore and four private universities. The city houses headquarters of renowned multi-campus, multi-disciplinary private deemed university, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham. The city houses Government research institutes including the Central Institute for Cotton Research, Sugarcane Breeding Research Institute, Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding (IFGTB), Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education and Tamil Nadu Institute of Urban Studies. In 2008, Government of India announced a plan to establish a world class university in the region.Three types of schools operate in Coimbatore: government run schools, schools funded by the government but run by private trusts (aided schools) and schools funded completely by private trusts. Schools were following Tamil Nadu Anglo Indian School Board like Stanes and St Francis, Tamil Nadu State Board, Matriculation, CBSE or ICSE / ISC syllabus. Samacheer Kalvi (Tamil: \u0b9a\u0bae\u0b9a\u0bcd\u0b9a\u0bc0\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bb2\u0bcd\u0bb5\u0bbf) or Tamil Nadu Uniform System of School Education or Equitable education system was introduced by the Tamil Nadu Uniform System of School Education Act 2010 to integrate the various school educational systems within the state. Several schools in the city have moved on from Anglo Indian and Matriculation systems to CBSE and ICSE/ISC syllabus. The city falls under the purview of Coimbatore Education District. In 2013, 45,863 students appeared for SSLC examinations and the pass percentage was 94.12%."}, {"Context": "Coimbatore Media", "Knowledge": "ORG Dinamalar, ORG The Hindu, ORG Dinakaran, ORG Malayala Manorama, ORG Dinamani, LOC Delhi, ORG All India Radio, ORG Hello FM, ORG Mathrubhumi, ORG Lotus News, ORG The Times of India, ORG Tamil Murasu, ORG Dina Thanthi, ORG Rainbow FM, ORG Suryan FM, ORG Radio Mirchi, ORG Maalai Malar, LOC Coimbatore, ORG Radio City, ORG Deccan Chronicle, LOC Madras, ORG Doordarshan, ORG Business Line, ORG The New Indian Express, LOC Kodaikanal", "Response": "Four major English newspapers The Hindu, The Times of India, Deccan Chronicle and The New Indian Express bring out editions from the city. Business Line, a business newspaper also brings out a Coimbatore edition. Tamil newspapers which have Coimbatore editions include Dinamalar, Dina Thanthi, Dinamani, Dinakaran, Tamil Murasu and Maalai Malar (both evening newspapers). Two Malayalam newspapers \u2013 Malayala Manorama and Mathrubhumi also have considerable circulation in the city. Lotus News is headquartered in Coimbatore.A Medium wave radio station is operated by All India Radio, with programs in Tamil, English and Hindi. Five FM radio stations operate from Coimbatore \u2013 Rainbow FM, Suryan FM, Radio Mirchi, Radio City and Hello FM. All these private radio stations air exclusively Tamil based programs, including film music. Television relay started in 1985 from Delhi Doordarshan and in 1986, after inception of the repeater tower at Kodaikanal, telecast from Madras commenced.  In 2005, Doordarshan opened its studio in Coimbatore. Television services are accessible through DTH or digital cable."}, {"Context": "Coimbatore Telecommunication", "Knowledge": "ORG MTS, ORG Reliance Jio, ORG Bharti Airtel, ORG Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, ORG ACT, LOC Tamil Nadu, ORG Tata Teleservices, ORG BSNL, ORG Tata Communications, LOC Coimbatore, ORG Reliance Communications", "Response": "Coimbatore has a well-connected communications infrastructure. Till the 1990s the state owned Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL) was the only telecommunication service provider in the city. In the 1990s, private telecom companies too started offering their services. As of 2019, BSNL, Reliance Communications, Bharti Airtel, Tata Communications, Tata Teleservices, Reliance Jio and ACT offer broadband service and fixed line services. MTS offers mobile broadband services. Cellular telephony was first introduced in 1997 and mobile telephone services available. Coimbatore is the headquarters of the Tamil Nadu circle of cellular service providers."}, {"Context": "Coimbatore Healthcare", "Knowledge": "LOC Coimbatore Medical College Hospital, ORG The Eye Foundation, LOC Coimbatore, LOC Kerala, LOC ESI Hospital, ORG Aravind & Sankara Nethralya", "Response": "As of 2010, the size of the health care industry in Coimbatore is estimated at \u20b91,500 crore (US$190 million). There are around 750 hospitals in the city with an in-patient capacity of 5,000 beds. These hospitals include Single Speciality institutions like eye care clinics such as The Eye Foundation, Aravind & Sankara Nethralya, kidney center, ortho center, etc. and also multi special hospitals. The first health care centre in the city was started in 1909. In 1969, it was upgraded to Coimbatore Medical College Hospital and also city has government run ESI Hospital, which was renovated recently at Rs. 5.20 billion with 500 beds. A government run tertiary care hospital with 1020 beds and provides free health care. The city corporation maintains 16 dispensaries and two maternity homes. People from nearby districts and the state of Kerala visit Coimbatore for medical tourism due to the availability of hospitals and healthcare facilities."}, {"Context": "Coimbatore Sports and recreation", "Knowledge": "ORG CDCA, LOC Coimbatore Golf Course, PER S. Karivardhan, LOC India, ORG Coimbatore Cosmopolitan Club, PER J. Anand, PER Narain Karthikeyan, PER Nirupama Vaidyanathan, ORG Coimbatore District Chess Association, ORG Coimbatore Flying Club, ORG F3, LOC Coimbatore Airport, ORG Super Speeds, ORG MRF, LOC Coimbatore, LOC Kari Motor Speedway, PER V. R. Naren Kumar, LOC Nehru Stadium", "Response": "Coimbatore is often referred to as \"India's Motorsports Hub\" and the \"Backyard of Indian Motorsports\". S.Karivardhan designed and built entry \u2013 level race cars and the Kari Motor Speedway, a Formula 3 Category circuit, is named after him. Tyre manufacturer MRF assembles Formula Ford cars in Coimbatore in association with former F3 Champion J. Anand and racing company Super Speeds designs Formula cars. Rallying is another major event with rallies conducted in closed roads around Coimbatore. Narain Karthikeyan, India's first Formula One driver hails from the city, and other motorsport drivers from Coimbatore include J. Anand and V. R. Naren Kumar.Nehru Stadium, built originally for football, also hosts athletic meets. The stadium has been renovated with Korean grass for the field and a synthetic track around it for athletics. Apart from the stadium, other sporting venues include the Coimbatore Golf Course, an 18 \u2013 hole golf course and Coimbatore Cosmopolitan Club, which is more than 100 years old. Coimbatore Flying Club is located in the Coimbatore Airport premises. The city hosts its own annual marathon called Coimbatore Marathon as an event to raise cancer awareness. Retired tennis player Nirupama Vaidyanathan, who became the first Indian woman in the modern era to feature and win a round at a main draw Grand Slam in 1998 Australian Open hails from Coimbatore. Coimbatore District Chess Association (CDCA), established in 1940, is the oldest chess association in the country."}, {"Context": "Coimbatore Recreation", "Knowledge": "LOC Brookefields Mall, LOC Miraj, LOC Fun Republic Mall, LOC Perur, ORG INOX, LOC Mettupalayam, LOC The Cinema, LOC Black Thunder water, LOC KG, LOC Singanallur Lake, LOC Race Course Children ' s Park, LOC Neelambur, LOC Maharaja Theme Park, ORG SPI, LOC VOC Park, LOC Bharathi Park, LOC Coimbatore Zoo, LOC Saibaba Colony, LOC Kovai Kondattam, LOC Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Park, LOC Prozone Mall, LOC Cin\u00e9polis", "Response": "There are several amusement parks around the city: Black Thunder water theme park near Mettupalayam, Kovai Kondattam amusement park at Perur and Maharaja Theme Park at Neelambur.\n Since the 1980s, the city has had a few small shopping complexes and major shopping malls include Prozone Mall, Brookefields Mall and Fun Republic Mall. The city also has a number of parks including the VOC Park, the Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Park, Race Course Children's Park and Bharathi Park in Saibaba Colony. Coimbatore Zoo houses a number of animals and birds and is located near VOC Park. The grounds are used for conducting fairs and events including the annual Independence day and Republic day celebrations. Singanallur Lake is a popular tourist place and bird watcher destination. Popular cinemas include KG Cinemas, The Cinema by SPI Cinemas, Cin\u00e9polis, INOX and Miraj Cinemas."}, {"Context": "Coimbatore Environmental issues", "Knowledge": "LOC Ukkadam, ORG Siruthuli, LOC Noyyal, ORG Environment Conservation Group, LOC Coimbatore, LOC Noyyal River", "Response": "Air pollution, lack of proper waste management infrastructure and degradation of water bodies are the major environmental issues in Coimbatore. There is a sewage treatment plant at Ukkadam with the capacity to process 70 million litres of sewage water per day. Garbage is collected by the corporation and sewage is pumped into the water tanks and the Noyyal River through streams. This along with garbage dumping and encroachments has led to degradation of the water bodies and depletion in the groundwater table. The tanks are renovated by the city's environmental groups with their own fund-raising and the corporation. The corporation is responsible and involved in clearing encroachment of the tanks. Siruthuli, an environmental organisation founded by the city's industrial houses, undertakes de-silting of tanks and cleaning of the Noyyal river. Environment Conservation Group based out of the city is also involved in conservation of trees and wetlands, monitoring wildlife crime and conducting awareness sessions for students."}, {"Context": "Coimbatore Notable people", "Knowledge": "PER Suriya, PER Sathyaraj, PER Tiruvadi Sambasiva Venkataraman, PER Narain Karthikeyan, PER Kovai Gnani, PER K. G. Lakshminarayan, PER Sivakumar, PER D. Sreeram Kumar, ORG Army, ORG Indian, PER Sadhguru Jaggi Vasudev, PER Vishnu Jejjala, PER Mohammed Saleem", "Response": "Kovai Gnani, Tamil writer\nVishnu Jejjala (born 1975), Indian-American physicist\nNarain Karthikeyan (born 1977), formula racing driver\nMohammed Saleem, Environmental Activist\nK. G. Lakshminarayan (born 31 March 1953), former cricket umpire\nTiruvadi Sambasiva Venkataraman (born June 1884), botanist\nSadhguru Jaggi Vasudev (born 3 September 1957), author, spiritual leader\nSivakumar (born 1941), Indian visual artist and former actor\nD. Sreeram Kumar (born 1981), Indian Army officer\nSuriya ( born 1975), Indian actor, producer, television presenter\nSathyaraj (born 1954), Indian actor, producer, director and a media personality"}, {"Context": "Coimbatore International relations", "Knowledge": "LOC Ohio, ORG Alliance Fran\u00e7aise de Madras, LOC India, LOC Toledo, ORG PSG Institute of Management, LOC Esslingen, LOC Coimbatore", "Response": "Coimbatore has sister city relationship with Toledo, Ohio. The relation has enabled exchange in the fields of arts and education between the cities. A twin city pact with the German city of Esslingen was signed in July 2016 enabling the two cities to collaborate on areas of mutual interest, health, education, culture and social development.\nAlliance Fran\u00e7aise de Madras, a Franco-Indian non-profit association promoting the growth of French in India has a centre at PSG Institute of Management in Coimbatore."}, {"Context": "Dalhousie Introduction", "Knowledge": "LOC HOW, LOC dal, LOC Dalhousie", "Response": "Dalhousie ( dal-HOW-zee) may refer to:"}, {"Context": "Dalhousie Buildings", "Knowledge": "LOC Montreal, LOC Alberta, LOC Singapore Dalhousie Station, LOC Bonnyrigg, LOC Calgary, LOC Quebec Dalhousie, LOC Dalhousie Castle, LOC Empress Place, LOC Scotland Dalhousie", "Response": "Dalhousie Castle, a castle near Bonnyrigg, Scotland\nDalhousie Obelisk, a monument in Empress Place, Singapore\nDalhousie Station (Montreal), a former passenger rail station in Montreal, Quebec\nDalhousie station (Calgary), a LRT station in Calgary, Alberta"}, {"Context": "Dalhousie Institutions", "Knowledge": "LOC Mumbai, ORG Dalhousie University, ORG INS Angre, LOC Scotland, LOC India, LOC Halifax, LOC Nova Scotia, ORG INS, ORG HMIS, LOC Dalhousie, ORG Dalhousie Hilltop School, ORG Dalhousie School, ORG Dalhousie", "Response": "Dalhousie Hilltop School, Dalhousie, India\nDalhousie School, a former prep school in Scotland\nDalhousie University, located in Halifax, Nova Scotia\nHMIS (later INS) Dalhousie, the initial name of INS Angre, the naval base at Mumbai, India"}, {"Context": "Dalhousie Ships", "Knowledge": "ORG Dalhousie", "Response": "Dalhousie, later name of HMS Hearty (1885)"}, {"Context": "Dalhousie People and clans", "Knowledge": "PER George Ramsay, PER James Broun - Ramsay, PER Marquess of Dalhousie, ORG Clan Ramsay, LOC India, LOC Nova Scotia, ORG Peerage of Scotland, PER Dalhousie, LOC British North America, PER Earl of Dalhousie, ORG Dalhousie", "Response": "Clan Ramsay (Dalhousie), a branch of the main line of Scottish Ramsays\nEarl of Dalhousie, a title created in the Peerage of Scotland in 1633\nJames Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie, (1812\u20131860) a Governor-General of India\nGeorge Ramsay, 9th Earl of Dalhousie, a Governor of Nova Scotia and of British North America"}, {"Context": "Dalhousie Australia", "Knowledge": "LOC County of Dalhousie, LOC Victoria, LOC Dalhousie Station, LOC South Australia, LOC Dalhousie Springs", "Response": "County of Dalhousie, Victoria\nCounty of Dalhousie (South Australia)\nDalhousie Springs, South Australia, a group of natural artesian springs\nDalhousie Station (South Australia), a pastoral lease in the far north of South Australia"}, {"Context": "Dalhousie Canada", "Knowledge": "LOC Nova Scotia Dalhousie Road, LOC Restigouche County Dalhousie Parish, LOC Ontario, LOC Nova Scotia, LOC St. Catharines West Dalhousie, LOC Dalhousie, LOC Calgary, LOC New Brunswick Dalhousie, LOC Quebec, LOC New Brunswick, LOC Quebec Port Dalhousie", "Response": "Dalhousie, New Brunswick, a town in Restigouche County\nDalhousie Parish, New Brunswick\nDalhousie, Calgary, a neighbourhood in the northwest area of the city\nDalhousie, Quebec, a small town in south-western Quebec\nPort Dalhousie, Ontario, a community in St. Catharines\nWest Dalhousie, a community in Nova Scotia\nDalhousie Road, Nova Scotia, a community"}, {"Context": "Dalhousie India", "Knowledge": "LOC B. B. D. Bagh, LOC India, LOC Himachal Pradesh, LOC Dalhousie, LOC Dalhousie Square, ORG Dalhousie Cantonment, LOC Himachal Pradesh Dalhousie, LOC Kolkata", "Response": "Dalhousie, India, a town in Himachal Pradesh\nDalhousie Cantonment, a cantonment town in Himachal Pradesh\nDalhousie (Vidhan Sabha constituency), which includes the previous two towns\nDalhousie Square, former name of the B. B. D. Bagh central business district of Kolkata"}, {"Context": "Dalhousie Scotland", "Knowledge": "LOC Dalhousie Mains, LOC Dalkeith, LOC Edinburgh, LOC Bonnyrigg", "Response": "Dalhousie Mains, near Dalkeith and Bonnyrigg, former terminus of the Edinburgh and Dalkeith Railway"}, {"Context": "Dalhousie Sri Lanka", "Knowledge": "LOC Nuwara Eliya District, LOC Sri Lanka, LOC Dalhousie", "Response": "Dalhousie, Sri Lanka, a town in Nuwara Eliya District"}, {"Context": "Daman Introduction", "Knowledge": "LOC Daman", "Response": "Daman may refer to: place"}, {"Context": "Daman Places", "Knowledge": "LOC Saudi Arabia Damaan Valley, LOC Nagar Haveli, LOC Dadra, LOC Daman, LOC India, LOC Pakistan, LOC Diu, LOC Afghanistan, LOC India Daman District, LOC Afghanistan Daman, LOC Dammam, LOC India Daman, LOC Nepal, LOC Diu Daman", "Response": "Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu, a union territory in India\nDaman and Diu, former union territory of India, now part of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu\nDaman district, India\nDaman, India, a city in India\nDaman District, Afghanistan\nDaman, Afghanistan, a village\nDaman, Nepal, a village\nDammam, a city in Saudi Arabia\nDamaan Valley (Daman valley), a valley in Pakistan"}, {"Context": "Daman People", "Knowledge": "PER Ustad Daman, PER Daman Hongren, PER William Daman, PER Damara, PER Heshana Khan, PER Chiragh Deen, LOC England, PER Rick Daman, LOC Namibia, PER Ashina Daman", "Response": "Saint Daman, Irish Christian saint\nDamara people, also known as the Daman, an ethnic group in Namibia\nHeshana Khan (died 619), personal name Ashina Daman, a khan of the Western Turkic Khaganate\nDaman Hongren (601-674), Chinese Buddhist patriarch\nRick Daman, Dutch sprint canoer\nUstad Daman (1911-1984), real name Chiragh Deen, Punjabi poet and mystic\nWilliam Daman (died 1591), musician in England"}, {"Context": "Daman Other uses", "Knowledge": "LOC Kuwait, LOC India, LOC Daman, PER Raveena Tandon, PER Dipanwit Dashmohapatra, PER Babushaan Mohanty, ORG National Health Insurance Company, LOC United Arab Emirates, LOC Abu Dhabi, LOC Dasman Palace", "Response": "Daman Indo-Portuguese language, spoken in Daman, India\nDaman (2001 film), Indian Hindi-language film starring Raveena Tandon\nDaman (2022 film), Indian Odia-language film starring Babushaan Mohanty and Dipanwit Dashmohapatra\nDaman, National Health Insurance Company, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates\nBattle of Dasman Palace, also called the Battle of Daman, fought on August 2\u20133, 1990, during the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait\nCyclone Daman, December 2007\nDaman, a term used in some Bible translations for the rock hyrax"}, {"Context": "Darjeeling Introduction", "Knowledge": "ORG Railway, LOC British India, LOC India, LOC Kingdom of Sikkim, LOC Kingdom of Bhutan, LOC Eastern Himalayas, LOC Bangladesh, LOC Kangchenjunga, LOC China, LOC Darjeeling Himalayan, LOC Sikkim, LOC West Bengal, LOC Darjeeling, ORG East India Company, LOC Nepal, LOC Tibet Autonomous Region", "Response": "Darjeeling (, Bengali: [\u02c8dar\u02ccd\u0292ili\u014b], Nepali: [dar\u02c8d\u0361zili\u014b]) is a town and municipality in the northernmost region of the Indian state of West Bengal. Located in the Eastern Himalayas, it has an average elevation of 2,045 metres (6,709 ft). To the west of Darjeeling lies the easternmost province of Nepal, to the east the Kingdom of Bhutan, to the north the Indian state of Sikkim, and farther north the Tibet Autonomous Region region of China. Bangladesh lies to the south and southeast, and most of the state of West Bengal lies to the south and southwest, connected to the Darjeeling region by a narrow tract. Kangchenjunga, the world's third-highest mountain, rises to the north and is prominently visible on clear days.In the early 19th century, during East India Company rule in India, Darjeeling was identified as a potential summer retreat for British officials, soldiers and their families. The narrow mountain ridge was leased from the Kingdom of Sikkim, and eventually annexed to British India. Experimentation with growing tea on the slopes below Darjeeling was highly successful. Thousands of labourers were recruited chiefly from Nepal to clear the forests, build European-style cottages and work in the tea plantations. The widespread deforestation displaced the indigenous peoples. Residential schools were established in and around Darjeeling for the education of children of the domiciled British in India. By the late-19th century, a novel narrow-gauge mountain railway, the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, was bringing summer residents into the town and carrying a freight of tea out for export to the world. After India's independence in 1947, as the British left Darjeeling, its cottages were purchased by wealthy Indians from the plains and its tea plantations by out-of-town Indian business owners and conglomerates.\nDarjeeling's population today is constituted largely of the descendants of the indigenous and immigrant labourers that were employed in the original development of the town. Although their common language, the Nepali language, has been given official recognition at the state and federal levels in India, the recognition has created little meaningful employment for the language's speakers nor has it increased their ability to have a significantly greater say in their political affairs. The tea industry and tourism are the mainstays of the town's economy. Deforestation in the region after India's independence has caused environmental damage, affecting the perennial springs that supply the town's water. The population of Darjeeling meanwhile has exploded over the years, and unregulated construction, traffic congestion and water shortages are common. Many young locals, educated in government schools, have taken to migrating out for the lack of jobs matching their skills. Like out-migrants from other regions of northeastern India, they have been subjected to discrimination and racism in some Indian cities.\nDarjeeling's culture is highly cosmopolitan\u2014a result of diverse ethnic groups intermixing and evolving away from their historical roots. The region's indigenous cuisine is rich in fermented foods and beverages. Tourists have flocked to Darjeeling since the mid-19th century. In 1999, after an international campaign for its support, the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. In 2005, Darjeeling tea was given geographical indication by the World Trade Organization as much for the protection of the brand as for the development of the region that produces it."}, {"Context": "Darjeeling Toponymy", "Knowledge": "LOC Lepcha, LOC Place of the Thunderbolt, PER Indra, LOC Darjeeling, LOC Dorje - ling", "Response": "At the time of the first British arrival, Darjeeling was known among its Lepcha inhabitants as Dorje-ling, or the \"Place of the Thunderbolt.\" According to the Oxford Concise Dictionary of World Place Names, Darjeeling is derived from the Tibetan Dorje ling or Dorje-glin, meaning \"Land of Dorje,\" i.e. of the thunderbolt, the weapon of the Hindu god Indra."}, {"Context": "Darjeeling 1780 to 1835", "Knowledge": "LOC Kingdom, LOC Gurkha, LOC Lepcha, LOC Teesta, LOC India, PER J. W. Grant, PER William Bentinck, LOC Kingdom of Bhutan, LOC Eastern Himalayas, PER George Lloyd, LOC Sikkim, LOC Limbu, ORG East India Company, PER Lloyd, LOC Darjeeling, LOC Mechi, LOC Nepal", "Response": "Darjeeling lies between the Mechi and Teesta rivers in the Eastern Himalayas. In the 18th century, it was part of a boundary region that had stirred ambitions and insecurities in several South Asian states. For the greater part of the century, the Chogyal-ruler of the northern Kingdom of Sikkim had asserted possession of this territory. In the closing decades, the Gurkha kingdom of Nepal expanded eastwards to bring Darjeeling into its territory. Its army stopped short of the Teesta, beyond which at the time lay the Kingdom of Bhutan.The English East India Company began to show an interest in the Darjeeling hills in the early 19th century. At the time Darjeeling's indigenous population largely consisted of the Lepcha and Limbu peoples. The Company's interference in territorial matters began in the aftermath of its army's victory over the Gurkhas in the Anglo-Nepalese War. Fought between 1814 and 1816, the war concluded with two treaties, the Treaty of Sugauli and the Treaty of Titalia, under which Nepal was required to return the Darjeeling territory to Sikkim.In 1829, two East India Company officials, Captain George Lloyd and J. W. Grant, en route to resolving a boundary dispute between Nepal and Sikkim, passed a crescent-shaped mountain ridge which they fancied excellent for a sanitorium for the British, or a resort for sheltering and recuperating from the heat of India's plains. Lord William Bentinck, the Governor-General of India, to whom Lloyd communicated his notion, concurred, recommending a small presence of the army in addition for monitoring the frontier."}, {"Context": "Darjeeling 1835\u20131857: East India Company rule", "Knowledge": "PER Hooker, LOC Mechi, LOC China, LOC Siliguri, LOC Nepal, LOC Northern Bengal, PER Archibald Campbell, LOC Tibet, LOC Chogyal, LOC Darjeeling, ORG East India Company, PER Campbell, LOC Teesta, LOC India, LOC Hill Cart Road, LOC Darjeeling Hill Cart Road, LOC Sikkim, LOC Bhutan, PER Joseph Dalton Hooker", "Response": "Taking the ambition forward, in 1835 the East India Company negotiated the lease of a 40 by 10 kilometres (24 mi \u00d7 6 mi) strip of land in a grant deed from the Chogyal. By the end of 1838, sappers from the army were readied for clearing the woods and construction planned in earnest after the monsoon rains. The following year, Archibald Campbell, a physician, was made \"superintendent\" of Darjeeling, and two public buildings, a hotel and a courthouse were raised. Soon, work had begun on bungalows that conformed to British tastes.\n\nTurning Darjeeling into a resort required many more workers than were available in the scattered local populations. The British attracted workers from the neighbouring kingdoms, chiefly from Nepal but also from Sikkim and Bhutan. They did so by offering regular wages and lodgings, a contrast to the burdensome tax and forced labour regimens common in those kingdoms at the time. Tens of thousands arrived in Darjeeling. Not long after the Darjeeling Hill Cart Road was built in Northern Bengal, connecting Siliguri at the base of the Himalayan foothills to Darjeeling.In 1833 the East India Company lost its monopoly rights in the tea trade with China. A plan was prepared for growing tea in India. Superintendent Campbell began experimentation in 1840 in Darjeeling which soon proved successful. European planters and sponsors acquired large stretches of the surrounding hillside and converted them to plantations, called tea gardens. Existing tracks and paths in the hills were improved, renamed as roads, and connected to the Hill Cart Road. The botanist Joseph Dalton Hooker, who visited Darjeeling in the 1840s, noted that carts and pack animals on these roads were bringing fruit and produce from Nepal, wool and salt from Tibet, and labourers looking for work from just about everywhere.The labour migrations created a burgeoning hostility between the East India Company and the neighbouring Himalayan kingdoms. By 1849 the hostility came to a head. Campbell and Hooker were allegedly kidnapped. Despite the two being released without harm, the British exploited the incident to annex some 1,700 square kilometres (640 sq mi) of territory between the Mechi and the Teesta rivers from Sikkim.Darjeeling became a municipality in 1850. In the span of 15 years, this Himalayan tract had become a hill station, an official retreat for British administrators in a hilly, temperate, region of India. Hill stations, such as Simla (summer capital of the British Indian Empire), Ooty (summer capital of the Madras Presidency), and Nainital (summer capital of the North-Western Provinces) were all established between 1819 and the 1840s, a period during which the rule of the East India Company had spread to the greater part of the Indian subcontinent and the British felt confident about planning them. Darjeeling later became the summer capital of the Bengal Presidency."}, {"Context": "Darjeeling 1858\u20131947: British Raj", "Knowledge": "LOC Tonga, ORG Sharp, Stewart and Company of Manchester, LOC Hill Cart Road, LOC Ghoom, LOC Calcutta, LOC Siliguri, LOC Darjeeling, ORG East Indian Railway Company Jamalpur Locomotive Workshop, LOC British Indian Empire", "Response": "From 1850 to 1870 the tea industry in Darjeeling grew to 56 tea gardens employing some 8,000 labourers. The tea gardens' security forces kept a close watch on the labourers and used coercion when necessary to maintain intensive production. The labourers' disparate cultural and ethnic backgrounds and the tea gardens' commonly remote locations ensured the absence of worker mobilization. By the turn of the 20th century, 100 tea gardens employed an estimated 64,000 workers, and more than five million pound sterling were invested in Darjeeling tea. The widespread deforestation caused by the tea industry drastically changed the lives of the region's forest dwellers, who were either forced to relocate to other forests or become employed in their former habitat in new colonial occupations. To the mix of the forest dwellers recruited, more labourers joined from across the Himalayas. They communicated with each other in the Nepali language. Later the language, and their customs and traditions would create the distinctive ethnicity of Darjeeling, called Indian Gorkha.\n\nBy the last decades of the 19th century, large numbers of administrative officials of the imperial and British Raj provincial governments had begun to travel to hill stations during the summers. Commerce in the stations had grown as had the trade with the plains. A train service to Darjeeling was announced in 1872. By 1878 trains could take summer residents from Calcutta, the capital of the British Indian Empire, to Siliguri at the base of the Darjeeling hills. Thereafter, Tonga horse-carriages were required to cover the last stretch on the Hill Cart Road. Ascending some 1,900-metre (6,300 ft), the journey required stopping at \"halting barracks\", or stables for feeding or changing the horses. By 1880, railway tracks were being aligned along the Hill Cart Road, and the East Indian Railway Company Jamalpur Locomotive Workshop had begun to build steam locomotives for the route. Miniature steam engines made by Sharp, Stewart and Company of Manchester, were employed for pulling the train on a narrow gauge of two feet. The train service to Darjeeling was opened in July 1881. After cresting at the Ghoom railway station at 2,300-metre (7,500 ft) above sea level, the train made a descent to Darjeeling. Darjeeling was now within a day's travel from Calcutta.\n\nEducation became another aspect of Darjeeling's notability by the turn of the 20th century. After the Charter Act of 1833, which allowed unrestricted immigration, British women had begun to arrive in India in significantly more numbers than before. Hill stations became popular summer destinations for women and children as colonial physicians recommended them for improved maternal and infant health. The British soon began to consider hill stations promising sites for primary and secondary education. St Paul's, an Anglican boys' school in Calcutta, was moved to Darjeeling in 1864. The Catholic Church opened St Joseph's College for boys in Darjeeling in 1888. For girls, the Loreto Convent had already been established during Company rule; the Calcutta Christian Schools Society established the Queen's Hill School in Darjeeling in 1895. Anglo-Indians (of mixed British and Indian ancestry) were discouraged from attending the better-known schools and Indians were almost always prohibited until after World War I.In 1945, as the British Raj was drawing towards a close, the Nepalese-speaking Indian Gorkha residents of Darjeeling had not been granted rights as British Indian subjects. These residents were at the bottom of the economic ladder, and their physical appearance was now the occasional object of racism by Indians from the plains. The 1941 census had shown that the Gorkha in Darjeeling constituted 86% of the population. They made up 96% of the labour force in the tea gardens. Many had been recruited to fight for the British in the Second World War, but the British had been reluctant to displease the governments of Nepal and the Kingdom of Sikkim whose feudal labour regimes many original migrants had sought to escape."}, {"Context": "Darjeeling 1947 onwards: independent India", "Knowledge": "LOC Bengal, LOC Himalayas, LOC India, PER Jawaharlal Nehru, LOC Republic of India, LOC Himalaya, PER Edmund Hillary, PER Tenzing Norgay, PER Ang Tharkay, LOC Tibet, PER Tenzing, LOC West Bengal, LOC Darjeeling, LOC Mount Everest, LOC Nepal, LOC Dominion of India", "Response": "After the partition of India in 1947, Darjeeling became a part of the new province of West Bengal in the Dominion of India, and in 1950, of the state of West Bengal in the Republic of India. A British exodus from Darjeeling quickly followed. Their cottages were quickly purchased by the Indian upper classes from the plains who enrolled their children in the town's many schools. These actions created social and economic tensions with the Indian Gorkha population and further marginalised the latter. Their lack of economic development, caused by a hierarchal economic system set up by the British, continued in some respects in the immediate decades after 1947. The Indian nationalism that emerged seemed to highlight the unclear position of the Indian Nepalis in the newly independent nation. The division of India into states comprising the regions of its different spoken languages had allowed a relatively large proportion of the educated speakers of these languages to find employment in the government-owned enterprises. In the instance of the Gorkhas, the federal and state governments refused to accept their requests for their own Nepali-speaking state in the northern regions of Bengal. Eventually, the demands for autonomy were downsized to calls for the recognition of the Nepali language for official state business in Nepali-speaking regions of Bengal. This was accepted in the West Bengal Official Language Act, 1961.Darjeeling had a sizeable community of Sherpas, an ethnic group, originally from eastern Tibet whose ancestors had moved to some villages in Nepal below Mount Everest. Sherpas had come to Darjeeling in the second half of the 19th century as seasonal labourers looking for work in road-building. As mountaineering in the Himalayas had gained popularity and Nepal was closed to foreigners, many Western mountaineers and enthusiasts came to Darjeeling to plan their Himalayan expeditions. The Sherpas stood out for their exceptional physical ability as porters. These physical abilities and their fitness elicited visits to Darjeeling by European biochemists in the early 1900s. Among the most famous Sherpas who moved to Darjeeling were Ang Tharkay and Tenzing Norgay. On 29 May 1953, Tenzing and Edmund Hillary became the first two humans to stand atop Mount Everest, vaulting both to instant stardom worldwide. The prime minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru, took Tenzing under his wing. Tenzing became the first field director of the Himalayan Mountaineering Institute after it was established in Darjeeling in November 1954\n\nA trickle of immigrants from Tibet proper into Darjeeling had begun in the second half of the 19th century. Wealthy Tibetan aristocrats had sent their children to Darjeeling's schools, and some went on to settle in the Darjeeling area. After the annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China in 1950\u20131951, many Tibetans emigrated to India, with some settling in the Darjeeling area, including the 14th Dalai Lama's older brother Gyalo Thondup. After the 1959 Tibetan uprising, the Dalai Lama himself fled to exile in India, and tens of thousands of Tibetan refugees poured in after him, with many finding refuge in the Darjeeling\u2013Kalimpong area. A Tibetan Refugee Self Help Centre was established in Darjeeling in 1959.In May 1975, the Kingdom of Sikkim to the north of Darjeeling was absorbed into the Republic of India through a referendum. A month thereafter, Sikkim, in which nearly two-thirds of the populace spoke Nepali, was made a state of India. It was not lost on the Gorkhas of the Darjeeling region that there were many more speakers of Nepali in the Gorkha districts of northern Bengal, and their calls for autonomy had borne no fruit. The Government of India, moreover, had been reluctant to recognise Nepali as an official language in the Constitution of India. Slights delivered by senior Indian leadership around this issue\u2014Morarji Desai, a former prime minister calling Nepali a foreign language, and Vallabhbhai Patel, a former deputy prime minister, describing the Gorkhas as disloyal and entertaining \"Mongoloid prejudices\"\u2014were all remembered. A decade later, during Rajiv Gandhi's prime ministership, small regions in Assam to the east of Darjeeling, which had been riven by violent ethnic separatism, were granted statehood. All these factors played into creating a militant mood among the Gorkhas for statehood and brought the Gorkhaland movement to the forefront. It led to the founding of the Gorkha National Liberation Front (GNLF) under the leadership of Subhas Ghising. Agitation for a separate state in Darjeeling included violent protests, and fighting between the disparate militant groups. The agitation ceased after an agreement was reached between the government and the Gorkha National Liberation Front (GNLF). It resulted in the establishment of an elected body in 1988, the Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council (DGHC), which received some autonomy to govern the district.In 1992, the Nepali language was recognized officially at the federal level in India by inclusion in the Indian Constitution. Though Darjeeling became peaceful, the issue of a separate state lingered. Agitation for a new state again erupted in 2008, led by the Gorkha Janmukti Morcha (GJM). In July 2011, a pact was signed between GJM, the state and national governments which included an elected Gorkhaland Territorial Administration (GTA), with limited autonomy within the state of West Bengal. It evoked little enthusiasm on the streets. In 2013, fresh agitation broke out in Darjeeling after Telangana, a region in southern India was granted statehood. Four years later, more agitation caused several months of violence, food shortages, and strikes in Darjeeling but resulted in the Morcha splitting into factions. In 2017, Mamata Banerjee, the West Bengal chief minister, appointed a moderate Morcha politician to leadership in a reconstituted GTA, marginalizing and eventually ousting the founder of the movement, Bimal Gurung."}, {"Context": "Darjeeling Geography and geology", "Knowledge": "LOC Jalapahar, LOC Kurseong, LOC Kalimpong, LOC Katapahar, LOC Kangchenjunga, LOC North Point, LOC Sadar, LOC Tukver Tea Estate, LOC Lebong, LOC Observatory Hill, LOC Darjeeling Sadar, LOC Darjeeling, LOC Ghum", "Response": "The Darjeeling hills (formally Darjeeling Himalayan hill region) comprise parts of Darjeeling district and all of Kalimpong district; specifically, they contain: Darjeeling Sadar subdivision, Kalimpong subdivision and Kurseong subdivision. Darjeeling town lies in the Sadar subdivision. It is located at an average elevation of 2,045 m (6,709 ft) on the Darjeeling\u2013Jalapahar range which runs south to north starting at Ghum (Map 1). The range is Y-shaped with its base resting at Katapahar and Jalapahar and two arms diverging north of the Observatory Hill. The north-eastern arm dips swiftly and ends in the Lebong spur, while the north-western arm slopes gently, passing through North Point, and ends in the valley near the Tukver Tea Estate. Kangchenjunga, the world's third-highest peak at 8,598 m (28,209 ft), which lies 74.4 kilometres (46.2 mi) to the north, is the most prominent mountain visible.The Darjeeling hills have been formed by accumulations of folds, faults and tangential thrusts caused by a compression in the north\u2013south direction as the Indian tectonic plate has subducted under the Eurasian plate. Their physical composition varies from unaltered sedimentary rocks in the southern regions to several types of metamorphic rock and some intrusive rocks in the middle and northern, suggesting upward intrusion of the earth's mantle. The collective process has sheared, folded, crushed together, fractured and jointed the rocks, reducing their strength and making them vulnerable to water percolating down their crevices and causing pore water pressure to build up. Phyllites and schists are found in the hills around Kalimpong, which lies to the east, and gneiss predominates the western regions in which Darjeeling lies.\n\nTwo studies (1990 and 2019) recorded that landslides were a serious concern in the area. Most are triggered by excessive rainfall, earthquakes, and quick erosion caused by torrents. They are accelerated by extensive deforestation, defective drainage, poorly built revetments and the presence of steep slopes that have been undercut to make shelves for paths, roads, and houses. Debris flows along existing gullies can sometimes bring along large boulders and cause damage to roads; in 1968, during a catastrophic rainstorm, the 56 kilometres (35 mi) Darjeeling\u2013Siliguri road was cut in 92 places by debris flows.Teesta, the major river of the Darjeeling region, rises at 6,300 metres (20,700 ft) from a glacier in Sikkim, and flows south, at first meeting the Rangpo river and then the Rangeet before exiting the hills and eventually joining the Brahmaputra river in Bangladesh. The flow rate of the Teesta is 1,500 cubic metres (53,000 cu ft) per second during the summer monsoon; it had had major floods in 1950 and 1968.The continual tectonic activity of Darjeeling's ancient past can be inferred from the surrounding landscape in such features as terraces that dip in their middle as a result of earlier horizontal pressure. Eroded fault scarps, or steps, observed in the landscape were caused by vertical slips in the faults below. Alluvial fans at different heights signify a succession of previous rivers that dried up and spread their silt outwards as their beds were raised by the uplift. According to the Bureau of Indian Standards, Darjeeling town falls under seismic zone-IV (on a scale of I to V, in order of increasing proneness to earthquakes). A study published in 2018 found that residents of Darjeeling's outer areas, which are lower-income and lower-lying, worried about catastrophic loss during an earthquake. The April 2015 Nepal earthquake was felt in Darjeeling, and these residents feared that in the instance of a major earthquake, the unplanned upper-level construction could very well give way and tumble down on them."}, {"Context": "Darjeeling Climate", "Knowledge": "LOC Darjeeling, LOC South Asia, LOC Eastern Himalayas, LOC Assam", "Response": "Darjeeling has a temperate subtropical highland climate (K\u00f6ppen climate classification: Cwb).\nThe average annual precipitation in Darjeeling is approximately 3,100 mm (120 in).  Eighty percent of the annual rainfall takes place between the months of June and September, due to the monsoon of South Asia.  The \"June\u2013May ratio,\" or the percentage by which the rain increases from May to June, is 2.6 or 260%.  In contrast, just 3% of the annual rainfall takes place between December and March.  Darjeeling's altitude\u2014which is greater than some other regions of the Eastern Himalayas at the same latitude (27\u00b0 N), such as the Assam hills\u2014and its rarified air causes its UV radiation levels to be correspondingly higher.  Its mean monthly UV radiance is approximately 4500 microwatts per square cm per day during the peak months of May, June, and July.  It is 50% higher than the Assam hills to the east, whose altitude is 170 metres (560 ft)."}, {"Context": "Darjeeling Environment", "Knowledge": "LOC Darjeeling, LOC Senchal Lakes, LOC Eastern Himalayas", "Response": "From the beginning of the twentieth century, Darjeeling's average temperature has increased by 4 \u00b0C, which is twice the world's average, and the annual averages of its daily maximum and minimum temperatures have increased by greater margins.  During the same period, relative humidity has decreased by 7%,  and rainfall by 300 millimetres (0.98 ft) annually. For its water the Darjeeling municipality and the surrounding hills depend to a large extent on perennial or seasonal jhora springs (see Map 1), especially during the pre-monsoon months from February to May.  The Senchal Lakes, two artificial reservoirs built in 1910 and 1932 in a forested high-altitude area to the southeast (see Map 2), which are filled with water from a surrounding catchment area during the monsoon months, have a greatly reduced supply, as of 2016.  Darjeeling's explosive population growth in the period 1961\u20132011, and extensive deforestation even within the protected catchment area for the lakes, have caused many springs to have vastly reduced yields during the dry months from February to May. Of the 26 springs that had once fed the lakes, 12 have been affected. Forests and pastures have shrunk from 78% in 1900 to 38% in 2000, and cultivated land, which contributes to soil erosion, has correspondingly increased during the same time from 20% to 44%. By 2006, land records in Darjeeling showed that foodgrain-producing farmland had decreased proportionally, caused by accelerated levels of urbanisation and by subsistence farming giving way to commercial cropping, especially of tea.  In 2016, acid rain, which can be caused by air pollution and can in turn damage forests, was observed in the Eastern Himalayas; the pH value in Darjeeling was measured at 4.2. A 2022  article quoting another 2016 study reported a pH value of 5.0\u00b10.825 in the rainwater.According to a 2014 study, the influx of the excess population in the tea plantations around Darjeeling into \"marginal areas of town\u2014on backfill, slopes, septic tanks, and jhor\u0101s (springs)\u2014has strapped the town\u2019s colonial-era infrastructure. Despite building codes that prohibit buildings taller than three stories, the market for cheap housing in Darjeeling inspires developers to go skyward, often as many as eight stories. Hastily built apartment houses ... are falling into the jhor\u0101s and sliding down the mountainside.\""}, {"Context": "Darjeeling Flora and fauna", "Knowledge": "LOC Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park, LOC India, ORG Lloyd ' s Botanical Garden, LOC Darjeeling Zoo, LOC Tibet, LOC Darjeeling, ORG Divisional Forest Officer of the Territorial and Wildlife wing, ORG West Bengal Forest Department", "Response": "Darjeeling is a part of the Eastern Himalayan zoo-geographic zone. Flora around Darjeeling comprises sal, oak, semi-evergreen, temperate and alpine forests. Dense evergreen forests of sal and oak lie around the town, where a wide variety of rare orchids are found. The Lloyd's Botanical Garden preserves common and rare species of plants, while the Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park specialises in conserving and breeding endangered Himalayan species. The town of Darjeeling and surrounding region face deforestation due to increasing demand for wood fuel and timber, as well as air pollution from increasing vehicular traffic.Forests and wildlife in the district are managed and protected by the Divisional Forest Officer of the Territorial and Wildlife wing of the West Bengal Forest Department. The fauna found in Darjeeling includes several species of ducks, teals, plovers and gulls that pass Darjeeling while migrating to and from Tibet. Small mammals found in the region include civets (such as small and large Indian civets, masked palm civet, spotted linsang and binturong), mongooses (such as Indian grey mongoose and crab-eating mongoose) and badgers (such as Burmese ferret-badger and greater hog badger). Other carnivores found in the area include Himalayan black bear and red panda. A conservation centre for red pandas opened at Darjeeling Zoo in 2014, building on a prior captive breeding program; this Species Survival Plan had about 25 red pandas by 2016. The Himalayan newt Tylotriton verrucosus, one of two salamander species occurring in India, is found in wetlands in the vicinity. The Himalayan relict dragonfly Epiophlebia laidlawi, one of just four species in the family Epiophlebiidae, was first described from the region."}, {"Context": "Darjeeling Demographics", "Knowledge": "LOC Darjee, LOC Darjeeling, LOC Nepal, LOC India", "Response": "The Indian decennial census of 2011 (the last for which there is processed data) recorded the population of the Darjeeling municipality  to be 118,805 individuals.  Of these, 59,618 were females and 59,187 were males, yielding a gender ratio of 1007 females for every 1000 males. The population density of the municipality was 15,990 individuals per km2 (41,000 per square mile). The literacy rate was 93.9%\u2014the female literacy rate was 91.3% and the male was 96.4%. Among groups whose historical disadvantages have been recognized by the Constitution of India and designated for amelioration in subsequent commissions and programmes, the scheduled tribes of Darjeeling town constituted approximately 22.4% of the population, and the scheduled castes 7.7%. The work participation rate was 34.4%.  The number of people living in slums was 25,026 individuals (which was 21.1% of the population).\n\nDarjeeling began to be an \"administrative\" town in independent India after being made the headquarters of Darjeeling district in 1947.  During the period 1961\u20132011, the town's population increased at an accelerated rate (Figure 1). An \"aspirational middle class\" arose, comprising families of professionals in the administration, and retail and service industries.\"Indian Gorkha\" is a term that denotes the Nepali-speaking people of northeastern India, as distinct from the Nepali-speaking inhabitants of Nepal.  As of 2016, the population of Darjeeling was predominantly Indian Gorkha. There were also smaller numbers of Lepchas, Bhutias, Tibetans, Bengalis, Marwaris and Biharis.  In the 2011 census, between them they practised Hinduism (66.5%), Buddhism (23.9%), Christianity (5.1%) and Islam (3.9%).  The Lepchas were considered the main indigenous community of the region; their original religion was a form of animism. The Nepali community was a complex mix of numerous castes and ethnic groups, with many roots in tribal and animist traditions. The accelerated growth of the town's population and the tightly packed living conditions in which different ethnicities mixed created syncretic cultures in Darjeeling which evolved away from their historical roots.According to a 2014 study, although the demand for labour in the tea estates surrounding Darjeeling had stayed roughly constant since 1910, the population of Nepali-speaking workers and their families in the tea estates had grown throughout.  As the excess population migrated up to Darjeeling in search of jobs and housing, their cause was championed by the Gorkhaland movement in the 1980s; this had the effect of making a considerable number of non-Gorkha families leave their homes in Darjeeling.Seasonal migration out of Darjeeling has long been a local feature, especially among the lower-income groups; substantial migration among middle-class youth is a 21st-century occurrence. Many educated young people in Darjeeling have begun to migrate out because the growth of jobs in the area has not kept pace with the numbers of people with tertiary degrees. For both groups of migrants, favoured destinations fall into three groups: \n\nneighbouring Gangtok in Sikkim, and Siliguri in North Bengal at the base of the Darjeeling hills;\nthe large bustling cities of Delhi, Kolkata, Bangalore, and Mumbai; and\nKathmandu, the capital of Nepal, where there is a linguistic culture in which they feel comfortable. Those looking for immediate employment commonly work in call centres, beauty parlours, and dumpling stands.Those looking for eventual employment in professional careers pursue higher education. Both groups have experienced racism and economic and social discrimination in India's big cities, caused by their distinctive, more East Asian, physical appearance."}, {"Context": "Darjeeling Governance", "Knowledge": "ORG Gorkhaland Territorial Administration, LOC Darjeeling Municipality, LOC India, ORG GJM, ORG GTA, ORG DGHC, ORG Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council, LOC West Bengal, ORG Gorkha Janmukti Morcha, LOC Darjeeling", "Response": "The Darjeeling Municipality is one of the oldest in India, established on 1 July 1850, with ten wards. It was governed by commissioners who were nominated until 1916, then elected until 1932, and nominated again until 1947.  After India's independence that year, the commissioners continued to be appointed until 1964, when the first election was held.  It was overturned by a court injunction; further elections and continual interference by West Bengal's state government became the prevalent state of affairs.  As of 2021, the municipality is governed by a board of councillors headed by a chairperson and a vice chairperson. The number of wards in the municipality increased to 32 in 1988. Wards represent electoral subdivisions; in 2017, 32 councillors were elected, one from each ward. The wards were reorganized and bifurcated in 2011.The area of the town (municipality) was reduced from 10.75 square kilometres (4.15 sq mi) to 7.43 square kilometres (2.87 sq mi) in 2011 after bifurcation. By 2016, the municipality was surrounded by tea gardens and forestry department land and had minimal room for expansion.In 2021 the town had approximately 22,000 households and 350 hotels and restaurants. That same year the following statistics were collected: the municipality considered wards 15, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, and 25 to be the core areas; most businesses, hotels, restaurants, and educational institutions were located in these wards and they were better connected to municipal electricity and water;  wards 10, 15, 20 and areas of ward 30 were the most developed, whereas wards 1, 2, 13, 14, 27, 31, and 32 were the most deprived;  and the latter group of wards contained 37 slums in which 23% of the population of Darjeeling resided.In 1988, the Gorkha-dominated hill areas of Darjeeling district were given an autonomous form of governance under the Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council (DGHC). In 2012, the DGHC was replaced by a similar body called the Gorkhaland Territorial Administration (GTA). The elected members of GTA manage certain affairs of the hills, including education, industry and land revenue; they cannot legislate or levy taxes. The Gorkha Janmukti Morcha (GJM) held power in the municipality  until March 2022, when it was defeated by the newly-formed Hamro Party.Darjeeling town is within the Darjeeling Assembly constituency that elects one member of West Bengal Legislative Assembly in state legislative elections every five years. The town is  part of the Darjeeling parliamentary constituency that elects one member for the Lok Sabha, the lower house of India's bicameral Parliament."}, {"Context": "Darjeeling Economy", "Knowledge": "LOC Darjeeling", "Response": "A 2017 study described the Darjeeling area as entirely dependent on the production of tea and the inflow of tourists to create employment."}, {"Context": "Darjeeling Tea", "Knowledge": "LOC Lepcha, LOC India, LOC China, LOC Darjeeling, LOC Nepal", "Response": "Darjeeling tea is produced on plantations in which a few leaves on each tea bush are plucked by women. During the tea bush's dormancy period in the short winter season, it is pruned by the women to stimulate growth the following season.  Unlike China, where the tea bush grew into a tree, the early British planters devised these means to monocrop tea in tightly packed hedges on vast estates. In the plantation factories, men operate machines to ferment, dry, and package the normally short-lived green tea leaves.After India's independence in 1947, many of Darjeeling's governmental and economic arrangements remained unchanged.  When British planters auctioned off their estates, they were bought by Indians from the plains or corporations from elsewhere in India. Darjeeling's labour force had long consisted of workers recruited from Nepal.  Mid-19th-century British ethnologists had commended Nepalese for their step farming and other forms of settled agriculture in the Himalayan foothills. They were contrasted with Darjeeling's native population of the Lepcha at the time of British annexation, who practised \"shifting agriculture\". Planters believed that if allotted a house and a yard in which to grow vegetables and fruit, the Nepalis would be more inclined to stay. The arrangement, which lasted during the colonial period, was formalized in independent India's Plantations Labour Act, 1951.  As of 2017, workers maintain their two or three-bedroom homes which they do not own, become attached to their upkeep, and eventually hope to retire in them when an adult child who also works on the plantation inherits the house.In 2017, the average basic daily wage (that is, without employee benefits) of a Darjeeling tea garden worker was Rupees 144.60 (US$2.22) per day.  With benefits, it was Rupees 277.10 (US$4.26) per day.  Comparatively, Darjeeling's tea estate workers were paid less in 2017 than tea estate workers in several southern Indian states. The auction price of Darjeeling tea for 2017 was comparatively higher.A 2017 study found that some 60% of the plantation labour jobs in the Darjeeling area were held by women.   The protection and economic development of the tea labour force was one of the motivations for India's enactment of the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act, 1999. According to a 2017 study, \"India has pursued the recognition of iconic brands, not only to create market share but also to recognise the value of the GI system to encourage development in poor, rural regions with high unemployment rates. This is consistent with the broad WTO objective to encourage trade liberalisation in developing countries to reduce poverty.\"  Darjeeling tea was given GI recognition in Europe in spite of some European Union member nations objecting to the use of the indication for blended tea. It was recognized in US Geographical Indication mark, \"DARJEELING, Registration No. 1,632,726.\"\n\nTea is produced in the Darjeeling hills and farther below in two different forms.  Orthodox tea looks like the twisted and dried version of the green leaves on the bushes.  The Darjeeling sub-division of the Darjeeling hills had 46 tea estates in 2017, producing mostly orthodox tea.  This is commonly exported and is some of the world's most expensive. In the crush, tear, curl, or CTC version, which is commonly grown in the Kurseong sub-division (with 29 tea estates), and the Kalimpong (with 6), the tea leaves are mechanically manipulated, fired, and turned into tiny hard pellets that look like instant coffee. Cheaply available, and boiled with milk and sugar, when CTC tea was introduced into the Indian market in the early 1950s, it turned India into a nation of tea drinkers.The area of cultivation of Darjeeling tea increased from 16,569 hectares (in 1951) to a high of 20,065 (in 1990) and dropped to 17,820 (in 2014) according to a 2021 study. There were 99 tea estates in 1961; these increased until 1990 (when 102 were recorded) but dropped to 83 by 1995 and to 81 by 2014.  The 20% drop from 1990 to 1995 was attributed in the study to India's economic liberalisation which came into force in the very early 1990s. A 2017 study similarly reported the Indian tea industry to have been adversely affected by price drops after India's economic liberalisation in the 1990s.   Darjeeling tea garden owners invested their surpluses in more profitable industries elsewhere, causing a decline in productivity in the local tea industry. The Tea Board of India estimated 7,010,000 kilograms (15,450,000 lb) of Darjeeling tea was produced in 2021; this constitutes about 0.5% of total 1,343,060,000 kilograms (2.96094\u00d7109 lb) produced in India."}, {"Context": "Darjeeling Tourism", "Knowledge": "LOC Morocco, ORG Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, ORG UNESCO World Heritage Committee, LOC India, LOC Chowrasta, PER K. Weise, ORG Darjeeling Himalayan, ORG UNESCO, LOC West Bengal, LOC Siliguri, LOC Darjeeling, PER Satyajit Ray, ORG DHR", "Response": "Darjeeling has two peak tourism seasons, September to November and April to May.  A 2014 study suggested that domestic tourism is the foundation of the town's vacation business. The Chowrasta is a popular shopping and gathering area where a tourist might get their picture taken dressed in colourful and rustic local clothes.  The tea plantations below are particularly visited by foreign tourists.  Old bungalows in some plantations have been converted to deluxe lodgings in which rooms rent out dearly by any global standard.  Some tourists hold dear the escape to a peaceful, unspoilt, and picturesque landscape evoked in Satyajit Ray's 1962-film Kanchenjungha.\n\nDarjeeling had become an important tourist destination as early as 1860.  Since India's economic liberalisation in 1991, tourism in Darjeeling has become cheaper, and  Darjeeling, once considered a  luxury destination, has become accessible to mass tourism. A 2016 study recorded the tourist influx into Darjeeling town between 2009 and 2014 as ranging from a low of 243,255 individuals in the 2010\u20132011 season to a high of 488,675 in 2012\u20132013; the large majority were domestic tourists, with foreign tourists never comprising more than 35,000 annual visitors.Darjeeling can be reached by the narrow-gauge Darjeeling Himalayan Railway (DHR) which travels a route 88 km (55 mi) long from Siliguri. Pulled by steam locomotives, it moves at speeds of between 20 kilometres (12 mi) and 25 kilometres (16 mi) per hour.  Although the service was begun in the 19th century to move humans and freight efficiently, its primary clients today are tourists who are availing themselves of the opportunity to experience the mobilities of travel of a bygone era.  After an international and national campaign for its support, the railway was declared a World Heritage site by UNESCO in December 1999 at the 23rd Session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee held in Morocco. In  Notes on Defining the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway: World Heritage Property, Unpublished manuscript. The DHR Archive, Kurseong, 2005, K. Weise had written:\n\nThe railway begins on the plains of West Bengal and soon begins climbing through a remnant of lowland jungle, including stands of teak. As the railway climbs, so the flora changes and its upper sections are dominated by enormous Himalayan pines, which in misty weather give a surreal quality to the landscape. It frequently hugs the ages of hillsides with drops, often of thousands of feet, to the plains and valleys below. Towering over the entire scene is the perennially snow-covered bulk of Kanchenjungha. ... From Kurseong the railway offers frequent views of this stupendous mountain, which by Ghoom dominates the entire landscape.\nIn a 1999 study, it was thought the tourist influx into Darjeeling had been adversely affected by the political instability in the region, including agitations in the 1980s. According to a 2018 study, tourism in Darjeeling is limited to a small area of the town so its effect on local employment is inadequate for alleviating Darjeeling's high unemployment rate. According to the author, \"The majority of the employees and almost all of the top ranking officers in West Bengal Tourism Development Corporation are Bengalis; locals generally get employed as photographers, drivers, and guides.\""}, {"Context": "Darjeeling Utilities", "Knowledge": "LOC Khong Khola, LOC Senchal Wildlife Sanctuary, ORG Darjeeling Municipality Waterworks Department, LOC Senchal Lakes, LOC Senchal, LOC Darjeeling, LOC Jorebungalow", "Response": "The chief catchment area for Darjeeling municipality's water is the Senchal Wildlife Sanctuary, located approximately 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) to the southeast, covering an area of 37.97 square kilometres (14.66 sq mi) and lying between 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) and 2,600 metres (8,500 ft) in altitude. Natural springs in the sanctuary, not all perennial, are the main source of the water supply. The steep slopes of the surrounding ridges (at inclines of between 20\u00b0 and 48\u00b0) can lead to high surface run-off, subsequent absorption, and collection of water in partially confined spaces.  Upon reaching a critical volume, this groundwater can surge out as seasonal springs. Water collected from 26 perennial and seasonal springs is routed through stone conduits to the Senchal Lakes (Map 2) constructed in 1910 and 1932.  From Senchal the water is piped to the town after purification at a filtration plant in Jorebungalow. There are a combined 35 kilometres (22 mi) of pipes transporting water from Senchal to Darjeeling, and a further 83 kilometres (52 mi) in the water distribution system within Darjeeling.  In the months before the monsoon during which water in the Senchal lakes is reduced, it is augmented by pumping water electrically from another reservoir located near Khong Khola.A 2012 report of the Darjeeling Municipality Waterworks Department stated that from the 1930s little or no maintenance had been undertaken on the water pipeline from Senchal. Engineers in the department suggested that there might be up to 35% transmission loss, and more within Darjeeling.  Once in Darjeeling, the water is distributed along the colonial pattern, first serving more expensive and sought-after uphill neighbourhoods and then the low-income downhill ones, which have more restricted access to the supply. The system was designed to serve a population of up to 20,000 individuals.  Between 1911 and 2011, there had been a six-fold increase in the population of the municipality, not including the large number of transients such as students, migrant workers, and tourists (see Figure 1). Increasing demand has led to a worsening shortfall in the water supply.  As a result, many residents have to purchase water from private vendors who either supply it in water tankers or in hand-pushed carts; they sometimes collect the water from the local jhora or springs. (see Map 1). Larger private businesses are involved in supplying households but do so at a substantially higher cost.\n\nAs of 2020, every day 30 metric tonnes of solid waste are generated in Darjeeling, and during the peak tourist seasons, the amount goes up to 50 metric tonnes.  Bulk waste, which is chiefly produced in residential areas, markets and hotels, is deposited in common dumping areas from which it is taken in tractor-trailers to dumping grounds. Open dumping, which is the disposal of waste in sites  not designed for waste management, is commonly practiced, and has created economic and social tensions in Darjeeling.In 1897 Darjeeling became the first town in India to be supplied by hydroelectricity, which was generated at the nearby Sidrapong Hydel Power Station; it was primarily for use in street lighting and private houses. Today, electricity is supplied by the West Bengal State Electricity Board from other locations."}, {"Context": "Darjeeling Transport", "Knowledge": "ORG Gorkhaland Territorial Administration, LOC Lebong Cart Road, LOC National Highway 110, LOC Hill Cart Road, LOC Darjeeling Municipality, LOC National Highway, LOC Kurseong, LOC Kalimpong, ORG GTA, LOC Gangtok, LOC Kathmandu, LOC Siliguri, LOC Darjeeling, LOC Bagdogra", "Response": "Darjeeling has two major arterial roads: Hill Cart Road\u2014which is a continuation of National Highway 110 connecting Siliguri at the base of the Darjeeling hills to Darjeeling\u2014and Lebong Cart Road (see Map 1). The average width of Darjeeling's roads in 2018 was between 6 metres (20 ft) and 7 metres (23 ft). According to a Darjeeling Municipality report of 2008, a little over half (55%) of Darjeeling's roads were both metalled (paved with asphalt, or bitumen) and motorable; the rest were too narrow to admit traffic whether concrete roads or unpaved. There were three parking areas that were not located on the street and 13 on-street. Illegal parking along narrow roads has created congestion for both pedestrians and wheeled transport.As of 2018, Darjeeling had no public transport system of buses.  Less than one in 20 residents owned any form of vehicular transport, two-wheeled or four. For both locals and tourists motorized travel was limited to six- or eight-seater paratransit taxis that have no set routes or timetables. Passengers embark and disembark in the central shopping district of the town, making the area both congested and polluted.  In 2015, in an attempt to tackle the pollution, the Gorkhaland Territorial Administration (GTA), which governs the district, introduced three battery-powered street-legal golf-cart-taxis on a trial basis.  The taxis had cost approximately Rupees 36 lakh (or $14,670 in the 2015 exchange rate) per vehicle. Although the vehicles were factory-designed for a battery life of 60 kilometres (37 mi) before requiring a recharge, their batteries were found to run out in 5 kilometres (3.1 mi).  Chalking up the disparity to the challenges of Darjeeling's steep streets, and the lack of mechanics to correct the malfunction, the administration withdrew the vehicles from the streets in 2016.Darjeeling can be reached by motorized vehicles on National Highway 110, from Siliguri, 77 km (48 mi) away. Darjeeling has road connections with Bagdogra, Gangtok and Kathmandu and the neighbouring towns of Kurseong and Kalimpong. However, road and railway communications often get disrupted in the monsoons because of landslides. The nearest airport is Bagdogra Airport, located 90 km (56 mi) from Darjeeling."}, {"Context": "Darjeeling Culture", "Knowledge": "PER Yolmos, ORG National Academy of Letters, LOC Tibetan Refugee Self Help Centre, LOC Bhutia Busty monastery, LOC Ghoom Monastery, LOC Saga Dawa, LOC Tendong Lho, LOC Bhutias, PER Manjushri, LOC Ubhauli, LOC Udhauli, PER Kali, LOC Newar, LOC Darjeeling Hill, LOC Losar, PER Durga, ORG Nipponzan Myohoji, PER Asit Rai, LOC Mahakal Temple, PER Macchindran\u0101th, LOC Observatory Hill, LOC Darjeeling, LOC Yakkhas, PER Shiva, PER Gorkhas, LOC Pagoda, LOC India, ORG Sahitya Akademi, PER Sunuwars, LOC Buddha, PER Limbus, LOC Kathmandu, PER Gorakhnath, LOC Mag - Dhog Yolmowa, ORG Darjeeling Initiative", "Response": "The culture of Darjeeling is diverse and includes a variety of indigenous practices and festivals; it has a regional distinctness from the rest of India. Mixing and intermarriage between ethnic groups have led to hybrid cultural forms and practices.Major festivals are Dashain (Vijayadashami), Tihar (Diwali), Holi, Lakshmi Puja, Maghe Sankranti, Losar, Buddha Jayanti, and Christmas. Tibetan Buddhism is followed by some ethnic groups such as Tibetans, Lepchas, Bhutias, Sherpas, Yolmos, Gurungs, and Tamangs; their common festivals are the Tibetan new year festival Losar, Saga Dawa and Tendong Lho Rumfaat. The Kirati ethnic group Rais, Limbus, Sunuwars  and Yakkhas celebrate Udhauli and Ubhauli as their main festival.Popular Hindu deities are Durga, Kali, and Shiva; other deities with both Hindu and Buddhist influences, such as Manjushri and Macchindran\u0101th, are popular among Newar people, and Gorakhnath, and worshipped by Gorkhas. The Mahakal Temple on Observatory Hill is a pilgrimage site for Hindu and Buddhists. Followers of Tibetan Buddhism, or Lamaism, have established several gompa or monasteries. Ghoom Monastery (8 km or 5 miles from the town), Bhutia Busty monastery, and Mag-Dhog Yolmowa preserve ancient Buddhist scripts. A Peace Pagoda was built in 1992 by the Japanese Buddhist organisation Nipponzan Myohoji. In the Tibetan Refugee Self Help Centre, Tibetan crafts like carpets, wood and leather work are displayed.\nThe Darjeeling Initiative, a civil society movement, holds the ten-day Darjeeling Carnival; it celebrates Darjeeling Hill's musical and cultural heritage each year usually in November. A literary culture has matured in the Nepali-speaking population of the Darjeeling region; in 2013,  Asit Rai, a resident and Nepali-language writer, was elected to the Sahitya Akademi Fellowship, the highest honour of India's National Academy of Letters.According to a 2017 study, Western music has long been popular in Darjeeling.  In the \"lively hippie music scene\" in Kathmandu in the late 1960s, some of the earliest \"Western pop performers\" were from Darjeeling. The earliest Nepali-led hotel bands were from Darjeeling and many among them had played in hotels in Calcutta before. A 2004 study suggested that one possible reason for such leadership might have been that many Nepalis in Darjeeling had become Christians and were no longer bound by Hindu caste prejudices in which \"musical performance is associated with low caste standing\". By the early 1990s, a common middle-class western popular music culture was much in evidence among the young people of Kathmandu, Nepal and the Nepalese-speaking youth in Darjeeling.Football is the most popular sport in Darjeeling; the annual Gold Cup tournament was once a favourite event in the hills. An improvised form of ball made of rubber bands is often used for playing in the steep streets, and is known as Chungi.Colonial architecture is exemplified in Darjeeling by cottages, Gothic churches, Planters' Club, the Raj Bhawan and various educational institutions."}, {"Context": "Darjeeling Food", "Knowledge": "LOC Lepcha, ORG Gorkha, LOC Darjeeling, LOC Bhutia, LOC Sherpa", "Response": "The traditional dietary culture of the town of Darjeeling has much in common with that of the Darjeeling hills, though urbanisation has affected the food habits throughout the region.  A mug of tea with milk, with or without sugar, is traditionally the first drink of the day.  Butter tea, made from compressed tea leaves, butter, water, milk and salt is a popular delicacy.  The staple diet is eaten twice a day. The food in these regions is less spicy, cooked with either little or no oil,  and semi-boiled. The first meal is eaten in the morning with cooked rice, dal, cooked vegetables mixed with potatoes, some fermented meat or milk products\u2014dahi, or yoghurt; mohi, which is spicy buttermilk; and chhurpi, a kind of hard cheese made from cow or yak milk\u2014and pickles commonly called bhat-dal-tharkari-achar. The second meal is dinner in the early evening, which consists of the same bhat-dal-tharkari-achar. Bhutia and Lepcha usually eat thukpa noodles in soup.Traditionally, the people of the region have preferred cooked rice as the staple; however, roti made of wheat is also popular, mostly among the urban population. Cooked ground maize is sometimes eaten as staple food mostly in rural areas, where it might be eaten with mohi and gundruk, a fermented vegetable.  Goyang, another fermented food, is made from the leaves of a local wild plant, abundantly available during the monsoon.  The leaves are fermented for a month and then consumed for several months afterwards.  Boiled with yak meat or beef to make a hearty thukpa soup, it is commonly prepared in Sherpa homes though seldom sold.Some ethnic foods have cultural value in festivals. Celebration of festivals with the consumption of sel roti, a fermented cereal-based fried doughnut-like confectionery, is a custom of the Gorkha. Dahi, a fermented milk product, is consumed as a savoury addition to daily diets. It is also used by the Gorkha to make a paste with rice and food colour for applying to the foreheads of the younger members of the family by their elders during festivals and marriages. Alcoholic drinks can have a similar dual purpose; in addition to being consumed directly they are offered to gods and in the veneration of the dead. In some communities, they have been employed in spirit possession rituals.Some Brahmin Gorkhas are vegetarians. Non-vegetarians eat chicken, mutton, buffalo, and pork. Beef is taboo to a majority of the Gorkha except for Tamang and Sherpa. Newar prefers buffalo meat. About two-thirds of people prepare ethnic fermented foods at home for consumption. Cooking is usually done by women. Traditionally members of the family sit together on bamboo mats in the kitchen, and meals are served by the female members of the family and then usually eaten by hand, though chopsticks made of bamboo are commonly used by the Bhutia and Tibetans. Plates are made of brass or have a thin layer of brass.Popular alcoholic beverages sold in Darjeeling town include tongba, Jnaard (pronounced as Jaar) and chhaang, variations of a local beer made from fermenting finger millet.  A popular food in Darjeeling is the momo, a steamed dumpling containing pork, beef, chicken or vegetables (cabbage or potatoes) cooked in a doughy wrapping and served with watery soup. Wai-Wai, originally a product of Nepal, is a packaged snack consisting of noodles which are eaten either dry or in soup form."}, {"Context": "Darjeeling Education", "Knowledge": "LOC Loreto, LOC India, ORG Southfield College, ORG Loreto Convent, ORG St. Joseph ' s College, ORG Loreto College, ORG St Paul ' s, ORG computer science, LOC North Point, ORG St Joseph ' s, LOC Siliguri, LOC Thailand, LOC Darjeeling, LOC Burma, ORG University of North Bengal, ORG Darjeeling Government College", "Response": "A study conducted between 2012 and 2014 observed that the elite schools established in Darjeeling during the late 19th century for the education of British children  were offering English-medium instruction of high quality to Indian children.  The Jesuit boys' school, St Joseph's (usually called North Point), the Anglican boarding school for boys, St Paul's, and the Catholic girls' school Loreto Convent (see Map 1) were attracting students from faraway places, including Burma and Thailand.  North Point and Loreto had established colleges, St. Joseph's College and Loreto College (now Southfield College); these along with the Darjeeling Government College, a co-educational college founded in 1948, made up the three colleges of Darjeeling. All were affiliated to University of North Bengal in Siliguri. The same study suggested that the private schools were no longer catering only to children of the affluent. Some lower-middle-class families in Darjeeling were sending their children to North Point and Loreto, despite their high fees, in order to give them better future opportunities.  By 2014, colleges had increased the enrollment of students from rural backgrounds. In fields such as engineering and computer science, the local colleges, however, were less able to offer the professional training or career placement facilities of India's growth centres, which had caused some students to leave Darjeeling after high school.In the Darjeeling municipality in 2003\u20132004, there were  16,015 students in primary schools, 5169 in higher-secondary schools, and 3,825 in colleges and universities.  According to a 2013 study, few students attended college for there seemed little scope for realizing \"middle-class aspirations in Darjeeling through educational credentials\". It noted that the fees in the better-funded private colleges, although affordable for the upper-level government officials or successful businesspersons, were too high for the lower-middle-classes in town. This put pressure on the only affordable college, the government college in the town's centre.  It was lower-priced but poorly funded, with broken windows, leaking roofs, and absent teachers, causing the students to feel neglected and affecting their attendance.  The teachers for their part were unable to meet the extra demands placed on them.A 2022 study noted that among the population of Darjeeling that lives in slums (comprising 11.72% of the town's population as per the 2011 census), 13% had finished primary school but had gone no further, 45% had finished high school (grade 10) but no further, 13% had finished higher-secondary (grade 10+2), and 10% had been to college. A 2018 study reported that the water crisis in the Darjeeling town has especially affected adolescent girl students who go to government schools. Many do not have access to hygiene facilities such as toilets and bathrooms, either in their homes or at school, particularly for hygiene management during menstruation. The study found that most toilets in government schools were not usable and that no government schools had \"proper sanitary facilities for girls. There is no system of water in the toilets and no arrangement for cleaning the toilets daily.\" It stated that many girls don't drink water during the day for fear of having to use the school toilets.Most tea plantations make no more than lower primary school instruction available on site. As a result, tea garden workers have typically had fewer opportunities for education. As of 2022, a little over a third of the female workforce and half the male were educated up to grade 8. The workers attributed this to their tea garden's remoteness and lack of means in the family during their childhood.  Some families have raised chickens or livestock or opened a corner shop to make more money; their children have gone to nearby towns to study in private schools in which the medium of instruction is English, which is thought to offer better career opportunities.  The Nepali language was accepted as a teaching language in all primary schools with a Nepali-speaking majority in the Darjeeling district in 1935."}, {"Context": "Dehradun Introduction", "Knowledge": "ORG Welham Boys School, ORG Uttarakhand Police, ORG Indira Gandhi National Forest Academy, LOC Chakrat, LOC Mussoorie, ORG Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, ORG Surveyor - General of India, ORG NCR, LOC Song, LOC Abode of Drona, ORG Dehradun Municipal Corporation, ORG Rashtriya Indian Military College, LOC Delhi, ORG Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly, ORG Dainik Jagran, ORG Welham Girls School, LOC Dhanaulti, ORG Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, LOC Doon Valley, LOC Garhwal, LOC Garhi Cantonment, LOC Asan, ORG The Doon School, ORG Forest Research Institute, LOC Ganga, ORG Brightlands School, ORG Uttarakhand Ayurveda University, LOC Himalayas, LOC Yamuna, LOC India, ORG Indian Military Academy, ORG Indian Armed Forces, LOC Naval Station, LOC Srinagar, LOC Kathmandu, ORG KPMG, LOC Uttarakhand, LOC National Capital Region, LOC Dehradun", "Response": "Dehradun () is the capital and the most populous city of the Indian state of Uttarakhand. It is also known as the school capital of India. It is the administrative headquarters of the eponymous district and is governed by the Dehradun Municipal Corporation, with the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly holding its winter sessions in the city as its winter capital. Part of the Garhwal region, and housing the headquarters of its Divisional Commissioner. Dehradun is one of the \"Counter Magnets\" of the National Capital Region (NCR) being developed as an alternative center of growth to help ease the migration and population explosion in the Delhi metropolitan area and to establish a smart city in the Himalayas. It is the third largest city in the Himalayas after Kathmandu and Srinagar.\nDehradun is located in the Doon Valley on the foothills of the Himalayas nestled between Song river, a tributary of Ganga on the east and the Asan river, a tributary of Yamuna on the west. The city is noted for its picturesque landscape and slightly milder climate and provides a gateway to the surrounding region.\nDehradun is a notable academic and research hub and is home to the Indian Military Academy, Forest Research Institute, Indira Gandhi National Forest Academy, The Doon School, Welham Boys School, Welham Girls School, Brightlands School, Rashtriya Indian Military College, Uttarakhand Ayurveda University, Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology and the Indian Institute of Remote Sensing. It is the headquarters of the Surveyor-General of India. According to the combined survey based on health, infrastructure, economy, education, and crime, conducted by Dainik Jagran and KPMG, Dehradun is one of India's safest cities. Dehradun is also known for its Basmati rice and bakery products.\nAlso known as the 'Abode of Drona', Dehradun has been an important center for Garhwal rulers and was captured by the British. For its strategic value, in addition to the location of its principal service academy, the Indian Armed Forces maintain a considerable presence in Dehradun, at the Garhi Cantonment and Naval Station. The Uttarakhand Police is the primary law enforcement agency in the city.It is well connected and in proximity to Himalayan tourist destinations such as Mussoorie, Dhanaulti, Chakrata, New Tehri, Uttarkashi, Harsil, Chopta-Tungnath, Auli, and famous summer and winter hiking destinations like the Valley of Flowers at Dodital, Dayara Bugyal, Kedarkantha, Har Ki Dun and Hemkunt Sahib for camping and Himalayan panoramic views. The Hindu holy cities of Haridwar and Rishikesh, along with the Himalayan pilgrimage circuit of Chota Char Dham, viz. Yamunotri, Gangotri, Kedarnath and Badrinath, are also primarily accessed via Dehradun, the closest major city."}, {"Context": "Dehradun Etymology", "Knowledge": "LOC Delhi, PER Ramraiyas, PER Baba Ram Rai, LOC Dun, LOC Dehra, LOC Garhwal, PER Dronacharya, PER Aurangzeb, PER Musalman, LOC Kedarkhand, PER Pandavas, PER Sikh, PER Drona, PER Shiva, LOC Dronanagari, LOC India, PER Ram Rai, PER Beiman, PER Kauravas, LOC Uttarakhand, PER Guru Har Rai, LOC Dehradun", "Response": "Dehradun is made up of two words \"dehra\" + \"dun.\" \"dehra\" is a Hindi word with the meaning of temple, whose etymology is: \"dev\" + \"ghar\", from Prakrit \"devahara.\" \"d\u016bn\" (or Hindi \u0926\u0942\u0928 derives from the Sanskrit dro\u1e47\u012b (or \u0926\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0923\u093f) and means \"a tract of country lying at the foot of hills; a valley\"The town was established when Baba Ram Rai, the son of the seventh Sikh Guru, Guru Har Rai built a gurudwara or temple in the area in the 17th century. Ram Rai was sent by his father as an emissary to the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb in Delhi. Aurangzeb objected to a verse in the Sikh scripture (Asa ki Var) that stated, \"the clay from a Musalman's grave is kneaded into potter's lump\", considering it an insult to Islam. Baba Ram Rai explained that the text was miscopied and modified it, substituting \"Musalman\" with \"Beiman\" (faithless, evil) which Aurangzeb approved. The willingness to change a word led Guru Har Rai to bar his son from his presence, and name his younger son as his successor. Aurangzeb responded by granting Baba Ram Rai a jagir (land grant) in Garhwal region (Uttarakhand). The town later came to be known as Dehradun, after Dehra referring to Baba Ram Rai's shrine. Many followers of Ram Rai, called Ramraiyas, settled with Ram Rai, During the days of British Raj, the official name of the town was Dehra. In due time the word Dehra was linked to Dun, and thus the city was named Dehradun.\nIn the Skanda Purana, Dun is mentioned as a part of the region called Kedarkhand, the abode of Shiva. According to Hindu mythology, in ancient India during the Mahabharata epic era, Dronacharya, the great teacher of Kauravas and Pandavas, lived here, hence the name of \"Dronanagari\" (lit. city of Drona)."}, {"Context": "Dehradun History", "Knowledge": "PER Dera, PER Lord, LOC Rishikesh, LOC Haripur, PER Huen Tsang, PER Lakshmana, LOC Kalsi, PER Baba Ram Rai, PER Gerard, PER Vishnu, LOC Dehra, LOC Doon Valley, PER Dronacharya, PER Lord Rama, LOC Hastinapura, PER Guru, PER Rasala, LOC Chakrata, PER Har Rai, PER Pandavas, PER Webb, PER Subahu, PER Rama, LOC Yamuna, LOC Dronanagari, LOC India, LOC Gurudwara, PER Ravana, PER Kauravas, LOC Sudhanagara, LOC Uttarakhand, LOC Dehradun", "Response": "The history of the city of Uttarakhand, Dehradun (nicknamed \"Doon Valley\") is linked to the story of Ramayana and Mahabharata. It is believed that after the battle between Ravana and Lord Rama, Lord Rama and his brother Lakshmana visited this site. Also, known as 'Dronanagari' on the name of Dronacharya, legendary Royal guru to the Kauravas and Pandavas in the epic Mahabharata, is believed to have been born and resided in Dehradun. Evidence such as ancient temples and idols have been found in the areas surrounding Dehradun which have been linked to the mythology of Ramayana and Mahabharata. These relics and ruins are believed to be around 2000 years old. Furthermore, the location, the local traditions and the literature reflect this region's links with the events of Mahabharata and Ramayana. Even after the battle of Mahabharata, the Pandavas had an influence on this region as the rulers of Hastinapura with the descendants of Subahu ruled the region as subsidiaries. Likewise, Rishikesh is mentioned in the pages of history when Lord Vishnu answered the prayers of the saints, slaughtered the demons and handed the land to the saints. The adjoining place called Chakrata has its historical impression during the time of Mahabharata.\nIn the seventh century, this area was known as Sudhanagara and was described by the Chinese traveler Huen Tsang. Sudhanagara later came to be recognized as Kalsi. Edicts of Ashoka have been found in the region along the banks of the river Yamuna in Kalsi indicating the wealth and importance of the region in ancient India. In the neighboring region of Haripur, ruins were discovered from the time of King Rasala which also reflect the region's prosperity. Before the name of Dehradun was used, the place is shown on old maps as Gurudwara (a map by Webb, 1808) or Gurudwara (a map by Gerard, 1818). Gerard's map names the place as \"Dehra or Gurudwara\". Surrounding this original Sikh temple were many small villages that are now the names of parts of the modern city.\n\nDehradun itself derives its name from the historical fact that Baba Ram Rai, the eldest son of the Seventh Sikh Guru Har Rai, set up his \"Dera\" (camp) in \"dun\" (valley) in 1676. This 'Dera Dun' later on became Dehradun.\nThe Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb was highly impressed by the miraculous powers of charismatic Ram Rai. He asked the contemporary Maharaja of Garhwal, Fateh Shah to extend all possible help to Ram Rai. Initially, a Gurudwara (temple) was built in Dhamawala. The construction of the present building, Guru Ram Rai Darbar Sahib, was completed in 1707. There are portraits of gods, goddesses, saints, sages and religious stories on the walls. There are pictures of flowers and leaves, animals and birds, trees, similar faces with pointed noses and big eyes on the arches which are the symbol of the colour scheme of Kangra-Guler art and Mughal art. High minarets and round pinnacles are the models of Muslim architecture. The huge pond in the front measuring 230 by 80 feet (70 m \u00d7 24 m) had dried up for want of water over the years. People had been dumping rubbish; it has been renovated and revived.\n\nDehradun was invaded by Mahmud of Ghazni during his campaigns into India followed by Timur in 1368, Rohilla chief Najib ad-Dawlah in 1757 and Ghulam Qadir in 1785. In 1806, the Nepalese warlord Kaji Amar Singh Thapa under the central leadership of Prime Minister Mukhtiyar Bhimsen Thapa united many of the Indian territories that now fell under places such as Almora, Pathankot, Kumaon, Garhwal, Sirmur, Shimla, Kangra and Dehradun.\nOn the western front Garhwal and parts of Himachal Pradesh up to Punjab and on the eastern front the state of Sikkim up to Darjeeling became parts of Nepal for a brief period until the British East India Company went on the war from 1814 to 1816. The war ended with the signing of the Treaty of Sugowli where almost a third was ceded to British East India company. The British got Dehradun in 1816 and colonized Landour and Mussoorie in 1827\u20131828.\n\nJawaharlal Nehru, India's first prime minister, was quite fond of the city and often visited. He spent his last few days here before passing away in Delhi in 1964. Another leader from the independence movement, Rash Behari Bose, who was one of the key organizers of the Ghadar conspiracy and, later, the Indian National Army was based in Dehradun in his early days before he was forced to move to Japan in 1915 to continue the freedom struggle.\nPost-independence Dehradun and other parts of Garhwal and Kumaon were merged with United Provinces which was later renamed the state of Uttar Pradesh. In 2000, Uttarakhand state (earlier called Uttaranchal) was created from the northwestern districts of Uttar Pradesh under the Uttar Pradesh Reorganization Act, 2000. Dehradun was made its interim capital."}, {"Context": "Dehradun Afghan connection", "Knowledge": "PER Dost Mohammad, LOC Mussoorie, LOC Balahissar, ORG Survey Chowk, LOC Dehra Dun, PER Mohammad Yaqub Khan, LOC Dehradooni, ORG Times of India, ORG Mangla Devi Inter College, LOC New Delhi, PER Tag, LOC Doon, LOC Kunar Province, PER Mohammed Nadir Shah, PER Yakub Khan, PER Ghanshyam, PER Dost Mohammad Khan, PER Ashraf Ghani, PER Yakoob, LOC Kabul Palace, PER Zahir Shah, PER Sardar Azim Khan, LOC India, LOC Karanpur, PER Doon, PER Basmati, LOC Bala Hissar Palace, LOC Afghanistan, ORG Wynberg Allen School, LOC Dehradun", "Response": "Dehradun's Afghan connection dated back to the First Anglo-Afghan War, after which the Afghan Emir Dost Mohammad Khan was exiled by the British to Dehra Dun. He stayed in Mussoorie for over 6 years. The Balahissar ward under the Mussoorie municipality has been named after the palace of Dost Mohammad. The famous Dehradooni Basmati was brought along by him from Kunar Province in Afghanistan and it continues to be counted as a delicacy of the valley.Forty years later, after the Second Anglo-Afghan War, his grandson, Mohammad Yaqub Khan, was sent to exile to India in 1879. Just like his grandfather, he chose Doon valley as his abode. Yakoob became the first Afghan to formally settle in Dehradun. The present Mangla Devi Inter College was once the Kabul Palace where Yakoob spent a few years of his life. The extended family and servants of the King were also relocated to Dehradun.The Afghan royal family maintained a presence in Dehra Dun. It was the birthplace of the second to last King of Afghanistan, Mohammed Nadir Shah. Two quaint palaces \u2013 the Kabul Palace in Dehradun and Bala Hissar Palace in Mussoorie \u2013 stand testimony to this connection with Afghanistan. They were built by these Afghan rulers in exile in India in the early part of the 20th Century and are palaces are a miniature replica of the palatial structures owned by the kings in Afghanistan. The Bala Hissar Palace has now been turned into Mussoorie's Wynberg Allen School. Doon-based heritage enthusiast Ghanshyam told the Times of India, \"The police station at Karanpur used to be the royal guard room of Yakoob way back in 1879. The electrical office located at the Survey Chowk was the royal servant quarters.\"Today the descendants of the former royalty, Yakub Khan and his grandson Sardar Azim Khan's family have integrated with the mainstream of Dehra Dun life. The Doon connection was revived when Zahir Shah, the last king of Afghanistan while undergoing treatment in New Delhi during the last years of his life expressed a desire to meet his Doon cousins but the meeting could not take place as the family members were away.Ashraf Ghani, the current President of Afghanistan has mentioned that his grandmother grew up in Dehra Dun. \"I speak of Tagore because I was raised on Tagore by my grandmother who lived in Dehradun...,\" Dr Ghani said while talking about India's vision and the remarkable transformation. Dehra Dun is also being selected to be the second \"home\" ground of the Afghan cricket team. and Afghan cricket fans recall this \"centuries old link\" with the town."}, {"Context": "Dehradun Geography", "Knowledge": "LOC Sahaspur, LOC Mussoorie, LOC Benog Wildlife Sanctuary, LOC Harrawala, LOC Selaqui, LOC Gautam Kund, LOC Raiwala, LOC Rishikesh, LOC Uttarkashi, LOC Malsi, LOC Chandrabani, LOC Kalsi, LOC Lesser Himalayan Range, LOC Pauri Garhwal, LOC Tehri Garhwal, LOC Doon Valley, LOC Sahastradhara, LOC Jaunsar - Bawar, LOC Sivalik Hills, LOC Terai, LOC Chakrata, LOC Rajaji Range, LOC Rajaji National Park, LOC Doon valley, LOC Asan Barrage, LOC Herbertpur, LOC Bhabar, LOC Vikasnagar, LOC Ganges, LOC Himalayas, LOC Yamuna, LOC Doiwala, LOC Lakhamandal, LOC Clement Town, LOC Shivalik, LOC Asan Conservation Reserve, LOC Dakpathar, LOC Dehradun, LOC Subhash Nagar", "Response": "The city of Dehradun mainly lies in Doon Valley and is at a varying height from 410 m (1,350 ft) in Clement Town to above 700 m (2,300 ft) at Malsi which is 15 km (9.3 mi) from the city. However, the average elevation is 450 m (1,480 ft) above sea level. Malsi is the starting point of Lesser Himalayan Range that extends to Mussoorie and beyond. Jaunsar-Bawar hills in Dehradun district rises to 3,700 m (12,100 ft) above sea level. The hilly region of Mussoorie goes up to a height of 1,870\u20132,017 m (6,135\u20136,617 ft) above sea level. Its geomorphological and meteorological characteristics make it prone to a number of natural hazards. Beside earthquakes, the region is frequently devastated by landslides, cloudbursts, flash-floods, cold waves and hailstorms.\nThe Doon valley contains the settlements including Raiwala, Rishikesh, Doiwala, Harrawala, Dehradun, Herbertpur, Vikasnagar, Sahaspur, Selaqui, Subhash Nagar and Clement Town. The district houses Rajaji National Park which is home to elephants, Benog Wildlife Sanctuary at Mussoorie & Asan Conservation Reserve (Asan Barrage). The Doon Valley has the Terai and Bhabar forests within it as well as the Shivalik hills and Lesser Himalayan Range containing hill stations such as Mussoorie and Chakrata. The district is bordered by the Himalayas in the north, Rajaji Range of the Sivalik Hills to the south, the river Ganges to the east, and the Yamuna river to the west. Towns in the foothills of the mountain ranges include Sahastradhara, Lakhamandal, Gautam Kund, Chandrabani, Kalsi and Dakpathar.\nThis district is divided into two major parts: the main city Dehradun surrounded by Shivalik and the Jaunsar-Bawar, which is in the foothills of Himalayas. In the north and northwest it borders on the district of Uttarkashi and Tehri Garhwal, in the east and southeast by Pauri Garhwal and Ganges river, in the west, it is bordered by Shimla and Sirmaur districts of Himachal Pradesh, Yamunanagar district of Haryana and the Tons and Yamuna rivers. To the south are Haridwar and Uttar Pradesh's Saharanpur district. It is between latitudes 30\u00b001' N and 31\u00b02'N and longitudes 77\u00b034' E and 78\u00b018'E. This district consists of six tehsils \u2013 Dehradun, Chakrata, Vikasnagar, Kalsi, Tiuni and Rishikesh \u2013 six community development blocks \u2013 Vis, Chakrata, Kalsi, Vikasnagar, Sahaspur, Rajpur and Doiwala \u2013 17 towns and 764 villages. Out of these 746 villages are inhabited; 18 are uninhabited."}, {"Context": "Dehradun Heritage canal network", "Knowledge": "LOC Dehradun, LOC Rajpur canal", "Response": "There was once an extensive canal network in the city, which irrigated many surrounding villages and produced a cooler microclimate in the region. The earliest canal, Rajpur canal, was laid in the 17th century. After Dehradun became the state capital in 2000, most of the heritage canals were covered or demolished to widen the city roads. Environmental groups have campaigned for the revival of the network, citing its benefit for the city's ecology, aesthetics, microclimate and built environment."}, {"Context": "Dehradun Climate", "Knowledge": "LOC Doon, LOC Doon Valley, LOC Dehradun, LOC North India", "Response": "The climate of Dehradun is humid subtropical. It varies greatly from tropical to severe cold depending upon the altitude of the area. The city is in Doon Valley and temperature variations due to difference in elevation are considerable. In the hilly regions, the summer is pleasant. But in the Doon, the heat is often intense and summer temperatures can reach up to 44 \u00b0C (111 \u00b0F) for a few days and hot winds (called Loo) blows over North India. Winter temperature drops below freezing point and is usually between 1 and 20 \u00b0C (34 and 68 \u00b0F) and fog is quite common as in the plains. Although the temperature in Dehradun can reach below freezing during severe cold snaps, this is not common. The area receives an average annual rainfall of 2,073.3 mm (81.63 in). Most of the annual rainfall in the city is received during the months from June to September, July and August being rainiest. During the monsoon season, there is often heavy and protracted rainfall. Agriculture benefits from fertile alluvial soil, adequate drainage and plentiful rain."}, {"Context": "Dehradun Demographics", "Knowledge": "LOC Uttarakhand, LOC Dehradun", "Response": "The 2011 census reported a population of 978,420 in Dehradun city; male and female are 303,411 and 275,009 respectively. The sex ratio of the city is 906 per 1000 males. Natives of Uttarakhand form the majority of Dehradun's population. The sex ratio of the city is 907 per 1000 males and child sex ratio of is 873 girls per 1000 boys, lower than the national average. The number of children of age under six in Dehradun city was 80,180 as per figure from Census India report on 2011. There are 50,600 boys and 28,580 are girls.  Total numbers of slums in Dehradun city and its Out Growth numbers 32,861 in which population of 158,542 resides. This is around 27.58% of total population of Dehradun city & its outgrowth which is 574,840.\nHindi, the official state language, is the primary language in Dehradun. English is also used, particularly by defence wing and the white-collar workforce. Native regional languages include Garhwali, Kumaoni and Jaunsari. Other major languages are Punjabi, Nepali, Bhojpuri, Bengali and Tibeto-Burman. Hindus form the majority of Dehradun's population; Muslims compose a large minority. According to provisional results of the 2011 national census, Hinduism is majority religion in Dehradun city with 71.53% followers. Sikhism is the second most practiced religion in the city with approximately 22.75% following it. Christianity by 3.5%, Christianity is followed by 1.06%, Jainism by 0.63%, and Buddhism by 0.29%. Around 0.01% stated 'Other Religion', approximately 0.24% stated 'No Particular Religion'.Dehradun's literacy rate at 89.32% is the highest in the region. Male literacy is 92.65% and female literacy is 85.66%. The number of literates in Dehradun city is 463,791, of which 251,832 are males and 211,959 are females."}, {"Context": "Dehradun Government and politics", "Knowledge": "PER Rajya Laxmi Shah, LOC Tehri Garhwal, ORG Vidhan Sabha, ORG IAS, LOC Garhwal, ORG DM, PER Tirath Singh Rawat, ORG Raj Bhavan, ORG BJP, LOC Uttarakhand, LOC Dehradun, ORG Indian Administrative Service", "Response": "As capital of the state of Uttarakhand, Dehradun houses important state government facilities such as the offices of the local governing agencies, the Vidhan Sabha (the home of the Uttarakhand state legislature), and Raj Bhavan (the residence of the governor of Uttarakhand). Most government establishments and institutions are housed in the city.\nDehradun city falls in Garhwal division of Uttarakhand which is headed by the divisional commissioner of Dehradun, who is an Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officer of high seniority. The district magistrate and collector of Dehradun report to the divisional commissioner as well. The DM is assisted by a chief development officer; five additional district magistrates for finance/revenue, city, rural administration, land acquisition and civil supply. The city is represented in two Lok Sabha constituencies, of Tehri Garhwal by MP Mala Rajya Laxmi Shah from the BJP, and Garhwal represented by BJP's Tirath Singh Rawat, elected in 2019. The city is also represented by four MLAs elected from four state assembly constituencies, as per the 2008 delimitation:"}, {"Context": "Dehradun Civic administration", "Knowledge": "ORG Nagar Nigam Dehradun, PER Vinay Shankar Pandey, ORG ASICS, PER Soniya Pant, ORG Special Area Development Authority, ORG MDDA, ORG DMC, ORG Jal Sansthan, LOC Uttar Pradesh, ORG Dehradun Municipal Corporation, ORG Dehradun Municipal Council, ORG Jal Nigam, PER Sunil Uniyal Gama, ORG Mussoorie Dehradun Development Authority, LOC Uttarakhand, LOC Dehradun, ORG Dehradun Urban Agglomeration, ORG SADA", "Response": "Nagar Nigam Dehradun, also called Dehradun Municipal Corporation, is the local government of the city. The corporation originated in 1998. Prior to December 2003, this body was known as Dehradun Municipal Council, and after revamping the municipality, the Dehradun Municipal Corporation came into existence under the Uttarakhand (The Uttar Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act, 1959) (Amendment) Act, 2017.As of 2018, the municipality covers an area of 196.48 km2 (75.86 sq mi) and administers a population of 803,983. In 2017, with the inclusion of 72 adjoining villages in the DMC limits, the number of wards increased from 60 to 100. As of 2020, the corporation consists of 100 wards and the elected head is the mayor who presides over a deputy mayor and 99 other corporators representing the wards. The mayor is directly elected for a period of five years and is currently Sunil Uniyal Gama, elected in November 2018.The municipal commissioner is the executive head of the local government institutions (the municipal corporation) in the division, in charge of infrastructure development in his division, and is also responsible for maintaining law and order in the division. As of 2020, the municipal commissioner is Vinay Shankar Pandey while the deputy municipal commissioner is Soniya Pant. The corporation has the following departments: public works, property tax, health, street lights, project implementation unit, Information Technology and sanitation. As per the ASICS report 2017, Dehradun municipality generates very few of its own revenues and relies primarily on grants from the state government. The municipality collects revenue from property taxes and parking fees.Other urban entities involved in civic services and city governance and management include parastatals like the Mussoorie Dehradun Development Authority (MDDA), Special Area Development Authority (SADA), Jal Sansthan, and Jal Nigam among others. These oversee the city's civic infrastructure which comes under Dehradun Urban Agglomeration and covers a population of 714,223 according to the 2011 census."}, {"Context": "Dehradun Police administration", "Knowledge": "PER DIG, PER Director, ORG Uttarakhand Police, ORG DIG, ORG Assistant Commissioner of Police, PER Garhwal, ORG Chief Bureau of Investigation, PER SSP, LOC Lucknow, ORG CBI, ORG SP City, LOC Uttarakhand, LOC Dehradun, ORG ACB", "Response": "The headquarters of Uttarakhand Police are located in Dehradun. While the state is headed by the Director general of police, the district is headed by Deputy inspector general of police (DIG) Garhwal. The city's nodal police officer is the superintendent of police (SP City) who reports to the senior superintendent of police (SSP) who also holds the post of DIG.Dehradun falls under the Lucknow zone of the Chief Bureau of Investigation (CBI), which is part of the central government. Assistant Commissioner of Police (ACB) Dehradun, has jurisdiction over 13 districts in Uttarakhand."}, {"Context": "Dehradun Water supply", "Knowledge": "LOC Kaulu khet Spring, ORG Uttarakhand Jal Sansthan, LOC Bijapur canal, LOC Maussifall, LOC Bindal River, ORG UJS, LOC Dehradun", "Response": "Dehradun city receives potable water from two primary sources- surface water and groundwater to meet its supply needs. The sources of water were mainly from Kaulu khet Spring, Maussifall, Bindal River, Bijapur canal and more than 100 tubewells. It suffers from lack of sufficient ground water recharge and depleting ground water tables. The water supply of Dehradun is operated and maintained by Uttarakhand Jal Sansthan (UJS), a state agency."}, {"Context": "Dehradun Solid waste management, sewerage", "Knowledge": "ORG Uttarakhand Power Corporation Limited, ORG Uttarakhand Fire and Emergency Services, ORG Uttarakhand Jal Sansthan, ORG Bharti Airtel, ORG Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, ORG UPCL, ORG Reliance, ORG Tata Teleservices, ORG BSNL, LOC Sahastradhara, ORG Vodafone, LOC Shishambara, ORG UJS, ORG Feedback Foundation, ORG Idea Cellular, LOC Dehradun, LOC Nathuwala", "Response": "The sewage of Dehradun is operated and maintained by Uttarakhand Jal Sansthan (UJS) but is also selectively under the aegis of the Smart City project funded by the central government. As per a report from 2015, only 25% of the city is covered by the existing sewage system. According to the Smart Cities Annexe 2, the sewerage covers 30% of the city, and has an efficiency of 10%.The city of Dehradun generates 350 metric tons (350,000 kg; 390 short tons) of waste per day. The landfill or dumping site has since shifted from the dumping ground on Sahastradhara road in 2017 to one centralized solid waste processing plant in Dehradun, Shishambara on the outskirts of the city which has the capacity of 600 MP per day. Only 69 of the 100 wards in the city are covered by this plant and only 3% of the wards in Dehradun have 100% segregation of waste at source. Segregation of waste at source is lacking in the city, although the municipality spends around one crore per month on collection and transportation of solid waste. A decentralized pilot project was started in Nathuwala ward with the help of local residents and an NGO called Feedback Foundation and has since been declared a zero waste zone.Electricity in Dehradun is regulated through the Uttarakhand Power Corporation Limited (UPCL), while Fire services are handled by the Uttarakhand Fire and Emergency Services. State-owned Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, or BSNL, as well as private enterprises, among them Vodafone, Bharti Airtel, Reliance, Idea Cellular, and Tata Teleservices are the leading telephone and cell phone service providers in the city."}, {"Context": "Dehradun Public health", "Knowledge": "LOC Luthra Hospital, LOC Doon Hospital, LOC Max Super Specialty Hospital, ORG National Health Mission, ORG Combined Medical, ORG CMI, LOC Uttaranchal Ayurvedic Hospital, LOC Shri Mahant Indresh Hospital, LOC Government Hospital Premnagar, LOC Himalayan Hospital, LOC Dehradun, LOC Institute", "Response": "The healthcare facilities in Dehradun consist of private and public hospitals, formal and informal service providers as well as secondary and tertiary healthcare with single clinic doctors. In spite of having special status under the National Health Mission, the city is facing a healthcare crisis due to the shortage of medical manpower in the state and financial constraints. Hospitals and medical centers in the Dehradun are plagued by non-functioning equipment in the operating theatre and the insufficient number of labor rooms. Hospitals in the city include the Doon Hospital, Max Super Specialty Hospital, Shri Mahant Indresh Hospital, Himalayan Hospital, Uttaranchal Ayurvedic Hospital, Combined Medical Institute (CMI) Hospital, Luthra Hospital, and Government Hospital Premnagar (managed by the state government)."}, {"Context": "Dehradun Schools", "Knowledge": "ORG Welham Boys School, ORG CBSE, ORG Uttarakhand Board of School Education, ORG Marshall School, ORG The Asian School, ORG Ecole Globale International Girls ' School, ORG Rashtriya Indian Military College, ORG SelaQui International School, ORG Doon School, ORG Welham Girls School, ORG Kendriya, ORG Colonel Brown Cambridge School, ORG St. Thomas ' College, ORG Indian Army Public Schools, ORG Doon International School, ORG St Joseph ' s Academy, LOC Ramnagar, ORG Cambrian Hall, ORG ICSE, ORG Indian Certificate of Secondary Education, ORG CISCE, ORG Convent of Jesus and Mary, LOC Dehradun", "Response": "Schools in Dehradun are classified as aided, unaided and Government schools. These schools are affiliated with CBSE, Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE) or CISCE; except for the government schools, which are run directly by the Uttarakhand Board of School Education and follow the syllabus prescribed by the state government. The language of instruction in schools is either English or Hindi.\nUttarakhand Board of School Education is responsible for administering courses of instructions, textbooks, and to conduct examinations for secondary school students of the state. The board was set up in 2001 and is headquartered in Ramnagar.\nNotable private educational institutions in Dehradun include  Doon International School,The Asian School, , Cambrian Hall, Colonel Brown Cambridge School, Convent of Jesus and Mary, The Doon School, Ecole Globale International Girls' School, Marshall School, Rashtriya Indian Military College, SelaQui International School, St Joseph's Academy, Dehradun, St. Thomas' College, Welham Boys School and Welham Girls School, Indian Army Public Schools. Several Indian and international luminaries have attended these schools. In addition to these schools there are many other state board schools located in the city. Since Dehradun has many central Government offices, there are as many as 12 Kendriya Vidyalayas also in the city."}, {"Context": "Dehradun Higher education and research", "Knowledge": "ORG CBSE, ORG Indira Gandhi National Forest Academy, ORG Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, ORG Doon University, ORG NIEPVD, ORG Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, ORG DIT, ORG IGNFA, ORG University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, ORG Graphic Era University, ORG Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts of India University, ORG Wildlife Institute of India, ORG Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, ORG National Institute for Empowerment of People with Visual Disabilities, ORG ASK Foundation, ORG Indian Institute of Petroleum, ORG Himgiri Zee University, ORG Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute of Medical & Health Sciences, ORG Forest Research Institute, ORG Ministry of Environment Forest and Climate change, ORG Uttarakhand Technical University, ORG Instruments Research and Development Establishment, ORG Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Uttarakhand Medical Education University, ORG Swami Rama Himalayan University, ORG Indian Forest Service, ORG IFS, ORG ICSE, LOC India, ORG Sardar Bhagwan Singh University, ORG Directorate of higher education, ORG Government of India, ORG Uttaranchal University, ORG WII, ORG Latika Roy Foundation, ORG Dehradun Institute of Technology, LOC Uttarakhand, LOC Dehradun, ORG Government Doon Medical College", "Response": "After completing their secondary education, students typically enrol in schools that have a higher secondary facility and are affiliated with the Directorate of higher education, the ICSE, or the CBSE. The colleges are each affiliated with a university or institution based either in Uttarakhand or elsewhere in India. In recent times, Dehradun has evolved as a pivot location for higher education in India. Premier research institutes based in Dehradun are Doon University, Forest Research Institute, Dehradun Institute of Technology (DIT), Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, Indian Institute of Petroleum, Himgiri Zee University, Wildlife Institute of India, Instruments Research and Development Establishment and Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology. Universities located in Dehradun are Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Uttarakhand Medical Education University, Sardar Bhagwan Singh University, Uttaranchal University, Doon University, Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts of India University, Dehradun, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Graphic Era University and Uttarakhand Technical University.\nUttarakhand Technical University has eight constituent institutes and approximately 132 affiliated collegesThe campus of  Forest Research Institute which was established in the year 1906 hosts the Indira Gandhi National Forest Academy (IGNFA), the staff college that trains officers selected for the Indian Forest Service (IFS). Wildlife Institute of India (WII) is an autonomous institution under the Ministry of Environment Forest and Climate change, Government of India which carries out wildlife research.\nDehradun has four medical colleges. Government Doon Medical College is the only government medical college located in the city.  Private medical colleges include Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute of Medical & Health Sciences affiliated to Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Uttarakhand Medical Education University and Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences affiliated to Swami Rama Himalayan University. These three medical colleges caters to the population of Dehradun and nearby hilly areas.\n\nNational Institute for Empowerment of People with Visual Disabilities (NIEPVD) plays a key role in helping blind people. It is the first such institute in India and the first press for Braille script in the country which provides education and service to the blind children. Dehradun houses organizations like the Latika Roy Foundation for people with disabilities to access education, employment, and full inclusion in the community. The ASK Foundation, an educational charity, is also located in Dehradun.Notable scholars who were born, worked or studied in Dehradun include former prime minister Rajiv Gandhi, scientists Manju Bansal & Chandramukhi Basu, writer William McKay Aitken, poet Kanwal Ziai, German-British botanist Dietrich Brandis, footballer Anirudh Thapa, and DICCI member Rajesh Saraiya."}, {"Context": "Dehradun Economy", "Knowledge": "ORG FRI, ORG ZSI, ORG Indira Gandhi National Forest Academy, ORG STPI, ORG Survey of India, ORG Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, LOC Raipur, ORG Rashtriya Indian Military College, ORG IGNFA, ORG Uttarakhand Space Applications Centre, ORG Defence Electronics Application Laboratory, ORG Wildlife Institute of India, ORG Army Cadet College, ORG Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, ORG ICFRE, ORG Indian Institute of Petroleum, ORG Oil and Natural Gas Corporation, ORG Forest Research Institute, ORG Institute of Drilling Technology, ORG Ordnance Factories Board, ORG Defence Research and Development Organization, ORG Central Soil and Water Conservation Research & Training Institute, ORG Instruments Research and Development Establishment, ORG Ordnance Factory Dehradun, ORG RIMC, ORG Keshav Dev Malviya Institute of Petroleum Exploration, ORG DEAL, ORG Forest Survey of India, LOC India, ORG Indian Military Academy, ORG Indian Armed Forces, ORG Zoological Survey of India, ORG IRDE, ORG Ordnance Factory, ORG Opto Electronics Factory, ORG FSI, ORG National Institute for Visually Handicapped, ORG Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education, LOC Dehradun", "Response": "The main source of economy in Dehradun is its tourist places. The city's economy is enhanced by the presence of nearby national parks, mountain peaks and historical sites. Dehradun has a per capita income close to $2,993 (per 2020 figures). It has witnessed a strong economic growth in the last 20 years. Dehradun has experienced a commercial and information technology upswing, amplified by the establishment of software technology parks of India (STPI). and SEZs (Special economic zones) throughout.\nThe largest profession in Dehradun is agriculture. Staple foods are rice and dal with raita, curd and salad. Dehradun is known for its lychees and for growing the world's finest basmati rice.It hosts training institutions of national importance such as the Indian Military Academy, Indira Gandhi National Forest Academy (IGNFA), Zoological Survey of India (ZSI). It is home to national foundations such as the Ordnance Factory Dehradun, Instruments Research and Development Establishment (IRDE), Defence Electronics Application Laboratory (DEAL) and other defence establishments. Other institutions include the Indian Institute of Petroleum, National Institute for Visually Handicapped, Central Soil and Water Conservation Research & Training Institute, Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (Keshav Dev Malviya Institute of Petroleum Exploration, Institute of Drilling Technology), Uttarakhand Space Applications Centre, Survey of India, Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Forest Survey of India (FSI), Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE), Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, Wildlife Institute of India, Forest Research Institute (FRI), Army Cadet College and the Rashtriya Indian Military College (RIMC).Major defence production establishments include the Ordnance Factory Dehradun, the Opto Electronics Factory of the Ordnance Factories Board, Defence Electronics Application Laboratory and Instruments Research and Development Establishment of the Defence Research and Development Organization which manufactures products for the Indian Armed Forces. Many of these are located in the Raipur area. The Ordnance Factory estate is located in the middle of the mountains."}, {"Context": "Dehradun Airway", "Knowledge": "LOC Doiwala, LOC Thano, LOC India, LOC Gauchar, LOC Dehradun, LOC VIDN, LOC Uttarkashi, LOC Dehradun Airport, LOC Jolly Grant Airport, LOC New Delhi, LOC Chinyalisaur, LOC DED", "Response": "Dehradun is served by Dehradun Airport, also known as Jolly Grant Airport (IATA: DED, ICAO: VIDN), which began its commercial operations in on 30 March 2008. It's 27 kilometres (17 mi) from the city center and lies in Doiwala. The nearest international airport is in New Delhi. Over 1,325,931 passengers passed through the airport in 21\u201322, making it the 33rd busiest airport in India. The airport is to be developed as an international airport, which has caused protests since it would require the felling of trees in the ecologically sensitive area of Thano. There is also a helicopter service from Dehradun to Chinyalisaur a town in Uttarkashi district and Gauchar."}, {"Context": "Dehradun Railway", "Knowledge": "ORG NR, ORG IRSDC, ORG Northern Railways, ORG Indian Railway Stations Development Corporation, LOC Dehradun, LOC Northern", "Response": "Dehradun railway station is the city's largest train station. Part of the Northern Railways (NR) zone, railway station was established in year 1899 by the British, it is the last station on the Northern railway line in the area. The Indian Railway Stations Development Corporation (IRSDC) is working on the redevelopment of existing railway stations to turn them into world-class travel hubs."}, {"Context": "Dehradun Roads", "Knowledge": "LOC National, LOC Kaulagarh, LOC Chakrata, LOC Punjab, ORG UTC, LOC Himachal Pradesh, LOC Raipur, LOC Uttar Pradesh, LOC SE, ORG Uttarakhand Transport Corporation, LOC Uttarakhand, LOC Rajpur, LOC SW, LOC Haryana, LOC NW, LOC Dehradun", "Response": "Dehradun lies on the National Highway 7, National Highway 307 which connects it to states Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttar Pradesh. There are two sets of major roads in Dehradun city, one along NE-SW (Rajpur main road) and the other along with NW-SE (Raipur, Kaulagarh and Chakrata) directions and they, in turn, are connected to another minor road network. The road density is high in the central part of the city around the bus stand and railway station. The Uttarakhand Transport Corporation (UTC), a public sector passenger road transport corporation is a major constituent of the transport system in Uttarakhand operates intracity and intercity bus service. There are also private transport operators operating approximately 3000 buses on non-nationalized routes along with a few interstate routes. Other modes of travel for local inter-city transportation are public transportation buses, auto rickshaws and cycle rickshaws."}, {"Context": "Dehradun Culture", "Knowledge": "PER Nayantara Sahgal, LOC India, LOC Dehradun, PER Allan Sealy, LOC Clock Tower, PER Ruskin Bond, PER Bobby Cash, LOC Clock tower, PER Stephen Alter, ORG Army, PER San Dijen, LOC Rajpur, LOC The Gray City, LOC Ghanta Ghar, LOC Shanti Niketan", "Response": "After becoming the capital, there has been continuous growth in education, communication and transport. As the state capital, Dehradun is home to many government institutions.\nCity buses are identified with blue bars. There are auto rickshaw which are often used for transportation but blamed for pollution and noise. The evening buzz of Rajpur road is an attraction. The city center is easily recognized by the Clock tower (Ghanta Ghar), a structure with four functioning clocks. The statue of San Dijen placed in Shanti Niketan contributes to the beauty of the city. Dehradun has been home to artists and writers including Stephen Alter, Nayantara Sahgal, Allan Sealy, Ruskin Bond and also to country singer Bobby Cash.\nDehradun was home to freedom fighters whose names are engraved in gold on the Clock Tower. It was called \"The Gray City\" in the initial days because ex-Army officers and VIPs considered this place ideal for residence after retirement.There are fairs (melas) throughout the year. Notable fairs include Magh Mela, held on 14 January and Jhanda Mela in March, a fair for the Sikh community, that attracts Sikhs from all over India and abroad."}, {"Context": "Dehradun Tourism", "Knowledge": "LOC Mussoorie, ORG Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, LOC Tapkeshwar, LOC Chandrabani, LOC Lakshman Siddha Peeth, LOC Tapovan, LOC Sahastradhara, LOC Tapkeshwar Temple, LOC Dehradun Zoo, ORG Forest Research Institute, LOC Guchhupani, LOC Himalayan Gallery, LOC Chakrata, LOC Mindrolling Monastery, LOC Santala Devi Temple, LOC Uttara Museum of Contemporary Art, LOC Santala Devi, LOC Lakhamandal, LOC Kalanga Monument, LOC Sai Mandir, LOC Dakpathar, ORG Central Braille Press, LOC Prakasheshwar Mahadev Temple", "Response": "Tourist destinations include the Dehradun Zoo, Kalanga Monument, Chandrabani, Himalayan Gallery cum Regional Science Centre Guchhupani, Forest Research Institute, Uttara Museum of Contemporary Art, Tapovan, Lakshman Siddha Peeth, Tapkeshwar Temple, Santala Devi Temple, Mindrolling Monastery, Prakasheshwar Mahadev Temple, Sai Mandir, Central Braille Press and Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology.The tourist destinations can be divided into four or five areas: nature, sports, sanctuary, museums and institutions. The nearby hill stations are well known for their natural environment, temples for its faith dimensions, sanctuary for animal and bird lovers. Hill stations include Mussoorie, Sahastradhara, Chakrata, and Dakpathar. Famous temples include Tapkeshwar, Lakhamandal and Santala Devi."}, {"Context": "Dehradun Places of interest", "Knowledge": "LOC Dehradun District", "Response": "There are a number of small towns and tourist sites in Dehradun District."}, {"Context": "Dehradun Kipling Trail", "Knowledge": "PER Rudyard Kipling, LOC Mussoorie, LOC Shahanshahi Ashram, LOC Rajpur, LOC Kipling Trail, LOC Dehradun", "Response": "The Kipling Trail is the old walking route between Dehradun and Mussoorie that was named after English novelist Rudyard Kipling, who is believed to have walked the trail in the 1880s. It begins at Shahanshahi Ashram in Rajpur village. The trail is being revived as nature, history and hiking enthusiasts are increasingly using the trail over driving up to the hill station."}, {"Context": "Dehradun Khalanga War Memorial", "Knowledge": "LOC Nalapani, PER House of Gorkha, ORG British East India Company, LOC Dehradun, LOC Nepal", "Response": "The Battle of Nalapani was the first battle of the Anglo-Nepalese War of 1814\u20131816, fought between the forces of the British East India Company and Nepal, then ruled by the House of Gorkha. The battle took place around the Nalapani fort, near Dehradun, which was placed under siege by the British between 31 October and 30 November 1814."}, {"Context": "Dehradun Maa Bala Sundari Mandir", "Knowledge": "PER Gaur Brahmin, LOC India, PER Maa Vaishno Devi, ORG Mandir Maa Bala Sundari Trust, LOC Himachal Pradesh, LOC Trilokpur, LOC South, PER Mahamaya Bala Sundari, PER Maa Bala Sundari, PER Maa Bala Sundari Devi, PER Bal Roop, PER Mahalakshmi, LOC Sudhowala", "Response": "There are various temples of Maa Bala Sundari Devi situated in India and this is one such temple. The main temple is in Trilokpur, Himachal Pradesh. This temple is situated approximately three km (1.9 mi) South-West Direction of Sudhowala. This great temple is situated inside a forest. Gaur Brahmin of Sudhowala are Pandits (Brahman) of this temple. It is dedicated to the Hindu goddess Maa Bala Sundari, also known as Bal Roop of Maa Vaishno Devi, a manifestation of the Hindu Mother Goddess Mahalakshmi. The words \"maa\" and \"mata\" are commonly used in India for \"mother\", and thus are often used in connection with Maa Bala Sundari.\nVarious modes of transportation are available from Sudhowala, including ponies, electric vehicles and palkis operated by 2 or 4 persons. Many pilgrims visit from the northern Indian states to get the blessings of Mahamaya Bala Sundari. A trust is also run by Mandir Maa Bala Sundari Trust, Sudhowala."}, {"Context": "Dehradun Dehradun International Cricket Stadium", "Knowledge": "LOC Uttarakhand, LOC Raipur, LOC Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium, LOC Dehradun", "Response": "Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium, Dehradun is a multi-purpose stadium in the Raipur area of Dehradun, Uttarakhand. It is the first international level stadium in the state."}, {"Context": "Dehradun Robber's Cave", "Knowledge": "PER Sultana Daaku, LOC Dehra, LOC Anarwala, LOC Uttarakhand State, LOC India, LOC Himalaya, LOC Doon Valley, LOC Robber ' s Cave, LOC Dehradun City, LOC Uttarakhand, LOC Guchhupani", "Response": "Robber's Cave (locally known as Guchhupani), is a river cave formation in Himalaya, located approximately eight km (5.0 mi) from the centre of Dehradun City in Uttarakhand state of India. Believed to be the hideout of the famous Sultana Daaku and his band of dacoits. The cave formation has thus been named Robber's Cave.\nThe cave is about 600 metres (2,000 ft) long, divided into two main parts. The cave has a highest fall of about 10 metres (33 ft). In the central part there is a fort wall structure which is now broken. It consists of an extremely narrow gorge formed in a conglomerate limestone area on Doon Valley's Dehra plateau.It is a natural cave formation where rivers flows inside the cave. The place is a tourist site and is maintained by Uttarakhand State. Local bus services are available up to Anarwala village, from where it is a 1 km trek."}, {"Context": "Dehradun Lachhiwala Picnic Spot", "Knowledge": "LOC Nature Park", "Response": "It is a popular tourist destination especially during summers. It is well known for its forest scenic beauty, man-made water pools and bird watching. It is now known as Nature Park."}, {"Context": "Dehradun Tapkeshwar Temple", "Knowledge": "PER Guru Drona, LOC Drona cave, LOC Asan, PER Pashupati Lord Shiva, PER Shivalinga", "Response": "It is a temple of Pashupati Lord Shiva. It is situated beside a forest on the bank of the Asan river and the main deity (Shivalinga) is housed in a natural cave. According to the holy epic Mahabharata, Guru Drona is said to have resided in this cave for a period of time. The temple's natural cave is named Drona cave after him. Water trickles down the ceiling of the cave and drops on the Shivalinga creating a magnificent image."}, {"Context": "Dehradun Dehradun Zoo", "Knowledge": "LOC Shivalik Range, LOC Mussoorie, LOC Malsi Deer Park, LOC Mussoorie Road, LOC Dehradun Zoo, LOC Dehradun", "Response": "Formerly known as Malsi Deer Park, the main objectives of Dehradun Zoo are conservation of wild animals, developing an education center and a rescue center for wild animals. It is located on the foothills of Shivalik Range on the Mussoorie Road. It is about ten km (6.2 mi) away from Dehradun and 23 km (14 mi) from Mussoorie."}, {"Context": "Dehradun Forest Research Institute", "Knowledge": "ORG FRI, LOC Chandigarh, LOC Punjab, LOC India, ORG University Grants Commission, PER FRSGS, PER Frederick Bailey, LOC Uttar Pradesh, LOC Uttarakhand, LOC Delhi, ORG Royal Engineers, LOC Haryana, ORG Forest Research Institute University, ORG Forest Research Institute, ORG UGC", "Response": "Forest Research Institute or 'FRI' is an institution in the field of forest research in India. It was founded as India's first forestry school in 1878 by Lt Col Frederick Bailey FRSE FRSGS of the Royal Engineers.The institute is one of the oldest and biggest forest-based training institutes in India. The institute is known for its research work and wonderful architecture that dates to British Raj. FRI is affiliated to the Forest Research Institute University and is approved by the University Grants Commission (UGC). The aim of the institution is to accomplish the needs of the Indo-Gangetic plains of Punjab, Haryana, Chandigarh, Delhi and western Uttar Pradesh, as well as the Uttarakhand Himalayas."}, {"Context": "Dehradun Uttara Museum of Contemporary Art", "Knowledge": "LOC Kedarnath, LOC North India, LOC Uttarakhand, LOC Dehradun, LOC Uttara Museum of Contemporary Art", "Response": "Uttara Museum of Contemporary Art is an art museum in Dehradun dedicating multi-dimensional artworks in the memory of the Kedarnath disaster, 2013 North India floods.The museum was founded in 2017 and is Uttarakhand's first art museum. It exhibits various aspects of the calamity and the folk culture of Uttarakhand through paintings, sculptures, and other artworks."}, {"Context": "Dehradun Regional Science Center", "Knowledge": "ORG Regional Science Center, ORG UCOST, LOC Dehradun, ORG Uttarakhand Council of Science and Technology, ORG NCSM, LOC Vigyan Dham, LOC Regional Science Center, LOC Uttarakhand Regional Science Center, ORG National Council for Science Museum, ORG RSC, LOC Suddhowala", "Response": "Regional Science Center (RSC) is located within the campus of Uttarakhand Council of Science and Technology (UCOST) at Vigyan Dham, Suddhowala on the outskirts of Dehradun. The Uttarakhand Regional Science Center is developed by the National Council for Science Museum (NCSM) in collaboration with the UCOST. The Regional Science Center is a popular destination for school educational tours and hosts a science museum, planetarium, a 3D theatre, science gallery and scientific law based interactive exhibits."}, {"Context": "Dehradun Lambi Dehar Mines", "Knowledge": "LOC Limestone Mine, LOC Dehradun District, LOC Mussoorie Range", "Response": "A deserted Limestone Mine supposed to be a haunted place is located in the Mussoorie Range of Dehradun District."}, {"Context": "Dehradun Virasat", "Knowledge": "ORG REACH, ORG Rural Entrepreneurship for Art & Cultural Heritage, LOC Afro, LOC Dehradun, LOC Asia", "Response": "Virasat is a cultural festival that celebrates all aspects of the country's cultural heritage. The festival was held for the first time in 1995 in Dehradun. It is recognised as the Afro-Asia's biggest folk life and heritage festival. Organized by REACH (Rural Entrepreneurship for Art & Cultural Heritage), this week-long festival includes performances and workshops in Indian folk and classical arts, literature, crafts, theatre, cinema and yoga.Virasat 2008 expanded the festival into a nationwide event."}, {"Context": "Dehradun Media", "Knowledge": "ORG Gorkha Sandesh, ORG AIR North, ORG Divya Himgiri, ORG Amar Ujala, ORG Himagiri Ki Awaaz, ORG All India Radio, ORG The Himachal Times, ORG AIR Dehradun, ORG Dainik Jagran, ORG Red FM 93., ORG Hello Doon, LOC Dehradun Street, ORG Radio Zindagi, ORG Doordarshan Kendra, ORG Uttarakhand Aaj, ORG Deccan Herald, ORG The Times of India, ORG The Garhwal Post, ORG Reliance Digital TV, ORG NIVH, ORG DD Uttarakhand, ORG Dish TV, ORG Shah Times, ORG Videocon d2h, ORG Airtel digital TV, ORG DD Direct +, ORG Hindustan Times, ORG Hindustan Rashtriya Sahara, ORG Dainik Tribune, ORG Tata Sky, LOC Uttarakhand, LOC Dehradun, ORG Radio Dehradun", "Response": "Most of the media houses in Uttarakhand are based in Dehradun. Among Dehradun's widely circulated Hindi-language newspapers are Dainik Tribune, Shah Times, Uttarakhand Aaj, Dainik Jagran, Gorkha Sandesh, Hindustan Rashtriya Sahara, Divya Himgiri, and Amar Ujala.  The Dehradun Street and The Garhwal Post are two major English-language newspapers that are produced and published from the city. Other popular English-language newspapers published and sold in Dehradun include The Himachal Times, Deccan Herald, The Times of India, and Hindustan Times.\nAll India Radio, the national state-owned radio broadcaster, has AM radio stations in the city. All India Radio also airs an FM radio station known as AIR North. Dehradun has five FM stations including, AIR Dehradun, Radio Dehradun (community radio station), Red FM 93.5, Radio Zindagi, Hello Doon (NIVH) and Himagiri Ki Awaaz. There is a Doordarshan Kendra in the city and provides state-owned free-to-air terrestrial channel DD Uttarakhand. A mix of Hindi, English, and other regional channels are accessible via cable subscription, direct-broadcast satellite service or Internet-based television. Direct-to-Home (DTH) entertainment services in Dehradun include Videocon d2h, DD Direct+, Dish TV, Reliance Digital TV, Airtel digital TV and Tata Sky."}, {"Context": "Dehradun Sport", "Knowledge": "LOC India, PER Rajeev Shukla, LOC Maharana Pratap Sports Complex, LOC Raipur, LOC Uttar Pradesh, LOC Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium, PER Harish Rawat, LOC Afghanistan, LOC Mega Sports Complex, LOC Uttarakhand, PER Vijay Bahuguna, LOC Doon Ice Rink, ORG Cricket Association of Uttarakhand, LOC Dehradun, ORG IPL", "Response": "The high mountains and rivers of Uttarakhand attract many tourists and adventure seekers. It is also a favourite destination for adventure sports, such as paragliding, sky diving, rafting and bungee jumping. The first indoor ice rink in India that meets the size requirements for ice hockey, figure skating, short track and rink bandy was built in Dehradun.As in the rest of India, cricket is popular among city youth. Cricket Association of Uttarakhand, which regulates cricket in Uttarakhand, is also based in the city. The multi-purpose Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium, which has a capacity of 20,000 as of 2016, is the first international level stadium in the state. It is home to the Uttarakhand cricket team and second home to the Afghanistan cricket team. A Mega Sports Complex is situated in the Raipur area of Dehradun.\nIn sports tourism, the Doon Ice Rink at Maharana Pratap Sports Complex, Raipur is the first full-sized ice arena in India. It has hosted ice skating competitions and ice hockey tournaments, including the IIHF Challenge Cup of Asia.Since, the formation of the state in 2000, the state suffered a blow to its sports facilities as Uttar Pradesh had the entire infrastructure for sports. Uttarakhand had hosted very few matches of Ranji Trophy. Due to lack of infrastructure, players started moving to different states. In November 2012, Former Chief Minister of Uttarakhand Vijay Bahuguna laid the foundation of the stadium hoped that the stadium would bring Dehradun on the international cricket map.\nOn 16 December 2016, Chief Minister Harish Rawat inaugurated the stadium along with Rajeev Shukla (the IPL chairperson). The stadium has a seating capacity of 25,000 people, along with floodlights facility for conducting day-night matches. The stadium is built on a 23-acre site and was selected as the second home ground for the Afghanistan cricket team in India."}, {"Context": "Dehradun Architecture", "Knowledge": "LOC Jama Masjid, LOC Inamullah Building, LOC Indian Military Academy, LOC India, LOC Forest Research Institute, LOC Clock Tower, LOC Morrison Memorial Church, LOC CNI College, LOC Osho Meditation Centre, LOC Uttarakhand, LOC Dehradun, LOC Darbar Sahib", "Response": "After Dehradun was made the capital of Uttarakhand, there was a construction boom, especially in residential properties. Modern buildings have gradually supplanted older architectural styles including those related to the British colonial rule of India. Important older buildings still upstanding include the Clock Tower, Forest Research Institute, CNI College, Morrison Memorial Church, Inamullah Building, Jama Masjid, Osho Meditation Centre, Indian Military Academy and Darbar Sahib."}, {"Context": "Dehradun In popular culture", "Knowledge": "LOC Rishikesh, PER Harrison, ORG Beatles, PER George Harrison", "Response": "George Harrison of the Beatles wrote a song called \"Dehra Dun\" during the group's stay in Rishikesh in early 1968. The song remained unreleased until its appearance on the super deluxe edition of Harrison's album All Things Must Pass in 2021."}, {"Context": "Dehradun Notable people", "Knowledge": "LOC Dehradun", "Response": "List of notable personalities from Dehradun :"}, {"Context": "Delhi Introduction", "Knowledge": "LOC National Capital Territory, LOC Punjab, LOC NCT, LOC Delhi, PER Purana, LOC Haryana, LOC Gurgaon, LOC NCR, LOC Qutub Minar, LOC Amir, LOC Delhi sultanate, LOC Faridabad, LOC Qila, LOC Humayun, PER Nizamuddin, PER Khusrau, LOC Tomb, LOC New Delhi, LOC Mughal Empire, LOC Red Fort, PER Mir Taqi Mir, LOC Uttar Pradesh, LOC British Indian Empire, LOC Yamuna, LOC Tokyo, LOC India, LOC Ghaziabad, PER Mirza Ghalib, LOC Auliya, LOC Noida, LOC Indraprastha, LOC South Asia, LOC National Capital Region, LOC Dominion of India", "Response": "Delhi, officially the National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi, is a city and a union territory of India containing New Delhi, the capital of India. Straddling the Yamuna river, primarily its western or right bank, Delhi shares borders with the state of Uttar Pradesh in the east and with the state of Haryana in the remaining directions. The NCT covers an area of 1,484 square kilometres (573 sq mi). According to the 2011 census, Delhi's city proper population was over 11 million, while the NCT's population was about 16.8 million. Delhi's urban agglomeration, which includes the satellite cities Ghaziabad, Faridabad, Gurgaon and Noida in an area known as the National Capital Region (NCR), has an estimated population of over 28 million, making it the largest metropolitan area in India and the second-largest in the world (after Tokyo).The topography of the medieval fort Purana Qila on the banks of the river Yamuna matches the literary description of the citadel Indraprastha in the Sanskrit epic Mahabharata; however, excavations in the area have revealed no signs of an ancient built environment. From the early 13th century until the mid-19th century, Delhi was the capital of two major empires, the Delhi sultanate and the Mughal Empire, which covered large parts of South Asia. All three UNESCO World Heritage Sites in the city, the Qutub Minar, Humayun's Tomb, and the Red Fort, belong to this period. Delhi was the early centre of Sufism and Qawwali music.  The names of Nizamuddin Auliya and Amir Khusrau are prominently associated with it. The Khariboli dialect of Delhi was part of a linguistic development that gave rise to the literature of the Urdu language and then of Modern Standard Hindi. Major Urdu poets from Delhi include Mir Taqi Mir and Mirza Ghalib. Delhi was a major centre of the Indian Rebellion of 1857. In 1911, New Delhi, a southern region within Delhi, became the capital of the British Indian Empire.  During the Partition of India in 1947, Delhi was transformed from a Mughal city to a Punjabi one, losing two-thirds of its Muslim residents, in part due to the pressure brought to bear by arriving Hindu and Sikh refugees from western Punjab. After independence in 1947, New Delhi continued as the capital of the Dominion of India, and after 1950 of the Republic of India.\nDelhi ranks fifth among the Indian states and union territories in human development index. Delhi has the second-highest GDP per capita in India (after Goa). Although a union territory, the political administration of the NCT of Delhi today more closely resembles that of a state of India, with its own legislature, high court and an executive council of ministers headed by a Chief Minister. New Delhi is jointly administered by the federal government of India and the local government of Delhi, and serves as the capital of the nation as well as the NCT of Delhi. Delhi is also the centre of the National Capital Region, which is an \"interstate regional planning\" area created in 1985.\nDelhi hosted the inaugural 1951 Asian Games, the 1982 Asian Games, the 1983 Non-Aligned Movement summit, the 2010 Men's Hockey World Cup, the 2010 Commonwealth Games, and the 2012 BRICS summit and was one of the major host cities of the 2011 Cricket World Cup."}, {"Context": "Delhi Toponym", "Knowledge": "LOC Gangetic Plain, LOC Dhilli, PER Prithiviraja, LOC dehali, ORG Archaeological Survey of India, LOC Dhillika, LOC \u0926\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0940, PER Prithviraj, LOC Delhi, LOC Dilu, PER Alexander Cunningham, LOC Purana Qila, LOC Dhillu, ORG Tomaras, LOC Indraprastha", "Response": "There are a number of myths and legends associated with the origin of the name Delhi. One of them is derived from Dhillu or Dilu, a king who built a city at this location in 50 BCE and named it after himself. Another legend holds that the name of the city is based on the Hindi/Prakrit word dhili (loose) and that it was used by the Tomaras to refer to the city because the iron pillar of Delhi had a weak foundation and had to be moved. According to Panjab Notes and Queries, the name of the city at the time of King Prithviraj was dilpat, and that dilpat and dilli are probably derived from the old Hindi word dil meaning \"eminence\". The former director of the Archaeological Survey of India, Alexander Cunningham, mentioned that dilli later became dihli/dehli. Some suggest the coins in circulation in the region under the Tomaras were called dehliwal. According to the Bhavishya Purana, King Prithiviraja of Indraprastha built a new fort in the modern-day Purana Qila area for the convenience of all four castes in his kingdom. He ordered the construction of a gateway to the fort and later named the fort dehali. Some historians believe that Dhilli or Dhillika is the original name for the city while others believe the name could be a corruption of the Hindustani words dehleez or dehali\u2014both terms meaning \"threshold\" or \"gateway\"\u2014and symbolic of the city as a gateway to the Gangetic Plain.The people of Delhi are referred to as Delhiites or Dilliwalas. The city is referenced in various idioms of the Northern Indo-Aryan languages. Examples include:\n\nAbh\u012b Dill\u012b d\u016br hai (\u0905\u092d\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0940 \u0926\u0942\u0930 \u0939\u0948 / \u0627\u0628\u06be\u06cc \u062f\u0644\u06cc \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u06c1\u06d2) or its Persian version, Hanuz Dehli dur ast (\u0647\u0646\u0648\u0632 \u062f\u0647\u0644\u06cc \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a), literally meaning \"Delhi is still far away\", which is generically said about a task or journey still far from completion.\n\u0100s-p\u0101s barse, Dill\u012b p\u0101n\u012b tarse (\u0906\u0938-\u092a\u093e\u0938 \u092c\u0930\u0938\u0947, \u0926\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0924\u0930\u0938\u0947 \\ \u0622\u0633 \u067e\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0631\u0633\u06d2\u060c \u062f\u0644\u06cc \u067e\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u062a\u0631\u0633\u06d2), literally meaning \"It pours all around, while Delhi lies parched\". An allusion to the sometimes semi-arid climate of Delhi, it idiomatically refers to situations of deprivation when one is surrounded by plenty.The form Delhi, used in Latin script and strangely with an h following an l, originated under colonial rule and is a corrupt spelling based on the Urdu name of the city (\u062f\u06c1\u0644\u06cc, Dehli)."}, {"Context": "Delhi Ancient and Early Medieval Periods", "Knowledge": "LOC Srinivaspuri, LOC Yamuna, LOC Lal Kot, PER Anang Pal, PER Tomara, LOC Delhi, PER Ashoka, LOC Purana Qila, LOC Qila Rai Pithora, PER Vigraharaj Chauhan, LOC Indraprastha, PER Catherine B. Asher", "Response": "Traditionally seven cities have been associated with the region of Delhi.  The earliest, Indraprastha, is part of a literary description in the Sanskrit epic Mahabharata (composed c. 400 BCE to 200 CE but describing an earlier time) which situates a city on a knoll on the banks of the river Yamuna.  According to art historian Catherine B. Asher, the topographical description of the Mahabharata matches the area of Purana Qila, a 14th-century CE fort of the Delhi sultanate, but the analogy does not go much further. Whereas the Mahabharata speaks of a beautifully decorated city with surrounding fortification, the excavations have yielded \"uneven findings of painted grey pottery characteristic of the eleventh century BCE; no signs of a built environment, much fewer fortifications, have been revealed.\"The earliest architectural relics date back to the Maurya period (c. 300 BCE); in 1966, an inscription of the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka (273\u2013235 BCE) was discovered near Srinivaspuri. Remains of several major cities can be found in Delhi. The first of these was in the southern part of present-day Delhi. King Anang Pal of the Tomara dynasty built Lal Kot and several temples in 1052 CE. Vigraharaj Chauhan conquered Lal Kot in the mid-12th century and renamed it Qila Rai Pithora."}, {"Context": "Delhi Late Medieval Period", "Knowledge": "LOC Tarain, PER Iltutmish, LOC Jarkurgan, LOC Ghurid, PER Qutb - ud - din Aibak, LOC Delhi Sultanate, LOC Narmada River, LOC Delhi, LOC Maharashtra, PER Razia, LOC Qutb Minar, LOC Delhi sultanate, LOC Ghaznavid, LOC Quwwat - al - Islam, PER Firoz Shah Tughlaq, PER Qutb - ud - din, LOC Deccan, LOC Mamluk Sultanate, PER Ala - ud - din Khalji, PER Muhammad Ghori, PER Lodi, PER Khalji, PER Muhammad bin Tughluq, PER Jalal ud din Firuz Khalji, LOC Central Asia, LOC Daulatabad, PER Prithviraj Chauhan, LOC Ghor, PER Mamluk, LOC India, PER Illtutmish, LOC Ghori, PER Ghori, PER Timur", "Response": "Prithviraj Chauhan was defeated in 1192 by Muhammad Ghori in the second battle of Tarain. Qutb-ud-din Aibak, was given the responsibility of governing the conquered territories of India after Ghori returned to his capital, Ghor. When Ghori died without an heir in 1206 CE,  Qutb-ud-din assumed control of Ghori's Indian possessions, and laid the foundation of the Delhi Sultanate and the Mamluk dynasty. He began construction of the Qutb Minar and Quwwat-al-Islam (Might of Islam) mosque, the earliest extant mosque in India. It was his successor, Iltutmish (1211\u20131236), who consolidated the Turkic conquest of northern India.  At 72.5 m (238 ft), the Qutb Minar, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Delhi, was completed during the reign of Sultan Illtutmish in the 13th century. Although its style has some similarities with the Jarkurgan minaret, it is more closely related to the Ghaznavid and Ghurid minarets of Central Asia Razia, daughter of Iltutmish, became the Sultana of Delhi upon the former's death.\nFor the next three hundred years, Delhi was ruled by a succession of Turkic and an Afghan, Lodi dynasty. They built several forts and townships that are part of the seven cities of Delhi. Delhi was a major centre of Sufism during this period. The Mamluk Sultanate (Delhi) was overthrown in 1290 by Jalal ud din Firuz Khalji (1290\u20131320). Under the second Khalji ruler, Ala-ud-din Khalji, the Delhi sultanate extended its control south of the Narmada River in the Deccan. The Delhi sultanate reached its greatest extent during the reign of Muhammad bin Tughluq (1325\u20131351). In an attempt to bring the whole of the Deccan under control, he moved his capital to Daulatabad, Maharashtra in central India. However, by moving away from Delhi he lost control of the north and was forced to return to Delhi to restore order. The southern provinces then broke away. In the years following the reign of Firoz Shah Tughlaq (1351\u20131388), the Delhi Sultanate rapidly began to lose its hold over its northern provinces. Delhi was captured and sacked by Timur in 1398, who massacred 100,000 captive civilian. Delhi's decline continued under the Sayyid dynasty (1414\u20131451), until the sultanate was reduced to Delhi and its hinterland. Under the Afghan Lodi dynasty (1451\u20131526), the Delhi sultanate recovered control of Punjab and the Gangetic plain to once again achieve domination over Northern India. However, the recovery was short-lived and the sultanate was destroyed in 1526 by Babur, founder of the Mughal dynasty."}, {"Context": "Delhi Early Modern Period", "Knowledge": "LOC Fergana Valley, PER Sher Shah Suri, LOC Delhi, PER Muhammad Shah I, LOC Daria - i - Noor, PER Nader Shah, LOC Bharatpur State, PER Ahmad Shah Durrani, PER Babur, LOC Hindu Maratha Empire, LOC Afghan Empire, LOC Persia, PER Genghis Khan, LOC Marathas, LOC Uzbekistan, PER Aurangzeb, LOC Mughal Empire, PER Hemu, LOC Deccan Plateau, LOC Shahjahanabad, PER Nader, LOC Old Delhi, PER Baji Rao I, LOC India, ORG Sikh Empire, PER Lodhi, LOC Old City, LOC Peacock Throne, LOC Koh - i - Noor, PER Shah Jahan, PER Timur, LOC Agra", "Response": "In 1526, Babur a descendant of Genghis Khan and Timur, from the Fergana Valley in modern-day Uzbekistan invaded India, defeated the last Lodhi sultan in the First Battle of Panipat and founded the Mughal Empire that ruled from Delhi and Agra. The Mughal dynasty ruled Delhi for more than three centuries, with a sixteen-year hiatus during the reigns of Sher Shah Suri and Hemu from 1540 to 1556.  Shah Jahan built the seventh city of Delhi that bears his name Shahjahanabad, which served as the capital of the Mughal Empire from 1638 and is today known as the Old City or Old Delhi.After the death of Aurangzeb in 1707, the Mughal Empire's influence declined rapidly as the Hindu Maratha Empire from Deccan Plateau rose to prominence. In 1737, Maratha forces led by Baji Rao I sacked Delhi following their victory against the Mughals in the First Battle of Delhi. In 1739, the Mughal Empire lost the huge Battle of Karnal in less than three hours against the numerically outnumbered but militarily superior Persian army led by Nader Shah of Persia. After his invasion, he completely sacked and looted Delhi, carrying away immense wealth including the Peacock Throne, the Daria-i-Noor, and Koh-i-Noor. The Mughals, severely further weakened, could never overcome this crushing defeat and humiliation which also left the way open for more invaders to come, including eventually the British. Nader eventually agreed to leave the city and India after forcing the Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah I to beg him for mercy and granting him the keys of the city and the royal treasury. A treaty signed in 1752 made Marathas the protectors of the Mughal throne in Delhi. The city was sacked again in 1757 by the forces of Ahmad Shah Durrani, although it was not annexed by the Afghan Empire and being its vassal state under the Mughal emperor. Then the Marathas battled and won control of Delhi from the Mughals. By the end of the century, Delhi had also come under control of the Bharatpur State and the Sikh Empire."}, {"Context": "Delhi Colonial Period", "Knowledge": "ORG British Government, ORG Union of India, LOC Punjab, LOC India, LOC Delhi, LOC Lutyens, ORG East India Company, LOC New Delhi, LOC Calcutta, ORG British East India Company", "Response": "In 1803, during the Second Anglo-Maratha War, the forces of British East India Company defeated the Maratha forces in the Battle of Delhi.\nDuring the Indian Rebellion of 1857, Delhi fell to the forces of East India Company after a bloody fight known as the Siege of Delhi. The city came under the direct control of the British Government in 1858. It was made a district province of the Punjab. In 1911, it was announced that the capital of British-held territories in India was to be transferred from Calcutta to Delhi. This formally transferred on 12 December 1911.The name \"New Delhi\" was given in 1927, and the new capital was inaugurated on 13 February 1931. New Delhi was officially declared as the capital of the Union of India after the country gained independence on 15 August 1947.  It has expanded since; the small part of it that was constructed during the British period has come to be informally known as Lutyens' Delhi."}, {"Context": "Delhi Partition and post-independence", "Knowledge": "LOC India, LOC Pakistan, LOC Union Territory of Delhi, LOC Union Territory, LOC National Capital Territory of Delhi, LOC West Punjab, LOC Delhi, PER Indira Gandhi, ORG Parliament of India, LOC New Delhi", "Response": "During the partition of India, around five hundred thousand Hindu and Sikh refugees, mainly from West Punjab fled to Delhi, while around three hundred thousand Muslim residents of the city migrated to Pakistan. Ethnic Punjabis are believed to account for at least 40% of Delhi's total population and are predominantly Hindi-speaking Punjabi Hindus. Migration to Delhi from the rest of India continues (as of 2013), contributing more to the rise of Delhi's population than the birth rate, which is declining.The States Reorganisation Act, 1956 created the Union Territory of Delhi from its predecessor, the Chief Commissioner's Province of Delhi.\nThe Constitution (Sixty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1991 declared the Union Territory of Delhi to be formally known as the National Capital Territory of Delhi. The Act gave Delhi its legislative assembly along Civil lines, though with limited powers.Delhi was the primary site in the nationwide anti-Sikh pogroms of 1984, which resulted in the death of around 2,800 people in the city according to government figures, though independent estimates of the number of people killed tend to be higher. The riots were set off by the assassination of Indira Gandhi\u2014the Prime Minister of India at the time\u2014by her Sikh bodyguards.In 2001, the Parliament of India building in New Delhi was attacked by armed militants, killing six security personnel. India suspected Pakistan-based Jihadist militant groups were behind the attack, which caused a major diplomatic crisis between the two countries. There were further terrorist attacks in Delhi in 2005 and 2008, resulting in a total of 92 deaths.  The 2020 Delhi riots, Delhi's worst communal violence in decades, was caused mainly by Hindu mobs attacking Muslims. Of the 53 people killed, two-thirds were Muslims, and the rest Hindus."}, {"Context": "Delhi Geography", "Knowledge": "LOC Northern India, LOC Yamuna, LOC Aravalli Range, LOC Punjab, LOC Ghaziabad, LOC India, LOC Hindon River, LOC UP, LOC Yamuna River, LOC Uttar Pradesh, LOC National Capital Territory of Delhi, LOC Delhi, LOC Haryana", "Response": "Delhi is located in Northern India, at 28.61\u00b0N 77.23\u00b0E\ufeff / 28.61; 77.23. The city is bordered on its northern, western, and southern sides by the state of Haryana and to the east by that of Uttar Pradesh (UP). Two prominent features of the geography of Delhi are the Yamuna flood plains and the Delhi ridge. The Yamuna River was the historical boundary between Punjab and UP, and its flood plains provide fertile alluvial soil suitable for agriculture but are prone to recurrent floods. The Yamuna, a sacred river in Hinduism, is the only major river flowing through Delhi. The Hindon River separates Ghaziabad from the eastern part of Delhi. The Delhi ridge originates from the Aravalli Range in the south and encircles the west, northeast, and northwest parts of the city. It reaches a height of 318 m (1,043 ft) and is a dominant feature of the region. In addition to the wetlands formed by the Yamuna river, Delhi continues to retain over 500 ponds (wetlands < 5 ha), that in turn support considerable number of bird species. Delhi's ponds, despite experiencing ecological deterioration due to garbage dumping and concretization, supports the largest number of bird species known to be using ponds anywhere in the world. Existing policy in Delhi prevents the conversion of wetlands and, quite inadvertently, has led to the city's ponds becoming invaluable refugia for birds.The National Capital Territory of Delhi covers an area of 1,483 km2 (573 sq mi), of which 783 km2 (302 sq mi) is designated rural, and 700 km2 (270 sq mi) urban therefore making it the largest city in terms of area in the country. It has a length of 51.9 km (32 mi) and a width of 48.48 km (30 mi).Delhi is included in India's seismic zone-IV, indicating its vulnerability to major earthquakes."}, {"Context": "Delhi Climate", "Knowledge": "LOC Delhi, LOC Mungeshpur, LOC Safdarjung", "Response": "Delhi features a dry-winter humid subtropical climate (K\u00f6ppen Cwa) bordering a hot semi-arid climate (K\u00f6ppen BSh). The warm season lasts from 21 March to 15 June with an average daily high temperature above 39 \u00b0C (102 \u00b0F). The hottest day of the year is 22 May, with an average high of 40 \u00b0C (104 \u00b0F) and low of 28 \u00b0C (82 \u00b0F). The cold season lasts from 26 November to 9 February with an average daily high temperature below 20 \u00b0C (68 \u00b0F). The coldest day of the year is 4 January, with an average low of 2 \u00b0C (36 \u00b0F) and high of 14 \u00b0C (57 \u00b0F). In early March, the wind direction changes from north-westerly to south-westerly. From April to October the weather is hot. The monsoon arrives at the end of June, along with an increase in humidity. The brief, mild winter starts in late November, peaks in January and heavy fog often occurs.Temperatures in Delhi usually range from 2 to 46 \u00b0C (35.6 to 114.8 \u00b0F), with the lowest and highest temperatures ever recorded being \u22122.2 and 49.2 \u00b0C (28.0 and 120.6 \u00b0F), respectively. However, 49.2 \u00b0C (120.6 \u00b0F) was recorded at Mungeshpur on 15 May 2022 whereas one of the main weathering station, that is, Airport station recorded all time high of 48.4 \u00b0C (119.1 \u00b0F) on 26 May 1998. The lowest ever temperature ever recorded is \u22122.2 \u00b0C (28.0 \u00b0F) at airport on 11 January 1967. The highest temperature ever recorded in Safdarjung is 47.2 \u00b0C (117.0 \u00b0F) on 29 May 1944 & lowest recorded is \u22120.6 \u00b0C (30.9 \u00b0F) on 16 January 1935. On January 8 2006 Delhi recorded minimum temperature of 0.2 \u00b0C (32.4 \u00b0F), the coldest in 70 years. On December 30 2019 Delhi recorded lowest maximum temp ever at 9.4 \u00b0C (48.9 \u00b0F) at Safdarjung & 7.7 \u00b0C (45.9 \u00b0F) at Mungeshpur. On January 1 2021 Delhi recorded temperature of 1.1 \u00b0C (34.0 \u00b0F), the coldest in 15 years. The annual mean temperature is 25 \u00b0C (77 \u00b0F); monthly mean temperatures range from 13 to 32 \u00b0C (55 to 90 \u00b0F). The highest temperature recorded in July in Safdarjung, Palam, Ayanagar & Delhi Ridge are 45 \u00b0C (113 \u00b0F) on 1 July 1931, 45.7 \u00b0C (114.3 \u00b0F) on 5 July 1987,  44.8 \u00b0C (112.6 \u00b0F) on 11 July 1982 & 42.5 \u00b0C (108.5 \u00b0F) on 7 July 2009 respectively. The average annual rainfall is approximately 779 mm (30.7 in) according to 1961-2010 Long Period Average, most of which falls during the monsoon in July and August. But it was revised to 774.4 mm (30.49 in) according to 1971-2020 Long Period Average. The average date of the advent of monsoon winds in Delhi was 29 June but it was revised to 27 June in 2020. On January 2022 Palam broke all time high monthly rainfall  at 110 mm (4.3 in) which is double it's previous record of 55.0 mm (2.17 in) in 1973."}, {"Context": "Delhi Air pollution", "Knowledge": "LOC India, ORG Centre for Science and Environment, ORG Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers, ORG Supreme Court, ORG WHO, ORG CSE, ORG Ministry of Earth Sciences, LOC Delhi, ORG PM, ORG World Health Organization, ORG SIAM", "Response": "According to the World Health Organization (WHO), Delhi was the most polluted city in the world in 2014. In 2016 WHO downgraded Delhi to eleventh-worst in the urban air quality database. According to one estimate, air pollution causes the death of about 10,500 people in Delhi every year. Air quality index of Delhi is generally moderate (101\u2013200) level between January to September, and then it drastically deteriorates to Very Poor (301\u2013400), Severe (401\u2013500) or Hazardous (500+) levels in three months between October to December, due to various factors including stubble burning, fire crackers burning during Diwali and cold weather. During 2013\u201314, peak levels of fine particulate matter (PM) in Delhi increased by about 44%, primarily due to high vehicular and industrial emissions, construction work and crop burning in adjoining states. It has the highest level of the airborne particulate matter, PM2.5 considered most harmful to health, with 153 micrograms.Rising air pollution level has significantly increased lung-related ailments (especially asthma and lung cancer) among Delhi's children and women. The dense smog and haze in Delhi during winter results in major air and rail traffic disruptions every year. According to Indian meteorologists, the average maximum temperature in Delhi during winters has declined notably since 1998 due to rising air pollution.India's Ministry of Earth Sciences published a research paper in October 2018 attributing almost 41% of PM2.5 air pollution in Delhi to vehicular emissions, 21.5% to dust/fire and 18% to industries. The director of Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) alleged that the Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers (SIAM) is lobbying \"against the report\" because it is \"inconvenient\" to the automobile industry. Environmentalists have also criticised the Delhi government for not doing enough to curb air pollution and to inform people about air quality issues. In 2014, an environmental panel appealed to India's Supreme Court to impose a 30% cess on diesel cars, but till date no action has been taken to penalise the automobile industry.Most of Delhi's residents are unaware of alarming levels of air pollution in the city and the health risks associated with it. In 2020, annual average PM2.5 in the Delhi, stood at 107.6 \u00b5g/m\u00b3, which is almost 21.5 times the World Health Organization PM2.5 Guideline (5 \u00b5g/m\u00b3: set in September, 2021). These pollution levels are estimated to reduce the Life Expectancy of an average person living in Delhi by almost 10.1 years.However, as of 2015, awareness, particularly among the foreign diplomatic community and high-income Indians, was noticeably increasing. Since the mid-1990s, Delhi has undertaken some measures to curb air pollution\u2014Delhi has the third-highest quantity of trees among Indian cities and the Delhi Transport Corporation operates the world's largest fleet of environmentally friendly compressed natural gas (CNG) buses. In 1996, the CSE started a public interest litigation in the Supreme Court of India that ordered the conversion of Delhi's fleet of buses and taxis to run on CNG and banned the use of leaded petrol in 1998. In 2003, Delhi won the United States Department of Energy's first 'Clean Cities International Partner of the Year' award for its \"bold efforts to curb air pollution and support alternative fuel initiatives\". The Delhi Metro has also been credited for significantly reducing air pollutants in the city.However, according to several authors, most of these gains have been lost, especially due to stubble burning, a rise in the market share of diesel cars and a considerable decline in bus ridership. According to CSE and System of Air Quality Weather Forecasting and Research (SAFAR), burning of agricultural waste in nearby Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh regions results in severe intensification of smog over Delhi."}, {"Context": "Delhi Civic administration", "Knowledge": "LOC Chandni Chowk, LOC SP - City, LOC Sadar Bazar, LOC Rohini Court Complex, LOC Tis Hazari Court Complex, LOC South, LOC Kondli, LOC East Delhi, LOC Saket Court Complex, LOC Delhi, LOC North Delhi, LOC Narela, LOC Mangolpuri, LOC Patiala House, LOC Shahadra, LOC Gonda, ORG District, LOC Rohini, LOC Keshavpuram, LOC National Capital Territory of Delhi, ORG Municipal Corporation of Delhi, LOC R K Puram, LOC Shahdara North, LOC Malviya Nagar, LOC Municipality of Delhi, LOC Delhi Cantonment, LOC Badli, LOC New Delhi, LOC Model Town, LOC South Delhi, LOC Kirari, LOC Matia Mahal, LOC Dwarka, LOC Karawal Nagar, ORG High, LOC Shahdara South, LOC Bawana, LOC Patparganj, ORG Court, LOC Rajouri Garden, LOC West, LOC Karol Bagh, ORG MCD, LOC Greater Kailash, LOC Babarpur, LOC Karkardooma Court Complex, LOC Jungpura, LOC Rithala, LOC Seemapuri, LOC Janakpuri, LOC Tri Nagar, ORG Delhi Cantonment, LOC Mahipalpur, ORG New Delhi Municipal Council, LOC Kalkaji, LOC Ambedkar Nagar, LOC Moti Nagar, ORG High Court of Delhi, LOC West Delhi, LOC Tilak Nagar, LOC Centre, ORG Supreme Court, LOC Civil Lines, LOC India, LOC Pul pehladpur, LOC Jaitpur, LOC Dwarka Courts Complex, LOC Hari Nagar, LOC Badarpur, LOC Najafgarh, LOC Delhi Municipality, LOC Laxmi Nagar, LOC Rouse Avenue", "Response": "Currently, the National Capital Territory of Delhi is made up of one division, 11 districts, 33 subdivisions, 59 census towns, and 300 villages.The National Capital Territory of Delhi is divided into three municipalities, Delhi Municipality, New Delhi and Delhi Cantonment, each with their own governance apparatus. The Municipality of Delhi is administered by Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD) which occupies an area of 1397.3 km2 and is sub-divided into 12 zones, that is, Centre, South, West, Najafgarh, Rohini, Civil Lines, Karol Bagh, SP-City, Keshavpuram, Narela, Shahdara North and Shahdara South. Municipal services in New Delhi, which occupies an area of 42.7 km2, are provided by the New Delhi Municipal Council and Delhi Cantonment is administered by a Cantonment board.\nBetween 2011 and 22 May 2022 Delhi Municipality was divided into three municipal corporations:\nSouth Delhi had jurisdiction over South and West Delhi areas including Mahipalpur, Rajouri Garden, Badarpur, Jaitpur, Janakpuri, Hari Nagar, Tilak Nagar, Dwarka, Jungpura, Greater Kailash, R K Puram, Malviya Nagar, Kalkaji, Ambedkar Nagar and Pul pehladpur.\nNorth Delhi had jurisdiction over areas such as Badli, Rithala, Bawana, Kirari, Mangolpuri, Tri Nagar, Model Town, Sadar Bazar, Chandni Chowk, Matia Mahal, Karol Bagh, Moti Nagar\nEast Delhi had jurisdiction over areas such as Patparganj, Kondli, Laxmi Nagar, Seemapuri, Gonda, Karawal Nagar, Babarpur and Shahadra.Delhi is home to the High Court of Delhi. The High Court of Delhi is the highest in the Delhi before Supreme Court. The High Court of Delhi just like the apex court and other High Courts in India is the Court of record.   Delhi is also home to various District Court according to jurisdictions. Delhi have Currently seven District Courts namely Tis Hazari Court Complex,  Karkardooma Court Complex, Patiala House Court Complex, Rohini Court Complex, Dwarka Courts Complex, Saket Court Complex, and Rouse Avenue Court \nApart from the District Courts Delhi also have Consumer Courts, CBI Courts, Labour Courts, Revenue Courts, Army tribunals, electricity tribunals, Railway Tribunals, and other various tribunals situated according to appropriate jurisdictions.For policing purposes Delhi is divided into fifteen police districts which are further subdivided into 95 local police station zones. Delhi currently has 180 police stations."}, {"Context": "Delhi Government and politics", "Knowledge": "LOC National, ORG Supreme Court of India, LOC NCT, ORG Government of, LOC Delhi, ORG Aam Aadmi Party, ORG Cabinet Secretariat, ORG Indian National Congress, LOC Presidential Palace, ORG Congress, LOC National Capital Territory of Delhi, ORG Parliament of India, LOC New Delhi, ORG Delhi Legislative Assembly, ORG Capital Territory of Delhi, PER Madan Lal Khurana, ORG Bharatiya Janata Party, ORG AAP, ORG Rashtrapati Bhavan, PER Arvind Kejriwal, PER Sheila Dikshit, ORG Government of India, ORG Legislative Assembly, ORG BJP, ORG Lok Sabha", "Response": "As a first-level administrative division, the National Capital Territory of Delhi has its own Legislative Assembly, Lieutenant Governor, the council of ministers, and Chief Minister. Members of the legislative assembly are directly elected from territorial constituencies in the NCT. The legislative assembly was abolished in 1956, after which direct federal control was implemented until it was re-established in 1993. The Municipal corporation handles civic administration for the city as part of the Panchayati Raj Act. The Government of India and the Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi jointly administer New Delhi, where both bodies are located. The Parliament of India, the Rashtrapati Bhavan (Presidential Palace), Cabinet Secretariat, and the Supreme Court of India are located in the municipal district of New Delhi. There are 70 assembly constituencies and seven Lok Sabha (Indian parliament's lower house) constituencies in Delhi.\nThe Indian National Congress (Congress) formed all the governments in Delhi until the 1990s, when the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), led by Madan Lal Khurana, came to power. In 1998, the Congress returned to power under the leadership of Sheila Dikshit, who was subsequently re-elected for 3 consecutive terms. But in 2013, the Congress was ousted from power by the newly formed Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) led by Arvind Kejriwal forming the government with outside support from the Congress. However, that government was short-lived, collapsing only after 49 days. Delhi was then under President's rule until February 2015. On 10 February 2015, the Aam Aadmi Party returned to power after a landslide victory, winning 67 out of the 70 seats in the Delhi Legislative Assembly."}, {"Context": "Delhi Economy", "Knowledge": "LOC Delhi, ORG SDP, ORG NCT, LOC India", "Response": "Delhi is the largest commercial center in northern India. As of 2016 recent estimates of the economy of the Delhi urban area have been around $370 billion (PPP metro GDP) ranking it either the most or second-most productive metro area of India. The nominal GSDP of the NCT of Delhi for 2016\u201317 was estimated at \u20b96,224 billion (US$78 billion), 13% higher than in 2015\u201316.\nAs per the Economic survey of Delhi (2005\u20132006), the tertiary sector contributes 70.95% of Delhi's gross SDP followed by secondary and primary sectors with 25.20% and 3.85% contributions, respectively. Delhi's workforce constitutes 32.82% of the population, and increased by 52.52% between 1991 and 2001. Delhi's unemployment rate decreased from 12.57% in 1999\u20132000 to 4.63% in 2003. In December 2004, 636,000 people were registered with various employment exchange programmes in Delhi.In 2001 the total workforce in national and state governments and the quasi-government sector was 620,000, and the private sector employed 219,000. Key service industries are information technology, telecommunications, hotels, banking, media and tourism. Construction, power, health and community services and real estate are also important to the city's economy. Delhi has one of India's largest and fastest growing retail industries. Manufacturing also grew considerably as consumer goods companies established manufacturing units and headquarters in the city. Delhi's large consumer market and the availability of skilled labour has also attracted foreign investment. In 2001, the manufacturing sector employed 1,440,000 workers and the city had 129,000 industrial units."}, {"Context": "Delhi Utility services", "Knowledge": "ORG BSES Yamuna, ORG Delhi Jal Board, LOC Yamuna, ORG DJB, ORG BSES Rajdhani, ORG Jio, ORG BSNL, ORG MCD, LOC Delhi, ORG Airtel, ORG TPDDL, ORG Vi, ORG Delhi Fire Service, LOC Ganges", "Response": "Delhi's municipal water supply is managed by the Delhi Jal Board (DJB). As of June 2005, it supplied 650 million gallons per day (MGD), whereas the estimated consumption requirement is 963 MGD. The shortfall is met by private and public tube wells and hand pumps. At 240 MGD, the Bhakra storage is DJB's largest water source, followed by the Yamuna and Ganges rivers. Delhi's groundwater level is falling and its population density is increasing, so residents often encounter acute water shortage. Research on Delhi suggests that up to half of the city's water use is unofficial groundwater.In Delhi, daily domestic solid waste production is 8000 tonnes which is dumped at three landfill locations by MCD. The daily domestic waste water production is 470 MGD and industrial waste water is 70 MGD. A large portion of the sewage flows untreated into the Yamuna river.The city's electricity consumption is about 1,265 kWh per capita but the actual demand is higher. In Delhi power distribution is managed by TPDDL and BSES Yamuna & BSES Rajdhani since 2002. The Delhi Fire Service runs 43 fire stations that attend about 15,000 fire and rescue calls per year. The state-owned BSNL and private enterprises such as Airtel, Vi, Jio, and provide telephone and cell phone services to the city. Cellular coverage is available in GSM, CDMA, 3G, 4G and 4G+."}, {"Context": "Delhi Air", "Knowledge": "LOC Indira Gandhi International Airport, LOC Delhi Airport, PER Narendra Modi, ORG Delhi Flying Club, LOC Delhi, LOC NCR, LOC Meerut Airport, LOC Hindon Domestic Airport, LOC Roshanara, LOC Uttar Pradesh, LOC Taj International Airport, ORG Airports Council International, LOC Central Asia, LOC Safdarjung Airport, LOC India, LOC Ghaziabad, LOC Jewar, ORG IGIA, LOC Greater Noida, LOC South Asia", "Response": "Indira Gandhi International Airport, situated to the south-west of Delhi, is the main gateway for the city's domestic and international civilian air traffic. In 2015\u201316, the airport handled more than 48 million passengers, making it the busiest airport in India and South Asia. Terminal 3, which cost \u20b996.8 billion (US$1.2 billion) to construct between 2007 and 2010, handles an additional 37 million passengers annually. In 2010, IGIA was conferred the 4th best airport award in the world in the 15\u201325 million category, by Airports Council International. The airport was rated as the Best airport in the world in the 25\u201340 million passengers category in 2015, by Airports Council International. Delhi Airport was awarded The Best Airport in Central Asia and Best Airport Staff in Central Asia at the Skytrax World Airport Awards 2015. Hindon Domestic Airport in Ghaziabad was inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi as the second airport for the Delhi-NCR Region on 8 March 2019. A second international airport open for commercial flights has been suggested either by expansion of Meerut Airport or construction of a new airport in Greater Noida.\nThe Taj International Airport project in Jewar has been approved by the Uttar Pradesh government.The Delhi Flying Club, established in 1928 with two de Havilland Moth aircraft named Delhi and Roshanara, was based at Safdarjung Airport which started operations in 1929, when it was the Delhi's only airport and the second in India. The airport functioned until 2001; however, in January 2002 the government closed the airport for flying activities because of security concerns following the New York attacks in September 2001. Since then, the club only carries out aircraft maintenance courses and is used for helicopter rides to Indira Gandhi International Airport for VIP including the president and the prime minister."}, {"Context": "Delhi Road", "Knowledge": "ORG Supreme Court of India, LOC Delhi, ORG Delhi NCR, LOC Mumbai, ORG Delhi Transport Corporation, LOC NH, ORG DTC, ORG Public Works Department, ORG Delhi Integrated Multi - Modal Transit System, ORG State, ORG MCD, LOC Anand Vihar, LOC Kolkata, ORG DIMTS, LOC Delhi Gate, ORG PWD, ORG NDMC, ORG Union, LOC Ambedkar Nagar, LOC India, LOC Kashmiri Gate, LOC Sarai Kale Khan, ORG Delhi Cantonment Board, ORG Delhi Development Authority", "Response": "Delhi has the highest road density of 2103 km/100 km2 in India. It is connected to other parts of India by five National Highways: NH 1, NH 2, NH 8, NH 10 and NH 24. The Delhi\u2013Mumbai and Delhi\u2013Kolkata prongs of the Golden Quadrilateral start from the city. The city's road network is maintained by MCD, NDMC, Delhi Cantonment Board, Public Works Department (PWD) and Delhi Development Authority.Buses are the most popular means of road transport catering to about 60% of Delhi's total demand. Delhi has one of India's largest bus transport systems. In 1998, the Supreme Court of India ruled that all public transport vehicles in Delhi must be fuelled by compressed natural gas (CNG) to tackle increasing vehicular pollution. The state-owned Delhi Transport Corporation (DTC) is a major bus service provider which operates the world's largest fleet of CNG-fuelled buses. In addition, cluster scheme buses are operated by Delhi Integrated Multi-Modal Transit System (DIMTS) with the participation of private concessionaires and DTC. In December 2017, the DTC and cluster buses carried over 4.19 million passengers per day. Kashmiri Gate ISBT, Anand Vihar ISBT and Sarai Kale Khan ISBT are the main bus terminals for outstation buses plying to neighbouring states. Delhi's rapid rate of economic development and population growth has resulted in an increasing demand for transport, creating excessive pressure on the city's transport infrastructure. To meet the transport demand, the State and Union government constructed a mass rapid transit system, including the Delhi Metro. Delhi Bus Rapid Transit System runs between Ambedkar Nagar and Delhi Gate.\nPersonal vehicles especially cars also form a major chunk of vehicles plying on Delhi roads. As of 2007, private vehicles account for 30% of the total demand for transport. Delhi has the highest number of registered cars compared to any other metropolitan city in India. Taxis, auto rickshaws, and cycle rickshaws also ply on Delhi roads in large numbers. As of 2008, the number of vehicles in the metropolitan region, Delhi NCR, was 11.2 million (11.2 million). In 2008, there were 85 cars in Delhi for every 1,000 of its residents. In 2017, the number of vehicles in Delhi city alone crossed the ten million mark with the transport department of Delhi Government putting the total number of registered vehicles at 10,567,712 until 25 May of the year."}, {"Context": "Delhi Railway", "Knowledge": "ORG DMRC, ORG Northern Railway, LOC Delhi Sarai Rohilla, LOC Faridabad, ORG Delhi Metro, LOC Ghaziabad, LOC Old Delhi, LOC Anand Vihar, LOC Delhi, LOC Hazrat Nizamuddin, ORG Delhi Metro Rail Corporation, LOC Noida, LOC Delhi Cantt, LOC New Delhi, LOC Gurgaon, ORG Delhi Suburban Railway", "Response": "Delhi is a major junction in the Indian railway network and is the headquarters of the Northern Railway. The main railway stations are New Delhi, Old Delhi, Hazrat Nizamuddin, Anand Vihar, Delhi Sarai Rohilla and Delhi Cantt. The Delhi Metro, a mass rapid transit system built and operated by Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC), serves many parts of Delhi and the neighbouring cities Ghaziabad, Faridabad, Gurgaon and Noida. As of December 2021, the metro consists of ten operational lines with a total length of 348.12 km (216.31 mi) and 254 stations, and several other lines are under construction. The Phase-I was built at a cost of US$2.3 billion and the Phase-II was expected to cost an additional \u20b9216 billion (US$2.7 billion). Phase-II has a total length of 128 km and was completed by 2010. Delhi Metro completed 10 years of operation on 25 December 2012. It carries millions of passengers every day. In addition to the Delhi Metro, a suburban railway, the Delhi Suburban Railway exists."}, {"Context": "Delhi Metro", "Knowledge": "LOC National, ORG Government of, LOC Delhi, ORG Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Limited, LOC Gurgaon, ORG Ministry of Urban Development, ORG Mitsubishi, ORG Google Transit, ORG DMRC, LOC Faridabad, PER Padma Vibhushan E. Sreedharan, ORG Metro, ORG Google Maps, ORG Capital Territory of Delhi, ORG Bombardier, LOC Ghaziabad, LOC India, ORG Government of India, ORG CAF, LOC Noida, ORG Google India, PER Man, LOC National Capital Region", "Response": "The Delhi Metro is a rapid transit system serving Delhi, Ghaziabad, Faridabad, Gurgaon and Noida in the National Capital Region of India. Delhi Metro is the world's tenth-largest metro system in terms of length. Delhi Metro was India's second modern public transportation system. The network consists of 10 colour-coded lines serving 255 stations with a total length of 348.12 kilometres (216.31 mi). The system has a mix of underground, at-grade, and elevated stations using both broad-gauge and standard-gauge. All stations have escalators, lifts, and tactile tiles to guide the visually impaired from station entrances to trains. There are 18 designated parking sites at Metro stations to further encourage the use of the system. In March 2010, DMRC partnered with Google India (through Google Transit) to provide train schedule and route information to mobile devices with Google Maps.\nIt has a combination of elevated, at-grade, and underground lines, and uses both broad gauge and standard gauge rolling stock. Four types of rolling stock are used: Mitsubishi\u2013ROTEM Broad gauge, Bombardier MOVIA, Mitsubishi\u2013ROTEM Standard gauge, and CAF Beasain Standard gauge. The Phase-I of Delhi Metro was built for US$2.3 billion and the Phase-II was expected to cost an additional \u20b9216 billion (US$2.7 billion). Phase-II has a total length of 128 km and was completed by 2010. Delhi Metro completed 10 years of operation on 25 December 2012. It carries millions of passengers every day.Delhi Metro is being built and operated by the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Limited (DMRC), a state-owned company with equal equity participation from the Government of India and the Government of the National Capital Territory of Delhi. However, the organization is under the administrative control of the Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India. Besides the construction and operation of the Delhi Metro, DMRC is also involved in the planning and implementation of metro rail, monorail, and high-speed rail projects in India and providing consultancy services to other metro projects in the country as well as abroad. The Delhi Metro project was spearheaded by Padma Vibhushan E. Sreedharan, the managing director of DMRC and popularly known as the \"Metro Man\" of India. He famously resigned from DMRC taking moral responsibility for a metro bridge collapse, which took five lives. Sreedharan was awarded the Legion of Honour by the French Government for his contribution to Delhi Metro."}, {"Context": "Delhi Demographics", "Knowledge": "ORG United Nations, LOC CNCR, LOC National Capital Territory, ORG Demographia, LOC NCT, ORG of India, LOC Delhi, LOC Haryana, LOC Gurgaon, ORG DUSIB, LOC Government, LOC Faridabad, ORG UN, LOC Jakarta, LOC Dwarka Sub City, LOC Uttar Pradesh, LOC DMA, LOC Tokyo, LOC India, LOC Ghaziabad, LOC Noida, LOC Central National Capital, LOC Asia", "Response": "According to the 2011 census of India, the population of the NCT of Delhi is 16,753,235. The corresponding population density was 11,297 persons per km2 with a sex ratio of 866 women per 1000 men, and a literacy rate of 86.34%. In 2004, the birth rate, death rate and infant mortality rate per 1000 population were 20.03, 5.59 and 13.08, respectively. In 2001, the population of Delhi increased by 285,000 as a result of migration and by 215,000 as a result of natural population growth, which made Delhi one of the fastest-growing cities in the world. Dwarka Sub City, Asia's largest planned residential area, is located within the National Capital Territory of Delhi. Urban expansion has resulted in Delhi's urban area now being considered as extending beyond the NCT boundaries to incorporate the towns and cities of neighbouring states including Faridabad and Gurgaon in Haryana, and Ghaziabad and Noida in Uttar Pradesh, the total population of which is estimated by the United Nations to be over 28 million. According to the UN this makes Delhi urban area the world's second-largest urban area after Tokyo, although Demographia declares the Jakarta urban area to be the second-largest. The 2011 census provided two figures for urban area population: 16,314,838 within the NCT boundary, and 21,753,486 for the Extended Urban Area. The 2021 regional plan released by the Government of India renamed the Extended Urban Area from Delhi Metropolitan Area (DMA) as defined by the 2001 plan, to Central National Capital Region (CNCR). Around 49% of the population of Delhi lives in slums and unauthorized colonies without any civic amenities. The majority of these slums have inadequate provisions to the basic facilities and according to a DUSIB report, almost 22% of the people do open defecation.\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\nHinduism is Delhi's predominant religious faith, with 81.68% of Delhi's population, followed by Islam (12.86%), Sikhism (3.40%), Jainism (0.99%), Christianity (0.87%), and Buddhism (0.11%). Other minority religions include Zoroastrianism, Bah\u00e1\u02bc\u00edsm and Judaism.\nAccording to the 50th report of the commissioner for linguistic minorities in India, which was submitted in 2014, Hindi is Delhi's most spoken language, with 80.94% speakers, followed by Punjabi (7.14%), Urdu (6.31%) and Bengali (1.50%). 4.11% of Delhites speak other languages. Hindi is also the official language of Delhi while Urdu and Punjabi have been declared as additional official languages."}, {"Context": "Delhi Culture", "Knowledge": "LOC Jama Masjid, LOC Chandni Chowk, LOC Lotus Temple, LOC Rashtrapati Bhavan, PER Vijay Chowk, LOC Jantar Mantar, LOC National Gallery of Modern Art, LOC Delhi, LOC India Gate, ORG Parliament of, LOC ISKCON temple, LOC Zardozi, LOC Meenakari, LOC National Museum of Natural History, LOC Qutub Minar, LOC Gurudwara Bangla Sahib, LOC National Rail Museum, LOC s Tomb, LOC Akshardham temple, LOC Humayun, LOC Tomb, LOC New Delhi, LOC Red Fort, PER Mahatma Gandhi, ORG Archaeological Survey of India, LOC Rajpath, LOC Secretariat, LOC Raj Ghat, LOC National Museum, LOC Purana Qila, LOC Laxminarayan Temple, ORG Bah\u00e1\u02bc\u00ed House of Worship, LOC National Philatelic Museum, LOC India, ORG Bah\u00e1\u02bc\u00ed, LOC Old City, LOC Safdarjung, LOC Mother Temple", "Response": "Delhi's culture has been influenced by its lengthy history and historic association as the capital of India. Although a strong Punjabi Influence can be seen in language, Dress and Cuisine brought by the large number of refugees who came following the partition in 1947 the recent migration from other parts of India has made it a melting pot. This is exemplified by many significant monuments in the city. The Archaeological Survey of India recognises 1,200 heritage buildings and 175 monuments as national heritage sites.In the Old City, the Mughals and the Turkic rulers constructed several architecturally significant buildings, such as the Jama Masjid\u2014India's largest mosque built in 1656 and the Red Fort. Three World Heritage Sites\u2014the Red Fort, Qutub Minar and Humayun's Tomb\u2014are located in Delhi. Other monuments include the India Gate, the Jantar Mantar\u2014an 18th-century astronomical observatory\u2014and the Purana Qila\u2014a 16th-century fortress. The Laxminarayan Temple, Akshardham temple, Gurudwara Bangla Sahib, the Bah\u00e1\u02bc\u00ed Faith's Lotus Temple and the ISKCON temple are examples of modern architecture. Raj Ghat and associated memorials houses memorials of Mahatma Gandhi and other notable personalities. New Delhi houses several government buildings and official residences reminiscent of British colonial architecture, including the Rashtrapati Bhavan, the Secretariat, Rajpath, the Parliament of India and Vijay Chowk. Safdarjung's Tomb is an example of the Mughal gardens style. Some regal havelis (palatial residences) are in the Old City. Lotus Temple is a Bah\u00e1\u02bc\u00ed House of Worship completed in 1986. Notable for its flowerlike shape, it serves as the Mother Temple of the Indian subcontinent and has become a prominent attraction in the city. The National Museum and National Gallery of Modern Art are some of the largest museums in the country. Other museums in Delhi include the National Museum of Natural History, National Rail Museum and National Philatelic Museum.\nChandni Chowk, a 17th-century market, is one of the most popular shopping areas in Delhi for jewellery and Zari saris. Delhi's arts and crafts include, Zardozi\u2014an embroidery done with gold thread\u2014and Meenakari\u2014the art of enamelling."}, {"Context": "Delhi Festivals", "Knowledge": "LOC Pragati Maidan, PER Krishna Janmastami, LOC Lohri, ORG IITF, LOC Delhi, LOC Qutub Minar, LOC Mehrauli, PER Buddha Jayanti, ORG ITPO, LOC Yogmaya Temple, LOC Durga, LOC New Delhi, LOC Red Fort, LOC Chauth, LOC Holi, PER Khwaja Bakhtiyar Kaki, PER Guru Nanak, LOC India, LOC Eid, PER ul - Fitr, PER Moharram, LOC Asia, PER Maha Shivratri", "Response": "Delhi's association and geographic proximity to the capital, New Delhi, has amplified the importance of national events and holidays like Republic Day, Independence Day (15 August) and Gandhi Jayanti. On Independence Day, the Prime Minister addresses the nation from the Red Fort. The Republic Day Parade is a large cultural and military parade showcasing India's cultural diversity and military strength. Over the centuries, Delhi has become known for its composite culture, and a festival that symbolises this is the Phool Walon Ki Sair, which takes place in September. Flowers and pankhe\u2014fans embroidered with flowers\u2014are offered to the shrine of the 13th-century Sufi saint Khwaja Bakhtiyar Kaki and the Yogmaya Temple, both situated in Mehrauli.Religious festivals include Diwali (the festival of lights), Mahavir Jayanti, Guru Nanak's Birthday, Raksha Bandhan, Durga Puja, Holi, Lohri, Chauth, Krishna Janmastami, Maha Shivratri, Eid ul-Fitr, Moharram and Buddha Jayanti. The Qutub Festival is a cultural event during which performances of musicians and dancers from all over India are showcased at night, with the Qutub Minar as a backdrop. Other events such as Kite Flying Festival, International Mango Festival and Vasant Panchami (the Spring Festival) are held every year in Delhi. The Auto Expo, Asia's largest auto show, is held in Delhi biennially. The New Delhi World Book Fair, held biennially at the Pragati Maidan, is the second-largest exhibition of books in the world. Delhi is often regarded as the \"Book Capital\" of India because of high readership. India International Trade Fair (IITF), organised by ITPO is the biggest cultural and shopping fair of Delhi which takes place in November each year and is visited by more than 1.5 million people."}, {"Context": "Delhi Cuisine", "Knowledge": "LOC Chandni Chowk, LOC Mughal, LOC India, LOC Bukhara, LOC Delhi, LOC Karim Hotel, LOC Gali Paranthe Wali, LOC Punjab Grill", "Response": "As India's national capital and centuries old Mughal capital, Delhi influenced the food habits of its residents and is where Mughlai cuisine originated. Along with Indian cuisine, a variety of international cuisines are popular among the residents. The dearth of food habits among the city's residents created a unique style of cooking which became popular throughout the world, with dishes such as Kebab, biryani, tandoori. The city's classic dishes include butter chicken, dal makhani, shahi paneer, aloo chaat, chaat, dahi bhalla, kachori, gol gappe, samosa, chole bhature, chole kulche, gulab jamun, jalebi and lassi.:\u200a40\u201350,\u200a189\u2013196\u200aThe fast living habits of Delhi's people has motivated the growth of street food outlets.:\u200a41\u200a A trend of dining at local dhabas is popular among the residents. High-profile restaurants have gained popularity in recent years, among the popular restaurants are the Karim Hotel, the Punjab Grill and Bukhara. The Gali Paranthe Wali (the street of fried bread) is a street in Chandni Chowk particularly for food eateries since the 1870s. Almost the entire street is occupied by fast food stalls or street vendors. It has nearly become a tradition that almost every prime minister of India has visited the street to eat paratha at least once. Other Indian cuisines are also available in this area even though the street specialises in north Indian food.:\u200a40\u201350"}, {"Context": "Delhi Education", "Knowledge": "ORG NIOS, ORG CBSE, ORG Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, ORG Netaji Subhas University of Technology, ORG National Law University, ORG Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology, ORG Bar Council of India, LOC Delhi, ORG Central Board for Secondary Education, ORG Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, ORG Jawaharlal Nehru University, ORG Jamia Millia Islamia, ORG Directorate of Education, ORG Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations, ORG Indira Gandhi Institute of Technology, ORG Delhi College of Engineering, ORG Indira Gandhi National Open University, ORG Indian Institute of Technology, ORG University of Delhi, ORG GNCTD, ORG Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women, ORG Faculty of Management Studies, LOC Hauz Khas, ORG Delhi Technological University, ORG CISCE, LOC India, ORG National Institute of Open Schooling, ORG NCT, ORG All India Institute of Medical Sciences, LOC South Asia, ORG Indian Institute of Foreign Trade", "Response": "Private schools in Delhi\u2014which use either English or Hindi as the language of instruction\u2014are affiliated to one of three administering bodies, the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE), the Central Board for Secondary Education (CBSE) or the National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS). In 2004\u201305, approximately 1,529,000 students were enrolled in primary schools, 822,000 in middle schools and 669,000 in secondary schools across Delhi. Female students represented 49% of the total enrolment. The same year, the Delhi government spent between 1.58% and 1.95% of its gross state domestic product on education.Schools and higher educational institutions in Delhi are administered either by the Directorate of Education, the NCT government or private organisations. In 2006, Delhi had 165 colleges, five medical colleges and eight engineering colleges, seven major universities and nine deemed universities.The premier management colleges of Delhi such as Faculty of Management Studies (Delhi) and Indian Institute of Foreign Trade rank the best in India. All India Institute of Medical Sciences Delhi is a premier medical school for treatment and research. National Law University, Delhi is a prominent law school and is affiliated with the Bar Council of India. The Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi situated in Hauz Khas is a premier engineering college of India and ranks as one of the top institutes in South Asia.Delhi Technological University (formerly Delhi College of Engineering), Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women (formerly Indira Gandhi Institute of Technology), Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, Netaji Subhas University of Technology (formerly Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology), Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and National Law University, Delhi are the only state universities. University of Delhi, Jawaharlal Nehru University and Jamia Millia Islamia are the central universities, and Indira Gandhi National Open University is for distance education.\nAs of 2008, about 16% of all Delhi residents possessed at least a college graduate degree.According to the Directorate of Education and GNCTD the following languages are taught in schools in Delhi under the three-language formula:\nFirst language: Hindi, Urdu, English\nSecond language: English\nThird language: Urdu, Punjabi, Bengali, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Kannada, Gujarati, Marathi, Sanskrit, Persian, Arabic"}, {"Context": "Delhi Media", "Knowledge": "ORG Punjab Kesari, ORG Dinamalar, ORG The Hindu, ORG Dinakaran, ORG Malayala Manorama, ORG The Statesman, ORG Amar Ujala, LOC Delhi, ORG The Pioneer, ORG Dainik Jagran, ORG Media Trust of India, ORG Business Standard, ORG The Times of India, ORG Dainik Desbandhu, ORG The Asian Age, ORG Pavitra Bharat, ORG Hindustan Dainik, ORG Navbharat Times, ORG Press Trust of India, ORG FM, LOC India, ORG Hindustan Times, ORG The Indian Express, ORG Doordarshan, ORG Dainik Bhaskar", "Response": "As the capital of India, Delhi is the focus of political reportage, including regular television broadcasts of Parliament sessions. Many national media agencies, including the state-owned Press Trust of India, Media Trust of India and Doordarshan, are based in the city. Television programming includes two free terrestrial television channels offered by Doordarshan, and several Hindi, English, and regional-language cable channels offered by multi system operators. Satellite television has yet to gain a large number of subscribers in the city.Print journalism remains a popular news medium in Delhi. The city's Hindi newspapers include Navbharat Times, Hindustan Dainik, Punjab Kesari, Pavitra Bharat, Dainik Jagran, Dainik Bhaskar, Amar Ujala and Dainik Desbandhu. Amongst the English language newspapers, the Hindustan Times, with a daily circulation of over a million copies, is the single largest daily. Other major English newspapers include The Times of India, The Hindu, The Indian Express, Business Standard, The Pioneer, The Statesman, and The Asian Age. Regional language newspapers include the Malayalam daily Malayala Manorama and the Tamil dailies Dinamalar and Dinakaran.\nRadio is a less popular mass medium in Delhi, although FM radio has gained popularity since the inauguration of several new stations in 2006.\nA number of state-owned and private radio stations broadcast from Delhi."}, {"Context": "Delhi Sports", "Knowledge": "ORG Asian Games Federation, PER Madan Lal, PER Gautam Gambhir, LOC Delhi, PER Shikhar Dhawan, LOC Kotla, ORG Commonwealth Games, PER Chetan Chauhan, LOC New Delhi, LOC Delhi University North Campus, LOC Arun Jaitley Stadium, ORG Olympic Council of Asia, PER Virender Sehwag, LOC Is, ORG Delhi Capitals, LOC Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, LOC India, LOC National Stadium, ORG Delhi University, PER Virat Kohli", "Response": "Delhi hosted the first Asian Games in 1951 from 4 to 11 March. A total of 489 athletes representing 11 Asian National Olympic Committees participated in 57 events from eight sports and discipline. The Games was the successor of the Far Eastern Games and the revival of the Western Asiatic Games. On 13 February 1949, the Asian Games Federation was formally established in Delhi, with Delhi unanimously announced as the first host city of the Asian Games. National Stadium was the venue for all events. Over 40,000 spectators watched the opening ceremony of the Games in National Stadium.Delhi hosted the ninth Asian Games for the second time in 1982 from 19 November to 4 December. This was the second time the city has hosted the Asian Games and was also the first Asian Games to be held under the aegis of the Olympic Council of Asia. A total of 3,411 athletes from 33 National Olympic Committees participated in these games, competing in 196 events in 21 sports and 23 disciplines.  The Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, which has a capacity of 60,000 people, was built purposely for the event and hosted its opening ceremony.Delhi hosted the Nineteenth Commonwealth Games in 2010, which ran from 3 to 14 October and was the largest sporting event held in India. The opening ceremony of the 2010 Commonwealth Games was held at the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, the main stadium of the event, in New Delhi at 7:00 pm Indian Standard Time on 3 October 2010. The ceremony featured over 8,000 performers and lasted for two and a half hours. It is estimated that \u20b93.5 billion (US$44 million) were spent to produce the ceremony. Events took place at 12 competition venues. 20 training venues were used in the Games, including seven venues within Delhi University. The rugby stadium in Delhi University North Campus hosted rugby games for Commonwealth Games.Cricket and football are the most popular sports in Delhi. There are several cricket grounds, or maidans, located across the city. The Arun Jaitley Stadium (known commonly as the Kotla) is one of the oldest cricket grounds in India and is a venue for international cricket matches. It is the home ground of Delhi cricket team and the Indian Premier League franchise Delhi Capitals. The Delhi cricket team represents the city in the Indian domestic tournaments. It has produced several world-class international cricketers such as Virender Sehwag, Virat Kohli, Gautam Gambhir, Madan Lal, Chetan Chauhan, Shikhar Dhawan, Ishant Sharma, Manoj Prabhakar and Bishan Singh Bedi to name a few. The Railways and Services cricket teams of domestic circuit also play their home matches in Delhi, at the Karnail Singh Stadium and the Palam A Stadium, respectively.Ambedkar Stadium, a football stadium in Delhi which holds 21,000 people, was the venue for the Indian football team's World Cup qualifier against UAE on 28 July 2012. Delhi hosted the Nehru Cup in 2007 and 2009, in both of which India defeated Syria 1\u20130. In the Elite Football League of India, Delhi's first professional American football franchise, the Delhi Defenders played its first season in Pune. Buddh International Circuit in Greater Noida, a suburb of Delhi, formerly hosted the Formula 1 Indian Grand Prix."}, {"Context": "Dharamsala Introduction", "Knowledge": "PER Narendra Modi, LOC Jammu, LOC India, LOC Dharamsala, LOC Kashmir, LOC Kangra, LOC Himachal Pradesh, LOC Maharashtra, LOC Dharamshala, PER Virbhadra Singh", "Response": "Dharamshala (; also spelled Dharamsala) is the winter capital of Himachal Pradesh, India. It serves as administrative headquarters of the Kangra district after being relocated from Kangra, a city located 18 km (11 mi) away from Dharamshala, in 1855.\nThe city has been selected as one of a hundred in India to be developed as a smart city under Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi's flagship \"Smart Cities Mission\". On 19 January 2017, the Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh, Virbhadra Singh, declared Dharamshala as the second capital of Himachal Pradesh, making it the third national administrative division of India to have two capitals after the state of Maharashtra and the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir."}, {"Context": "Dharamsala Description", "Knowledge": "LOC Mussoorie, LOC Kaccheri Adda, LOC Naddi, LOC Palampur, LOC Kangra Valley, LOC McLeod Ganj, LOC Kunal Pathri, PER Tenzin Gyatso, ORG CTA, LOC Kotwali Bazar, LOC Forsyth Ganj, LOC Dharamkot, LOC Kangra District, LOC Kangra, LOC Sidhbari, LOC Deodar, LOC Sheela Chowk, LOC Dharamshala, LOC Sidhpur, LOC Ramnagar, LOC Tibet, LOC Bhagsunag, LOC Dari, PER Karmapa, LOC India, LOC Khaniyara, ORG Central Tibetan Administration, PER Dalai Lama, LOC Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association Stadium", "Response": "Dharamshala is a municipal corporation city in the upper reaches of the Kangra Valley and is surrounded by dense coniferous forest consisting mainly of stately Deodar cedar trees. The suburbs include McLeod Ganj, Bhagsunag, Dharamkot, Naddi, Forsyth Ganj, Kotwali Bazar (the main market), Kaccheri Adda (government offices such as the court, police, post, etc.), Dari, Ramnagar, Sidhpur, and Sidhbari (where the Karmapa is based). This place is also famous for its Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association Stadium (2003), which offers opportunities to the youth of state to prepare for their future in the game. McLeod Ganj town, lying in the upper reaches, is known worldwide for being the home of the Dalai Lama. On 29 April 1959, the 14th Dalai Lama (Tenzin Gyatso) established the Tibetan exile administration in the north Indian hill station of Mussoorie. In May 1960, the Central Tibetan Administration (CTA) was moved to Dharamshala, making it the centre of the Tibetan exile world in India. Following the 1959 Tibetan uprising there was an influx of Tibetan refugees who followed the 14th Dalai Lama. His presence and the Tibetan population have made Dharamshala a destination for Indian and foreign tourists, including students studying Tibet.\nAlthough the majority of tea gardens in Kangra District are located in and around Palampur, Dharamshala also has several tea gardens which are prominently situated around Sheela Chowk and extend northwards to Khaniyara. The other tea gardens are at Kunal Pathri. The tea is known as Dharamsala or Kangra tea, and is very popular across India and the rest of the world. Traditionally known for Kangra green tea, Dharamshala now produces all teas including black tea, green tea, oolong tea and white teas, in addition to the popular Kashmiri Kahwa and Masala Chai."}, {"Context": "Dharamsala Etymology", "Knowledge": "LOC Dharamshala", "Response": "Dharamshala (Devanagari: \u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e; ITRANS: Dharmashala; IAST: Dharma\u015b\u0101l\u0101) is a Hindi word (derived from Sanskrit) that is a compound of dharma (\u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e) and sh\u0101l\u0101 (\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e). Literally, \"House or place of Dharma\".\nIn common Hindi usage, the word dharamshala refers to a shelter or rest house for spiritual pilgrims. Traditionally, such dharamshalas (pilgrims' rest houses) were commonly constructed near pilgrimage destinations (often in remote areas) to give visitors a place to sleep for the night. When the first permanent settlement was created in the place now called Dharamshala, there was one such pilgrims' rest house on the site, and the settlement took its name from that Dharamshala."}, {"Context": "Dharamsala Before the British Raj", "Knowledge": "LOC Punjab, LOC Lambagraon, ORG Sikh Empire, LOC Kangra, PER Sansar Chand Katoch, ORG Katoch, LOC Dharamshala, LOC Lahore, PER Maharaja Ranjit Singh", "Response": "Before the British Raj, Dharamshala and its surrounding area was under the Sikh Empire of Lahore. Under the British Raj, the regions were part of undivided province of Punjab, and was ruled by the governors of Punjab from Lahore. The Katoch dynasty that earlier ruled this region had been reduced to status of jagirdars (of Kangra-Lambagraon) under the Treaty of Jawalamukhi, signed in 1810 between Sansar Chand Katoch and Maharaja Ranjit Singh of the Sikh Empire. The indigenous people of the Dharamshala area (and the surrounding region) are the Gaddis, a predominantly Hindu group who traditionally lived a nomadic or semi-nomadic transhumant lifestyle. Due to the lack of permanent settlements in the area, some Gaddis lost their seasonal pastures and farmland when the British and the Gurkhas arrived to settle."}, {"Context": "Dharamsala Settlement by the British and the Gurkhas", "Knowledge": "LOC K\u0101ngra District, ORG Bravest of the Brave, ORG 66th Gurkha Light Infantry, LOC K\u0101ngra, LOC Dhola Dh\u0101r, LOC Gurkha, ORG 1st Gurkha Rifles, LOC Dhauladhar Hills, LOC Khanyara, LOC Bhagsu, LOC Shyamnagar, LOC Bhagsuwalas, LOC dharms\u0101la, LOC Dal, LOC Kangra, LOC Sidhbari, LOC Dharamshala, LOC Ramnagar, LOC Sallagarhi, LOC Bhagsunag, LOC Shiva, LOC Dari, LOC Chaandmaari, LOC Himachal Pradesh, LOC North West Frontier Province, LOC Sadher, LOC Yol, LOC Dharams\u0101la, ORG 21st Gurkha Regiment, LOC Totarani", "Response": "In 1848, the area now known as Dharamshala was annexed by the British.\n\n\"Dharams\u0101la lies on a spur of the Dhola Dh\u0101r, 16 miles north-east of K\u0101ngra, in the midst of wild and picturesque scenery. It originally formed a subsidiary cantonment for the troops stationed at K\u0101ngra, and was first occupied as a station in 1849, when a site was required for a cantonment to accommodate a Native regiment which was being raised in the District. A site was found upon the slopes of the Dhola Dh\u0101r, in a plot of waste land, upon which stood an old Hindu resthouse, or dharms\u0101la, whence the name adopted for the new cantonment. The civil authorities, following the example of the regimental officers, and attracted by the advantages of climate and scenery, built themselves houses in the neighbourhood of the cantonment; and in 1855 the new station was formally recognised as the headquarters of the K\u0101ngra District.\"In 1860, the 66th Gurkha Light Infantry was moved from Kangra, Himachal Pradesh to Dharamshala, which was at first made a subsidiary cantonment. An ideal position for the new base was found on the slopes of the Dhauladhar Hills, near the site of a Hindu sanctuary, or Dharamshala, hence the name of the town. The Battalion was later renamed the historic 1st Gurkha Rifles, this was the beginning of the legend of the Gurkhas, also known as the 'Bravest of the Brave'. Consequently, fourteen Gurkha platoon villages grew from this settlement, and exist to this day, namely Dari, Ramnagar, Shyamnagar, Dal, Totarani, Khanyara, Sadher, Chaandmaari, Sallagarhi, Sidhbari, Yol, and so on. The Gurkhas worshipped at the ancient Shiva temple of Bhagsunag. The Gurkhas referred to Dharamshala as 'Bhagsu' and referred to themselves as Bhagsuwalas.\nThe 21st Gurkha Regiment from Dharamshala performed heroic feats during World War I and the North West Frontier Province campaigns. The Gurkha cantonment then reached its zenith during World War II, when battalions from Dharamshala made history. Many place names in the town still retain their former cantonment terminologies: Depot Bazaar, Pensioners' Lines, Tirah Lines (named after the 19th century Tirah Campaign), Bharatpore Lines (named after the 1826 Battle of Bharatpore).\nThe eighth earl Lord Elgin, Viceroy of India died here (at the 1st Gurkha Rifles Officers' Mess) in 1863 and is buried in the cemetery of St. John in the Wilderness, a small Anglican church distinguished by its stained-glass windows. Dharamshala became a popular hill station for the British working in or near Delhi, offering a cool respite during the hot summer months.\n\n\"Before the earthquake of 1905, the upper part of the station, which rises to a height of 7,112 feet [2,168 metres], contained the European houses, the station church, and the officers' mess and lines of the 1st Gurkhas, together with the public gardens, post office, and two bazars, the Forsyth Ganj and McLeod Ganj. The public offices, a bazar, and a few European houses made up the lower station, as low as 4,500 feet [1,372 metres]. The 1st battalion of the 1st Gurkhas used to be stationed here, but was moved to the upper station in 1894-5.... The public gardens, which were, before the earthquake, laid out with much taste in lawns and terraces, contained a valuable collection of indigenous and imported trees and shrubs, and were overlooked by the Assembly Rooms, a handsome building comprising a public hall, a library and reading-room and a billiard-room. The church was beautifully situated in a recess of the mountain.\"In 1905, the Kangra valley suffered a major earthquake. On 4 April of that year, the earth shook, demolishing much of the cantonment and the neighbouring city of Kangra, Himachal Pradesh as well as the Bhagsunag temple. Altogether, the 1905 Kangra earthquake killed 20,000 people. \"1,625 persons perished at Dharams\u0101la alone, including 15 Europeans and 112 of the Gurkha garrison.\"The Gurkhas rebuilt the town along with the temple, which today is acknowledged as the 1st Gurkha Rifles' heritage. The British had planned to make Dharamshala the summer capital of India, but moved to Shimla after the disaster.\nNot only did the Gurkhas of Dharmshala make a major contribution to India's defence, many were freedom fighters for the Indian National Army, which had been founded by Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose. The Indian National Army Captain Ram Singh Thakur, a Gurkha from the village of Khanyara, composed some of India's most popular and stirring patriotic songs, including \"Kadam Kadam Badaye Ja\". He is acknowledged so by the Netaji Research Bureau, Kolkata. The important contribution of the noted Gurkha social commentator, the late Master Mitrasen Thapa, from the village of Totarani, has been acknowledged by the Himachal Pradesh government. Recently, a park dedicated to the memory of the late Brigadier Sher Jung Thapa, MVC, the 'Hero of Skardu', has been opened alongside the road between Lower and Upper Dharamshala."}, {"Context": "Dharamsala Establishment of Tibetan exile community", "Knowledge": "PER Tenzin Gyatso, ORG Library of Tibetan Works and Archives, LOC India, PER Nehru, PER Jawaharlal Nehru, PER Geshe Lahkdor, LOC Namgyal Monastery, PER Dalai Lama, LOC Tibet, LOC Dharamshala, LOC McLeod Ganj", "Response": "The Tibetan settlement of Dharamshala began in 1959, when the Dalai Lama had to flee Tibet and Jawaharlal Nehru, the then Prime Minister of India allowed him and his followers to settle in McLeod Ganj, a former colonial British summer picnic spot 10 kilometers to the north of Dharamshala. \"Nehru was delighted with the 'forgotten ghost-town wasting in the woods', and offered it to the Dalai Lama.\" There they established the \"government-in-exile\" in 1960 and the Namgyal Monastery. Dharamshala had been connected with Hinduism and Buddhism for a long time, many monasteries having been established there in the past, by Tibetan immigrants in the 19th century.\nIn 1970, Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama opened the Library of Tibetan Works and Archives which houses over 80,000 manuscripts and other important resources related to Tibetan history, politics and culture. It is considered one of the most important institutions for Tibetology in the world; the new director is Geshe Lahkdor, the old translator of the Dalai Lama."}, {"Context": "Dharamsala Today", "Knowledge": "LOC India, LOC Chinmaya Tapovan Ashram, LOC Himachal Pradesh, LOC Sidhbari, ORG Legislative Assembly, LOC Dharamshala, LOC McLeod Ganj", "Response": "Several thousand Tibetan exiles have now settled in the area; most live in and around McLeod Ganj in Upper Dharamshala, where they have built monasteries, temples and schools. It has become an important tourist destination with many hotels and restaurants, leading to growth in tourism and commerce.\nDharamshala is the winter capital of Himachal Pradesh. The Legislative Assembly is at Sidhbari, near the Chinmaya Tapovan Ashram, and the winter sessions of the government are held there. Dharamshala is also a famous bird-watching spot in India."}, {"Context": "Dharamsala Transcription and pronunciation", "Knowledge": "LOC Dharmsala, LOC Dharmshala, LOC Dharamshala, LOC Dharamsala", "Response": "Due to a lack of uniform observance of transliteration and transcription conventions for Hindi (and the Devanagari script in which Hindi is written), the name of the town has been transcribed into English (and other languages using Romanic scripts) variously as Dharamshala, Dharamsala and, less frequently, Dharmshala and Dharmsala. These four permutations result from two variables: the transcription of the word \u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e (dharma)\u2014particularly the second syllable (\u0930\u094d\u092e)\u2014and that of the third syllable (\u0936\u093e).\nA strict transliteration of \u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e as written would be 'dharma' [\u02c8d\u02b1\u0259rma]. In the modern spoken Hindi of the region, however, there is a common metathesis in which the vowel and consonant sounds in the second syllable of certain words (including \u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e) are transposed, which changes 'dharma' to 'dharam' (pronounced somewhere between [\u02c8d\u02b1\u0259r\u0259m] and [\u02c8d\u02b1\u0259rm], depending on the speaker). Thus, if the goal of the transcription is phonetic accord with modern spoken Hindi, then 'dharam' and 'dharm' are both legitimate options. Regarding the third syllable, the Devanagari \u0936 corresponds to the English sh sound, [\u0283]. Thus \u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e is transcribed in English as 'shala'.\nTherefore, the most accurate phonetic transcription of the Hindi \u0927\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0936\u093e\u0932\u093e into Roman script for common (non-technical) English usage is either 'Dharamshala' or, less commonly, 'Dharmshala', both of which render the sh (/\u0283/) sound of \u0936 in English as 'sh' to convey the correct native pronunciation, 'Dharamshala' [d\u02b1\u0259r\u0259m\u02c8\u0283a\u02d0la\u02d0] or 'Dharmshala' [d\u02b1\u0259rm\u02c8\u0283a\u02d0la\u02d0]). Nonetheless, the alternate spelling 'Dharamsala' continues to be used in some cases despite its inaccuracy, and all four spelling permutations can be found in the English language materials of the local and state governments, in publications, and on the Internet. Regardless of spelling variations, the correct native pronunciation is with the sh sound (/\u0283/). In actual practice, the spelling variant that is most common and most concordant with standards of transcription and native pronunciation is 'Dharamshala'. The official Indian English spelling is 'Dharamshala'."}, {"Context": "Dharamsala Geography", "Knowledge": "LOC Kotwali Bazaar, LOC Dharamsala, LOC Lower Dharamshala, LOC Dhauladhar, LOC Dharamshala, LOC McLeod Ganj, LOC Kangra Valley", "Response": "Dharamshala has an average elevation of 1,457 m (4,780 ft), covering an area of almost 8.51 km2 (3.29 sq mi).\nDharamsala is located in the Kangra Valley, in the shadow of the Dhauladhar mountains.\nThe city is divided into two distinct sections. Kotwali Bazaar and the surrounding markets are referred to as \"Lower Dharamshala\" or just \"Dharamshala.\" Further up the mountain is McLeod Ganj. A steep, narrow road connects McLeod Ganj from Dharamshala and is only accessible to taxis and small cars, while a longer road winds around the valley for use by buses and trucks. McLeod Ganj is surrounded by pine, Himalayan oak, and rhododendron."}, {"Context": "Dharamsala Climate", "Knowledge": "LOC McLeodganj, LOC Kangra, LOC Naddi, LOC Dhauladhar, LOC Dharamshala, LOC Bhagsu Nag", "Response": "Dharamshala has a monsoon influenced, humid subtropical climate (K\u00f6ppen: Cwa). Summer starts in early April and peaks in May when temperatures can reach 36 \u00b0C (97 \u00b0F), and lasts until the start of June. From June to mid-September is the monsoon season, when up to 3,000 mm (120 inches) of rainfall can be experienced, making Dharamshala one of the wettest places in the state. Autumn is mild and lasts from October to the end of November.\nAutumn temperatures average around 16\u201317 \u00b0C (61\u201363 \u00b0F). Winter starts in December and continues until late February. Snow and sleet are common during the winter in upper Dharamshala (including McLeodganj, Bhagsu Nag and Naddi). Lower Dharamshala receives little frozen precipitation except hail. The snowfall of 7 January 2012 was heaviest recorded in recent times. It was caused by deep low pressure entering the Kangra district. Winter is followed by a short, pleasant spring until April. Historically, the Dhauladhar mountains used to remain snow-covered all year long; however, in recent years they have been losing their snow blanket during dry spells."}, {"Context": "Dharamsala Demographics", "Knowledge": "LOC Dharamshala, LOC Dharamsala", "Response": "As of the 2001 India census, Dharamshala had a population of 30,764. As per the 2015, it has a population of 53,543 Since its area increased as it became Municipal corporation. Males constitute 55% of the population and females 45%. Dharamshala has an average literacy rate of 87%, higher than the national average of 74.04%: male literacy is 90% and female literacy is 83%. In Dharamshala, 9% of the population is under 6 years of age.\nAs of Census of India 2011 and Municipal corporation 2015:\nNumber of Households \u2013 10,992\nAverage Household Size (per household) \u2013 4.0\nPopulation-Total \u2013 53,543\nPopulation-Urban \u2013 53,543\nProportion of Urban Population (%) \u2013 100\nPopulation-Rural \u2013 0\nSex Ratio \u2013 941\nPopulation (0\u20136 years) \u2013 1,819\nSex Ratio (0\u20136 years) \u2013 913\nSC Population \u2013 2,611\nSex Ratio (SC) \u2013 861\nProportion of SC (%) \u2013 14.0\nST Population \u2013 99\nSex Ratio (ST) \u2013 833\nProportion of ST (%) \u2013 1\nLiteracy Rate (%) \u2013 87.0The languages residents of Dharamsala most commonly speak are Gaadi, Kangri, Hindi, English, Tibetan, Nepali and Pahari."}, {"Context": "Dharamsala Government and politics", "Knowledge": "PER Onkar Singh Nehria, LOC Dharamshala", "Response": "Dharamshala was upgraded from a Municipal Council to a Corporation in 2015. It has 17 wards under its jurisdiction. Onkar Singh Nehria is currently serving  as the Mayor of the town unanimously."}, {"Context": "Dharamsala Economy", "Knowledge": "LOC Mann Tea Estate, ORG Dharmsala Tea Company, LOC Dharamshala, LOC India", "Response": "The main crops grown in the valleys below are rice, wheat and tea.\nDharamshala also has lush tea gardens that produce its popular Kangra tea. Traditionally known for Kangra green tea, Dharamshala now produces a variety of teas, including black, green, oolong and white teas, along with Kashmiri Kahwa and Masala Chai. Tea gardens at Mann Tea Estate are owned and operated by the Dharmsala Tea Company, which conducts guided tours of the tea gardens and factory, and offers tea tastings. Kangra green tea is considered to be among the best in India, and has also been found to contain the highest anti-oxidant levels of all green teas produced in India."}, {"Context": "Dharamsala Shopping and entertainment", "Knowledge": "LOC Kotwali Bazaar, ORG Kapsons, LOC Moti Mahal Restaurant, LOC Bilaspur, LOC Purnam Mall, ORG KFC, ORG Aurelia, LOC National Highway Road, LOC McLeod Ganj, LOC McLeodganj, ORG Domino ' s Pizza, LOC Dharamkot, LOC Dharamshala Skyway, ORG Maximus Mall, ORG Sketchers, ORG Baskin Robins, LOC Dharamshala, ORG Pizza Hut, LOC Chilgari, ORG Gold Multiplex Cinema, LOC Kotwali, LOC Maximus, ORG CCD, LOC Hillside Mall, LOC Lower Dharamshala", "Response": "The city is divided into two distinct sections. Kotwali Bazaar and the surrounding markets are referred to as \"Lower Dharamshala\" or just \"Dharamshala\" and upper Dharamshala or places such as McLeodganj, Dharamkot, etc.\nIn the city of Dharamshala, Maximus Mall and Gold Multiplex Cinema are open now on the National Highway Road in the Chilgari area, near Kotwali Bazaar and the main bus stand in Lower Dharamshala, in addition to the traditional shopping street called as Kotwali Bazaar. Maximus mall is the second biggest mall in the state after Purnam Mall, Bilaspur. It has CCD, KFC, Pizza Hut, Kapsons, Moti Mahal Restaurant, Sketchers, Aurelia, Baskin Robins and many reputed international brands. Another mall The Hillside Mall is situated in the Kotwali that includes a Domino's Pizza Restaurant.\nFurther, Dharamshala Skyway, a mountain Cable Car between the cities of Dharamshala and McLeod Ganj has become operational from 19th Jan 2022."}, {"Context": "Dharamsala Rural areas", "Knowledge": "PER Sudher Gharoh Dhanotu Chari Sarah", "Response": "Sudher\nGharoh\nDhanotu\nChari\nSarah"}, {"Context": "Dharamsala Trekking", "Knowledge": "LOC Dunali, LOC Chamba, LOC Tang Narwana, LOC TTT, LOC Thatri, LOC Bhagsu, LOC Ilaqa Got, LOC Ravi Valley, LOC Kareri, LOC Triund, LOC Dhauladhar, LOC Dharamshala, LOC Dharamkot, LOC Toral Pass, LOC Bhimghasutri Pass, LOC Bleni Pass, LOC Camp Himalayan Nest, LOC Kareri Lake", "Response": "Dharamshala is a starting point to a number of trekking trails that especially includes lead trekkers across Dhauladhar into the upper Ravi Valley and Chamba district. En route, trekkers cross through forests of deodar, pine, oak and rhododendron, and pass streams and rivers and wind along vertiginous cliff tracks, and the occasional lake waterfall and glacier.\nA two-kilometer amble takes one to Bhagsu, and then a further three-kilometer walk will lead the trekkers to Dharamkot. If one wishes to go on a longer walk then he/she can trek eight-kilometers to Triund. The snow line of Ilaqa Got is just a five-kilometer walk.\nOther trekking trails that lead trekkers to Chamba from Dharamshala are:\n\nToral Pass (4575m) which begins from Tang Narwana (1150m) that is nearly 10 km from Dharamshala\nAcross Bhimghasutri Pass (4580m) via near-vertical rocky ascents, steep cliffs and dangerous gorges. This is a highly difficult level trek and takes around six days to complete.\nDharamshala\u2014Bleni Pass (3710m) \u2013 Dunali. Compared to other trekking trails, this one is much easier and takes around four or five-days to complete. The trek leads through alpine pastures, woods, and streams, before ending at Dunali, on the Chamba road.\nDharamshala is an ideal destination for rock climbing enthusiasts. One can go rock climbing over the ridges of the Dhauladhar range.\nKareri Lake (near Kareri village) is also a famous trekking destination for travellers.\nTriund-Thatri-Trek (TTT) a circular trek for two nights and three days around Dharamshala. The first day involves walking up to Triund and staying for a night, and the second day walk to a village called Thatri and stay overnight at Camp Himalayan Nest. The third day after walking for couple of hours, walkers reach to broadhead near Dharamshala."}, {"Context": "Dharamsala Dharamshala International Film Festival", "Knowledge": "ORG White Crane Arts & Media, PER Ritu Sarin, ORG DIFF, PER Tenzing Sonam", "Response": "DIFF was established in 2012. It is presented by White Crane Arts & Media trust, established by filmmakers Ritu Sarin and Tenzing Sonam to promote contemporary art, cinema and independent media practices in the Himalayan region."}, {"Context": "Dharamsala Road", "Knowledge": "LOC Chandigarh, LOC NH 154, LOC NH 503, LOC Delhi, LOC Dharamshala, LOC Shimla", "Response": "Buses of all classes (deluxe, air-conditioned, and regular) ply daily between Dharamshala and major cities such as Chandigarh, Delhi, and Shimla through NH 154 and NH 503."}, {"Context": "Dharamsala Air", "Knowledge": "LOC Gaggal, LOC Kangra, LOC Dharamshala", "Response": "Dharamshala town is reached by Gaggal Airport codes|DHM|VIGG, about 12 km to the town's south and about 10 km north of Kangra town."}, {"Context": "Dharamsala Rail", "Knowledge": "LOC Chamunda Marg, LOC Kangra, LOC Kangra Valley Railway, LOC Jogindernagar, LOC Dharamshala, LOC Pathankot", "Response": "Pathankot, some 90 km away, is the nearest broad gauge railway head. The Kangra Valley Railway, a narrow gauge railway line connecting Pathankot to Jogindernagar, can also be used to reach the town via rail. This line is well-known for picturesque views of the Kangra valley from it. The nearest station to Dharamshala on this line is Chamunda Marg, located about 22 km southeast."}, {"Context": "Dharamsala Taxi", "Knowledge": "LOC Mcleodganj Town, ORG HIMALAYA CAB, LOC Himachal Pradesh, LOC Dharamshala", "Response": "To Exlpore Dharamshala and Mcleodganj Town by taxi & cab service, There is Two registered Taxi union and One online working company with the name of \"HIMALAYA CAB\" Registered with Himachal Pradesh Tourism in Dharamshala city."}, {"Context": "Dharamsala Ropeway", "Knowledge": "LOC Mcleodganj, LOC Dharamshala Skyway, LOC Dharamshala", "Response": "A 1.8 km long ropeway called Dharamshala Skyway connecting Dharamshala and Mcleodganj via cable car was inaugurated in January 2022."}, {"Context": "Dharamsala Educational institutions", "Knowledge": "PER Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, ORG Government College of Teacher Education Dharamsala Himachal Pradesh University International Sahaja Public School, ORG Central University of Himachal Pradesh, LOC Jama Masjid Dharamshala, ORG Kangra", "Response": "Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Kangra\nGovernment College of Teacher Education Dharamsala\nHimachal Pradesh University\nInternational Sahaja Public School\nMaulana Abul Kalam Azad memorial Library at Jama Masjid Dharamshala"}, {"Context": "Dharamsala Dharamshala International Cricket Stadium", "Knowledge": "ORG Dharamshala College, LOC India, LOC Himachal Pradesh, LOC HPCA International Cricket Stadium, PER Dalai Lama, LOC England, LOC Dharmashala, LOC HPCAS, ORG Kings XI Punjab, LOC Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association Stadium, ORG Government Degree College, ORG IPL, ORG Chennai Superkings", "Response": "Himachal Pradesh Cricket Association Stadium (HPCAS) is a cricket stadium of international reputation, which serves as the home ground to the Himachal Pradesh state cricket team and for the IPL team Kings XI Punjab to a limited extent. By virtue of its natural backdrop, it is one of the most attractive cricket stadiums in the world. It is also one of the highest altitude Cricket Stadiums in the world. In addition to Ranji matches, some international matches are held here. The HPCA International Cricket Stadium is located near the Government Degree College, Dharmashala. The first One day International held at the ground was played between India and England on Sunday, 27 January 2013 which England won by 7 wickets. In May 2011, a match between Kings XI Punjab and Chennai Superkings was held here which was attended by the Dalai Lama.\nThe snow-capped mountains can be easily viewed throughout the year. An additional feature is the Dharamshala College nearby which is surrounded by pine trees on one side."}, {"Context": "Dharamsala Notable residents", "Knowledge": "PER Tenzin Gyatso, PER Earl of Elgin, LOC India, PER Kishan Kapoor, LOC Kangra, PER Sheetal Thakur, PER Mehr Chand Mahajan, ORG J & K, PER Dalai Lama, LOC Dharamshala, ORG Royal Academy of Arts London, LOC Dharamkot, PER James Bruce, PER Purva Rana, PER Asif Basra, PER Alfred W. Hallett", "Response": "Mehr Chand Mahajan (1889\u20131967) from Dharamshala was the third Chief Justice of India and 1st Prime Minister of J&K\nTenzin Gyatso, HH The 14th Dalai Lama\nJames Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin, died here.\nAlfred W. Hallett, artist who exhibited twice in Royal Academy of Arts London and lived 41 years at Dharamkot in upper Dharamshala; died here in 1986.\nKishan Kapoor, Member of Parliament, Kangra.\nPurva Rana, Vice Queen at Miss United Continent, 2013\nSheetal Thakur, Indian model and actor.\nAsif Basra, died here 12 november 2020"}, {"Context": "Dharamsala Notable organisations", "Knowledge": "ORG Tibetan Centre for Human Rights and Democracy, ORG Central Tibetan Administration", "Response": "Tibetan Centre for Human Rights and Democracy\nCentral Tibetan Administration"}, {"Context": "Dharamsala Bibliography", "Knowledge": "ORG 85182, PER O. C, PER Handa, LOC Himachal Pradesh, PER V, ORG Indus Publishing Co, LOC Dhauladhar, LOC New Delhi, PER Verma, ORG Indus Publishing Co.", "Response": "Verma, V. 1996. Gaddis of Dhauladhar: A Transhumant Tribe of the Himalayas. Indus Publishing Co., New Delhi.\nHanda, O. C. 1987. Buddhist Monasteries in Himachal Pradesh. Indus Publishing Co., New Delhi.ISBN 81-85182-03-5."}, {"Context": "Dimapur Introduction", "Knowledge": "LOC Assam, LOC Nagaland, LOC Northeast India, LOC Dhansiri River, LOC Dimapur", "Response": "Dimapur () is the largest city in the Indian state of Nagaland. As of 2011, the municipality had a population of 122,834. The city is the main gateway and commercial centre of Nagaland. Located near the border with Assam along the banks of the Dhansiri River. Its main railway station is the second busiest station in Northeast India."}, {"Context": "Dimapur Etymology", "Knowledge": "PER Timisa, LOC Heramba Kingdom, LOC Dimbapur, PER Hidimbi, PER Bhima, PER Pandava, LOC Khaspur, LOC Dimasa Kachari Kingdom, LOC Dimasa Kachari, PER Ghatotkacha, LOC Dimapur, LOC Dimasa, LOC Hidimbapur", "Response": "The name Dimapur is derived from the Dimasa words; Di means \"water\", ma means \"large\" and pur (sanskrit word) means \"city\", translating to \"Big-river-city\", associated with the meaning of \"Kachari\" which is \"people of the river valley\" and after the river which flows through it (Dhansiri).There are two accounts of the way in which Dimapur got its name: many writers are of the opinion that the name 'Dimapur' was derived from Dimasa Kachari words Di-meaning water, Ma-meaning big and Pur-meaning city or township in the Dimasa dialect; while others contend that Dimapur is a corruption of Hidimbapur, meaning the city of Hidimbi (of Mahabharata fame) - the rakshasi-turned-woman whose marriage to the Pandava prince Bhima led to the birth of Ghatotkacha, which was the Hindu lineage created for Dimasa rulers by the Brahmin pandits at Khaspur. According to the second theory, the name Hidimbapur is conjectured to have been abbreviated to Dimbapur and subsequently to have lost a consonant to become Dimapur. It is to be noted that Dimasa Kachari Kingdom was at one point of time names as \"Heramba Kingdom\" In the Ahom Chronicles, Dimapur Is referred to sometimes as Che-din-chi-pen (town-earth-burn-make) meaning \u2018brick town\u2019 and its rulers as Timisa (distorted word for Dimasa)."}, {"Context": "Dimapur History", "Knowledge": "LOC Dong - siri, LOC Dimapur, LOC Dhansiri", "Response": "Situated on the banks of the Dhansiri (originally known as Dong-siri meaning a ravine of peaceful habitation), Dimapur was described as the 'Brick City' by the European scholars and by the Ahoms."}, {"Context": "Dimapur Medieval period", "Knowledge": "LOC Dilao Valley, LOC North East India, PER Mahamanipha, LOC Dimasa Kachari Kingdom, ORG Kacharis, LOC Dimapur, LOC Brahmaputra, LOC Dimasa Kingdom", "Response": "In the 13th century, the city was the capital of the Dimasa Kingdom, which was once a powerful and predominant state in the now North East India (Brahmaputra/Dilao Valley). In the heart of the city there is an old relic of the Dimasa Kachari Kingdom which speaks about the once prosperous era.The city of Dimapur is said to have been founded by a Kachari king Mahamanipha (1330 and 1370 A.D.) and it remained as the capital of the Kacharis until it was captured by the Ahoms in 1536 A.D."}, {"Context": "Dimapur World War II", "Knowledge": "LOC Kohima, LOC British India, ORG Japan, LOC South East Asia, LOC Dimapur, LOC Burma, LOC Imperial", "Response": "During World War II, Dimapur was the centre of action between British India and Imperial Japan. It was the staging post for the Allied offensive. The Japanese could reach Kohima where a siege was laid. Allied reinforcement came through Dimapur by rail and road for the push against the Japanese. An airport at Dimapur was also in use for supplies to the allied forces in Burma. The battle for Kohima about 77 km from Dimapur is considered the turning point for the Japanese retreat from South East Asia."}, {"Context": "Dimapur Assam lease Dimapur to Nagaland", "Knowledge": "LOC Nagaland, LOC British of India, LOC Assam Province, ORG Railways, LOC Dimapur, LOC Naga Hills District", "Response": "In 1918, Dimapur was leased to then Naga Hills District (Now Nagaland) by then erstwhile Assam Province of British of India for 30 years for construction of Railways lines (unclear from which district). In 1963, it was again leased to now state of Nagaland for 99 years. There is controversy surrounding this claim, as both state governments have not come forward to comment on the matter."}, {"Context": "Dimapur 2004 Dimapur bombings", "Knowledge": "LOC Dimapur Railway Station, LOC Hong Kong Market", "Response": "On 2 October 2004, two powerful bombs were set off\u2014one at the Dimapur Railway Station and the other at the Hong Kong Market killing 30 and injuring over 100 others."}, {"Context": "Dimapur Geography", "Knowledge": "LOC Nagaland, LOC Dimapur, LOC Brahmaputra River, LOC Dhansiri River", "Response": "Dimapur is located in the southwest of Nagaland. The vast majority of this area is flat with the Dhansiri River, a tributary of the Brahmaputra River flowing east of the city."}, {"Context": "Dimapur Climate", "Knowledge": "LOC Dimapur", "Response": "Dimapur is hot and humid in summers and moderately cold in winters."}, {"Context": "Dimapur Demographics", "Knowledge": "LOC India, ORG Town Committee, ORG Mini India, LOC dhansiri, LOC Dimapur", "Response": "According to the 2011 census, the city-population of the old Town Committee area (up to the old dhansiri bridge) at 122,834. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Dimapur has an average literacy rate of 86% male literacy is 88% and, female literacy is 84%. In Dimapur, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age.\nUnlike other places in the state, this city has a heterogeneous mix of people from all over India, and for which it is also known as \"Mini India\".Besides the dominant Naga ethnic groups, who comprise about 50% of the city's population, other prominent groups include Bengalis, Assamese, Oriyas, Nepalese, Biharis, Meiteis, Marwaris, Punjabis and also Tamils, Telugus and Keralites. In the last two decades Tibetan traders have also settled in the city."}, {"Context": "Dimapur Religion", "Knowledge": "", "Response": "Christianity is the most followed religion in the city making up 45.10% of the city's population, closely followed by Hinduism at 41.11%. \nIslam is followed by 11.21%, Jainism by 1.73%, Buddhist by 0.48% and Sikhs by 0.19%  respectively."}, {"Context": "Dimapur Religious and historical sites", "Knowledge": "PER Ahom, LOC Dimapur City, LOC Nagaland, PER Phulchand Sethi, PER Udayram Chabra, LOC Clock Tower, PER Mangilal Chabra, PER Motilal Patni, LOC Circular Road, LOC Kachari Rajbari, LOC North - East, LOC Dimapur City Tower, PER Jethmal Sethi, PER Kanhaiyal Sethi, LOC Dimapur, PER Subhkaran Sethi, LOC Dimapur Jain Temple, PER Chunnilal Kishanlal Sethi", "Response": "Ruins of Kachari Rajbari\n\nAlthough is left in ruins after centuries of abandonment, after facing conflict with the Ahom King in 18th century and with the settlement of township occupying almost half of its former glorious fortress, is still a national heritage site. It signifies great historical importance for the region of North-East. It also gives great value to the state of Nagaland.\nDimapur City TowerThe Dimapur City Tower is a major landmark of the city. It is located at Circular Road in the heart of Dimapur. Also known as the Clock Tower, the tower is decorated with Christmas Lights during the Christmas season.\nDimapur Jain Temple\nThe Dimapur Jain Temple was built in 1947. The temple has some intricate glass work. The temple is considered very auspicious by the people of Dimapur. The temple was built by the tireless effort of Shri Jethmal Sethi, Shri Phulchand Sethi, Shri Udayram Chabra, Shri Chunnilal Kishanlal Sethi, Shri Kanhaiyal Sethi, Shri Mangilal Chabra, Motilal Patni, Subhkaran Sethi and other Jain families present in Dimapur at that time."}, {"Context": "Dimapur Parks and other highlights", "Knowledge": "LOC Niathu Resort, LOC Noune Resort, ORG Agri Expo, LOC Stone Park, LOC Hazi Park, LOC Ch\u00fcmoukedima District, LOC Kali Temple, LOC Nagaland Science Centre, LOC Triple Falls, LOC Nagaland Zoological Park, LOC Aqua Mellow Park, LOC Shiv Mandir, LOC Dimapur, LOC Nagaland Science Center, LOC Green Park", "Response": "Dimapur has several places where tourist can visit such as Nagaland Science Center, Stone Park, Hazi Park, Shiv Mandir and Kali Temple. The Nagaland Zoological Park, Green Park, Niathu Resort, Noune Resort, The Triple Falls, Nagaland Science Centre, Aqua Mellow Park and Agri Expo site in the neighbouring Ch\u00fcmoukedima District can be easily accessible from Dimapur."}, {"Context": "Dimapur Airport", "Knowledge": "LOC Guwahati, LOC Dibrugarh, LOC Aoyimti, LOC Ch\u00fcmoukedima District, LOC Mile, LOC Imphal, LOC Dimapur Airport, LOC Dimapur, LOC Kolkata", "Response": "Dimapur is served by the Dimapur Airport located at 3rd Mile (AH1), Ch\u00fcmoukedima District. It is the only civil airport in the state and operates routes to Kolkata,\nGuwahati, Imphal, and Dibrugarh. \nThere are plans for expansion of the airport to meet international norms by buying land at Aoyimti village."}, {"Context": "Dimapur Highways passing through Dimapur", "Knowledge": "LOC India", "Response": "Asian Highway 1\n Asian Highway 2\n NH 29: National Highway 29 (India)\n NH 129: National Highway 129 (India)\n NH 129A: National Highway 129A (India)"}, {"Context": "Dimapur Railway", "Knowledge": "LOC Guwahati, LOC Chandigarh, LOC Dibrugarh, LOC Lumding, LOC Amritsar, LOC Patna, LOC Chennai, LOC New Delhi, ORG Northeast Frontier Railway, LOC Dimapur, LOC Kolkata, LOC Bangalore", "Response": "Dimapur has direct train services to cities like Guwahati, Kolkata, Patna,  New Delhi, Bangalore, Chandigarh, Amritsar, Dibrugarh and Chennai from the Dimapur railway station. The station is categorised as an A category railway station which lies on the Lumding-Dibrugarh section under the Lumding railway division of Northeast Frontier Railway."}, {"Context": "Dimapur Sports", "Knowledge": "LOC Dimapur District Sports Council Stadium, LOC Nagaland State Stadium", "Response": "The Dimapur District Sports Council Stadium is multi-purpose sports stadium in the city while the Nagaland State Stadium is another multi-disciplinary sports stadium currently under construction."}, {"Context": "Dimapur Economy", "Knowledge": "LOC Hotel Acacia, LOC Nagaland, LOC National Highway 29, LOC Dimapur, LOC Hotel Saramati, LOC Hotel Lake Shiloi", "Response": "Dimapur is the commercial centre of Nagaland. It also acts as a transit hub for trading goods brought in from trains at Dimapur railway station and by road via National Highway 29 to other parts of Nagaland. Many private and central banks are also located in the city. Some major hotels are Hotel Acacia (3-star hotel), Hotel Saramati, Hotel Lake Shiloi among many others."}, {"Context": "Dimapur Commerce", "Knowledge": "LOC Central Plaza, LOC GS Road, LOC Dimapur District, LOC Notun Bosti, LOC Bank, LOC AH - 1, LOC Dimapur, LOC New Market, LOC Jasokie Market, LOC Ganeshnagar, LOC Ch\u00fcmoukedima, LOC Hong, LOC KL Sethi Market Complex, LOC Nagaland, LOC China, LOC Burma, ORG Nagaland Industrial Development Corporation Limited, ORG AFSEZ, LOC Purana Bazaar, LOC India, LOC HongKong, LOC Thailand, ORG Agro & Food Processing Special Economic Zone", "Response": "A number of shopping centers and markets have sprung up in Dimapur, with the HongKong Market, Central Plaza, New Market, Bank colony (Super Market Area) and Circular and NL roads serving as the main commercial areas in the city. The Complexes and shopping centres have sprung up to Notun Bosti.The stretch from Purana Bazaar to Ch\u00fcmoukedima along the AH-1 is also rapidly developing into commercial areas.The city's Hong Kong Market is well known for imported goods from Thailand, China, and Burma and is the main Shopping Attraction for Tourists visiting Nagaland. The wholesale foodgrain items are available at KL Sethi Market Complex, Jasokie Market, etc. at GS Road, Dimapur.The Agro & Food Processing Special Economic Zone (AFSEZ) at Ganeshnagar under Dimapur District in Nagaland is one of the few exclusive Agro Food Products SEZ in India. It is developed by state-run Nagaland Industrial Development Corporation Limited."}, {"Context": "Dimapur Colleges", "Knowledge": "ORG Unity College Pranabananda Women ' s College Cornerstone College Ngullie Memorial College, ORG St. John College, ORG Public College of Commerce Salesian College of Higher Education Sakus Mission College, ORG Trinity Theological College, ORG School of Engineering & Technology, ORG Dimapur Government College, ORG Nagaland University Yemhi Memorial College", "Response": "Dimapur Government College\nPublic College of Commerce\nSalesian College of Higher Education\nSakus Mission College\nTrinity Theological College\nUnity College\nPranabananda Women's College\nCornerstone College\nNgullie Memorial College\nSchool of Engineering & Technology, Nagaland University\nYemhi Memorial College\nSt. John College"}, {"Context": "Dimapur Schools", "Knowledge": "ORG Don Bosco, ORG King David School, ORG Greenwood School, ORG St. John Higher, LOC Delhi, LOC Kushiabill, ORG Holy Cross, ORG N. N. Nagi School Pranab Vidyapith, ORG Living Stone Foundation, ORG Assembly Of God, ORG Little Star", "Response": "Delhi Public School\nAssembly Of God Higher Secondary School\nDon Bosco Higher Secondary School\nGreenwood School\nHoly Cross School\nLittle Star Higher Secondary School\nLiving Stone Foundation Higher Secondary School\nN. N. Nagi School\nPranab Vidyapith Higher Secondary School\nSt. John Higher Secondary Residential School\nKing David School, Kushiabill"}, {"Context": "Dimapur Notable people", "Knowledge": "PER Razhukhrielie Kevich\u00fcsa, PER Phulchand Sethi, PER Kihoto Hollohon Yepthomi, PER Zhokhoi Ch\u00fczho, PER Alobo Naga, PER Zuboni H\u00fcmtsoe, PER Tubu Kevich\u00fcsa, PER Kevich\u00fcsa Angami, PER Chalie Kevich\u00fcsa", "Response": "Kevich\u00fcsa Angami (1903\u20131990), Politician\nZhokhoi Ch\u00fczho, Actor\nZuboni H\u00fcmtsoe (1990\u20132017), Entrepreneur\nChalie Kevich\u00fcsa (1943\u20131992), Journalist\nRazhukhrielie Kevich\u00fcsa (1941\u20132022), Bureaucrat and Musician\nTubu Kevich\u00fcsa (1948\u20131996), Nationalist Leader\nAlobo Naga, Musician\nPhulchand Sethi (1911\u20131976), Businessperson\nKihoto Hollohon Yepthomi (1932\u20132021), Politician"}, {"Context": "Diu Introduction", "Knowledge": "ORG Down - with - Imperialism Union, LOC Diu Diu Island, LOC Bangladesh, ORG US Department of Defense, LOC Germany, ORG Dresden International University, ORG DIU, LOC Nagar Haveli, LOC Dadra, PER JoJo, LOC Diu, LOC Croatia, LOC India Diu, LOC Arabian Sea Diu, ORG Divisional Intelligence Unit, LOC Denmark, LOC North Korea, LOC Diu Airport, ORG Daffodil International University, PER Kim Il - sung, LOC Diu Diu Head, ORG Defense Innovation Unit, PER Buth Diu, LOC India, ORG Dresden University, LOC Daman, ORG Dubrovnik International University, ORG Dansk Interlingua Union", "Response": "Diu may refer to:\n\nDiu, India, a city in Diu district in the union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu, India\nDiu district, part of the union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu\nDiu Island, an island and part of Diu district\nDaman and Diu, former union territory of India, now part of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu\nDiu Head, a headland in the Arabian Sea\nDiu (Cantonese), a Cantonese profanity\nButh Diu (died 1972), Sudanese politicianDIU may refer to:\n\nDansk Interlingua Union, an organization that promotes Interlingua in Denmark\nDefense Innovation Unit, a US Department of Defense organization\nDipl\u00f4me interuniversitaire, a French degree\nDiu Airport, in Diu, India, IATA code: DIU\nDivisional Intelligence Unit, police intelligence at the divisional level\nDown-with-Imperialism Union, a union formed by Kim Il-sung, president of North Korea\nDresden International University, part of Dresden University in Germany\nDubrovnik International University in Croatia\nDiamond Is Unbreakable, the fourth part of manga series JoJo's Bizarre Adventure\nDaffodil International University in Bangladesh"}, {"Context": "Dwarka Introduction", "Knowledge": "LOC Mathura, PER Krishna, ORG of India, LOC Bhadrapada, LOC Kurukshetra, LOC Dwarka Kingdom, LOC Gomti, LOC Barsana, LOC Western India, LOC Government, PER Adi Shankaracharya, LOC Puri, LOC Chardham, LOC Dwarka, LOC Govardhan, LOC Devbhumi Dwarka, LOC Okhamandal Peninsula, LOC Gokul, LOC Gujarat, LOC Gulf of Kutch, LOC India, LOC Dwarkadhish Temple, LOC Sapta Puri, LOC Vrindavan, LOC Arabian Sea", "Response": "Dwarka (pronunciation ) is a city and a municipality of Devbhumi Dwarka district in the state of Gujarat in Western India. It is located on the western shore of the Okhamandal Peninsula on the right bank of the Gomti river at the mouth of the Gulf of Kutch facing the Arabian Sea. Often identified with the Dwarka Kingdom, described in the Bhagavata Purana as the ancient kingdom of Krishna and is believed to have been the first capital of Gujarat.Dwarka has the Dwarkadhish Temple dedicated to Krishna, which is one of four sacred Hindu pilgrimage sites collectively called the Chardham, which were founded by Adi Shankaracharya (686\u2013717 AD) at the four corners of the country, was established as a monastic center and it forms part of the Dwarka temple complex. Dwarka is also one of the seven-most-ancient religious cities (Sapta Puri) in India.  \nDwarka is part of the \"Krishna pilgrimage circuit\" which includes Vrindavan, Mathura, Barsana, Gokul, Govardhan, Kurukshetra and Puri. It's one of 12 heritage cities across the country selected under the Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana (HRIDAY) scheme of the Government of India to develop civic infrastructure.The city has a hot, arid climate with a 16-day rainy season. It had a population of 38,873 in 2011. The main festival of Krishna Janmashtami is celebrated in Bhadrapada (August\u2013September)."}, {"Context": "Dwarka Puranic traditions", "Knowledge": "LOC Rukmini Devi Temple, LOC Mathura, PER Krishna, PER Jarasandha, LOC Dwarkamati, LOC Kaushathali, LOC Bet Dwarka, PER Adi Shankaracharya, PER Mahmud Begada, LOC Dwarkavati, LOC Mokshapuri, LOC Dwarka, LOC Magadh, LOC Sharada Matha, LOC Saurashtra, LOC Gujarat, LOC Dwarkadhish Temple, PER Kansa, PER Uugrasena, LOC Gomti Ghat, LOC Dwaraka ma\u0163ha", "Response": "Dwarka is believed to have been the first capital of Gujarat. The city's name literally means gateway. Dwarka has also been referred to throughout its history as \"Mokshapuri\", \"Dwarkamati\", and \"Dwarkavati\". It is mentioned in the ancient prehistoric epic period of the Mahabharata. According to legend, Krishna settled here after he defeated and killed his uncle Kansa at Mathura. This mythological account of Krishna's migration to Dwarka from Mathura is closely associated with the culture of Gujarat. Krishna is also said to have reclaimed 12 yojanas or 96 square kilometres (37 sq mi) of land from the sea to create Dwarka.Dwarka was established as the capital in Saurashtra by the Vedic Indians during the Puranaic. The Yadavas, who had migrated from Mathura, established their kingdom here when the city was known as \"Kaushathali\". It was during this period that the city underwent rebuilding and was named Dwarka. A friendly population of natives also prompted Krishna to settle at Dwarka when he decided, after fighting Jarasandha, the king of Magadh, to retreat from Mathura. The kingdom, also known as the Yaduvanshi empire, was established by Uugrasena, father of Kansa the then ruler and later Krishna flourished and extended its domain. It is said that Krishna conducted the administration of his kingdom from Dwarka while residing with his family in Bet Dwarka. The city's Dwarkadhish Temple dedicated to Krishna was originally built around 2,500 years ago, but was destroyed by Mahmud Begada rulers and subsequently rebuilt in the 16th century. The temple is also the location of Dwaraka ma\u0163ha, also called Sharada Matha/Peeth and \"western peeth\", one of the four peeths (Sanskrit: \"religious center\") established by Adi Shankaracharya. As an important pilgrimage centre for Hindus, Dwarka has several notable temples, including Rukmini Devi Temple, Gomti Ghat, and Bet Dwarka. There is also a lighthouse at the land end point of Dwarka."}, {"Context": "Dwarka Archaeology", "Knowledge": "ORG Maitraka, LOC India, PER Vallabhi, ORG Archaeological Survey of India, PER Simhaditya, LOC Arabian Sea, LOC Bet Dwarka, LOC Dwarka, PER Varahdas", "Response": "Archaeological investigations at Dwarka, both on shore and offshore in the Arabian Sea, have been performed by the Archaeological Survey of India. The first investigations carried out on land in 1963 revealed many artefacts. Excavations done at two sites on the seaward side of Dwarka brought to light submerged settlements, a large stone-built jetty, and triangular stone anchors with three holes. The settlements are in the form of exterior and interior walls, and fort bastions. From the typological classification of the anchors it is inferred that Dwarka had flourished as a port during the period of the Middle kingdoms of India. Coastal erosion was probably the cause of the destruction of what was an ancient port.Dwarka is mentioned in the copper inscription dated 574 AD of Simhaditya, the Maitraka dynasty minister of Vallabhi. He was the son of Varahdas, the king of Dwarka. The nearby Bet Dwarka island is a religious pilgrimage site and an important archaeological site of the Late Harappan period, with one thermoluminescence date of 1570 BC."}, {"Context": "Dwarka Early history", "Knowledge": "LOC Barake, PER Adi Shankaracharya, LOC Palitana, ORG Shankaracharya, LOC Gulf of Kanthils, PER Garulaka Simhaditya, LOC Baraca, LOC Erythraean Sea, PER Nrushinhaashrma, LOC Dwarka, PER Ptolemy, PER Varahdas", "Response": "An epigraphic reference ascribed to Garulaka Simhaditya, the son of Varahdas, the king of Dwarka, is inscribed on a copper plate dated to 574 AD, found in Palitana. The Greek writer of the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea referred to a place called Baraca, which has been interpreted as present-day Dwarka. A reference made in Ptolemy's Geography identified Barake as an island in the Gulf of Kanthils, which has also been inferred to mean Dwarka.One of the four dhams (religious seats), which were founded by Adi Shankaracharya (686\u2013717 AD) at the four corners of the country, was established as a monastic centre and it forms part of the Dwarka temple complex. In 885 AD, the temple was renovated by Nrushinhaashrma, head of the Shankaracharya pitha (centre)."}, {"Context": "Dwarka Middle Ages to present", "Knowledge": "PER Devasee Thakar, LOC Okhamandal, PER Turk Aziz, LOC Bet Dwarka, PER Valjee Thakar, PER Rukmini, PER Gaikwad, PER Shankaracharya, PER Mahmud Begada, PER Mohammad Shah, LOC Sudama Setu, LOC Dwarkadhish, LOC Dwarka, LOC Panch Peer, LOC Jagat Mandir, PER Donovan, PER Karasan Thakar, PER Vallabha Acharya, LOC Jamnagar, PER Gaekwad, LOC Ladva, PER Khanderao, PER Savitri, LOC Dwarakadhisa, LOC Gujarat, ORG Government of India, PER Nathu Thakar, PER Virajee Thakar, LOC Porbander, LOC Gomti River, LOC Baroda, LOC Kutch, LOC Dwarakadheesh Temple, LOC Panchkui", "Response": "In 1241, Mohammad Shah invaded Dwarka and damaged the temple. During this battle, five Brahmins (Virajee Thakar, Nathu Thakar, Karasan Thakar, Valjee Thakar, and Devasee Thakar) fought against him, died, and were honoured as martyrs. A shrine was built near the temple in their honour and is known as \"Panch Peer\", which is a name of Muslim origin.\n\nIn 1473 the Gujarat Sultan Mahmud Begada sacked the city and destroyed the temple of Dwarka. The Jagat Mandir or the Dwarakadhisa temple was later rebuilt. Vallabha Acharya retrieved an idol of Dwarkadhish, which was revered by Rukmini. He hid it in a stepwell, known as Savitri vav, during the Muslim invasion, before moving it to Ladva village. In 1551, when Turk Aziz invaded Dwarka, the idol was shifted to the island of Bet Dwarka.\n\nDwarka, along with the Okhamandal region, was under the rule of Gaekwad of Baroda state during the Indian rebellion of 1857. A war broke out at Okhamandal in 1858 between the local Vaghers and the British. The Vaghers had won the battle and ruled until September 1859. Later, after a joint offensive of the British, the Gaekwads, and other princely state troops, the Vaghers were ousted in 1859. During these operations, led by Colonel Donovan, the temples at Dwarka and Bet Dwarka suffered damage and were looted. A complaint of atrocities by the British was made by the local people of Jamnagar, Porbander, and Kutch, which led to their restoration. In 1861, Dwarakadheesh Temple was renovated by Maharaja Khanderao and the British, who refurbished the shikara. Maharaja Gaikwad of Baroda added a golden pinnacle to the shikara in 1958 during a refurbishment by Shankaracharya of Dwarka. Since 1960, the temple has been maintained by the Government of India.The Sudama Setu, a bridge over the Gomti River connecting mainland Dwarka with Panchkui island was opened in 2016."}, {"Context": "Dwarka Geography", "Knowledge": "LOC Kathiawar, LOC Devbhoomi Dwarka, LOC Bhavda, LOC Saurashtra, LOC Okhamandal Peninsula, LOC Mul - Gomti, LOC Gomti River, LOC Arabian Sea, LOC Gulf of Kutch, LOC Dwarka", "Response": "Dwarka, at the mouth of the Gulf of Kutch, on the western shore of the Okhamandal Peninsula, is on the right bank of the Gomti River which rises from the Bhavda village at a place known as Mul-Gomti, 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) to the east. It is now under the newly formed district of Devbhoomi Dwarka at the western end of the Saurashtra (Kathiawar) peninsula, facing the Arabian Sea. The Gomti River was a harbor until the 19th century."}, {"Context": "Dwarka Climate", "Knowledge": "LOC Dwarka, LOC Holdridge", "Response": "According to the K\u00f6ppen-Geiger classification, Dwarka has a subtropical desert/low-latitude arid hot climate. The Holdridge life zones system of bio-climatic classification identifies Dwarka in or near the subtropical thorn woodland biome. The average annual rainfall is 403 millimetres (15.9 in) spread over a rainy period of 16 days with rainfall limited to the months of June to September; the average maximum temperature is 30 \u00b0C (86 \u00b0F) with a record high of 42.7 \u00b0C (108.9 \u00b0F) and an average minimum temperature of 23.6 \u00b0C (74.5 \u00b0F) with a minimum of 6.1 \u00b0C (43.0 \u00b0F); the average annual relative humidity is 72%, with a maximum of 80%."}, {"Context": "Dwarka Demographics", "Knowledge": "LOC Dwarka", "Response": "As of the 2011 Census of India, Dwarka had a population of 38873 (as per Census 2011, the population reported is 38,873). Males constitute 20,306 of the population, and females constitute 18,567. Dwarka has an average literacy rate of 75.94%, lower than the national average of 78.03%; the male literacy rate is 83%, and the female literacy rate is 68.27%. 11.98% of the population is under six years of age."}, {"Context": "Dwarka Economy", "Knowledge": "ORG TPREL, ORG AES Saurashtra Windfarms Pvt Ltd, ORG ASW, ORG Sharda Peeth, ORG Sharda Peeth Vidya Sabha, ORG Tata Power Renewable Energy Ltd, LOC Okha, LOC Bet Dwarka, LOC Dwarka", "Response": "Most of the revenue of Dwarka is derived from tourism, due to it being a site for pilgrims. It is a producer of agricultural produce such as millets, ghee (clarified butter), oilseeds, and salt, which are transported from its port. A long-term development plan was proposed in 2011 with investment of \u20b9830 million (US$10 million) to refurbish the city of Dwarka and to build a bridge connecting the city with Okha and Bet Dwarka. A wind farm power generation of 39.2 MW, operated near Dwarka by the AES Saurashtra Windfarms Pvt Ltd (ASW), is now run by Tata Power Renewable Energy Ltd (TPREL). Dwarka's industrial activity mainly centres around cement production.  Sharda Peeth Vidya Sabha is an educational society sponsored by the Sharda Peeth, Dwarka which runs an arts college in Dwarka."}, {"Context": "Dwarka Temples", "Knowledge": "LOC Rukmini Devi Temple, PER Krishna, LOC Harigraha, PER Jagat Singh Rathore, PER Lakshmi, LOC Gomati temple, PER Rukmini, PER Vasishta, PER Vishnu, PER Adi Shankaracharya, PER Samudra, LOC Chakra Narayana, LOC Samudra Narayana, LOC Dwarka, LOC Sangam Narayana, PER Dwarkadeesh, PER Gomati, PER God of the Sea, LOC Sharada Matha, LOC Jagat Mandir, LOC Dvaraka Pitha, LOC Dwarakadish temple, PER Saraswati, LOC Dwarakadhisa Temple, LOC Nijamandira, LOC Gomti Ghat, LOC Gomti River, LOC Vaishnava", "Response": "Considered a holy city, Dwarka is well known for its temples and as a pilgrimage centre for Hindus. The Dwarakadhisa Temple, also called Jagat Mandir, located in the heart of Dwarka, is a Vaishnava temple. It was built by Raja Jagat Singh Rathore, hence it is called Jagat Mandir. The temple, facing west, is at an elevation of 12.19 metres (40.0 ft) above mean sea-level. It is conjectured that this temple location is 2,500 years old and is where Krishna built his city and a temple. However, the existing temple is dated to the 16th century. It is a five-storied edifice built over 72 pillars (a sandstone temple with 60 pillars is also mentioned). The temple spire rises to a height of 78 metres (256 ft), and a very large flag with symbols of the sun and moon is hoisted on it. The temple layout consists of a garbhagriha (Nijamandira or Harigraha) and an antarala (an antechamber). The main deity deified in the sanctum is Dwarkadeesh, which is known as the Trivikrama form of Vishnu and is depicted with four arms.The Dwarakadhisa Temple is also the location of Dvaraka Pitha, also called Sharada Matha/Peeth and \"western peeth\"), one of the four peeths (Sanskrit: \"religious center\") established by Adi Shankaracharya.\n\nGomti Ghat consists of steps leading to the Gomti River, which is also a holy place for pilgrims to take a dip in the river, before visiting Dwarakadish temple. The ghat has a number of small shrines dedicated to the Samudra (God of the Sea), Saraswati and Lakshmi. Other notable temples in the ghat area include the Samudra Narayana (Sangam Narayana) temple, which is at the confluence of the Gomti River with the sea, the Chakra Narayana temple where there is a stone with an imprint of a chakra as a manifestation of Vishnu, and the Gomati temple, which has an idol of the river goddess Gomati that is said to have been brought to earth by the sage Vasishta.The Rukmini Devi Temple, dedicated to Rukmini, Krishna's chief queen, is located 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) away from Dwarka. The temple is said to be 2,500 years old, but in its present form it is estimated to belong to the 12th century. It is a richly carved temple decorated with sculptures of gods and goddesses on the exterior with the sanctum housing the main image of Rukmini. Carved naratharas (human figures) and carved gajatharas (elephants) are depicted in panels at the base of the tower.Letitia Elizabeth Landon's poetical illustration  The Sacred Shrines of Dwarka., to an engraving of William Purser's painting shown above (painting of the late 1820s), says little of the temples themselves but does advocate and praise religious tolerance. It was published in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1837."}, {"Context": "Dwarka Nagesvara Jyotirlinga", "Knowledge": "LOC Dwarkadhish Temple, PER Shiva, LOC Nagesvara Jyortirlinga", "Response": "Ancient Shiva temple, Nagesvara Jyortirlinga, one of the 12 Jyotirlingas and only 16 Km from Dwarkadhish Temple."}, {"Context": "Dwarka Lighthouse and lake", "Knowledge": "LOC Gopi Chandan, LOC Gopi Talab, LOC Gopi, LOC Dwarka Point, LOC Bet Dwarka, LOC Dwarka", "Response": "There is a lighthouse at the Dwarka Point on the Dwarka peninsula, which provides a panoramic view of the city. It is a fixed light situated 70 feet (21 m) above the sea level, and the light is visible over a distance of 10 miles (16 km). The lighthouse tower is 40 feet (12 m) in height and is 117 yards (107 m) away from the high water level in the sea. The radio beacon provided on this lighthouse tower is powered by a solar photovoltaic module.There is a lake or tank called Gopi Talab in the western part of the city.\nA similar lake known for Gopi Chandan, meaning \"sandal paste from Gopi\", is situated in Bet Dwarka; this mud is found in the bed of the lake. This fragrant mud is applied as a sanctity symbol by devout Hindus on their forehead."}, {"Context": "Dwarka Bet Dwarka", "Knowledge": "ORG Pushtimarg Sampradaya, PER Makardhwaja, PER Trivikrama, PER Krishna, LOC Arabian, LOC Nageshvara Jyotirlinga Mandir, PER Lakshmi, LOC Okha, LOC Bet Dwarka, PER Rukmini, PER The Almighty, PER Vishnu, PER Vallabhacharya, PER Jambavati, PER Hanuman, PER Devaki, PER Lakshmi Narayan, LOC Dwarka, LOC Dhwarkadhish Temple, PER Devi, PER Satyabhama, LOC Hanuman Dandi temple, PER Radha, PER Shiva, LOC Kshatriyas, PER Sudama, PER Shankhasura, PER Jethwa", "Response": "Bet Dwarka, an island in the Arabian sea off the coast of Dwarka. Considered the original residence of Krishna, Bet Dwarka was the old port during the ancient times of Krishna before the Okha port was developed in Dwarka. The temple built here is credited to the religious Guru Vallabhacharya of the \"Pushtimarg Sampradaya\". Rice is the traditional offering here to the deity as it is believed that Sudama offered rice to his childhood friend Krishna. There are also smaller shrines on Bet Dwarka which are dedicated to Shiva, Vishnu, Hanuman and Devi. According to a legend, Vishnu killed the demon Shankhasura on this island. There are temples of Vishnu in the incarnation of matsya, or fish. Other shrines here are of Rukmini, Trivikrama, Devaki, Radha, Lakshmi, Satyabhama, Jambavati, Lakshmi Narayan, and many other gods.Hanuman Dandi temple is another notable temple located in Bet Dwarka, 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) away from Dhwarkadhish Temple, Bet Dwarka. The temple is deified with many images of Hanuman and his son Makardhwaja. The legend associated with the birth of a son to Hanuman, who is considered celibate, is that the sweat of Hanuman was consumed by a crocodile which then gave birth to a son named Makardhwaja. The Jethwa Rajput clan of Kshatriyas claim their descent from Makardhwaja.\n\nNageshvara Jyotirlinga Mandir is a temple dedicated to Shiva, and one of the twelve Jyotirlingas (meaning radiant sign of The Almighty) is deified here in a subterranean cell."}, {"Context": "Dwarka Shivrajpur Beach", "Knowledge": "LOC Shivrajpur Beach, LOC Dwarka Railway Station", "Response": "Shivrajpur Beach is 14.5 km from Dwarka Railway Station and is among eight Indian beaches to get the prestigious Blue Flag beach certification."}, {"Context": "Dwarka Culture", "Knowledge": "ORG N. D. H. High School, PER Krishna, ORG Sharda Peeth, PER Lord Krishna, ORG Sharda Peeth Vidya Sabha, LOC Dwarka, ORG P. V. M Girls ' High School", "Response": "Janmashtami is the main festival that is celebrated during the months of August and September with great fervor and piety as it is believed to be the abode of Lord Krishna in prehistoric times. The festival is marked by several night long celebrations to mark the birth of Krishna. Bhajans and sermons are part of the festivities. At midnight there is reenactment of Krishna's childhood in the form of Garba and Raas dances. On this occasion, the local boys create a pyramid and a young boy in the costume of Krishna climbs up this pyramid to strike a pot holding butter, an act which Krishna had mischievously performed with the gopis. This is also known as \"Dahi Handi\" or Utlotsavam.\nSharda Peeth Vidya Sabha is an educational society sponsored by the Sharda Peeth, which runs an arts college in Dwarka. The city is also home to the N.D.H. High School and P.V.M Girls' High School."}, {"Context": "Dwarka Sports", "Knowledge": "ORG Adventure Sports Ltd, LOC Bet Dwarka, ORG Government of Gujarat, ORG ASL", "Response": "The underwater ancient city off the coast of Bet Dwarka has been proposed to be developed as a scuba diving site. This project is a joint initiative of Adventure Sports Ltd (ASL) and the Government of Gujarat, with investment of \u20b913 crore (US$1.6 million). This is believed to be the first effort anywhere in the world to utilise a submerged city for tourism. Water and beach sports are also being promoted by the state government, and there are proposals to further promote aero and submarine sports."}, {"Context": "Dwarka Train", "Knowledge": "LOC Ahmedabad, LOC Jamnagar, LOC Dwarka, LOC Okha", "Response": "The Dwarka railway station is on broad gauge railway line that runs from Ahmedabad to Okha at a distance of about 137 kilometres (85 mi) from Jamnagar."}, {"Context": "Dwarka Air", "Knowledge": "LOC Jamnagar Airport", "Response": "Nearest Airport is Jamnagar Airport at 131 kms"}, {"Context": "Dwarka Road", "Knowledge": "LOC Ahmedabad, LOC Rajkot, LOC Somnath", "Response": "217 kilometres (135 mi) away from Rajkot, 235 km from Somnath and 378 kilometres (235 mi) from Ahmedabad."}, {"Context": "Dwarka See Also", "Knowledge": "LOC Nageshvara Jyotirlinga Somnath Temple", "Response": "Nageshvara Jyotirlinga\nSomnath Temple"}, {"Context": "Gandhinagar Introduction", "Knowledge": "PER Mahatma Gandhi, PER Le Corbusier, LOC Chandigarh, LOC India, PER H. K. Mewada, LOC Akshardham temple, PER Prakash M Apte, LOC Industrial corridor, LOC Gandhinagar, LOC Delhi, LOC Gujarat, LOC Sabarmati River, LOC Ahmedabad, LOC Mumbai", "Response": "Gandhinagar (, Gujarati: [\u02c8g\u0251\u02d0nd\u02b1in\u0259g\u0259\u027e] (listen)) is the capital of the state of Gujarat in India. Gandhinagar is located approximately 23 km north of Ahmedabad, on the west central point of the Industrial corridor between Delhi, the political capital of India, and Mumbai, the financial capital of India.\nGandhinagar lies on the west bank of the Sabarmati River, about 545 km (338 miles) north of Mumbai and 901 km (560 miles) southwest of Delhi. \nThe Akshardham temple is located in Gandhinagar. There was a determination to make Gandhinagar a purely Indian enterprise, partly because the state of Gujarat was the birthplace of Mahatma Gandhi. For this reason, the planning was done by two Indian town planners: Prakash M Apte and H. K. Mewada, who had apprenticed with Le Corbusier in Chandigarh."}, {"Context": "Gandhinagar History", "Knowledge": "PER H. K. Mewada, PER Prakash M Apte, ORG Cornell University", "Response": "The city was planned by Chief Architect H.K. Mewada, a Cornell University graduate, and his assistant Prakash M Apte."}, {"Context": "Gandhinagar Demographics", "Knowledge": "LOC Gandhinagar, LOC India", "Response": "According to the 2011 census of India, Gandhinagar had a population of 208,299. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Gandhinagar has an average literacy rate of 90%. Male literacy is 91%, and female literacy is 89%. In Gandhinagar, 11% of the population is under 6 years of age. Over 95% of the population of Gandhinagar are Hindus."}, {"Context": "Gandhinagar Geography", "Knowledge": "LOC Sabarmati River, LOC India, LOC Gujarat, LOC Gandhinagar", "Response": "Gandhinagar has an average elevation of 81 metres (266 feet). The city sits on the banks of the Sabarmati River, in north-central-east Gujarat. The 20,543 km2 area around Gandhinagar is defined by Gujarat capital territory. Gandhinagar spans an area of 326 km2 (126 sq mi). The river frequently dries up in the summer, leaving only a small stream of water. Gandhinagar is India's tree capital With 54% green cover on its land area."}, {"Context": "Gandhinagar Climate", "Knowledge": "LOC Gandhinagar", "Response": "Gandhinagar has a tropical wet and dry climate with three main seasons: summer, monsoon and winter. The climate is generally dry and hot outside of the monsoon season. The weather is hot to severely hot from March to June when the maximum temperature stays in the range of 36 to 42 \u00b0C (97 to 108 \u00b0F), and the minimum in the range of 19 to 27 \u00b0C (66 to 81 \u00b0F). It is pleasant in the winter days and quite chilling in the night during December to February. The average maximum temperature is around 29 \u00b0C (84 \u00b0F), the average minimum is 14 \u00b0C (57 \u00b0F), and the climate is extremely dry. The southwest monsoon brings a humid climate from mid-June to mid-September. The average annual rainfall is around 803.4 mm (31.63 in)."}, {"Context": "Gandhinagar Governance and politics", "Knowledge": "ORG Indian Air force, LOC State of Bombay, PER Amit Shah, ORG Gujarat State Emergency Disaster Management, ORG Congress, LOC Gandhinagar, ORG BJP, LOC Gujarat, ORG Indian Army, PER Mahendrasinh Rana, ORG Lok Sabha, ORG Bharatiya Janata Party", "Response": "On 1 May 1960, Gujarat was created out of the 17 northern districts of the former State of Bombay. These districts were further subdivided later on. There are 33 administrative districts in the state. Gandhinagar is a political hub for the state of Gujarat.Congress won the first municipal election in 2011. Mahendrasinh Rana became the first mayor of the city. The current Member of the Lok Sabha for Gandhinagar is Amit Shah from the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP).Gandhinagar is also situated near the west command post of the Indian Army and Indian Air force and also has a command centre in the city.\nGandhinagar has recently developed the Gujarat State Emergency Disaster Management centre."}, {"Context": "Gandhinagar Air", "Knowledge": "LOC Ahmedabad, LOC Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport, LOC Gandhinagar", "Response": "Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport located in Ahmedabad is 18 km away from Gandhinagar, providing both domestic and international flights."}, {"Context": "Gandhinagar Rail", "Knowledge": "LOC ADI, ORG MEMU, LOC Kalupur Ahmedabad, LOC India, LOC BG, LOC Kalol Junction, LOC Gandhinagar, LOC GNC, LOC Bandra, LOC Delhi, LOC Indore Junction, LOC Jaipur, LOC Ahmedabad Railway Station, LOC KLL, LOC Shanti, LOC Gandhinagar Capital, ORG Indian Railways, LOC Haridwar", "Response": "Gandhinagar Capital railway station (GNC) is located in Sector 14. Many trains running on the western zones pass through Gandhinagar. Currently, there are five trains running from this station in which three are express trains and two are MEMU trains. Jaipur-Bandra Garib Rath, Haridwar mail for Delhi and Haridwar and Shanti Express for Indore Junction BG are main express trains running through this station.\nAhmedabad Railway Station (ADI) in Kalupur Ahmedabad is the nearest rail junction (25 km away) which provides connectivity with all the major cities and towns of India. The Indian Railways transports are available for moving in northern India and eastern India from Kalol Junction railway station (KLL)."}, {"Context": "Gandhinagar Metro", "Knowledge": "ORG GNLU, LOC Ahmedabad Metro, ORG Metro, LOC Gandhinagar, LOC GIFT City, LOC Ahmedabad, LOC Mahatma Mandir, LOC Motera", "Response": "Under Phase II of the Ahmedabad Metro, total 22.8 km long network connecting Gandhinagar with Ahmedabad is being constructed. The North-South line of the Ahmedabad Metro is being extended from Motera station to Mahatma Mandir station. A branch line will connect GNLU station to GIFT City station."}, {"Context": "Gangotri Introduction", "Knowledge": "PER Shiva, PER Lord, LOC India, LOC Nagar, LOC Uttarkashi, PER Ganga, LOC Gangotri, LOC Greater Himalayan Range, LOC Uttarakhand, LOC Bhagirathi, LOC Ganges", "Response": "Gangotri is a town and a Nagar Panchayat (municipality) in Uttarkashi district in the state of Uttarakhand, India. It is 99 km from Uttarkashi, the main district headquarter. It is a Hindu pilgrim town on the banks of the river Bhagirathi \u2013 the origin of the river Ganges. The town is located on the Greater Himalayan Range, at a height of 3,100 metres (10,200 ft). According to popular Hindu legend, Goddess Ganga descended here when Lord Shiva released the mighty river from the locks of his hair."}, {"Context": "Gangotri Gangotri significance", "Knowledge": "PER Amar Singh Thapa, LOC Ganga, LOC Dham, LOC Devprayag, LOC Harsil, LOC Gangotri Temple, LOC Gangotri Glacier, LOC Mukhba, PER Ganga, LOC Alaknanda, LOC Gangotri, LOC Gaumukh, PER Semwal, LOC Bhagirathi, LOC Ganges", "Response": "Gangotri is one of the four sites in the Chota Char Dham pilgrimage circuit. It is also the origin of the Ganges river and seat of the goddess Ganga. The river is called Bhagirathi at the source and acquires the name Ganga (the Ganges) from Devprayag onwards where it meets the Alaknanda. The origin of the holy river is at Gaumukh, set in the Gangotri Glacier, and is a 19 km trek from Gangotri. The original Gangotri Temple was built by the Nepalese general Amar Singh Thapa. The temple is closed from Diwali day every year and is reopened on Akshaya Tritiya. During this time, the idol of the goddess is kept at Mukhba village, near Harsil. Ritual duties of the temple are supervised by the Semwal family of pujaris. These pujaris hail from Mukhba village."}, {"Context": "Gangotri Gangotri Temple", "Knowledge": "LOC Bhagiratha Shila, PER Bhagiratha, LOC Mukhba, PER Pandavas, PER Ganga, LOC Gangotri, PER Lord Shiva, LOC Bhagirathi", "Response": "A temple dedicated to Goddess Ganga is located near a sacred stone where King Bhagiratha worshipped Lord Shiva. According to Hindu culture, Goddess Ganga took the form of a river to absolve the sins of King Bhagiratha's predecessors, following his severe penance of several centuries. Bhagiratha Shila is a sacred slab where king Bhagiratha meditated. Ganga is believed to have touched earth at this spot. According to another legend, Pandavas performed the great \u2018Deva Yagna\u2018 here to atone the deaths of their kinsmen in the epic battle of Mahabharata. Hindus believe that performing the ancestral rites on the banks of Bhagirathi frees the spirit of the ancestor from the cycle of rebirth and a holy dip in its waters cleanses sins committed in the present also past births.The Gangotri temple opens on the auspicious day of Akshaya Tritiya which falls in the month of May and closes on Yama Dwitiya or Bhai Dooj which falls in the month of November. The Gangotri temple remains closed for the rest of six months. The Goddess shifts to the village Mukhba during the winter months. In the month of May, Ganga Dussehra is celebrated with great fanfare as the day of the birth of Ganga."}, {"Context": "Gangotri Demographics", "Knowledge": "LOC Gangotri, LOC India", "Response": "According to the 2011 census of India, there are total 47 families residing in Gangotri. The total population of Gangotri is 110 out of which 97 are males and 13 are females. The literacy rate of Gangotri is 99.1%. The entire population of Gangotri identifies as Hindu."}, {"Context": "Gangotri External Links", "Knowledge": "LOC Gangotri", "Response": "\nOfficial website\n Gangotri travel guide from Wikivoyage"}, {"Context": "Gangtok Introduction", "Knowledge": "LOC Himalayas, PER Thutob Namgyal, LOC Lhasa, LOC British India, LOC India, LOC Gangtok, LOC Lepchas, LOC British Empire, LOC Sikkimese, LOC Sikkim, LOC Tibet, LOC Calcutta, LOC Gangtok District, ORG Chogyal, LOC Kolkata, LOC Bhutia, LOC Enchey Monastery", "Response": "Gangtok is a city, municipality, the capital and the largest populated place of the Indian state of Sikkim. It is also the headquarters of the Gangtok District. Gangtok is in the eastern Himalayan range, at an elevation of 1,650 m (5,410 ft). The city's population of 100,000 are from different ethnicities of Sikkimese people such as Indian Gorkhas, Bhutia and Lepchas. Within the higher peaks of the Himalayas and with a year-round mild temperate climate, Gangtok is at the centre of Sikkim's tourism industry.\nGangtok rose to prominence as a popular Buddhist pilgrimage site after the construction of the Enchey Monastery in 1840. In 1894, the ruling Sikkimese Chogyal, Thutob Namgyal, transferred the capital to Gangtok. In the early 20th century, Gangtok became a major stopover on the trade route between Lhasa in Tibet and cities such as Kolkata (then Calcutta) in British India. After India won its independence from the British Empire in 1947, Sikkim chose to remain an independent monarchy, with Gangtok as its capital. After Sikkim's merger with India in 1975, Gangtok continued as the state capital."}, {"Context": "Gangtok Etymology", "Knowledge": "LOC Gangtok", "Response": "The precise meaning of the name \"Gangtok\" is unclear, though most agree that the meaning is \"hill cut\"."}, {"Context": "Gangtok History", "Knowledge": "PER Thutob Namgyal, LOC Nathula, LOC India, PER Jawaharlal Nehru, LOC Gangtok, LOC Jelepla, LOC Sikkimese, LOC Sikkim, LOC Tibet, LOC Tumlong, ORG Chogyal, LOC Enchey Monastery", "Response": "Like the rest of Sikkim, not much is known about the early history of Gangtok. The earliest records date from the construction of the hermitic Gangtok monastery in 1716. Gangtok remained a small hamlet until the construction of the Enchey Monastery in 1840 made it a pilgrimage centre. It became the capital of what was left of Sikkim after its to English conquest in the mid-19th century in response to a hostage crisis. After the defeat of the Tibetans by the British, Gangtok became a major stopover in the trade between Tibet and British India at the end of the 19th century. Most of the roads and the telegraph in the area were built during this time.\nIn 1894, Thutob Namgyal, the Sikkimese monarch under British rule, shifted the capital from Tumlong to Gangtok, increasing the city's importance. A new grand palace along with other state buildings was built in the new capital. Following India's independence in 1947, Sikkim became a nation-state with Gangtok as its capital. Sikkim came under the suzerainty of India, with the condition that it would retain its independence, by the treaty signed between the Chogyal and the then Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru. This pact gave the Indians control of external affairs on behalf of Sikkimese. Trade between India and Tibet flourished through the Nathula and Jelepla passes, benefiting Gangtok. Trade declined with the Chinese crackdown in Tibet in 1959 and the passes were sealed after the Sino-Indian War in 1962. The Nathula pass was finally opened to limited trade in 2006, fuelling hopes of economic boom.In 1975, after years of political uncertainty and struggle, including riots, the monarchy was abrogated and Sikkim became India's twenty-second state, with Gangtok as its capital after a referendum. Gangtok has witnessed annual landslides, resulting in loss of life and damage to property. The largest disaster occurred in June 1997, when 38 were killed and hundreds of buildings were destroyed."}, {"Context": "Gangtok Geography", "Knowledge": "LOC Singtam, LOC Himalayas, LOC Teesta, LOC Ranikhola, LOC Gangtok, PER Raj Bhawan, ORG Bureau of Indian Standards, LOC The Ridge, LOC Sikkim, LOC Mount Kanchenjunga, LOC Ranipul, LOC Roro Chu", "Response": "Gangtok is located at 27.3325\u00b0N 88.6140\u00b0E\ufeff / 27.3325; 88.6140 (coordinates of Gangtok head post office). It is in the lower Himalayas at an elevation of 1,650 m (5,410 ft). The town is on the side of a hill, with \"The Ridge\", a promenade with the Raj Bhawan, the governor's residence, at one end and the palace, at an altitude of about 1,800 m (5,900 ft), at the other. The city is flanked east and west by two streams, Roro Chu and Ranikhola. These two rivers divide the natural drainage into two parts, eastern and western. Both streams meet the Ranipul and flow south as the Ranikhola before joining the Teesta at Singtam. Most kind roads are steep, with the buildings built on compacted ground alongside them.\n\nMost of Sikkim, including Gangtok, is underlain by Precambrian rocks which contain foliated phyllites and schists; slopes are therefore prone to frequent landslides. Surface runoff of water by natural streams (jhora) and man-made drains has contributed to the risk of landslides. According to the Bureau of Indian Standards, the town falls under seismic zone-IV (on a scale of I to V, in order of increasing seismic activity), near the convergent boundary of the Indian and the Eurasian tectonic plates and is subject to frequent earthquakes. The hills are nestled within higher peaks and the snow-clad Himalayan ranges tower over the town in the distance. Mount Kanchenjunga (8,598 m or 28,209 ft)\u2014the world's third-highest peak\u2014is visible to the west of the city. The existence of steep slopes, vulnerability to landslides, large forest cover and inadequate access to most areas have been a major impediment to the natural and balanced growth of the city.Densely forested regions surround Gangtok, temperate, deciduous forests of poplar, birch, oak and elm, as well as evergreen, coniferous trees of the wet alpine zone. Orchids are common and rare varieties of orchids are featured in flower shows in the city. Bamboo is also abundant. In the lower reaches of the town, the vegetation gradually changes from alpine to temperate deciduous and subtropical. Flowers such as sunflower, marigold, poinsettia and others bloom, especially in November and December."}, {"Context": "Gangtok Climate", "Knowledge": "LOC Gangtok", "Response": "Gangtok has a monsoon-influenced subtropical highland climate (K\u00f6ppen: Cwb). Because of its elevation and sheltered environment, Gangtok enjoys a mild, temperate climate all year round. Like most Himalayan towns, Gangtok has five seasons: summer, monsoons, autumn, winter and spring. Temperatures range from an average maximum of 22 \u00b0C (72 \u00b0F) in summertime to an average minimum of 5 \u00b0C (41 \u00b0F) in winter. Summers (lasting from late April to May) are mild, with maximum temperatures rarely crossing 25 \u00b0C (77 \u00b0F). The monsoon season from June to September is characterised by intense torrential rains, often causing landslides that block Gangtok's land access to the rest of the country. Rainfall starts to rise from pre-monsoon in May and peaks during the monsoon, with July recording the highest monthly average of 649.6 mm (25.6 in). In winter temperature averages between 4 \u00b0C (39 \u00b0F) and 7 \u00b0C (45 \u00b0F). Snowfall is rare and in recent times, Gangtok has received snow only in 1990, 2004, 2005 and 2020. Temperatures below freezing are also rare. During this season the weather can be unstable and change abruptly from bright sunshine and clear skies to heavy rain within a couple of hours. During spring and autumn the weather is generally sunny and mild. Owing to its elevation, Gangtok is often enveloped in fog during the monsoon and winter months."}, {"Context": "Gangtok Economy", "Knowledge": "LOC Lhasa, LOC Nathula, LOC India, LOC Gangtok, LOC Nathula Pass, LOC Sikkim, LOC Lal Market, LOC Tibet, LOC Mahatma Gandhi Marg", "Response": "Gangtok is the main base for Sikkim tourism. Summer and spring seasons are the most popular tourist seasons. Many of Gangtok's residents are employed directly and indirectly in the tourism industry, with many residents owning and working in hotels and restaurants.Mahatma Gandhi Marg and Lal Market are prominent business areas and tourist spots in Gangtok.Ecotourism has emerged as an important economic activity in the region which includes trekking, mountaineering, river rafting and other nature oriented activities. An estimated 351,000 tourists visited Sikkim in 2007, generating revenue of about \u20b9500 million (equivalent to \u20b91.3 billion or US$16 million in 2020).The Nathula Pass, located about 50 km (31 mi) from Gangtok, used to be the primary route of the wool, fur and spice trade with Tibet and spurred economic growth for Gangtok till the mid-20th century. In 1962, after the border was closed during the Sino-Indian War, Gangtok fell into recession. The pass was reopened in 2006 and trade through the pass is expected to boost the economy of Gangtok. The Sikkim government is keen to open a Lhasa\u2013Gangtok bus service via Nathula pass. Sikkim's mountainous terrain results in the lack of train or air links, limiting the area's potential for rapid industrial development. The government is the largest employer in the city, both directly and as contractors.\nGangtok's economy does not have a large manufacturing base, but has a thriving Cottage industry in watch-making, country-made alcohol and handicrafts. Among the handicrafts are the handmade paper industry made from various vegetable fibres or cotton rags. The main market in Gangtok provides many of the state's rural residents a place to offer their produce during the harvest seasons. The majority of the private business community is made up of Marwaris and Biharis. As part of Sikkim, Gangtok enjoys the status of being an income-tax free region as per the state's 1948 Income tax law. As Sikkim is a frontier state, the Indian army maintains a large presence in the vicinity of Gangtok. This leads to a population of semi-permanent residents who bring money into the local economy. The Sikkim government started India's first online lottery Playwin to boost government income, but this was later closed by a ruling from the Sikkim High Court.Agriculture is a large employer in Sikkim and in 2003 the Sikkim state government declared the goal of converting the whole sector to organic production. The goal of 100% organic was achieved in 2016. This achievement offers new export opportunities to grow the agriculture sector, to achieve premium prices and new opportunities for agritourism."}, {"Context": "Gangtok Civic administration", "Knowledge": "ORG PHED, ORG Vidhan Sabha, LOC East Sikkim, ORG GMC, ORG Lower House, ORG Urban Development and Housing Department, ORG SDF, ORG Gangtok Municipal Corporation, PER Inspector General of Police, PER Director General of Police, ORG Public Health Engineering Department, ORG Indian Parliament, ORG Sikkim High Court, LOC Rongyek jail, ORG UDHD, ORG Sikkim Democratic Front, LOC India, LOC Gangtok, LOC Sikkim, ORG High Court, ORG Union Government of India, ORG Government of Sikkim, ORG Lok Sabha", "Response": "Gangtok is administered by the Gangtok Municipal Corporation (GMC) along with the various departments of the Government of Sikkim, particularly the Urban Development and Housing Department (UDHD) and the Public Health Engineering Department (PHED). These departments provide municipal functions such as garbage disposal, water supply, tax collection, licence allotments, and civic infrastructure. An administrator appointed by the state government heads the UDHD.As the headquarters of East Sikkim district, Gangtok houses the offices of the district collector, an administrator appointed by the Union Government of India. Gangtok is also the seat of the Sikkim High Court, which is India's smallest High Court in terms of area and population of jurisdiction. Gangtok does not have its own police commissionerate like other major cities in India. Instead, it comes under the jurisdiction of the state police, which is headed by a Director General of Police, although an Inspector General of Police oversees the town. Sikkim is known for its very low crime rate. Rongyek jail in Gangtok is Sikkim's only central jail.Gangtok is within the Sikkim Lok Sabha constituency that elects a member to the Lok Sabha (Lower House) of the Indian Parliament. The city elects one member in the Sikkim state legislative assembly, the Vidhan Sabha. The Sikkim Democratic Front (SDF) won both the parliamentary election in 2009 and the state assembly seat in the 2009 state assembly polls."}, {"Context": "Gangtok Utility services", "Knowledge": "LOC Jhora, ORG UDHD, ORG PHED, ORG Rural Management and Development Department of Sikkim, LOC Ranikhola, LOC Gangtok, LOC Jhoras, LOC Sikkim, ORG Border Roads Organisation, LOC Rateychu, LOC Teesta River, ORG Government of Sikkim, LOC Rateychu River, LOC Selep, LOC Roro Chu", "Response": "Electricity is supplied by the power department of the Government of Sikkim. Gangtok has a nearly uninterrupted electricity supply due to Sikkim's numerous hydroelectric power stations. The rural roads around Gangtok are maintained by the Border Roads Organisation, a division of the Indian army. Several roads in Gangtok are reported to be in a poor condition, whereas building construction activities continue almost unrestrained in this city lacking proper land infrastructure. Most households are supplied by the central water system maintained and operated by the PHED. The main source of PHED water supply is the Rateychu River, located about 16 km (9.9 mi) from the city, at an altitude of 2,621 m (8,599 ft). Its water treatment plant is located at Selep. The river Rateychu is snow-fed and has perennial streams. Since there is no habitation in the catchment area except for a small army settlement, there is little environmental degradation and the water is of very good quality. 40 seasonal local springs are used by the Rural Management and Development Department of Sikkim Government to supply water to outlying rural areas.\nAround 40% of the population has access to sewers. However, only the toilet waste is connected to the sewer while sullage is discharged into the drains. Without a proper sanitation system, the practice of disposing sewage through septic tanks and directly discharging into Jhoras and open drains is prevalent. The entire city drains into the two rivers, Ranikhola and Roro Chu, through numerous small streams and Jhoras. Ranikhola and Roro Chu rivers confluence with Teesta River, the major source of drinking water to the population downstream. The densely populated urban area of Gangtok does not have a combined drainage system to drain out the stormwater and wastewater from the buildings. The estimated solid waste generated in Gangtok city is approximately 45 tonnes. Only around 40% of this is collected by UDHD, while the remainder is indiscriminately thrown into Jhora, streets and valleys. The collected waste is disposed in a dump located about 20 km (12 mi) from the city. There is no waste collection from inaccessible areas where vehicles cannot reach, nor does any system of collection of waste exist in the adjoining rural areas. The city is under a statewide ban on the use of polythene bags."}, {"Context": "Gangtok Road", "Knowledge": "LOC National Highway, LOC India, LOC Kalimpong, LOC Gangtok, ORG Sikkim Legislative assembly, LOC NH10, LOC West Bengal, LOC Siliguri, LOC Darjeeling", "Response": "Taxis are the most widely available public transport within Gangtok. Most of the residents stay within a few kilometres of the town centre and many have their own vehicles such as two-wheelers and cars. The share of personal vehicles and taxis combined is 98% of Gangtok's total vehicles, a high percentage when compared to other Indian cities. City buses comprise less than one per cent of vehicles. Those travelling longer distances generally make use of share-jeeps, a kind of public taxis. Four wheel drives are used to easily navigate the steep slopes of the roads. The 1 km (0.6 mi) long cable car with three stops connects lower Gangtok suburbs with Sikkim Legislative assembly in central Gangtok and the upper suburbs.Gangtok is connected to the rest of India by an all-weather metalled highway, National Highway 10 (NH10), earlier known as National Highway 31A, which links Gangtok to Siliguri, located 114 km (71 mi) away in the neighbouring state of West Bengal. The highway also provides a link to the neighbouring hill station towns of Darjeeling and Kalimpong, which are the nearest urban areas. Regular jeep, van and bus services link these towns to Gangtok. Gangtok is a linear city that has developed along the arterial roads, especially National Highway 31A. Most of the road length in Gangtok is of two lane undivided carriageway with footpath on one side of the road and drain on the other. The steep gradient of the different road stretches coupled with a spiral road configuration constrain the smooth flow of vehicular as well as pedestrian traffic."}, {"Context": "Gangtok Rail", "Knowledge": "LOC India, LOC Gangtok, LOC Rangpo, LOC NH10, LOC New Jalpaiguri Junction, LOC Sikkim, LOC West Bengal, LOC Siliguri, LOC Sevoke", "Response": "The nearest railhead connected to the rest of India is New Jalpaiguri Junction railway station in Siliguri, 124 km (77 mi) from Gangtok via NH10. Work has begun on a broad-gauge railway link from Sevoke in West Bengal to Rangpo in Sikkim, which is planned for extension to Gangtok."}, {"Context": "Gangtok Air", "Knowledge": "LOC Pakyong Airport, PER Narendra Modi, LOC India, LOC Pakyong, LOC Northeastern Region, LOC Gangtok, LOC Sikkim, LOC Kolkata", "Response": "Pakyong Airport is spread over 400 ha (990 acres) at Pakyong, about 35 km (22 mi) south of Gangtok. At 1,400 m (4,500 ft), it is one of the five highest airports in India, and also the first greenfield airport to be constructed in the Northeastern Region of India, the 100th operational airport in India, and the only airport in the state of Sikkim.The airport was inaugurated by India's Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 24 September 2018 and the first commercial flights from the airport began on 4 October 2018 between Pakyong and Kolkata."}, {"Context": "Gangtok Demographics", "Knowledge": "LOC India, LOC North East Presbyterian Church, LOC Anjuman Mosque, LOC Roman Catholic Church, LOC Gangtok, LOC East District, LOC Sikkim, LOC East Sikkim, ORG Gangtok Municipal Corporation", "Response": "According to the Provisional Population Totals 2011 census of India, the population of Gangtok Municipal Corporation has been estimated to be 98,658. Males constituted 53% of the population and females 47%. The Gangtok subdivision of the East Sikkim district had a population of 281,293, Gangtok has an average literacy rate of 82.17%, higher than the national average of 74%: male literacy is 85.33%, and female literacy is 78.68. About 8% of Gangtok's population live in the nine notified slums and squatter settlements, all on Government land. More people live in areas that depict slum-like characteristics but have not been notified as slums yet because they have developed on private land. Of the total urban population of Sikkim, Gangtok Municipal Corporation has a share of 55.5%. Including Gangtok, East District has a share of 88% of the total urban population. The quality of life, the pace of development and availability of basic infrastructure and employment prospects has been the major cause for rapid migration to the city. With this migration, the urban services are under pressure, intensified by the lack of availability of suitable land for infrastructure development.Ethnic Nepalis, who settled in the region during British rule, comprise the majority of Gangtok's residents. Lepchas, native to the land, and Bhutias also constitute a sizeable portion of the populace. Additionally, a large number of Tibetans have immigrated to the town. Immigrant resident communities not native to the region include the Marwaris, Biharis and Bengalis.\n\nHinduism and Buddhism are the most significant religions in Gangtok. Gangtok also has a sizeable Christian population and a small Muslim minority. The North East Presbyterian Church, Roman Catholic Church and Anjuman Mosque in Gangtok are places of worship for the religious minorities. The town has not been communalised, having never witnessed any sort of inter-religious strife in its history. Nepali is the most widely spoken language in Sikkim as well as Gangtok. English and Hindi being the official language of Sikkim and India respectively, are also widely spoken and understood in most of Sikkim, particularly in Gangtok. Other languages spoken in Gangtok include Bhutia (Sikkimese), Tibetan and Lepcha."}, {"Context": "Gangtok Culture", "Knowledge": "LOC Holi, LOC India, LOC Paljor Stadium, LOC Dashain, LOC Saga, LOC Gangtok, PER Dalai Lama, LOC Tihar, LOC Tibet, ORG Bhutias, LOC Bhutan, LOC Loosong, LOC Nepal, LOC Bhumchu", "Response": "Apart from the major religious festivals of Dashain, Tihar, Christmas, Holi etc., the diverse ethnic populace of the town celebrates several local festivals. The Lepchas and Bhutias celebrate new year in January, while Tibetans celebrate the new year (Losar) with \"Devil Dance\" in January\u2013February. The Maghe sankranti, Ram Navami are some of the important Nepalese festivals. Chotrul Duchen, Buddha Jayanti, the birthday of the Dalai Lama, Loosong, Bhumchu, Saga Dawa, Lhabab Duechen and Drupka Teshi are some other festivals, some distinct to local culture and others shared with the rest of India, Nepal, Bhutan and Tibet.A popular food in Gangtok is the momo, a steamed dumpling containing pork, beef and vegetables cooked in a doughy wrapping and served with watery soup. Wai-Wai is a packaged snack consisting of noodles which are eaten either dry or in soup form. A form of noodle called thukpa, served in soup form is also popular in Gangtok. Other noodle-based foods such as the chowmein, thenthuk, fakthu, gyathuk and wonton are available. Other traditional Sikkimese cuisine include shah-phaley (Sikkimese patties with spiced minced meat in a crisp samosa-like case) and Gack-ko soup. Restaurants offer a wide variety of traditional Indian, continental and Chinese cuisines to cater to the tourists. Churpee, a kind of hard cheese made from cow's or yak's milk is sometimes chewed. Chhang is a local frothy millet beer traditionally served in bamboo tankards and drunk through bamboo or cane straws.Football (soccer), cricket and archery are the most popular sports in Gangtok. The Paljor Stadium, which hosts football matches, is the sole sporting ground in the city. Thangka\u2014a notable handicraft\u2014is an elaborately hand-painted religious scroll in brilliant colours drawn on fabric hung in a monastery or a family altar and occasionally carried by monks in ceremonial processions. Chhaams are vividly costumed monastic dances performed on ceremonial and festive occasions, especially in the monasteries during the Tibetan new year."}, {"Context": "Gangtok City institutions", "Knowledge": "LOC Lhasa, LOC Himalayan Zoological Park, LOC Do - drul Chorten, LOC Rumtek Monastery, ORG Nyingma, PER Ganpati, PER Hanuman, ORG Namgyal Institute of Tibetology, LOC Do - drul Chorten stupa, LOC Enchey monastery, PER Trulshik Rimpoch\u00e9, LOC Ganesh Tok, LOC Tibet, LOC Hanuman Tok, LOC Tibetology Museum, ORG Kagyu order, LOC Rumtek, PER Karmapa, LOC Gangtok, LOC Sikkim, LOC Thakurbari Temple", "Response": "A centre of Buddhist learning and culture, Gangtok's most notable Buddhist institutions are the Enchey monastery, the Do-drul Chorten stupa complex and the Rumtek Monastery. The Enchey monastery is the city's oldest monastery and is the seat of the Nyingma order. The two-hundred-year-old baroque monastery houses images of gods, goddesses, and other religious artefacts. In the month of January, the Chaam, or masked dance, is performed with great fanfare. The Do-drul Chorten is a stupa which was constructed in 1945 by Trulshik Rimpoch\u00e9, head of the Nyingma order of Tibetan Buddhism. Inside this stupa are complete set of relics, holy books, and mantras. Surrounding the edifice are 108 Mani Lhakor, or prayer wheels. The complex also houses a religious school.\nThe Rumtek Monastery on the outskirts of the town is one of Buddhism's most sacred monasteries. The monastery is the seat of the Kagyu order, one of the major Tibetan sects, and houses some of the world's most sacred and rare Tibetan Buddhist scriptures and religious objects in its reliquary. Constructed in the 1960s, the building is modelled after a similar monastery in Lhasa, Tibet. Rumtek was the focus of international media attention in 2000 after the seventeenth Karmapa, one of the four holiest lamas, fled Lhasa and sought refuge in the monastery.The Namgyal Institute of Tibetology, better known as the Tibetology Museum, houses a huge collection of masks, Buddhist scriptures, statues, and tapestries. It has over two hundred Buddhist icons, and is a centre of study of Buddhist philosophy. The Thakurbari Temple, located in the heart of the city, established in 1935 on a prime piece of land donated by the then Maharaja of Sikkim, is one of the oldest and best-known Hindu temples in the city. The Ganesh Tok and the Hanuman Tok, dedicated to the Hindu gods Ganpati and Hanuman and housing important Hindu deities, are located in the upper reaches of the city. The Himalayan Zoological Park exhibits the fauna of the Himalayas in their natural habitats. The zoo features the Himalayan black bear, red pandas, the barking deer, the snow leopard, the leopard cat, Tibetan wolf, masked palm civet and the spotted deer, amongst the others. Jawaharlal Nehru Botanical Gardens, near Rumtek, houses many species of orchid and as many as fifty different species of tree, including many oaks."}, {"Context": "Gangtok Education", "Knowledge": "ORG Damber Singh College, ORG Sikkim Manipal University, LOC Yang Yang, ORG Sikkim Government College, ORG Central Board of Secondary Education, ORG Indira Gandhi National Open University, ORG Holy Cross School, ORG District Institute of Education and Training and, ORG Sikkim Manipal Institute of Technology, ORG Sikkim University, ORG State Institute of Education, ORG Sikkim Manipal Institute of Medical Sciences, ORG Tashi Namgyal Academy, ORG Indian Certificate of Secondary Education, ORG Sikkim Government Law College, ORG Taktse International School, ORG National Institute of Open Schooling, LOC Gangtok, ORG Kendriya Vidyalaya, ORG Sikkim Judicial Academy, ORG Paljor Namgyal Girls School", "Response": "Gangtok's schools are either run by the state government or by private and religious organisations. Schools mainly use English and Nepali as their medium of instruction. The schools are either affiliated with the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education, Central Board of Secondary Education or the National Institute of Open Schooling. Notable schools include the Tashi Namgyal Academy, Paljor Namgyal Girls School, Holy Cross School, Taktse International School, Sikkim Judicial Academy, and Kendriya Vidyalaya.Colleges conferring graduate degrees include Sikkim Government College, Sikkim Government Law College and Damber Singh College. Sikkim University established in 2007 is functioning in Gangtok; the university has been allotted land in neighbouring Yang Yang town for establishment of its own campus. The university offers a diverse range of courses and has a number of institutes affiliated to it. 8 km (5.0 mi) from here is the headquarters of the Sikkim Manipal University, which houses Sikkim Manipal Institute of Medical Sciences and Sikkim Manipal Institute of Technology. The Indira Gandhi National Open University also has a regional centre in the city. There are other institutions offering diplomas in Buddhist literature, catering and other non-mainstream fields. District Institute of Education and Training and State Institute of Education conduct teacher training programmes."}, {"Context": "Gangtok Media", "Knowledge": "ORG Sikkim Cable, ORG Nine FM, ORG Jio, LOC India, ORG AIR Gangtok, LOC Gangtok, ORG Doordarshan, ORG BSNL, ORG Dish TV, ORG Vodafone, ORG Nayuma, LOC Sikkim, ORG Airtel, ORG Doordarshan TV, ORG All India Radio, ORG Red FM, ORG Radio Misty", "Response": "More than 50 newspapers are published in Sikkim. Multiple local Nepali and English newspapers are published, whereas regional and national Hindi and English newspapers, printed elsewhere in India, are also circulated.\nGangtok has two cinemas featuring Nepali, Hindi and English-language films. The town also has a public library.The main service providers are Sikkim Cable, Nayuma, Dish TV and Doordarshan. All India Radio has a local station in Gangtok, which transmits various programmes of mass interest. Gangtok has three FM stations, namely 93.5 (Red FM), 95.0 (Radio Misty), 91.9 (Nine FM) and one AIR Gangtok radio station. BSNL, Vodafone, Jio and Airtel have the four largest cellular networks in the town with 4G services available within the city limits. There is a Doordarshan TV station in Gangtok."}, {"Context": "Gaya Introduction", "Knowledge": "LOC Gaya", "Response": "Gaya may refer to:"}, {"Context": "Gaya Czech Republic", "Knowledge": "LOC Hodon\u00edn District, LOC Gaya, LOC Kyjov", "Response": "Gaya (German and Latin), Kyjov (Hodon\u00edn District), a town"}, {"Context": "Gaya Guinea", "Knowledge": "LOC Gayah, LOC Gaya", "Response": "Gaya or Gayah, a town"}, {"Context": "Gaya India", "Knowledge": "LOC Gaya, LOC India, LOC Bihar Gaya Airport Bodh Gaya, LOC Gaya Gaya, LOC Bihar", "Response": "Gaya, India, a city in Bihar\nGaya Airport\nBodh Gaya, a town in Bihar near Gaya\nGaya district, Bihar"}, {"Context": "Gaya Niger", "Knowledge": "LOC Gaya, LOC Dosso, LOC Gaya Department, LOC Dosso Region, LOC Niger", "Response": "Gaya, Niger, a city in the Dosso region\nGaya Department, a department of the Dosso Region"}, {"Context": "Gaya Nigeria", "Knowledge": "LOC Nigeria, LOC Gaya, LOC Kano State", "Response": "Gaya, Nigeria, a city in Kano State"}, {"Context": "Gaya Malaysia", "Knowledge": "LOC Gaya Island, LOC Sabah, LOC Pulau Gaya", "Response": "Pulau Gaya (Gaya Island), a sizeable Malaysian island near the coast of Sabah"}, {"Context": "Gaya South Korea", "Knowledge": "LOC South Gyeongsang, LOC Gaya, LOC Gaya Line, ORG Gaya, LOC Busan Gayasan National Park, LOC Geumgwan Gaya", "Response": "Gaya confederacy, an ancient league of statelets on the Korean peninsula\nGeumgwan Gaya, the ruling city-state of the Gaya confederacy during the Three Kingdoms Period\nGaya Line, a railway line serving Busan\nGayasan National Park, a national park in South Gyeongsang"}, {"Context": "Gaya Spain", "Knowledge": "LOC Gay\u00e1 River", "Response": "Gay\u00e1 River"}, {"Context": "Gaya Forename", "Knowledge": "PER Gaya Herrington", "Response": "Gaya Herrington (born 1981), Dutch econometricist, sustainability researcher and activist"}, {"Context": "Gaya Surname", "Knowledge": "PER Eiji Gaya, PER Jos\u00e9 Luis Gay\u00e0, PER Juan Antonio Gaya Nu\u00f1o, PER Ram\u00f3n Gaya, PER Kabiru Ibrahim Gaya", "Response": "Eiji Gaya (born 1969), Japanese football player\nKabiru Ibrahim Gaya (born 1952), Nigerian politician and architect\nRam\u00f3n Gaya (1910\u20132005), Spanish artist\nJos\u00e9 Luis Gay\u00e0 (born 1995), Spanish footballer\nJuan Antonio Gaya Nu\u00f1o (1913\u20131976) was a Spanish art historian, author, teacher, and art critic."}, {"Context": "Gaya Other uses", "Knowledge": "ORG Gaya Quartet, LOC Seediq", "Response": "Gaya (plant), a genus of plants in the family Malvaceae\nGaya Quartet, an Azerbaijani singing group\nGaya language, the language of the Korean Gaya confederacy\nGaya (Seediq), law of the Seediq people\nGaya melon, a honeydew melon cultivar"}, {"Context": "Goa Introduction", "Knowledge": "LOC Portuguese India, LOC India, LOC North Western Ghats, LOC Portuguese Empire, LOC Marg\u00e3o, ORG National Commission on Population, LOC Panaji, LOC Deccan, LOC Goa, LOC Maharashtra, LOC Karnataka, LOC Vasco da Gama, LOC Arabian Sea, LOC Western Ghats, ORG Eleventh Finance Commission of India, LOC Konkan", "Response": "Goa ( (listen)) is a state on the southwestern coast of India. It is situated within the Konkan region, geographically separated from the Deccan highlands by the Western Ghats. It is bound by the Indian states of Maharashtra to the north, and Karnataka to the east and south, with the Arabian Sea in the west. It is India's smallest state by area and fourth-smallest by population. Goa has the highest GDP per capita among all Indian states, two and a half times as high as the GDP per capita of the country as a whole. The Eleventh Finance Commission of India named Goa the best-placed state because of its infrastructure, and India's National Commission on Population rated it as having the best quality of life in India (based on the commission's \"12 Indicators\"). It is the third-highest ranking among Indian states in the human development index.Panaji is the state's capital, while Vasco da Gama is its largest city. The historic city of Marg\u00e3o in Goa still exhibits the cultural influence of the Portuguese, who first voyaged to the subcontinent in the early 16th century as merchants, and conquered it soon thereafter, whereupon Goa became an overseas territory of the Portuguese Empire, part of what was then known as Portuguese India, and remained as such for about 456 years until it was annexed by India in 1961. Goa's official language, which is spoken by a majority of its inhabitants, is Konkani.\nGoa is visited by large numbers of international and domestic tourists each year because of its white-sand beaches, active nightlife, places of worship, and World Heritage-listed architecture. It also has rich flora and fauna because it lies very close to the North Western Ghats rainforests, one of the rare biodiversity hotspots of the world."}, {"Context": "Goa Etymology", "Knowledge": "LOC Gopakapuri, LOC Govem, LOC Mahassapatam, LOC Sindapur, LOC Bahmani, LOC Gopakapattam, ORG Estado da \u00cdndia, LOC Goa, LOC Sandabur, LOC Govapuri, LOC Gomantak, LOC Gopakapattana, PER Afonso de Albuquerque, LOC Gomanchala, LOC Bijapuri", "Response": "After the Bahmani-Bijapuri city of Goa was captured by Afonso de Albuquerque in AD 1510, and made the capital of the Estado da \u00cdndia, the city gave its name to the contiguous territories.The origin of the city name \"Goa\" is unclear. In ancient literature, Goa was known by many names, such as Gomanchala, Gopakapattana, Gopakapattam, Gopakapuri, Govapuri, Govem, and Gomantak. Other historical names for Goa are Sindapur, Sandabur, and Mahassapatam."}, {"Context": "Goa Prehistory", "Knowledge": "LOC Fatorpa, LOC Aquem - Margaon, LOC Kajur, LOC Kazur, LOC Diwar, LOC Dabolim, LOC Usgalimal, LOC Sanguem, LOC Kushavati, LOC Shigao, LOC Mauxim, LOC Shimoga - Goa Greenstone Belt, LOC Goa, LOC Adkon, LOC Pilerne, ORG UNESCO, LOC Arli, LOC Maulinguinim, LOC India, LOC Mandovi - Zuari, LOC Western Ghats", "Response": "Rock art engravings found in Goa are one of the earliest known traces of human life in India. Goa, situated within the Shimoga-Goa Greenstone Belt in the Western Ghats (an area composed of metavolcanics, iron formations and ferruginous quartzite), yields evidence for Acheulean occupation. Rock art engravings (petroglyphs) are present on laterite platforms and granite boulders in Usgalimal near the west flowing Kushavati river and in Kajur. In Kajur, the rock engravings of animals, tectiforms and other designs in granite have been associated with what is considered to be a megalithic stone circle with a round granite stone in the centre. Petroglyphs, cones, stone-axe, and choppers dating to 10,000 years ago have been found in various locations in Goa, including Kazur, Mauxim, and the Mandovi-Zuari basin. Recently these petroglyphs have been included in the tentative  list of UNESCO world heritage sites.\nEvidence of Palaeolithic life is visible at Dabolim, Adkon, Shigao, Fatorpa, Arli, Maulinguinim, Diwar, Sanguem, Pilerne, and Aquem-Margaon. Difficulty in carbon dating the laterite rock compounds poses a problem for determining the exact time period.Early Goan society underwent radical change when Indo-Aryan and Dravidian migrants amalgamated with the aboriginal locals, forming the base of early Goan culture."}, {"Context": "Goa Early history", "Knowledge": "ORG Satavahanas, LOC Delhi Sultanate, LOC Bijapur, LOC Vijayanagara Empire, LOC Magadha, PER Ashoka, LOC Western Maharashtra, LOC Velha Goa, ORG Kadambas, PER Chutus, PER Adil Shahis, PER Harihara I, LOC Goa, ORG Silharas, LOC Konkan, LOC Malkhed, ORG Western Kshatrapas, PER Yadav, ORG Bhojas, LOC Gujarat, ORG Rashtrakutas, ORG Vijayanagara, ORG Kalachuris, PER Bahmani, LOC Badami, LOC Maurya, LOC Old Goa, LOC Kalyani, LOC Kolhapur, LOC Gulbarga, ORG Chalukyas, PER Abhiras, LOC Karwar", "Response": "In the 3rd century BC, Goa was part of the Maurya Empire, ruled by the Buddhist emperor, Ashoka of Magadha. Buddhist monks laid the foundation of Buddhism in Goa. Between the 2nd century BC and the 6th century AD, Goa was ruled by the Bhojas of Goa. Chutus of Karwar also ruled some parts as feudatories of the Satavahanas of Kolhapur (2nd century BC to the 2nd century AD), Western Kshatrapas (around 150 AD), the Abhiras of Western Maharashtra, Bhojas of the Yadav clans of Gujarat, and the Konkan Mauryas as feudatories of the Kalachuris. The rule later passed to the Chalukyas of Badami, who controlled it between 578 and 753, and later the Rashtrakutas of Malkhed from 753 to 963. From 765 to 1015, the Southern Silharas of Konkan ruled Goa as the feudatories of the Chalukyas and the Rashtrakutas. Over the next few centuries, Goa was successively ruled by the Kadambas as the feudatories of the Chalukyas of Kalyani. They patronised Jainism in Goa.In 1312, Goa came under the governance of the Delhi Sultanate. The kingdom's grip on the region was weak, and by 1370 it was forced to surrender it to Harihara I of the Vijayanagara Empire. The Vijayanagara monarchs held on to the territory until 1469 when it was appropriated by the Bahmani sultans of Gulbarga. After that dynasty crumbled, the area fell into the hands of the Adil Shahis of Bijapur, who established as their auxiliary capital the city known under the Portuguese as Velha Goa (or Old Goa)."}, {"Context": "Goa Portuguese period", "Knowledge": "LOC Estado da \u00cdndia, LOC Bicholim, LOC Quepem, LOC Bijapur, PER Timoji, LOC State of Portuguese India, LOC Ilhas de Goa, LOC Panjim, LOC Sanguem, LOC Velha Goa, LOC Sattari, PER Yusuf Adil Shah, LOC Salcette, LOC Diu, LOC Goa, LOC Pernem, LOC Silvassa, LOC Old Goa, ORG Goa Inquisition, LOC Bardes, LOC India, LOC Daman, LOC City of New Goa, LOC Panaji, PER Thimmayya, LOC Cidade da Nova Goa, LOC Canacona", "Response": "In 1510, the Portuguese defeated the ruling Bijapur sultan Yusuf Adil Shah with the help of a local ally, Thimmayya or Timoji, a privateer. They set up a permanent settlement in Velha Goa (Old Goa). This was the beginning of Portuguese colonial rule in Goa that would last for four and a half centuries, until its annexation by India in 1961. The Goa Inquisition, a formal tribunal, was established in 1560, and was finally abolished in 1812.From the latter decades of the eighteenth century, the territory of Goa was composed of two segments: the central nucleus of the Velhas Conquistas (Old Conquests)\u2014Bardes, Ilhas de Goa, and Salcette\u2014which territories had been under Portuguese administration since the sixteenth century; and the Novas Conquistas (New Conquests)\u2014Bicholim, Canacona, Pernem, Quepem, Sattari, and Sanguem\u2014territories which had been successively added through the eighteenth century.In 1843, the Portuguese moved the capital to the Cidade da Nova Goa (City of New Goa), today known as Panaji (Panjim), from Velha Goa (Old Goa). By the mid-18th century, Portuguese expansions lost other possessions in India until their borders stabilised and formed the Goa, Daman and Diu, which included Silvassa prior to the Annexation, it was known as Estado da \u00cdndia in Portuguese, that is the \"State of Portuguese India\"."}, {"Context": "Goa Contemporary period", "Knowledge": "LOC India, LOC Daman, LOC Portugal, LOC Diu, LOC Union Territory, LOC Goa, LOC Maharashtra, ORG Indian Army", "Response": "After India gained independence from British rule in 1947, India requested that Portuguese territories on the Indian subcontinent be ceded to India. Portugal refused to negotiate on the sovereignty of its Indian enclaves. On 19 December 1961, the Indian Army invaded with Operation Vijay resulting in the annexation of Goa, and of Daman and Diu islands into the Indian union. Goa, along with Daman and Diu, was organised as a centrally administered union territory of India. On 16 January 1967 a referendum was held in Goa, to decide the future of the Union Territory of Goa, Daman and Diu. It was the only referendum to have been held in independent India. The referendum offered the people of Goa a choice between continuing as a union territory or merging with the state of Maharashtra and the majority chose the former. On 30 May 1987, the union territory was split, and Goa was made India's twenty-fifth state, with Daman and Diu remaining a union territory."}, {"Context": "Goa Geography", "Knowledge": "LOC Bhagwan Mahaveer Sanctuary, LOC Sonsogor Peak, LOC Chapora, LOC Molem, LOC Cumbarjua canal, LOC Goa, LOC Karnataka, LOC Mollem National Park, LOC Zuari, LOC Terekhol, LOC Konkan, LOC Galgibag, LOC Deccan Plateau, LOC Mormugao, LOC Sal, LOC Dudhsagar Falls, LOC Mandovi, LOC Southwest, LOC India, LOC Anmod, LOC Talpona, ORG Goa University, PER Kadamba, LOC South Asia, LOC Western Ghats", "Response": "Goa encompasses an area of 3,702 km2 (1,429 sq mi). It lies between the latitudes 14\u00b053\u203254\u2033 N and 15\u00b040\u203200\u2033 N and longitudes 73\u00b040\u203233\u2033 E and 74\u00b020\u203213\u2033 E.Goa is a part of the coastal country known as the Konkan, which is an escarpment rising up to the Western Ghats range of mountains, which separate it from the Deccan Plateau. The highest point is the Sonsogor Peak, with an altitude of 1,026 m (3,366 ft). Goa has a coastline of 160 km (99 mi).Goa's seven major rivers are the Mandovi, Zuari, Terekhol, Chapora, Galgibag, Cumbarjua canal, Talpona, and the Sal. The Zuari and the Mandovi are the most important rivers, interspaced by the Cumbarjua canal, forming a major estuarine complex. These rivers are fed by the Southwest monsoon rain and their basin covers 69% of the state's geographical area. These rivers are some of the busiest in India. Goa has more than 40 estuarine, eight marine, and about 90 riverine islands. The total navigable length of Goa's rivers is 253 km (157 mi). Goa has more than 300 ancient water tanks built during the rule of the Kadamba dynasty and over 100 medicinal springs.Mormugao harbour on the mouth of the Zuari river is considered one of the best natural harbours in South Asia.Most of Goa's soil cover is made up of laterites rich in ferric-aluminum oxides and reddish in colour. Further inland and along the riverbanks, the soil is mostly alluvial and loamy. The soil is rich in minerals and humus, thus conducive to agriculture. Some of the oldest rocks in the Indian subcontinent are found in Goa between Molem and Anmod on Goa's border with Karnataka. The rocks are classified as Trondjemeitic Gneiss estimated to be 3,600 million years old, dated by rubidium isotope dating. A specimen of the rock is exhibited at Goa University.\nDudhsagar Falls at Bhagwan Mahaveer Sanctuary and Mollem National Park"}, {"Context": "Goa Climate", "Knowledge": "LOC Goa, LOC Arabian Sea", "Response": "Goa features a tropical monsoon climate under the K\u00f6ppen climate classification. Goa, being in the torrid zone and near the Arabian Sea, has a hot and humid climate for most of the year. The month of May is usually the hottest, seeing daytime temperatures of over 35 \u00b0C (95 \u00b0F) coupled with high humidity. The state's three seasons are southwest monsoon period (June\u2013September), post-monsoon period (October\u2013January), and pre-monsoon period (February\u2013May). Over 90% of the average annual rainfall (3,048 mm or 120 in) is received during the monsoon season."}, {"Context": "Goa Subdivisions", "Knowledge": "LOC Dharbandora, LOC Bicholim, LOC Quepem, LOC South Goa, LOC Chaudi, LOC Valpoi, LOC Tiswadi, LOC Panjim, LOC Salcete, LOC Sanguem, LOC Sattari, LOC Sanquelim, LOC North Goa, LOC Margao, LOC Goa, LOC Pernem, LOC Mormugao, ORG Municipal, LOC Cuncolim, LOC Curchorem, LOC Ponda, ORG Government of India, LOC Vasco, LOC Panaji, LOC Madgaon, LOC Mapusa, LOC Bardez, LOC Canacona", "Response": "The state is divided into two civil districts\u2014North Goa and South Goa. Each district is administered by a District Collector, appointed by the Government of India.Panaji (Panjim) is the headquarters of North Goa district and is also the capital of Goa. North Goa is further divided into three subdivisions\u2014Panaji, Mapusa, and Bicholim; and five talukas (subdistricts)\u2014Tiswadi (Panaji), Bardez (Mapusa), Pernem, Bicholim, and Sattari (Valpoi). Margao (Madgaon) is the headquarters of the South Goa district. It is also the cultural and commercial capital of Goa. South Goa is further divided into five subdivisions\u2014Ponda, Mormugao-Vasco, Margao, Quepem, and Dharbandora; and seven talukas\u2014Ponda, Mormugao, Salcete (Margao), Quepem, and Canacona (Chaudi), Sanguem, and Dharbandora.Goa's major cities are\u2014Panaji, Margao, Vasco-Mormugao, Mapusa, Ponda, Bicholim, and Valpoi. Panaji (Panjim) has the only Municipal Corporation in Goa. There are thirteen Municipal Councils\u2014Margao, Mormugao (merged with Vasco), Pernem, Mapusa, Bicholim, Sanquelim, Valpoi, Ponda, Cuncolim, Quepem, Curchorem, Sanguem, and Canacona. Goa has a total number of 334 villages."}, {"Context": "Goa Government and politics", "Knowledge": "LOC India, ORG State, LOC Goa, ORG United Goans Party, ORG Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party, ORG Indian National Congress", "Response": "The politics of Goa are a result of the uniqueness of this region due to 450 years of Portuguese rule, in comparison to three centuries of British rule experienced by the rest of India. The Indian National Congress was unable to achieve electoral success in the first two decades after the State's incorporation into India. Instead, the state was dominated by the regional political parties like Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party and the United Goans Party."}, {"Context": "Goa Government", "Knowledge": "LOC Porvorim, ORG Congress Party, ORG United Goans Democratic Party, PER Manohar Parrikar, ORG Indian National Congress, LOC Panjim, ORG Damaon, LOC Damaon, LOC Diu, LOC Goa, ORG House of the People, ORG Bharatiya Janata Party, ORG Bombay High Court, ORG Rajya Sabha, LOC Silvassa, ORG Goa Bench, ORG Goa Legislative Assembly, ORG Nationalist Congress Party, LOC Mandovi, ORG Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party, ORG Council of the States, LOC India, LOC Panaji, ORG BJP, ORG Lok Sabha", "Response": "Goa has two members of parliament (MP) elected from each district representing the state in the Lok Sabha (House of the People), the lower house of the national Parliament of India. It is also has one member of parliament in the Rajya Sabha (Council of the States), the upper house of the Indian parliament.Goa's administrative capital is based in Panaji, often referred as Panjim in English, Pangim in Portuguese and Ponj\u00ea in Konkani, the official language of the state. It lies on the left bank of the Mandovi river. The seat of the Goa Legislative Assembly is in Porvorim, across the Mandovi from Panaji. The state's highest judiciary is the Goa Bench of the Bombay High Court, a branch of the Bombay High Court permanently seated at Panjim. Unlike other states, which follow the model of personal laws framed for individual religions introduced in the days of British Raj, the Portuguese Civil Code of Goa and Damaon, a uniform code based on the Napoleonic code was retained in Goa as well as the union territory of Damaon, Diu& Silvassa.Goa has a unicameral legislature, the Goa Legislative Assembly, of 40 members, headed by a speaker. The chief minister heads the executive, which is made up of the party or coalition elected with a majority in the legislature. The governor, the head of the state, is appointed by the president of India. After having stable governance for nearly thirty years up to 1990, Goa is now notorious for its political instability having seen fourteen governments in the span of the fifteen years between 1990 and 2005.In March 2005, the assembly was dissolved by the Governor and President's Rule was declared, which suspended the legislature. A by-election in June 2005 saw the Indian National Congress coming back to power after winning three of the five seats that went to polls. The Congress Party and the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) are the two largest parties in the state. In the assembly poll of 2007, the INC-led coalition won and formed the government. In the 2012 Vidhan Sabha Elections, the Bharatiya Janata Party along with the Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party won a clear majority, forming the new government with Manohar Parrikar as the Chief Minister. Other parties include the United Goans Democratic Party, the Nationalist Congress Party.In the 2017 assembly elections, the Indian National Congress gained the most seats, with the BJP coming in second. However, no party was able to gain a majority in the 40 member house. The BJP was invited to form the Government by Governor Mridula Sinha. The Congress claimed the use of money power on the part of the BJP and took the case to the Supreme Court. However, the Manohar Parikkar led Government was able to prove its majority in the Supreme Court mandated \"floor test\"."}, {"Context": "Goa Flora and fauna", "Knowledge": "LOC Amazon, LOC Gaur, ORG National Geographic Magazine, LOC Western, LOC Congo, LOC Goa, LOC Nanda Lake", "Response": "Equatorial forest cover in Goa stands at 1,500 km2 (579 sq mi), most of which is owned by the government. Government-owned forest is estimated at 1,300 km2 (502 sq mi) whilst private is given as 200 km2 (77 sq mi). Most of the forests in the state are located in the interior eastern regions of the state. The Western Ghats, which form most of eastern Goa, have been internationally recognised as one of the biodiversity hotspots of the world. In the February 1999 issue of National Geographic Magazine, Goa was compared with the Amazon and the Congo basins for its rich tropical biodiversity.Goa's wildlife sanctuaries boast of more than 1512 documented species of plants, over 275 species of birds, over 48 kinds of animals and over 60 genera of reptiles. Nanda Lake is the first and the only Ramsar wetland site in Goa.Goa is also known for its coconut cultivation. The coconut tree has been reclassified by the government as a palm (like grass), enabling farmers and real estate developers to clear land with fewer restrictions.Rice is the main food crop, and pulses (legume), Ragi (Finger Millet), and other food crops are also grown. Main cash crops are arecanut, coconut, cashew nut, sugar cane, and fruits like banana, mango, and pineapple. Goa's state animal is the Gaur, the state bird is the Flame-throated Bulbul, and the state tree is the Indian Laurel.\n\nThe important forest products are bamboo canes, Maratha barks, chillar barks, and the bhirand. Coconut palm trees are common throughout Goa barring the  elevated regions. A variety of deciduous trees, such as teak, Sal tree, cashew, and mango trees are present. Fruits include jackfruit, mango, pineapple, and blackberry. Goa's forests are rich in medicinal plants.Foxes, wild boar and migratory birds are found in the jungles of Goa. The avifauna (bird species) includes kingfisher, myna and parrot. Numerous types of fish are also caught off the coast of Goa and in its rivers. Crab, lobster, shrimp, jellyfish, oysters, and catfish are the basis of the marine fishery. Goa also has a high snake population. Goa has many famous \"National Parks\", including the renowned Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary on the island of Chor\u00e3o. Other wildlife sanctuaries include the Bondla Wildlife Sanctuary, Molem Wildlife Sanctuary, Cotigao Wildlife Sanctuary, Mhadei Wildlife Sanctuary, Netravali Wildlife Sanctuary, and Mahaveer Wildlife Sanctuary.Goa has more than 33% of its geographic area under government forests (1,224.38 km2 or 472.74 sq mi) of which about 62% has been brought under Protected Areas (PA) of Wildlife Sanctuaries and National Park. Since there is a substantial area under private forests and a large tract under cashew, mango, coconut, etc. plantations, the total forest and tree cover constitutes 56.6% of the geographic area."}, {"Context": "Goa Economy", "Knowledge": "ORG Vedanta Resources, LOC Mormugao, LOC India, LOC Goa, ORG Dempo, LOC Europe, ORG Sesa Goa", "Response": "Goa's state domestic product for 2017 is estimated at $11 billion at current prices. Goa is India's richest state with the highest GDP per capita\u2014two and a half times that of the country\u2014with one of its fastest growth rates: 8.23% (yearly average 1990\u20132000). Tourism is Goa's primary industry: it gets 12% of foreign tourist arrivals in India. Goa has two main tourist seasons: winter and summer. In winter, tourists from abroad (mainly Europe) come, and summer (which, in Goa, is the rainy season) sees tourists from across India. Goa's net state domestic product (NSDP) was around US$7.24 billion in 2015\u201316.The land away from the coast is rich in minerals and ores, and mining forms the second largest industry. Iron, bauxite, manganese, clays, limestone, and silica are mined. The Mormugao port handled 31.69  a million tonnes of cargo in 2007, which was 39% of India's total iron ore exports. Sesa Goa (now owned by Vedanta Resources) and Dempo are the lead miners. Rampant mining has been depleting the forest cover as well as posing a health hazard to the local population. Corporations are also mining illegally in some areas. During 2015\u201316, the total traffic handled by Mormugao port was recorded to be 20.78 million tonnes.Agriculture, while of shrinking importance to the economy over the past four decades, offers part-time employment to a sizeable portion of the populace. Rice is the main agricultural crop, followed by areca, cashew, and coconut. Fishing employs about 40,000 people, though recent official figures indicate a decline in the importance of this sector and also a fall in the catch, due perhaps, to traditional fishing giving way to large-scale mechanised trawling.Medium-scale industries include the manufacturing of pesticides, fertilizers, tires, tubes, footwear, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, wheat products, steel rolling, fruits and fish canning, cashew nuts, textiles, brewery products.Currently, there are 16 planned SEZs in Goa. The Goa government has recently decided to not allow any more Special Economic Zones (SEZs) in Goa after strong opposition to them by political parties and the Goa Catholic Church.Goa is also notable for its low-priced beer, wine, and spirits prices due to its very low excise duty on alcohol. Another main source of cash inflow to the state is remittance, from many of its citizens who work abroad, to their families. It is said to have some of the largest bank savings in the country.In 1976 Goa became the first state in India to legalize some types of gambling. This enabled the state to levy taxes on gambling, thereby strengthening the economy. There are several casinos available in Goa. In 2018-2019 tax revenue from casinos reached Rs 414 crore.Goa is the second state in India to achieve a 100 percent automatic telephone system with a solid network of telephone exchanges. As of September 2017, Goa had a total installed power generation capacity of 547.88 MW. Goa is also one of the few states in India to achieve 100 percent rural electrification."}, {"Context": "Goa Population", "Knowledge": "LOC India, LOC Goa, LOC Sikkim, LOC Karnataka, LOC Arunachal Pradesh, LOC Mizoram, LOC Maharashtra", "Response": "A native of Goa is called a Goan. Goa has a population of 1.459 million residents as of 2011, making it the fourth least populated state of India after Sikkim, Mizoram, and Arunachal Pradesh. Population density of Goa is 394 per km2 which is higher than national average 382 per km2. Goa is the state with highest proportion of urban population with 62.17% of the population living in urban areas. The sex ratio is 973 females to 1,000 males. The birth rate was 15.70 per 1,000 people in 2007. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 1.74% and 10.23% of the population respectively. As of the 2011 census, over 76% of the population was born in Goa, while just over half of migrants to the state are from the neighbouring states of Karnataka and Maharashtra. Currently over 50% of the permanent resident population is of non-Goan origin, outnumbering the native ethnic Goan population."}, {"Context": "Goa Languages", "Knowledge": "LOC Daman, LOC Archaeological Museum, LOC State, LOC Diu, LOC Vijayanagara Empire, LOC Goa, LOC Portrait Gallery", "Response": "The Official Language Act, 1987, of the erstwhile Union Territory of Goa, Daman and Diu makes Konkani in the Devanagari script the sole official language of Goa, but provides that Marathi may also be used \"for all or any of the official purposes\". Portuguese was the sole official language during Portuguese colonial rule. The government also has a policy of replying in Marathi to correspondence received in Marathi. There have been demands for according Konkani in the Roman script official status in the state. There is widespread support for keeping Konkani as the sole official language of Goa. The entire liturgy and communication of the Catholic church in Goa is done solely in Konkani in the Roman script.Konkani is spoken as a first language by about 66.11% of the people in the state, but almost all Goans can speak and understand Konkani. A large population of people can speak and understand English as well. Other linguistic groups in the state per the 2011 census are speakers of Marathi (10.89%), Hindi (8.64%), Kannada (4.65%), Urdu (2.83%), and Portuguese language (1%).Historically, Konkani was neither the official nor the administrative language of the many rulers of the State. Under the Kadambas (c. 960\u20131310), the court language was Kannada. When under Muslim rule (1312\u20131370 and 1469\u20131510), the official and cultural language was Persian. Various stones in the Archaeological Museum and Portrait Gallery from the period are inscribed in Kannada and Persian. During the period in between the two periods of Muslim rule, the Vijayanagara Empire, which had control of the state, mandated the use of Kannada and Telugu."}, {"Context": "Goa Religion", "Knowledge": "LOC India, LOC Poona, LOC Daman, ORG Metropolitan Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Goa, LOC Portugal, LOC Diu, ORG the, LOC East Indies, ORG Patriarchate, LOC Goa, LOC United Kingdom, LOC Bombay, LOC Bangalore", "Response": "According to the 2011 census, in a population of 1,458,545 people, 66.1% were Hindu, 25.1% were Christian, 8.3% were Muslim, and 0.1% were Sikh.According to the 1909 statistics in the Catholic Encyclopedia, the total Catholic population in Portuguese controlled Goa was 293,628 out of a total population of 365,291 (80.33%). Since the 20th century, the percentage of Goan Catholics has been facing continual decline caused by a combination of permanent emigration from Goa to cosmopolitan Indian cities (e.g. Bombay, Poona, Bangalore) and foreign countries (e.g. Portugal, the United Kingdom) with the mass immigration of non-Christians from the rest of India since the 20th century. Ethnic Goans represent less than 50% of the state's residents.The Catholics in Goa state and Daman and Diu union territory are served by the Metropolitan Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Goa and Daman, the primatial see of India, in which the titular Patriarchate of the East Indies is vested."}, {"Context": "Goa Tourism", "Knowledge": "LOC Baga, LOC Bom Jesus Cathedral, LOC Patnem, ORG CNN Travel, LOC Old Goa, LOC India, LOC Goa, ORG Sinq, LOC Fort Aguada, LOC Palolem, LOC Calangute, ORG Chronicle, LOC Asia, ORG Mambos", "Response": "Tourism is generally focused on the coastal areas of Goa, with lower tourist activity inland. In 2010, there were more than 2 million tourists reported to have visited Goa, about 1.2  million of whom were from abroad. As of 2013, Goa was a destination of choice for Indian and foreign tourists, particularly Britons and Russians, with limited means who wanted to party. The state was hopeful that changes could be made which would attract a more upscale demographic.Goa stands 6th in the Top 10 Nightlife cities in the world in National Geographic Travel. Notable nightclubs in Goa include Chronicle, Mambos and Sinq. One of the biggest tourist attractions in Goa is water sports. Beaches like Baga and Calangute offer jet-skiing, parasailing, banana boat rides, water scooter rides, and more. Patnem beach in Palolem stood third in CNN Travel's Top 20 Beaches in Asia.Over 450 years of Portuguese rule and the influence of the Portuguese culture presents to visitors to Goa a cultural environment that is not found elsewhere in India. Goa is often described as a fusion between Eastern and Western culture with Portuguese culture having a dominant position in the state be it in its architectural, cultural or social settings. The state of Goa is famous for its excellent beaches, churches, and temples. The Bom Jesus Cathedral, Fort Aguada and a new wax museum on Indian history, culture and heritage in Old Goa are other tourism destinations."}, {"Context": "Goa Historic sites and neighbourhoods", "Knowledge": "LOC Fort Gaspar Dias, LOC Church, LOC D\u00eav Matechi Igorz, PER Vaz, PER Gorb, LOC Batim, LOC Mahalasa Temple, PER Saint, ORG Archdiocese of Goa, PER Jesus, LOC Igorzo, LOC Irmidi, LOC Sancoale. Pilar, LOC Bom Jesus Basilica, LOC Velha Goa, PER Francis Xavier, LOC Our Lady of Immaculate Conception, LOC Shanta Durga Temple, LOC Chapora, LOC Ganxim, LOC Joseph, LOC Goa, LOC Fontainhas, LOC Shri Damodar Temple, LOC Nixkollounk, LOC Velhas Conquistas, LOC Mater Dei, LOC Mother of God, LOC Mormugao, LOC Nanus, PER Padre Agnelo Gustavo de Souza, LOC Santa Monica Convent, LOC Aguada, LOC Mangueshi Temple, LOC Saligao, LOC Old Goa, PER Saint Joseph Vaz, LOC Tiracol, LOC Sanctuary, LOC Panaji, LOC Kopelam, LOC Pilar, LOC Simon, LOC Corjuem, LOC Cabo de Rama, LOC Reis Magos, PER Sombhov Saibinnich Igorz", "Response": "Goa has one World Heritage Site: the Bom Jesus Basilica with churches and convents of Old Goa. The basilica holds the mortal remains of Francis Xavier, regarded by many Catholics as the patron saint of Goa (the patron of the Archdiocese of Goa is actually Saint Joseph Vaz). These are both Portuguese-era monuments and reflect a strong European character. The relics are taken down for veneration and for public viewing, per the prerogative of the Church in Goa, not every ten or twelve years as popularly thought and propagated. The last exposition was held in 2014.\n\nGoa has the Sanctuary of Saint Joseph Vaz in Sancoale. Pilar monastery which holds novenas of Venerable Padre Agnelo Gustavo de Souza from 10 to 20 November yearly. There is a claimed Marian apparition at the Church of Saints Simon and Jude at Batim, Ganxim, near Pilar, where Goans and non-resident Goans visit. There is the statue of the bleeding Jesus on the Crucifix at the Santa Monica Convent in Velha Goa. There are churches (Igorzo), like the baroque styled Nixkollounk Gorb-Sombhov Saibinnich Igorz (Church of the Our Lady of Immaculate Conception) in Panaji, the Gothic styled Mater Dei (D\u00eav Matechi Igorz/ Mother of God) church in Saligao and each church having its own style and heritage, besides Kopelam/ Irmidi (chapels).The Velhas Conquistas regions are known for Goa-Portuguese style architecture. There are many forts in Goa such as Tiracol, Chapora, Corjuem, Aguada, Reis Magos, Nanus, Mormugao, Fort Gaspar Dias and Cabo de Rama.In many parts of Goa, mansions constructed in the Indo-Portuguese style architecture still stand, though, in some villages, most of them are in a dilapidated condition. Fontainhas in Panaji has been declared a cultural quarter, showcasing the life, architecture and culture of Goa. Influences from the Portuguese era are visible in some of Goa's temples, notably the Shanta Durga Temple, the Mangueshi Temple, the Shri Damodar Temple and the Mahalasa Temple. After 1961, many of these were demolished and reconstructed in the indigenous Indian style."}, {"Context": "Goa Museums and science centre", "Knowledge": "LOC Goa State Museum, LOC Bengaluru, ORG National Institute of Oceanography, ORG NIO, LOC India, LOC Naval Aviation Museum, LOC Calangute, LOC Delhi, LOC Goa, LOC Panaji, LOC Dona Paula, ORG Goa Science Centre, LOC Pilerne Industrial Estate, LOC Miramar", "Response": "Goa has three important museums: the Goa State Museum, the Naval Aviation Museum and the National Institute of Oceanography. The aviation museum is one of three in India (the others are in Delhi and Bengaluru). The Goa Science Centre is in Miramar, Panaji. The National Institute of Oceanography, India (NIO) is in Dona Paula. Museum of Goa is a privately owned contemporary art gallery in Pilerne Industrial Estate, near Calangute."}, {"Context": "Goa Beaches", "Knowledge": "LOC Colva Beach, LOC Anjuna Beach, LOC Betul Beach, LOC Miramar Beach, LOC Bambolim Beach, LOC Calangute Beach, LOC Candolim Beach, LOC Goa, LOC Baga Beach, LOC Majorda Beach, LOC Cavelossim Beach, LOC Arabian Sea", "Response": "Most of the beauty of Goa is present on the beaches. The coastline of about 103 km is blessed with some of the most attractive beaches flanked by the Arabian Sea. The beaches of Goa are counted among the most beautiful in the world. Some of the beaches include Anjuna Beach, Baga Beach, Bambolim Beach, Betul Beach, Calangute Beach, Candolim Beach, Cavelossim Beach, Colva Beach, Majorda Beach and Miramar Beach."}, {"Context": "Goa Water Sports", "Knowledge": "LOC Goa, LOC india", "Response": "Goa is one of the best destination in india for its tourism. Water sports are organized on its magnificent beach. Adventure sports like parasailing, jet skiing, banana riding, kayaking, rafting, snorkeling, surfing, and Bungee Jumping make Goa an exciting experience. Scuba diving is one of the best experiences."}, {"Context": "Goa Culture", "Knowledge": "ORG Government of, LOC Goa, LOC State, PER Ghode Modni", "Response": "Having been a Portuguese territory for over 450 years, Goan culture is an amalgamation of both Eastern and Western styles, with the latter having a more dominant role. The tableau of Goa showcases religious harmony by focusing on the Deepastambha, the Cross, and Ghode Modni followed by a chariot. European royal attire of kings is as much part of Goa's cultural heritage as are regional dances performed depicting a unique blend of different religions and cultures of this State. Prominent local festivals are Christmas, Easter, Carnival, Diwali, Shigmo, Chavoth, Samvatsar Padvo, Dasara etc. The Goan Carnival and Christmas-new year celebrations attract many tourists.The Gomant Vibhushan Award, the highest civilian honour of the state of Goa, is given annually by the Government of Goa since 2010."}, {"Context": "Goa Dance and music", "Knowledge": "PER Jitendra Abhisheki, LOC Teatro, PER Pandit Prabhakar Karekar, LOC Goa, PER Mogubai Kurdikar, PER Kesarbai Kerkar, PER Kishori Amonkar", "Response": "Traditional Goan art forms are Dekhnni, Fugdi, Corridinho, Mando, Dulpod and Fado. Goan Catholics are fond of social gatherings and Tiatr (Teatro). As part of its Portuguese history, music is an integral part of Goan homes. It is often said that \"Goans are born with music and sport\". Western musical instruments like the piano, guitars and violins are widely used in most religious and social functions of the Catholics.Goan Hindus are very fond of Natak, Bhajan and Kirtan. Many famous Indian classical singers hail from Goa, including Mogubai Kurdikar, Kishori Amonkar, Kesarbai Kerkar, Jitendra Abhisheki and Pandit Prabhakar Karekar."}, {"Context": "Goa Theatre", "Knowledge": "LOC Kala Academy, PER Gharasher, PER Parpati, ORG Gauda, ORG Tiatr, PER Nikhandar, ORG Ravindra Bhavan, LOC Margao, ORG Tiatrs, LOC Goa, LOC Panaji, LOC Pai Tiatrist Hall, ORG Teatro, LOC Ravindra Bhavan", "Response": "Natak, Tiatr (most popular) and Jagor are the chief forms of Goa's traditional performance arts. Other forms are Ranmale, Dashavatari, Kalo, Goulankala, Lalit, Kala and Rathkala. Stories from the Ramayana and the Mahabharata along with more modern social subjects are narrated with song and dance.\"Jagor\", the traditional folk dance-drama, is performed by the Hindu Kunbi and Christian Gauda community of Goa, to seek the Divine Grace for protection and prosperity of the crop. The literal meaning of Jagor is \"jagran\" or wakeful nights. The strong belief is that the night-long performance awakens the deities once a year and they continue to remain awake throughout the year guarding the village.Perni Jagor is the ancient mask dance \u2013 drama of Goa, performed by Perni families, using well crafted and painted wooden masks, depicting various animals, birds, super natural power, deities, demons, and social characters.Gauda Jagor is an impression of social life, that displays all the existing moods and modes of human characters. It is predominantly based on three main characters, Gharasher, Nikhandar, and Parpati wearing shining dresses and headgears. The performance is accompanied by vibrant tunes of Goan folk instruments like Nagara/Dobe, Ghumat, Madale, and Kansale.In some places, Jagor performances are held with the participation of both Hindus and the Christian community, whereby, characters are played by Hindus and musical support is provided by Christian artistes.Tiatr (Teatro) and its artists play a major role in keeping the Konkani language and music alive. Tiatrs are conducted solely in the Roman script of Konkani as it is primarily a Christian community-based act. They are played in scenes with music at regular intervals, the scenes are portrayals of daily life and are known to depict social and cultural scenarios. Tiatrs are regularly held especially on weekends mainly at Kala Academy, Panaji, Pai Tiatrist Hall at Ravindra Bhavan, Margao and most recent shows have also started at the new Ravindra Bhavan, Baina, Vasco. Western Musical Instruments such as Drums, Bass, Keyboards, and Trumpets. are part of the show and most of them are played acoustically. It is one of Goa's few art forms that is renowned across the world with performances popular among Goans in the Middle-East, Americas and Europe."}, {"Context": "Goa Konkani cinema", "Knowledge": "PER Mog ani Moipas, PER Milroy Goes, PER Bhuierantlo Munis, PER Padri, PER KJ Dhananjaya, LOC Maharashtra, PER Kasargod Chinna, LOC Goa, LOC Karnataka, PER Amchem Noxib, PER A. L. Jerry Braganza, PER Sukhachem, PER Rajendra Talak, PER Mhoji Ghorkarn, PER Jivit Amchem Oxem, PER Kortubancho Sonvsar, PER Suzanne, LOC Kerala, PER Bhogsonne, PER Anuradha Padiyar, ORG ETICA Pictures, PER Mogacho, LOC Nirmonn, PER Boglantt, LOC Mapusa", "Response": "Konkani cinema is an Indian film industry, where films are made in the Konkani language, which is spoken mainly in the Indian states of Goa, Maharashtra and Karnataka and to a smaller extent in Kerala. Konkani films have been produced in Goa, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Kerala.The first full-length Konkani film was Mogacho Anvddo, released on 24 April 1950, and was produced and directed by A. L.Jerry Braganza, a native of Mapusa, under the banner of ETICA Pictures. Hence, 24 April is celebrated as Konkani Film Day. Since 2004, starting from the 35th edition, the International Film Festival of India moved its permanent venue to Goa, it is annually held in the months of November and December. Konkani film Paltadcho manis has been included in the world's best films of 2009 list.Konkani films are eligible for the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Konkani. The most commercially successful Konkani film, as of June 2011, is O Maria directed by Rajendra Talak. In 2012, the whole new change was adopted in Konkani Cinema by introducing Digital Theatrical Film The Victim directed by Milroy Goes. Some old Konkani films are Sukhachem Sopon, Amchem Noxib, Nirmonn, Mhoji Ghorkarn, Kortubancho Sonvsar, Jivit Amchem Oxem, Mog ani Moipas, Bhuierantlo Munis, Suzanne, Boglantt, Padri and Bhogsonne. Ujwadu is a 2011 Konkani film directed by Kasargod Chinna and produced by KJ Dhananjaya and Anuradha Padiyar."}, {"Context": "Goa Food", "Knowledge": "LOC Goa", "Response": "Rice with fish curry (xit koddi in Konkani) is the staple diet in Goa. Goan cuisine is famous for its rich variety of fish dishes cooked with elaborate recipes. Coconut and coconut oil are widely used in Goan cooking along with chili peppers, spices, and vinegar, used in the Catholic cuisine, giving the food a unique flavor. Goan cuisine is heavily influenced by Portuguese cuisine.Goan food may be divided into Goan Catholic and Goan Hindu cuisine with each showing very distinct tastes, characteristics, and cooking styles. Pork dishes such as Vindalho, Xacuti, chouri\u00e7o, and Sorpotel are cooked for major occasions among the Goan Catholics. A mixed vegetable stew, known as Khatkhate, is a very popular dish during the celebrations of festivals, Hindu and Christian alike. Khatkhate contains at least five vegetables, fresh coconut, and special Goan spices that add to the aroma. Sannas, Hitt, are local rice cakes and Polle, Amboli, and Kailoleo are rice pancakes; all are native to Goa. A rich egg-based, multi-layered baked sweet known as bebinca is traditional at Christmas.The most popular alcoholic beverage in Goa is feni. Cashew feni is made from the double distillation of the fermented fruit juice of the cashew tree, while coconut feni is made from the double distillation of the fermented sap of toddy palms. Urrak is another local liquor prepared from the single distillation of the fermented cashew fruit juice. In fact the bar culture is one of the unique aspects of the Goan villages where a local bar serves as a meeting point for villagers to unwind. Goa also has a rich wine culture due to Portuguese rule."}, {"Context": "Goa Architecture", "Knowledge": "LOC Goa, LOC Konkani", "Response": "The architecture of Goa is a combination of native Goan, Ottoman and Portuguese styles. Since the Portuguese ruled and governed for four centuries, many churches and houses bear a striking element of the Portuguese style of architecture. Goan Hindu houses do not show any Portuguese influence, though the modern temple architecture is an amalgam of original Goan temple style with Dravidian, Hemadpanthi, Islamic, and Portuguese architecture. The original Goan temple architecture fell into disuse as the temples were demolished by the Portuguese and the Sthapati known as Thavayi in Konkani were converted to Christianity though the wooden work and the Kavi murals can still be seen."}, {"Context": "Goa Media and communication", "Knowledge": "ORG Videocon D2H, ORG Vodafone, ORG Lokmat, ORG All India Radio, ORG Goa Today, ORG Big FM, ORG Voice of Xavier ' s, ORG Gyan Vani, LOC Mumbai, ORG Reliance Infocomm, LOC Bangalore, ORG Navprabha, ORG Tarun Bharat, ORG Tata DoCoMo, ORG AIR, ORG O Heraldo, ORG FM Rainbow, LOC Goa, ORG The Times of India, ORG Vauraddeancho Ixtt, ORG Bhaangar Bhuin, ORG Planet Goa, ORG Jio, ORG The Navhind Times, ORG Telenor, ORG Goan Observer, ORG Dish TV, ORG Radio Indigo, ORG Goa Times, ORG DD Direct Plus, ORG Idea Cellular, ORG IGNOU, ORG St Xavier ' s College, ORG Sanatan Prabhat, ORG Bharti Airtel, ORG The Gomantak Times, ORG Vodafone Essar, ORG Gomantak, LOC India, ORG The Indian Express, ORG Doordarshan, ORG Vividh Bharati, LOC Panaji, ORG BSNL CellOne, ORG Tata Sky, ORG Govadoot, LOC Mapusa", "Response": "Goa is served by almost all television channels available in India. Channels are received through cable in most parts of Goa. In the interior regions, channels are received via satellite dishes. Doordarshan, the national television broadcaster, has two free terrestrial channels on air.DTH (Direct To Home) TV services are available from Dish TV, Videocon D2H, Tata Sky and DD Direct Plus. The All India Radio is the only radio channel in the state that broadcasts on both FM and AM bands. Two AM channels are broadcast, the primary channel at 1287 kHz and the Vividh Bharati channel at 1539 kHz. AIR's FM channel is called FM Rainbow and is broadcast at 105.4 MHz. A number of private FM radio channels are available, Big FM at 92.7 and Radio Indigo at 91.9 MHz. There is also an educational radio channel, Gyan Vani, run by IGNOU broadcast from Panaji at 107.8 MHz. In 2006, St Xavier's College, Mapusa, became the first college in the state to launch a campus community radio station \"Voice of Xavier's\".Major cellular service operators include Bharti Airtel, Vodafone Essar, Idea Cellular (merged with Vodafone in 2018), Telenor, Reliance Infocomm, Tata DoCoMo, BSNL CellOne and Jio.Local publications include the English language O Heraldo (Goa's oldest, once a Portuguese language paper), The Gomantak Times and The Navhind Times. In addition to these, The Times of India and The Indian Express are also received from Mumbai and Bangalore in the urban areas. The Times of India has recently started publication from Goa itself, serving the local population news directly from the state capital. Among the list of officially accredited newspapers are O Heraldo, The Navhind Times and The Gomantak Times in English; Bhaangar Bhuin in Konkani (Devanagari script); and Tarun Bharat, Gomantak, Navprabha, Goa Times, Sanatan Prabhat, Govadoot and Lokmat (all in Marathi). All are dailies. Other publications in the state include Planet Goa (English, monthly), Goa Today (English, monthly), Goan Observer (English, weekly), Vauraddeancho Ixtt (Roman-script Konkani, weekly) Goa Messenger, Vasco Watch, Gulab (Konkani, monthly), Bimb (Devanagari-script Konkani).One electronic mailing list that is based in Goa is Goanet."}, {"Context": "Goa Sports", "Knowledge": "PER William Robert Lyons, ORG Goa Football Association, ORG Dempo, LOC Brazil, PER Dilip Sardesai, PER Suyash Prabhudessai, ORG Goa Professional League, ORG Community of Portuguese Language Countries, ORG FC Goa, ORG Sporting, LOC Margao, LOC Goa, ORG Vasco, PER Bruno Coutinho, ORG Sporting Clube de Goa, LOC West Bengal, PER Roberto Fernandes, ORG CPLP, PER Samir Naik, PER Ronaldo, LOC Fatorda Stadium, PER Mauricio Afonso, PER Neymar, LOC Portugal, LOC Kerala, PER Shikha Pandey, ORG Churchill Brothers, ORG Royal Challengers Bangalore, LOC India, ORG Associa\u00e7\u00e3o de Futebol de Goa, ORG Salgaocar, ORG Benfica, PER Brahmanand Sankhwalkar, PER Climax Lawrence", "Response": "Normally other states are fond of cricket but association football is the most popular sport in Goa and is embedded in Goan culture as a result of the Portuguese influence Its origins in the state are traced back to 1883 when the visiting Irish priest Fr. William Robert Lyons established the sport as part of a \"Christian education\". On 22 December 1959 the Associa\u00e7\u00e3o de Futebol de Goa was formed, which continues to administer the game in the state under the new name Goa Football Association. Goa, along with West Bengal and Kerala is the locus of football in India and is home to many football clubs in the national I-League. The state's football powerhouses include Salgaocar, Dempo, Churchill Brothers, Vasco, Sporting Clube de Goa and FC Goa. The first Unity World Cup was held in Goa in 2014. The state's main football stadium, Fatorda Stadium, is located at Margao and also hosts cricket matches. The state hosted few matches of the 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup in Fatorda Stadium.A number of Goans have represented India in football and six of them, namely Samir Naik, Climax Lawrence, Brahmanand Sankhwalkar, Bruno Coutinho, Mauricio Afonso and Roberto Fernandes have all captained the national team. Goa has its own state football team and league, the Goa Professional League. It is probably the only state in India where cricket is not considered the most important of all sports. Goan's are avid football fans, particularly of the football teams from Portugal (Benfica, Sporting), and Brazil especially during major football events such as the 'European Cup' and the 'World Cup' championships. The Portuguese footballer Ronaldo and Brazilian Neymar, are revered superstar football players in Goa.Goa also has its own cricket team. Dilip Sardesai and Shikha Pandey remain the only Goans to date to play international cricket for India. Another Goan cricketer, Suyash Prabhudessai was selected by the Royal Challengers Bangalore for a base price of \u20b920 lakh in IPL 2021 and for \u20b930 lakh in IPL 2022.India (Goa) is a member of the 'Lusophony Olympic Games' which are hosted every four years in one of the Portuguese CPLP member countries, with 733 athletes from 11 countries. Most of the countries competing are countries that are members of the CPLP (Community of Portuguese Language Countries), but some are countries with significant Portuguese communities or have a history with Portugal. This event is similar in concept to the Commonwealth Games (for members of the Commonwealth of Nations) and the Jeux de la Francophonie (for the Francophone community)."}, {"Context": "Goa Education", "Knowledge": "ORG Goa Medical College, ORG St Paul ' s, ORG Saint Paul ' s College, LOC Nova, PER Francis Xavier, ORG Escola M\u00e9dico - Cir\u00fargica, LOC Margao, LOC Goa, LOC Royal, ORG The Times of India, ORG The King ' s School, LOC S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 de Areal, LOC Hospital, ORG Higher Secondary, ORG Loyola High School, ORG Saint, ORG Medical - Surgical School, ORG Goa Board of Secondary & Higher Secondary Education, ORG and Military, LOC City, LOC Old Goa, LOC India, ORG Sharada Mandir School, ORG Goa University, LOC Miramar, LOC Asia", "Response": "Goa had India's earliest educational institutions built with European support. The Portuguese set up seminaries for religious education and parish schools for elementary education. Founded circa 1542 by Saint Francis Xavier, Saint Paul's College, Goa was a Jesuit school in Old Goa, which later became a college. St Paul's was once the main Jesuit institution in the whole of Asia. It housed the first printing press in India and published the first books in 1556.Medical education began in 1801 with the offering of regular medical courses at the Royal and Military Hospital in the old City of Goa. Built-in 1842 as the Escola M\u00e9dico-Cir\u00fargica de (Nova) Goa (Medical-Surgical School of Goa), Goa Medical College is one of Asia's oldest medical colleges and has one of the oldest medical libraries (since 1845). It houses the largest hospital in Goa and continues to provide medical training to this day.According to the 2011 census, Goa has a literacy rate of 87%, with 90% of males and 84% of females being literate. Each taluka is made up of villages, each having a school run by the government. Private schools are preferred over government-run schools. All schools come under the Goa Board of Secondary & Higher Secondary Education, whose syllabus is prescribed by the state education department. There are also a few schools that subscribe to the all-India ICSE syllabus or the NIOS syllabus. Most students in Goa complete their high school with English as the medium of instruction. Most primary schools, however, use Konkani and Marathi (in private, but government-aided schools). As is the case in most of India, enrolment for vernacular media has seen a fall in numbers in favor of English medium education. Per a report published in The Times of India, 84% of Goan primary schools were run without an administrative head.Some notable schools in Goa include Sharada Mandir School in Miramar, Loyola High School in Margao and The King's School in S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 de Areal. After ten years of schooling, students join a Higher Secondary school, which offers courses in popular streams such as Science, Arts, Law, and Commerce. A student may also opt for a course in vocational studies. Additionally, they may join three-year diploma courses. Two years of college is followed by a professional degree programme. Goa University, the sole university in Goa, is located in Taleig\u00e3o and most Goan colleges are affiliated with it.There are six engineering colleges in the state. Goa Engineering College and National Institute of Technology Goa are government-funded colleges whereas the private engineering colleges include Don Bosco College of Engineering at Fatorda, Shree Rayeshwar Institute of Engineering and Information Technology at Shiroda, Agnel Institute of Technology, and Design (AITD), Assagao, Bardez and Padre Conceicao College of Engineering at Verna. In 2004, BITS Pilani one of the premier institutes in India, inaugurated its second campus, the BITS Pilani Goa Campus, at Zuarinagar near Dabolim. The Indian Institute of Technology Goa (IIT Goa) began functioning from its temporary campus, located in Goa Engineering College since 2016. The site for permanent campus was finalised in Cotarli, Sanguem.There are colleges offering pharmacy, architecture and dentistry along with numerous private colleges offering law, arts, commerce and science. There are also two National Oceanographic Science related centres: the National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research in Vasco da Gama and the National Institute of Oceanography in Dona Paula. Goa Institute of Management located at Sanquelim, near Panaji is one of India's premier business schools. In addition to the engineering colleges, there are government polytechnic institutions in Panaji, Bicholim and Curchorem, and aided institutions like Father Agnel Polytechnic in Verna and the Institute of Shipbuilding Technology in Vasco da Gama which impart technical and vocational training.Other colleges in Goa include Shri Damodar College of Commerce and Economics, V.V.M's R.M. Salgaocar Higher Secondary School in Margao, G.V.M's S.N.J.A higher secondary school, Don Bosco College, D.M.'s College of Arts, Science and Commerce, St Xavier's College, Carmel College, The Parvatibai Chowgule College, Dhempe College, Damodar College, M. E. S. College of Arts & Commerce, S. S. Samiti's Higher Secondary School of Science and Rosary College of Commerce & Arts. As the result of renewed interest in the Portuguese language and culture, Portuguese at all levels of instruction is offered in many schools in Goa, largely private ones. In some cases, Goan students do student exchange programs in Portugal."}, {"Context": "Goa Air", "Knowledge": "ORG Qatar Airways, LOC Goa International Airport, LOC Muscat, LOC Mopa, LOC Naval airfield, ORG SpiceJet, ORG Oman Air, LOC Vasco da Gama, LOC Middle East, LOC Dabolim, LOC Dubai, LOC Kuwait, LOC Sharjah, LOC Goa, ORG IndiGo, ORG Air Arabia, ORG Air India, LOC Doha, LOC INS Hansa, LOC New Goa International Airport, ORG GoAir", "Response": "Goa is served by two international Airports, the Goa International Airport, is a civil enclave at INS Hansa, a Naval airfield located at Dabolim near Vasco da Gama and the New Goa International Airport in Mopa The airport caters to scheduled domestic and international air services, with the new airport starting international operations from March 2023. Goa has scheduled international connections to Doha, Dubai, Muscat, Sharjah and Kuwait in the Middle East by airlines like Air Arabia, Air India, GoAir, IndiGo, Oman Air, SpiceJet and Qatar Airways. Though night operations were not permitted till recently, the military now allows civil airlines to fly during the night."}, {"Context": "Goa Road", "Knowledge": "LOC Porvorim, LOC Mangalore, LOC Dabolim Airport, LOC Vasco da Gama, LOC Mumbai, LOC NH, LOC Margao, LOC Mormugao Port, LOC Goa, LOC Deccan, LOC Verna, ORG Kadamba Transport Corporation, LOC Kerala, LOC Ponda, LOC NH -, LOC Cortalim, LOC India, LOC Panaji, LOC Belgaum", "Response": "Goa's public transport largely consists of privately operated buses linking the major towns to rural areas. Government-run buses, maintained by the Kadamba Transport Corporation, link major routes (like the Panaji\u2013Margao route) and some remote parts of the state. The Corporation owns 15 bus stands, 4 depots and one Central workshop at Porvorim and a Head Office at Porvorim. In large towns such as Panaji and Margao, intra-city buses operate. However, public transport in Goa is less developed, and residents depend heavily on their own transportation, usually motorised two-wheelers and small family cars.\n\nGoa has four National Highways passing through it. NH-66 (ex NH-17) runs along India's west coast and links Goa to Mumbai in the north and Mangalore to the south. NH-4A running across the state connects the capital Panaji to Belgaum in east, linking Goa to cities in the Deccan. The NH-366 (ex NH-17A) connects NH-66 to Mormugao Port from Cortalim. The new NH-566 (ex NH-17B) is a four-lane highway connecting Mormugao Port to NH-66 at Verna via Dabolim Airport, primarily built to ease pressure on the NH-366 for traffic to Dabolim Airport and Vasco da Gama. NH-768 (ex NH-4A) links Panaji and Ponda to Belgaum and NH-4. Goa has a total of 224 km (139 mi) of national highways, 232 km (144 mi) of state highway and 815 kilometres (506 miles) of district highway. National Highways in Goa are among the narrowest in the country and will remain so for the foreseeable future, as the state government has received an exemption that allows narrow national highways. In Kerala, highways are 45 metres (148 feet) wide. In other states National Highways are grade separated highways 60 metres (200 feet) wide with a minimum of four lanes, as well as 6 or 8 lane access-controlled expressways.Hired forms of transport include unmetered taxis and, in urban areas, auto rickshaws. Another form of transportation in Goa is the motorcycle taxi, operated by drivers who are locally called \"pilots\". These vehicles transport a single pillion rider, at fares that are usually negotiated. Other than buses, \"pilots\" tend to be the cheapest mode of transport. River crossings in Goa are serviced by flat-bottomed ferry boats, operated by the river navigation department.Goa will get two new expressways in the coming years, which will connect the state and will enhance connectivity and commute with the rest of the country. They are as follows:\n\nNagpur\u2013Goa Expressway: Proposed, to be completed by 2028/29.\nKonkan Expressway: Proposed."}, {"Context": "Goa Rail", "Knowledge": "ORG South Western Railway, LOC Margao, ORG Konkan Railway, LOC Goa, LOC Hubli, LOC Karnataka, LOC Vasco da Gama, LOC Konkan Railway, LOC Belgaum", "Response": "Goa has two rail lines \u2013 one run by the South Western Railway and the other by the Konkan Railway. The line run by the South Western Railway was built during the colonial era linking the port town of Vasco da Gama, Goa with Belgaum, Hubli, Karnataka via Margao. The Konkan Railway line, which was built during the 1990s, runs parallel to the coast connecting major cities on the western coast."}, {"Context": "Goa Metro", "Knowledge": "LOC Kanataka, LOC South Goa, LOC Panaji, LOC Karnataka, LOC Goa, ORG NITI Aayog, LOC Karwar", "Response": "In 2018, a metro rail was planned by the NITI Aayog, linking the capital city of Panaji. In the future, it would be extended from South Goa till the coastal city of Karwar in Karnataka, close to the Kanataka-Goa border."}, {"Context": "Goa Sea", "Knowledge": "ORG Mormugao Port Trust, LOC Vasco, LOC Panaji, LOC Goa, LOC Mandovi, ORG Damania Shipping, LOC Mumbai", "Response": "The Mormugao Port Trust near the city of Vasco handles mineral ore, petroleum, coal, and international containers. Much of the shipments consist of minerals and ores from Goa's hinterland. Panaji, which is on the banks of the Mandovi, has a minor port, which used to handle passengers steamers between Goa and Mumbai till the late 1980s. There was also a short-lived catamaran service linking Mumbai and Panaji operated by Damania Shipping in the 1990s."}, {"Context": "Goa Sister states", "Knowledge": "LOC United States of America, LOC Hawai ' i", "Response": "Hawai'i, United States of America"}, {"Context": "Gokarna Introduction", "Knowledge": "PER Gokarna", "Response": "Gokarna may refer to:"}, {"Context": "Gokarna Places", "Knowledge": "LOC Gokarna, LOC India Trincomalee, LOC Sri Lanka, LOC Andhra Pradesh, LOC Chittagong Division, LOC Bangladesh Gokarneshwar, LOC Bangladesh, LOC Eastern Province, LOC Karnataka, LOC India Gokarnamatam, LOC Kathmandu District, LOC Gokanna, LOC West Bengal, LOC India Gokarna, LOC Nepal", "Response": "Gokarna, Karnataka, a town in Karnataka, India\nGokarna, West Bengal, a village in West Bengal, India\nGokarnamatam, a village in Andhra Pradesh, India\nTrincomalee, a city in Eastern Province, Sri Lanka also known in its early history as Gokarna (Sanskrit) or Gokanna (Pali)\nGokarna, Bangladesh, a village in Chittagong Division, Bangladesh\nGokarneshwar, a municipality in Kathmandu District in central Nepal"}, {"Context": "Gokarna Other uses", "Knowledge": "LOC Gokarnanatheshwara Temple, LOC India, LOC Mangaluru, LOC Gokarna Math, LOC Nepal", "Response": "Gokarna (film), a 2003 film produced in India\nGokarna Aunsi, a late August or early September celebration in Nepal\nGokarna Math, one of the 24 mathas of the Dvaita order\nGokarnanatheshwara Temple, a temple in Mangaluru, India"}, {"Context": "Gulbarga Introduction", "Knowledge": "LOC Jama Masjid, LOC Kalaburagi Fort, ORG High Court of Karnataka, LOC Kalaburagi, LOC Khwaja Banda Nawaz Dargah, LOC Buddha Vihar, LOC Gulbarga, LOC Kalyana, LOC Karnataka, LOC Shor Gumbad, ORG UNESCO, LOC Deccan, LOC Sharana Basaveshwara Temple, PER Bahamani, LOC Mysore State, LOC Haft Gumbaz, LOC North Karnataka, LOC Bangalore", "Response": "Kalaburagi, formerly known as Gulbarga, is a city in the Indian state of Karnataka. It is the administrative headquarters of the Kalaburagi district and is the largest city in the region of North Karnataka (Kalyana-Karnataka). Kalaburagi is 623 km north of the state capital city of Bangalore. It was incorporated into the newly formed Mysore State (now known as Karnataka) through the States Reorganisation Act in 1956.\nKalaburagi city is governed by a Municipal Corporation and is in the Kalaburagi Urban Region. It is called a Sufi city. It has famous religious structures, like the Khwaja Banda Nawaz Dargah, the Sharana Basaveshwara Temple and the Buddha Vihar. It also has a fort built during the Bahmani rule. Other Bahmani monuments include the Haft Gumbaz (seven domes together) and the Shor Gumbad. Kalaburagi has the world's largest cannon. Kalaburagi has a few architectural marvels built during the Bahamani Kingdom rule, including the Jama Masjid in the Kalaburagi Fort. Kalaburagi houses the circuit bench of the High Court of Karnataka.  Several buildings in the city were put by UNESCO on its \"tentative list\" to become a World Heritage Site in 2014, with others in the region, under the name Monuments and Forts of the Deccan Sultanate (despite there being several sultanates)."}, {"Context": "Gulbarga History", "Knowledge": "LOC Bidar, LOC Delhi Sultanate, LOC Bijapur, LOC Delhi, LOC Warangal, PER Ala - ud - Din Bahman Shah, PER Nizam - ul - Mulk, LOC Devagiri, LOC Hasanabad, LOC Kakatiya, LOC Deccan, LOC Hyderabad, ORG Hoysalas, PER Aurangzeb, ORG Yadavas, LOC Mughal Empire, LOC Raichur, LOC Bahmani Sultanate, ORG Indian Union, LOC Andhra Pradesh, LOC Kalaburagi, LOC Dwarasamadra, LOC Golconda, ORG Rashtrakutas, LOC Hyderabad State, ORG Kalachuris, LOC Mysore State, PER Asaf Jah I, LOC Kalyani, ORG Kakatiya, LOC Berar, LOC Ahmednagar, LOC Gulbarga, ORG Chalukyas, PER Kalyani Kalachuris", "Response": "The history of Kalaburagi dates to the sixth century. The Rashtrakutas gained control over the region, but the Chalukyas regained their domain within a short period and reigned supreme for over 200 years. The Kalyani Kalachuris who succeeded them ruled until the 12th century. Around the end of the 12th century, the Yadavas of Devagiri and the Hoysalas of Dwarasamadra destroyed the supremacy of the Chalukyas and Kalachuris of Kalyani. Around the same period, the Kakatiya kings of Warangal came into prominence and the present Kalaburagi and Raichur districts formed part of their domain. The Kakatiya power was subdued in 1308 AD and the entire Deccan, including the district of Kalaburagi, passed under the control of the Delhi Sultanate.\nThe revolt of the officers appointed from Delhi resulted in the founding of the Bahmani Sultanate in 1347 CE by Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah, who chose Kalaburagi (Hasanabad) to be the capital. When the Bahmani Sultanate came to an end in 1527, the kingdom broke up into five independent Deccan sultanates, Bijapur, Bidar, Berar, Ahmednagar, and Golconda. The present Kalaburagi district came partly under the sultanate of Bidar and partly under the sultanate of Bijapur. The last of these sultanates, Golconda, finally fell to Aurangzeb in 1687.\nWith the conquest of the Deccan by Aurangzeb in the 17th century, Kalaburagi passed under the Mughal Empire. In the early part of the 18th century, with the decline of the Mughal Empire, Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I, one of Aurangzeb's generals, formed the kingdom of Hyderabad, in which a major part of the Kalaburagi area was also included. In 1948, Hyderabad State became a part of the Indian Union, and in 1956, excluding two talukas which were annexed to Andhra Pradesh, Kalaburagi district became part of the new Mysore State.\nGulbarga (Urdu) (city of flowers and gardens) was renamed Kalaburagi (Kannada) (Kal-means stone in Kannada, bur means thorns in Kannada the whole name represents \"The Land of stones and thorns\") effective 1 November 2014."}, {"Context": "Gulbarga Geography", "Knowledge": "LOC Krishna, LOC Deccan Plateau, ORG Central University of Karnataka, LOC Kalaburagi, LOC Bhima, ORG Medical and Engineering Colleges, ORG CuK, ORG Upper Krishna Project, LOC Karnataka, LOC \u00c5land Taluk, LOC Kadaganchi", "Response": "The entire district is on the Deccan Plateau, and the elevation ranges from 300 to 750 m above MSL. Two main rivers, the Krishna and Bhima, flow through the district. The predominant soil type is black soil. The district has many tanks, which irrigate the land along with the river. The Upper Krishna Project is a major irrigation venture in the district of Kalaburagi. The main crops are groundnuts, rice, and pulses. Kalaburagi is the largest producer of toor dal, or pigeon peas, in Karnataka. Kalaburagi is an industrially backward district but is showing signs of growth in the cement, textile, leather and chemical industries. Kalaburagi has a university with Medical and Engineering Colleges. Central University of Karnataka (CuK) is located in Kadaganchi, \u00c5land Taluk of Kalaburagi. The geographical area of the city is 64 square kilometres."}, {"Context": "Gulbarga Climate", "Knowledge": "LOC Kalaburagi", "Response": "Kalaburagi has a hot semi-arid climate (BSh) bordering on a tropical wet and dry climate (Aw). The climate of the district is generally dry, with temperatures ranging from 8 \u00b0C to 45 \u00b0C and an annual rainfall of about 750 mm. The year in Kalaburagi is divided into three main seasons. The summer lasts from late February to May. It is followed by the southwest monsoon, which lasts from late June to late October. This is then followed by dry winter weather from late November until February."}, {"Context": "Gulbarga Demographics", "Knowledge": "LOC Kalaburagi", "Response": "As of the 2011 Indian census, Kalaburagi city has a population of 533,587. Males constitute 55% of the population and females 45%. Kalaburagi has an average literacy rate of 67%, higher than the national average of 59.5%. Male literacy is 70%, while that of females is 30%. In Kalaburagi, 15% of the population is under 6 years of age.\n\nAt the time of the 2011 census, 55.04% of the population spoke Kannada, 35.78% Urdu, 3.56% Marathi, 2.37% Hindi, 1.20% Telugu and 1.14% Lambadi as their first language."}, {"Context": "Gulbarga Government and politics", "Knowledge": "LOC South, PER Dharam Singh, ORG Indian National Congress, PER Kharge, LOC North, LOC Kalaburagi Lok Sabha, PER Mallikarjun Kharge, LOC Karnataka, PER Dattatraya C. Patil Revoor, ORG Bharatiya Janata Party, ORG Rajya Sabha, LOC Kalaburagi, PER Veerendra Patil, PER Kaneez Fatima, PER Umesh. G. Jadhav, LOC Kalaburagi Uttar, LOC Gulbarga, ORG BJP, LOC Kalaburagi Dakshin", "Response": "Kalaburagi has been home to two ex-chief ministers of Karnataka, namely Veerendra Patil (1968\u20131971, 1988\u20131992) and Dharam Singh (2004\u20132006); both belonged to the Indian National Congress party.\nKalaburagi comes under Kalaburagi Lok Sabha constituency. Umesh. G. Jadhav from Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) is the Member of Parliament (MP) since 2019. Mallikarjun Kharge (born 21 July 1942) is an Indian politician, who is the current president of the Indian National Congress, and Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha from Karnataka since 16 February 2021. He was also Leader of the Opposition in Rajya Sabha from 16 February 2021 to 1 October 2022. He was the Former Minister of Railways and Minister of Labour and Employment in the Government of India. Kharge was a Member of Parliament for Gulbarga, Karnataka from 2009 to 2019.Kalaburagi city has two Vidhan Sabha constituencies: Kalaburagi Uttar (North) and Kalaburagi Dakshin (South). Both are part of the Kalaburagi Lok Sabha constituency. The MLA for Kalaburagi Uttar is Kaneez Fatima from Indian National Congress, while the MLA for Kalaburagi Dakshin is Dattatraya C. Patil Revoor from the Bharatiya Janata Party."}, {"Context": "Gulbarga Art and architecture", "Knowledge": "LOC Jama Masjid, LOC Kalaburagi, PER Syed Shah Qhabulullah Husayni, PER Firuz Shah Bahmani, LOC Karnataka, PER Barid Shahi, LOC Shore Gumbad, PER Rafi, PER Mohammed Shah I, PER Adil Shahi, PER Sufi, PER Bahmani", "Response": "The largest collection of Islamic art is seen at the domed ceiling and walls are adorned with paintings containing calligraphy designs and floral, flower and plants and geometric patterns inside the 14th-century tomb of Sufi saint Syed Shah Qhabulullah Husayni with natural colours. By religious restrictions, the artist was prohibited from depicting living beings in the interior of tomb, and his imagination was therefore employed either in inventing new designs for religious texts or in adding further delicacy and subtleness to the geometric and floral devices by making the drawings more and more intricate. A small tomb beside the said Sufi's has an excellent work of painted flower plants on the ceiling. Another vacant Shore Gumbad outside the city has delicate designs on its domed ceiling is superb.The walls and ceiling of the tomb of Sultan Firuz Shah Bahmani can be appreciated which, although monotone, represents faithfully the creepers and floral patterns, the numerous geometric devices and calligraphic styles. The most notable building, however, of this period is the Jama Masjid of Kalaburagi fort, built by a Persian architect named Rafi in 1367 during the reign of Bahmani King Mohammed Shah I.\nThe glory of the towns in north Karnataka waned with the decline of the Bahmani dynasty, although Barid Shahi and Adil Shahi Kings kept up its beauty during their chequered rule. It suffers from pollution through nickel and lead.\nRoyal patronage played an important role in the making of Islamic art, as it has in the arts of other cultures. From the 14th century onwards, especially in eastern lands, the books of art provide the best documentation of courtly patronage."}, {"Context": "Gulbarga By Air", "Knowledge": "LOC Karnataka, PER Yediyurappa, LOC Kalaburagi", "Response": "Kalaburagi has its own airport named Kalaburagi airport which was inaugurated by Karnataka CM Yediyurappa on 22 November 2019 and started on the same day."}, {"Context": "Gulbarga By Rail", "Knowledge": "LOC Hyderabad, LOC Solapur, LOC Mumbai, LOC Kalaburagi", "Response": "Kalaburagi has a railway station named Kalaburagi railway station which comes under the Solapur division.\nKalaburagi will soon be a part of high-speed rail corridor running from Mumbai to Hyderabad."}, {"Context": "Gulbarga By Road", "Knowledge": "LOC North, LOC Eastern, LOC Sedam, LOC Kalaburagi, ORG NEKRTC, LOC Nrupatunga, LOC Karnataka", "Response": "Kalaburagi is the headquarter of the NEKRTC bus transport which was founded and started on 15 August 2000 and serves the North-Eastern Districts of Karnataka. It also has Nrupatunga city bus service which serves Kalaburagi urban and Sedam and is operated by NEKRTC itself."}, {"Context": "Gulbarga Education", "Knowledge": "ORG Central University of Karnataka, LOC Kalaburagi, ORG Sharnbasva University, ORG Khaja Bandanawaz University, ORG Gulbarga University", "Response": "The Central University of Karnataka is located in Kalaburagi. The Gulbarga University, Sharnbasva University, and Khaja Bandanawaz University, are the other universities in the city.\n\n\n== References =="}, {"Context": "Gulmarg Introduction", "Knowledge": "LOC Gulmarag, LOC Gulmarg, LOC Jammu, LOC Baramulla, LOC Kashmir, LOC Western Himalayas, LOC Kashmiri, LOC Srinagar, LOC Gulmarg Wildlife Sanctuary, LOC Pir Panjal Range", "Response": "Gulmarg (Urdu pronunciation: [g\u028alm\u0259r\u0261]), known as Gulmarag (Kashmiri pronunciation: [\u0261ulmar\u0268\u0261]; lit.\u2009'meadow of flowers') in Kashmiri, is a town, hill station, popular tourist destination, popular skiing destination and a notified area committee in the Baramulla district in the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir. It is located at a distance of 31 km (19 mi) from Baramulla and 49 km (30 mi) from Srinagar. The town is situated in the Pir Panjal Range in the Western Himalayas and lies within the boundaries of Gulmarg Wildlife Sanctuary."}, {"Context": "Gulmarg Etymology", "Knowledge": "LOC Gulmarg, LOC Chak, LOC Khilanmarg, LOC Youmarg, LOC Kashmir, LOC Tangmarg, LOC Sonamarg, PER Yousuf Shah Chak, LOC Nagmarg", "Response": "Kashmir has many summer retreats suffixed with the word -marg: Sonamarg, Tangmarg, Gulmarg, Khilanmarg, Youmarg, and Nagmarg. Gulmarg is one of the Margs that has historical importance for Kashmiris.\nGulmarg is a compound word or portmanteau of two Persian words Gul and Marg. Gul means flowers and Marg means meadow. So, Gulmarg is a meadow of flowers. The credit for discovering the charms of Gulmarg first time in history has been given to Yousuf Shah Chak, the last Chak ruler who reigned from 1579 to 1586 AD."}, {"Context": "Gulmarg History", "Knowledge": "PER Aurel Stein, ORG Control, LOC Jammu, LOC Kashmir, ORG UN, LOC Pakistan, LOC Haji Pir, ORG High Altitude Warfare School, PER Yousuf Shah Chak, PER Hari Singh, PER Jahangir, ORG Department of Tourism, LOC Gulmarg, PER Rudolph Matt, LOC India, ORG Government of India, LOC Dogra, LOC Srinagar, PER Habba Khatoon, ORG Indian Army", "Response": "Yousuf Shah Chak, who ruled Kashmir from 1579 to 1586, frequented the place with his queen Habba Khatoon and renamed it 'Gulmarg' (\"meadow of flowers\"). Wild flowers of 21 different varieties were collected by the Mughal emperor Jahangir for his gardens in Gulmarg. In the 19th century, British civil servants started using Gulmarg as a retreat to escape summers in North Indian plains. Hunting and golfing were their favorite pastime and three golf courses were established in Gulmarg including one exclusively for women. One of the golf courses survives and at an altitude of 2,650 metres (8,690 ft) is the world's highest golf course. In 1927, British established a ski club in Gulmarg and two annual ski events were hosted one each during Christmas and Easter. Central Asian explorer Aurel Stein also visited Gulmarg during this period.After the end of British rule in India, Gulmarg became a part of the independent princely state of Kashmir and Jammu. Pakistan planned an invasion of the state called Operation Gulmarg. One of the routes used by the invading militia of Pathan tribesmen, armed and supported by Pakistani regular troops, passed through the Haji Pir pass and Gulmarg onto the state capital Srinagar. Gulmarg fell to the invading army, but the Indian army led by the 1 Sikh Regiment, which had been airlifted to Srinagar only after the Dogra ruler of the state Maharaja Hari Singh had signed an Instrument of Accession with India on 26 October 1947, successfully defended the outskirts of Srinagar. Thereafter, Indian counterattacks pushed the tribesmen back and many towns including Gulmarg were recaptured. In 1948, Indian Army established a ski school in Gulmarg which later became the High Altitude Warfare School of the Indian army specializing in snow\u2013craft and winter warfare. On 1 January 1949, the war ended under UN supervision and a Ceasefire line (CFL), which was rechristened the Line of Control (LOC) by the Shimla Agreement of 1972, came into being close to Gulmarg.After Indian Independence, Indian planners sought to develop a destination for Winter sports in India. The Department of Tourism of the Government of India invited Rudolph Matt, in 1960 to select a suitable location for such purpose. Matt zeroed in on Gulmarg as a suitable location for the development of a winter sports destination in India. In 1968, the Institute of Skiing and Mountaineering was established in Gulmarg to train ski instructors. Over the next decade, Indian planners invested \u20b930 million (US$380,000) to transform Gulmarg into a world-class ski destination. Gulmarg became a centre for skiers from Asian nations. In mid-1980s, heli-skiing was introduced in Gulmarg in collaboration with the Swiss skier Sylvain Saudan of Himalaya Heli-Ski Club of France.\nIn the 1990s, the rise of militancy in Jammu and Kashmir affected tourism in Gulmarg. With the abatement of terrorism in the area, tourism started to recover in late 1990s. Work on the cable car project between Gulmarg and Apharwat Peak, which was commissioned in 1988 by Government of Jammu and Kashmir but was subsequently abandoned due to militancy in 1990, was resumed in 1998. In May 1998, Phase 1 of the project, between Gulmarg and Kongdori, began its commercial operation. In May 2005, Phase 2 of the project was also inaugurated, making it one of the longest and highest ropeways of Asia. The chairlift installed as a part of Phase 3 of the project began its operations in 2011. The National Winter Games were held in Gulmarg in 1998, 2004 and 2008. In 2014, Government of Jammu and Kashmir drafted a Master Plan\u20132032 for Gulmarg. The plan includes development of a solid-waste treatment plant on 20 acres of land close to Gulmarg."}, {"Context": "Gulmarg Geology and geography", "Knowledge": "LOC Gulmarg, LOC Himalayas, LOC Khilanmarg, LOC Nanga Parbat, LOC Harmukh, LOC Apharwat, LOC Srinagar, LOC Pir Panjal Range", "Response": "Gulmarg lies in a cup-shaped valley in the Pir Panjal Range of the Himalayas, at an altitude of 2,650 m (8,694 ft), 56 km from Srinagar. The soil in Gulmarg comprises glacial deposits, lacustrine deposits and moraines of Pleistocene age covering shales, limestones, sandstones, schists and other varieties of rocks. The natural meadows of Gulmarg, which are covered with snow in winter, allow the growth of wild flowers such as daisies, forget-me-nots and buttercups during spring and summer. The meadows are interspersed by enclosed parks and small lakes, and surrounded by forests of green pine and fir. Skiing and other winter sports in Gulmarg are carried out on the slopes of Apharwat peak at a height of 4,267 m (13,999 ft). Many points on Apharwat peak and Khilanmarg offer a panoramic view of Nanga Parbat and Harmukh mountains."}, {"Context": "Gulmarg Climate", "Knowledge": "LOC Gulmarg", "Response": "Due to its high elevation, Gulmarg has a humid continental climate where the wet winter season sees heavy snowfall, especially for its latitude. Summers are moderate in temperature and length, whereas shoulder seasons are relatively cool."}, {"Context": "Gulmarg Demographics", "Knowledge": "LOC Gulmarg", "Response": "At the 2011 Indian census, Gulmarg had a total population of 1,965 over 77 households. The male population in the town stood at 1,957 while there were only eight females and no children between the ages of 0 and 6 years. Gulmarg had an average literacy rate of 99.24%, compared to the state average of 67.16%, of which male literacy was 99.23% and female literacy was 100%. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes constituted 0.61% and 0.15% of the population respectively. Gulmarg has few permanent residents with most residents being tourists or those involved in the tourism industry."}, {"Context": "Gulmarg Tourism", "Knowledge": "LOC Mount Apharwat, LOC Gulmarg, LOC India, ORG CNN, LOC Tangmarg, LOC Srinagar, LOC Asia", "Response": "According to CNN, Gulmarg is the \"heartland of winter sports in India\" and was rated as Asia's seventh best ski destination. The town is accessible from Srinagar by road via Tangmarg.\nThe road climbs uphill in the last 12 kilometres to Gulmarg passing through forests of pine and fir. Winter sports like skiing, tobogganing, snowboarding and heli-skiing take place on the slopes of Mount Apharwat reachable by a Gondola lift."}, {"Context": "Gulmarg Gulmarg Gondola", "Knowledge": "LOC Gulmarg, LOC Mary, LOC Kongdoori, ORG Gulmarg, ORG Pomagalski, LOC Apharwat Peak", "Response": "Built by the French company Pomagalski, the Gulmarg Gondola is one of the highest in the world reaching 3,979 metres. The two-stage ropeway ferries about 600 people per hour between Gulmarg and a shoulder of nearby Apharwat Peak (4,200 metres (13,800 ft)). The first stage transfers from Gulmarg at 2,600 metres (8,500 ft) to Kongdoori at 3,080 metres (10,100 ft). The second stage which has 36 cabins and 18 towers, takes passengers to a height of 3,950 metres (12,960 ft) on the Apharwat Peak 4,200 metres (13,800 ft). A chair lift system connects Kongdoori with Mary's shoulder for taking skiers to higher altitudes. The high inflow of tourists has had an effect on the fragile eco-system of Gulmarg and activists have demanded tighter regulation to save the environment of the area from over-tourism.\nAn accident occurred on 15 June 2017 due to an enormous pine tree being uprooted by a gust of wind and breaking the perspex windows on one of the gondola cabins, causing it to swing violently and its seven occupants to fall 100 ft (30 m) to the ground."}, {"Context": "Gulmarg Igloo cafe and Igloo restaurant", "Knowledge": "LOC Kolahoi Green Heights, LOC Gulmarg", "Response": "In February 2022, the World's largest igloo cafe was opened in Gulmarg. It was made with a height of 37.5 feet and a diameter of 44.5 feet. Around 40 people can eat there at a time. In 2023, a glass igloo restaurant was developed by Kolahoi Green Heights, a hotel in Gulmarg."}, {"Context": "Gulmarg Maharani Temple", "Knowledge": "LOC Gulmarg, PER Shiva, LOC Dogra, PER Parvati, LOC Maharani Temple, PER Hari Singh, PER Maharani Mohini Bai Sisodia, LOC Shiv Temple", "Response": "Maharani Temple (commonly known as Shiv Temple of Gulmarg) was built by a Hindu ruler Maharaja Hari Singh for his wife Maharani Mohini Bai Sisodia who ruled till 1915. This temple was considered as the stately possession of Dogra kings. The temple is dedicated to Shiva and Parvati. This temple is situated on a slight hilltop with greenery. This temple is visible from all corners of Gulmarg."}, {"Context": "Gulmarg Maharaja Palace at Gulmarg", "Knowledge": "PER Hari Singh, LOC Palace", "Response": "The 8700 sq ft Palace was built by Maharaja Hari Singh in early 19th century."}, {"Context": "Gulmarg St Mary's Church", "Knowledge": "LOC Gulmarg, PER Eleanor Hardy Tipping, PER Bruce Bairnsfather, LOC Shepherds, LOC St Mary ' s Church, ORG St Mary ' s, ORG Diocese of Amritsar, ORG Church Of North India, PER Buckwell, PER T. D. Bairnsfather", "Response": "The St Mary's Church is located in the valley of Shepherds in Gulmarg.\nIt was built in 1902, during the period of British rule, and was constructed in a British style. Made of grey brick with a green roof and decorated wooden interior walls, it has been described as a \"Victorian architectural wonder\".\nIn 1920 the church saw the wedding of the brother of Bruce Bairnsfather; Miss Eleanor Hardy Tipping married Capt. T. D. Bairnsfather, with newspapers describing the church as \"very prettily decorated\" and with the service conducted by Rev Canon Buckwell in the presence of both organ and a full choir.St Mary's was closed for years but was renovated and reopened in 2003, holding its first Christmas service there for 14 years. The church belongs to the Diocese of Amritsar, Church Of North India."}, {"Context": "Gulmarg High Altitude Warfare School", "Knowledge": "ORG Indian Army, LOC Gulmarg, ORG High Altitude Warfare School", "Response": "In 1948, the Indian Army established a ski school in Gulmarg that later became the High Altitude Warfare School, which specializes in snow\u2013craft and winter warfare. It is located in an area which is prone to avalanches."}, {"Context": "Gulmarg Gulmarg Winter Games 2020", "Knowledge": "LOC Gulmarg, LOC Jammu, LOC Kashmir, ORG Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports, ORG Jammu and Kashmir Sports Council", "Response": "The first-ever Khelo India Winter Games were held from 7 March at Gulmarg in Jammu and Kashmir. Around 955 participants took part in the 5-day event. Organised by Jammu and Kashmir Sports Council in collaboration Union Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports, the Games included various sports disciplines at the ski resort of Gulmarg in north Kashmir from 7 to 11 March."}, {"Context": "Gulmarg Golf course", "Knowledge": "LOC Gulmarg, PER Neville Chamberlain, LOC India, LOC Gulmarg Golf Club, PER Nedou", "Response": "Situated at an altitude of 2,650 m, it is the highest green golf course in the world. The historic Gulmarg Golf Club was started in 1911 by the British who used the place as a holiday resort. The origin of Gulmarg as the golfing centre of India goes back to the late 19th century when a 6-hole course was made in 1890-91 by Colonel Neville Chamberlain. The first golf championship was played at Gulmarg in 1922. The Nedou's Cup was introduced in 1929."}, {"Context": "Gulmarg Avalanche information center", "Knowledge": "ORG Gulmarg Avalanche Center, LOC Gulmarg, PER Brian Newman", "Response": "In 2008 an American avalanche forecaster named Brian Newman began an NPO named Gulmarg Avalanche Center.  The purpose of this organization was to dispense daily avalanche risk bulletins to visitors entering the unmanaged backcountry surrounding the Gulmarg ski area.  The centre provides avalanche education including a free weekly avalanche awareness talk during the winter season."}, {"Context": "Gulmarg Events", "Knowledge": "", "Response": "An annual three-day Gulmarg Winter Festival is held in March. Budding artists in the fields of music, films and photography are given an opportunity to showcase their work during the festival."}, {"Context": "Gulmarg Gulmarg in Bollywood", "Knowledge": "LOC Gulmarg", "Response": "Gulmarg has been the shooting location many Bollywood films like Bobby, Aap Ki Kasam, Jab Tak Hai Jaan, Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani, Highway, Phantom, Haider, etc."}, {"Context": "Guwahati Introduction", "Knowledge": "LOC Basistha Temple, LOC Assam, LOC Sukreswar Temple, LOC Bhubaneswari Temple, LOC Asvakranta Temple, LOC Gateway, LOC Brahmaputra, LOC Shree Ganesh Mandir, LOC Noonmati, ORG Greater Guwahati Metropolitan Area, LOC Narengi, LOC Ugratara Temple, LOC Kamarupa, ORG Guwahati Metropolitan Development Authority, LOC North Guwahati, LOC Umananda Temple, LOC Aswaklanta Temple, LOC Doul Govinda Temple, LOC Lankeshwar Temple, LOC Brahmaputra River, LOC North East India, LOC Northeast India, LOC Kamakhya Temple, LOC Madan Kamdev, LOC Navagraha Temple, LOC Dispur, LOC Rudreswar Temple, ORG Government of Assam, ORG GMDA, LOC Guwahati, LOC India, LOC Durjaya, LOC Dirgheshwari Temple, LOC Shillong, LOC Gauhati, LOC Shree Panchayatana Temple, ORG LGB International Airport, LOC Manikarneswar Temple, LOC Pragjyotishpura, ORG Guwahati Municipal Corporation", "Response": "Guwahati (, Assamese: [guwa\u0266ati];  formerly rendered Gauhati, ) is the biggest city of the Indian state of Assam and also the largest metropolis in northeastern India. Dispur, the capital of Assam, is in the circuit city region located within Guwahati and is the seat of the Government of Assam. A major riverine port city along with hills, and one of the fastest growing cities in India, Guwahati is situated on the south bank of the Brahmaputra. It is called the ''Gateway to North East India''.The ancient cities of Pragjyotishpura and Durjaya (North Guwahati) were the capitals of the ancient state of Kamarupa.\nMany ancient Hindu temples like the Kamakhya Temple, Ugratara Temple, Basistha Temple, Doul Govinda Temple, Umananda Temple, Navagraha Temple, Sukreswar Temple, Rudreswar Temple, Manikarneswar Temple, Aswaklanta Temple, Dirgheshwari Temple, Asvakranta Temple, Lankeshwar Temple, Bhubaneswari Temple, Shree Ganesh Mandir, Shree Panchayatana Temple, Noonmati, and the like, are situated in the city, giving it the title of \"The City of Temples\".Guwahati lies between the banks of the Brahmaputra River and the foothills of the Shillong plateau, with LGB International Airport to the west and the town of Narengi to the east. The North Guwahati area, to the northern bank of the Brahmaputra, is being gradually incorporated into the city limits. The noted Madan Kamdev is situated 30 kilometres (19 miles) from Guwahati. The Guwahati Municipal Corporation, the city's local government, administers an area of 216 square kilometres (83 sq mi),. At the same time, the Guwahati Metropolitan Development Authority (GMDA) is the planning and development body of Greater Guwahati Metropolitan Area. Guwahati is the largest city in Northeast India.The Guwahati region hosts diverse wildlife including rare animals such as Asian elephants, pythons, tigers, rhinoceros, gaurs, primate species, and endangered birds."}, {"Context": "Guwahati Etymology", "Knowledge": "LOC Guwahati, LOC Guva", "Response": "Guwahati derives its name from the Assamese word \"Guva\" derived from the Sanskrit word Guvaka, meaning areca nut and its plant and \"Hati\" meaning rows, the rows of areca nut trees."}, {"Context": "Guwahati Ancient history", "Knowledge": "PER Duryodhan, LOC Chitrachal Hill, PER Xuanzang, PER Hiuen Tsang, PER Bhanumati, LOC Basistha, LOC Kamarupa, LOC Yogini Tantra, LOC Kamrup, PER Bhagadatta, PER Bhaskaravarman, LOC Navagraha, LOC Nilachal, LOC Guwahati, LOC Ambari, LOC Shakti, PER Kamakhya, LOC Dighalipukhuri, ORG Cotton College", "Response": "Epigraphic sources place the capital of Kamarupa kingdom in Guwahati. The 10th-12th century Kalika Purana mention that Kamrup was inhabited by strong Kirata people. As per the legends constructed in the Yogini Tantra, the tank Dighalipukhuri located in the heart of the city was dug by King Bhagadatta of Kamrup on the occasion of the wedding of his daughter Bhanumati with Duryodhan. Located within Guwahati is the Shakti temple of Goddess Kamakhya in Nilachal hill (an important seat of Tantric and Vajrayana Buddhism), the ancient and unique astrological temple Navagraha in Chitrachal Hill, and archaeological remains in Basistha and other archaeological locations of mythological importance.\n\nThe Ambari excavations trace the period of the city of Guwahati between the 2nd century BCE and the 1st century CE, in the Shunga-Kushana period of Indian history. Descriptions by Xuanzang (Hiuen Tsang) reveal that during the reign of the Varman king Bhaskaravarman (7th century CE), the city stretched for about 30 li (15 km or 9.3 mi). Archaeological evidence by excavations in Ambari, and excavated brick walls and houses discovered during construction of the present Cotton College's auditorium suggest the city was of economic and strategic importance until the 9th\u201311th century CE."}, {"Context": "Guwahati Medieval history", "Knowledge": "LOC Kamakhya, LOC Assam, LOC Bharalu, LOC Aswakranta, PER Ahom, LOC Umananda, LOC GUwahati, PER Bakhtiyar Khalji, LOC Vasisthasram, LOC Dopdar, LOC Kamrup, PER Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji, LOC Dirgheswari, PER Gadadhar Singha, ORG Borphukan, PER Borphukan, PER Majindar Baruah, PER Raja Prithu, LOC Guwahati, LOC Fancy Bazaar, LOC Sukreswar, LOC Dighalipukhuri", "Response": "Forces of Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji suffered a disastrous defeat in the hands of Raja Prithu in Kamrup during Tibetan expedition. The entire army of Bakhtiyar Khalji was defeated by native forces, which forced him to retreat.For short periods Guwahati was a Mughal station at the time of their occupation of Kamrup (1633-59, 1662-69, 1679-\n81 A.D.). After Battle of itakhuli, Guwahati permanently came under the seat of the Borphukan, the civil-military authority of the Lower Assam region appointed by the Ahom kings. The Borphukan's residence was in the present Fancy Bazaar area, and his council-hall, called Dopdar, was about 300 yards (270 m) to the west of the Bharalu stream. The Majindar Baruah, the personal secretary of the Borphukan, had his residence in the present-day deputy commissioner's residence.From the time of \nGadadhar Singha the ahom kings paid their attention to building several temples \nin various religious sites at GUwahati: Kamakhya, Aswakranta, Sukreswar, Umananda, Dirgheswari, Vasisthasram and adorned its different entry passes with masonry gates.\nThe Mughals invaded Assam seventeen times but were defeated by the Ahoms in the Battle of Itakhuli and the Battle of Saraighat in outskirts of Guwahati.There was an ancient boatyard in Dighalipukhuri, probably used by the Ahoms in medieval times.Medieval constructions include temples, ramparts, and other structures in the city."}, {"Context": "Guwahati Colonial history", "Knowledge": "PER Ahom, LOC Guwahati, LOC Assam, LOC Shillong, LOC Khasi", "Response": "During the 17th century Guwahati was taken and retaken by Muslims and Ahoms eight times in fifty years, but in 1681 it became the residence of the Ahom governor of lower Assam, and in 1786 the capital of the Ahom raja. On the cession of Assam to the British in 1826 it was made the seat of the British administration of Assam, and so continued till 1874, when the headquarters were removed to Shillong in the Khasi hills."}, {"Context": "Guwahati Modern history", "Knowledge": "LOC Guwahati, LOC Meghalaya, LOC India, LOC Assam, LOC Shillong, LOC Northeast India, ORG High Court of Assam, LOC Province of Assam, LOC Dispur, LOC Saraighat Bridge, ORG Gauhati High Court, PER Mountbatten, PER R. F. Lodge, ORG Hindustan Construction Company", "Response": "The Gauhati High Court (formerly known as the High Court of Assam) was promulgated on 1 March 1948 by the then Governor General of India, Lord Mountbatten, in accordance with the Government of India Act 1935. It became effective on 5 April 1948 and was initially established for the Province of Assam. R.F. Lodge was the inaugural Chief Justice of the Gauhati High Court, taking office on 5 April 1948.The Saraighat Bridge, notable for its role in connecting Northeast India with the rest of the country, was constructed between 1959 and 1962 by the Hindustan Construction Company at a cost of approximately Rs 10.6 crore at the time. It was completed in September 1962, and the first engine crossed it on 23 September 1962.In 1972, due to separation of Meghalaya from Assam, the capital of Assam was moved to Dispur, a neighbourhood in Guwahati from the erstwhile capital of Shillong."}, {"Context": "Guwahati Geography", "Knowledge": "LOC Shillong, LOC Amchang Wildlife Sanctuary, LOC Bharalu River, LOC Dipor Bil, LOC Brahmaputra", "Response": "The Brahmaputra river flows to the north of the metropolis. The city is bordered on the south by the foothills of the Shillong plateau and to the east by the Amchang Wildlife Sanctuary. The Bharalu River, a tributary of the Brahmaputra, flows right through the heart of the city. To the south-west of the city lies Dipor Bil, a permanent freshwater lake with no prominent inflows apart from monsoon run-off from the hills to the south of the lake. The lake drains into the Brahmaputra, 5 km (3.1 mi) to the north, and acts as a natural stormwater reservoir for the city. There are also multiple hills within the city limits."}, {"Context": "Guwahati Urban morphology", "Knowledge": "LOC GS Road, LOC Kamakhya, LOC GS ) Road, LOC Assam, LOC Noumile, LOC Nilachal Hill, LOC Noonmati, LOC VIP Road, LOC Narengi, ORG Northeast Frontier Railways, LOC Paltan Bazaar, LOC Panjabari, LOC LGB International Airport, ORG Guwahati Refinery, LOC North Guwahati, LOC Beltola, LOC Pan Bazaar, LOC Jalukbari, LOC Dispur, LOC Zoo Road, LOC Guwahati - Shillong, LOC Six Mile, LOC Guwahati, LOC Pandu, LOC Maligaon, LOC Ganeshguri, LOC Gauhati University, LOC India, LOC Fancy Bazaar, LOC Uzan Bazaar, LOC Hatigaon, LOC Saraighat Bridge", "Response": "Guwahati's 'urban form' radiates from a central core with growth corridors radiating and extending towards the south, east, and west. In the past few decades, southern Guwahati areas such as Ganeshguri, Beltola, Hatigaon, Six Mile, and Panjabari began forming a southern sub-center surrounding the capital complex at Dispur. The core area consists of the old city with Pan Bazaar, Paltan Bazaar, Fancy Bazaar and Uzan Bazaar, with each area facilitating unique urban activities.Among the city corridors, the most important is the corridor formed along the Guwahati-Shillong (GS) Road towards the south (almost 15 km [9.3 mi] from the city-center). The GS Road corridor is an important commercial area with retail, wholesale and commercial offices developed along the main road; it is also a densely built residential area in the inner parts. The capital complex of Assam at Dispur is situated in this corridor. This corridor has facilitated the growth of a southern city sub-center at Ganeshguri, along with other residential areas to the south developed during the past few decades.The corridor extending towards the west (around 30 km [19 mi] from the city center) contains a rail-road linking not only Guwahati but also other parts of the northeastern region east of Guwahati to western Assam and the rest of India. The corridor links residential and historically important areas such as Nilachal Hill (Kamakhya), Pandu, and Maligaon (headquarters of Northeast Frontier Railways) before it separates into two \u2013 one towards North Guwahati via the Saraighat Bridge and the other continuing west towards LGB International Airport via Gauhati University (Jalukbari). There are also many river ports/jetties along this corridor.The third major corridor extends towards the east (around 15 km [9.3 mi] from the city-center) linking Noonmati (Guwahati Refinery) and Narengi, and has facilitated residential growth along with it. Highway NH-37, which encircles the city's southern parts and links the southern corridor in Noumile to the western corridor in Jalukbari is currently supporting rapid development. Similarly, the VIP Road linking Zoo Road with the eastern corridor and recently completed Hengerabari-Narengi Road are also supporting massive residential development to the east.Guwahati is one among 98 Indian cities proposed to become Smart Cities under a project embarked on by Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India."}, {"Context": "Guwahati Climate", "Knowledge": "LOC Guwahati", "Response": "Guwahati has a humid subtropical climate (K\u00f6ppen climate classification Cwa), falling just short of a tropical savanna climate (K\u00f6ppen climate classification Aw)."}, {"Context": "Guwahati Infrastructure", "Knowledge": "LOC Guwahati, ORG Asian Development Bank, ORG Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission, ORG JNNURM, LOC Northeast India", "Response": "The city has a comparatively high quality of life. A 2006 survey ranked Guwahati 17th among all the large and medium-sized Indian cities. The city provides competitive residential and working environments with beautiful landscapes, pleasant climate, modern shopping areas, modern apartments, and bungalows, and considerably developed social infrastructure. A centrally funded four-lane, ambitious East-West Corridor will pass through Guwahati and connect all the state capitals of Northeast India. Completion of the project will boost the vital upliftment of the whole region.\n\nThe city still needs attention to improve its infrastructure. Funding from the Asian Development Bank is providing assistance to improve Guwahati's transportation infrastructure along with a substantial amount from Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) for its development."}, {"Context": "Guwahati Administration and governance", "Knowledge": "LOC Assam, ORG National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development, LOC Guwahati Metropolitan, ORG Assam Legislative Assembly, ORG North Eastern Development Finance Corporation Ltd, ORG Guwahati Metropolitan Development Authority, LOC Gauhati West, LOC Meghalaya, ORG Secretariat of Assam Government, ORG GTAC, ORG Assam Assembly House, LOC Jalukbari, ORG NEDFi, LOC Dispur, ORG Government of Assam, LOC Gauhati East, ORG Indian Parliament, ORG GMDA, ORG NABARD, LOC Guwahati, ORG Guwahati Tea Auction Centre, LOC Shillong, LOC Gauhati, ORG Guwahati Municipal Corporation, ORG Office", "Response": "Dispur, the capital of Assam, lies in Guwahati. The passing of the North Eastern (Reorganization Areas) Act in 1971 by the Indian Parliament accorded Meghalaya the status of a full-fledged state. After the creation of Meghalaya as a separate state, Shillong continued to be the joint capital of both Assam and Meghalaya. However, in 1972, the Government of Assam decided to shift the capital to Dispur. Accordingly, the first sitting of the Budget Session of the Assam Legislative Assembly was held at Dispur on 16 March 1973. Dispur houses the Secretariat of Assam Government, the Assam Assembly House, the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) Regional Office, the North Eastern Development Finance Corporation Ltd (NEDFi) House and the Guwahati Tea Auction Centre (GTAC).Guwahati Municipal Corporation is the local body responsible for governing, developing and managing the city. It is divided into 31 municipal wards. Guwahati Metropolitan Development Authority (GMDA) is an agency responsible for planning and development of the greater Guwahati Metropolitan Area and for revising the Guwahati Master Plan and Building Bylaws to cover an area of 3,214 square kilometres (1,241 sq mi) by 2025.Guwahati consists of four assembly constituencies: Jalukbari, Dispur, Gauhati East and Gauhati West, all of which are part of Gauhati (Lok Sabha constituency)."}, {"Context": "Guwahati Police", "Knowledge": "LOC Guwahati, LOC West Police District, ORG Assam Police, LOC East Police District, LOC Central Police District", "Response": "Guwahati is the headquarters of Assam Police.\nThe city is under the Police Commissionerate of Guwahati headed by the Commissioner of Police, Guwahati. It is divided into three districts: East Police District, Central Police District, and West Police District, each headed by a Deputy Commissioner of Police. Each police district consists of officers, not below the rank of Assistant Commissioner of Police, functioning as executive magistrates within a said metropolitan area."}, {"Context": "Guwahati Judiciary", "Knowledge": "LOC Guwahati, LOC Kohima, LOC Aizawl, ORG Kamrup, LOC Nagaland, LOC Shillong, LOC Gauhati, LOC Itanagar, ORG High Court of Assam, ORG Gauhati High Court, LOC Mizoram, LOC Arunachal Pradesh, ORG Court of the District and Sessions Judge", "Response": "Guwahati is the principal seat of the Gauhati High Court. It acts as the High Court of Assam and also of Nagaland, Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh with their outlying benches of Kohima, Aizawl and Itanagar, respectively. Gauhati High Court came in effect from 5 April 1948. It initially had its sittings at Shillong but was shifted to Gauhati from 14 August 1948.Guwahati also houses the Court of the District and Sessions Judge, Kamrup established in 1920. It is a lower court of the district judiciary having territorial jurisdiction over the greater Guwahati area only."}, {"Context": "Guwahati Increase in population", "Knowledge": "LOC Guwahati", "Response": "In recent years, Guwahati has experienced rapid population growth due to migration for education and employment opportunities. This population increase has led to undesirable expansion of the city and has resulted in various collateral problems, such as the rise in the number of slums. It is projected that the population of Guwahati will reach 1.5 million by 2035, up from an estimated 1.1 million in 2020."}, {"Context": "Guwahati Inflation", "Knowledge": "LOC Guwahati, LOC Meghalaya, LOC Assam, LOC Barpeta, LOC Uttar Pradesh, LOC Chaygaon, LOC Delhi, LOC Maharashtra, LOC West Bengal, LOC Bihar", "Response": "One of the economic problems that the citizens of Guwahati have to put up with is the hike in prices of many essentials, chiefly vegetables, poultry, and fish. The prices of these commodities keep escalating at an inordinate rate because of which the buyers find it difficult to buy these items. Vegetables are transported into Assam from West Bengal, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, Maharashtra and Meghalaya and the truckers en route have to pay considerable amount of money as tax at various check posts. It is one of the causes of rise in prices of vegetables in the markets of Guwahati. The prices of locally available vegetables and fruits undergo large markup because of transportation expenses grounds, besides intra-State check posts taxes. In addition to these, the wholesale dealers, as well as the retail sellers, augment the prices of the commodities according to their own desires.\nThe price of poultry, mainly chicken, that reaches the city markets from places like Chaygaon and Barpeta have been soaring rapidly because of similar factors. There has been steep rise in the price of fish as well, the prominent varieties of which being Rohu (\"Rou\"), Catla (\"Bahu\"), Walking catfish (\"Magur\") and Monopterus (\"Kuchia\") among many others.The COVID-19 pandemic further exacerbated inflation, causing food prices to rise."}, {"Context": "Guwahati Flooding", "Knowledge": "LOC Guwahati, PER Abani Kumar Bhagawati, ORG Gauhati University, PER Bhagawati, LOC Brahmaputra", "Response": "According to experts, urban flooding in Guwahati in the near future is expected to worsen to the point where residents of certain areas may be forced to relocate. Since the beginning of the 21st century, the alteration of drainage channels and wetlands due to rapid urbanization has exacerbated the problem of flooding.Professor Abani Kumar Bhagawati of Gauhati University stated that since before there were sufficient wetlands to absorb rainwater and channels to carry excess water to the Brahmaputra, the city did not experience floods. However, human interference has disrupted the natural topography, leading to the current situation where \"just half an hour of rain\" can cause flooding in the city. Encroachment and concretization, which reduce open areas for natural water absorption, are the primary causes of floods according to Bhagawati."}, {"Context": "Guwahati Population", "Knowledge": "LOC Guwahati, LOC India", "Response": "Guwahati is one of the fastest-growing cities in India. \nGuwahati has a population of 957,352 as of the 2011 census. \nPopulation of Guwahati in 2021 is estimated to be 11 lakhs (approx). It is estimated that Guwahati metro will house 2.8 million residents by 2025.\nBelow Graph shows Population of Guwahati (1950-2040):-"}, {"Context": "Guwahati Literacy and sex ratio", "Knowledge": "LOC Guwahati", "Response": "The percentage of the child population (0-14) in Guwahati was 9.40% in 2011. The average literacy rate was stated to be 91.47% with male literacy at 94.24% and female literacy at 88.50%. The sex ratio was recorded to be 933 females per 1000 males and child sex ratio to be 940 girls per 1000 boys."}, {"Context": "Guwahati Languages", "Knowledge": "LOC Guwahati", "Response": "According to the 2011 census, there were around 957,352 people living in Guwahati city, of which around 558,532 population spoke Assamese, 198,544 spoke Bengali, 138,056 speaks Hindi, 16,331 speaks Bodo , 4.72% speaks other minority languages like Odia, Manipuri, Nepali, Telugu, Punjabi and others."}, {"Context": "Guwahati Education", "Knowledge": "ORG Handique Girls College, ORG Krishna Kanta Handiqui State Open University, ORG Regional Dental College, ORG K. C. Das Commerce College, ORG B. Borooah College, ORG Cotton University, ORG National Law University, ORG Gurukul, ORG Lakshmibai National Institute of Physical Education NE, ORG Science Mirza, ORG Sanskriti, ORG Gauhati Commerce College, ORG Assam Institute of Management, ORG Holy Child School, ORG Indian Institute of Information Technology, ORG Assam Don Bosco University, ORG Assam Science and Technology University, ORG Arya Vidyapeeth College, ORG Dispur College, ORG Gauhati Medical College, ORG NETES Institute of Technology, ORG Srimanta Sankaradeva University of Health Sciences, ORG Indian Institute of Technology, ORG Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, ORG Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, LOC Northeast India, ORG Delhi Public School, ORG Centre, ORG Faculty Higher Secondary School, ORG Dakshin Kamrup College, ORG Royal Global University, ORG Dakshin Kamrup Girls ' College, ORG Judicial Academy, ORG Tata Institute of Social Sciences, LOC Guwahati, ORG Hospital, LOC India, ORG N. E. F Law College, ORG Gauhati University, ORG National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, ORG YWCA English High School, ORG Assam Engineering College, ORG St. Mary ' s English High School, ORG IIT, ORG Assam Down Town University, ORG Government Ayurvedic College, ORG Cotton College", "Response": "Guwahati is the central educational hub of Northeast India. Among the esteemed institutions is the Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati (IIT), an autonomous institute dedicated in the field of technical studies in India. Cotton University, erstwhile Cotton College is yet another century-old institution in the fields of Science and Arts.\nGuwahati has numerous educational institutes and colleges such as Gauhati University, Cotton University, Srimanta Sankaradeva University of Health Sciences, Assam Science and Technology University, Dakshin Kamrup College, Dakshin Kamrup Girls' College, Gauhati Commerce College, Arya Vidyapeeth College (Autonomous), K.C. Das Commerce College, Handique Girls College, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Guwahati, NETES Institute of Technology and Science Mirza, B. Borooah College, Dispur College, Regional Dental College, Guwahati, N.E.F Law College, National Law University and Judicial Academy, Gauhati Medical College and Hospital, Government Ayurvedic College, Guwahati, Assam Engineering College, Assam Institute of Management, Assam Don Bosco University, Assam Down Town University, Royal Global University, Lakshmibai National Institute of Physical Education NE Regional Centre, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Guwahati Campus and Krishna Kanta Handiqui State Open University, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Guwahati and Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology.\nThere are various private schools too like Delhi Public School, Sanskriti the Gurukul, Holy Child School, St. Mary's English High School, YWCA English High School and Faculty Higher Secondary School."}, {"Context": "Guwahati Economy", "Knowledge": "ORG Assam Branch Indian Tea Association, LOC Assam, LOC Ahoms, LOC Dhubri, LOC Brahmaputra, ORG Indian Oil, LOC Noonmati, LOC Sadiya National, LOC Siliguri, ORG Guwahati Refinery, ORG Indian Oil Corporation Limited, LOC Gar - Pandu, ORG ABITA, ORG GTAC, LOC Dispur, LOC Pandu, LOC Guwahati, ORG Guwahati Tea Auction Centre, LOC India, ORG Raw Petroleum", "Response": "Pandu, located on the banks of the Brahmaputra at the western part of the city, is an ancient urban area that acted as the chief military base for the Ahoms against external invasions. Due to extensive fortification ('Gorh') surrounding Pandu, it acts as a natural river harbor and is formally called Gar-Pandu. Pandu port falls under Dhubri-Sadiya National Waterway-2 and is an important terminal and transit point for goods and cargo as well as passenger and tourist vessels. Construction of both low-level and high-level jetty of fixed terminal, capable of handling container vessels, has been completed and has further enhanced revenue generation for the city.\n\nThe manufacturing sector in Guwahati contributes a substantial share to the economy of the city. Petroleum manufacturing is an important economic activity in the city. The Guwahati Refinery is the most important manufacturing industry in the city. Located at Noonmati, the refinery was set up by the Indian Oil Corporation Limited as the first public sector refinery of India as well as the refinery of Indian Oil since 1962. It was built with an initial crude processing capacity of 0.75 million tonnes per year at the time of its commission which was gradually increased to 1.0 million tonnes per year. It produces various products and supplies them to the other northeast states and also beyond to Siliguri through the Guwahati-Siliguri pipeline. The various products produced by the refinery include Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), Kerosene Oil, Turbine Fuel (aviation use), Motor Spirit, High-Speed Motor Diesel, Light Diesel Oil, and Raw Petroleum Coke. There is also an LPG bottling plant in the city.Tea manufacturing and processing is another important activity of Guwahati. Assam is one of the highest tea-producing areas in the world, contributing 80% of India's export and 55% of the country's total tea production. So high is the production of tea in Assam that it is the biggest industry in the state. The headquarters of the Assam Branch Indian Tea Association (ABITA) is located at Guwahati. The Guwahati Tea Auction Centre (GTAC), located adjacent to the capital complex at Dispur, is the world's largest CTC tea auction center and the second largest in terms of total tea auctioned. The inaugural sale took place on 25 September 1970 and the first lot of tea was auctioned at the price of \u20b9 42.50 which, during those days, was a significant achievement. In the month of August 2019, a kilogram of Maijan Orthodox Golden tea sold for a record-setting price of \u20b9 70,501 at the Guwahati Tea Auction Centre.Many centralised, private and international banks have set up their branches in the city with the Reserve Bank of India having one of its own at Pan Bazaar."}, {"Context": "Guwahati Air", "Knowledge": "LOC Paro, LOC Guwahati, LOC Bengaluru, LOC Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport, LOC India, LOC Kochi, LOC Delhi, LOC Lucknow, LOC Kathmandu, LOC Chennai, LOC Visakhapatnam, LOC Hyderabad, LOC Ahmedabad, LOC Jaipur, LOC Bangkok, LOC Kolkata, LOC Mumbai, LOC Borjhar", "Response": "Guwahati is served by the Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport, in Borjhar, about 20 kilometres (12 mi) west from the heart of the city. With all major domestic and international airlines flying into Guwahati, it is the eleventh busiest airport in India in total passenger traffic. Daily and weekly flights are available to Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Visakhapatnam, Bengaluru, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad, Lucknow, Jaipur, Kochi, Bangkok, Paro, Kathmandu etc."}, {"Context": "Guwahati Rail", "Knowledge": "LOC Kamakhya Junction, LOC Assam, ORG Indian Railways, LOC Noonmati, LOC Azara, LOC Paltan Bazaar, ORG Northeast Frontier Railway, LOC Narangi, ORG NFR, LOC Dibrugarh, LOC Lumding, LOC Saraighat, LOC Garib Rath, LOC Guwahati, LOC Maligaon, LOC Barauni, LOC India, LOC Nilachal Hills, LOC Guwahati \u2013 Lumding, LOC Kanyakumari, LOC New Guwahati", "Response": "The city of Guwahati and the northeastern region falls under the Northeast Frontier Railway (NFR) Zone of the Indian Railways, the headquarters of which is in Maligaon, near Nilachal Hills, in the northwest of the city. The Guwahati railway station, located in Paltan Bazaar area of Guwahati, is the busiest railway station in the city. It lies along the Barauni-Guwahati Line and Guwahati\u2013Lumding section, categorised as an A-1 railway station under Lumding railway division.\nThere are four more railway stations in the city \u2013 the Kamakhya Junction for passenger and freight services, the New Guwahati railway station (near Noonmati) for only freight services, Narangi railway station and Azara railway station. There are regular trains connecting Guwahati to and from other major cities of the country. Rajdhani Express, Poorvottar Sampark Kranti Express, Brahmaputra Mail, Kamrup Express, Northeast Express, Saraighat Express and Garib Rath are some significant trains running to and from Guwahati. The train with the longest route in India, Vivek Express, which runs from Dibrugarh in Upper Assam to Kanyakumari in the southern tip of India passes through Guwahati."}, {"Context": "Guwahati Road", "Knowledge": "LOC National, LOC Manipur, LOC Assam, LOC Silchar, ORG Assam State Transport Corporation, LOC Dhubri, LOC Arunachal Pradesh, LOC Bihar, ORG Rupnath Brahma Inter State Bus Terminus, LOC Jorhat, LOC Nagaland, LOC Paltan Bazaar, LOC Adabari, ORG ISBT, LOC Barak Valley Assam, LOC Tripura, LOC West Bengal, LOC Sevoke, LOC Betkuchi, LOC Meghalaya, LOC Dibrugarh, LOC Northeast India, LOC Jalukbari, ORG Assam State Urban Transport Corporation, LOC Cooch Behar, LOC Mizoram, LOC LGBI, LOC Tezpur, ORG ASTC, LOC Guwahati, LOC Northeastern States, LOC India, LOC River Brahmaputra", "Response": "The length of surfaced roads within the city is 218 km (135 mi). National Highway 27 connects Guwahati with the states West Bengal, Bihar and rest of India. This highway connects Guwahati with Silchar in Barak Valley Assam and further connecting the city to the states of Meghalaya, Manipur, Mizoram and Tripura. National Highway 17 from Sevoke in West Bengal terminates in Jalukbari and connects Guwahati with the major cities of Dhubri and Cooch Behar. National Highway 15 and its several secondary roads runs through both the banks of River Brahmaputra and connects the Guwahati with the cities of Tezpur, Jorhat, Dibrugarh in Upper Assam and the states of Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland.Public transportation is well developed in the city. Buses are the major means of public transport in Guwahati. The state-owned Assam State Urban Transport Corporation, a subsidiary of Assam State Transport Corporation (ASTC) and private operators provide the city bus services within the city. ASTC also operates the Volvo air-conditioned bus services within the city as well as to the LGBI airport. In addition to this, there are a number of private bus operators that regularly run day and night bus services from Guwahati to neighbouring towns and cities within Assam and the other Northeastern States. Rupnath Brahma Inter State Bus Terminus (ISBT), located at Betkuchi area on NH-37, is the most significant terminal cum transit point for buses plying between Guwahati and other destinations in Assam and Northeast India. The areas of Adabari and Paltan Bazaar also act as nodal points in providing bus services to towns and cities in Assam and adjoining states.A metro rail project has also been planned to relieve the hectic traffic conditions on the streets.Guwahati has also seen a rise in the usage of cycling as a mode of transport and as per some unofficial estimates, there was almost a 50% increase in the number of people who took up cycling in the wake of COVID-19. The city has an active cycling community and is amongst the few Indian cities that has a Bicycle Mayor and a Junior Bicycle Mayor."}, {"Context": "Guwahati Water", "Knowledge": "ORG Inland Water Transport Department, LOC Pandu, LOC Guwahati, LOC Brahmaputra", "Response": "The Inland Water Transport Department is headquartered at Pandu port in Guwahati. The waterways transportation services in Guwahati are used for transporting bulk goods and cargo, and for movement of passenger and tourist vessels. Ferry services are available for transportation of people from different ports along the Brahmaputra to Pandu port."}, {"Context": "Guwahati Sports", "Knowledge": "LOC Tepesia Sports Complex, LOC Assam, LOC Amingaon, LOC Rajiv Gandhi Indoor Stadium, LOC East India, LOC Barsapara, LOC Chachal Tennis Complex, LOC Gauhati University Sports Stadium, LOC Deshbhakta Tarun Ram Phookan Indoor Stadium, LOC Judges Field, LOC Bhetapara, LOC Paltan Bazaar, LOC North - East Frontier Railway Stadium, LOC Assam Cricket Association Stadium, ORG SAI, ORG Indian Super League, LOC Sarusajai, LOC West Indies, LOC Rudra Singha Sports Complex, ORG NorthEast United FC, LOC Karmabir Nabin Chandra Bordoloi A. C. Indoor Hall, LOC Northeast India, LOC Ulubari, ORG Sports Authority of India, LOC Dispur, LOC Australia, LOC Dr. Zakir Hussain Aquatic Complex, LOC Guwahati, LOC Maligaon, LOC India, LOC R. G. Baruah Sports Complex, LOC Ganesh Mandir Indoor Stadium, LOC Kanaklata Indoor Stadium, LOC Maulana Md. Tayabullah Hockey Stadium, LOC Khanapara, LOC Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium, LOC Nehru Stadium", "Response": "Guwahati features the multi-purpose Nehru Stadium which hosts mostly football and cricket located in the R.G. Baruah Sports Complex, one of the oldest in the city. It comprises the Kanaklata Indoor Stadium (for badminton),  swimming pool and tennis courts. The North-East Frontier Railway Stadium of Maligaon, the Sports Authority of India (SAI) complex of Paltan Bazaar and the Judges Field are other prominent sporting venues of the city.\nThe sporting infrastructures specially constructed for the 33rd National Games in 2007 include a large stadium at Sarusajai\u2014the Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium, the Dr. Zakir Hussain Aquatic Complex, and the Karmabir Nabin Chandra Bordoloi A.C. Indoor Hall. Other new sports structures include the Maulana Md. Tayabullah Hockey Stadium at Bhetapara, the Deshbhakta Tarun Ram Phookan Indoor Stadium at Ulubari, Rajiv Gandhi Indoor Stadium at Amingaon, Chachal Tennis Complex and Tepesia Sports Complex. The renovated sports complexes include Ganesh Mandir Indoor Stadium at Khanapara, Rudra Singha Sports Complex at Dispur and Gauhati University Sports Stadium. The Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium was also the main venue of the 2016 South Asian Games, which was held from 5 to 16 February 2016. The stadium also hosted the Himalayan Region Games in 2017 and the FIFA U-17 World Cup in India in 2017. It will also host the FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup in India in 2020 including the opening match.\nGuwahati is home to the professional football club NorthEast United FC of Indian Super League. They play their home matches at the Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium. It presents one of the finest football atmospheres in India.\nAssam Cricket Association Stadium, an international cricket venue at Barsapara, is the home of Assam cricket team. It has seating capacity of 40,000. It is the largest cricket stadium in Northeast India and 2nd largest in East India. It hosted an India vs Australia T20I match in 2017 in its international debut. The first ODI in the stadium was held in 2018 between India and West Indies."}, {"Context": "Guwahati Media & telecommunications", "Knowledge": "LOC Assam, ORG DD Assam, ORG Amar Asom, ORG BSNL, ORG Janasadharan, ORG Eastern Chronicle, ORG Radio Gup - Shup, ORG Airtel, ORG All India Radio, ORG Dainandin Barta, ORG Vodafone Idea, ORG Eclectic Northeast Magazine, ORG Niyomiya Barta, ORG The Times of India, ORG Red FM, ORG Guwahati A & B, ORG Time, ORG Jio, ORG News, ORG Asomiya Pratidin, ORG Radio Mirchi, ORG Dainik Janambhumi, ORG Prag, ORG Dainik Asam, ORG 92. 7 BIG FM, LOC Guwahati, ORG Dainik Agradoot, ORG The Telegraph, ORG Gana Adhikar, ORG DY 365, LOC Shillong, ORG Asomiya Khabar, ORG CBS Channel, ORG The Assam Tribune, ORG The Sentinel, ORG Guwahati Radio Station, ORG G Plus", "Response": "Assamese daily newspapers published from the city are Dainik Agradoot, Asomiya Pratidin, Asomiya Khabar, Amar Asom, Dainik Janambhumi, Janasadharan, Niyomiya Barta, Dainik Asam, Dainandin Barta and Gana Adhikar. English dailies are The Assam Tribune, The Sentinel,  The Telegraph, The Times of India and Eastern Chronicle. Eclectic Northeast Magazine is a leading Guwahati-based monthly Northeast magazine with an online version. G Plus is the only English weekly tabloid published from Guwahati.The state-owned television broadcaster DD Assam provides free-to-air satellite television services. Guwahati-based 24-hour regional satellite news channels include News Live, DY 365, Pratidin Time, Prag News, Assam Talks and News18 Assam-North East.\nThe Guwahati Radio Station of state-owned All India Radio was inaugurated on 1 July 1948 as Shillong-Guwahati Station. The Headquarter of the Shillong-Guwahati Station was shifted from Shillong to Guwahati in 1953. It is a full-fledged Regional broadcasting station with three channels; the Guwahati A & B Channels are AM Channels, and the CBS Channel is an FM Channel. The other FM stations include 92.7 BIG FM, Radio Gup-Shup 94.3 FM, Red FM 93.5 and Radio Mirchi. Telecom services are BSNL, Airtel, Vodafone Idea and Jio."}, {"Context": "Guwahati Notable people", "Knowledge": "PER Barsha Rani Bishaya, PER Nabakanta Barua, LOC Assam, PER Abu Nechim, PER Shrinjan Rajkumar Gohain, PER Zubeen Garg, PER Ashmita Chaliha, PER Jayanta Talukdar, PER Utpal Das, PER Somdev Devvarman, PER Reema Kagti, PER Shiva Thapa, PER Durgabar Kayastha, PER Bhabendra Nath Saikia, PER Dipankar Bhattacharjee, PER Gaurav Bora, PER Riyan Parag, PER Himanta Biswa Sarma, PER Nayyara Noor, PER Papon, PER Sagarika Mukherjee, PER Arnab Goswami, PER Mamoni Raisom Goswami", "Response": "Nabakanta Barua, poet and academician\nDipankar Bhattacharjee, Indian badminton player and Olympian\nBarsha Rani Bishaya, Assamese film actor\nGaurav Bora. footballer\nAshmita Chaliha, Indian badminton player\nUtpal Das, Assamese film actor\nSomdev Devvarman, tennis player\nZubeen Garg, singer\nShrinjan Rajkumar Gohain, Indian chess player\nArnab Goswami, journalist\nMamoni Raisom Goswami, novelist and academician\nReema Kagti, director and screenwriter\nDurgabar Kayastha, medieval litt\u00e9rateur\nPapon, singer and composer\nSagarika Mukherjee, singer and actress\nAbu Nechim, cricketer\nNayyara Noor, singer\nRiyan Parag, cricketer\nBhabendra Nath Saikia, novelist, short story writer and film director\nHimanta Biswa Sarma, current Chief Minister of Assam\nJayanta Talukdar, Indian archer and Olympian\nShiva Thapa, boxer and Olympian"}, {"Context": "Guwahati Bibliography", "Knowledge": "LOC London, PER Shin, LOC Assam, PER Gait, PER Baruah, PER Barua, ORG 215, PER Swarna Lata, PER Manjeet, PER Lipokmar, ORG Routledge, PER Jae - Eun, ORG Thacker, Spink & Company, ORG 81, PER Dz\u00fcvich\u00fc, LOC Mid - Brahmaputra, LOC North East India, ORG Primus Books, ORG Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Limited, LOC K\u0101marupa, LOC New York, PER Rai Bahadur Kanak Lal, PER Sir Edward Albert", "Response": "Shin, Jae-Eun (2018), \"Region Formed and Imagined: Reconsidering temporal, spatial and social context of Kamarupa\",  in Dz\u00fcvich\u00fc, Lipokmar; Baruah, Manjeet (eds.), Modern Practices in North East India: History, Culture, Representation, London & New York: Routledge, pp. 23\u201355\nBarua, Rai Bahadur Kanak Lal (1933). Early History of K\u0101marupa: From the Earliest Times to the End of the Sixteenth Century. The Author.\nBaruah, Swarna Lata (1993). Last Days of Ahom Monarchy: A History of Assam from 1769 to 1826. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Limited. ISBN 978-81-215-0462-1.\nGait, Sir Edward Albert (1906). A History of Assam. Thacker, Spink & Company.\nShin, Jae-Eun (2019). Redefining Divine Presence: A Study of Hidden Lingas in the Mid-Brahmaputra Valley. Primus Books. pp. 313\u2013334."}, {"Context": "Gwalior Introduction", "Knowledge": "LOC Tomars, LOC Lashkar Subcity, LOC Maratha Empire, LOC Scindia, LOC Delhi, LOC Madhya Pradesh, LOC Lashkar Gwalior, LOC Kachchhapaghatas, LOC Malanpur, LOC Gird, LOC Ganga - Yamuna Drainage Basin, LOC Thatipur, LOC Maharaj Bada, ORG Scindia, LOC Mughal Empire, LOC Bhopal, LOC Bhind, LOC Chambal, LOC Phool Bagh, LOC Maratha, LOC Morena, LOC India, LOC Banmore, LOC Morar Cantonment, LOC Madhya Bharat, LOC Gwalior, LOC Agra", "Response": "Gwalior(pronunciation ) is a major city in the central Indian state of Madhya Pradesh; it lies in northern part of Madhya Pradesh and is one of the Counter-magnet cities. Located 343 kilometres (213 mi) south of Delhi, the capital city of India, 120 kilometres (75 mi) from Agra and 414 kilometres (257 mi) from Bhopal, the state capital,  Gwalior occupies a strategic location in the Gird region of India. The historic city and its fortress have been ruled by several historic Indian kingdoms. From the Kachchhapaghatas in the 10th century, Tomars in the 13th century, it was passed on to the Mughal Empire, then to the Maratha in 1754, and the Scindia dynasty of Maratha Empire in the 18th century. In April 2021, It was found that Gwalior had the best air quality index (AQI 152) amongst the 4 major cities in Madhya Pradesh.Besides being the administrative headquarters of Gwalior district and Gwalior division, Gwalior has many administrative offices of the Chambal division of northern Madhya Pradesh. Several administrative and judicial organisations, commissions and boards have their state and national headquarters situated in the city.\nGwalior was the winter capital of the state of Madhya Bharat which later became a part of the larger state of Madhya Pradesh. Prior to Indian independence on 15 August 1947, Gwalior remained a princely state of the British Raj with the Scindia as the local rulers. High rocky hills surround the city from all sides, on the north it just forms the border of the Ganga- Yamuna Drainage Basin. The city however is situated in the valley between the hills. Gwalior's metropolitan area includes Gwalior city centre, Morar Cantonment, Lashkar Gwalior (Lashkar Subcity), Maharaj Bada, Phool Bagh, and Thatipur.Gwalior was one of the major locations of rebellion during the 1857 uprising. Post-independence, Gwalior has emerged as an important tourist attraction in central India while many industries and administrative offices came up within the city. Before the end of the 20th century it became a million plus agglomeration and now it is a metropolitan city in central India. Gwalior is surrounded by industrial and commercial zones of neighbouring districts (Malanpur \u2013 Bhind, Banmore \u2013 Morena) on all three main directions.\nGwalior has been selected as one of the hundred Indian cities to be developed as a smart city under PM Narendra Modi's flagship Smart Cities Mission."}, {"Context": "Gwalior History", "Knowledge": "PER Suraj Sen, PER Veer Singh, PER Iltutmish, ORG Mamluk, LOC Delhi Sultanate, PER Bhim Singh Rana, PER Kachchhapaghata, PER Man Singh Tomar, LOC Gwalior Fort, LOC Mughals, PER Babur, ORG Gurjara - Pratihara, LOC Gwalipa, PER Mahmud Ghazni, PER Aurangzeb, PER Toramana, LOC Man Mandir Palace, PER Tansen, PER Mihirakula, PER Tomar, PER T\u00f4ram\u00e2na, LOC India, PER Suraj, LOC Teli ka Mandir, LOC Gwalior, LOC Sasbahu Temple", "Response": "According to legend, Gwalior was founded in 8 CE after a local chieftain, Suraj Sen who was cured of leprosy from a drink given to him by a holy man called Gwalipa. Suraj subsequently set up a town and fort and named them after Gwalipa.The earliest historical record found at Gwalior is the Gwalior inscription of the Alchon Hun ruler Mihirakula. It describes Mihirakula's father Toramana (493-515) as \"a ruler of the earth, of great merit, who was renowned by the name of the glorious T\u00f4ram\u00e2na; by whom, through (his) heroism that was specially characterized by truthfulness, the earth was governed with justice\", and his Mihirakula as \"the lord of the earth\" as of 520 CE.\nAround the 9th century, the Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty controlled Gwalior and during their rule, they constructed the Teli ka Mandir temple. The Kachchhapaghata dynasty ruled the area c.950 \u2013c.1192 CE, leaving remarkable architectural works such as the Sasbahu Temple. In 1021, Gwalior was attacked by forces led by Mahmud Ghazni but they were repelled.\n\nIn 1231 Iltutmish, ruler of the Mamluk dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate, captured Gwalior after an 11-month-long effort and from then till the 13th century it remained under Muslim rule. In 1375, Raja Veer Singh was made the ruler of Gwalior and he founded the rule of the Tomar clan. During those years, Gwalior saw its golden period.\nThe Jain Sculptures at Gwalior Fort were built under Tomar rule. Man Singh Tomar made his dream palace, the Man Mandir Palace which is now a tourist attraction at Gwalior Fort. Babur described it as \"the pearl in the necklace of forts of India and not even the winds could touch its masts\". The daily light and sound show organised there apprise about the history of the Gwalior Fort and Man Mandir Palace. By the 15th century, the city had a noted singing school which was attended by the prominent figure of Hindustani classical music, Tansen. After death of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb the Jat ruler Bhim Singh Rana captured Gwalior from Mughals. Later in the 1830s, the Scindias captured Gwalior and it remained a princely state during the period of British rule.\nChaturbhuj Temple at Gwalior Fort claims the world's very first occurrence of zero as a written number."}, {"Context": "Gwalior Rebellion of 1857", "Knowledge": "LOC Kalpi, PER Rao Sahib, PER Rani Lakshmibai, LOC Gwalior Fort, PER Tantia Tope, PER Lakshmibai, PER Jayajirao Scindia, LOC Jhansi, LOC Gwalior", "Response": "Gwalior is also known for not participating in the 1857 rebellion, mainly due to non-co-operation with Rani Lakshmibai. After Kalpi (Jhansi) fell into the hands of the British on 24 May 1858, Lakshmibai sought shelter at Gwalior Fort. The Maharaja of Gwalior, Jayajirao Scindia, was not willing to give up his fort without a fight as he was a strong ally of the British, but after negotiations, his troops capitulated and the rebels took possession of the fort. The British attacked Gwalior in no time, the battle was fought by Lakshmibai. Indian forces numbered around 20,000, and British forces around 1,600 troops. Lakshmibai's example is remembered to this day by Indian nationalists. She died fighting, and Gwalior was free from rebels. There is a statue of Lakshmibai on her horse which commemorates her contribution to the fight for independence. Tantia Tope and Rao Sahib escaped. Tantia Tope was later captured and hanged in April 1859."}, {"Context": "Gwalior Princely state of Gwalior", "Knowledge": "ORG Congress Party, PER Rajpramukh, PER Scindia, LOC Scindia, LOC Madhya Pradesh, LOC United Kingdom, PER Jyotiraditya Scindia, PER Rajmata Vijayraje Scindia, PER Maharaja Madhavrao Scindia, LOC Ajmer, ORG Bharatiya Janata Party, LOC Gwalior State, ORG Bhartiya janata Party, LOC India, ORG Government of India, PER Jivajirao Scindia, LOC Madhya Bharat, ORG Lok Sabha, LOC Gwalior", "Response": "Scindia is a Maratha clan in India. This clan included rulers of the Gwalior State in the 18th and 19th centuries, who were a princely states during the period of British colonial rule during the 19th and the 20th centuries until India became independent, and politicians in independent India.\n\nThe Scindia state of Gwalior became a major regional power in the second half of the 18th century and figured prominently in the three Anglo-Maratha Wars. (Gwalior first fell to the British in 1780.) The Scindias held significant power over many of the Rajput states, and conquered the state of Ajmer. During the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the city was briefly held by rebel forces in 1858 until they were defeated by the British. The Scindia family ruled Gwalior until India's independence from the United Kingdom in 1947, when the Maharaja Jivajirao Scindia acceded to the Government of India. Gwalior was merged with a number of other princely states to become the new Indian state of Madhya Bharat. Jivajirao Scindia served as the state's Rajpramukh, or the appointed governor, from 28 May 1948 to 31 October 1956, when Madhya Bharat was merged into Madhya Pradesh.\nIn 1962, Rajmata Vijayraje Scindia, the widow of Maharaja Jivajirao Scindia, was elected to the Lok Sabha, beginning the family's career in electoral politics. She was first a member of the Congress Party, and later became an influential member of the Bharatiya Janata Party. Her son, Maharaja Madhavrao Scindia was elected to the Lok Sabha in 1971 representing the Congress Party, and served until his death in 2001. His son, Jyotiraditya Scindia, also in the Congress Party, was elected to the seat formerly held by his father in 2004, but later joined Bhartiya janata Party in 2020."}, {"Context": "Gwalior Demographics", "Knowledge": "LOC Morar Cantonment, LOC Gwalior", "Response": "As of the 2011 Census of India, Gwalior had a population of 1,054,420. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Gwalior has an average literacy rate of 84.14%, higher than the national average of 74%: male literacy is 89.64% and female literacy is 77.92%. In Gwalior, about 11% of the population is under 6 years of age. The city's metropolitan population, which includes the commuter town of Morar Cantonment, was 1,102,884."}, {"Context": "Gwalior Religion", "Knowledge": "ORG Scindia, LOC Gwalior", "Response": "Hinduism is practiced by the majority of the people in Gwalior (88.84%). Other religions practised include Islam (8.58%), Jainism (1.41%), Sikhism (0.56%), Christianity (0.29). Gwalior has a long history of religious amity. The erstwhile Maharajas of the Scindia dynasty considered the Sufi saints to be their gurus and headed the Muharram procession every year."}, {"Context": "Gwalior Languages", "Knowledge": "LOC Gwalior", "Response": "Hindi is by far the predominant language of Gwalior with nearly 96% of residents speaking it as their first language. Sindhi and Marathi are spoken by 1% each."}, {"Context": "Gwalior Geography", "Knowledge": "LOC Delhi, LOC Gird, LOC Gwalior, LOC Madhya Pradesh", "Response": "Gwalior is located at 26.22\u00b0N 78.18\u00b0E\ufeff / 26.22; 78.18. in northern Madhya Pradesh 300 km (186 miles) from Delhi. It has an average elevation of 197 metres (646 feet). Most part of it comes under the Gird area."}, {"Context": "Gwalior Waterways", "Knowledge": "LOC Tigra Dam, LOC Sank, LOC Swarna Rekha, LOC Gwalior, LOC Padav, LOC Gwalior Zoo", "Response": "The Tigra Dam is located on the outskirts of the city. The dam is now being used to store water from the Sank river and supply water to the city. The reservoir is used for leisure activities including speed boating, paddle boating, and water scooters.\nThe Swarna Rekha river is a reconstructed part of the Swarna Rekha river which was dried during the British raj. Boat rides run between Padav in central Gwalior to Gwalior Zoo."}, {"Context": "Gwalior Parks and gardens", "Knowledge": "LOC Lashkar, PER Prince of Cambridge, LOC Garden, LOC Gandhi Park, LOC Ambedkar Park, LOC Gwalior, LOC Phool Bagh, LOC Gwalior Zoo", "Response": "The Lashkar part of Gwalior has many parks, including the Phool Bagh, or the garden of flowers, built to welcome the Prince of Cambridge and the Italian Garden \u2013 the garden which was used by the Scindias as a place of relaxation, is Italian in architecture with a water pool surrounded by musical fountains. Ambedkar Park and Gandhi Park are other prominent parks.\nGwalior Zoo provides a home for white tigers, serpents, golden pheasants, sambar, hyena, bison, and others."}, {"Context": "Gwalior Climate", "Knowledge": "PER K\u00f6ppen, LOC India, LOC Delhi, LOC Jaipur, LOC Gwalior", "Response": "Gwalior has a sub-tropical climate with hot summers from late March to early July, the humid monsoon season from late June to early October, and a cool dry winter from early November to late February. Under K\u00f6ppen's climate classification the city has a humid subtropical climate. The highest recorded temperature was 48 \u00b0C and the lowest was \u22121 \u00b0C. Summers start in late March, and along with other cities like Jaipur and Delhi, are among the hottest in India and the world. Temperatures peak in May and June with daily averages being around 33\u201335 \u00b0C (93\u201395 \u00b0F), and end in late June with the onset of the monsoon. Gwalior receives 900 mm (35 in) of rain on average per year, most of which is concentrated in the Monsoon months (from late June to early October). August is the wettest month with about 310 mm (12 in) of rain. Winter in Gwalior starts in late October, and is generally very mild with daily temperatures averaging in the 14\u201316 \u00b0C (58\u201362 \u00b0F) range, and mostly dry and sunny conditions. January is the coldest month with average lows in the 5-6 \u00b0C range (41-42 \u00b0F) and occasional cold snaps that plummet temperatures down to a single digit."}, {"Context": "Gwalior Environment", "Knowledge": "ORG World Health Organization, LOC Gwalior", "Response": "Gwalior was found to have the second-highest level of air pollution according to a World Health Organization study in 2016. Particulates from the burning of garbage and fossil fuels make breathing the of this city a hazard."}, {"Context": "Gwalior Government", "Knowledge": "ORG Supreme Court of India, LOC India, ORG Gwalior Municipal Corporation, LOC Jabalpur, ORG Madhya Pradesh High Court, ORG District Court, PER Lashkar, ORG Gwalior Gram panchayat, LOC Madhya Pradesh, ORG Nyayalaya, LOC Gwalior", "Response": "The administration of Gwalior is shared between the departments and institutions of three levels of government \u2013 civic administration by the Gwalior Municipal Corporation, state administration by government of Madhya Pradesh, and the central government of India.\nThe judiciary has four levels: the lowest level being the Gwalior Gram panchayat (or \"Gram Nyayalaya\"). Above the gram panchayat is the District Court for Gwalior district sits Lashkar. Above that, the Madhya Pradesh High Court has its main seat in Jabalpur, but also a permanent bench in Gwalior city. The final court of appeal is the Supreme Court of India."}, {"Context": "Gwalior Gwalior Municipal Corporation", "Knowledge": "LOC Lashkar, PER Vivek Narayan Shejwalkar, ORG Gwalior Municipal Corporation, ORG Bharatiya Janta Party, LOC Morar, LOC Gwalior, ORG Indian Administrative Service", "Response": "The Gwalior Municipal Corporation is responsible for the civic infrastructure and administration of the city, which is divided into 66 wards.\nVivek Narayan Shejwalkar was the mayor of Gwalior Municipal Corporation before becoming a Member of Parliament as a Bharatiya Janta Party in the 2019 Lok sabha elections. Now there is no Mayor for Gwalior as of August 2019.\nThe Municipal Commissioner, a member of the Indian Administrative Service, is responsible for the corporations finances and for the services and works conducted for the city.Gwalior Municipal Corporation covers an area of 289 square kilometres (112 sq mi). The municipality was created on 6 June 1887 with two divisions for Lashkar and Morar, which later were merged with a single constitutional body."}, {"Context": "Gwalior State government", "Knowledge": "ORG Madhya Pradesh, ORG Office of The Transport, LOC Madhya Pradesh, ORG Office of The State Excise Commissioner, ORG Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha, ORG Office of, LOC Lashkar West, LOC Gird, ORG Board of Revenue, ORG Office of The Commissioner - Land Records & Settlements, LOC Gwalior East, ORG Pradesh, ORG President, LOC Gwalior Rural, LOC Madhya, LOC Lashkar East, ORG Commissioner, LOC Gwalior South, LOC Gwalior", "Response": "There are four seats in the state legislative assembly (the \"Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha\") responsible for the Gwalior municipal area, the constituencies being Gwalior, Gwalior Rural, Gwalior East and Gwalior South. Prior to the 2008 boundary changes the seats were \"Gird\", \"Lashkar East\" and \"Lashkar West\".State institutions include:\n\nOffice of The President-Board of Revenue of Madhya Pradesh\nOffice of The Transport-Commissioner of Madhya Pradesh\nOffice of The Commissioner-Land Records & Settlements Madhya Pradesh\nOffice of The State Excise Commissioner of Madhya Pradesh"}, {"Context": "Gwalior Central government", "Knowledge": "ORG LNIPE, ORG Cantonment, ORG Ministry of Railways, ORG Indian Army Cantonment, ORG Office of The Accountant - General, ORG Central Potato Research Institute, PER Vivek Narayan Shejwalkar, ORG OTA, ORG NCC, ORG Central Reserve Police Force, ORG Central Bureau of Narcotics, ORG Bharatiya Janata Party, ORG Madhya Pradesh Defense Research & Development Establishment, ORG Border Security Force, LOC Maharajpura Airbase, ORG Centre for Advanced Maintenance Technology, ORG Central Intelligence Bureau HO, ORG CRPF, ORG Indian Air Force, PER Narendra Singh Tomar, ORG BSF, ORG Academy National Cadet Corps, LOC Shivpuri Link Road, ORG Officer ' s Training Academy, ORG Office of The Narcotics Commissioner of India, ORG BJP, LOC Morar, ORG AG, ORG DRDE, ORG National Institute of physical Education, LOC Gwalior, ORG IAF", "Response": "The national assembly seat covering Gwalior is the Gwalior (Lok Sabha constituency). The seat was held by Narendra Singh Tomar of the BJP.\nIn May 2019, Vivek Narayan Shejwalkar of Bharatiya Janata Party had been elected as the Member of Parliament from Gwalior.Central government institutions include:\n\nOffice of The Accountant-General (AG) of Madhya Pradesh\nDefense Research & Development Establishment (DRDE)\nBorder Security Force (BSF) Academy\nNational Cadet Corps (NCC) Officer's Training Academy (OTA)\nIndian Air Force (IAF) Station (Maharajpura Airbase).\nOffice of The Narcotics Commissioner of India (Central Bureau of Narcotics)\nCentral Intelligence Bureau HO\nlaxmibai National Institute of physical Education (LNIPE)\nIndian Army Cantonment (Morar Cantonment)\nCentral Reserve Police Force (CRPF) ([Shivpuri Link Road Ghatigao Gwalior)]\nCentral Potato Research Institute, Gwalior\nCentre for Advanced Maintenance Technology (Ministry of Railways)"}, {"Context": "Gwalior Railway Station Gwalior", "Knowledge": "LOC SVPI, ORG India, LOC Dholpur, LOC Jhansi Junction, LOC Allahabad, LOC GWL, LOC Agra, LOC Delhi, LOC MAS, ORG Indian Railways, LOC Mumbai, LOC Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary, LOC Sheopur, LOC North, LOC Varanasi, LOC LineGwalior, ORG SOE, LOC New Delhi, LOC Bombay, ORG Gwalior Light Railway, LOC Gwalior Junction, ORG Maharaja, ORG North Central Railways, LOC Eastern India, LOC Bhopal, LOC Bhind, LOC Chennai, LOC Central India, LOC Kolkata, LOC Barauni, LOC Gwalior Railway Station, LOC India, LOC Shivpuri, ORG North Central Railway, LOC Nagpur, LOC JHS, LOC Etawah, LOC Jhansi, ORG Central Railway, LOC Gwalior, LOC Sheopur Kalan", "Response": "Gwalior is a major railway junction in the Northern central region. The Gwalior Junction (Station code: GWL) is the part of the North Central Railways. Gwalior is one of the few places where both narrow gauge and broad gauge railways tracks are operational. Gwalior is the terminus for the longest narrow gauge route operating in the world, covering a distance of 198 km from Gwalior Junction to Sheopur. Gwalior Junction is a five railway track intersection point. It won an award for the best and cleanest station of North Central Railway zone.\n\nGoes to Agra (AGC)\nGoes to Jhansi (JHS)\nGoes to Shivpuri (SVPI)\nGoes to Etawah (ETW)\nGoes to Sheopur Kalan (SOE) on Narrow Gauge LineGwalior is one of the major commercial railway stations of the North Central Railway, whose zone headquarters is centred in Allahabad. The station has won awards from Indian Railways for excellent clean infrastructure in 1987, 1988, 1989 and 1992. It is in the Adarsh Station Category of Indian Railways.\nGwalior Light Railway connects to the Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary in Sheopur. It is the junction point to reach tourist destinations like Shivpuri, Dholpur and Bhind.\nGwalior is on the Main train line between Delhi (station code: NDLS) and Mumbai (Bombay) (CSTM) and between Delhi and Chennai (MAS).\nSome trains starting here and travelling towards Eastern India via Gwalior Junction \u2013 Jhansi Junction provide direct connections to points in eastern India including Kolkata, Barauni, Varanasi, and Allahabad. There are about fifty trains to New Delhi and Agra every day, and around the same number of trains to the Bhopal and Nagpur stations. However, fewer trains are available for long routes like Mumbai and Chennai. The luxury trains \u2013 the Maharaja Express and the India on Wheels \u2013 stop at Gwalior on their week-long round trip of tourist destinations in Central India. More than 180 trains stop at Gwalior Railway Station"}, {"Context": "Gwalior Road", "Knowledge": "LOC Indore, LOC Dholpur, LOC National Highway, LOC Mathura, LOC Jabalpur, LOC Delhi, LOC Madhya Pradesh, LOC Yamuna Expressway, LOC New Delhi, LOC Bombay, LOC NH3, LOC Bhopal, LOC Bhind, LOC Datia, LOC Morena, LOC India, LOC Shivpuri, LOC Etawah, LOC Jaipur, LOC Jhansi, LOC Gwalior, LOC Agra", "Response": "Gwalior is fairly well connected to other parts of Madhya Pradesh and India by national and state highways. The proposed North-south-Corridor of the Golden-Quadrilateral Highway project passes through the city. The Agra-Bombay national highway (NH3) passes through Gwalior, connecting it to Shivpuri on one end and Agra on the other. The Yamuna Expressway is easily accessible from Agra for the travelers going to New Delhi.\nThe city is connected to the Jhansi by the National Highway 75, towards the south of the city. The northern part of the city is connected to the city of Mathura via National Highway 3. There are bus services to and from all major and minor cities near Gwalior, including Bhopal, Agra, Delhi, Jabalpur, Jhansi, Bhind, Morena, Dholpur, Etawah, Datia, Jaipur, and Indore."}, {"Context": "Gwalior Airport", "Knowledge": "LOC Indore, LOC VIGR, LOC Gwalior Airport, LOC Mumbai, LOC Pune, LOC Jammu, LOC Ahemdabad, LOC GWL, ORG Indian Air Force Base, LOC Delhi, LOC Hyderabad, LOC Jaipur, LOC Kolkata, LOC Gwalior, LOC Rajamata Vijaya Raje Scindia Airport, LOC Banglore", "Response": "Gwalior Airport (IATA: GWL, ICAO: VIGR), also called Rajamata Vijaya Raje Scindia Airport, is the airport of Gwalior. It has an Indian Air Force Base which stations Mirage fighters. Daily flights to Delhi, Kolkata, Hyderabad, Banglore, Mumbai, Pune , Ahemdabad, Jaipur, Indore, and Jammu are available from Gwalior airport."}, {"Context": "Gwalior Local public transport", "Knowledge": "ORG Municipal Corporation, LOC Gwalior, PER Shivraj Singh Chouhan, LOC India", "Response": "Gwalior's public transport system mainly consists of Tempos, auto rickshaw taxis, Ola Cabs, and micro-buses. The Municipal Corporation's \"Gwalior City Bus\" covers some routes in the city. Blue Radio taxis are also available in Gwalior. The Tempos and auto rickshaws are often cited as a cause of pollution and road congestion, and the local government has plans to replace the Tempos with vans that will run on liquefied petroleum gas. In 2018, a 3 km cycle track was built in the city, and the city became the fourth in India to have this type of facility.The Gwalior Metro is the proposed project for Gwalior city. The project was announced by state CM Shivraj Singh Chouhan on 17 October 2014. Hence district administration is preparing a DPR(Detailed Project Report) for The Gwalior Metro."}, {"Context": "Gwalior Art and literature", "Knowledge": "PER Akhtar, PER Atal Bihari Vajpayee, PER Nida Fazli, PER Aasutosh Panigrahi, PER Muztar Khairabadi, LOC Bundeli, PER Kavi Anil, PER Kusumavati Deshpande, PER Javed Akhtar, ORG Guinness World Records, PER Jan Nisar Akhtar, LOC Gwalior, LOC Braj", "Response": "Gwalior holds a major and a special position in the Indian classical music, art and literature. Gwalior is a well acknowledged place of art, associated with historic as well as contemporary evidence. In August 2005 a mural created by Aasutosh Panigrahi and five other artists was acknowledged as the World's Largest Indoor Mural by Guinness World Records. Marathi Sahitya Sammelan, the conference on Marathi Literature was held in Gwalior in 1961. It was presided over by writer Kusumavati Deshpande (herself a poet and also the wife of Kavi Anil). She was the first female president of the annual Sammelan since its inception in 1878. Culturally Gwalior is the confluence of two rich cultures Bundeli and Braj.\nIn more recent times, Akhtar family has been based out of Gwalior for at least three generations with Muztar Khairabadi, his son Jan Nisar Akhtar and his grandson Javed Akhtar being the prominent literary figures. Nida Fazli, one of the most famous Indian Hindi and Urdu poets grew up here. Former Indian Prime Minister, Atal Bihari Vajpayee, is also a well known writer and poet."}, {"Context": "Gwalior Music", "Knowledge": "PER Raja Man Singh Tomar, PER Akbar, PER Baiju Bawra, PER Baiju, PER \u0927\u094d\u0930\u0941\u092a\u0926, PER Dhrupadiya, PER Amjad Ali Khan, ORG Gwalior, PER Man Singh, PER Drupad, PER Swami Guru Haridas Ji, PER Ghulam Ali Khan Bangash, PER Tansen, PER Bakshu, LOC Tansen Tomb, PER Baijnath Prasad, PER Nayak Charju, LOC India, LOC Chanderi, LOC Vrindaban, LOC Gwalior", "Response": "Raja Man Singh Tomar, the King of Gwalior between 1486 and 1516 CE, was a patron of Drupad (Hindi: \u0927\u094d\u0930\u0941\u092a\u0926). Dhrupad is a vocal genre in Hindustani classical music, said to be the oldest still-in-use in that musical tradition. Its name is derived from the words \"dhruva\" (fixed) and \"pada\" (words). The term may denote both the verse form of the poetry and the style in which it is sung.\n\nGwalior holds a major position in the Indian classical music, with being the birthplace of the oldest Hindustani sangeet gharana \u2013 Gwalior Gharana. Gwalior holds an unparalleled reputation in Sangeet and has retained Indian traditions and the wealth of music intact over the years. The Gwalior Gharana is not only the oldest Khyal Gharana but it is also one of the most prominent gharana being the one to which most classical Indian musicians can trace the origin of their style. The rise of the Gwalior Gharana started with the reign of the great Mughal emperor Akbar (1542\u20131605). Akbar's favourite singer was Tansen, who came from the Gwalior area and whose ashes were buried in Gwalior after his death. The Tansen Tomb in Gwalior was constructed in his remembrance. Tansen Festival started in the 1930s, and currently artists from all over India come to perform in the festival.\nBaijnath Prasad (also known as Baiju Bawra) was a classical singer (Dhrupadiya) who lived in Gwalior for his whole life under the patronage of Man Singh. Baiju was born in Chanderi and was cremated there. He received his musical training in Vrindaban under Swami Guru Haridas Ji. He was the court musician of Gwalior along with Nayak Charju, Bakshu, and others.\nSarod player Amjad Ali Khan is also from Gwalior. His grandfather, Ghulam Ali Khan Bangash, became a court musician in Gwalior."}, {"Context": "Gwalior Tansen Music Festival", "Knowledge": "LOC India, ORG Academy of the Department of Culture, LOC Madhya Pradesh, LOC Tansen Tomb, ORG Tansen, LOC Gwalior", "Response": "The Tansen Sangeet Samaroh (Tansen Music Festival) is celebrated every year on the Tansen Tomb in Gwalior during the month of December. Tansen Samaroh is a platform where artists from all over India gather and participate to deliver vocal and instrumental performances. The Tansen Sangeet Samaroh is organised by the government of Madhya Pradesh, in association with the Academy of the Department of Culture. During the festival, music lovers and artists from all over the world gather to offer their tribute to Tansen. The academy offers honours to senior celebrities and junior artists by including them in the Samaroh through their performed music."}, {"Context": "Gwalior Sarod Ghar", "Knowledge": "PER Hafiz Ali Khan, LOC Sarod Ghar, LOC Museum of Music", "Response": "This Museum of Music has been set up in the old ancestral house of musician Hafiz Ali Khan. It houses ancient instruments of the Indian masters of the past. It also houses a collection of photographs and documents. Sarod Ghar is an institution devoted to promoting Indian classical music, heritage and culture. Through this 'window' to the past, music lovers can gain a better understanding of the evolution and history of Indian classical music and a deeper perspective and insight into the context of the art as it exists today."}, {"Context": "Gwalior Media and communication", "Knowledge": "ORG Hathway Win, ORG Lemon, ORG Swadesh, ORG My FM, ORG Dainik Jagran, ORG Big FM, ORG Raj Express, ORG Sandhya Samachaar, ORG BPN Times, ORG Red FM, ORG Harsh Networks, ORG Nav Bharat, ORG Chaska FM, ORG Youth Engine, ORG SouLSteer, ORG Gwalior Sandesh, ORG in Pages, ORG Dainik Madhya Raj, ORG Aalekh, ORG Patrika, ORG KMJ Communications, ORG People ' s Samachar, ORG Dainik Adityaz, ORG Dainik Bhaskar, ORG Doordarshan, ORG DEN, ORG Sudarshan Express, ORG Naidunia, LOC Gwalior", "Response": "There are newspapers, magazines, local TV stations and four FM radio stations in Gwalior.\nPatrika is the leading newspaper and Dainik Bhaskar is one of the oldest and most widely read newspapers. Swadesh and Naidunia are other well-established newspapers. More newspapers published in Gwalior are BPN Times, Raj Express, Dainik Madhya Raj, Nav Bharat, Youth Engine, Dainik Jagran, People's Samachar, Dainik Adityaz. Evening newspapers are Sandhya Samachaar, Gwalior Sandesh, Sudarshan Express.\n\"Aalekh-Life in Pages\" is one of the leading youth magazine published and widely read across the city. SouLSteer magazine is a bi-monthly lifestyle and automotive magazine in Gwalior.\nThe radio industry has expanded with private FM channels being introduced. The FM radio channels that broadcast in the city include Big FM (92.7 MHz), Red FM (93.5), Chaska FM (95 MHz), My FM (94.3 MHz), and Lemon (91.9 MHz). The state-owned company, Doordarshan, transmits two terrestrial television channels. Major local channels include Hathway Win, Harsh Networks, KMJ Communications, and DEN networks."}, {"Context": "Gwalior Sports", "Knowledge": "PER Dhyan Chand, LOC Railway Hockey Stadium, LOC India, PER Vishal Kaim, ORG Lakshmibai National University for Physical Education, LOC Jhansi, PER Roop, LOC West Indies, PER Ankit Sharma, LOC Singh Stadium, LOC Gwalior, LOC Asia", "Response": "Lakshmibai National University for Physical Education (operational since 1957) is the largest physical education institutions in Asia. Gwalior also has the Railway Hockey Stadium with artificial turf. Captain Roop Singh Stadium is a cricket ground with a capacity of 45,000. The stadium has hosted 10 One Day International (ODI) matches. Of the ten matches played so far, the first one was played between India and West Indies on 22 January 1988. The ground has flood lights and has also hosted day-night encounters. One match of the 1996 Cricket World Cup was also played on this ground, between India and West Indies.\nDhyan Chand was a famous hockey player from Jhansi which is near Gwalior. Ankit Sharma is a cricketer from Gwalior and plays in the Indian Premier League. Athletics are also played in this city, Vishal Kaim was the youngest hammer thrower of India when he participated in National Athletics Games in 2006 at the age of 14 years."}, {"Context": "Gwalior Stadium and Sports University", "Knowledge": "PER Dhyan Chand, ORG LNIPE, ORG Vikram University, ORG of India, ORG Jiwaji University, ORG LNCPE, ORG GDCA, ORG Madhya Pradesh Cricket Association, LOC Government, PER Rani Lakshmibai, ORG West Indies, ORG LCPE, LOC West Indies, PER Sachin Tendulkar, ORG Autonomous College, LOC Stadium, LOC South Africa, ORG Lakshmibai National University of Physical Education, ORG Gwalior District Cricket Association, PER Roop Singh, LOC India, LOC Ghatigaon, ORG Lakshmibai National College of Physical Education, ORG MPCA, LOC Ujjain, LOC Jhansi, ORG Lakshmibai College of Physical Education, ORG Ministry of Education & Culture, LOC Gwalior, LOC Shankarpur", "Response": "Captain Roop Singh Stadium is a cricket ground in Gwalior. The stadium has hosted ten One Day International (ODI) matches. Of the ten matches played so far, the first one was played between India and West Indies on 22 January 1988. It can hold 45,000 people at a time. It was originally a hockey stadium named after great Indian hockey player Roop Singh, brother of hockey player Dhyan Chand. The ground has flood lights and has hosted day-night encounters as well. One match of the 1996 Cricket World Cup was also played on this ground, between India and West Indies. This ground is notable for hosting the ODI between India and South Africa in which Sachin Tendulkar scored the first-ever double century in ODI cricket.\nThe Lakshmibai National University of Physical Education (LNIPE), Gwalior was established by the Ministry of Education & Culture, Government of India as Lakshmibai College of Physical Education (LCPE) in August 1957, the centenary year of the War of Independence. It is located at Gwalior, where Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi, a heroine of the war, died during the rebellion in 1857. The Institute started as an affiliated college of the Vikram University, Ujjain and then came to the folds of Jiwaji University, Gwalior in 1964. The institute was given the status of National importance, and hence it was renamed as Lakshmibai National College of Physical Education (LNCPE) in 1973. In recognition of its unique status and character and to facilitate its further growth, the college was conferred the status of an \u2032Autonomous College\u2032 of Jiwaji University, Gwalior in 1982.\nA new international stadium at Shankarpur village near Ghatigaon tehsil has been proposed by Madhya Pradesh Cricket Association (MPCA). The proposed stadium will be built on a land of 30 acres, which has been taken over by Gwalior District Cricket Association (GDCA). The construction of the proposed stadium is expected to be completed in 2020. It will have a seating capacity of around 100,000 spectators. It will also be equipped with flood lights for night matches, a swimming pool, sauna bath, modern gym, dressing room, and 30 corporate boxes."}, {"Context": "Gwalior Education", "Knowledge": "LOC Gwalior", "Response": "Gwalior has developed into a significant centre of education. It hosts several prominent government and private universities and institutions including the following:"}, {"Context": "Gwalior Prominent Institutes in Gwalior", "Knowledge": "ORG Ministry of Human Resource Development, ORG No. 1 Air Force School, LOC India, ORG Delhi Public School, ORG Army Public School, ORG Scindia School, ORG Scindia Kanya Vidyalaya, ORG Government Of India, ORG Kendriya Vidyalaya No. 4, ORG IPSC, LOC Gwalior, ORG Kendriya", "Response": "Gwalior has five Kendriya Vidyalayas (managed by the Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government Of India), several engineering and technological institutes, and more than thirty affiliated engineering colleges.\nThe Scindia School, a boarding school for boys, and all India ranked 3rd among other IPSC Boarding schools by the Education World, Scindia Kanya Vidyalaya (a boarding school for girls), Delhi Public School, Gwalior are also located in Gwalior city. Other notable schools and colleges include No. 1 Air Force School, Gwalior and Kendriya Vidyalaya No. 4, Gwalior.Army Public  School, Gwalior"}, {"Context": "Gwalior Economy", "Knowledge": "ORG J. B. Mangharam Ltd, ORG Gwalior Grasim, LOC NH, LOC Sitholi, LOC New Delhi, ORG J. C. MILLS, LOC Agra, LOC Banmore, LOC Birlanagar, LOC NCR, LOC Gwalior, LOC Malanpur", "Response": "Gwalior is surrounded by three industrial areas \u2013 Sitholi, Banmore and Malanpur. All three of these sectors are on NH 75, NH-3 and NH 92 respectively, with Malanpur being the largest. The city once had large manufacturing industries, such as Gwalior Grasim and J.C. MILLS of Birlanagar, but now this sector is left with only one major factory \u2013 J.B.Mangharam Ltd. The important industries in the other sectors are dairy, chemical, manufacturing, and textiles. Handicraft and small industries are also found. Gwalior is also an important historical and tourism sector of the country. Therefore, the tourism sector also puts an effect into the city's economy. Gwalior is one of the CMAs to New Delhi to dissipate the load of urbanization from NCR (see \u00a7 Future developments). Most of the population is involved with trading firms or are self-employed. Many run OMEs and SMEs with Gwalior and Agra as the local market. The city is scattered with coaching institutes and educational institutions which provide employment to a large section of city's population."}, {"Context": "Gwalior Trade fair", "Knowledge": "PER Maharaja Madho Rao Scindia, LOC Gwalior, LOC Madhya Pradesh, LOC India", "Response": "Gwalior Trade Fair was started in 1905 by Maharaja Madho Rao Scindia, King of Gwalior. The Gwalior Trade Fair is an annual trade fair showcasing the economy of Gwalior. It has become the biggest fair of Madhya Pradesh and one of the most colourful fairs of India. It starts in the second week of January and continues until February."}, {"Context": "Gwalior Gwalior Metro and suburbs", "Knowledge": "LOC Morar Cantonment, LOC Gwalior", "Response": "The 2011 census put the population of Gwalior's urban area / metropolitan region, comprising Gwalior and Morar Cantonment, at 1,117,740."}, {"Context": "Gwalior Old town", "Knowledge": "PER Mohaommed Ghaus, PER Shah Abdul Gafoor, PER Akbar, LOC Kashi Naresh ki gali, PER Baba Kapoor, PER Gazi, PER Muhammad Ghaus, LOC Rajaji Ka Bada, LOC Gwalior Fort, PER Lord Shiva, PER Khwaja Khanoon, PER Mian Tansen, LOC Koteshwar Temple, LOC Ghas Mandi, LOC Ghauspura, LOC gwalior, LOC Koteshwar Mahadev, LOC Kashi Naresh ki Gali, LOC Kila Gate, PER Kashi, LOC Hazira, LOC Gwalior", "Response": "The old town of Gwalior, commonly called Kila Gate is around 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) from Hazira, the largest area in old town, which is of considerable size but irregularly built. It lies at the eastern base of the rock and contains the tomb of the Sufi saints, Khwaja Khanoon and Muhammad Ghaus, erected during the early part of Mughal emperor Akbar\u2019s reign, and the tomb of Mian Tansen, a great singer and one of the 'Nine Jewels' of Akbar's court. A town called by his name Ghauspura situated near the tomb of Mohaommed Ghaus.reold town consisted of some streets and mohallas which are presumed to be 700 to 800 yrs old areas in gwalior which are still backward areas in gwalior due to improper management of new town. these old areas are as follows.\n\nKoteshwar Temple. This temple is a 700 year old temple of Lord Shiva whose shivling was on Gwalior Fort, but when the Mughals conquered it they ordered the shivling thrown out. When the troops did that, the shivling was automatically established in a field below the fort without any harm. Muslim Gazi told the emperor not to harm the shivling. In the late 18th century Scindias built a temple for that shivling, now known as Koteshwar Mahadev.\nBaba Kapoor- this place is 500 meters away from Ghas Mandi. This place was named Baba Kapoor because of saint Shah Abdul Gafoor.\nKashi Naresh ki gali- this a 600 year old residential street in Gwalior it was given name as Kashi Naresh ki gali because in the 14th century when the emperor of Kashi was defeated in war he was sent to exile by oppositions at that time Gwalior emperor and Kashi's emperor were good friends when Kashi's emperor told Gwalior's emperor whole story, emperor gave him an entire street for living at that time which is now known as Kashi Naresh ki Gali. their family even now resides there in Kashi Naresh ki gali in Rajaji Ka Bada. (Meanings: naresh = king = rajaji; gali = street in Hindi language; bada = big area.)"}, {"Context": "Gwalior Lashkar Subcity", "Knowledge": "LOC Versailles, LOC Lashkar, LOC Saank, LOC Jai Vilas Palace, LOC Maharaj Bada, LOC Tighra Dam, ORG Gajra Raja Medical College, LOC Jiwaji Chowk, LOC Jayaji Chowk, PER Maharaja Jiwaji Rao Scindia, LOC Madhya Bharat, PER Maharani Vijayaraje Scindia, LOC Palace Road, ORG Scindia, LOC Katora Taal, LOC Gwalior", "Response": "The name of Lashkar is a Persian word meaning 'army' or 'camp', as this was originally the camp, and later the permanent capital, of the Scindia dynasty of Gwalior state. Lashkar was the capital of Madhya Bharat from 1950 to 1956.\nJiwaji Chowk is the central focus of Lashkar, with a large square, a former opera house, banks, tea, coffee and juice stands and a municipal market building. Thriving bazaars surround the chowk. Many jewellery shops are situated near Jayaji Chowk, also known as Maharaj Bada. A source of water for the city is Tighra Dam, built on the Saank river 20 km to the north. The Gajra Raja Medical College, founded in 1946 by the Maharaja Jiwaji Rao Scindia and the Maharani Vijayaraje Scindia, is situated in Lashkar on Palace Road, near Katora Taal, together with a group of hospitals.\nJai Vilas Palace, patterned on the French palace of Versailles, is located here."}, {"Context": "Gwalior Morar Cantonment", "Knowledge": "LOC Residency Road, PER Rao Sahib, PER Rani Lakshmibai, PER Jayajirao, PER Maharaja, ORG Saint Paul ' s School, LOC Sun Temple, ORG Pragati Vidyapeeth School, PER Tatya Tope, LOC Morar, LOC Morar Cantonment, ORG Army, ORG Indian Army, LOC Central India, LOC Gwalior, LOC Pinto Park, LOC Agra", "Response": "Morar Cantonment, formerly a separate town, lies 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) east of the old city. It was formerly a British military cantonment. Morar is generally considered a rural farming town. The area is known as the \"green part\" of Gwalior because much of the area is still rural.\nMorar was the scene of the most serious uprising in Central India. On 1 June 1858, Jayajirao led his forces to Morar to fight a rebel army led by Tatya Tope, Rani Lakshmibai and Rao Sahib. This army had 7,000 infantry, 4,000 cavalry and 12 guns while he had only 1,500 cavalry, his bodyguard of 600 men and 8 guns. In this attack, the rebel cavalry took the guns and most of the Gwalior forces except the bodyguard went over to the rebels (some deserted). The Maharaja and the remainder fled without stopping until they reached the British garrison at Agra. By 1900 it had become a centre for local trade and had an important training industry, with a population of 19,179 in 1901.\nThe Sun Temple is situated in Morar at Residency Road.\nThe cantonment area makes up a large area of Morar which contains official residences for the Indian Army. It has many canteens for Army personnel. Saint Paul's School and Pragati Vidyapeeth School are nearby. There is an air force base in the Pinto Park region."}, {"Context": "Gwalior Thatipur", "Knowledge": "LOC Mayur, LOC Govindpuri, LOC Dushyant Nagar, LOC Dwarikadhish Mandir, LOC Chauhan Pyaau, LOC Darpan Colony, LOC Bhagwan, LOC Thatipur, LOC Saraswati Nagar, LOC Shanti Vihar, LOC Sai Baba Mandir, ORG State Army Unit 34, LOC Balwant Nagar, LOC Ramkrishna Aashram, LOC Suresh Nagar, LOC Gayatri Vihar, LOC Tomar, LOC Shakti Vihar, LOC Galla Kothar, LOC Gandhi Road, LOC Shakuntalapuri, LOC Morar, LOC Vivek Nagar, PER Chauhan, LOC Madhav Rao Scindhiya Enclave", "Response": "Thatipur is said to have got its name from State Army Unit 34, which once resided there. Gandhi Road divides Thatipur into two areas. Morar at one end of the road and Balwant Nagar on the other.\nThatipur primarily consists of residential areas like Darpan Colony, Madhav Rao Scindhiya Enclave, the government blocks, Vivek Nagar, and Suresh Nagar. Places of note are the Dwarikadhish Mandir, Bhagwan colony, Tomar building, Chauhan Pyaau (The Chauhan family), Galla Kothar, Ramkrishna Aashram, Saraswati Nagar, Govindpuri, Gayatri Vihar, Shakti Vihar, Shakuntalapuri, Dushyant Nagar, Shanti Vihar, and Mayur market along with Sai Baba Mandir in Shakti Vihar colony."}, {"Context": "Gwalior Healthcare", "Knowledge": "ORG Hospital, ORG Shri Anandpur Trust, ORG Biochemic and Homoeopathic Association of, LOC J. A. Hospital, LOC Sahara Hospital, ORG SATCH, LOC Charitable, LOC Kamla Raja Hospital, ORG Vasundhara Raje Homoeopathic Medical College, ORG BIMR, ORG Cancer Hospital & Research Institute, ORG Gajara Raja Medical College, LOC Hospital, LOC Mascot Hospital, LOC Gwalior", "Response": "The prominent hospitals of Gwalior include Gajara Raja Medical College and the associated J.A. Hospital, Kamla Raja Hospital, Sahara Hospital, Mascot Hospital, BIMR Hospital, Cancer Hospital & Research Institute and many private doctor clinics. The Cancer Hospital & Research Institute is a nationally acclaimed medical centre in Oncology. There is also a charitable hospital named SATCH (Shri Anandpur Trust Charitable Hospital) which provides free treatment. There is a government Ayurvedic college and a private homoeopathic college (Vasundhara Raje Homoeopathic Medical College) which is run by the Biochemic and Homoeopathic Association of Gwalior, also providing health care education and services."}, {"Context": "Gwalior Future developments", "Knowledge": "LOC Gwalior West, ORG Cimmco, ORG Hotline, ORG Grasim Gwalior, LOC National Capital Region", "Response": "Gwalior West is being developed as a \"Counter Magnet\" project with funding support from the National Capital Region. It has been introduced to increase investment in education, industry and real estate. This is hoped to counteract the closing of manufacturers such as Hotline, Cimmco and Grasim Gwalior.\nThe Gwalior Master plan launched by the local collector and municipal corporation initiates to improve the basic civic infrastructure of the city to meet the growing population of the city as well as to make the city beautiful for tourists."}, {"Context": "Gwalior Gwalior Fort", "Knowledge": "PER Emperor Babur, PER Sufi Saint Ghous Mohammed, PER Raja Man Singh Tomar, PER Daulat Rao Scindia, LOC Sher Shah Mandir, PER Akbar, LOC Hind, PER Sher Shah Suri, LOC Delhi, PER Tomar Rajput, PER Islam Shah, LOC Gibraltar of India, PER Man Singh Tomar, LOC Gujari Mahal, LOC Lashkar, LOC Gwalior Fort, LOC China, PER Mian Tansen, PER Hemu, ORG Gwalior Municipal Corporation, LOC Fort, LOC North India, PER Gujar, LOC India, PER Hem Chandra Vikramaditya, LOC Morar, PER Mrignayani, LOC Sher Shah Fort, LOC Gwalior", "Response": "At the heart of Gwalior is Gwalior Fort of the Tomara dynasty. This structure was reputed to be one of the most structurally sound forts of India, having been improved by Raja Man Singh Tomar where a previous structure existed. It occupies an isolated rock outcrop. The hill is steepened to make it virtually unscalable and is surrounded by high walls which enclose buildings from several periods. The old town of Gwalior lies at the eastern base of the fortress. Lashkar, founded by Daulat Rao Scindia, formerly a separate town that originated as a military camp, lies to the south, and Morar, also a formerly separate town, lies to the east. Gwalior, Lashkar and Morar are part of the Gwalior Municipal Corporation.The Fort, popularly called \"the Gibraltar of India\", overlooks the city. The Emperor Babur reputedly described it as \"the pearl in the necklace of the forts of Hind\". This fort's architecture is unique. It displays a Chinese influence on Indian architecture, as Chinese dragons have been crafted at the hilt of the pillars. This influence was due to trade between China and India at the time of the fort's construction.\nAfter the death of Sher Shah Suri in 1545, who was ruling North India at that time, his son Islam Shah shifted his capital from Delhi to Gwalior and constructed 'Sher Shah Mandir' (or 'Sher Shah Fort') in his father's memory. Islam Shah operated from Gwalior until his death in 1553. Islam Shah had appointed the Hindu warrior 'Hemu' or Hem Chandra Vikramaditya as his Prime Minister in Sher Shah Fort for the first time, who later on became the Hem Chandra Vikramaditya king at Delhi and established 'Hindu Raj' in North India.\nIn the east of the city are two examples of early Mughal architecture: the mausoleum of the 16th century Sufi Saint Ghous Mohammed and the tomb of Mian Tansen, a singer and one of the 'Nine Jewels' of the Mughal Emperor Akbar's court. Right next to them is the Gujari Mahal, built by Tomar Rajput King Man Singh Tomar on demand of his consort Gujar princess Mrignayani.\nClose to the heart of the city is Jai Vilas Palace of the Scindia dynasty, patterned on the palace of Versailles. It combines Tuscan, Italian and Corinthian styles of architecture.\nHistorically and architecturally, Gwalior is interesting first as an ancient seat of Jain worship; second for its example of palace architecture of the Hindu period between 1486 and 1516; and third as an historic fortress. Many historical places are found near the Dabra-Bhitarwar Road. Prior to the founding of Gwalior, the region was also known by its ancient name of Gopasetra. Gwalior had an institutional seat of the Bhattarakas of Kashtha Sangh and later Mula Sangh."}, {"Context": "Gwalior Gopachal", "Knowledge": "PER Parshvanath, LOC Gwalior Fort, LOC Gopachal Parvat, LOC Tomar", "Response": "Gopachal Parvat is situated on the mountainous terrain at the slopes of Gwalior Fort. Gopachal Parvat contains unique statues of Jain Tirthankaras. The idol of Parshvanath seated on a lotus (carved out of a single stone) is the largest in the world, towering at 14 metres (46 ft) in height and 9 metres (30 ft) in breadth. There is a series of 26 Jain statues in a single line. Built between 1398 and 1536 by Tomar kings, these Jain Tirthankar statues are one of a kind in architecture."}, {"Context": "Gwalior Siddhachal Caves", "Knowledge": "LOC Gwalior, LOC Siddhachal Caves, LOC India", "Response": "Jain rock-cut sculptures of Siddhachal Caves \u2013 A striking part of the Jain remains at Gwalior is a series of caves or rock-cut sculptures, excavated in the rock on all sides, and numbering nearly a hundred, great and small. Most of them are mere niches to hold statues, though some are cells that may have been originally intended for residences. According to inscriptions, they were all excavated within a short period of about thirty-three years, between 1441 and 1474. One of the colossal figures is 57 ft (17 m) high, taller than any other in northern India."}, {"Context": "Gwalior Sas-Bahu Temple", "Knowledge": "LOC Sas - Bahu temple, PER Lord Vishnu, PER Sas, LOC Shashtra Bahu, PER Bahu, LOC Sas - Bahu Temple", "Response": "Sas-Bahu Temple, a 9th-century shrine, Sas-Bahu temple in the fort allures not only the devotees but also the tourists with its artistic value. Despite what its name may suggest, these temples are not dedicated to Sas (mother-in-law) and Bahu (daughter-in-law) but rather the short form of Shashtra Bahu, another name for Lord Vishnu. These temples situated adjacent to each other and the larger one is elaborately decorated with carvings and sculptures. The roof of the larger temple is adorned with a lotus carving."}, {"Context": "Gwalior Teli ka mandir", "Knowledge": "PER Keith, LOC Telik\u0101 Mandir, PER Prathihara Vishnu, LOC Gwalior Fort, LOC Telangana Mandir, LOC Teli Ka Mandir, PER Garuda", "Response": "Teli Ka Mandir (Telangana Mandir) \u2013 A structure of about 100 feet, Teli Ka Mandir in Gwalior Fort distinguishes itself from the other compositions of its time because of its unique architecture. The temple bears a close resemblance to the temple of Prathihara Vishnu, and is filled with images of coiled serpents, passionate couples, river goddesses, and a flying Garuda. The temple architecture follows the Indo-Aryan and Nagara styles and is believed to be among the oldest constructions in the fort. The Telik\u0101 Mandir, or 'oil-man's temple', owes its name to Teli, a term for an oil grinder or oil dealer. Many suggestions have been put forward to explain this name historically, but in fact the name is not old, the temple being used for processing oil before the British occupied the fort and used the building, albeit temporarily, as a coffee shop. The Telik\u0101 Mandir is the loftiest temple among all the buildings in Gwalior Fort with a height of about 30 meters. The temple consists of a garba griha, that is, sanctum proper for the deity, and an antarala to enter into the temple. It can be approached by a flight of steps provided on the eastern side. The most striking feature of the temple is the wagon-vaulted roof, a form used over rectangular shrines which normally accommodated a row of Mother Goddesses. The goddesses from the interior vanished centuries ago and have not been traced. The exterior walls of the temple are decorated with sculptures, many of which are damaged; the niches, shaped like temples, are empty. The building carries a dedicatory inscription to the goddess in a niche on the southern side, but otherwise does not have any history. The architectural style points to a date in the late 8th Century. The entrance gateway on the eastern side is a later addition of the British period, made by Major Keith in 1881. It was built as a way of saving various historic pillars and other pieces no longer in their original context."}, {"Context": "Gwalior Other monuments", "Knowledge": "ORG Ltd, ORG P, LOC Madhya Pradesh, ORG Guinness World Records, ORG Modern Techno Projects, LOC Municipality Museum, LOC Gujari Mahal, PER Rani Lakshmibai, LOC Gwalior Fort, PER Mansingh Tomar, LOC Shyam Vatika, PER Guru, LOC Gurudwara Daata Bandi Chhorh, PER Guru Har Gobind, LOC Gurdwara, PER Adhyatma Niketan, LOC Modern 5D, LOC India, LOC Gurudwara, PER Mrignayani, PER Gujar, LOC Gwalior", "Response": "Gurudwara Daata Bandi Chhorh- Gwalior Fort also has the Gurudwara, built in the memory of the sixth Sikh, Guru Har Gobind. This Gurudwara is particularly large and grand, built entirely of marble with coloured glass decorating the main building. Recital of the Guru Granth Sahib takes place here and Mughal kings used to visit Gwalior regularly. There is a Gurdwara that was converted to a mandir of \"kalli devi\" and process is on to take it back by Sikhs.\nMunicipality Museum, is situated a little distance from Rani Lakshmibai's tomb.\nModern 5D is Madhya Pradesh's first multi-dimensional theatre launched in the 2011 trade fair of Gwalior. It was built by Gwalior's leading enterprise Modern Techno Projects (P) Ltd. Modern 5D is recognised as India's first own multi-dimensional theatre.\nShyam Vatika is a banquet hall which has the world's largest indoor mural, as recognised by Guinness World Records.\nAdhyatma Niketan is an important ashram near Gwalior Fort.\nWithin the fort are some marvels of medieval architecture. The 15th century Gujari Mahal is a monument to the love of Raja Mansingh Tomar for his Gujar Queen, Mrignayani. The outer structure of Gujari Mahal has survived in an almost total state of preservation; the interior has been converted into an archaeological museum housing rare antiquities, some of them dating back to the 1st century A.D. Many of these have been defaced by the iconoclastic Mughals."}, {"Context": "Gwalior Jai Vilas Mahal", "Knowledge": "LOC Versailles, LOC Jai Vilas Palace, LOC Gwalior, LOC Madhya Pradesh", "Response": "Also called Jai Vilas Palace, is the residential palace turned museum of the Maratha rulers of Gwalior \u2013 the Scindias. The palace has notable collections of antiques. The museum is one of the largest in Madhya Pradesh and has the world's largest chandelier and the complex is a mixture of British and Hindu architecture.\nThe palace was constructed in 1874 as an attempt to bring the palace of Versailles to Gwalior."}, {"Context": "Gwalior Tombs and Chatris of historic importance", "Knowledge": "PER Rani Lakshmibai, LOC Achaleshwar, PER Akbar, LOC Chatris, PER Jivajirao Scindia, PER Tansen, PER Gaus Mohammad, PER Vijayaraje Scindia, PER Madhavrao Scindia, LOC Gwalior, LOC Scindias, LOC Phoolbag", "Response": "Chatris of Scindias is situated close to the city near Achaleshwar temple and is the burial place for the Scindias who ruled the city for numerous years. Designated persons like Maharaja Madhavrao Scindia, Vijayaraje Scindia and His Highness Jivajirao Scindia were cremated here.\nTansen's tomb: Gwalior is the birthplace of the musician Tansen. He was one of the \"Nine Gems of Akbar\".\nGaus Mohammad's tomb: The tombs of Great Gaus Mohammad and Tansen are situated on the same territory.\nTomb of Rani Lakshmibai, a famous freedom fighter, at Phoolbag area. It is here where the she died in 1858 fighting against the British. It is also her burial place."}, {"Context": "Gwalior Sun Temple", "Knowledge": "LOC Sun, LOC Tapovan, PER Surya, LOC Konark, LOC Sun Temple, LOC Odisha, LOC Vivsvaan mandir, LOC Gwalior State, PER Birla, LOC \u00a7 Morar Cantonment", "Response": "Located in \u00a7 Morar Cantonment, the Sun Temple \"Vivsvaan mandir\" is dedicated to the sun god Surya. Designed as a facsimile of the Sun temple of Konark in Odisha, the temple was sponsored and built in the 1980s by the Birla family.The temple is located in a serene ambience and a well-maintained garden within the temple premises is very attractive. This holy temple draws the locals and tourists alike who gather here to render their prayers. Before the temple was built the gardens had the name Tapovan. The gardens were the location of an ill-fated attempt to introduce african lions by the Maharaja of Gwalior State."}, {"Context": "Gwalior Notable people", "Knowledge": "PER Jayaji Rao, PER Shivendra Singh, PER Nida Fazli, ORG Kerala High Court, PER Radhika Veena Sadhika, PER Gharana Harshvardhan Rane, PER Bihari Lal, PER Jyotiraditya Scindia Madhavrao Scindia, LOC Bollywood, PER Atal Bihari Vajpayee, PER Madho Rao, PER Daulat Rao Sindhia Mahadaji Shinde Amjad Ali Khan, ORG Fevicol, PER Kartik Aaryan, PER Navniti Prasad Singh, ORG Scindia, PER Mamta Sharma, PER Abha Parmar, PER Pawan karan, PER Muhammad Ghawth, PER Akbar Narendra Singh Tomar Pran Kumar Sharma, PER Jiwajirao, PER Sharad Kelkar, PER Krishnarao Shankar Pandit, PER Tansen, PER Javed Akhtar, PER Munni Badnam, PER Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi, ORG Meet Bros, PER Roop Singh, LOC India, ORG Scindia School, PER Jankoji Rao, PER Chacha Chaudhary, PER Meeta Pandit, PER Shifa Gwaliori, PER Piyush Mishra, LOC Gwalior, PER Kushal Tandon", "Response": "Abha Parmar, actress\nJyotiraditya Scindia\nMadhavrao Scindia\nJiwajirao Scindia\nMadho Rao Scindia\nJayaji Rao Scindia\nJankoji Rao Scindia II\nDaulat Rao Sindhia\nMahadaji Shinde\nAmjad Ali Khan, sarod player and musician\nAtal Bihari Vajpayee, former Prime Minister of India\nJaved Akhtar, famous poet, lyricist and writer, born in Gwalior\nBihari Lal, famous Hindi poet\nKartik Aaryan, actor, born in Gwalior\nSharad Kelkar, actor, born in Gwalior\nPiyush Mishra, Indian film and theatre actor, music director, lyricist, singer, scriptwriter.\nMamta Sharma, singer [Munni Badnam, Fevicol se etc.], born in Gwalior\nGanesh Shankar Vidyarthi, famous Hindi writer, born in Gwalior\nNida Fazli, famous Urdu writer and poet\nRoop Singh, Indian hockey player and Olympian\nShivendra Singh, Indian national hockey player, born and lives in Gwalior\nTansen, court musician of the Mughal emperor Akbar\n\nNarendra Singh Tomar\nPran Kumar Sharma, cartoonist and comic creator of Chacha Chaudhary fame moved here after the Partition\nlior\nKrishnarao Shankar Pandit, noted musician of the Gwalior gharana\nMeet Bros, the musician duo hail from Gwalior.\nPawan karan, Noted Indian major Hindi poet and writer.\nMeeta Pandit, famous musician of Gwalior Gharana\n\nHarshvardhan Rane, Telugu and Bollywood actor\nKushal Tandon, Indian television actor. He did his schooling at Scindia School in Gwalior\n\nNavniti Prasad Singh, former Chief Justice of Kerala High Court\nShifa Gwaliori, Indian Urdu poet\nMuhammad Ghawth, Indian Sufi saint and author\nRadhika Veena Sadhika, world's first woman vichitra veena player."}, {"Context": "Hampi Introduction", "Knowledge": "LOC Vijayanagara Empire, LOC Kshetra, LOC Persia, LOC Virupaksha Temple, LOC Karnataka, LOC Hosapete, LOC South India, LOC Portugal, ORG UNESCO, PER Tirtha, LOC Hampi, LOC Hampe, LOC Group of Monuments, LOC India, LOC Pampaa Devi, LOC Beijing, LOC Vijayanagara, LOC Tungabhadra River, LOC Adi Shankara", "Response": "Hampi or Hampe, also referred to as the Group of Monuments at Hampi, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site located in Hampi town, Vijayanagara district, east-central Karnataka, India.Hampi was the capital of the Vijayanagara Empire in the 14th century. It was a fortified city. Chronicles left by Persian and European travellers, particularly the Portuguese, say that Hampi was a prosperous, wealthy and grand city near the Tungabhadra River, with numerous temples, farms and trading markets. By 1500 CE, Hampi-Vijayanagara was the world's second-largest medieval-era city after Beijing, and probably India's richest at that time, attracting traders from Persia and Portugal. The Vijayanagara Empire was defeated by a coalition of Muslim sultanates; its capital was conquered, pillaged and destroyed by sultanate armies in 1565, after which Hampi remained in ruins.Located in Karnataka near the modern-era city of Hosapete, Hampi's ruins are spread over 4,100 hectares (16 sq mi) and it has been described by UNESCO as an \"austere, grandiose site\" of more than 1,600 surviving remains of the last great Hindu kingdom in South India that includes \"forts, riverside features, royal and sacred complexes, temples, shrines, pillared halls, mandapas, memorial structures, water structures and others\".Hampi predates the Vijayanagara Empire, it is mentioned in the Ramayana and the Puranas of Hinduism as Pampaa Devi Tirtha Kshetra. Hampi continues to be an important religious centre, housing the Virupaksha Temple, an active Adi Shankara-linked monastery and various monuments belonging to the old city."}, {"Context": "Hampi Location", "Knowledge": "PER Indra, LOC Hospet, PER Kamadeva, LOC Hubli, LOC Toranagallu, PER Parvati, LOC Jindal Vijaynagar Airport, LOC Hemakuta Hill, LOC Karnataka, LOC Goa, LOC Bhaskara, LOC Hosapete, LOC Bengaluru, LOC Andhra Pradesh, LOC Aihole, LOC Kishkindha, PER Kama, LOC Hampi, LOC Badami, PER Hampi, LOC Pampa, PER Shiva, PER Sati, LOC Tungabhadra River, PER Pampa", "Response": "Hampi is situated on the banks of the Tungabhadra River in the eastern part of central Karnataka near the state border with Andhra Pradesh. It is 376 kilometres (234 mi) from Bengaluru, and 165 kilometres (103 mi) from Hubli. The closest railway station is in Hosapete (Hospet), 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) away and the closest airport is 32 kilometres (20 mi) Jindal Vijaynagar Airport in Toranagallu which has connectivity to Bengaluru. Overnight buses and trains also connect Hampi with Goa, and Bengaluru. It is 140 kilometres (87 mi) southeast of the Badami and Aihole archaeological sites.The synonym Hampi\u2014traditionally known as Pampa-kshetra, Kishkindha-kshetra or Bhaskara-kshetra\u2014is derived from Pampa, another name of the goddess Parvati in Hindu theology. According to mythology, the maiden Parvati (who is a reincarnation of Shiva's previous wife, Sati) resolves to marry the loner ascetic Shiva. Her parents learn of her desire and discourage her, but she pursues her desire. Shiva is lost in yogic meditation, oblivious to the world; Parvati appeals to the gods for help to awaken him and gain his attention. Indra sends Kamadeva \u2014 the Hindu god of desire, erotic love, attraction, and affection\u2014to awake Shiva from meditation. Kama reaches Shiva and shoots an arrow of desire. Shiva opens his third eye in his forehead and burns Kama to ashes. Parvati does not lose her hope or her resolve to win over Shiva; she begins to live like him and engage in the same activities\u2014asceticism, yogin and tapasya\u2014awakening him and attracting his interest. Shiva meets Parvati in disguised form and tries to discourage her, telling her Shiva's weaknesses and personality problems. Parvati refuses to listen and insists in her resolve. Shiva finally accepts her and they get married. Kama was later brought back to life after the marriage of Shiva and Parvati. According to Sthala Purana, Parvati (Pampa) pursued her ascetic, yogini lifestyle on Hemakuta Hill, now a part of Hampi, to win and bring ascetic Shiva back into householder life. Shiva is also called Pampapati (meaning \"husband of Pampa\"). The river near the Hemakuta Hill came to be known as Pampa river. The Sanskrit word Pampa morphed into the Kannada word Hampa and the place Parvati pursued Shiva came to be known as Hampe or Hampi.The site was an early medieval era pilgrimage place known as Pampakshetra. Its fame came from the Kishkindha chapters of the Hindu epic Ramayana, where Rama and Lakshmana meet Hanuman, Sugriva and the monkey army in their search for kidnapped Sita. The Hampi area has many close resemblances to the place described in the epic. The regional tradition believes that it is that place mentioned in the Ramayana, attracting pilgrims. It was brought to light by an engineer named colonel Colin Mackenzie during the 1800s."}, {"Context": "Hampi Ancient to 14th century CE", "Knowledge": "PER Hampa - devi, LOC Nittur, PER Ashoka, LOC Pampapura, PER Burton Stein, LOC Vijaya Virupakshapura, LOC Virupaksha temple, LOC Udegolan, PER Badami Chalukya, LOC Durga, LOC South India, PER Kalyana Chalukyas, PER Hampadevi, LOC Bellary, LOC Virupakshapattana, LOC Virupaksha, LOC Hampi, PER Odeya, PER Shiva, LOC Hoysala Empire, PER Hampeya, LOC Maurya Empire", "Response": "Emperor Ashoka's Rock Edicts in Nittur and Udegolan\u2014both in Bellary district 269-232 BCE\u2014suggest this region was part of the Maurya Empire during the 3rd century BCE. A Brahmi inscription and a terracotta seal dating to about the 2nd century CE have been found during site excavations. The town is mentioned in Badami Chalukya's inscriptions as Pampapura; dating from between the 6th and 8th centuries.By the 10th century, it had become a centre of religious and educational activities during the rule of the Hindu kings Kalyana Chalukyas, whose inscriptions state that the kings made land grants to the Virupaksha temple. Several inscriptions from the 11th to 13th centuries are about the Hampi site, with a mention of gifts to goddess Hampa-devi. Between the 12th and 14th centuries, Hindu kings of the Hoysala Empire of South India built temples to Durga, Hampadevi and Shiva, according to an inscription dated about 1,199 CE. Hampi became the second royal residence; one of the Hoysala kings was known as Hampeya-Odeya or \"lord of Hampi\". According to Burton Stein, the Hoysala-period inscriptions call Hampi by alternate names such as Virupakshapattana, Vijaya Virupakshapura in honour of the old Virupaksha (Shiva) temple there."}, {"Context": "Hampi 14th century and after", "Knowledge": "LOC Northern India, LOC Delhi Sultanate, LOC Kampili kingdom, LOC Kampili, LOC Vijayanagara Empire, PER Muhammad bin Tughlaq, PER Tughlaq, PER Bukka I, PER Nicholas Gier, PER Alauddin Khalji, PER Harihara I, PER Vidyaranya Kalajana, LOC Kakatiya, LOC Karnataka, LOC South India, PER Muhammad Bin Tughlaq, PER Baha - Ud - Din Gurshasp, LOC Vidyanagara, LOC Kakatiya Kingdom, PER Pitamahasamhita, LOC Tungabhadra, LOC Hampi, PER Pratap Rudra, LOC \u015aringeri, PER Vidyaranya, LOC Hoysala Empire, LOC Vijayanagara, LOC Dvarasamudra, PER Sivatatvaratnakara, PER \u015aarada P\u012btham", "Response": "The armies of the Delhi Sultanate, particularly those of Alauddin Khalji and Muhammad bin Tughlaq, invaded and pillaged South India. The Hoysala Empire and its capital Dvarasamudra in southern Karnataka was plundered and destroyed in the early 14th century by the armies of Alauddin Khalji, and again in 1326 CE by the army of Muhammad bin Tughlaq.The Kampili kingdom in north-central Karnataka followed the collapse of Hoysala Empire. It was a short-lived Hindu kingdom with its capital about 33 kilometres (21 mi) from Hampi. The Kampili kingdom ended after an invasion by the Muslim armies of Muhammad bin Tughlaq. The Hindu women of Kampili committed jauhar (ritual mass suicide) when the Kampili soldiers faced defeat by Tughlaq's army. In 1336 CE, the Vijayanagara Empire arose from the ruins of the Kampili kingdom. It grew into one of the famed Hindu empires of South India that ruled for over 200 years.The Vijayanagara Empire built its capital around Hampi, calling it Vijayanagara. Many historians propose that Harihara I and Bukka I, the founders of the empire, were commanders in the army of the Hoysala Empire stationed in the Tungabhadra region to ward off Muslim invasions from the Northern India. Some claim that they were Telugu people, who took control of the northern parts of the Hoysala Empire during its decline. As per some of the texts such as Vidyaranya Kalajana, Vidyaranya Vritanta, Rajakalanirnaya, Pitamahasamhita, Sivatatvaratnakara, they were treasury officers of Pratap Rudra, the King of Kakatiya Kingdom. When Muhammad Bin Tughlaq came looking for Baha-Ud-Din Gurshasp (who was taking refuge in the court of Pratap Rudra), Pratap Rudra was overthrown and Kakatiya was destroyed. During this time the two brothers Harihara I and Bukka I, with a small army came to the present site of Vijayanagara, Hampi. Vidyaranya, the 12th Jagadguru of the \u015aringeri \u015aarada P\u012btham took them under his protection and established them on the throne and the city was called Vidyanagara in A.D. 1336.They expanded the infrastructure and temples. According to Nicholas Gier and other scholars, by 1500 CE Hampi-Vijayanagara was the world's second-largest medieval-era city after Beijing, and probably India's richest. Its wealth attracted 16th-century traders from across the Deccan area, Persia and the Portuguese colony of Goa. The Vijayanagara rulers fostered developments in intellectual pursuits and the arts, maintained a strong military and fought many wars with sultanates to its north and east. They invested in roads, waterworks, agriculture, religious buildings and public infrastructure. This included, states UNESCO, \"forts, riverside features, royal and sacred complexes, temples, shrines, pillared halls, mandapas (halls for people to sit), memorial structures, gateways, check posts, stables, water structures, and more\". The site was multi-religious and multi-ethnic; it included Hindu and Jain monuments next to each other. The buildings predominantly followed South Indian Hindu arts and architecture dating to the Aihole-Pattadakal styles, but the Hampi builders also used elements of Indian architecture in the Lotus Mahal, the public bath and the elephant stables.According to historical memoirs left by Portuguese and Persian traders to Hampi, the city was of metropolitan proportions; they called it \"one of the most beautiful cities\". While prosperous and in infrastructure, the Muslim-Hindu wars between Muslim Sultanates and Vijayanagara Empire continued. In 1565, at the Battle of Talikota, a coalition of Muslim sultanates entered into a war with the Vijayanagara Empire. They captured and beheaded the king Aliya Rama Raya, followed by a massive destruction of the infrastructure fabric of Hampi and the metropolitan Vijayanagara. The city was pillaged, looted and burnt for six months after the war, then abandoned as ruins, which are now called the Group of Monuments at Hampi."}, {"Context": "Hampi Archaeological site", "Knowledge": "PER Colin Mackenzie, ORG Presidency, ORG Archaeological Survey, LOC United Kingdom, PER Abdul Razzaq, PER Rea, PER Devaraya II, PER Alexander Greenlaw, PER Tipu Sultan, LOC Hyderabad, PER Haidar Ali, LOC Mysore, ORG Archaeological Survey of India, PER Robert Sewell, LOC Hampi, PER Longhurst, PER Wadiyar, PER Hyder Ali, PER Alexander Rea, PER Mackenzie, LOC India, LOC British India, LOC Madras", "Response": "Hampi and its nearby region remained a contested and fought-over region claimed by the local chiefs, the Hyderabad Muslim nizams, the Maratha Hindu kings, and Hyder Ali and his son Tipu Sultan of Mysore through the 18th century. In 1799, Tipu Sultan was defeated and killed when the British forces and Wadiyar dynasty aligned. The region then came under British influence. The ruins of Hampi were surveyed in 1800 by Scottish Colonel Colin Mackenzie, first Surveyor General of India. Mackenzie wrote that the Hampi site was abandoned and only wildlife live there. The 19th-century speculative articles by historians who followed Mackenzie blamed the 18th-century armies of Haidar Ali and the Marathas for the damage to the Hampi monuments.\n\nThe Hampi site remained largely ignored until the mid-19th century, when Alexander Greenlaw visited and photographed the site in 1856. He created an archive of 60 calotype photographs of temples and royal structures that were standing in 1856. These photographs were held in a private collection in the United Kingdom and were not published until 1980. They are the most valuable source of the mid-19th-century state of Hampi monuments to scholars.A translation of the memoirs written by Abdul Razzaq, a Persian envoy in the court of Devaraya II (1424\u20131446), published in the early 1880s described some monuments of the abandoned site. This translation, for the first time, uses Arabic terms such as \"zenana\" to describe some of the Hampi monuments. Some of these terms became the names thereafter. Alexander Rea, an officer of the Archaeological Survey department of the Madras Presidency within British India, published his survey of the site in 1885. Robert Sewell published his scholarly treatise A Forgotten Empire in 1900, bringing Hampi to the widespread attention of scholars. The growing interest led Rea and his successor Longhurst to clear and repair the Hampi group of monuments.The site is significant historically and archaeologically, for the Vijayanagara period and before. The Archaeological Survey of India continues to conduct excavations in the area."}, {"Context": "Hampi Description", "Knowledge": "LOC Hoysala, PER Burton Stein, LOC Elephant, LOC Queen, LOC Ramachandra temple, LOC Virupaksha temple, LOC Vijayanagara, ORG UNESCO, LOC Deccan, PER Vijayanagara, LOC Hampi", "Response": "Hampi is located in hilly terrain formed by granite boulders  The Hampi monuments comprising the UNESCO world heritage site are a subset of the wider-spread Vijayanagara ruins. Almost all of the monuments were built between 1336 and 1570 CE during the Vijayanagara rule. The site has about 1,600 monuments and covers 41.5 square kilometres (16.0 sq mi).The Hampi site has been studied in three broad zones; the first has been named the \"sacred centre\" by scholars such as Burton Stein and othersl; the second is referred to as the \"urban core\" or the \"royal centre\"; and the third constitutes the rest of metropolitan Vijayanagara. The sacred centre, alongside the river, contains the oldest temples with a history of pilgrimage and monuments pre-dating the Vijayanagara empire. The urban core and royal centre have over sixty ruined temples beyond those in the sacred centre, but the temples in the urban core are all dated to the Vijayanagara empire. The urban core also includes public utility infrastructure such as roads, an aqueduct, water tanks, mandapa, gateways and markets, monasteries This distinction has been assisted by some seventy-seven stone inscriptions.Most of the monuments are Hindu; the temples and the public infrastructure such as tanks and markets include reliefs and artwork depicting Hindu deities and themes from Hindu texts. There are also six Jain temples and monuments and a Muslim mosque and tomb. The architecture is built from the abundant local stone; the dominant style is Dravidian, with roots in the developments in Hindu arts and architecture in the second half of the 1st millennium in the Deccan region. It also included elements of the arts that developed during the Hoysala Empire rule in the south between the 11th and 14th century such as in the pillars of Ramachandra temple and ceilings of some of the Virupaksha temple complex. The architects also adopted an Indo-Islamic style in a few monuments, such as the Queen's bath and Elephant stables, which UNESCO says reflects a \"highly evolved multi-religious and multi-ethnic society\"."}, {"Context": "Hampi Virupaksha temple and market complex", "Knowledge": "LOC Pampa, LOC Shiva, PER Vidyaranya, PER Shiva, PER George Michell, PER Krishnadevaraya, PER Parvati, LOC Virupaksha temple, PER Kama, LOC Durga, LOC Shiva temple, PER Rama, LOC Hampi, PER Sita, LOC Nandi", "Response": "The Virupaksha temple is the oldest shrine, the principal destination for pilgrims and tourists, and remains an active Hindu worship site. Parts of the Shiva, Pampa and Durga temples existed in the 11th-century; it was extended during the Vijayanagara era. The temple is a collection of smaller temples, a regularly repainted, 50-metre (160 ft) high gopuram, a Hindu monastery dedicated to Vidyaranya of Advaita Vedanta tradition, a water tank (Manmatha), a community kitchen, other monuments and a 750 metres (2,460 ft)-long ruined stone market with a monolithic Nandi shrine on the east end.The temple faces eastwards, aligning the sanctums of the Shiva and Pampa Devi temples to the sunrise; a large gopuram marks its entrance. The superstructure is a pyramidal tower with pilastered storeys on each of which is artwork including erotic sculptures. The gopuram leads into a rectangular court that ends in another, smaller gopuram dated to 1510 CE. To its south side is a 100-column hall with Hindu-related reliefs on all four sides of each pillar. Connected to this public hall is a community kitchen, a feature found in other major Hampi temples. A channel is cut into the rock to deliver water to the kitchen and the feeding hall. The courtyard after the small gopuram has dipa-stambha (lamp pillar) and Nandi.The courtyard after the small gopuram leads to the main mandapa of the Shiva temple, which consists of the original square mandapa and a rectangular extension composed of two fused squares and sixteen piers built by Krishnadevaraya. The ceiling of the open hall above the mandapa is painted, showing the Shaivism legend relating to Shiva-Parvati marriage; another section shows the legend of Rama-Sita of the Vaishnavism tradition. A third section depicts the legend of the love god Kama shooting an arrow at Shiva to get him interested in Parvati, and the fourth section shows the Advaita Hindu scholar Vidyaranya being carried in a procession. According to George Michell and other scholars, the details and colour hues suggest all the ceiling paintings are from a 19th-century renovation, and the themes of the original paintings are unknown. The mandapa pillars have outsized yalis, mythical animal melding the features of a horse, lion and other animals with an armed warrior riding it\u2014a characteristic Vijayanagara feature.The sanctum of the temple has a mukha-linga; a Shiva linga with a face embossed with brass. The Virupaksha temple also has smaller shrines for two aspects of Parvati-Pampa and Bhuvaneshwari to the north of the main sanctum.  Bhuvaneshwari shrine is of Chalukyan architecture and it uses granite instead of pot stone. The compound has a northern gopura, smaller than the eastern gopura, that opens to the Manmatha tank and a pathway to the river with stone reliefs related to the Ramayana. To the west of this tank are shrines of Shaktism and Vaishnavism traditions, such as those for Durga and Vishnu respectively. Some of the shrines on this pilgrim's path were whitewashed in the 19th century under orders of the British India officer F.W. Robinson, who sought to restore the Virupaksha temple complex; whitewashing of this cluster of historic monuments has continued as a tradition.According to local tradition, the Virupaksha is the only temple that continued to be a gathering place of Hindus and frequented by pilgrims after the destruction of Hampi in 1565. The temple attracts large crowds; an annual f\u00eate with a chariot procession to mark the marriage of Virupaksha and Pampa is held in spring, as is the solemn festival of Maha Shivaratri. The temple has attracted criticism from tourists for its treatment of resident elephant, Lakshmi, who lives at the back of the temple in a narrow alleyway."}, {"Context": "Hampi Krishna temple, market, Narasimha and linga", "Knowledge": "PER Vishnu, LOC Hemakuta hill, LOC Narasimha, PER Krishna, LOC Krishnapura, PER Balakrishna, LOC Kamalapuram, LOC Virupaksha temple, PER Matsya, LOC Balakrishna temple, LOC Pushkarani, LOC Chennai, PER Yoga, PER Shiva Linga, PER Lakshmi, PER Narasimha, LOC Hampi, LOC Krishna temple", "Response": "The Krishna temple, also called Balakrishna temple, on the other side of Hemakuta hill, is about 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) south of Virupaksha temple. It is dated to 1515 CE; this part of the Hampi complex is called Krishnapura in inscriptions. In front of the ruined temple is a long market street, also referred to locally as the bazaar. Between the colonnaded stone shop ruins is a broad road that allowed chariots to transport goods to and from the market, and hosted ceremonial functions and festive celebrations. To the north of this road and middle of the market is a large Pushkarani\u2014a public utility-stepped water tank with an artistic pavilion in its centre. Next to the tank is a public hall (mandapa) for people to sit.\n\nThe temple opens to the east; it has a gateway with reliefs of all ten avatars of Vishnu starting with Matsya at the bottom. Inside is the ruined temple for Krishna and small, ruined shrines for goddesses. The temple compound is layered into mandapas, including an outer and an inner enclosure. The compound has two gopuram entrances. Inside, a 25 (5x5)-bay open mandapa leads to a 9 (3x3)-bay enclosed mandapa. The original image of Balakrishna (baby Krishna) in its sanctum is now in a Chennai museum. A modern road passes in front of the eastern gopura, linking Kamalapuram to Hampi. The western gopuram has friezes of battle formation and soldiers.South of the Krishna temple's exterior are two adjacent shrines, one containing the largest monolithic Shiva Linga and the other with the largest monolithic Yoga-Narasimha avatar of Vishnu in Hampi. The 3 metres (9.8 ft) Shiva Linga stands in water in a cubical chamber and has three eyes sketched on its top. South of this is the shrine for a 6.7 metres (22 ft)-high Narasimha\u2014the man-lion avatar of Vishnu\u2014seated in a yoga position. The Narasimha monolith originally had goddess Lakshmi with him, but it shows signs of extensive damage and a carbon-stained floor\u2014evidence of attempts to burn the shrine down. The statue has been cleaned and parts of the shrine have been restored."}, {"Context": "Hampi Achyutaraya temple and market complex", "Knowledge": "PER Shiva, PER Vishnu, LOC Achyutapura, PER Durga, LOC Achyutaraya temple, LOC Vishnu temple, PER Surya, PER Varaha, LOC Virupaksha temple, LOC Tungabhadra River, LOC Tiruvengalanatha temple, ORG Vijayanagara, LOC Hampi", "Response": "The Achyutaraya temple, also called the Tiruvengalanatha temple, is about 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) east of Virupaksha temple and a part of its sacred centre is close to the Tungabhadra River. It is referred to be in Achyutapura in inscriptions and is dated to 1534 CE. It is one of the four largest complexes in Hampi. The temple is unusual because it faced north. It is dedicated to Vishnu. In Vijayanagara times, the temple was traditionally approached from the river, first past a ceremonial tank then along the market street with a broad road. The temple had an outer gopuram leading into a courtyard with a 100-column hall and an inner gopuram leading to the Vishnu temple. On each side of each pillar in the 100-column hall are reliefs of avatars of Vishnu; other deities such as Shiva, Surya, Durga; scenes of daily life\u2014rishi, amorous couples, jokers; people in yoga asanas; people in namaste poses; and Vijayanagara emblems.The temple gateway shows the Vijayanagara dynastic emblems; a boar from Varaha, a sword, the sun and the moon. The temple and the market street are ruined but their layout suggests it was a major market with streets provided for chariot traffic."}, {"Context": "Hampi Vitthala temple and market complex", "Knowledge": "PER Devaraya II, LOC Vitthala, PER Achuytaraya, LOC Karakkoil, PER Krishna, PER Vithoba, PER Krishnadevaraya, LOC Virupaksha temple, PER S. Shettar, LOC Vijayanagara, LOC Tungabhadra River, PER Vitthala, PER Sadasivaraya, PER Garuda, LOC Hampi", "Response": "The Vitthala temple and market complex is over 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) north-east of the Virupaksha temple near the banks of the Tungabhadra River. It is the most artistically sophisticated Hindu temple in Hampi, and is part of the sacred centre of Vijayanagara. It is unclear when the temple complex was built, and who built it; most scholars date it to a period of construction in the early-to-mid-16th century. Some of the books mention that its construction began during the time of Devaraya II and continued during the reign of Krishnadevaraya, Achuytaraya, and probably Sadasivaraya and it stopped probably due to the destruction of the city in 1565. The inscriptions include male and female names, suggesting that the complex was built by multiple sponsors. The temple was dedicated to Vitthala, a form of Krishna also called Vithoba. The temple opens to the east, has a square plan and features an entrance gopuram with two side gopurams. The main temple stands in the middle of a paved courtyard and several subsidiary shrines, all aligned to the east. The temple is a unified structure in a courtyard measuring 500 by 300 feet which is surrounded by a triple row of pillars. It is a low structure of one storey with an average height of 25 height.  The temple has three distinct compartments: a garbhagriha, an ardhamandapa and a mahamandapa (or sabha mandapa).\n\nThe Vitthala temple has a Garuda shrine in the form of a stone chariot in the courtyard; it is an often-pictured symbol of Hampi. Above the chariot is a tower, which was removed during 1940s, as per historian Dr.S.Shettar. In the front of the stone chariot is a large, square, open-pillared, axial sabha mandapa, or community hall. The mandapa has four sections, two of which are aligned with the temple sanctum. The mandapa has 56 carved stone beams of different diameters, shape, length and surface finish that produces musical sounds when struck; according to local traditional belief, this hall was used for public celebrations of music and dancing. It is classified as Karakkoil, a temple fashioned after temple chariots which are taken in procession around the temple during festivals.The mandapa links to an enclosed pradakshina patha for walking around the sanctum. Around this axial mandapa are (clockwise from east); the Garuda shrine, the Kalyana mandapa (wedding ceremonies), the 100-columned mandapa, the Amman shrine and the Utsav mandapa (festival hall). The walled enclosure covers about 1.3 hectares (3.2 acres) with colonnaded verandahs lining the compound walls. In the south-east corner is a kitchen with a roof window (clerestory).Outside the temple compound, to its east-south-east, is a colonnaded market street almost one kilometre (0.62 mi) long; all of which is now in ruins. To the north is another market and a south-facing shrine with reliefs of Ramayana scenes, Mahabharata scenes and of Vaishnava saints. The north street ended in a temple honouring the Hindu philosopher Ramanuja. The region around the Vitthala temple was called Vitthalapura. It hosted a Vaishnava matha (monastery), designed as a pilgrimage centre centred around the Alvar tradition. It was also a centre for craft production according to inscriptions found."}, {"Context": "Hampi Hemakuta hill monuments", "Knowledge": "LOC Shiva, PER Vishnu, LOC Hemakuta hill, LOC Kampili, LOC Virupaksha temple, LOC Vijayanagara Empire, LOC Kadalekalu Ganesha, PER Kampila, LOC Sasivekalu Ganesha, PER Ganesha, PER Narasimha, LOC Hampi, LOC Krishna temple", "Response": "The Hemakuta hill lies between the Virupaksha temple complex to the north and the Krishna temple to the south. It is a collection of modestly sized monuments that are the best-preserved examples of pre-Vijayanagara and early-Vijayanagara temples and construction. The site has several important inscriptions, is easily accessible and provides views of the some parts of Hampi and the fertile, agricultural valley that separates the sacred centre from the urban core with its royal centre.\n\nThe hill has more than thirty small-to-moderate-sized temples, together with water cisterns, gateways, and secular pavilions. The latest examples are dated to the early 14th century. Some of the structures are differently-sized prototypes of temples or mandapas, assembled from blocks of stones. Others are completed monuments of different designs, such as the Phamsana style. Two temple groups in this style look similar; each has a triple vimana consisting of square sanctums with each set connected to its own shared square mandapa. The towers (shikaras) on these are pyramidal granite structures consisting of eleven stacked, shrinking squares and a top in the Deccan-style square kalasha finial. Both sets are Shiva temples with triple linga; early sources misidentified these as Jain temples because of their simple exterior and interior walls. One of these groups has a historically important inscription that records that Kampila built the monument in the early 14th century. This inscription links Hampi with the Kampili kingdom and suggests an association of the Kampili history with that of Vijayanagara Empire that followed it. The style of temples on the Hemakuta hill suggest it may have been a study centre for experimenting with different types of Hindu temples. The styles present include those of the Chalukya period, the Rashtrakuta period and later periods. It may also have been the template for the original Virupaksha temple, which was later greatly expanded with gopuram, mandala and other additions. A similar monument dedicated to Narasimha, the man-lion avatar of Vishnu, is located east of Hampi; an inscription near it states that it was operating in 1379 CE.The Hemakuta hill also has monuments with two monolithic Ganesha; the Kadalekalu Ganesha and the Sasivekalu Ganesha. The Kadalekalu Ganesha, named after Ganesha's gram-shaped belly, is in the middle of Hampi's sacred centre on the east side of the hill near Matanga. A colonnaded, open mandapa leads to the sanctum, which houses a monolithic image of Ganesha more than 4.5 metres (15 ft) high, which was carved in-situ from extant rock. Ganesha's tusk and other parts have been damaged, but the left hand\u2014which holds a rice cake treat with his trunk reaching out for it\u2014has survived.The Sasivekalu Ganesha, named after Ganesha's mustard seed-shaped belly, is near the Krishna temple south-west of the Kadalekalu Ganesha. It is a 2.4 metres (7.9 ft)-high monolith that was also carved in-situ from extant rock. The Sasivekalu Ganesha is carved with his mother Parvati, in whose lap he sits. She is only visible from the back of the statue. The monument is housed inside an open-pillared mandapa; the left hand and tusk have been damaged."}, {"Context": "Hampi Hazara Rama temple", "Knowledge": "PER Shiva, PER Vishnu, PER Lakshmana, LOC Hazara Rama temple, PER Mahishasuramardini, LOC Ramachandra temple, PER Parvati, LOC Vijayanagara, PER Devaraya I, PER Rama, LOC Hampi, PER Sita", "Response": "The Hazara Rama temple, referred to as the Ramachandra temple in inscriptions, occupied the western part of the urban core in the royal centre section of Hampi. This temple was dedicated to Rama of the Ramayana fame, and an avatar of Vishnu. It was the ceremonial temple for the royal family. The temple is dated to the early 15th century and is attributed to Devaraya I. The temple's outer walls portray the Hindu Mahanavami (Dasara) and the spring Holi festival procession and celebrations in parallel bands of artwork. The lowest band shows marching elephants, above it are horses led by horsemen, then soldiers celebrated by the public, then dancers and musicians, with a top layer depicting a boisterous procession of the general public. The depiction mirrors the description of festivals and processions in surviving memoirs of Persians and Portuguese who visited the Vijayanagara capital.\n\nThe inner walls of the temple has friezes containing the most extensive narration of the Hindu epic Ramayana. The temple has an entrance mandapa and a yajna ceremony hall, whose ceiling is designed to ventilate fumes and smoke through the roof. Inside the main mandapa are four intricately carved pillars in the Hoysala style; these carving include depictions of Rama, Lakshmana, and Sita of Vaishnavism, Durga as Mahishasuramardini of Shaktism and Shiva-Parvati of Shaivism. Images are missing from the square sanctum. The temple has a smaller shrine with friezes depicting the legends of Vishnu avatars.This ruined temple complex is well known for its thousands of carvings and inscriptions, its elaborate frescoes depicting Hindu theosophy and its sprawling courtyard laid with gardens."}, {"Context": "Hampi Kodandarama temple and riverside monuments", "Knowledge": "LOC Kodandarama, LOC Chakratirtha, PER Lakshmana, PER Narasimha, PER Sita, PER Vishnu, PER Anjaneya, LOC Achyutaraya, PER Hanuman, PER Vitthala, PER Prahlada, PER Rama, LOC Tungabhadra, PER Shiva, LOC Himalayas, LOC Pipal, PER Anantashayana Vishnu, LOC Kotitirtha, LOC Tungabhadra River", "Response": "The Kodandarama temple complex lies near the Tungabhadra River, and is north of Achyutaraya temple. The temple overlooks Chakratirtha, where the Tungabhadra turns northwards towards the Himalayas. The river banks, considered holy, accommodate a Vijayanagara-era ghat and mandapa facilities for bathing. In front of the temple is a dipa stambha (lighting pillar) under a Pipal tree, and inside is a sanctum dedicated to Rama, Sita, Lakshmana and Hanuman. Nearby, and continuing until Kotitirtha to its north, are a number of smaller shrines, dedicated to Vitthala, Anjaneya, Shiva and other deities. On the rock face are reliefs of Anantashayana Vishnu (reclining Vishnu creating the cosmic cycle, Ranganatha), friezes narrating the legends of Narasimha and Prahlada, and the twenty-four avatars of Vishnu according to the Puranic tradition of Vaishnavism. Near the river is a rock carved with Shaivism's 1,008 lingas."}, {"Context": "Hampi Pattabhirama temple complex", "Knowledge": "PER Vishnu, LOC Varadevi Ammana Pattana, LOC Pattabhirama, LOC Kamalapura, LOC ASI Hampi, PER Rama", "Response": "The Pattabhirama temple complex is in the southern suburban centre outside the sacred centre and the urban core, about 500 metres (550 yd) from the ASI Hampi museum. It was at the nucleus of economic and cultural activity of this suburb, now located north-east of Kamalapura. The complex, also known as Varadevi Ammana Pattana, was likely built in the early 16th century and dedicated to Rama (Vishnu avatar). The complex has a main temple, a colonnaded courtyard inside an enclosure and a 64 (8x8 square)-pillared and roofed mandapa in front of the sanctum. The complex and the sanctum face east; the normal entrance was through the eastern gopura. The ruins suggest the gopuram had six tiers. The Pattabhirama temple included a 100-pillared hall\u2014likely a feeding hall\u2014attached to the southern wall of the enclosed compound. The pillars have reliefs depicting Hindu themes which include gods, goddesses, a scene from a Hindu text, yoga and namaste."}, {"Context": "Hampi Mahanavami platform, public square complex", "Knowledge": "LOC Mahanavami, LOC Audience Hall, PER Vasantotsava, LOC Vijayanagara, PER Holi, LOC Great, LOC Dasara", "Response": "The Mahanavami platform, also called the \"Great Platform\", \"Audience Hall\", \"Dasara\" or \"Mahanavami Dibba\" monument, is within a 7.5-hectare (19-acre) enclosure at one of the highest points inside the royal centre (urban core). It has ceremonial structures. It is mentioned in the memoirs of foreigners who visited Vijayanagara, some calling it the \"House of Victory\". The largest monument in this complex has three ascending square stages leading to a large, square platform that likely had a wooden mandapa above it. This was burnt down during the destruction of Hampi.\n\nThe two lower levels of the platform is made of granite. It has reliefs\u2014possibly a catalogue of 14th-century royal activities\u2014and lines of marching animals including elephants, horses and camels. Reliefs on the south side show musicians and dancers, including female stick-dancers. The third level reliefs show a battle procession, couples and scenes of common citizens celebrating Holi (Vasantotsava) by throwing water at each other. Near the great platform is an audience hall, which also probably had a wooden pavilion, evidenced by 100 stone stubs; this too was burnt down.South of the platform is an aqueduct leading water to large, symmetrical, stepped tank made of granite that was excavated by archaeologists in the 1980s. The complex has another large water pool\u2014possibly for water sports\u2014a garden and various mandapa. there is a ruined temple-like monument near the step tank."}, {"Context": "Hampi Water infrastructure", "Knowledge": "LOC Mahanavami, LOC India, LOC Hampi - Vijayanagara, LOC Daroji, PER Carla Sinopoli, LOC Square Water Pavilion, LOC Virupaksha temple, PER Kathleen Morrison, LOC Manmatha, LOC Vijayanagara, LOC Durga, LOC Queen ' s Bath, LOC Hampi", "Response": "The Square Water Pavilion, also called the Queen's Bath, is in the south-east of the royal centre. It has a pavilion, a water basin and a method of moving fresh water to it and taking away wash water and overflows. The basin is enclosed within an ornate, pillared, vaulted bay. Nearby are ruins of the aqueduct. The modern name of this building, the Queen's bath, is probably a misnomer because this was a public bath for men and travellers. The building's interior arches show influence of the Indo-Islamic style, reflecting an era in which Hindu and Muslim arts influenced each other in India.The Vijayanagara empire built an extensive water infrastructure, some examples of which\u2014including the Manmatha tank near Virupaksha temple, which is dated to about the 9th century\u2014predates the Vijayanagara. According to an inscription found there, the Manmatha tank was upgraded and a Durga shrine added in 1199 CE. The inclusion of artwork at the tank, such as a warrior fighting a lion, is dated to the 13th century, when Hoysalas frequented Hampi.\n\nThe Hampi monuments include aqueducts to carry water to tanks and other parts of the city, as well as drains and channels to remove water overflow. Excavations in the 1980s near the Mahanavami platform in the urban core revealed a large, square-stepped tank that was fed by an aqueduct. The tanks were public utilities; some were perhaps used for royal ceremonies.Archaeological excavations in 1990 revealed twenty-three wells and cisterns in the Hampi-Vijayanagara metropolis. Of these, thirteen were found outside the city walls in the suburbs, and ten inside. Of these were twelve at roadsides, eight near temples, ten in residential areas and two were used for irrigation within the urban core. More water structures were found in Daroji valley for agriculture. According to archaeologists Kathleen Morrison and Carla Sinopoli, the Hampi water infrastructure was for the use of travellers, rituals, domestic use and irrigation."}, {"Context": "Hampi Fountains and community kitchen", "Knowledge": "LOC Hampi", "Response": "Several major temples in Hampi have an embedded kitchen and 100-or-more-pillared feeding halls. Hampi also had a dedicated public Bhojana shala (house of food) where numerous thali (dish) were carved in series in a rock on both sides of a water channel. One example is found near an octagonal fountain in the south of the royal centre; according to epigraphical sources, this Hampi bhojan shala was a utada kaluve or \"canal connected with eating\"."}, {"Context": "Hampi Elephant stables and enclosure", "Knowledge": "LOC Lotus Mahal, LOC Gajashala, LOC Hampi", "Response": "In the east of the royal centre lies the Gajashala, or elephant stables, which consist of eleven square chambers aligned north\u2013south. The openings to the stables are arched; above ten chambers are alternating fluted and plain domes. In the middle of the stables are stairs to reach the roof.\n\nThe enclosure is close to the elephant stables; it was thus named in a Persian memoir whose 19th-century translation was an early introduction to Hampi ruins for many.  The enclosure contains the Lotus Mahal, the latter being a two-storeyed pavilion in the royal centre. The Lotus Mahal combines a symmetrical, square, Hindu mandala design with lobed arches, vaults, and domes of the Indo-Islamic style. Its basement and pyramidal towers are based on Hindu temple architecture. Like almost all of the structures in Hampi's royal centre, this monument has no inscriptions nor epigraphs mentioning it and therefore dating it and establishing its function with evidence has been difficult. The Lotus Mahal and other structures in the Hampi urban core, however, were not built with Muslim patronage, unlike the tombs in the various Muslim quarters of the city. These buildings reflect the assimilative approach of the Vijayanagara Hindu rulers. Lotus Mahal looks like a syncretic, congested space and its purpose is unclear. Speculations include it being a council hall."}, {"Context": "Hampi Other Hindu temples and monuments", "Knowledge": "LOC Vitthala, LOC Talarighat, PER Rama - Sita, LOC Purandaradasa, PER Lakshmana, PER Bhima, LOC Raghunatha temple, LOC Matanga hill, PER Vishnu, LOC Uddana Virbhadra temple, PER Kali, PER Durga, PER Saraswati, LOC Chandrashekhara, LOC Hampi, PER Shiva, LOC Ganagitti Jain temple, LOC Malyavanta hill, PER Pandava, LOC Sugriva cave, LOC Vijayanagara, PER Ananthasayana Vishnu, LOC Tungabhadra River", "Response": "In the sacred centre near the southern banks of the Tungabhadra River and close to the Vitthala temple complex, are gateways and a monument now called the King's Balance. The latter is similar to those found at the entrances of South Indian Hindu temples for the tula-purush-d\u0101na or thulabharam ceremonies in which a person gives a gift by weight equal to, or greater than, their body weight.The Vijayanagara rulers built forts, fortified gateways and watchtowers after their dynasty was founded from the ruins of war and for security from repeated raids and invasion. Hindu-style corbelled arches are the most common gateways and watchtowers in Hampi. One such gateway is located south-east of Ganagitti Jain temple; it incorporate a central barbican wall designed to entrap and confuse a stranger aiming for a surprise, while frequent visitors knew the three changes of direction before the gateway. These functional Hindu monuments are identifiable by a legendary Hindu character incorporated into them, such as of Bhima of the Mahabharata's Pandava fame. Another such gate is found on the north-east road to Talarighat Hindu monument and the Vitthala temple.The Hampi site has over 1,600 surviving ruins\u2014mostly Hindu\u2014spread over a wide area. Other significant monuments include a temple near the octagonal bath for Saraswati, a Hindu goddess of knowledge and music; a temple in the suburbs for Ananthasayana Vishnu; an Uddana Virbhadra temple for Shiva and Vishnu; a shrine for Kali, the fierce form of Durga unusually shown holding a ball of rice and a ladle; an underground temple in the royal centre; a Sugriva cave temple; the Matanga hill monuments; the Purandaradasa temple dedicated to the scholar-musician famed for the Carnatic music tradition; the Chandrashekhara temple for Shiva near the Queen's bath monument; and the Malyavanta hill dedicated to Rama-Sita-Lakshmana and Shiva. The Malyavanta hill features several shrines including the Raghunatha temple and a row of Shiva lingas carved in stone."}, {"Context": "Hampi Jain monuments", "Knowledge": "LOC Hemkut, LOC Ratnantraykut, LOC Ganagitti, LOC Hampi, LOC Parsvanath Charan", "Response": "Reliefs of Jain temples at Hampi includes Hemkut Jain temples, Ratnantraykut, Parsvanath Charan and Ganagitti Jain temples. Most of the idols are now missing from these temples, which were built in the 14th century."}, {"Context": "Hampi Ganagitti temple complex", "Knowledge": "PER Harihara II, LOC Bhima, PER Jina, PER Tirthankara Kunthunatha, LOC Hampi, LOC Ganigitti Jain", "Response": "The Ganigitti Jain temple is near Bhima's gate in the south-east of the urban core section of Hampi. In front of it is a monolithic lamp pillar. The temple faced north; it is dated to 1385 CE, during the rule of Hindu king Harihara II, based on an inscription in the temple. It is dedicated to Tirthankara Kunthunatha and has plain walls, a pillared mandapa and a square sanctum from which the Jina's statue is missing. There are capitals on the pillars and the doorways have decoration. Over the sanctum is a Dravidian-style, narrowing square, pyramidal tower. Other monuments in the temple compound are in ruins."}, {"Context": "Hampi Other Jain temples and monuments", "Knowledge": "PER Parshvanatha Tirthankara, PER Shiva, PER Devaraya II, PER Mahavira", "Response": "A cluster of Jain 150 meters (160 yd) east of the elephant stables. One north-facing temple is dedicated to Parshvanatha Tirthankara. It was built by King Devaraya II and dates to 1426 CE, per an inscription in the temple. In front of the temple are two ruined temples; one of Shiva and the other dedicated to Mahavira. Jain Tirthankaras are also included in reliefs inside Hindu temples."}, {"Context": "Hampi Muslim monuments", "Knowledge": "LOC Vijayanagara, LOC Hampi", "Response": "The Hampi site includes a Muslim quarter with Islamic tombs, two mosques and a cemetery. These are neither in the sacred centre nor in the royal centre of the Hampi site. Some Muslim monuments are a part of the urban core while others are in the suburbs where most Vijayanagara residents lived. These are in the north-east valley of the urban core, where settlements of Hindus and Jains are also found. Much of this region is deeply silted and the soil conceals abandoned temples, roads, water tanks, gateways and residential quarters."}, {"Context": "Hampi Ahmad Khan mosque and tomb", "Knowledge": "LOC Anegondi, PER Ahmad Khan, PER Devaraya II, LOC Kamalapura, LOC Turuttu", "Response": "There is a Muslim monument in the south-east of the urban core on the road from Kamalapura to Anegondi, before Turuttu canal in the irrigated valley. This monument was first built in 1439 by Ahmad Khan, a Muslim officer in the army of Hindu king Devaraya II. The monuments include a mosque, an octagonal well, and a tomb. The mosque lacks a dome and is a pillared pavilion, while the tomb has a dome and arches. Other Muslim monuments and a graveyard were added later near the Ahmad Khan's legacy."}, {"Context": "Hampi Reception", "Knowledge": "PER Will Durant, PER Paes, PER Domingo Paes, PER Niccol\u00f2 de ' Conti, LOC Rome, PER Johansen, PER Sinopoli, PER Morrison, LOC Persia, LOC Vijayanagara Empire, LOC Vijayanagara, LOC Goa, PER Cesare Federici, LOC Bezeneger, PER Abdul Razzaq, PER Federici, LOC Tygres, LOC Hampi", "Response": "In the memoirs of Niccol\u00f2 de' Conti, an Italian merchant and traveller who visited Hampi about 1420, the city had an estimated circumference of 60 miles (97 km) and it enclosed agriculture and settlements in its fortifications. In 1442, Abdul Razzaq, who visited from Persia, described it as a city with seven layers of forts, with outer layers for agriculture, crafts and residence, the inner third to seventh layers very crowded with shops and bazaars (markets).In 1520, Domingo Paes, a Portuguese traveller, visited Vijayanagara as a part of trade contingent from Portuguese Goa. He wrote his memoir as Chronica dos reis de Bisnaga, in which he stated Vijayanagara was \"as large as Rome, and very beautiful to the sight ... the best provided city in the world\". According to Paes, \"there are many groves within it, in the gardens of the houses, many conduits of water which flow into the midst of it, and in places there are lakes ...\".Cesare Federici, an Italian merchant and traveller, visited a few decades after the 1565 defeat and collapse of the Vijayanagara Empire. According to Sinopoli, Johansen, and Morrison, Federici described it as a very different city. He wrote, \"the citie of Bezeneger (Hampi-Vijayanagara) is not altogether destroyed, yet the houses stand still, but emptie, and there is dwelling in them nothing, as is reported, but Tygres and other wild beasts\".The historian Will Durant, in his Our Oriental Heritage: The Story of Civilization recites the story of Vijayanagara and calls its conquest and destruction a discouraging tale. He writes, \"its evident moral is that civilization is a precarious thing, whose delicate complex of order and liberty, culture and peace\" may at any time be overthrown by war and ferocious violence."}, {"Context": "Hampi Bibliography", "Knowledge": "ORG University of Chicago Press, PER A. N. Longhurst, LOC Hindu Temple, PER James Lochtefeld, PER George Michell, PER Stella Kramrisch, PER Michell, LOC Karnataka, LOC Deccan, PER John M, ORG Motilal Banarsidass, ORG Bloomsbury Academic, LOC Hampi Vijayanagara, PER Adam Hardy, PER George, ORG Jaico, ORG Laurier Books Ltd, ORG University of California Press, PER David Kinsley, PER Fritz, LOC Hampi, LOC Cambridge, PER Richard M., PER Eaton, ORG Abhinav, PER Krupali Krusche, ORG Marg, PER T. S. Satyan, PER J. M. Fritz, PER S. Srinivasachar, PER Heather Elgood, ORG Cambridge University Press, LOC Vijayanagara, PER Vinayak Bharne, ORG Cambridge Scholars, ORG Rosen Publishing", "Response": "S.Srinivasachar, T.S.Satyan, Hampi : The fabled capital of the Vijayanagara Empire, (Directorate of Archaeology and Museums), Govt. of Karnataka, 1995\nVinayak Bharne; Krupali Krusche (2014). Rediscovering the Hindu Temple: The Sacred Architecture and Urbanism of India. Cambridge Scholars. ISBN 978-1-4438-6734-4.\nEaton, Richard M. (2006). A social history of the Deccan, 1300\u20131761: eight Indian lives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-71627-7.\nHeather Elgood (2000). Hinduism and the Religious Arts. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-0-304-70739-3.\nJ.M. Fritz; George Michell, eds. (2001). New Light on Hampi: Recent Research at Vijayanagara. Marg. ISBN 978-81-85026-53-4.\nFritz, John M; Michell, George (2016). Hampi Vijayanagara. Jaico. ISBN 978-81-8495-602-3.\nAdam Hardy (1995). Indian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation : the Kar\u1e47\u0101\u1e6da Dr\u0101vi\u1e0da Tradition, 7th to 13th Centuries. Abhinav. ISBN 978-81-7017-312-0.\nStella Kramrisch (1993). The Hindu Temple. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-0224-7.\nGeorge Michell (1977). The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-53230-1.\nGeorge Michell (1995). Architecture and Art of Southern India. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-44110-0.\nDavid Kinsley (1988). Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-90883-3.\nJames Lochtefeld (2002), The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 2: N\u2013Z, Rosen Publishing, ISBN 978-0-8239-2287-1\nA.N. Longhurst, Hampi Ruins Described and Illustrated, (Laurier Books Ltd., 1998) ISBN 81-206-0159-9\nMichael W. Meister; Madhusudan A. Dhaky (1996). Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture. American Institute of Indian Studies. ISBN 978-81-86526-00-2.\nAnila Verghese (2002). Hampi. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-565433-2.\nAnila Verghese (2000). Archaeology, Art and Religion: New Perspectives on Vijayanagara. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-564890-4.\nThe Ruins of Hampi:Travel Guide ISBN 81-7525-766-0\nKarnataka State Gazetteer 1983."}, {"Context": "Haridwar Introduction", "Knowledge": "PER Lord, ORG State Industrial Development Corporation of Uttarakhand, LOC Brahma Kund, LOC Nashik, LOC Kapilsthan, ORG BHEL, LOC Gangadwar, LOC Chota Char Dham, ORG Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited, LOC Sha, PER Garuda, LOC Haridwar, LOC Mayapuri, LOC Prayag, LOC Har ki Pauri, LOC Ganges, LOC Shiva, ORG SIDCUL, LOC India, LOC Shivalik, LOC Ujjain, LOC Uttarakhand", "Response": "Haridwar (; local pronunciation ; Old name Mayapuri) is a city and municipal corporation in the Haridwar district of Uttarakhand, India. With a population of 228,832 in 2011, it is the second-largest city in the state and the largest in the district.The city is situated on the right bank of the Ganges river, at the foothills of the Shivalik ranges. Haridwar is regarded as a holy place for Hindus, hosting important religious events and serving as a gateway to several prominent places of worship. Most significant of the events is the Kumbha Mela, which is celebrated every 12 years in Haridwar. During the Haridwar Kumbh Mela, millions of pilgrims, devotees, and tourists congregate in Haridwar to perform ritualistic bathing on the banks of the Ganges to wash away their sins to attain moksha.\nAccording to Puranic legend, Haridwar, along with Ujjain, Nashik, and Prayag, is one of four sites where drops of amrita, the elixir of immortality, accidentally spilled over from a kumbha (pitcher) while being carried by the celestial bird Garuda during the Samudra Manthana, or the churning of the ocean of milk. Brahma Kund, the spot where the amrita fell, is believed to be located at Har ki Pauri (literally, \"footsteps of the Lord\") and is considered to be the most sacred ghat of Haridwar. It is also the primary centre of the Kanwar pilgrimage, in which millions of participants gather sacred water from the Ganges and carry it across hundreds of miles to dispense as offerings in Shiva shrines. Today, the city is developing beyond its religious importance with the fast-developing industrial estate of the State Industrial Development Corporation of Uttarakhand (SIDCUL), and the close by township of Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL), as well as its affiliated ancillaries.\nHaridwar presents a kaleidoscope of Indian culture and development. In sacred writings, it has been differently specified as Kapilsthan, Gangadwar and Mayapuri. It is additionally a passage for the Chota Char Dham (the four principal pilgrim destinations in Uttarakhand). Subsequently, Shaivites (devotees of Shiva) and Vaishavites (devotees of Vishnu) call the city Hardwar and Haridwar, respectively, Har meaning Shiva and Hari, Vishnu."}, {"Context": "Haridwar Etymology", "Knowledge": "LOC River Ganga, LOC River Ganges, PER Samuel Prout, PER Letitia Elizabeth Landon, PER Vishnu, LOC Mount Kailash, LOC Gangetic Plain, LOC Gaumukh, LOC Haridwar, LOC Vishnu, PER Goddess Ganga, LOC Gangotri Glacier, LOC Hara, LOC Hurdwar, LOC Hardwar, PER Shiva, LOC Shiva, LOC Jyotirlinga, LOC Gangadw\u00e1ra, LOC Kedarnath, LOC Hari, LOC Badrinath, LOC Char Dham, LOC Gateway to", "Response": "The modern name of the town has two spellings: Haridwar and Hardwar. Each of these names has its own connotation.\nIn Sanskrit, the liturgical language of Hinduism, Hari means \"Vishnu\", while dwar means \"gateway\". So, Haridwar translates to \"The Gateway to  Vishnu\". It earns this name because it is typically the place where pilgrim's start their journey to visit a prominent temple of  Vishnu \u2013 Badrinath.\nSimilarly, Hara could also mean \"Shiva\". Hence, Hardwar could stand for \"Gateway to  Shiva\". Hardwar is also a typical place to start a pilgrim's journey in order to reach Mount Kailash, Kedarnath, the northernmost Jyotirlinga and one of the sites of the smaller Char Dham pilgrimage circuit \u2013 all important places for worship for Hindus.\nAccording to legend, it was in Haridwar that Goddess Ganga descended when Shiva released the mighty river from the locks of his hair. The River Ganga, after flowing for 253 kilometres (157 mi) from its source at Gaumukh at the edge of the Gangotri Glacier, enters the Gangetic Plain for the first time at Haridwar, which gave the city its ancient name, Gangadw\u00e1ra.\n\nIn the annotations to her poetical illustration Hurdwar, a Place of Hindoo Pilgrimage, Letitia Elizabeth Landon provides information on this name derivation, and also the story of the supposed origin of the 'River Ganges'. The accompanying plate is engraved from a painting by Samuel Prout"}, {"Context": "Haridwar History", "Knowledge": "LOC Kankhal, PER Dhaumya, PER Lopamudra, LOC Kushan Empire, LOC Gangadwar, LOC Mayapur, PER Vishnu, LOC Vidharba, PER Huan Tsang, PER Harshavardhan, PER Kapila, LOC Kapilasthana, PER Sagar, LOC Haridwar, PER Suryavanshi, PER Agastya Rishi, LOC Mayapuri, LOC Har Ki Pauri, PER Bhagiratha, LOC Hara, LOC Hardwar, PER Rama, LOC Ganges, PER Shiv, PER Shiva, LOC Kedarnath, LOC India, LOC Kapila, LOC Badrinath, LOC Char Dham, LOC Gangadwara, LOC Hari, PER Yudhishthira, LOC Mo, LOC Gangotri, LOC Uttarakhand, PER Haridwar, LOC Yamunotri, LOC Maurya Empire", "Response": "In the scriptures, Haridwar has been variously mentioned as Kapilasthana, Gangadwara and Mayapuri. It is also an entry point to the Char Dham (the four main centres of pilgrimage in Uttarakhand viz, Badrinath, Kedarnath, Gangotri, and Yamunotri), hence, Shaivaites (followers of  Shiva) and Vaishnavites (followers of  Vishnu) call this place Hardwar and Haridwar respectively, corresponding to Hara being Shiv and Hari being Vishnu.\n\nIn the Vanaparva of the Mahabharat, where sage Dhaumya tells Yudhishthira about the tirthas of India, Gangadwar, i.e., Haridwar and Kankhal, have been referred to, the text also mentions that Agastya Rishi did penance here, with the help of his wife, Lopamudra (the princess of Vidharba).Sage Kapila is said to have an ashram here giving it, its ancient name, Kapila or Kapilasthana.The legendary King, Bhagiratha, the great-grandson of the Suryavanshi King Sagar (an ancestor of Rama), is said to have brought the river Ganges down from heaven, through years of penance in Satya Yuga, for the salvation of 60,000 of his ancestors from the curse of the saint Kapila, a tradition continued by thousands of devout Hindus, who bring the ashes of their departed family members, in hope of their salvation.  Vishnu is said to have left his footprint on the stone that is set in the upper wall of Har Ki Pauri, where the Holy Ganges touches it at all times.\nHaridwar came under the rule of the Maurya Empire (322\u2013185 BCE), and later under the Kushan Empire (c. 1st\u20133rd centuries). Archaeological findings have proved that terra cotta culture dating between 1700 BCE and 1200 BCE existed in this region. First modern era written evidence of Haridwar is found in the accounts of a Chinese traveller, Huan Tsang, who visited India in 629 CE. during the reign of King Harshavardhan (590\u2013647) records Haridwar as 'Mo-yu-lo', the remains of which still exist at Mayapur, a little to the south of the modern town. Among the ruins are a fort and three temples, decorated with broken stone sculptures, he also mentions the presence of a temple, north of Mo-yu-lo called 'Gangadwara', Gateway of the Ganges.\n\nHaridwar came under the rule of the Delhi Sultanate in 1206.\nThe city also fell to the Central Asian conqueror Timur Lang (1336\u20131405) on 13 January 1399.During his visit to Haridwar, first Sikh Guru, Guru Nanak (1469\u20131539) bathed at 'Kushawart Ghat', wherein the famous, 'watering the crops' episode took place, his visit is today commemorated by a gurudwara (Gurudwara Nanakwara), according to two Sikh Janamsakhis, this visit took place on the Baisakhi day in 1504 CE, he later also visited Kankhal en route to Kotdwara in Garhwal. Pandas of the Haridwar have been known to keep genealogy records of most of the Hindu population. Known as Vahis, these records are updated on each visit to the city, and are a repository of vast family trees of the family in North India.In the 16th century, the city came under the rule of the Mughals. Ain-e-Akbari, written by Abul Fazal in the 16th century during the reign of Mughal Emperor Akbar, refers to it as Maya (Mayapur), known as Hardwar on the Ganges\", as seven sacred cities of Hindus. It further mentions it is eighteen kos (each approx. 2 km) in length, and large numbers of pilgrims assemble on the 10th of Chaitra. It also mentions that during his travels and also while at home, Mughal Emperor, Akbar drank water from the Ganges river, which he called 'the water of immortality'. Special people were stationed at Sorun and later Haridwar to dispatch water, in sealed jars, to wherever he was stationedDuring the Mughal period, there was mint for Akbar's copper coinage at Haridwar. It is said that Raja Man Singh of Amber, laid that foundation of the present-day city of Haridwar and also renovated the ghats at Har Ki Pauri. After his death, his ashes are also said to have been immersed at Brahma Kund. Thomas Coryat, an English traveller, who visited the city in the reign of Emperor Jahangir (1596\u20131627) mentions it as 'Haridwara', the capital of Shiva.Being one of the oldest living cities, Haridwar finds its mention in the ancient Hindu scriptures as it weaves through the life and time stretching from the period of the Buddha, to the more recent British advent. Haridwar has a rich and ancient religious and cultural heritage. It still has many old havelis and mansions bearing exquisite murals and intricate stonework.\nOne of the two major dams on the river Ganges, the Bhimgoda, is situated here. Built-in the 1840s, it diverts the waters of the Ganges to the Upper Ganges Canal, which irrigated the surrounding lands. Though this caused severe deterioration to the Ganges water flow, and is a major cause for the decay of the Ganges as an inland waterway, which till the 18th century was used heavily by the ships of the East India Company, and a town as high up as Tehri, was considered a port city The headworks of the Ganges Canal system is located in Haridwar. The Upper Ganges Canal was opened in 1854 after the work began in April 1842, prompted by the famine of 1837\u201338. The unique feature of the canal is the half-kilometre-long aqueduct over the Solani river at Roorkee, which raises the canal 25 m (82 ft) above the original river. \n\n'Haridwar Union Municipality' was constituted in 1868, which included the then villages of Mayapur and Kankhal. Haridwar was first connected with railways, via Laksar, through branch line in 1886, when the Awadh and Rohilakhand Railway line was extended through Roorkee to Saharanpur, this was later extended to Dehradun in 1900.In 1901, it had a population of 25,597 and was a part of the Roorkee tehsil, in Saharanpur district of the United Province, and remained so till the creation of Uttar Pradesh in 1947.Haridwar has been an abode of the weary in body, mind, and spirit. It has also been a centre of attraction for learning various arts, science, and culture. The city has a long-standing position as a great source of Ayurvedic medicines and herbal remedies and is home to the unique Gurukul (school of traditional education), including the Gurukul Kangri Vishwavidyalaya, which has a vast campus, and has been providing traditional education of its own kind, since 1902. Development of Haridwar took an upturn in the 1960s, with the setting up of a temple of modern civilisation, BHEL, a 'Maharatna PSU' in 1975, which brought along not just a its own township of BHEL, Ranipur, close to the existing Ranipur village, but also a set of ancillaries in the region. The University of Roorkee, now IIT Roorkee, is one of the oldest and most prestigious institutes of learning in the fields of science and engineering."}, {"Context": "Haridwar Geography and climate", "Knowledge": "LOC Pathri Rao, LOC Ravi Rao, LOC Begham Nadi, LOC South, LOC Rishikesh, LOC Harnaui Rao, LOC Ranipur Rao, LOC Ganges River, LOC Mohand Gate, LOC Rajaji, LOC Ranipur, LOC Motichur, LOC Ramgarh Gate, LOC Haridwar, LOC Chilla Gates, LOC Rajaji National Park, LOC Shivalik Hills, LOC Ganges, LOC Kunaon Gate, LOC Kotdwara, LOC Laldhang gate, LOC India, LOC Uttarakhand, LOC Dehradun", "Response": "The Ganges emerges from the mountains to touch the plains. The water in the river Ganges is mostly clear and generally cold, except in the rainy season, during which soil from the upper regions flows down into it.\nThe river Ganges flows in a series of channels separated from each other called aits, most of which are well wooded. Other minor seasonal streams are Ranipur Rao, Pathri Rao, Ravi Rao, Harnaui Rao, Begham Nadi etc. A large part of the district is forested, and Rajaji National Park is within the bounds of the district, making it an ideal destination for wildlife and adventure lovers. Rajaji is accessible through different gates; the Ramgarh Gate and Mohand Gate are within 25 km (16 mi) of Dehradun, while the Motichur, Ranipur and Chilla Gates are just about 9 km (5.6 mi) from Haridwar. Kunaon Gate is 6 km (3.7 mi) from Rishikesh, and Laldhang gate is 25 km (16 mi) from Kotdwara.\nHaridwar district, covering an area of about 2,360 km2 (910 sq mi), is in the southwestern part of Uttarakhand state of India.\nHaridwar is situated at a height of 314 m (1,030 ft) from the sea level, between Shivalik Hills in the North and Northeast and the Ganges River in the South."}, {"Context": "Haridwar Climate", "Knowledge": "", "Response": "Temperatures:\n\nSummers: 25 to 44 \u00b0C (77 to 111 \u00b0F)\nWinters: \u22121 to 24 \u00b0C (30 to 75 \u00b0F)"}, {"Context": "Haridwar Hindu genealogy registers at Haridwar", "Knowledge": "LOC Ganges, LOC Haridwar", "Response": "For centuries when Hindu ancestors visited the holy town of Haridwar for any purpose which may have been for pilgrimage purposes or/and for cremation of their dead or for immersion of ashes and bones of their kin after cremation into the waters of the holy Ganges as required by Hindu religious custom, it has been a custom to go to the Pandit who is in charge of one's family register and update the family's family tree with details of marriages, births, and deaths from ones extended joint family."}, {"Context": "Haridwar Demographics", "Knowledge": "LOC Haridwar", "Response": "As of 2011 India census, Haridwar district has population of 1,890,422 (2011). In 2001, the population was 1,447,187.Haridwar city has a 310,562 population (2011). Males constitute 54% of the population and females, 46%. Haridwar has an average literacy rate of 70%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 75%, and female literacy is 64%. In Haridwar, 12% of the population is under six years of age."}, {"Context": "Haridwar Religious sites", "Knowledge": "LOC Kankhal, LOC Mansa Devi Temple, LOC Ghat, LOC Kushawart, LOC Chandi Devi Temple, LOC Bilwa Tirtha, LOC Haridwar, LOC Har, LOC Neel Parvat, LOC Gangadwar", "Response": "\"Haridv\u0101re Ku\u015b\u0101varte Bilvake N\u012bla parvate\nsnatv\u0101 Kanakhale t\u012brth punarjanma na vidyate\"\n\nIn Hindu traditions, the 'Panch Tirth' (Five Pilgrimages) within Haridwar, are \"Gangadwar\" (Har ki Pauri), Kushawart (Ghat in Kankhal), Bilwa Tirtha (Mansa Devi Temple) and Neel Parvat (Chandi Devi Temple). There are several other temples and ashrams located in and around the city, a list of which can be found below. Also, alcohol and non-vegetarian food is not permitted in Haridwar."}, {"Context": "Haridwar Har Ki Pauri", "Knowledge": "PER God Hara, PER Shiva, LOC Ganga Canal, LOC Brahmakund, PER Goddess Ganga, PER Bhai Phota, LOC Har Ki Pauri, LOC Dussehra, LOC Diwali, PER Vikramaditya, LOC Bhai Phota, LOC Bhai Duj, LOC Ganga canal, PER Bharthari, LOC Haridwar, PER Bhai Duj, PER Dussera Maa Ganga, LOC Ganges", "Response": "This Ghat was constructed by King Vikramaditya (1st century BCE) in memory of his brother Bharthari. It is believed that Bharthari came to Haridwar and meditated on the banks of the holy Ganges. When he died, his brother constructed a Ghat in his name, which later came to be known as Har Ki Pauri. The most sacred ghat within Har Ki Pauri is Brahmakund. The evening prayer (Aarti) at dusk offered to Goddess Ganga at Har Ki Pauri (steps of God Hara or Shiva) is an enchanting experience for any visitor. A spectacle of sound and colour is seen when, after the ceremony, pilgrims float Diyas (floral floats with lamps) and incense on the river, commemorating their deceased ancestors. Thousands of people from all around the world do make a point to attend this prayer on their visit to Haridwar. A majority of present ghats were largely developed in the 1800s.\nOn the night of Dussehra or a few days before that, the Ganga Canal is dried in Haridwar to clean the riverbed. The water is restored on Diwali. It is believed that on Dussera Maa Ganga goes to her father's house and returns after Bhai Duj or Bhai Phota. It is for this reason that the waters in the Ganga canal in Haridwar are partially dried on the night of Dussehra and the waters are restored on the day of Bhai Duj or Bhai Phota."}, {"Context": "Haridwar Chandi Devi Temple", "Knowledge": "PER Chandi Devi, LOC Chandighat, PER Adi Shankaracharya, LOC Kashmir, PER Chandi, PER Nishumbha, PER Suchat Singh, PER Chanda - Munda, PER Shumbha, LOC Neel Parvat, LOC Ganges", "Response": "The temple is dedicated to Goddess Chandi, who sits atop the 'Neel Parvat' on the eastern bank of the river Ganges. It was constructed in 1929 CE by the king of Kashmir, Suchat Singh. Skanda Purana mentions a legend, in which Chanda-Munda, the Army Chief of a local Demon Kings Shumbha and Nishumbha were killed by goddess Chandi here, after which the place got the name, Chandi Devi. It is believed that the main statue was established by the Adi Shankaracharya in the 8th century CE. The temple is a 3 km (1.9 mi) trek from Chandighat and can also be reached through a ropeway."}, {"Context": "Haridwar Mansa Devi Temple", "Knowledge": "LOC Bilva Parvat, LOC Mansa, PER Mansa Devi", "Response": "The temple of Goddess Mansa Devi is situated at the top of the Bilva Parvat, literally means 'Goddess fulfilling desires'. Mansa is a tourist destination, Especially because of the mountain cable cars which offer city views. The main temple houses two idols of the Goddess, one with three mouths and five arms, while the other one has eight arms."}, {"Context": "Haridwar Maya Devi Temple", "Knowledge": "LOC Bhairav Temple, PER Sati, LOC Mayapuri, LOC Narayani Shila temple, PER Maya Devi, LOC Haridwar, PER Adhishthatri Devi, PER Patron Goddess", "Response": "Haridwar was previously known as Mayapuri which is because of the Goddess Maya Devi. Dating to the 11th century CE, this ancient temple of Maya Devi, the Adhishthatri Devi (Patron Goddess) of Haridwar, is considered one of the Siddhapithas and is said to be the place where the heart and navel of Goddess Sati had fallen. It is one of few ancient temples still standing in Haridwar, along with Narayani Shila temple and Bhairav Temple."}, {"Context": "Haridwar Makarvahini Temple", "Knowledge": "LOC Birla Ghat, PER Shankaracharya, PER Goddess Ganga, PER Shakumbhari, PER Jayandra Saraswati, LOC Kanchi Kamakoti, LOC Laltarao Pul", "Response": "Located close to the Birla Ghat, near Laltarao Pul is a temple dedicated to Goddess Ganga. This temple was established by Jayandra Saraswati, Shankaracharya of Kanchi Kamakoti, a few decades ago. The temple, built in South-Indian style, has a traditional custom of decorating the goddess with vegetables and dry fruits, giving her the title of Shakumbhari on Ashtami Pooja, the eighth day of Navratri."}, {"Context": "Haridwar Kankhal", "Knowledge": "LOC Kankhal, PER Shiva, LOC Daksheshwar Mahadev Temple, LOC Daksha Mahadev, PER Sati, LOC Sati Kund, PER Daksha, PER Daksha Prajapati, PER Dakshayani, PER Virabhadra", "Response": "The ancient temple of Daksha Mahadev also known as Daksheshwar Mahadev Temple has situated in the south Kankhal town. According to Hindu texts, King Daksha Prajapati, father of Dakshayani,  Shiva's first wife, performed a yag\u00f1a, to which he deliberately did not invite  Shiva. When she arrived uninvited, he was further insulted by the king, seeing which Sati felt infuriated and self-immolated herself in the yagna kund. King Daksha was later killed by Virabhadra, born out of Shiva's anger. Later the king was brought to life and given a goat's head by Shiva. Daksha Mahadev temple is a tribute to this legend.\nSati Kund, another historical heritage is situated in the Kankhal. Legend has it that Sati immolated herself in this kund."}, {"Context": "Haridwar Bharat Mata Mandir", "Knowledge": "PER Mother India, LOC Samanvaya Ashram, LOC Indore, PER Anusuya, LOC Jabalpur, LOC Jodhpur, PER Maitreyi, ORG -, ORG Sapta, PER Vishnu, LOC Matri Mandir, PER Mira, ORG Acharya Shree, LOC Bharat Mata Mandir, ORG Swami Satyamitranand, PER Gargi, PER Indira Gandhi, LOC Shur Mandir, PER Draupadi, LOC Haridwar, LOC Sarovar, LOC Sant Mandir, PER Mahamandaleshwar Swami Avdheshanand Giri Ji Maharaj, PER Savitri, LOC Renukut, LOC Ganges, PER Radha, PER Shiva, LOC Himalayas, LOC India, ORG The Junapeethadheesh, PER Bharat Mata, PER Shankaracharya Maha, PER Ahilya, PER Mandleshwar Swami Satyamitranand Giri Maharaj, LOC Ahmedabad", "Response": "Bharat Mata Mandir is a multi-storey temple dedicated to Bharat Mata (Mother India). Bharat Mata Mandir was inaugurated on 15 May 1983 by Indira Gandhi on the banks of the river Ganges. It is situated adjacent to the Samanvaya Ashram, and stands eight stories tall to a height of 180 feet (55 m). Each floor depicts an era in the Indian history, from the days of Ramayana until India's independence.\nOn the first floor is the statue of Bharat Mata. The second floor, Shur Mandir, is dedicated to the well-renowned heroes of India. The third floor Matri Mandir is dedicated to the achievements of India's revered women, such as Radha, Mira, Savitri, Draupadi, Ahilya, Anusuya, Maitreyi, Gargi etc. The great saints from various religions, including Jainism, Sikhism, and Buddhism are featured on the fourth floor Sant Mandir. The assembly hall with walls depicting symbolic coexistence of all religions practised in India and paintings portraying history in various provinces is situated on the fifth floor. The various forms of the Goddess Shakti can be seen on the sixth floor, whilst the seventh floor is devoted to all incarnations of  Vishnu. The eighth floor holds the shrine of  Shiva from which devotees can gain a view of Himalayas, Haridwar, and the campus of Sapta Sarovar.The temple was built under the former Shankaracharya Maha-Mandleshwar Swami Satyamitranand Giri Maharaj.  Since the inception of the Swami Satyamitranand foundation in 1998, several other branches have been opened, namely in Renukut, Jabalpur, Jodhpur, Indore, and Ahmedabad. It is presently under The Junapeethadheesh, Acharya Shree Mahamandaleshwar Swami Avdheshanand Giri Ji Maharaj."}, {"Context": "Haridwar Piran Kaliyar", "Knowledge": "ORG Chishti Order, PER Sarkar Sabir Pak, LOC Roorkee, PER Ibrahim Lodhi, PER Hazrat Alauddin Sabir Kaliyari, LOC Kaliyar, LOC Delhi, LOC Piran Kaliyar Sharif", "Response": "Piran Kaliyar Sharif, built by Ibrahim Lodhi, a ruler of Delhi, this 'Dargah' of Hazrat Alauddin Sabir Kaliyari, a 13th-century, Sufi Saint of Chishti Order (also known as Sarkar Sabir Pak), in Kaliyar village, 7 km (4.3 mi). from Roorkee, is visited by devotees from all over the world, during the annual 'Urs' festival, which is celebrated from 1st day of sighting the moon to 16th day of Rabi al-awwal month, in the Islamic calendar."}, {"Context": "Haridwar Neel Dhara Pakshi Vihar", "Knowledge": "LOC Bhimgoda Barrage, LOC Har - Ki - Pauri Ghat, LOC Haridwar Junction Railway Station, LOC Ganges River, LOC Laljiwala, LOC Shivalik Hills, LOC Neel Dhara Pakshi Vihar, LOC Haridwar", "Response": "At a distance of 3.5 km (2.2 mi) from Haridwar Junction Railway Station, Neel Dhara Pakshi Vihar is a bird-watching point situated at the Bhimgoda Barrage of Haridwar and has rich flora and fauna. The Bhimgoda Barrage is on the Ganges River near Har-Ki-Pauri Ghat. The barrage was originally built to aid irrigation but it also generates hydro-electric power and controls floods. The area behind the barrage is known as Neel Dhara Pakshi Vihar. The place is popular among bird-loving tourists. The place is known for Siberian Cranes that can be spotted during the winter months at Laljiwala. In addition, the place is also a natural habitat of different species of migratory birds. Not only avid bird watchers, but the spot also welcomes a number of nature lovers and trekkers. Also, the spot of Neel Dhara Pakshi Vihar is visited by trekkers as it is situated close to many trekking routes in Haridwar. Visitors can also see the Shivalik Hills from the bird watching point and enjoy the sight of the snow-covered mountains which makes it to the top list of tourist attractions in Haridwar."}, {"Context": "Haridwar Other temples and ashrams", "Knowledge": "LOC Kankhal, PER Atri, LOC Pawan Dham, LOC Ganges River, LOC Bharadwaja, PER Vashisht, PER Sita, PER Vishnu, LOC Parad Shivalinga, LOC Rudraksha, LOC Harihar Ashram, LOC Shravan Nath Nagar, LOC Haridwar, LOC Dudhadhari Barfani Baba, LOC Jamadagi, LOC Tirupati Balaji Mandir, LOC Ganga, LOC Rajaji National Park, LOC Har Ki Pauri, LOC Vishwamitra, LOC Mercury, PER Hanumana, LOC Sureshvari Devi Temple, LOC Saptrishi Ashram, PER Guru Goswami Dutt, PER Ramanand, PER Ramanand Sampraday, LOC Sapt Rishi Ashram, PER Rama, LOC Ganges, PER Sureshwari, PER Shiva, PER Gautam, PER Kashyapa, LOC Dudhadhari Barfani Temple, LOC Hari, LOC Sapt Sarovar, LOC Ashram, LOC Uttarakhand", "Response": "Dudhadhari Barfani Temple, part of the ashram of Dudhadhari Barfani Baba, was constructed from shining white marble and honours Rama-Sita and Hanumana.Sureshvari Devi Temple, a temple dedicated to the goddess Sureshwari, is situated in the middle of Rajaji National Park, and thus is only accessible with permission from forest rangers. Pawan Dham is a modern temple made entirely of glass pieces, which is now a tourist destination.\nOne of the most sacred temples in Haridwar is Tirupati Balaji Mandir. The temple, which is built in the Dravidian architectural style, is located 4.5 km (2.8 mi) away from Har Ki Pauri. It is a major pilgrimage centre of Haridwar in Uttarakhand. The image of the temple deity represents both  Vishnu and  Shiva ( Vishnu is considered as the preserver whereas  Shiva is considered as the destroyer in Hindu religion).\n\nSapt Rishi Ashram at Sapt Sarovar, near the bank of the Ganga, is a meditation and yoga centre. The Ashram, established in 1943 by Guru Goswami Dutt, provides lodging, meals and free education for poor kids. Sapt Rishi Ashram, as its name would suggest, was the place where seven sages, namely Kashyapa, Vashisht, Atri, Vishwamitra, Jamadagi, Bharadwaja and Gautam, meditated. As per the mythological records, when all the sages were meditating, they were disturbed by the gushing sound of river Ganges. Annoyed and irritated due to sound, all seven of them were trapped in the flow of the river. Later, Ganges River splits into seven water streams so there is less noise. Those seven river streams are now known as Sapt Sarovar, and the point where the seven sages meditated is called as Saptrishi Ashram.\nIn the Harihar Ashram, Kankhal, the Parad Shivalinga (Mercury Shivalinga) weighing about 150  kg and a Rudraksha tree are the main attractions for pilgrims and tourists. The Ramanand Ashram, situated in the Shravan Nath Nagar district near the railway station, is the main ashram of Ramanand Sampraday in Haridwar. The Uma Maheswar Sanyas Ashram lies on the banks of the Ganga, in Bairagi Camp; while the Anandamayi Maa Ashram is located in Kankhal, one of five sub-cities of Haridwar, and houses the samadhi shrine of Sri Anandamoyi Ma (1896\u20131982), a noted saint of India. Shantikunj is the headquarters of the spiritual and social organisation All World Gayatri Pariwar (AWGP) established by Pandit Shriram Sharma Acharya. Located six km (3.7 mi) from Haridwar railway station, at the bank of the Ganges and under the Shivalik Himalayas, it is a place of attraction for tourists as well as seekers of spiritual guidance.\n\nThe Shri Chintamani Parshwnath Jain Shwetambar Mandir was built in 1990 by Jain saint Shri Padam Sagar Suri. This temple is built by Jaisalmer stone in Jain architectural style. Moolnayak of this temple is a black coloured idol of Chintamani Parshwnath Bhagwan in Padmasan posture. Idols of Shri Parshv Yaksha and Mata Padmawati on both sides of the main idol. There is also an idol of Rishabhanatha made up of white marble. There is small temple of Shri Ghantakaran Mahavir Ji and charan-paduka's (foot imprints) near this temple. The temple also has a dharmshala for accommodation of around 1000 pilgrims at a time.\n\nThe Patanjali Yogpeeth is situated in Haridwar-Delhi Highway. This is a yoga institution and research centre of Swami Ramdev. Every day thousands of people come here for yoga and other purposes. The Ramakrishna Math and Ramakrishna Mission Sevashrama is a branch of the worldwide Ramakrishna Movement. The Mission centre was founded in 1901, and the Math centre was started in 1980. The Math centre conducts daily worship and bhajans, and fortnightly Ramnam Sankirtan."}, {"Context": "Haridwar Seven holy places (Sapta Puri)", "Knowledge": "LOC Dwaraka, LOC Varanasi, LOC Avantika, LOC Mathura, LOC India, LOC Puri, LOC Kasi, LOC Kanchi, PER Moksha, LOC K\u1e63etra, LOC Maya, LOC Ayodhya, LOC Haridwar", "Response": "\"Ayodhy\u0101 Mathur\u0101 M\u0101y\u0101 K\u0101\u015b\u012b K\u0101\u00f1c\u012b Avantik\u0101 \nPur\u012b Dv\u0101r\u0101vat\u012b caiva saptait\u0101 mok\u1e63ad\u0101yik\u0101\u1e25\" \u2013 Garu\u1e0da Pur\u0101\u1e47a I XVI .14\nAyodhya, Mathura, Haridwar, Kasi, Kanchi, Avantika and Dwaraka are the seven holy places.Note the use of the puranic name 'Maya' for Haridwar. As also the inter-change usage of Puri and Dwaraka.\nThe Garu\u1e0da Pur\u0101\u1e47a enumerates seven cities as the giver of Moksha. Haridwar is said to be one of the seven most holy Hindu places (=K\u1e63etra) in India, with Varanasi usually considered the holiest. A K\u1e63etra is sacred ground, a field of active power, a place where Moksha, final release can be obtained."}, {"Context": "Haridwar Unipolaris Academy", "Knowledge": "ORG Edtech, LOC Haridwar", "Response": "An Edtech startup in Haridwar providing live online classes through visualization techniques."}, {"Context": "Haridwar Acharyakulam", "Knowledge": "LOC Delhi, ORG Patanjali, LOC Haridwar", "Response": "situated in Haridwar- Delhi highway it is the part of Patanjali group.  This is residential institution."}, {"Context": "Haridwar Gurukul Kangri University", "Knowledge": "LOC Kankhal, PER Swami Shraddhananda, ORG Gurukul Kangri University, PER Mahatma Gandhi, LOC India, ORG Arya Samaj, LOC Archaeological Museum, PER Swami Dayananda Saraswati, LOC Indus Valley, ORG British Trade Union, PER Charles Freer Andrews, PER Ramsay MacDonald, LOC Ganges", "Response": "Situated in Kankhal, at the banks of the river Ganges, Gurukul Kangri University is one of the oldest Universities of India, it was founded in 1902 by Swami Shraddhananda (1856\u20131926), according to the tenets of Swami Dayananda Saraswati, the founder of Arya Samaj. It has also been visited by British Trade Union leader Charles Freer Andrews and British prime minister, Ramsay MacDonald, to study the unique Gurukul based education system. Here Ancient Vedic and Sanskrit literature, Ayurveda, Philosophy are part of the curriculum besides Modern Sciences and Journalism. Its 'Archaeological Museum', (established 1945) houses some rare statues, coins, paintings, manuscripts, and artefacts, starting from Indus Valley civilisation culture (c. 2500\u20131500 BCE). Mahatma Gandhi visited the campus three times, and stayed in its sprawling and serene campus for extended periods of time, most notably during the 1915 Kumbh mela, followed by a visit in 1916, when on 20 March, he spoke at Gurukul Anniversary."}, {"Context": "Haridwar Dev Sanskriti Vishwavidyalaya", "Knowledge": "ORG All World Gayatri Pariwar, LOC Shantikunj, ORG Dev Sanskriti Vishwavidyalaya, ORG Shri Vedmata Gayatri Trust, LOC Uttarakhand, LOC Haridwar", "Response": "Dev Sanskriti Vishwavidyalaya was established in 2002 by the act of the Uttarakhand Government is a fully residential university. Run by Shri Vedmata Gayatri Trust, Shantikunj, Haridwar (headquarters of All World Gayatri Pariwar), it provides various degree, diploma and certificate courses in areas like Yogic Science, Alternative Therapy, Indian Culture, Tourism, Rural Management, Theology, Spiritual Counseling, etc. It also provides courses through distance learning."}, {"Context": "Haridwar Uttarakhand Sanskrit University", "Knowledge": "ORG Government of Uttarakhand", "Response": "Set up by the Government of Uttarakhand, the university is dedicated to studies of ancient Sanskrit scriptures and books. It also has a curriculum covering ancient Hindu rituals, culture, and tradition, and boasts of a building inspired by ancient Hindu architecture style."}, {"Context": "Haridwar Chinmaya Degree College", "Knowledge": "LOC Shivalik Nagar, LOC Haridwar", "Response": "Situated in Shivalik Nagar, 10 km (6.2 mi) from Haridwar city. one of the science colleges in Haridwar."}, {"Context": "Haridwar HEC PG College", "Knowledge": "LOC Tehri Garhwal, ORG Sri Nagar, LOC Garhwal, ORG HNB Garhwal University, ORG Sri Dev Suman Uttarakhand University, ORG HEC College, LOC Badshahithol", "Response": "It was established in the year 2002. HEC College provides Undergraduate, Postgraduate, PG diploma courses. The courses are in the field of commerce, Management, Science, Lib. Science and Arts and it is affiliated to HNB Garhwal University, Sri Nagar, Garhwal, and Sri Dev Suman Uttarakhand University, Badshahithol, Tehri Garhwal."}, {"Context": "Haridwar Sheel Institute", "Knowledge": "LOC Shivalik Nagar, LOC Haridwar", "Response": "Situated in Shivalik Nagar, 10 km (6.2 mi) from Haridwar city. one of the Best Computer Institute in Haridwar."}, {"Context": "Haridwar Other colleges", "Knowledge": "ORG Rishikul State Ayurvedic College, ORG Gurukul Ayurvedic College, ORG State Ayurvedic College, LOC Haridwar", "Response": "There are two State Ayurvedic College & Hospital in Haridwar, one is Rishikul State Ayurvedic College (has PG level courses) and the other is Gurukul Ayurvedic College."}, {"Context": "Haridwar Other schools", "Knowledge": "LOC Jagjeetpur, ORG Delhi Public School, ORG DAV Central Public School, ORG ., ORG Kendriya Vidyalaya, PER H. E. L. Haridwar, PER B, LOC Haridwar", "Response": "Delhi Public School, Haridwar\nKendriya Vidyalaya, B.H.E.L. Haridwar\nDAV Central Public School, Jagjeetpur"}, {"Context": "Haridwar Important areas within the city", "Knowledge": "ORG Central Foundry Forge Plant, ORG State Industrial Development Corporation of Uttarakhand, ORG Heavy Electricals Equipment Plant, ORG Public Sector, LOC Mahindra, LOC Khedli, LOC Delhi - Hardwar National Highway, PER Rana Pratap, LOC Upper Ganges Canal, LOC Kisanpur Rohalki, LOC Mewar, ORG CFFP, ORG Havells, LOC Salempur, ORG B. H. E. L., ORG Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited, LOC Delhi National Highway, LOC Alipur, PER Mohammed Pura, ORG ITC, ORG Mahindra, ORG Kirby, LOC Ranipur Township, LOC Haridwar, LOC Atmalpur Bongla, LOC Bhimgoda Barrage, LOC Sitapur, ORG PSU, ORG Maharatna Public Sector, LOC Jwalapur, ORG SIDCUL, ORG Dabur, LOC Pathri, PER Sisodias, LOC BHEL Township, LOC Mehta, ORG HEEP, ORG Hindustan Unilever Limited, LOC Bahadrabad", "Response": "B.H.E.L., Ranipur Township\nThe campus of Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited, a Maharatna Public Sector Undertaking (PSU) is spread across an area of 12 km2 (4.6 sq mi). The main factory consists of two divisions: the Heavy Electricals Equipment Plant (HEEP), and the Central Foundry Forge Plant (CFFP). Together they employ over 8000 skilled employees. The campus is divided into six sectors providing excellent residential, schooling and medical facilities.\nBahadrabad \u2013 7 km (4.3 mi)\nIt is located on the Haridwar\u2013Delhi National Highway at a distance of 7 km (4.3 mi) from Haridwar. Close by, in village Pathri, lies the Bhimgoda Barrage built on the Upper Ganges Canal in 1955. It also has a block development office responsible for many developed villages (e.g. Khedli, Kisanpur Rohalki, Atmalpur Bongla, Sitapur, Alipur, Salempur).\nSIDCUL \u2013 5 km (3.1 mi)\nA massive industrial area, spread over 2,034 acres (823 ha), developed by State Industrial Development Corporation of Uttarakhand (SIDCUL), a state government body. With the arrival of big enterprises like ITC, Hindustan Unilever Limited, Dabur, Mahindra & Mahindra, Havells and Kirby, SIDCUL is set to develop into another industrial township within the city. three km (1.9 mi) away from the Delhi-Hardwar National Highway, SIDCUL lies adjacent to the BHEL Township, an important Public Sector township.\nJwalapur\nAn old part of the city, Jwalapur is the financial and industrial capital of the city, and now an important trading and shopping centre for the locals. The town dates back to 1700 CE. This town was called Mohammed Pura and ruled by a local Muslim ruler. In the early 1600s the family of Sisodias from Mewar, descendants of Rana Pratap, fleeing from the Mughal invasion, came to settle on the outskirts of Haridwar. The families lived quietly for almost a generation to avoid detection. Local people renamed their surname to Mehta. It is firmly believed that in early 1700 the Mehtas dislodged the Muslim ruler and renamed the town as Jwalapur. This family subsequently settled in Jwalapur itself and intermarried with the local population.\nCheela Dam\nA good picnic spot with a dam and a man-made lake nearby. Elephants and other wild animals may be spotted.\nShivalik Nagar\nOne of the newest and biggest residential areas of Haridwar. It is divided into various clusters. It was originally developed as a residential colony for BHEL employees, but with the advent of SIDCUL, population and financial activity has grown rapidly in the area due to its proximity."}, {"Context": "Haridwar Transport", "Knowledge": "LOC Haridwar", "Response": "Haridwar is headquarters of Haridwar district and it has good connectivity with the other towns of the district and the state."}, {"Context": "Haridwar Road", "Knowledge": "LOC Kichha, LOC Mana Pass, LOC National, LOC Roorkee, LOC Kashipur, LOC National Highway, LOC Ghaziabad, LOC Badrinath, LOC Meerut, LOC Pilibhit, LOC Delhi, LOC Muzzafarnagar, LOC Nagina, LOC Bareilly, LOC Haridwar", "Response": "National Highway 58, between Delhi and Mana Pass passes through Haridwar connecting it with Ghaziabad, Meerut, Muzzafarnagar, Roorkee and Badrinath and National Highway 74 originating from Haridwar connects it with Kashipur, Kichha, Nagina, Pilibhit and Bareilly. Haridwar is well connected to all major cities by bus. Buses from Delhi to Haridwar are available daily, more than 150 buses are available."}, {"Context": "Haridwar Rail", "Knowledge": "LOC Indore, ORG Northern Railway, LOC Muzaffarpur, LOC Allahabad, LOC Itarsi, LOC Gorakhpur, LOC Jodhpur, LOC Delhi, LOC Patna, ORG Indian Railways, LOC Mumbai, LOC Bareilly, LOC Varanasi, LOC Puri, LOC Lucknow, LOC Haridwar, LOC Bhopal, LOC Khandwa, LOC Chennai, LOC Kolkata, LOC Gaya, LOC India, LOC Jaipur, LOC Haridwar Railway Station, LOC Madgaon, LOC Ahmedabad, LOC Ujjain, LOC Central India, LOC Thiruvananthapuram", "Response": "The Haridwar Railway Station located in Haridwar is under the control of the Northern Railway zone of the Indian Railways. It has direct links the major cities of India such as Kolkata, Delhi, Mumbai, Thiruvananthapuram, Chennai,Gorakhpur, Muzaffarpur, Madgaon, Jaipur, Jodhpur, Ahmedabad, Patna, Gaya, Varanasi, Allahabad, Bareilly, Lucknow, Puri, and major cities of Central India namely Bhopal, Ujjain, Indore, Khandwa, Itarsi."}, {"Context": "Haridwar Air", "Knowledge": "LOC Indira Gandhi International Airport, LOC Jolly Grant Airport, LOC New Delhi, LOC Dehradun, LOC Haridwar", "Response": "The nearest domestic airport is Jolly Grant Airport in Dehradun which is located 35 km (22 mi) from Haridwar. Indira Gandhi International Airport in New Delhi is the nearest International Airport which is located 220 km (140 mi) from Haridwar."}, {"Context": "Haridwar Industry", "Knowledge": "ORG SIIDCUL, ORG PSU, ORG Integrated Industrial Estate, LOC Uttarakhand, ORG BHEL, LOC Haridwar", "Response": "Haridwar is rapidly developing as an important industrial township of Uttarakhand since the state government agency, SIIDCUL established in 2002, set up the Integrated Industrial Estate in a district attracting many important industrial houses which are setting up manufacturing facilities in the area. According to list of allottee provided by SIIDCUL, the industrial estate is home to over 650 companies currently.Haridwar has an industrial area situated at the bypass road, comprising mainly ancillary units to PSU, BHEL, which was established here in 1964 and currently employs over 8000 people."}, {"Context": "Haridwar In Art and Literature", "Knowledge": "PER Letitia Elizabeth Landon, LOC Hurdwar, PER Fisher, PER William Purser", "Response": "Besides Hurdwar, a Place of Hindoo Pilgrimage referred to above, an engraving of a painting entitled  Hurdwar, The Gate of Hari or Vishnou. by William Purser with a poetical illustration by Letitia Elizabeth Landon was published in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1838."}, {"Context": "Hyderabad Introduction", "Knowledge": "PER Rashtrapati Nilayam, LOC Hussain Sagar, ORG British Residency, LOC Asaf Jahi, PER Qutb, LOC Deccan, LOC Hyderabad, LOC Southern India, LOC Deccan Plateau, ORG Indian Union, LOC Andhra Pradesh, PER Asaf Jahi, LOC Musi River, LOC Charminar, LOC Golconda, LOC Hyderabad State, LOC Telangana, PER Asaf Jah I, LOC India, PER Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah", "Response": "Hyderabad ( (listen) HY-d\u0259r-\u0259-bad; Telugu: [\u02c8\u0266a\u026a\u032fdara\u02d0ba\u02d0d], Urdu: [\u02c8\u0266\u025b\u02d0d\u0259\u027ea\u02d0ba\u02d0d]) is the capital and largest city of the Indian state of Telangana and the de jure capital of Andhra Pradesh. It occupies 650 km2 (250 sq mi) on the Deccan Plateau along the banks of the Musi River, in the northern part of Southern India. With an average altitude of 542 m (1,778 ft), much of Hyderabad is situated on hilly terrain around artificial lakes, including the Hussain Sagar lake, predating the city's founding, in the north of the city centre. According to the 2011 Census of India, Hyderabad is the fourth-most populous city in India with a population of 6.9 million residents within the city limits, and has a population of 9.7 million residents in the metropolitan region, making it the sixth-most populous metropolitan area in India. With an output of US$74 billion, Hyderabad has the fifth-largest urban economy in India.\nMuhammad Quli Qutb Shah established Hyderabad in 1591 to extend the capital beyond the fortified Golconda. In 1687, the city was annexed by the Mughals. In 1724, Asaf Jah I, the Mughal viceroy, declared his sovereignty and founded the Asaf Jahi dynasty, also known as the Nizams. Hyderabad served as the imperial capital of the Asaf Jahi's from 1769 to 1948. As capital of the princely state of Hyderabad, the city housed the British Residency and cantonment until Indian independence in 1947. Hyderabad was annexed by the Indian Union in 1948 and continued as a capital of Hyderabad State from 1948 to 1956. After the introduction of the States Reorganisation Act of 1956, Hyderabad was made the capital of the newly formed Andhra Pradesh. In 2014, Andhra Pradesh was split to form the state of Telangana, and Hyderabad became the joint capital of the two states with a transitional arrangement scheduled to end in 2024. Since 1956, the city has housed the Rashtrapati Nilayam, the winter office of the president of India.\nRelics of the Qutb Shahi and Nizam eras remain visible today; the Charminar has come to symbolise the city. By the end of the early modern era, the Mughal Empire had declined in the Deccan, and the Nizam's patronage attracted men of letters from various parts of the world. A distinctive culture arose from the amalgamation of local and migrated artisans, with Painting, handicraft, jewellery, literature, dialect and clothing are prominent still today. Through its cuisine, the city is listed as a creative city of gastronomy by UNESCO. The Telugu film industry based in the city was the country's second-largest producer of motion pictures as of 2012.\nUntil the 19th century Hyderabad was known for the pearl industry and was nicknamed the \"City of Pearls\", and was the only trading centre for Golconda diamonds in the world. Many of the city's historical and traditional bazaars remain open. Hyderabad's central location between the Deccan Plateau and the Western Ghats, and industrialisation throughout the 20th century attracted major Indian research, manufacturing, educational and financial institutions. Since the 1990s, the city has emerged as an Indian hub of pharmaceuticals and biotechnology. The formation of the special economic zones of Hardware Park and HITEC City, dedicated to information technology, has encouraged leading multinationals to set up operations in Hyderabad."}, {"Context": "Hyderabad Toponymy", "Knowledge": "PER Ali Ibn Abi Talib, PER Th\u00e9venot, LOC Bhagya - nagar, PER Bhagmati, PER Poser, LOC Bhagnagar, LOC Hyderabad, LOC Haydar, PER Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, LOC Hyder Mahal", "Response": "The name Hyderabad means \"Haydar's city\" or \"lion city\", from haydar 'lion' and \u0101b\u0101d 'city', after Caliph Ali Ibn Abi Talib, also known as Haydar because of his lion-like valour in battle.The city was originally called Bhagnagar (\"fortunate city\" or \"city of gardens\"), and later acquired the name Hyderabad. The European travellers von Poser and Th\u00e9venot found both names in use in the 17th century.One popular legend suggests that the founder of the city, Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, named it Bhagya-nagar after Bhagmati, a local nautch (dancing) girl whom he married. She converted to Islam and adopted the title Hyder Mahal. The city would have been named Hyderabad in her honour."}, {"Context": "Hyderabad Early and medieval history", "Knowledge": "LOC Delhi Sultanate, ORG Nizam, LOC Delhi, PER Ganapatideva, PER Tughluq, LOC Warangal, PER Ala - ud - Din Bahman Shah, PER Tughlaq, LOC Delhi sultanate, PER Alauddin Khalji, LOC Golconda Fort, LOC Kakatiya, PER Chalukya, LOC Hyderabad, LOC Chalukya, PER Musunuri Nayakas, LOC Bahmani Sultanate, LOC Deccan Plateau, PER Bahmani Sultan, ORG Tughlaq dynasty, PER Philip Meadows Taylor, PER Khalji, PER Muhammad bin Tughluq, LOC Golconda, PER Bahmani, PER Kakatiya, ORG Kakatiya, PER Malik Maqbul Tilangani, LOC Bahmani, LOC Gulbarga, LOC Kollur, PER Khaljis", "Response": "The discovery of Megalithic burial sites and cairn circles in the suburbs of Hyderabad, in 1851 by Philip Meadows Taylor, a polymath in the service of the Nizam, had provided evidence that the region in which the city stands has been inhabited from the Stone Age. Archaeologists excavating near the city have unearthed Iron Age sites that may date from 500 BCE. The region comprising modern Hyderabad and its surroundings was ruled by the Chalukya dynasty from 624 CE to 1075 CE. Following the dissolution of the Chalukya empire into four parts in the 11th century, Golconda\u2014now part of Hyderabad\u2014came under the control of the Kakatiya dynasty from 1158, whose seat of power was at Warangal\u2014148 km (92 mi) northeast of modern Hyderabad. The Kakatiya ruler Ganapatideva 1199\u20131262 built a hilltop outpost\u2014later known as Golconda Fort\u2014to defend their western region.\n\nThe Kakatiya dynasty was reduced to a vassal of the Khalji dynasty in 1310 after its defeat by Sultan Alauddin Khalji of the Delhi Sultanate. This lasted until 1323, when the Kakatiya dynasty was annexed by Tughlaq dynasty, the successor to the Khaljis. During this period, Alauddin Khalji took the Koh-i-Noor diamond, which is said to have been mined from the Kollur Mines of Golconda, to Delhi. Muhammad bin Tughluq succeeded to the Delhi sultanate in 1325, bringing Warangal under the rule of the Tughlaq dynasty, Malik Maqbul Tilangani was appointed its governor. In 1336 the regional chieftains Musunuri Nayakas\u2014who revolted against the Delhi sultanate in 1333\u2014took Warangal under their direct control and declared it as their capital. In 1347 when Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah, a governor under bin Tughluq, rebelled against Delhi and established the Bahmani Sultanate in the Deccan Plateau, with Gulbarga\u2014200 km (124 mi) west of Hyderabad\u2014as its capital, both the neighboring rulers Musunuri Nayakas of Warangal and Bahmani Sultans of Gulbarga engaged in many wars until 1364\u201365 when a peace treaty was signed and the Musunuri Nayakas ceded Golconda Fort to the Bahmani Sultan. The Bahmani Sultans ruled the region until 1518 and were the first independent Muslim rulers of the Deccan.In 1496 Sultan Quli was appointed as a Bahmani governor of Telangana, he rebuilt, expanded and fortified the old mud-fort of Golconda and named the city \"Muhammad nagar\". In 1518, he revolted against the Bahmani Sultanate and established the Qutb Shahi dynasty. The fifth Qutb Shahi sultan, Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, established Hyderabad on the banks of the Musi River in 1591, to avoid water shortages experienced at Golconda. During his rule, he had the Charminar and Mecca Masjid built in the city. Mir Momin Astarabadi, the prime minister in the Qutub Shahi period, developed the plan of the city of Hyderabad, including the location of the Charminar and Char Kaman.On 21 September 1687, the Golconda Sultanate came under the rule of the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb after a year-long siege of the Golconda Fort. The annexed city \"Hyderabad\" was renamed Darul Jihad (House of War), whereas the main territories of the Golconda Sultanate were incorporated into the Mughal empire as the province Hyderabad Subah.  Mughal rule in Hyderabad was administered by three main governors: Jan Sipar Khan (1688\u20131700), his son Rustam Dil Khan (1700\u201313) and Mubariz Khan (1713\u201324)."}, {"Context": "Hyderabad Modern history", "Knowledge": "PER Peshwa, LOC Maratha Empire, PER Salabat Jung, PER Marquis de Bussy - Castelnau, PER Nizam - ul - Mulk, PER Asaf Jahi Nizams, LOC Mughal, LOC Coromandel Coast, PER Muhammad Shah, LOC Deccan, LOC Hyderabad, PER Asaf Jah II, LOC Mughal Empire, LOC Mysore, PER Dalwai, PER Farrukhsiyar, LOC Hyderabad Deccan, PER Asaf Jahi, ORG British Indian Army, ORG East India Company, PER Nizam ul - Mulk, PER Basalath Jung, PER Hyder Ali, PER Asaf Jah I, PER Nasir Jung, PER Baji Rao I, ORG Asaf Jahi Nizams, LOC Bolarum, LOC Secunderabad, PER Mubariz Khan, PER Muzaffar Jang", "Response": "In 1713, Mughal emperor Farrukhsiyar appointed Mubariz Khan as Governor of Hyderabad. During his tenure, he fortified the city and controlled the internal and neighbouring threats. In 1714 Farrukhsiyar appointed Asaf Jah I as Viceroy of the Deccan\u2014(administrator of six Mughal governorates) with the title Nizam-ul-Mulk (Administrator of the Realm). In 1721, he was appointed as Prime Minister of the Mughal Empire. His differences with the court nobles led him to resign from all the imperial responsibilities in 1723 and leave for Deccan. Under the influence of Asaf Jah I's opponents, Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah issued a decree to Mubariz Khan, to stop Asaf Jah I which resulted in the Battle of Shakar Kheda.:\u200a93\u201394\u200a In 1724, Asaf Jah I defeated Mubariz Khan to establish autonomy over the Deccan, named the region Hyderabad Deccan, and started what came to be known as the Asaf Jahi dynasty. Subsequent rulers retained the title Nizam ul-Mulk and were referred to as Asaf Jahi Nizams, or Nizams of Hyderabad. The death of Asaf Jah I in 1748 resulted in a period of political unrest as his sons and grandson\u2014Nasir Jung (1748\u20131750), Muzaffar Jang (1750-1751) and Salabat Jung (1751-1762)\u2014contended for the throne backed by opportunistic neighbouring states and colonial foreign forces. The accession of Asaf Jah II, who reigned from 1762 to 1803, ended the instability. In 1768 he signed the Treaty of Masulipatam\u2014by which the East India Company in return for a fixed annual rent, got the right to control and collect the taxes at Coromandel Coast.In 1769 Hyderabad city became the formal capital of the Asaf Jahi Nizams. In response to regular threats from Hyder Ali (Dalwai of Mysore), Baji Rao I (Peshwa of the Maratha Empire), and Basalath Jung (Asaf Jah II's elder brother, who was supported by French General the Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau), the Nizam signed a subsidiary alliance with the East India Company in 1798, allowing the British Indian Army to be stationed at Bolarum (modern Secunderabad) to protect the state's capital, for which the Nizams paid an annual maintenance to the British.Until 1874 there were no modern industries in Hyderabad. With the introduction of railways in the 1880s, four factories were built to the south and east of Hussain Sagar lake, and during the early 20th century, Hyderabad was transformed into a modern city with the establishment of transport services, underground drainage, running water, electricity, telecommunications, universities, industries, and Begumpet Airport. The Nizams ruled the princely state of Hyderabad during the British Raj."}, {"Context": "Hyderabad Post-Independence", "Knowledge": "PER Nizam VII, LOC Maharashtra, ORG Union Cabinet, LOC Andhra State, ORG Indian National Congress, LOC Pakistan, LOC Dominion, LOC Karnataka, LOC Hyderabad, ORG Hyderabad State Congress, ORG Indian Union, LOC Andhra Pradesh, PER B. R. Ambedkar, LOC Hyderabad State, PER Nizam, ORG Communist Party of India, LOC Telangana, ORG of, LOC India, LOC B, ORG Indian Army, ORG Drafting Committee, LOC Dilsukhnagar", "Response": "After India gained independence, the Nizam declared his intention to remain independent rather than become part of the Indian Union or newly formed Dominion of Pakistan. The Hyderabad State Congress, with the support of the Indian National Congress and the Communist Party of India, began agitating against Nizam VII in 1948. On 17 September that year, the Indian Army took control of Hyderabad State after an invasion codenamed Operation Polo. With the defeat of his forces, Nizam VII capitulated to the Indian Union by signing an Instrument of Accession, which made him the Rajpramukh (Princely Governor) of the state until it was abolished on 31 October 1956.Between 1946 and 1951, the Communist Party of India fomented the Telangana uprising against the feudal lords of the Telangana region. The Constitution of India, which became effective on 26 January 1950, made Hyderabad State one of the part B states of India, with Hyderabad city continuing to be the capital. In his 1955 report Thoughts on Linguistic States, B. R. Ambedkar, then chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Indian Constitution, proposed designating the city of Hyderabad as the second capital of India because of its amenities and strategic central location.On 1 November 1956 the states of India were reorganised by language. Hyderabad state was split into three parts, which were merged with neighbouring states to form Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. The nine Telugu- and Urdu-speaking districts of Hyderabad State in the Telangana region were merged with the Telugu-speaking Andhra State to create Andhra Pradesh, with Hyderabad as its capital. Several protests, known collectively as the Telangana movement, attempted to invalidate the merger and demanded the creation of a new Telangana state. Major actions took place in 1969 and 1972, and a third began in 2010. The city suffered several explosions: one at Dilsukhnagar in 2002 claimed two lives; terrorist bombs in May and August 2007 caused communal tension and riots; and two bombs exploded in February 2013. On 30 July 2013 the government of India declared that part of Andhra Pradesh would be split off to form a new Telangana state and that Hyderabad city would be the capital city and part of Telangana, while the city would also remain the capital of Andhra Pradesh for no more than ten years. On 3 October 2013 the Union Cabinet approved the proposal, and in February 2014 both houses of Parliament passed the Telangana Bill. With the final assent of the President of India, Telangana state was formed on 2 June 2014."}, {"Context": "Hyderabad Geography", "Knowledge": "LOC Mumbai, LOC Deccan Plateau, LOC Osman Sagar, LOC Banjara Hills, LOC India, LOC Musi, LOC Krishna River, LOC Musi River, LOC Delhi, LOC Himayat Sagar, LOC Hyderabad, LOC Hussain Sagar, LOC Telangana, LOC South India, LOC Bangalore", "Response": "Hyderabad is 1,566 km (973 mi) south of Delhi, 699 km (434 mi) southeast of Mumbai, and 570 km (350 mi) north of Bangalore by road. It is situated in the southern part of Telangana in southeastern India, along the banks of the Musi River, a tributary of Krishna River located on the Deccan Plateau in the northern part of South India. Greater Hyderabad covers 650 km2 (250 sq mi), making it one of the largest metropolitan areas in India. With an average altitude of 542 m (1,778 ft), Hyderabad lies on predominantly sloping terrain of grey and pink granite, dotted with small hills, the highest being Banjara Hills at 672 m (2,205 ft).  The city has numerous lakes sometime referred to as sagar, meaning \"sea\". Examples include artificial lakes created by dams on the Musi, such as Hussain Sagar (built in 1562 near the city centre), Osman Sagar and Himayat Sagar. As of 1996, the city had 140 lakes and 834 water tanks (ponds)."}, {"Context": "Hyderabad Climate", "Knowledge": "LOC Hyderabad", "Response": "Hyderabad has a tropical wet and dry climate (K\u00f6ppen Aw) bordering on a hot semi-arid climate (K\u00f6ppen BSh). The annual mean temperature is 26.6 \u00b0C (79.9 \u00b0F); monthly mean temperatures are 21\u201333 \u00b0C (70\u201391 \u00b0F). Summers (March\u2013June) are hot and dry, with average highs in the mid-to-high 30s Celsius; maximum temperatures often exceed 40 \u00b0C (104 \u00b0F) between April and June. The coolest temperatures occur in December and January, when the lowest temperature occasionally dips to 10 \u00b0C (50 \u00b0F). May is the hottest month, when daily temperatures range from 26\u201339 \u00b0C (79\u2013102 \u00b0F); December, the coldest, has temperatures varying from 14.5\u201328 \u00b0C (58.1\u201382.4 \u00b0F).Heavy rain from the south-west summer monsoon falls between June and October, supplying Hyderabad with most of its mean annual rainfall. Since records began in November 1891, the heaviest rainfall recorded in a 24-hour period was 241.5 mm (10 in) on 24 August 2000. The highest temperature ever recorded was 45.5 \u00b0C (114 \u00b0F) on 2 June 1966, and the lowest was 6.1 \u00b0C (43 \u00b0F) on 8 January 1946. The city receives 2,731 hours of sunshine per year; maximum daily sunlight exposure occurs in February."}, {"Context": "Hyderabad Conservation", "Knowledge": "LOC Patancheru Lake, LOC Nehru Zoological Park, LOC Fox Sagar Lake, LOC Mir Alam Tank, LOC Hussain Sagar, ORG ICRISAT, LOC Shamirpet Lake, LOC Ameenpur Lake, LOC Mahavir Harina Vanasthali National Park, LOC Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park, LOC Hyderabad, LOC Kotla Vijayabhaskara Reddy Botanical Gardens, ORG Telangana Forest Department, ORG Blue Cross of Hyderabad, ORG Animal Welfare Board of India, ORG International Crops Research Institute for the Semi - Arid Tropics, LOC India, LOC Manjira Wildlife Sanctuary, ORG University of Hyderabad, LOC Mrugavani National Park, ORG Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education", "Response": "Hyderabad's lakes and the sloping terrain of its low-lying hills provide habitat for an assortment of flora and fauna. As of 2016, the tree cover is 1.7% of the total city area, a decrease from 2.7% in 1996. The forest region in and around the city encompasses areas of ecological and biological importance, which are preserved in the form of national parks, zoos, mini-zoos and a wildlife sanctuary. Nehru Zoological Park, the city's one large zoo, is the first in India to have a lion and tiger safari park. Hyderabad has three national parks (Mrugavani National Park, Mahavir Harina Vanasthali National Park and Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park), and the Manjira Wildlife Sanctuary is about 50 km (31 mi) from the city. Hyderabad's other environmental reserves are: Kotla Vijayabhaskara Reddy Botanical Gardens, Ameenpur Lake, Shamirpet Lake, Hussain Sagar, Fox Sagar Lake, Mir Alam Tank and Patancheru Lake, which is home to regional birds and attracts seasonal migratory birds from different parts of the world. Organisations engaged in environmental and wildlife preservation include the Telangana Forest Department, Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education, the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), the Animal Welfare Board of India, the Blue Cross of Hyderabad and the University of Hyderabad."}, {"Context": "Hyderabad Common capital status", "Knowledge": "LOC Andhra Pradesh, LOC State of Telangana, LOC State of Andhra Pradesh, ORG Hyderabad Municipal Corporation, ORG Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation, LOC Hyderabad, LOC Telangana", "Response": "According to the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014 part 2 Section 5: \"(1) On and from the appointed day, Hyderabad in the existing State of Andhra Pradesh, shall be the common capital of the State of Telangana and the State of Andhra Pradesh for such period not exceeding ten years. (2) After the expiry of the period referred to in sub-section (1), Hyderabad shall be the capital of the State of Telangana and there shall be a new capital for the State of Andhra Pradesh.\"\nThe same sections also define that the common capital includes the existing area designated as the Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation under the Hyderabad Municipal Corporation Act, 1955. As stipulated in sections 3 and 18(1) of the Reorganisation Act, city MLAs are members of the Telangana state assembly."}, {"Context": "Hyderabad Local government", "Knowledge": "LOC Kukatpally, ORG Telangana Rashtra Samithi, ORG Osmania University, ORG IPS, LOC Khairatabad, ORG Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation, LOC L. B. Nagar, ORG Telangana Police, ORG TRS, ORG Secunderabad Cantonment Board, ORG Indian Police Service, ORG Home Ministry, LOC West Zone, LOC Hyderabad, LOC Cyberabad, ORG Municipal Corporation of Hyderabad, LOC Serilingampally, LOC South Zone, ORG MCH, LOC East, LOC Rachakonda, LOC Charminar, LOC Northeast Zone, LOC Central Zone, PER Gadwal Vijayalakshmi, LOC Ranga Reddy, LOC North Zone, LOC India, LOC Secunderabad, ORG GHMC, LOC Medak", "Response": "The Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC) oversees the civic infrastructure of the city, there are six administrative zones of GHMC: South Zone\u2013(Charminar), East Zone\u2013(L. B. Nagar), West Zone\u2013(Serilingampally), North Zone\u2013(Kukatpally), Northeast Zone\u2013(Secunderabad) and Central Zone\u2013(Khairatabad); these zones consist of 30 \"circles\", which together encompass 150 municipal wards. Each ward is represented by a corporator, elected by popular vote, as of 2020 the city has 7,400,000 voters of which 3,850,000 are male and 3,500,000 are female. The corporators elect the Mayor, who is the titular head of GHMC; executive powers rest with the Municipal Commissioner, appointed by the state government. The GHMC carries out the city's infrastructural work such as building and maintenance of roads and drains, town planning including construction regulation, maintenance of municipal markets and parks, solid waste management, the issuing of birth and death certificates, the issuing of trade licenses, collection of property tax, and community welfare services such as mother and child healthcare, and pre-school and non-formal education. The GHMC was formed in April 2007 by merging the Municipal Corporation of Hyderabad (MCH) with 12 municipalities of the Hyderabad, Ranga Reddy and Medak districts covering a total area of 650 km2 (250 sq mi).:\u200a3\u200a The Secunderabad Cantonment Board is a civic administration agency overseeing an area of 40.1 km2 (15.5 sq mi),:\u200a93\u200a where there are several military camps.:\u200a2\u200a The Osmania University campus is administered independently by the university authority.:\u200a93\u200a Appointed in February 2021, Gadwal Vijayalakshmi of Telangana Rashtra Samithi (TRS) is serving as the Mayor of GHMC.In Hyderabad police jurisdiction is divided into three commissionerates: Hyderabad (established in 1847 AD, an oldest police commissionerate in India ), Cyberabad, and Rachakonda, each headed by a commissioner of police, who are Indian Police Service (IPS) officers. The Hyderabad police is a division of the Telangana Police, under the state Home Ministry.The jurisdictions of the city's administrative agencies are, in ascending order of size: the Hyderabad Police area, Hyderabad district, the GHMC area (\"Hyderabad city\"), and the area under the Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority (HMDA). The HMDA is an apolitical urban planning agency that covers the GHMC and its suburbs, extending to 54 mandals in five districts encircling the city. It coordinates the development activities of GHMC and suburban municipalities and manages the administration of bodies such as the Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board (HMWSSB).Hyderabad is the seat of the Government of Telangana, Government of Andhra Pradesh and the President of India's winter retreat Rashtrapati Nilayam, as well as the Telangana High Court and various local government agencies. The Lower City Civil Court and the Metropolitan Criminal Court are under the jurisdiction of the High Court.:\u200a1\u200a The GHMC area contains 24 State Legislative Assembly constituencies, which form five constituencies of the Lok Sabha (the lower house of the Parliament of India)."}, {"Context": "Hyderabad Utility services", "Knowledge": "ORG TSPDCL, ORG Telangana Southern Power Distribution Company Limited, ORG Telangana State Disaster and Fire Response Department, ORG HMWSSB, ORG India Post, LOC Hyderabad, LOC Nagarjuna Sagar Dam, ORG Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply & Sewage Board", "Response": "The HMWSSB (Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply & Sewage Board) regulates rainwater harvesting, sewerage services, and water supply. In 2005, the HMWSSB started operating a 116 km-long (72 mi) water supply pipeline from Nagarjuna Sagar Dam to meet increasing demand. The Telangana Southern Power Distribution Company Limited (TSPDCL) manages electricity supply. As of 2014, there were 15 fire stations in the city, operated by the Telangana State Disaster and Fire Response Department. The government-owned India Post has five head post offices and many sub-post offices in Hyderabad, which are complemented by private courier services."}, {"Context": "Hyderabad Pollution control", "Knowledge": "LOC Telangana, LOC Lower Tank Bund, LOC Jawaharnagar, ORG Telangana Pollution Control Board, LOC Assembly, ORG GHMC, LOC Yousufguda, LOC Secretariat, LOC Hyderabad, LOC Imlibun, ORG TPCB", "Response": "Hyderabad produces around 4,500 tonnes of solid waste daily, which is transported from collection units in Imlibun, Yousufguda and Lower Tank Bund to the dumpsite in Jawaharnagar. Disposal is managed by the Integrated Solid Waste Management project which was started by the GHMC in 2010. Rapid urbanisation and increased economic activity has led to increased industrial waste, air, noise and water pollution, which is regulated by the Telangana Pollution Control Board (TPCB). The contribution of different sources to air pollution in 2006 was: 20\u201350% from vehicles, 40\u201370% from a combination of vehicle discharge and road dust, 10\u201330% from industrial discharges and 3\u201310% from the burning of household rubbish. Deaths resulting from atmospheric particulate matter are estimated at 1,700\u20133,000 each year. The city's \"VIP areas\", the Assembly building, Secretariat, and Telangana chief minister's office, have particularly low air quality index ratings, suffering from high levels of PM2.5's. Ground water around Hyderabad, which has a hardness of up to 1000 ppm, around three times higher than is desirable, is the main source of drinking water but the increasing population and consequent increase in demand has led to a decline in not only ground water but also river and lake levels. This shortage is further exacerbated by inadequately treated effluent discharged from industrial treatment plants polluting the water sources of the city."}, {"Context": "Hyderabad Healthcare", "Knowledge": "LOC Meerut, ORG Commissionerate of Health and Family Welfare, LOC Hyderabad", "Response": "The Commissionerate of Health and Family Welfare is responsible for planning, implementation and monitoring of all facilities related to health and preventive services. As of 2010\u201311, the city had 50 government hospitals, 300 private and charity hospitals and 194 nursing homes providing around 12,000 hospital beds, fewer than half the required 25,000. For every 10,000 people in the city, there are 17.6 hospital beds, 9 specialist doctors, 14 nurses and 6 physicians. The city has about 4,000 individual clinics. Private clinics are preferred by many residents because of the distance to, poor quality of care at and long waiting times in government facilities,:\u200a60\u201361\u200a despite the high proportion of the city's residents being covered by government health insurance: 24% according to a National Family Health Survey in 2005.:\u200a41\u200a As of 2012, many new private hospitals of various sizes were opened or being built. Hyderabad has outpatient and inpatient facilities that use Unani, homoeopathic and Ayurvedic treatments.In the 2005 National Family Health Survey, it was reported that the city's total fertility rate is 1.8,:\u200a47\u200a which is below the replacement rate. Only 61% of children had been provided with all basic vaccines (BCG, measles and full courses of polio and DPT), fewer than in all other surveyed cities except Meerut.:\u200a98\u200a The infant mortality rate was 35 per 1,000 live births, and the mortality rate for children under five was 41 per 1,000 live births.:\u200a97\u200a The survey also reported that a third of women and a quarter of men are overweight or obese, 49% of children below 5 years are anaemic, and up to 20% of children are underweight,:\u200a44,\u200a55\u201356\u200a while more than 2% of women and 3% of men suffer from diabetes.:\u200a57"}, {"Context": "Hyderabad Demographics", "Knowledge": "ORG GHMC, LOC Hyderabad, LOC India", "Response": "When the GHMC was created in 2007, the area occupied by the municipality increased from 175 km2 (68 sq mi) to 650 km2 (250 sq mi). Consequently, the population increased by 87%, from 3,637,483 as of 2001 census to 6,809,970 as of 2011 census, 24% of which are migrants from elsewhere in India,:\u200a2\u200a making Hyderabad the nation's fourth most populous city. As of 2011, the population density is 18,480/km2 (47,900/sq mi) and the Hyderabad urban agglomeration had a population of 7,749,334 making it the sixth most populous urban agglomeration in the country. as of 2011 census, there are 3,500,802 male and 3,309,168 female citizens\u2014a sex ratio of 945 females per 1000 males, higher than the national average of 926 per 1000. Among children aged 0\u20136 years, 373,794 are boys and 352,022 are girls\u2014a ratio of 942 per 1000. Literacy stands at 83% (male 86%; female 80%), higher than the national average of 74.04%. The socio-economic strata consist of 20% upper class, 50% middle class and 30% working class."}, {"Context": "Hyderabad Ethnicity", "Knowledge": "LOC Memon, ORG Indian Union, LOC Uttar, PER Asaf Jahi, LOC Hyderabad, LOC Hyderabad State", "Response": "Referred to as \"Hyderabadi\", the residents of Hyderabad are predominantly Telugu and Urdu speaking people, with minority Bengali, Sindhi, Kannada, Memon, Nawayathi, Malayalam, Marathi, Gujarati, Marwari, Odia, Punjabi, Tamil and Uttar Pradeshi communities. Hyderabadi Muslims are a unique community who owe much of their history, language, cuisine, and culture to Hyderabad, and the various dynasties who previously ruled. Hadhrami Arabs, African Arabs, Armenians, Abyssinians, Iranians, Pathans and Turkish people are also present; these communities, of which the Hadhrami Arabs or Chaush are the largest, declined after Hyderabad State became part of the Indian Union, as they lost the patronage of the Asaf Jahi Nizams."}, {"Context": "Hyderabad Religion", "Knowledge": "LOC Greater Hyderabad, LOC Hyderabad", "Response": "Hindus are in the majority. Muslims form a very large minority, and are present throughout the city and predominate in and around old Hyderabad. There are also Christian, Sikh, Jain, Buddhist and Parsi communities and iconic churches, mosques and temples. According to the 2011 census, the religious make-up of Greater Hyderabad was: Hindus (64.9%), Muslims (30.1%), Christians (2.8%), Jains (0.3%), Sikhs (0.3%) and Buddhists (0.1%); 1.5% did not state any religion."}, {"Context": "Hyderabad Languages", "Knowledge": "LOC Hyderabad", "Response": "Telugu and Urdu are both official languages of the city, and most Hyderabadis are bilingual. The Telugu dialect spoken in Hyderabad is called Telangana Mandalika, and the Urdu spoken is called Deccani.:\u200a1869\u201370\u200a English is a \"Secondary official language\" is pervasive in business and administration, and it is an important medium of instruction in education and publications. A significant minority speak other languages, including Hindi, Bengali, Kannada, Marathi, Punjabi, Marwari, Odia and Tamil."}, {"Context": "Hyderabad Slums", "Knowledge": "LOC Andhra Pradesh, LOC India, ORG GHMC, ORG Centre for Good Governance, LOC Hyderabad, ORG World Bank", "Response": "In the greater metropolitan area, 13% of the population live below the poverty line. According to a 2012 report submitted by GHMC to the World Bank, Hyderabad has 1,476 slums with a total population of 1.7 million, of whom 66% live in 985 slums in the \"core\" of the city (the part that formed Hyderabad before the April 2007 expansion) and the remaining 34% live in 491 suburban tenements. About 22% of the slum-dwelling households had migrated from different parts of India in the last decade of the 20th century, and 63% claimed to have lived in the slums for more than 10 years.:\u200a55\u200a Overall literacy in the slums is 60\u201380% and female literacy is 52\u201373%. A third of the slums have basic service connections, and the remainder depends on general public services provided by the government. There are 405 government schools, 267 government-aided schools, 175 private schools, and 528 community halls in the slum areas.:\u200a70\u200a According to a 2008 survey by the Centre for Good Governance, 87.6% of the slum-dwelling households are nuclear families, 18% are very poor, with an income up to \u20b920,000 (US$250) per annum, 73% live below the poverty line (a standard poverty line recognised by the Andhra Pradesh Government is \u20b924,000 (US$300) per annum), 27% of the chief wage earners (CWE) are casual labour and 38% of the CWE are illiterate. About 3.7% of the slum children aged 5\u201314 do not go to school and 3.2% work as child labour, of whom 64% are boys and 36% are girls. The largest employers of child labour are street shops and construction sites. Among the working children, 35% are engaged in hazardous jobs.:\u200a59"}, {"Context": "Hyderabad Neighbourhoods", "Knowledge": "LOC Kukatpally, LOC Sanathnagar, LOC Sultan Bazar, LOC Purana Shahar, ORG India Government Mint, LOC Tankbund Park, LOC Birla Temple, LOC Nizam Museum, ORG Telangana Secretariat, LOC Malkajgiri, LOC Birla Planetarium, LOC Salar Jung Museum, LOC Rani Gunj, LOC Jagannath Temple, LOC Hussain Sagar, ORG Ravindra, ORG Telangana Legislature, LOC Neredmet, LOC Pearl Market, LOC Banjara Hills, LOC Madhapur, LOC Begumpet, LOC Ramoji Film City, LOC Khairtabad, LOC Hyderabad, LOC Uppal, LOC Cyberabad, LOC Abids, LOC Bharathi, LOC Public Gardens, LOC Jubilee Hills, ORG Reserve Bank of India, ORG Nizam Club, LOC Tank Bund Road, LOC New, LOC Indira Park, LOC Moazzam Jahi Market, LOC Balanagar, LOC Musi River, LOC Charminar, LOC Koti, LOC State Museum, LOC Lumbini Park, LOC Laad Bazaar, LOC Tolichowki, LOC Miyapur, LOC Gachibowli, LOC Chanda Nagar, LOC Mecca Masjid, LOC A. S. Rao Nagar, LOC Moosapet, LOC NTR Gardens, LOC Falaknuma Palace, LOC Secunderabad, ORG Telangana High Court, LOC Madina Circle, LOC Purana Pul \u2014, LOC Old City, PER Hussain Sagar, LOC Sanjeevaiah Park, LOC Buddha, LOC Patancheru, LOC Shahi Masjid, PER Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, LOC Chowmahalla Palace, LOC Begum Bazaar", "Response": "The historic city established by Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah on the southern side of the Musi River forms the heritage region of Hyderabad called the Purana Shahar (Old City), while the \"New City\" encompasses the urbanised area on the northern banks. The two are connected by many bridges across the river, the oldest of which is Purana Pul\u2014(\"old bridge\") built in 1578 AD. Hyderabad is twinned with neighbouring Secunderabad, to which it is connected by Hussain Sagar.Many historic and heritage sites lie in south central Hyderabad, such as the Charminar, Mecca Masjid, Salar Jung Museum, Nizam Museum, Telangana High Court, Falaknuma Palace, Chowmahalla Palace and the traditional retail corridor comprising the Pearl Market, Laad Bazaar and Madina Circle. North of the river are hospitals, colleges, major railway stations and business areas such as Begum Bazaar, Koti, Abids, Sultan Bazar and Moazzam Jahi Market, along with administrative and recreational establishments such as the Reserve Bank of India, the Telangana Secretariat, the India Government Mint, the Telangana Legislature, the Public Gardens, Shahi Masjid, the Nizam Club, the Ravindra Bharathi, the State Museum, the Birla Temple and the Birla Planetarium.North of central Hyderabad lie Hussain Sagar, Tank Bund Road, Rani Gunj and the Secunderabad railway station. Most of the city's parks and recreational centres, such as Sanjeevaiah Park, Indira Park, Lumbini Park, NTR Gardens, the Buddha statue and Tankbund Park are located here. In the northwest part of the city there are upscale residential and commercial areas such as Banjara Hills, Jubilee Hills, Begumpet, Khairtabad, Tolichowki, Jagannath Temple and Miyapur. The northern end contains industrial areas such as Kukatpally, Sanathnagar, Moosapet, Balanagar, Patancheru and Chanda Nagar. The northeast end is dotted with residential areas such as Malkajgiri, Neredmet, A. S. Rao Nagar and Uppal. In the eastern part of the city lie many defence research centres and Ramoji Film City. The \"Cyberabad\" area in the southwest and west of the city, consisting of Madhapur and Gachibowli has grown rapidly since the 1990s. It is home to information technology and bio-pharmaceutical companies and to landmarks such as Hyderabad Airport, Osman Sagar, Himayath Sagar and Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park."}, {"Context": "Hyderabad Landmarks", "Knowledge": "LOC Bella Vista Palace, LOC Telangana Legislature, PER Mir Osman Ali Khan, LOC Qutb Shahi, PER Vincent Esch, LOC Osmania Hospital, LOC State Archaeology Museum, PER Andrea Palladio, LOC Jubilee Hall, LOC Hyderabad High Court, LOC Golconda Fort, LOC Hyderabad, LOC State Central Library, LOC City College, LOC Musi River, LOC Charminar, LOC Qutb, PER Nizam, LOC King Kothi Palace, LOC Falaknuma Palace, LOC India, LOC Paigah Palace, LOC Purani Haveli, LOC Kacheguda, LOC Chowmahalla Palace", "Response": "Heritage buildings constructed during the Qutb Shahi and Nizam eras showcase Indo-Islamic architecture influenced by Medieval, Mughal and European styles. After the 1908 flooding of the Musi River, the city was expanded and civic monuments constructed, particularly during the rule of Mir Osman Ali Khan (the VIIth Nizam), whose patronage of architecture led to him being referred to as the maker of modern Hyderabad. In 2012, the government of India declared Hyderabad the first \"Best heritage city of India\".\n\nQutb Shahi architecture of the 16th and early 17th centuries followed classical Persian architecture featuring domes and colossal arches. The oldest surviving Qutb Shahi structure in Hyderabad is the ruins of the Golconda Fort built in the 16th century. Most of the historical bazaars that still exist were constructed on the street north of Charminar towards the fort. The Charminar has become an icon of the city; located in the centre of old Hyderabad, it is a square structure with sides 20 m (66 ft) long and four grand arches each facing a road. At each corner stands a 56 m (184 ft)-high minaret. The Charminar, Golconda Fort and the Qutb Shahi tombs are considered to be monuments of national importance in India; in 2010 the Indian government proposed that the sites be listed for UNESCO World Heritage status.:\u200a11\u201318\u200aAmong the oldest surviving examples of Nizam architecture in Hyderabad is the Chowmahalla Palace, which was the seat of royal power. It showcases a diverse array of architectural styles, from the Baroque Harem to its Neoclassical royal court. The other palaces include Falaknuma Palace (inspired by the style of Andrea Palladio), Purani Haveli, King Kothi Palace and Bella Vista Palace all of which were built at the peak of Nizam rule in the 19th century. During Mir Osman Ali Khan's rule, European styles, along with Indo-Islamic, became prominent. These styles are reflected in the Indo-Saracenic style of architecture seen in many civic monuments such as the Hyderabad High Court, Osmania Hospital, City College and the Kacheguda railway station, all designed by Vincent Esch. Other landmark structures of the city constructed during his regin are the State Central Library, the Telangana Legislature, the State Archaeology Museum, Jubilee Hall, and Hyderabad railway station. Other landmarks of note are Paigah Palace, Asman Garh Palace, Basheer Bagh Palace, Errum Manzil and the Spanish Mosque, all constructed by the Paigah family.:\u200a16\u201317"}, {"Context": "Hyderabad Economy", "Knowledge": "ORG NFC, ORG National Mineral Development Corporation, ORG Defence Research and Development Organisation, ORG DRDO, ORG CDFD, ORG NMDC, ORG Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, ORG Andhra Bank, ORG State Bank of Hyderabad, ORG of Pearls, ORG Nuclear Fuel Complex, ORG Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, ORG HSE, ORG BHEL, LOC Mumbai, ORG Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited, ORG CCMB, ORG Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, LOC Hyderabad, ORG Electronics Corporation of India Limited, ORG Golconda Diamonds, ORG Reserve Bank of India, ORG Bharat Electronics, ORG RBI, ORG SBH, ORG Hyderabad Securities, ORG AB, ORG BEL, LOC City, LOC Telangana, ORG SEBI, LOC India, ORG Securities and Exchange Board of India, ORG BSE, ORG ECIL, ORG Hyderabad Stock Exchange, ORG Nizams, ORG Bombay Stock Exchange, ORG HAL", "Response": "Recent estimates of the economy of Hyderabad's metropolitan area have ranged from US$40-US$74 billion (PPP GDP), and have ranked it either fifth- or sixth- most productive metro area of India. Hyderabad is the largest contributor to the gross domestic product (GDP), tax and other revenues, of Telangana, and the sixth largest deposit centre and fourth largest credit centre nationwide, as ranked by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) in June 2012. Its per capita annual income in 2011 was \u20b944,300 (US$550). As of 2006, the largest employers in the city were the state government (113,098 employees) and central government (85,155). According to a 2005 survey, 77% of males and 19% of females in the city were employed. The service industry remains dominant in the city, and 90% of the employed workforce is engaged in this sector.Hyderabad's role in the pearl trade has given it the name \"City of Pearls\" and up until the 18th century, the city was the only global trading centre for diamonds known as Golconda Diamonds. Industrialisation began under the Nizams in the late 19th century, helped by railway expansion that connected the city with major ports. From the 1950s to the 1970s, Indian enterprises, such as Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL), Nuclear Fuel Complex (NFC), National Mineral Development Corporation (NMDC), Bharat Electronics (BEL), Electronics Corporation of India Limited (ECIL), Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), State Bank of Hyderabad (SBH) and Andhra Bank (AB) were established in the city. The city is home to Hyderabad Securities formerly known as Hyderabad Stock Exchange (HSE), and houses the regional office of the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI). In 2013, the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) facility in Hyderabad was forecast to provide operations and transactions services to BSE-Mumbai by the end of 2014. The growth of the financial services sector has helped Hyderabad evolve from a traditional manufacturing city to a cosmopolitan industrial service centre. Since the 1990s, the growth of information technology (IT), IT-enabled services (ITES), insurance and financial institutions has expanded the service sector, and these primary economic activities have boosted the ancillary sectors of trade and commerce, transport, storage, communication, real estate and retail. As of 2021, the IT exports from Hyderabad were \u20b91,45,522 crore (US$19.66 billion), the city houses 1500 IT and ITES companies that provide 628,615 jobs.Hyderabad's commercial markets are divided into four sectors: central business districts, sub-central business centres, neighbourhood business centres and local business centres. Many traditional and historic bazaars are located throughout the city, Laad Bazaar being the prominent among all is popular for selling a variety of traditional and cultural antique wares, along with gems and pearls.\n\nThe establishment of Indian Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Limited (IDPL), a public sector undertaking, in 1961 was followed over the decades by many national and global companies opening manufacturing and research facilities in the city. As of 2010, the city manufactured one third of India's bulk drugs and 16% of biotechnology products, contributing to its reputation as \"India's pharmaceutical capital\" and the \"Genome Valley of India\". Hyderabad is a global centre of information technology, for which it is known as Cyberabad (Cyber City). As of 2013, it contributed 15% of India's and 98% of Andhra Pradesh's exports in IT and ITES sectors and 22% of NASSCOM's total membership is from the city. The development of HITEC City, a township with extensive technological infrastructure, prompted multinational companies to establish facilities in Hyderabad. The city is home to more than 1300 IT and ITES firms that provide employment for 407,000 individuals; the global conglomerates include Microsoft, Apple, Amazon, Google, IBM, Yahoo!, Oracle Corporation, Dell, Facebook, CISCO,:\u200a3\u200a and major Indian firms including Tech Mahindra, Infosys, Tata Consultancy Services (TCS), Polaris, Cyient and Wipro.:\u200a3\u200a In 2009 the World Bank Group ranked the city as the second best Indian city for doing business. The city and its suburbs contain the highest number of special economic zones of any Indian city.The Automotive industry in Hyderabad is also emerging and making it an automobile hub. Automobile companies including as Hyundai, Hyderabad Allwyn, Praga Tools, HMT Bearings, Ordnance Factory Medak, Deccan Auto and Mahindra & Mahindra have units in the Hyderabad economic zone. Fiat Chrysler Automobiles, Maruti Suzuki and Triton Energy will invest in Hyderabad.Like the rest of India, Hyderabad has a large informal economy that employs 30% of the labour force.:\u200a71\u200a According to a survey published in 2007, it had 40\u201350,000 street vendors, and their numbers were increasing.:\u200a9\u200a Among the street vendors, 84% are male and 16% female,:\u200a12\u200a and four fifths are \"stationary vendors\" operating from a fixed pitch, often with their own stall.:\u200a15\u201316\u200a Most are financed through personal savings; only 8% borrow from moneylenders.:\u200a19\u200a Vendor earnings vary from \u20b950 (63\u00a2 US) to \u20b9800 (US$10) per day.:\u200a25\u200a Other unorganised economic sectors include dairy, poultry farming, brick manufacturing, casual labour and domestic help. Those involved in the informal economy constitute a major portion of urban poor.:\u200a71"}, {"Context": "Hyderabad Culture", "Knowledge": "LOC India, LOC South, LOC Delhi, LOC Hyderabad, PER Nizam, LOC Telangana", "Response": "Hyderabad emerged as the foremost centre of culture in India with the decline of the Mughal Empire. After the fall of Delhi in 1857, the migration of performing artists to the city particularly from the north and west of the Indian subcontinent, under the patronage of the Nizam, enriched the cultural milieu. This migration resulted in a mingling of North and South Indian languages, cultures and religions, which has since led to a co-existence of Hindu and Muslim traditions, for which the city has become noted.:\u200aviii\u200a A further consequence of this north\u2013south mix is that both Telugu and Urdu are official languages of Telangana. The mixing of religions has resulted in many festivals being celebrated in Hyderabad such as Ganesh Chaturthi, Diwali and Bonalu of Hindu tradition and Eid ul-Fitr and Eid al-Adha by Muslims.Traditional Hyderabadi garb reveals a mix of Muslim and Hindu influences with men wearing sherwani and kurta\u2013paijama and women wearing khara dupatta and salwar kameez. Most Muslim women wear burqa and hijab outdoors. In addition to the traditional Hindu and Muslim garments, increasing exposure to western cultures has led to a rise in the wearing of western style clothing among youths."}, {"Context": "Hyderabad Literature", "Knowledge": "ORG Sundarayya Vignana Kendram, PER Mah Laqa Bai, ORG Sahitya Akademi, ORG National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language, ORG Andhra Saraswata Parishad, PER Asaf Jahi, ORG State Central Library, ORG Urdu Academy, ORG Comparative Literature Association of India, ORG British Library, PER Qutb, ORG Sri Krishna Devaraya Andhra Bhasha Nilayam, LOC Qutb Shahi, LOC Hyderabad, ORG Telugu Academy", "Response": "In the past, Qutb Shahi rulers and Asaf Jahi Nizams attracted artists, architects, and men of letters from different parts of the world through patronage. The resulting ethnic mix popularised cultural events such as mushairas (poetic symposia), Qawwali (devotional songs) and Dholak ke Geet (traditional folk songs). The Qutb Shahi dynasty particularly encouraged the growth of Deccani literature leading to works such as the Deccani Masnavi and Diwan poetry, which are among the earliest available manuscripts in Urdu. Lazzat Un Nisa, a book compiled in the 15th century at Qutb Shahi courts, contains erotic paintings with diagrams for secret medicines and stimulants in the eastern form of ancient sexual arts. The reign of the Asaf Jahi Nizams  saw many literary reforms and the introduction of Urdu as a language of court, administration and education. In 1824, a collection of Urdu Ghazal poetry, named Gulzar-e-Mahlaqa, authored by Mah Laqa Bai\u2014the first female Urdu poet to produce a Diwan\u2014was published in Hyderabad. Hyderabad has continued with these traditions in its annual Hyderabad Literary Festival, held since 2010, showcasing the city's literary and cultural creativity. Organisations engaged in the advancement of literature include the Sahitya Akademi, the Urdu Academy, the Telugu Academy, the National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language, the Comparative Literature Association of India, and the Andhra Saraswata Parishad. Literary development is further aided by state institutions such as the State Central Library, the largest public library in the state which was established in 1891, and other major libraries including the Sri Krishna Devaraya Andhra Bhasha Nilayam, the British Library and the Sundarayya Vignana Kendram."}, {"Context": "Hyderabad Music and films", "Knowledge": "LOC Ravindra Bharati, LOC North, LOC Numaish, LOC India, ORG Dollywood, LOC Ramoji Film City, LOC Shilpakala Vedika, LOC Lamakaan, LOC Lalithakala Thoranam, PER Shyam Benegal, ORG Tollywood, LOC Deccan, LOC Hyderabad, ORG Guinness World Records", "Response": "South Indian music and dances such as the Kuchipudi and Bharatanatyam styles are popular in the Deccan region. As a result of their culture policies, North Indian music and dance gained popularity during the rule of the Mughals and Nizams, and it was also during their reign that it became a tradition among the nobility to associate themselves with tawaif (courtesans). These courtesans were revered as the epitome of etiquette and culture, and were appointed to teach singing, poetry, and classical dance to many children of the aristocracy. This gave rise to certain styles of court music, dance and poetry. Besides western and Indian popular music genres such as filmi music, the residents of Hyderabad play city-based marfa music, Dholak ke Geet (household songs based on local folklore), and qawwali, especially at weddings, festivals and other celebratory events. The state government organises the Golconda Music and Dance Festival, the Taramati Music Festival and the Premavathi Dance Festival to further encourage the development of music.Although the city is not particularly noted for theatre and drama, the state government promotes theatre with multiple programmes and festivals in such venues as the Ravindra Bharati, Shilpakala Vedika, Lalithakala Thoranam and Lamakaan. Although not a purely music oriented event, Numaish, a popular annual exhibition of local and national consumer products, does feature some musical performances.The city is home to the Telugu film industry, popularly known as Tollywood. In the 1970s, Deccani language realist films by globally acclaimed Shyam Benegal started a movement of coming of age art films in India, which came to be known as parallel cinema. The Deccani film industry (\"Dollywood\") produces films in the local Hyderabadi dialect, which have gained regional popularity since 2005. The city has hosted international film festivals such as the International Children's Film Festival and the Hyderabad International Film Festival. In 2005, Guinness World Records declared Ramoji Film City to be the world's largest film studio."}, {"Context": "Hyderabad Art and handicrafts", "Knowledge": "PER Zari, LOC Andhra Pradesh, LOC City Museum, LOC Telangana State Archaeology Museum, LOC Nizam Museum, LOC Birla Science Museum, LOC Karnataka, LOC Deccan, LOC Golconda, LOC Hyderabad, LOC Salar Jung Museum, PER Zardozi, ORG WTO, LOC Mysore", "Response": "The region is well known for its Golconda and Hyderabad painting styles which are branches of Deccan painting. Developed during the 16th century, the Golconda style is a native style blending foreign techniques and bears some similarity to the Vijayanagara paintings of neighbouring Mysore. A significant use of luminous gold and white colours is generally found in the Golconda style. The Hyderabad style originated in the 17th century under the Nizams. Highly influenced by Mughal painting, this style makes use of bright colours and mostly depicts regional landscape, culture, costumes, and jewellery.Although not a centre for handicrafts itself, the patronage of the arts by the Mughals and Nizams attracted artisans from the region to Hyderabad. Such crafts include: Wootz steel, Filigree work, Bidriware, a metalwork handicraft from neighbouring Karnataka, which was popularised during the 18th century and has since been granted a Geographical Indication (GI) tag under the auspices of the WTO act; and Zari and Zardozi, embroidery works on textile that involve making elaborate designs using gold, silver and other metal threads. Chintz\u2014a glazed calico textiles was originated in Golconda in 16th century. and another example of a handicraft drawn to Hyderabad is Kalamkari, a hand-painted or block-printed cotton textile that comes from cities in Andhra Pradesh. This craft is distinguished in having both a Hindu style, known as Srikalahasti and entirely done by hand, and an Islamic style, known as Machilipatnam which uses both hand and block techniques. Examples of Hyderabad's arts and crafts are housed in various museums including the Salar Jung Museum (housing \"one of the largest one-man-collections in the world\"), the Telangana State Archaeology Museum, the Nizam Museum, the City Museum and the Birla Science Museum."}, {"Context": "Hyderabad Cuisine", "Knowledge": "ORG UNESCO, LOC Hyderabad", "Response": "Hyderabadi cuisine comprises a broad repertoire of rice, wheat and meat dishes and the skilled use of various spices. Hyderabad is listed by UNESCO as a creative city of gastronomy. The Hyderabadi biryani and Hyderabadi haleem with their blend of Mughlai and Arab cuisines, carry the national Geographical Indications tag. Hyderabadi cuisine is influenced to some extent by French, but more by Arabic, Turkish, Iranian and native Telugu and Marathwada cuisines. Popular native dishes include nihari, chakna, baghara baingan and the desserts qubani ka meetha, double ka meetha and kaddu ki kheer (a sweet porridge made with sweet gourd)."}, {"Context": "Hyderabad Media", "Knowledge": "ORG The Hindu, ORG Eenadu, ORG Star TV, ORG All India Radio, ORG Big FM, ORG The Munsif Daily, ORG Sakshi, ORG Secunderabad Cantonment Board, ORG Deccan Radio, LOC Hyderabad, ORG The Deccan Times, ORG The Times of India, ORG Red FM, ORG Namasthe Telangana, ORG Fever FM, ORG Radio Mirchi, ORG Etemaad, LOC Hyderabad State, ORG Radio City, ORG Deccan Chronicle, ORG The Siasat Daily, LOC India, ORG Doordarshan, ORG Kool 104 FM", "Response": "One of Hyderabad's earliest newspapers, The Deccan Times, was established in the 1780s. Major Telugu dailies published in Hyderabad are  Eenadu, Sakshi and Namasthe Telangana, while major English papers are The Times of India, The Hindu and Deccan Chronicle. The major Urdu papers include The Siasat Daily, The Munsif Daily and Etemaad. The Secunderabad Cantonment Board established the first radio station in Hyderabad State around 1919. Deccan Radio was the first radio public broadcast station in the city starting on 3 February 1935, with FM broadcasting beginning in 2000. Kool 104 FM was Hyderabad's first international radio station. The available channels in Hyderabad include All India Radio, Radio Mirchi, Radio City, Red FM, Big FM and Fever FM.Television broadcasting in Hyderabad began in 1974 with the launch of Doordarshan, the government of India's public service broadcaster, which transmits two free-to-air terrestrial television channels and one satellite channel. Private satellite channels started in July 1992 with the launch of Star TV. Satellite TV channels are accessible via cable subscription, direct-broadcast satellite services or internet-based television. Hyderabad's first dial-up internet access became available in the early 1990s and was limited to software development companies. The first public internet access service began in 1995, with the first private sector internet service provider (ISP) starting operations in 1998. In 2015, high-speed public WiFi was introduced in parts of the city."}, {"Context": "Hyderabad Education", "Knowledge": "ORG Osmania University, ORG Nizam ' s Institute of Medical Sciences, ORG National Institute of Nutrition, ORG JNTUH, ORG Maulana Azad National Urdu University, ORG OU, ORG Board of Secondary Education, ORG Central Board of Secondary Education, ORG NLU, LOC Hyderabad, ORG Telangana, ORG Shadan Institute of Medical Sciences, ORG Osmania Medical College, ORG National Geophysical Research Institute, ORG Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad, ORG Deccan College of Medical Sciences, ORG National Institute of Rural Development, ORG NIPER, ORG Indian School of Business, ORG Government Nizamia Tibbi College, ORG Engineering Agricultural and Medical Common Entrance Test, ORG NIN, ORG Administrative Staff College of India, LOC India, ORG Institute of Public Enterprise, ORG Indian Heart Association, ORG National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, ORG NALSAR University of Law, ORG Hyderabad Central University, ORG Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy, ORG HCU, ORG Gandhi Medical College, ORG University of Hyderabad, ORG Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Open University, ORG All India Institute of Medical Sciences, ORG English and Foreign Languages University", "Response": "Public and private schools in Hyderabad are governed by the Board of Secondary Education, Telangana or Central Board of Secondary Education, depending on the affiliation and follow a \"10+2+3\" plan. About two-thirds of pupils attend privately run institutions. Languages of instruction include English, Hindi, Telugu and Urdu. Depending on the institution, students are required to sit the Secondary School Certificate or the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education. After completing secondary education, students enroll in schools or junior colleges with higher secondary facilities. Admission to professional graduation colleges in Hyderabad, many of which are affiliated with either Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Hyderabad (JNTUH) or Osmania University (OU), is through the Engineering Agricultural and Medical Common Entrance Test (EAM-CET).There are 13 universities in Hyderabad: two private universities, two deemed universities, six state universities, and three central universities. The central universities are the University of Hyderabad (Hyderabad Central University, HCU), Maulana Azad National Urdu University and the English and Foreign Languages University. Osmania University, established in 1918, was the first university in Hyderabad and as of 2012 is India's second most popular institution for international students. The Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Open University, established in 1982, is the first distance-learning open university in India.Hyderabad is home to a number of centres specialising in particular fields such as biomedical sciences, biotechnology and pharmaceuticals, such as the National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) and National Institute of Nutrition (NIN). Hyderabad has five major medical schools\u2014Osmania Medical College, Gandhi Medical College, Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences, Deccan College of Medical Sciences and Shadan Institute of Medical Sciences\u2014and many affiliated teaching hospitals. An All India Institute of Medical Sciences has been sanctioned in the outskirts of Hyderabad. The Government Nizamia Tibbi College is a college of Unani medicine. Hyderabad is also the headquarters of the Indian Heart Association, a non-profit foundation for cardiovascular education.Institutes in Hyderabad include the National Institute of Rural Development, NALSAR University of Law, Hyderabad (NLU), the Indian School of Business, the National Geophysical Research Institute, the Institute of Public Enterprise, the Administrative Staff College of India and the Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy. Technical and engineering schools include the International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad (IIITH), Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani \u2013 Hyderabad (BITS Hyderabad), Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management Hyderabad Campus (GITAM Hyderabad Campus), and Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad (IIT-H) as well as agricultural engineering institutes such as the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) and the Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University. Hyderabad also has schools of fashion design including Raffles Millennium International, NIFT Hyderabad and Wigan and Leigh College. The National Institute of Design, Hyderabad (NID-H), will offer undergraduate and postgraduate courses from 2015."}, {"Context": "Hyderabad Sports", "Knowledge": "ORG Sunrisers Hyderabad, ORG Nizam Club, LOC Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium, LOC India, ORG Hyderabad FC, ORG Deccan Chargers, LOC Secunderabad, LOC Swarnandhra Pradesh Sports Complex, ORG Hyderabad Race Club, LOC Gachibowli, ORG Secunderabad Club, LOC Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium, LOC Deccan, LOC G. M. C. Balayogi Stadium, LOC Hyderabad, ORG Andhra Pradesh Motor Sports Club, ORG Hyderabad Cricket Association", "Response": "At the professional level, the city has hosted national and international sports events such as the 2002 National Games of India, the 2003 Afro-Asian Games, the 2004 AP Tourism Hyderabad Open women's tennis tournament, the 2007 Military World Games, the 2009 World Badminton Championships and the 2009 IBSF World Snooker Championship. The city hosts a number of venues suitable for professional competition such as the Swarnandhra Pradesh Sports Complex for field hockey, the G. M. C. Balayogi Stadium in Gachibowli for athletics and football, and for cricket, the Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium and Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium, home ground of the Hyderabad Cricket Association.  Hyderabad has hosted many international cricket matches, including matches in the 1987 and the 1996 ICC Cricket World Cups. The Hyderabad cricket team represents the city in the Ranji Trophy\u2014a first-class cricket tournament among India's states and cities. Hyderabad is home to the Indian Premier League franchise Sunrisers Hyderabad\u2014previously Deccan Chargers\u2014is the champion of 2009 Indian Premier League and 2016 Indian Premier League. The new professional football club of the city Hyderabad FC champions of 2021-22 Indian Super League.During British rule, Secunderabad became a well-known sporting centre and many race courses, parade grounds and polo fields were built.:\u200a18\u200a Many elite clubs formed by the Nizams and the British such as the Secunderabad Club, the Nizam Club and the Hyderabad Race Club, which is known for its horse racing especially the annual Deccan derby, still exist. In more recent times, motorsports has become popular with the Andhra Pradesh Motor Sports Club organising popular events such as the Deccan 1\u20444 Mile Drag, TSD Rallies and 4x4 off-road rallying."}, {"Context": "Hyderabad Transport", "Knowledge": "ORG Society for Employment Promotion & Training in Twin Cities, ORG Indian Railways, ORG Setwin, ORG Hyderabad Metro, LOC Jammu, LOC Kashmir, LOC Begumpet, LOC NH, LOC Hyderabad, LOC Hyderabad Elevated Expressway, LOC Hyderabad Deccan, LOC Inner Ring Road, LOC Mahatma Gandhi Bus Station, LOC Outer Ring Road, LOC Lingampalli, LOC India, LOC Secunderabad, LOC South Central Railway, LOC Srinagar, LOC Kacheguda, LOC Malkajgiri", "Response": "As of 2018, the most commonly used forms of medium-distance transport in Hyderabad include government-owned services such as light railways and buses, as well as privately operated taxis and auto rickshaws. These altogether serve 3.5 million passengers daily. Bus services operate from the Mahatma Gandhi Bus Station in the city centre with a fleet of 3800 buses serving 3.3 million passengers.Hyderabad Metro\u2014(a light-rail rapid transit system) was inaugurated in November 2017. As of 2020 it is a 3 track network spread upon 69.2 km (43 mi) with 57 stations, it is the second-largest metro rail network in India. Hyderabad's Multi-Modal Transport System (MMTS), is a three-line suburban rail service with 121 services carrying 180,000 passengers daily. Complementing these government services are minibus routes operated by Setwin (Society for Employment Promotion & Training in Twin Cities). Intercity rail services operate from Hyderabad; the main, and largest, station is Secunderabad railway station, which serves as Indian Railways' South Central Railway zone headquarters and a hub for both buses and MMTS light rail services connecting Secunderabad and Hyderabad. Other major railway stations in Hyderabad are Hyderabad Deccan, Kacheguda, Begumpet, Malkajgiri and Lingampalli.As of 2018, there are over 5.3 million vehicles operating in the city, of which 4.3 million are two-wheelers and 1.04 million four-wheelers. The large number of vehicles coupled with relatively low road coverage\u2014roads occupy only 9.5% of the total city area:\u200a79\u200a\u2014has led to widespread traffic congestion especially since 80% of passengers and 60% of freight are transported by road.:\u200a3\u200a The Inner Ring Road, the Outer Ring Road, the Hyderabad Elevated Expressway, the longest flyover in India, and various interchanges, overpasses and underpasses were built to ease congestion. Maximum speed limits within the city are 50 km/h (31 mph) for two-wheelers and cars, 35 km/h (22 mph) for auto rickshaws and 40 km/h (25 mph) for light commercial vehicles and buses.Hyderabad sits at the junction of three National Highways linking it to six other states: NH-44 runs 3,963 km (2,462 mi) from Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, in the north to Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu, in the south; NH-65, runs 841 km (523 mi) east-west between Machilipatnam, Andhra Pradesh connects Hyderabad and Suryapet with Pune, Maharashtra; 334 km (208 mi) NH-163 links Hyderabad and Bhopalpatnam, Chhattisgarh; 270 km (168 mi) NH-765 links Hyderabad to Srisailam, Andhra Pradesh. Five state highways, 225 km (140 mi) SH-1 links Hyderabad, to Ramagundam, SH-2, SH-4, and SH-6, either start from, or pass through, Hyderabad.:\u200a58\u200aAir traffic was previously handled via Begumpet Airport established in 1930, but this was replaced by Rajiv Gandhi International Airport (RGIA) (IATA: HYD, ICAO: VOHS) in 2008, capable of handling 25 million passengers and 150,000 metric-tonnes of cargo per annum. In 2020, Airports Council International, an autonomous body representing the world's airports, judged RGIA the Best Airport in Environment and Ambience and the Best Airport by Size and Region in the 15-25 million passenger category."}, {"Context": "Igatpuri Introduction", "Knowledge": "LOC Central Railway, LOC Mumbai, ORG Vipassana International Academy, LOC Nashik Road, LOC Sahyadri, LOC Dhammagiri, LOC Thal Ghat, LOC Nashik, LOC Mumbai CST, LOC Hill Station, ORG Vipassana Center, LOC Egutpoora, LOC Maharashtra, LOC Kasara, LOC Igatpuri, LOC Western Ghats, LOC Nashik District, LOC Agra", "Response": "Igatpuri (Pronunciation: [i\u0261\u0259t\u032apu\u027ei\u02d0]; formerly known as Egutpoora) is a town and a Hill Station. It is also a municipal council in Nashik District in the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is located in the Western Ghats. Igatpuri railway station lies in Nashik District between Mumbai and Nashik Road on the Central Railway. Igatpuri is known for Vipassana International Academy, where ancient technique of meditation is taught called Vipassana. The place is one of the best places to visit in Maharashtra in monsoon. It is a hill station on busy Mumbai-Agra NH-3 only 45 km from Nashik and 130 km from Mumbai.\nIgatpuri railway station is a major railway station connecting Igatpuri to Mumbai.\nThe station is known for its surrounding scenery, wada pao and idlis sold by vendors to commuters traveling in the train.\nThe exit of Igatpuri railway station signals the proximity of Mumbai on down route.\nIgatpuri is surrounded by the highest peaks in Sahyadri i.e. Western Ghats, most of them are forts built in Satavahana dynasty. It's heavenly for trekkers and hikers, Most Indian (Hindi) movie outdoor scenes specially songs are shot in Igatpuri region. Igatpuri is a place of significance in terms of Vipassana meditation. The International Centre for Vipassana meditation called Dhammagiri, supposedly the largest Vipassana Center, is located here. This region consists of those mountains which are accessed by trains going from Mumbai CST to Kasara and Igatpuri. Local trains only go up to Kasara, and don't climb the Thal Ghat from Kasara to Igatpuri. Hence to go to Igatpuri, one has to either take a long distance train or reach Kasara by a suburban train and then take a bus uphill."}, {"Context": "Igatpuri Geography", "Knowledge": "LOC Igatpuri", "Response": "It has an average elevation of 600 metres.\nAverage annual rainfall in Igatpuri is 3498mm."}, {"Context": "Igatpuri Demographics", "Knowledge": "LOC Igatpuri, LOC Patharvat", "Response": "As of 2001 India census, Igatpuri had a population of 31,572. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Igatpuri has an average literacy rate of 74%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 80%, and female literacy is 67%. In Igatpuri, 14% of the population is under 6 years of age. People of Agri community can be found in the city, they are also called Patharvat."}, {"Context": "Igatpuri Accessibility", "Knowledge": "LOC Guwahati, LOC Howrah, LOC Central, LOC NH, LOC New Delhi, LOC Igatpuri, LOC Mumbai, LOC Agra", "Response": "Igatpuri is well connected by rail and road. By NH-3 to Agra and by, Central Railway to Mumbai, Howrah, Guwahati, New Delhi, etc. It is a major railway station, As Loco Changes are made here for trains from and to Mumbai."}, {"Context": "Igatpuri Tourism", "Knowledge": "PER Lord, LOC Pravara River, LOC Dhammagiri, LOC Ghatandevi temple, LOC Bhatsa River Valley, LOC Maharashtra, LOC Bhatsa, LOC Mumbai, LOC Ghatandevi Temple, LOC Ghatandevi, LOC Tringalwadi Fort, LOC Dhamma Giri Meditation Centre, LOC Harihar, LOC Igatpuri, LOC Bhavali dam, LOC Amruteshwar Temple, LOC Bhatsa River, LOC Arthur Lake, PER N. Goenka, LOC Durrar Utvad, LOC Sahya, LOC Trimak, PER Buddha, PER Shiva, LOC Girisagar Waterfall, LOC India, LOC Sahyadri, LOC Bhandardara, LOC Ratangad Fort, ORG ., LOC Mount Kalsubai, PER S, LOC Thal Ghat, LOC Kalsubai Peak", "Response": "Tourism is the most significant segment of the Igatpuri's economy. Following are the places most visited by tourists :\nBhatsa River Valley: The Bhatsa river valley is situated at the end of the Thal Ghat, just before entering Igatpuri from Mumbai. The valley lies in the basin of the majestic Bhatsa River.\nArthur Lake: A few km from Igatpuri, lies a huge and placid Arthur Lake, set like a huge jewel amidst the dense greenery. The lake is formed by the waters of the Pravara River in the Bhandardara region.\nKalsubai Peak About 35 km from Igatpuri is the highest peak in the Sahyadri ranges.\nAmruteshwar Temple: Built in 11th century AD, it is dedicated to Lord Shiva. Constructed in a distinct Hemadpanti style, the temple is surrounded by lush green fields and Mount Kalsubai the highest mountain in Maharashtra. From here a further excursion leads to the Ratangad Fort. One can access this temple by road or an 8 km boat ride on Arthur Lake. \n\nDhamma Giri Meditation Centre: Founded by S.N.Goenka, Dhammagiri is a meditation centre offers courses in Vipasana (insight meditation) a technique taught by the Buddha in India, 2,500 years ago. The large Golden Pagoda, the central theme of Dhammagiri serves as a landmark for Igatpuri. The centre attracts a lots of people from various parts of India as well as abroad. More on Dhammagiri, visit at www.giri.dhamma.org\nGhatandevi Temple: Just ahead of Igatpuri, after crossing the camel Valley, comes across a small road, which leads to the Ghatandevi temple. According to the locals belief, Ghatandevi is the Protector of Ghats. The mountains of Durrar Utvad, Trimak and Harihar forms a spectacular backdrop. Behind the temple lies the Tringalwadi Fort.\nGirisagar Waterfall: This majestic waterfall near the beautiful Bhavali dam greets you to enjoy its timeless beauty amidst the fog and lush green forests. There are a ton of top attractions in close proximity of the falls and a viewpoint just above provides a great view of the Sahyadris. The waterfall is 17 km from Igatpuri train station, inside Jamunda Hills.\nIgatpuri Cemetery It lies on a hillock, North of the town. Soldiers died while fighting the great war in India are buried here.\nTringalwadi Fort: It is situated at an altitude of 3,000 feet above the sea level. Since it is located very high, the fort offers views of the locality, including Kulang and Kalsubai mountain ranges. The fort attracts trekkers also. The top of the fort is shaped like a Turban. A temple dedicated to lord Hanuman is nearby. An architectural marvel, the fort can be accessed through a narrow pathway, down to the Tringalwadi Lake. Just a few km away from Tringalwadi Lake is Talegaon Lake formed by the small Talegaon Dam.\nCamel Valley: A few metres away from Bhatsa river valley, on the right is the camel valley. On the other side of the valley is a waterfall formed by the rain waters and one have to walk over and look down to find a slope that falls over 1, 000 ft. The waterfall is the chief attraction of this place.\nThe Five Waterfalls: A little further from Ghatandevi, the rough road leading to the railway line begins. Across the railway line, while climbing down, falling one below the other, are five waterfalls that form which are main attraction for tourists in Igatpuri."}, {"Context": "Igatpuri Schools in Igatpuri", "Knowledge": "ORG Janta Vidyalaya and Junior College, LOC NH, ORG Mahatama Gandhi High School, ORG Holy Family Convent High School, ORG V. N. Patil Madhyamik Va Uchcha Madhyamik Mahavidyalaya, ORG Wonderland High School, ORG GSTMahavidyalaya, ORG Panchavati English Medium School and Junior College, ORG B. S. E, ORG K. P. G. Arts, Commerce & Science College, LOC Igatpuri, ORG C. B. S. E., ORG NSPM, ORG Junior College", "Response": "Holy Family Convent High School (English).\nMahatama Gandhi High School (Marathi, Semi-English); .\nWonderland High School and Junior College (English) (C.B.S.E) from 2019.\nPanchavati English Medium School and Junior College (C.B.S.E.), NH.3.\nJanta Vidyalaya and Junior College (Marathi).\nK.P.G. Arts, Commerce & Science College, Igatpuri.\nV. N. Patil Madhyamik Va Uchcha Madhyamik Mahavidyalaya (Arts & Science)\nNSPM Arts & Commerce.\nGSTMahavidyalaya, Igatpuri."}, {"Context": "Imphal Introduction", "Knowledge": "LOC Kangla Fort, LOC Kingdom of Manipur, LOC Kangla Palace, LOC Manipur, LOC Imphal, ORG Smart Cities Mission, ORG Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, LOC Imphal West, LOC Imphal East", "Response": "Imphal (Meitei pronunciation: /im.p\u02b0al/; English pronunciation: ) is the capital city of the Indian state of Manipur. The metropolitan centre of the city contains the ruins of Kangla Palace (officially known as Kangla Fort), the royal seat of the former Kingdom of Manipur, surrounded by a moat. Spread over parts of the districts of Imphal West and Imphal East, the former contains the majority of the city's area and population. Imphal is part of the Smart Cities Mission under the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs."}, {"Context": "Imphal History", "Knowledge": "PER Bhagyachandra, PER Khaba, LOC Kangla Palace, PER Senapati Tikendrajit, LOC India, LOC Imphal, PER J. W. Quinton, PER Khagemba, PER Maharaj Gambhir Singh, PER Pakhangba, ORG Ningthouja, PER Khunjaoba", "Response": "Initially ruled by King Khaba, Imphal was later ruled by the Pakhangba leaders. The clan of the Ningthouja tribe originated then. The Ningthouja tribe quickly expanded and dominated the region in politics and war. Kangla Palace was built by King Khagemba and his son Khunjaoba. The palace was later destroyed by the British during the Anglo-Manipur War. During the reign of Maharaja Bhagyachandra, there were a number of Burmese invasions. However, the kingdom survived with the help of Maharaj Gambhir Singh.\nImphal remained peaceful until 1891, when there were internal differences in the royal family. The British sent J.W. Quinton to help but the situation only grew worse and Senapati Tikendrajit was hanged. The autocratic British behavior made people angry. This resulted in the 1891 Anglo-Manipur War, which the British won.The Battle of Imphal took place between March and July 1944, during World War II. The Japanese had invaded Imphal to destroy Allied forces and then invade India, but they were defeated and forced to retreat. The attack made the British realise the militarily strategic position of Imphal."}, {"Context": "Imphal Geography and climate", "Knowledge": "LOC Imphal, LOC Imphal Valley, LOC India", "Response": "Imphal lies in the Imphal Valley surrounded by nine ranges of hills at 24.8074\u00b0N 93.9384\u00b0E\ufeff / 24.8074; 93.9384 in extreme eastern India, with an average elevation of 786 metres (2,579 ft). It has a humid subtropical climate (K\u00f6ppen: Cwa) with cool, dry winters and a slightly hot monsoon season. Imphal enjoys a moderate climate tempered by its high altitude and the surrounding hills. Maximum temperatures in the hottest months average about 29 \u00b0C (84 \u00b0F); January is the coldest month, with average lows near 4 \u00b0C (39 \u00b0F), often drops to around 2 \u00b0C in the coldest nights and rarely drops below freezing point. The city receives about 1,320 mm (52 in) of rain, with June the wettest month. The highest recorded temperature was 35.6 \u00b0C (96.1 \u00b0F), on 22 May 2009, and the lowest temperature was \u22122.7 \u00b0C (27.1 \u00b0F) on 10 January 1970."}, {"Context": "Imphal Demographics", "Knowledge": "ORG Imphal Municipal Council, LOC Imphal, LOC Pakhangba, LOC Kangla Fort", "Response": "At the time of the 2011 census, Imphal Municipal Council had a population of 277,196, of which 135,059 were males and 142,137 females. Imphal had a sex ratio of 1052 females per 1000 males and a literacy rate of 90.8%: 95.1% for males and 86.77% for females. 29,216 (10.54%) were under 6 years of age, 14,997 being males and 14,219 females. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes made up 1,274 (0.46%) and 29,778 (10.74%) of the population respectively.\n\nHinduism is the majority religion in Imphal. Sanamahi followers are the second-largest group, and Imphal in particular contains a famous Pakhangba temple in Kangla Fort. Christianity is the third-largest religion, practiced mainly by the hill tribes in Imphal. Islam is a minority religion practiced by the Pangals, while Buddhism is practiced by the Gorkhas and Jainism by migrants from the mainland.\nAt the time of the 2011 census, 82.80% of the population spoke Manipuri, 3.65% Kabui, 2.20% Hindi, 1.39% Thadou, 1.31% Tangkhul, 1.18% Nepali, 1.11% Bengali, 1.10% Bhojpuri and 1.00% Kuki as their first language."}, {"Context": "Imphal Government and politics", "Knowledge": "LOC Imphal, ORG Imphal Municipal Corporation", "Response": "Imphal is the state capital as well as the headquarters of the Imphal district. The civic administration of the city is under Imphal Municipal Corporation."}, {"Context": "Imphal Civic administration", "Knowledge": "ORG Manipur Administration, ORG Ward Development Committees, LOC Manipur, LOC Assam, PER Laisangbam Lokeshwar, PER Sujata Phaomei, ORG Imphal Municipal Board, ORG Board, PER H. W. G. Cole, ORG Imphal Municipal Corporation, ORG Municipal Board, ORG Municipal Council, ORG Municipal Corporation, LOC India, LOC Imphal, ORG BJP, ORG Town Fund Board, ORG British Reserve, ORG INC, PER Soram Sunil", "Response": "According to Census 2011, Imphal constitutes 42.13% of the total urban population in Manipur. Hence, the history of urban local governance is longer in Imphal than in other parts of the state. The British established the Town Fund Board in Imphal in 1915, which was headed by the then Political Agent Lt. Col. H.W.G. Cole and other nominated members. The Town Fund Board continued after Independence and merger with India in 1949 and it was not headed by the Chief Secretary of Manipur Administration. In 1956, the Assam Municipal Act, 1923 was extended to Manipur and the Imphal Municipal Board was formed with 12 elected members. The strength of the elected members of this Board was increased to 24 in 1961 and to 28 in 1972. Initially, the Municipal Board was established only to administer the areas in Imphal under the British Reserve, covering 3.10 km2 (1.20 sq mi) and 2,862 inhabitants. This was extended to 17.48 km2 (6.75 sq mi) in 1960,  18.25 km2 (7.05 sq mi) in 1970, and 76.58 km2 (29.57 sq mi) in 1972.In 1992, the Municipal Board was upgraded to a Municipal Council under the Manipur Municipality Act, 1994. In 2014, the council was upgraded to the status of Municipal Corporation. There are 27 wards under the Municipal Corporation, each with its own elected councillor. There are eight committees and five sections at the corporation to govern the administration of the city.There are Ward Development Committees in each ward to look after developmental activities at the ward level. The local ward councillor is the chairperson of the committee, which includes two elected and two nominated members as well. The last election to the corporation was in 2016, with INC winning 12 seats, BJP winning 10 seats, and independent candidates winning 5 seats. According to the Manipur Municipality Act, 1994, the mayor is indirectly elected by the elected councillors from amongst themselves. The first mayor of the corporation was Soram Sunil and was elected in 2016. The present mayor of Imphal Municipal Corporation is Laisangbam Lokeshwar and was elected to the position in 2017. Sujata Phaomei is the present Deputy Mayor."}, {"Context": "Imphal Representation in parliament", "Knowledge": "ORG Lok, LOC Manipur, LOC Outer Manipur, LOC Imphal, ORG Constituency, ORG Inner Manipur, ORG Bharatiya Janata Party, PER Rajkumar Ranjan Singh, LOC Inner Manipur", "Response": "Manipur is divided into two constituencies for the purpose of Lok Sabha - Outer Manipur Parliamentary Constituency and Inner Manipur Parliamentary Constituency. Imphal city is part of the Inner Manipur Parliamentary Constituency. The last elections took place during the 2019 Indian general elections. Rajkumar Ranjan Singh from the Bharatiya Janata Party won the election with 2,63,632 votes."}, {"Context": "Imphal Civic amenities", "Knowledge": "ORG Waste, LOC Manipur, ORG Public Works Department, LOC Imphal, ORG Public Health and Engineering Department, ORG Manipur State Power Distribution Company Limited, ORG Department of Fire Services, ORG Imphal Municipal Corporation", "Response": "Manipur State Power Distribution Company Limited is responsible for electricity supply in the city. Public Health and Engineering Department of the Manipur Government looks after both water supply, and sewage and drainage in Imphal. Roads in the city are developed and maintained by the state Public Works Department. Imphal Municipal Corporation is responsible for Solid Waste Management. The state Department of Fire Services provides fire safety services in the city with one fire station, which is also the department headquarters."}, {"Context": "Imphal Tourist attractions", "Knowledge": "LOC Manipur, LOC Ima Keithel, ORG Japanese Forces, ORG Mothers ' Market, LOC Imphal West District, LOC Red Hill, LOC Imphal River, LOC Hiyangthang Lairembi Temple, ORG Commonwealth War Graves Commission, LOC Maklang, LOC India Peace Memorial, LOC Kangla Fort, LOC Kangla Palace, LOC Imphal War Cemetery, ORG Indian National Army, PER Pakhangba, LOC Red Hills, LOC Imphal, LOC Bihu Loukon, ORG British Army, LOC Asia", "Response": "Imphal offers sites of religious and historical importance within and around the city. Kangla Palace (also known as Kangla Fort) is on the banks of the Imphal River. Kangla means \"dry land\" in the Meitei language. It was the palace of King Pakhangba, and has religious significance with multiple temples present within the complex. It is also significant in Manipur's history with the British. Bihu Loukon is an ancient star-shaped fort made of mud situated in Maklang, Imphal West District. It was discovered in 2013. Hiyangthang Lairembi Temple is religious site important to both the local religion, Sanamahism, and to Hinduism. The temple is noted for its annual Durga Puja festival.India Peace Memorial at the Red Hills is located 12 km (7.5 mi) south of Imphal. The place was the scene of action and the theater of the battle that took place between the British Army and the Japanese Forces fighting alongside the Indian National Army in World War II. Red Hill has now become a tourist attraction since the Japanese war veterans constructed a monument at the foot of this hill. The Imphal War Cemetery remembers Indian and British soldiers who fought and died in 1944 during World War II and is managed by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission.Imphal is also home to the largest all women run market in Asia, called the Ima Keithel (Mothers' Market). It was established in the 16th century and hosts around 5,000\u20136,000 women vendors who sell a variety of products."}, {"Context": "Imphal Air", "Knowledge": "LOC Tulihal International Airport", "Response": "Tulihal International Airport is 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) south of the city and has direct flights to major Indian cities."}, {"Context": "Imphal Road", "Knowledge": "LOC Guwahati, LOC Kohima, LOC Aizawl, LOC National Highway, LOC Imphal, LOC Shillong, LOC Lamka, LOC Silchar, LOC Agartala, LOC Dimapur", "Response": "Imphal is connected by the National Highway to major cities like Lamka, Guwahati, Kohima, Agartala, Shillong, Dimapur, Aizawl, and Silchar."}, {"Context": "Imphal Railway", "Knowledge": "LOC Jiribam, LOC India, LOC Imphal, LOC Silchar, ORG Cabinet Committee on Infrastructure", "Response": "In October 2012, India's Cabinet Committee on Infrastructure approved an extension of the Jiribam\u2013Silchar railway to Imphal. The extension was expected to reach the city by 2019. The total length of the railway line is 110.62 km. The revised estimated cost of construction for the railway line sits at Rs 9658 crore, with Rs 4927.54 crore being spent as of 2019."}, {"Context": "Imphal Sports", "Knowledge": "ORG NEROCA FC, LOC Imphal, LOC Khuman Lampak Main Stadium, ORG TRAU FC, LOC Khuman Lampak Sports Complex", "Response": "Khuman Lampak Main Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Imphal. It is used mostly for football and athletics. The stadium holds 30,000 people and was built in 1999. This stadium lies inside the Khuman Lampak Sports Complex. Imphal based professional football clubs NEROCA FC and TRAU FC of I-League play their home matches at this stadium."}, {"Context": "Imphal Universities", "Knowledge": "ORG National Sports University Manipur University of Culture, ORG Manipur Central University Central Agricultural University", "Response": "Manipur Central University\nCentral Agricultural University\nNational Sports University\nManipur University of Culture"}, {"Context": "Imphal Technical colleges", "Knowledge": "ORG Indian Institute of Information Technology, ORG Manipur Institute of Technology, LOC Manipur, ORG National Institute of Technology, ORG Manipur Technical University", "Response": "Indian Institute of Information Technology, Manipur\nManipur Institute of Technology\nNational Institute of Technology, Manipur\nManipur Technical University"}, {"Context": "Imphal Medical colleges", "Knowledge": "ORG Regional Institute of Medical Sciences Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of Medical Science", "Response": "Regional Institute of Medical Sciences\nJawaharlal Nehru Institute of Medical Science"}, {"Context": "Imphal Schools", "Knowledge": "LOC Koirengei, LOC Nambol, ORG Herbert School Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, ORG Changangei Dav Public School, LOC Bishnupur District, ORG Ragailong Catholic School, ORG St. John English High School, ORG Canchipur Comet School, LOC Thangmeiband, ORG Kids ' Foundation School, LOC CCpur, LOC Ukrul, ORG Central Board of Secondary Education, LOC Bishnupur, LOC Lamphelpat, ORG St. Joseph School, ORG Meci Explorer Academy Changangei Kendriya Vidyalaya, ORG St. Anthony ' s English School & College Imphal, LOC Khumbong, ORG St. Paul ' s English School Sanfort International School & College Imphal Sangai Higher Secondary Public School, ORG Don Bosco School, ORG Guru Nanak, ORG Indian Certificate of Secondary Education Board, ORG Senapati Johnstone Higher Secondary Public School, LOC Imphal, LOC Chingmeirong, ORG Little Flower School Lodestar Public School Manipur Public School Sainik International School & College Imphal Savio English Higher Secondary Public School, LOC Thoubal, ORG Areca School, LOC Tamenglong, ORG Kendriya Vidyalaya, ORG Langjing Nirmalabas High School, ORG Ghari Maria International Montessori School", "Response": "There are many schools in Imphal affiliated with the Central Board of Secondary Education and Indian Certificate of Secondary Education Board, as well as state government schools.\n\nAreca School, Ragailong\nCatholic School, Canchipur\nComet School, Changangei\nDav Public School, Chingmeirong\nDon Bosco School Imphal, Chingmeirong\nGuru Nanak Public School\nHerbert School\nJawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Khumbong (Imphal west), Imphal east, Bishnupur, CCpur, Ukrul, Thoubal, Tamenglong and Senapati\nJohnstone Higher Secondary Public School\nKids' Foundation School, Ghari\nMaria International Montessori School, Koirengei\nMeci Explorer Academy Changangei\nKendriya Vidyalaya No 1 Imphal, Lamphelpat\nKendriya Vidyalaya No 2 Imphal, Langjing\nNirmalabas High School, Imphal\nLittle Flower School\nLodestar Public School\nManipur Public School\nSainik International School & College Imphal\nSavio English Higher Secondary Public School, Thangmeiband\nSt. Anthony's English School & College Imphal\nSt. John English High School, Nambol, Bishnupur District\nSt. Joseph School\nSt. Paul's English School\nSanfort International School & College Imphal\nSangai Higher Secondary Public School"}, {"Context": "Imphal Healthcare", "Knowledge": "LOC Catholic Medical, ORG Research, LOC Imphal Hospital, ORG Hospital, LOC Raj Medicity Sky Hospital, LOC Imphal, LOC Advanced, LOC Maipakpi Maternity and Child Hospital Iboyaima Hospital, LOC Mother, ORG Horizon Hospital, ORG Nehru Institute of Medical Sciences, LOC Asian Hospital Lamjingba Hospital, ORG Apex Hospital, ORG Research Institute, ORG ' s Care Hospital, LOC Jawaharlal, ORG Regional Institute of Medical Sciences", "Response": "Imphal has many private and government hospitals that are open 24 hours.\n\nRegional Institute of Medical Sciences\nShija Hospitals & Research Institutes\nCity Hospital\nImphal Hospital\nRaj Medicity\nSky Hospital and Research Institute\nMother's Care Hospital and Research Centre\nApex Hospital\nJawaharlal Nehru Institute of Medical Sciences\nHorizon Hospital and Research Institute\nAdvanced Hospital\nCatholic Medical Centre\nMaipakpi Maternity and Child Hospital\nIboyaima Hospital\nAsian Hospital\nLamjingba Hospital"}, {"Context": "Imphal Notable people", "Knowledge": "PER Mengoubi, PER Uttam Leishangthem Singh, LOC Manipur, PER Sushila Chanu, PER M. K. Binodini Devi, PER Dheeraj Singh Moirangthem, PER Armstrong Pame, PER Thiyam, ORG Imphal Chorus Theatre, PER Binalakshmi Nepram, PER Yumlembam Gambhini Devi, PER Mary Kom, ORG FC Goa, PER Nilakanta Sharma, PER Bombayla Devi Laishram, PER Dingko Singh, PER Saikhom Mirabai Chanu, PER Ngairangbam Bijoy Singh, ORG National School of Drama, PER Irom Chanu Sharmila, PER Loitongbam Ashalata Devi, PER Neelamani Devi, LOC Tokyo, LOC India, ORG Government of India, PER Iron Lady, PER Robert Naorem", "Response": "M. K. Binodini Devi, novelist, short story writer, playwright and a member of the royal family of Manipur\nYumlembam Gambhini Devi, recipient of the 1988 Sangeet Natak Akademi Award and the Padma Shri in 2005 for her contributions to Manipuri dance and musicRatan Thiyam, theatre director and chairman of the Imphal Chorus Theatre, former chairman at National School of Drama\nNeelamani Devi, craftswoman and master potter who was awarded the Padma Shri in 2007 for her contributions to the art of pottery making\nMary Kom, boxer and national representative at world sports events\nSaikhom Mirabai Chanu, Indian weightlifter who won the silver medal at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics\nDingko Singh, boxer who won a gold medal at the 1998 Asian Games and was awarded the Padma Shri in 2013\nNgairangbam Bijoy Singh, doctor and politician\nUttam Leishangthem Singh, footballer\nBinalakshmi Nepram, humanitarian, author, and female activist for gender rights and women-led disarmament movements in Manipur and northeast India\nIrom Chanu Sharmila, also known as the \"Iron Lady\" or \"Mengoubi\" (\"the fair one\"), a civil rights activist, political activist, and poet\nRobert Naorem, designer representative of indigenous designs of Manipur and involved in the Hindi film industry\nDheeraj Singh Moirangthem, footballer (India U-23, FC Goa)\nBombayla Devi Laishram, archer who was awarded the Arjuna Award in 2012 and the Padma Shri in 2019 by the Government of India for her contributions to sports\nSushila Chanu, Indian hockey player and former captain of Indian national women's hockey team\nLoitongbam Ashalata Devi, Indian footballer who is the current captain of India women's national football team\nArmstrong Pame, Indian Administrative Service officer\nNilakanta Sharma, played as a mid fielder in India men's national field hockey team in Tokyo Olympics 2020 which won bronze medal."}, {"Context": "Indore Introduction", "Knowledge": "LOC Indore, ORG Union of India, LOC Indore Division, ORG Swachh Survekshan, LOC Maratha Empire, LOC Delhi, LOC Madhya Pradesh, LOC Malwa, PER Holkar, LOC Indore State, PER Peshwa Baji Rao I, LOC Deccan, ORG Indian Institute of Technology, ORG MoHUA, ORG Indian Institute of Management, LOC Bhopal, ORG Maratha, LOC Malwa Plateau, ORG Madhya Pradesh Stock Exchange, LOC India, ORG Madhya Bharat, LOC Central India, LOC Indore District", "Response": "Indore ( (listen)) is the largest and most populous city in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. It serves as the headquarters of both Indore District and Indore Division. It is also considered as an education hub of the state and is the only city to encompass campuses of both the Indian Institute of Technology and the Indian Institute of Management. Located on the southern edge of Malwa Plateau, at an average altitude of 553 meters (1,814 ft) above sea level, it has the highest elevation among major cities of Central India. The city is 190 km (120 mi) west of the state capital of Bhopal. Indore had a census-estimated 2011 population of 1,994,397 (municipal corporation) and 3,570,295 (urban agglomeration). The city is distributed over a land area of just 530 square kilometres (200 sq mi), making Indore the most densely populated major city in the central province. Indore is the cleanest city in India according to Swachh Survekshan Report 2022 sixth time in a row, conducted by MoHUA the world's largest urban sanitation and cleanliness survey.\nIndore traces its roots to its 16th-century founding as a trading hub between the Deccan and Delhi. The city and its surroundings came under Maratha Empire on 18 May 1724 after Peshwa Baji Rao I assumed the full control of Malwa. During the days of the British Raj, Indore State was a 19 Gun Salute (21 locally) princely state (a rare high rank) ruled by the Maratha Holkar dynasty, until they acceded to the Union of India. Indore served as the capital of the Madhya Bharat from 1950 until 1956.\nIndore's financial district, based in central Indore, functions as the financial capital of Madhya Pradesh and is home to the Madhya Pradesh Stock Exchange.\nIndore has been selected as one of the 100 Indian cities to be developed as a smart city under the Smart Cities Mission. It also qualified the first round of Smart Cities Mission and was selected as one of the first twenty cities to be developed as Smart Cities. Indore has been part of Swachh Survekshan since its inception and had ranked 25th in 2016. It has been ranked as India's cleanest city six years in a row as per the Swachh Survekshan for the years 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021 and 2022. Meanwhile, Indore has also been declared as India's first 'water plus' city under the Swachh Survekshan 2021. Indore became the only Indian city to be selected for International Clean Air Catalyst Programme. The project with cooperation of Indore Municipal Corporation and Madhya Pradesh Pollution Control Board, will be operated for a period of five years to purify the air in the city."}, {"Context": "Indore Etymology", "Knowledge": "LOC Indore, PER Holkar, LOC Indreshwar Mahadev Temple, PER Indra, LOC Indrapura, PER Swami Indrapuri, ORG Marathas, PER Tukoji Rao Holkar", "Response": "Gupta inscriptions name Indore as 'Indrapura'. It is believed that the city is named after its Indreshwar Mahadev Temple, where Indra is the presiding deity. It is believed that Indra himself did Tapasya (meditation) in this place and led sage Swami Indrapuri to establish the temple. Later, Tukoji Rao Holkar who belonged to the Holkar clan of the Marathas and was the feudatory of Indore, renovated the temple."}, {"Context": "Indore Gupta Empire (Gupta Era)", "Knowledge": "LOC Indore, PER Achalavarman, PER Skandagupta, LOC Gupta, LOC Indrapura", "Response": "Gupta Empire inscription mentions Indore as city/town of Indrapura in Gupta Indore Copper plate inscription dated 146 Gupta era or 465 CE. These are also some of the earliest mentions of Indore where the city is mentioned as 'Indrapura'. Indrapura (modern day Indore) was then known for its sun temple, where in 464\u201365 CE, Gupta king Skandagupta had made an endowment for the permanent maintenance of the city's sun temple. The temple was constructed by two merchants of the city \u2013 Achalavarman and Bh\u1e5biku\u1e47\u1e6dhasi\u1e41ha."}, {"Context": "Indore Holkar Era (Maratha Empire)", "Knowledge": "LOC Indore, PER Jai Singh II, ORG Mughal Nizam, PER Sardars, LOC Malwa, ORG Peshwa, PER Amil, PER Chauth, PER Ranoji Scindia, LOC Deccan, LOC Nalchha, PER Nandlal Chaudhary, PER Santaji Bhonsale, PER Udaji Rao Pawar, LOC Kampel, LOC Amjhera, LOC Malwa Subah, ORG Mughal Amil, PER Baji Rao I, PER Malhar Rao Holkar, LOC Mandu, PER Nandlal Mandloi, LOC Ujjain", "Response": "During the Mughal era, the area under the modern Indore district was equally divided between the administrations (sarkars) of Ujjain and Mandu. Kampel was the headquarters of a mahal (administrative unit) under the Ujjain sarkar of Malwa Subah (province). The area of the modern Indore city was included in the Kampel pargana (administrative unit).In 1715, the Marathas invaded this region (Mughal territory) and demanded chauth (tax) from the Mughal Amil (administrator) of Kampel. The Amil fled to Ujjain, and the local zamindars agreed to pay Chauth to the Marathas. The chief zamindar, Nandlal Chaudhary (later known as Nandlal Mandloi), paid a chauth of around Rs. 25,000 to the Marathas. Jai Singh II, the Mughal Governor of Malwa, reached Kampel on 8 May 1715, and defeated the Marathas in a battle near the village. The Marathas came back in early 1716, and raided Kampel in 1717. In March 1718, the Marathas, led by Santaji Bhonsale, invaded Malwa again, but were unsuccessful this time.\nBy 1720, the headquarters of the local pargana were transferred from Kampel to Indore, due to the increasing commercial activity in the city. In 1724, the Marathas under the new Peshwa Baji Rao I, launched a fresh attack on the Mughals in Malwa. Baji Rao I himself led the campaign, accompanied by his lieutenants Udaji Rao Pawar, Malhar Rao Holkar and Ranoji Scindia. The Mughal Nizam met the Peshwa at Nalchha on 18 May 1724, and acceded to his demand of collecting chauth from the area. The Peshwa returned to the Deccan, but left Malhar Rao Holkar at Indore to oversee the chauth collection.\nThe Marathas maintained friendly relations with Nandlal Chaudhary, who held influence over the local Sardars (chiefs). In 1728, they defeated the Mughals decisively in the battle of Amjhera, and consolidated their authority in the area over the next few years. On 3 October 1730, Malhar Rao Holkar was appointed as the Maratha chief of Malwa. The local zamindars, who had the title of Chaudhari, came to be known as Mandlois (after mandal, an administrative unit) during the Maratha reign. The Holkar dynasty of the Marathas, which controlled the region, conferred the title of Rao upon the local zamindar family.\nAfter Nandlal died, his son Tejkarana was accepted as the Mandloi of Kampel by the Peshwa Baji Rao I. The pargana was formally granted to Malhar Rao Holkar by merging 28 and one-half Pargana by the Peshwa in 1733. The pargana headquarters were transferred back to Kampel during his reign. After his death, his daughter-in-law Ahilyabai Holkar moved the headquarters to Indore in 1766. The tehsil of Kampel was converted into Indore tehsil by a change in the name.\nAhilyabai Holkar moved the state's capital to Maheshwar in 1767, but Indore remained an important commercial and military center."}, {"Context": "Indore Princely State (Indore/Holkar State)", "Knowledge": "LOC Indore, LOC Maratha Empire, PER Ahalyabai Holkar, PER Dwarka \u2013, LOC Kundachatri, PER Ahilya Bai, LOC Vyasaganga, PER Ahalyabai, LOC Pawali, LOC Tunganath, PER Khande Rao, LOC Gaurkund, LOC Royal Palace, PER Aurangzeb, LOC Bidarchati, PER Male Rao Holkar, LOC Dharamshalas, LOC Shri Rama Temple, LOC Devprayag, LOC Rangdachati, LOC Kashi Vishwanath Temple Ayodhya, LOC India, PER Malhar Rao Holkar, LOC Shri Kedareshwar Temple, LOC Hari Temple, LOC Sarayu Ghat Badrinath, PER Malhar Rao, PER Chhatrapati Shivaji Raje Bhonsale", "Response": "Ahalyabai Holkar is fondly remembered as a noble, saintly and courageous woman. She ruled the kingdom of Indore (which was then part of the wider Maratha Empire) for several decades. Her rule is remembered as a golden age in Indore\u2019s history. From an agricultural background herself, she married Khande Rao, prince of Indore. Thereafter, she resided in the Royal Palace. Later, she was trained in statecraft and accompanied the army to war on many occasions. At that time the Maratha Empire (which was founded by Chhatrapati Shivaji Raje Bhonsale) was at the apex of its power. There were frequent battles and skirmishes, both against foreigners as well as internal feuds. In one such battle in 1754, Ahalyabai\u2019s husband was killed. Her aged father-in-law (Malhar Rao) was shattered at the death of his son. He summoned Ahalyabai, who he loved deeply, and said: \"You are now my son. I wish that you look after my kingdom\".Malhar Rao Holkar died in 1766, 12 years after the death of his son Khande Rao. Malhar Rao's grandson and Khande Rao's only son Male Rao Holkar became the ruler of Indore in 1766, under Ahilya Bai's regency , but he too died within few months in April 1767. Ahilya Bai became the ruler of Indore after the death of her son with Khande Rao. Ahilya Bai was a great pioneer and builder of Hindu temples who constructed hundreds of temples and Dharmashalas throughout India. She is specially renowned for refurbishing and reconsecrating some of the most sacred sites of Hindu pilgrimage that had been desecrated and demolished in the previous century by the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb including:\n\nKashi Vishwanath Temple\nAyodhya \u2013 Construction of Shri Rama Temple, Sarayu Ghat\nBadrinath \u2013 Construction of Shri Kedareshwar Temple and Hari Temple, Dharamshalas (at Rangdachati, Bidarchati, Vyasaganga, Tunganath, Pawali), construction of many kundas (at Gaurkund, Kundachatri), a garden and a kunda of warm water at Devprayag, pastoral land for cows\nDwarka \u2013 Mohatajkhana, Pooja House and donation of some villages to the priests of the Dwarkadhish Temple\nKedarnath \u2013 Dharmashala and Kund)\nOmkareshwar \u2013 Renovation of the temples of Mamaleshwar Mahadev, Amaleshwar and Trambakeshwar Temples, completing the construction of Gauri-Somnath temple, construction of a Dharmashala & pond, donation of a silver mask for adoration of the Shivalinga\nRameswaram \u2013 Construction of Hanumana Temple, Shri Radha Krishna Temple, a Dharmashala, Well & Garden and many more.In 1818, the Holkars were defeated by the British during the Third Anglo-Maratha War, in the Battle of Mahidpur by which the capital was again moved from Maheshwar to Indore. A residency with British residents was established at Indore, but Holkars continued to rule Indore State as a princely state mainly due to efforts of their Dewan Tatya Jog. During that time, Indore has established the headquarters of the British Central Agency. Ujjain was originally the commercial centre of Malwa. But the British administrators such as John Malcolm decided to promote Indore as an alternative to Ujjain because the merchants of Ujjain had supported anti-British elements.In 1906 electric supply was started in the city, the fire brigade was established in 1909, and 1918, the first master-plan of the city was made by noted architect and town planner, Patrick Geddes. During the period of Maharaja Tukoji Rao Holkar II (1852\u201386) efforts were made for the planned development and industrial development of Indore. With the introduction of Railways in 1875, the business in Indore flourished during the reigns of Maharaja Shivaji Rao Holkar, Maharaja Tukoji Rao Holkar III and Maharaja Yeshwant Rao Holkar.\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\nThe Holkar State Darbar (Court) was composed of many Jagirdars, Sardars, Istamuradars, Mankaris and Zamindars."}, {"Context": "Indore Post-independence", "Knowledge": "LOC Indore, ORG Indian Union, LOC Holkar State, LOC India, LOC Bhopal, LOC Madhya Bharat, LOC Madhya Pradesh", "Response": "After India's independence in 1947, Holkar State, along with several neighboring princely states, acceded to the Indian Union. In 1948, with the formation of Madhya Bharat, Indore became the summer capital of the new state. On 1 November 1956, when Madhya Bharat was renamed/merged into Madhya Pradesh, the state capital was shifted to Bhopal. Indore, a city today of nearly 4.5 million (2018) residents, has been transformed from a traditional commercial urban centre into the modern dynamic commercial capital of the state."}, {"Context": "Indore Climate", "Knowledge": "LOC Indore", "Response": "Indore lies on a borderline between a humid subtropical climate (K\u00f6ppen climate classification Cwa) and a tropical savanna climate (Aw). Because of its high elevation and inland location even during the hottest months the nights are relatively cool, which is known as Shab-e-Malwa. Three distinct seasons are observed: summer, monsoon and winter. The coldest temperature was 1.1 \u00b0C (34.0 \u00b0F) in January 1936.Indore gets moderate rainfall of 700 to 800 millimetres (28 to 31 in) during June\u2013September due to the southwest monsoon."}, {"Context": "Indore Demographics", "Knowledge": "LOC Indore, LOC Central India, LOC Madhya Pradesh, LOC India", "Response": "Indore is the most populous city in Madhya Pradesh. It is also the largest metropolitan city in Central India. According to the 2011 census of India, the population of Indore city (the area under the municipal corporation and outgrowths) was 1,994,397. The population of the Indore metropolis (urban agglomeration that includes neighboring areas) was 2,170,295. In 2011, the city had a population density of 25,170 people per square mile (9,718 per square km), rendering it the most densely populated of all the municipalities with population over 100,000 in Madhya Pradesh. As per the 2011 census, 1,502,775 were literates, which translates to 75.4% of the total population, with an effective literacy rate (of population 7 years and above) 85.5%, with male literacy of 89.8% and female literacy was 81.2%. The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes populations in 2011 were 309,229 and 54,075, respectively. The total number of households were 404711."}, {"Context": "Indore Religion", "Knowledge": "", "Response": "Majority of the population are Hindus (80.18%), followed by significant populations of Muslims (14.09%) and Jains (3.25%)."}, {"Context": "Indore Languages", "Knowledge": "LOC Indore", "Response": "Hindi is the official language of Indore city, and is spoken by a majority of the population. A number of Hindi dialects such as Malvi, Nimadi and Bundeli are spoken in decent numbers.\nOther languages with substantial number of speakers include Marathi, Urdu, Sindhi, Gujarati, Punjabi and Bengali.According to 2012 figures, around 6,000 Pakistani Hindu migrants live in the city (out of a total 10,000 in the state)."}, {"Context": "Indore Civic administration", "Knowledge": "LOC Indore, ORG Council, PER Pratibha Pal, ORG Free Press Journal, ORG Indore Municipal Corporation, LOC Madhya Pradesh, PER Bakshi Khajan Singh, PER Pushya Mitra Bhargava, ORG IMC", "Response": "Indore has a city government, or municipality, with a mayor-council form of government. In 1870, the first municipality was constituted in Indore. and Bakshi Khajan Singh was appointed chairman. Indore municipality became the first city to have an elected municipal government responsible for the welfare and growth of the city. In the year 1956, during the reorganization of states, Indore was included in Madhya Pradesh, and later that same year, was declared a municipal corporation.Indore Municipal Corporation (IMC) is spread over an area of 269 square km. The Indore Municipal Corporation (IMC) is a unicameral body consisting of 69 Council members whose districts are divided into 12 zones and these zones had been further divided into 69 wards defined by geographic population boundaries. In 2014, 29 villages were added into the fold of the municipality. In 2015, 23 more villages were added. After these inclusions, the number of wards went up to 85, and zones 19.The mayor and councillors are elected to five-year terms. The municipal or local elections to Indore Municipal Corporation were last held in 2015. The next elections were to be held early in 2020, but as per a report from February 2020, these have not happened, although preparation of voter rolls and ward reservation happened later in July. The elected wing of the city government is headed by the Mayor and the incumbent Mayor is Pushya Mitra Bhargava. As per a report from the Free Press Journal, Indore was notified in 2018 for not having constituted ward committees. The executive wing is headed by Pratibha Pal, the municipal commissioner of Indore, who is also the first female commissioner of the city.On 8 May 2020, the budget for of \u20b9 4,763 crore for 2020\u201321 was approved for the civic body. Major sources of revenue for the municipality include collection of property tax, water tax, rent.Indore municipality follows the guidelines as per the Madhya Pradesh Municipal Corporations Act 1956, as well as the Madhya Pradesh Municipalities Act, 1961. The IMC is responsible for public education, correctional institutions, libraries, public safety, recreational facilities, sanitation, water supply, local planning, and welfare services."}, {"Context": "Indore Representation in Parliament and State Assembly", "Knowledge": "LOC Indore, ORG Indore Development Authority, PER Shankar Lalwani, ORG Bharatiya Janata Party", "Response": "Indore city is represented in the parliament through the Indore Lok Sabha constituency, which covers most of the district. In May 2019, Shankar Lalwani of Bharatiya Janata Party, who is also the chairman of the Indore Development Authority, had been elected as the Member of Parliament from Indore. As per delimitation from 2008, Indore city is represented in the state assembly constituency through 5 Constituencies, election for which last took place in 2018:"}, {"Context": "Indore Law and order", "Knowledge": "LOC Indore, ORG NewsClick, PER Vivek Johri, ORG IPS, ORG Department of Home Affairs, ORG Indore Police, PER Harinarayan Chari Mishra, ORG SSP, PER Pawan Kumar Sharma, LOC Madhya Pradesh, ORG Madhya Pradesh Police, ORG IAS", "Response": "The Indore Police, a division of the Madhya Pradesh Police, is under the direct control of Department of Home Affairs. The government of Madhya Pradesh is the law enforcement agency in Indore. Indore district is divided into 39 police stations and seven police outposts.In 2012, it was reported that the Police Commissionerate system would be implemented in Indore, but this did not pan out because of tussle between the IAS and IPS officers in the state. The bill was proposed again in 2018 and has been criticised by NewsClick. The system has not been implemented as of 2020, although there has been talk of it.As of 4 September 2013, the Divisional commissioner is Dr Pawan Kumar Sharma. In Feb 2020, the new Director General of Police became Vivek Johri while SSP Indore is Harinarayan Chari Mishra."}, {"Context": "Indore Judiciary", "Knowledge": "LOC Indore, ORG Indore High Court, ORG Madhya Pradesh High Court, LOC Madhya Pradesh, LOC Gwalior", "Response": "Indore is also a seat for one of the two permanent benches of Madhya Pradesh High Court with Gwalior, the city, its agglomerates, and other 12 districts of western Madhya Pradesh falls under the jurisdiction of Indore High Court."}, {"Context": "Indore Other agencies", "Knowledge": "LOC Indore, ORG Forest Department, ORG IDA, LOC Race Course Road, ORG MP Electricity Board, ORG Town and Country Planning Department, ORG Indore Development Authority, LOC IMR, LOC Pradesh, ORG IMC, ORG Municipal Commissioner, ORG Indore, ORG Public Works Department, ORG IDA Board, LOC Bhopal, ORG Public Health Engineering, ORG Government of Madhya, ORG Town and Country Office, LOC Indore Metropolitan Region", "Response": "Most of the regions surrounding the city are administered by the Indore Development Authority (IDA). IDA works as an apex body for planning and co-ordination of development activities in the Indore Metropolitan Region (IMR) comprising Indore and its agglomeration covering an area of 398.72 km2 (153.95 sq mi). Primarily, IDA develops new residential areas. During the early stage of development of such areas, the IDA is responsible for developing basic infrastructure. Once a sizeable number of plots are sold, the area is formally transferred to the IMC, which is then responsible for the maintenance of the infrastructure in the area.The IDA consists of two appointed components; the collector of the district, who has executive powers, and the IDA Board which includes a chairman appointed by Government of Madhya Pradesh, Municipal Commissioner of Indore and five members form Town and Country Planning Department, Forest Department, Public Health Engineering, Public Works Department and MP Electricity Board who scrutinize the collector's decisions and can accept or reject his budget proposals each year. The role of IDA is to implement the master plan for Indore prepared by the Town and Country Office, Bhopal. The headquarters of the IDA is at Race Course Road, Indore."}, {"Context": "Indore Civic utilities", "Knowledge": "LOC Indore, LOC Narmada, LOC Kabitkhedi, LOC Jalud, ORG Madhya Pradesh Paschim Kshetra Vidyut Vitaran Company Limited, ORG PCC, ORG WaterAid, ORG UN Habitat, ORG Sequencing Batch Reactors, ORG Plastic Collection Centre, LOC Nemawar Road, ORG Centralized Processing Unit, LOC Devguradia, ORG IMC", "Response": "Electricity in Indore is supplied by the Madhya Pradesh Paschim Kshetra Vidyut Vitaran Company Limited, the state's agency.Major source of water in Indore are Narmada river and overhead tanks. In 2016, the central government sanctioned 70 crores under the AMRUT scheme to overhaul the water facilities. Indore used to receive 350 MLD of water from Jalud pumping station on Narmada river; while in 2019 the quantity reduced by 100 MLD, as of 2020 it has regained its capacity. The municipality supplies around 450 MLD water through piped connections to parts of the town on alternate days, other parts of the city have shortage of water. The urban poor and unauthorized slum area face a massive shortage of water, and need to purchases private water in drums, or need to have to access private tubewells. A joint study done by UN Habitat, IMC and WaterAid mapping poverty surveyed 176545 households (approximately 1/3rd of the households in the city), and found that 72% of the households did not have access to piped water supply.As of 2012, Indore generated nearly 240 MLD of sewage. As per a report from August 2018, Indore achieved 100% treatment of the faecal matter generated in the city. The city has 3 sewage treatment plants (STPs), which includes a Sequencing Batch Reactors with a capacity of 245 MLD, the largest in the world, as well as a 78 MLD and 12 MLD Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket reactor at Kabitkhedi and a third with a capacity of 122 MLD.As of 2019, Indore generates over 1,115 metric tons (MT) of garbage a day, of which 650 MT is wet waste and 465 MT is dry waste. The municipality has 100% door to door collection and segregation. The city has a Centralized Processing Unit situated at Devguradia, Nemawar Road over an area of 146 acres. Waste collected at the garbage transfer stations in city is weighed, compressed and moved to this site for final processing. Indore also set up a Plastic Collection Centre (PCC) to reuse and recycle the city's plastic waste and also installed a plastic cleansing machine known as a 'Phatka Machine'."}, {"Context": "Indore Economy", "Knowledge": "LOC Indore, ORG Jewelry, LOC Hatod Industrial Area, LOC Super Corridor, ORG TCS, LOC Madhya Pradesh, ORG MPSE, LOC Ranmal Billod Industrial Area, LOC Shivajinagar Bhindikho Industrial Area, ORG Infosys, LOC Rau Industrial Area, ORG NSE, LOC Kali Billod Industrial Area, LOC Bhagirathpura Industrial Area, ORG Namkeen, LOC Park, ORG Pharma, LOC Gems, LOC Diamond Park, LOC Sanwer, ORG Detroit, ORG Collabera, LOC Pardeshipura IT Park, LOC Electronic, LOC Crystal IT Park, LOC Laxmibainagar Industrial Area, ORG Impetus, ORG Madhya Pradesh Stock Exchange, LOC India, LOC Food Park, ORG Directorate of Economics and Statistics, ORG Apparel Park, ORG National Stock Exchange, LOC Central India, LOC Pithampur, LOC Indore District", "Response": "Indore is a commercial center for goods and services. As per the official records released by the Directorate of Economics and Statistics (Madhya Pradesh), the GDP (nominal) of Indore District is estimated at Rs. 64,813 crores for the year 2020\u201321. While its per-capita nominal GDP was recorded at INR 1,51,101 in 2020-21. The city also hosts a biennial global investors' summit, which attracts investors from several countries. Major industrial areas surrounding the city include: Pithampur (phases I, II and III alone host 1,500 large, medium and small industrial set-ups), Indore Special Economic Zone (around 3,000 acres/ 4.7 square miles/ 1,214 hectares), Sanwer industrial belt (1,000 acres/ 1.6 square miles/ 405 hectares), Laxmibainagar Industrial Area, Rau Industrial Area, Bhagirathpura Industrial Area, Kali Billod Industrial Area, Ranmal Billod Industrial Area, Shivajinagar Bhindikho Industrial Area, Hatod Industrial Area.\nThe city also has IT Parks, Crystal IT Park (550,000 square feet), Pardeshipura IT Park (100,000 square feet), Electronic Complex, and Individual Special Economic Zones (SEZs) such as TCS SEZ, Infosys SEZ, Impetus SEZ, Diamond Park, Gems and Jewelry Park, Food Park, Apparel Park, Namkeen Cluster and Pharma Cluster.Pithampur near Indore is known as the Detroit of Madhya Pradesh.Madhya Pradesh Stock Exchange (MPSE) was set up in 1919. It is the only stock exchange in Central India and the third oldest stock exchange in India. It is located in Indore. The National Stock Exchange (NSE) has established an Investor Service Center in the city.TCS has officially started an offshore development center in Indore with a total campus area of around 1.5 million square feet. Collabera has also announced plans to open campuses in Indore. Infosys is setting up a new development center at Indore at an investment of Rs. 1 billion in Phase I at Super Corridor. Infosys demanded an area of 130 acres (53 hectares) to open its new facility in Indore which will employ about 13,000 people. The government of MP has done the land allotment. Impetus, headquartered in Los Gatos, California, USA, with multiple offshore offices in Indore, has started operations at its 25-acre land, procured from the SEZ. Besides these, there are several small and medium-sized software development firms in Indore. Webgility, a San Francisco-based ecommerce company that has had a presence in Indore since 2007, opened a 16,000 square-foot campus at NRK Business Park in 2017. Accenture has also opened the office in Vijay Nagar area. Nagarro and Persistent Systems also had the presence in Indore."}, {"Context": "Indore Food", "Knowledge": "LOC Indore, LOC Chappan Dukan, LOC Sarafa Bazaar, LOC India", "Response": "Indore's culinary culture has a blend of Maharashtrian, Malwi, Rajasthani and Gujarati influence. The street food of the city is especially popular. Two of the most noteworthy street food places in Indore are Chappan Dukan and Sarafa Bazaar.As part of the Smart City project, the Chappan Dukan area has been developed as a smart food street. The cost of this project is \u20b9 40 million and has been implemented in a 45-day period.Sarafa Bazaar, which is India's only night street-food market, attracts large crowds from the city and tourists from various places.Indore is also notable for its wide variety of namkeens or savory items and has many popular namkeen stores across the city. Most popular food items of Indore include poha, kachori, samosa, jalebi, gulab jamun, rabdi, gajak, imarti, bhel, pani puri, hot dog, egg banjo, moong bhajiya, moong daal halwa, dahi wada, sabudana khichdi, sabudana wada, dhokla, jeeravan, and sev.The city is debatably the most vegetarian city in India; nearly 49% of population is vegetarian at some level.[1]"}, {"Context": "Indore Entertainment", "Knowledge": "LOC Indore, ORG Yeshwant Club, ORG Sayaji Club / Hotel, ORG Devlalikar Kala, LOC DAVV auditorium, LOC Brilliant Convention Centre, LOC RNG, PER Maharaja Sayaji Rao III Gaekwad, PER Maharaja Yeshwant Rao II Holkar, LOC Baroda, LOC Ravindra Natya Grah, LOC Central India, LOC Mai Mangeshkar Sabha Grah, ORG Nicotine, LOC Anand Mohan Mathur Sabhagrah, LOC Vithika", "Response": "The Yeshwant Club (named after Late the Maharaja Yeshwant Rao II Holkar of Indore) and Sayaji Club/Hotel (named after Late the Maharaja Sayaji Rao III Gaekwad of Baroda) are big sponsors for art & music and invite talents from across the world.\nThe major art centers in Indore are the Devlalikar Kala Vithika, Ravindra Natya Grah (RNG), Mai Mangeshkar Sabha Grah, Anand Mohan Mathur Sabhagrah, DAVV auditorium, and Brilliant Convention Centre.The city has a good rock/metal music culture which is growing. Nicotine, one of the city's earliest and most renowned bands, is widely known for being the pioneer of metal music in Central India."}, {"Context": "Indore Air", "Knowledge": "LOC Indore, LOC Asia Pacific, LOC Madhya Pradesh, LOC Devi Ahilyabai Holkar International Airport, ORG ACI, ORG Airports Council International", "Response": "Indore is served by Devi Ahilyabai Holkar International Airport, about 8 km from the city. It is the busiest airport in the state of Madhya Pradesh with 2,269,971 passengers and 10851 tons cargo for April 2017\u2013 March 2018. Devi Ahilyabai Holkar International Airport, Indore has been adjudged as the best airport in the under 2 million annual passenger footfall category in the Asia Pacific region in the Airports Council International (ACI)'s airport service quality (ASQ) rankings for the year 2017."}, {"Context": "Indore Rail", "Knowledge": "LOC Indore, LOC Ratlam, ORG Western Railways, LOC Mhow, LOC Dewas, LOC Indore Junction, LOC Ujjain", "Response": "The Indore Junction is an A-1 grade railway station with a revenue of more than Rs. 500 million. The station comes under Ratlam Division of the Western Railways.\nElectrification of the Indore\u2013Dewas\u2013Ujjain was completed in June 2012. Ratlam\u2013Indore broad gauge conversion was completed in September 2014. Indore\u2013Mhow section was upgraded to broad gauge in 2016 and electrified in 2017.The city of Indore has eight railway stations in addition to the main Indore Junction:"}, {"Context": "Indore Road", "Knowledge": "LOC Indore, LOC National, LOC MP, LOC Ratlam, LOC Sangrur, LOC Punjab, LOC Raipur, LOC Maharashtra, LOC Agra Bombay Road, LOC Madhya Pradesh, LOC AB, LOC Godhra, LOC Dhule, LOC Mumbai, LOC Burhanpur, LOC NH 52, LOC NH, LOC Brahmapur, LOC Gopalpur - on - Sea, LOC Karnataka, LOC Dhar, LOC Betul, LOC AB Road, LOC Buldhana, LOC Jhalawar, LOC Rajasthan, LOC Ankola, LOC NH3, LOC Bamanbore, LOC Odisha, LOC Neemuch, LOC Gujarat, LOC Barwaha, LOC India, LOC Malkapur, LOC Nagpur, LOC Jaipur, LOC Ujjain, LOC Bombay Road, LOC Ahmedabad, LOC Agra", "Response": "Indore is connected to other parts of India through National and State highways.\nThe National Highways passing through the city are:\n\nNational Highway 52 (NH 52) contains parts of the erstwhile NH3 (AB Rd stands for Agra Bombay Road) and it originates at Sangrur, Punjab and runs through Jaipur, Rajasthan, Indore, Dhule and terminates at Ankola in Karnataka.\nNational Highway 47 starts from Bamanbore, Gujarat and reaches Indore via Ahmedabad and further connects Betul to terminate at Nagpur.The highways which have ceased to exist because of renumbering are:\n\nNational Highway 3 also known as the Agra-Bombay Road or AB Road, was an important highway connecting Agra to Mumbai via Indore & Dhule.\nNational Highway 59 & its branch NH 59A. NH 59 originated at Ahmedabad and passed through Godhra, Indore, Raipur, Brahmapur, Odisha and terminated at Gopalpur-on-Sea while NH 59A connected Indore & Betul.The state highways passing through the city are:\n\nMP State Highway 27 runs from Jhalawar in Rajasthan, through Ujjain, Indore, Barwaha, Burhanpur in Madhya Pradesh and terminates at Malkapur, Buldhana in Maharashtra.\nMP State Highway 31 (Neemuch \u2013 Ratlam \u2013 Dhar)"}, {"Context": "Indore Public transport", "Knowledge": "LOC Indore, ORG Indore, ORG Atal Indore City Transport Services Ltd, LOC India, ORG Indore Cable Car, ORG Indore Metro", "Response": "Indore's City Bus transport system runs through 277 km (172 mi) of road with a daily ridership of over 140,000. Atal Indore City Transport Services Ltd, a PPP scheme operates buses and radio taxis in the city. The buses designated as City Bus operate on 64 Routes with a fleet of 361 buses, with 421 bus stops. The buses are color-coded into three colors: Blue, Magenta and Orange according to their route.Indore BRTS (iBUS) \u2013 Indore BRTS is a bus rapid transit system with 53 air-conditioned buses equipped with services like GPS and IVR which are used to track the position of the bus with information displayed on LED displays installed at the bus stops.\nIndore Magic (Auto Rickshaw) \u2013 Indore Auto Rickshaw is a magic service for small distance travel. Daily approx. 500,000 people travel within the city.\nIndore Metro is a rapid transit system that is currently under construction in its first phase.Indore Cable Car was announced in January 2021 as another public transport for the city to decongest traffic. It will also be the first cable car in India to run on crowded streets."}, {"Context": "Indore Education", "Knowledge": "LOC Indore, ORG NIOS, ORG IIM, ORG CBSE, ORG Indian Institute of Management Indore, ORG Holkar Science College, ORG Taylor and Francis, ORG Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology, ORG Electrical Engineering, ORG Computer Science, ORG JSTOR, LOC Madhya Pradesh, ORG IEEE Xplore Digital Library, LOC Simrol, ORG MathSciNet, ORG Mechanical Engineering, ORG IIT Indore, ORG Government Model Autonomous Holkar Science College, ORG SciFinder, ORG RRCAT, ORG Department of Atomic Energy, ORG Central Board of Secondary Education, ORG Material Science, PER Henry Daly, ORG Daly College, ORG Indian Institute of Technology, ORG Indian Institute of Management, ORG M. P. Board, ORG Science Direct, ORG Civil Engineering, ORG ICSE, ORG Indian Institute of Technology Indore, ORG Metallurgy, ORG ACM Digital Library, LOC India, ORG WILEY, ORG Government of India, ORG IIT, ORG Springer", "Response": "Indore is one of the education hubs of India and is the only city to house both an Indian Institute of Management and an Indian Institute of Technology.The Daly College, founded in 1870 by General Henry Daly, is one of the oldest co-educational boarding school in the world, which was established to educate the rulers of the Central Indian princely states of the 'Marathas' and Rajputs'.The Holkar Science College, officially known as Government Model Autonomous Holkar Science College was established in 1891.Indore is the first city to have both IIT (Indian Institute of Technology Indore) and IIM (Indian Institute of Management Indore).\nIndore is home to a range of colleges and schools. Indore has a large student population and is a big educational center in central India, it also is the education hub of central India. Most primary and secondary schools in Indore are affiliated with the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE); however, quite a few numbers of schools are affiliated with ICSE board, NIOS board, CBSE board, and the state level M.P. Board as well.\nIndian Institute of Technology Indore is one of the most prestigious institutions in the country. Started in 2009, IIT Indore has its 500-acre campus in Simrol (28  km from Indore City). IIT Indore has several disciplines including Civil Engineering, Computer Science Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Metallurgy, and Material Science.\nIIT Indore ranked 15 under the engineering category in the National Institute Ranking Framework. IIT Indore's central library emphasizes the use of Online Information Resources. The library provides its users access to nearly 3800 electronic journals as well as access to databases such as ACM Digital Library, IEEE Xplore Digital Library, Science Direct, MathSciNet, JSTOR, SciFinder, Taylor and Francis, WILEY, and Springer. The library also provides air-conditioned and Wi-Fi enabled reading halls.\nRaja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology is a unit of Department of Atomic Energy, Government of India, engaged in R&D in non-nuclear front-line research areas of lasers, particle accelerators and related technologies. The Centre is situated at the south-western end of the Indore, Madhya Pradesh.The RRCAT campus is spread over a 760 hectare on the outskirts of Indore city. The campus encompasses\n\nlaboratories, staff housing colony and other basic amenities like school, sports facilities, shopping complex, gardens etc.\nDevi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya, also known as DAVV (formerly known as University of Indore or Indore Vishwavidyalaya), is a university in Indore with several colleges operating under its aegis. It has two campuses within the city, one at Takshila Parisar (near Bhavarkuan Square) and another at Rabindra Nath Tagore Road, Indore. The university runs several departments including Institute of Management Studies, School of Computer Science & Information Technology(SCSIT), (IMS), School of Law (SoL), Institute of Engineering and Technology, DAVV (IET), Educational Multimedia Research Centre (EMRC), International Institute of Professional Studies (IIPS), School of Pharmacy, School of Energy & Environmental Studies \u2013 one of the primer schools for MTech (Energy Management), School of Journalism and School of Futures Studies and Planning, which runs two MTech Courses with specializations in Technology Management & Systems Science & Engineering, MBA (Business Forecasting), an MSc in Science & Technology Communication. The campus houses several other research and educational departments, hostels, playgrounds, and cafes.\nThe Indian Institute of Soybean Research (IISR) (ICAR, Government of India), Asia's largest soybean research center, is headquartered in Indore. There are 16 laboratories in the facility for different disciplines, including genetic engineering, application of artificial intelligence in image analysis, big data analysis, food processing, agriculture machinery, nanotechnology, biotechnology, remote sensing, and application of IOT in agriculture.Situated in the heart of Malwa, Indore enjoys the status of an \"educational and industrial Capital of Madhya Pradesh\". To initiate and strengthen agricultural research and development in Malwa and Nimar regions, the Institute of Plant Industry came into existence in the year 1924. Later on, in the year 1959, the Government College of Agriculture, Indore was established with the merger of the erstwhile Institute of Plant Industry (IPI). It was a prestigious campus of Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur, since 1964. After bifurcation of Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Jabalpur in 2008 and Separate second Agricultural University is formed, that is, Rajmata Vijiyaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Gwalior now College of Agriculture, Indore is coming under the juridicition of RVSKVV, Gwalior.The Shri Govindram Seksaria Institute of Technology and Science (SGSITS), formerly Shri Govindram Seksaria Kala Bhavan, is a public engineering institution located in Indore. It was established in 1952 as a technical institute offering licentiate and diploma courses in engineering. New Delhi granted the status of an autonomous institution in 1989. In 2020, it became the first and only Madhya Pradesh government-funded engineering college in the state to have made its place among the top 250 in the National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) ranking released by Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India.The Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Medical College (MGMMC), established in 1878 as the King Edward Medical School, is one of the oldest and premiere government run medical colleges in India. It is attached to tertiary teaching hospitals named Maharaja Yeshwantrao group of Hospitals established in 1955.\nIndore also has two other Privately run medical colleges which act as teritary care hospitals, they are SAIMS and Index Medical College and Hospital.\nThe College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Mhow is a constituent college of Nanaji deshmukh Veterinary Science University, Jabalpur an autonomous Veterinary University in India, and is a pioneer college in the field of Veterinary Sciences in India. It is one of the oldest veterinary colleges in Madhya Pradesh and India was founded in 1955 the present building of the college was inaugurated by the first prime minister of India Pt.Jawahar Lal Nehru on 12 November 1959.\nSri Aurobindo Institute of Medical Sciences (SAIMS) is a group of colleges located in Indore. It features Mohak Hitech Speciality Hospital within the campus.\nVIBGYOR Group of Schools have a branch in Vijay Nagar."}, {"Context": "Indore Health and medicine", "Knowledge": "LOC Indore, LOC Vasan, ORG Centre for Sight and Navchetna Rehabilitation, ORG Deaddiction Center, LOC India, LOC Choithram Hospital, LOC Shalby Hospital, ORG MY Hospital, ORG SAIMS, LOC Bombay Hospital, LOC Medanta, LOC Apollo, ORG CHL Hospital, ORG Index Medical College & Hospital, ORG Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Medical College", "Response": "Indore is home to 51 public health institutions and has a number of private hospitals. The healthcare facilities of Indore include Government run tertiary teaching hospital MY Hospital attached to Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Medical College Indore, private run hospitals include Bombay Hospital, SAIMS, Index Medical College & Hospital, Choithram Hospital, Shalby Hospital, CHL Hospital, Medanta, Apollo, Vasan, Centre for Sight and Navchetna Rehabilitation and Deaddiction Center.The National Family Health Survey of 2018 found Indore to be India's most vegetarian city, with 49% of residents eschewing meat products."}, {"Context": "Indore Print media", "Knowledge": "ORG Campus Diary, ORG Pumps India, ORG Valves India, LOC India", "Response": "There are about 20 Hindi dailies, 7 English dailies, 26 weeklies and monthlies, four quarterlies, two bi-monthly magazines, one annual paper, and one monthly Hindi language educational tabloid named \"Campus Diary\"  published from the city. India's only magazine on the pump industry, Pumps India, and valve magazine Valves India are published from here."}, {"Context": "Indore Electronic media", "Knowledge": "LOC Indore, ORG Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, ORG Doordarshan Kendra", "Response": "The radio industry has expanded with a number of private and government-owned FM channels being introduced.\nIndore switched to complete digitalization of cable TV in 2013 under the second phase of digitalization by Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. Indore is covered by a network of optical fiber cables. Doordarshan Kendra Indore with studio and transmission started from July 2000."}, {"Context": "Indore Wi-fi", "Knowledge": "LOC Indore, LOC India, ORG AICSTL, ORG Reliance, ORG BSNL, ORG Free As Air", "Response": "There are various companies providing paid and free Wi-fi services across the city. Reliance's Jionet became operational in November 2013. It covers the whole city and is a 4.5G high-speed Wi-fi service which was initially free but become chargeable in 2016. Indore is the second city in India to provide free Wi-fi across the city. AICSTL provides a high-speed free Wi-fi service named 'Free As Air' across the Indore BRTS corridor. BSNL has also started free Wi-fi services in prominent locations."}, {"Context": "Indore Sports", "Knowledge": "LOC Indore, ORG Madhya Pradesh Cricket Association, LOC Holkar Cricket Stadium, ORG Madhya Pradesh Table Tennis Association, ORG MPTTA, ORG MPCA, LOC Nehru Stadium", "Response": "Cricket is one of the most popular sports in the city. Indore is also home to the Madhya Pradesh Cricket Association (MPCA), Madhya Pradesh Table Tennis Association (MPTTA), and the city has one international cricket ground, the Holkar Cricket Stadium. The first ODI cricket match in the state was played in Indore at Nehru Stadium in 1983.Besides cricket, Indore is also a center for many national and international championships. The city hosted the South Asian Billiard Championship and is a host to the three-day-long National Triathlon Championship, in which nearly 450 players and 250 sports officials belonging to 23 states take part in the action.Indore was included in holding two Guinness World Records for holding the largest tea party in the world and for making the largest burger in the world."}, {"Context": "Indore Tourist attractions", "Knowledge": "LOC Indore, LOC Mandir Khajrana Ganesh Mandir, LOC Kalka Mata Temple, LOC Rajwada, LOC Maratha Empire, LOC Jewel Garden, LOC Germany, LOC Manik Bagh, LOC Manik Bagh Manik Bagh palace, LOC Holkar, PER Muthesius, PER Holkars, LOC Shiv Vilas Palace Shiv Vilas Palace, PER Holkar, PER Maharani Ahilya Bai Holkar, LOC Rajwada palace, PER Ganapati, PER Aurangzeb, LOC Rajwada Palace Rajwada Palace, PER Ganesh, LOC Khajrana, PER Eckart Muthesius, LOC Buckingham Palace, LOC Lalbagh Palace Lalbagh Palace, PER Victoria, LOC Kanch Mandir Kanch Mandir, PER Seth Hukumchand Jain, LOC Chhatris, PER Yashwant Rao Holkar II", "Response": "Rajwada Palace \n\nRajwada Palace is a historical palace in Indore city. It was built by the Holkars of the Maratha Empire about two centuries ago. This seven-storied structure is located near the Chhatris.\nShiv Vilas Palace\nShiv Vilas Palace is a royal palace built during the reign of the Holkar dynasty. Also called the 'new palace', it was built after the Rajwada palace was damaged in an attack. It is on the right side of the Rajwada palace.\nKanch Mandir\nKanch Mandir, literally  'temple of glass', is a famous Jain temple in Indore, built by Sir Seth Hukumchand Jain. Its construction began sometime around 1903.\nKhajrana Ganesh Mandir\nKhajrana Ganesh Mandir is a pilgrimage center in Indore, dedicated to Lord Ganapati. The current temple was built during the reign of Holkar Dynasty. The main Idol of the temple was placed in a well to save it from the mughal ruler Aurangzeb. It was recovered by the Holkar ruler Maharani Ahilya Bai Holkar. It is situated in the Khajrana area, a little distance away from Kalka Mata Temple.\nLalbagh Palace \n\nLalbagh Palace is one of the finest buildings built by the Holkar Dynasty between 1886 and 1921. The interior is beautified with striated Italian marble pillars, many chandeliers and classical columns, murals of Greek deities, a baroque-cum-rococo dining room, an English-library-style office with leather armchairs, a Renaissance sitting room, and a Palladian queen's bedroom which was the fashion among many of the late Raj-era Indian nobility, accompanied by a billiards room. There is imitation of the Buckingham Palace gates creak at the entrance along with 28-hectare ground, where, near to the palace, stands the statue of Queen Victoria.Manik Bagh\nManik Bagh palace was built in 1930 when Maharajah Yashwant Rao Holkar II commissioned the construction of the Manik Bagh (\"Jewel Garden\") palace. The architect was Eckart Muthesius (1904\u20131989) from Germany. The maharaja was at a young age at that time, as was Muthesius who was just a couple of years older. The work outside and inside was done in a late art deco and the international style of modern architecture.\nYeshwant Club\nThe Yeshwant Club came into existence in 1934 at the behest of late the Maharaja Tukoji Rao III Holkar of Indore. The club was established for their son, Yuvraj Yeshwant Rao Holkar. Spread over 14 acres it is a Maratha legacy of the Holkar rulers of Indore State. Initially, the club was opened for Maratha royalty, nobility, aristocracy, and the officers (Natives and British) of the Holkar State. Later its doors were opened for the business elites. Post-Indian Independence, the admission criteria were revised according to the changing times. Maharani Usha Devi, the daughter of late Maharaja Yeshwant Rao II Holkar of Indore is the Chief Patron of the club, the Honorary Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh being the President of the club.Sirpur Lake\n\nThe Sirpur Lake is the most important bird-watching site in Malwa. It is a Ramsar site located on Dhar Road in Indore. It is known for more than 180 species of resident and migratory birds. It was restored to a viable bird habitat from a heavily encroached pool over four decades since 1980 by Padmashri Bhalu Mondhe and his NGO The Nature Volunteers, and was declared an Important Bird and Biodiversity Area in 2015-16.\nIt is one of the most important bird habitats in Malwa region. Another Ramsar site near Indore is Yashwant Sagar.\nPitra Parvat\n\nPitra Parvat is known for the statue of Lord Hanuman situated there. The sculpture is made with 8 elements in golden color. It took 125 workers and 7 years to complete the statue of the deity Lord Hanuman. Also present there, is a temple that has the small statue of Lord Hanuman for the devotees to worship. Lord Hanuman is seen sitting in the lap of Mother Anjani in this temple."}, {"Context": "Itanagar Introduction", "Knowledge": "LOC Naharlagun, LOC Itanagar Municipal, ORG Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly, LOC Chandranagar Town, LOC Itanagar, ORG Gauhati High Court, LOC Arunachal Pradesh, LOC Nirjuli Town, LOC Itanagar Capital Complex Region", "Response": "Itanagar (pronunciation ) is the capital and largest town of the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh. The seat of Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly, the seat of government of Arunachal Pradesh, and the seat of Gauhati High Court permanent bench at Naharlagun are all in Itanagar. Being the hub of all the major economic bases, Itanagar along with the adjacent town of Naharlagun comprising the administrative region of Itanagar Capital Complex Region stretching from the Itanagar Municipal limit at Chandranagar Town extended till Nirjuli Town, is a major junction of Cultural, economic, fashion, education and recreational activities."}, {"Context": "Itanagar Geography", "Knowledge": "LOC Itanagar", "Response": "Itanagar is located at 27.1\u00b0N 93.62\u00b0E\ufeff / 27.1; 93.62. It has an average elevation of 320 metres."}, {"Context": "Itanagar Climate", "Knowledge": "LOC Itanagar", "Response": "Itanagar features a humid subtropical climate (K\u00f6ppen: Cwa), with dry, warm winters and hot, unpleasantly humid and wet summers."}, {"Context": "Itanagar Culture", "Knowledge": "LOC Galo, LOC Itanagar, LOC Tagin, LOC Adi, LOC Apatani", "Response": "People\nItanagar is inhabited by a number of tribes viz., Nyishi, Adi, Apatani, Tagin, Galo, Nyishis, and a few others."}, {"Context": "Itanagar Demographics", "Knowledge": "LOC Itanagar", "Response": "As of 2011 India census, Itanagar had a population of 59,490 . Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Itanagar has an average literacy rate of 66.95%, lower than the national average of 74.4%: male literacy is 73.69%, and female literacy is 59.57%. In Itanagar, 15% of the population is under 6 years of age."}, {"Context": "Itanagar Religion", "Knowledge": "PER Forefather Abotani", "Response": "The majority of the Tribes are worshipers of the nature with Tani Tribes being descendants of the Forefather Abotani are followers of Donyi-Polo Way-Of-Life . According to the 2011 census, 40.94% of the population is Hindu, 29.51% Christian, 21.17%  Donyi Polo, 4.52% Muslim and 2.88% Buddhist."}, {"Context": "Itanagar Languages", "Knowledge": "LOC Itanagar", "Response": "According to 2011 census, Nishi was the most spoken language in Itanagar with 17,896 speakers followed by Bengali at 8,125, Adi at 8,102, Apatani at 4,256, Nepali at 3,721, Hindi at 3,641, Assamese at 3,538 and Bhojpuri at 1,987."}, {"Context": "Itanagar Universities and colleges", "Knowledge": "ORG Rajiv Gandhi Government Polytechnic Rajiv Gandhi University, ORG Dera Natung Government College, ORG Don Bosco College Himalayan University NERIST, ORG National Institute of Technology, LOC Arunachal Pradesh, ORG Tomo Riba Institute of Health and Medical Sciences", "Response": "Dera Natung Government College\nDon Bosco College\nHimalayan University\nNERIST\nNational Institute of Technology, Arunachal Pradesh\nRajiv Gandhi Government Polytechnic\nRajiv Gandhi University\nTomo Riba Institute of Health and Medical Sciences"}, {"Context": "Itanagar Television", "Knowledge": "LOC Arunachal Pradesh, ORG DD Arunprabha", "Response": "DD Arunprabha is the state-owned television broadcaster of Arunachal Pradesh."}, {"Context": "Itanagar Radio", "Knowledge": "LOC India, LOC Itanagar, LOC Arunachal Pradesh, ORG All India Radio, ORG Big FM, ORG RadioCity Itanagar", "Response": "Radio stations of Itanagar are - All India Radio, RadioCity Itanagar - Arunachal Pradesh's first community radio and Big FM 92.7 - India's largest national radio network ."}, {"Context": "Itanagar Newspapers", "Knowledge": "ORG The Arunachal Times", "Response": "The Arunachal Times\nEcho of Arunachal\nDawnlit post"}, {"Context": "Itanagar Places of interest", "Knowledge": "LOC Ita, LOC Gompa mandir, LOC Jawaharlal Nehru Museum, LOC Ganga Lake, LOC Itanagar, LOC Gekar sinyi, LOC Arunachal Pradesh, LOC Chutiya, LOC Ita Fort", "Response": "Ita Fort, one of the most important historical sites in the state of Arunachal Pradesh. The name literally means \"Fort of bricks\"( brick being called \"Ita\" in the Assamese language). The Ita Fort was built as early as the 14th or the 15th century. The fort has an irregular shape, built mainly with bricks dating back to the 14th-15th Century. The total brickwork is of 16,200 cubic meter lengths which have been identified by some scholars with the Chutiya kingdom. The fort has three different entrances at three different sides, which are western, eastern, and southern sides.\nJawaharlal Nehru Museum, Itanagar is also known for showcasing the rich tribal culture of the state.\nGekar sinyi (Ganga Lake) is a beautiful natural lake which literally means confined lake in the Nyishi dialect. It is surrounded by a landmass of hard rock. Primeval vegetation, orchids masses on tall trees and tree ferns contribute to its popularity as a hot picnic spot and recreation hub. Boating facilities and a swimming pool are available at the site.\nBuddhist monastery [Gompa mandir]"}, {"Context": "Itanagar Road", "Knowledge": "LOC National Highway 415, LOC Guwahati, LOC Itanagar, LOC Arunachal Pradesh", "Response": "National Highway 415 connects Itanagar to Arunachal Pradesh and the rest of the country. Regular bus and taxi services are available from Guwahati and its airport."}, {"Context": "Itanagar Railway", "Knowledge": "LOC Guwahati, LOC Itanagar, LOC Anand Vihar Terminal, LOC Arunachal Pradesh, LOC Naharlagun", "Response": "Naharlagun railway station is the nearest railway station, which is nearly 15 km away from the city. Taxi and bus services are easily available from the railway station to Itanagar. Donyi Polo Express can be availed which runs on all days of a week from Guwahati and Shatabdi Express is available thrice a week from Guwahati. The Arunachal AC Superfast Express runs between Naharlagun and Anand Vihar Terminal twice a week, which is the only direct train that connects Arunachal Pradesh with the national capital."}, {"Context": "Itanagar Air", "Knowledge": "LOC Naharlagun, LOC Guwahati, PER Narendra Modi, LOC Hollongi, ORG Alliance Air, ORG FlyBig, ORG IndiGo, LOC Itanagar Airport, LOC Donyi Polo Airport", "Response": "Regular helicopter service is available from Guwahati to Naharlagun. Prime Minister Narendra Modi laid the foundation stone for Itanagar Airport at Hollongi on 9 February 2019. It has been named as Donyi Polo Airport, and was inaugurated on 19 November 2022, with flight services operated by Alliance Air, IndiGo and FlyBig airlines."}, {"Context": "Jagdalpur Introduction", "Knowledge": "LOC Bastar district, LOC Bastar, LOC Bastar District, LOC Chhattisgarh, LOC Jagdalpur, LOC Bastar Division", "Response": "Jagdalpur is a city in Bastar district in the Indian state of Chhattisgarh. Jagdalpur is the administrative headquarters of Bastar District and Bastar Division. It was earlier the capital of the former princely state of Bastar. It is the fourth largest city of Chhattisgarh.The city is one of the most important commercial, financial and political hub in Chhattisgarh."}, {"Context": "Jagdalpur Climate", "Knowledge": "LOC Jagdalpur", "Response": "Jagdalpur has a tropical savanna climate (K\u00f6ppen climate classification Aw) with three main seasons: summer, monsoon, and winter. Summers last from March to May and are hot, with the average maximum for May reaching 38.1 \u00b0C (100.6 \u00b0F). The weather cools off somewhat for the monsoon season from June to September, which features very heavy rainfall. Winters are warm and dry."}, {"Context": "Jagdalpur Demographics", "Knowledge": "ORG Municipal Corporation", "Response": "As of the year 2021,town has a population of 114,345. The Municipal Corporation have a sex ratio of 985 females per 1,000 males and 19.0% of the population were under six years old.  Effective literacy was 90.44%; male literacy was 92.51% and female literacy was 88.37%.\n\nAt the time of the 2011 census, 81.80% of the population were Hindus, 9.44% Christians, 5.32% Muslims, 1.81% Jains, 1.27% Sikhs.Hindi is the largest language, spoken by 54% of the population."}, {"Context": "Jagdalpur Industry and economy", "Knowledge": "ORG Nagarnar Steel Plant National Mineral Development Corporation, LOC Nagarnar, PER Baijendra Kumar, ORG NMDC, ORG Nagarnar Steel Plant, LOC Raipur, LOC Chhattisgarh, LOC Jagdalpur", "Response": "Jagdalpur has a primarily agrarian economy, it is the second biggest market after Raipur in state, although it also has many small scale and a few large scale industries as well. Furniture Industries and rice mills are the most common industries in this region. Nagarnar Steel Plant, being set up at its outskirts, is at an advanced construction and is slated for commissioning in October 2018.Nagarnar Steel Plant\nNational Mineral Development Corporation (NMDC), as part of its diversification, value addition and forward integration programme is setting up a 3 MTPA capacity greenfield Integrated Steel Plant based on HiSmelt technology in Nagarnar, located 16 km from Jagdalpur in Chhattisgarh state with an estimated outlay of Rs 20000 crore.Construction work for the project is in progress and around 90.59% of civil work, 79.01% structural erection, 60.36% equipment erection have been completed as on\n31 December 17.Baijendra Kumar, Chairman cum managing director, NMDC has set October 2018 as the deadline to commission the plant."}, {"Context": "Jagdalpur Places of Interest", "Knowledge": "LOC Danteshwari Temple, LOC Teerathgarh, LOC Sri Venkateshwara Swamy Temple, ORG Ministry of Tourism, LOC Indravati National Park, LOC Chitrakote Falls, LOC Mendri Ghumar, LOC Jagannath temple, LOC Teerathgarh Falls, LOC Kanger Ghati National Park, LOC Jagdalpur, LOC Barsoor, LOC Chitrakoot, LOC Teerathgarh Circuit, LOC Dantewada, LOC Tamda Ghumar, LOC Laxmi - Narayan temple, LOC India, LOC Barsur, ORG Government of India, LOC Kotumsar Cave, LOC Mavli temple", "Response": "The contribution of Tourism in the Economy of Jagdalpur Tourism is one of the main sources of income for the city. The city is rightly said to be the paradise of tourists looking for fun and frolic in Jagdalpur. The city is an abode of many wildlife, temples, waterfalls, caves, lakes, museums, historic monuments and what not.  Some of the must-visit places in Jagdalpur are Chitrakote Falls, Teerathgarh Falls, Kotumsar Cave, Tamda Ghumar waterfalls, Mendri Ghumar waterfalls, Kanger Ghati National Park, Indravati National Park, Danteshwari Temple, the historic Temples in Barsoor, Jagannath temple, Mavli temple, Laxmi-Narayan temple, The Sri Venkateshwara Swamy Temple and more.The Ministry of Tourism, Government of India has identified Jagdalpur-Teerathgarh-Chitrakoot-Barsur-Dantewada-Teerathgarh Circuit as one of the 45 Mega Tourist Destinations/Circuits in India on the basis of footfalls and their future tourism potential."}, {"Context": "Jagdalpur Road Transport", "Knowledge": "LOC Vijaywada, LOC Vijayawada, LOC Andhra Pradesh, LOC Nagpur, LOC Raipur, LOC Nizamabad, LOC Maharashtra, LOC NH 65, LOC NH 63, LOC Hyderabad, LOC Jagdalpur, LOC Kolkata, LOC NH 30, LOC Telangana, LOC Asian Highway 46, LOC Pune", "Response": "Road network in and around Jagdalpur can be seen from the road network map of the area.\nThe National Highways passing through Jagdalpur are NH 30 (connecting Raipur to Vijaywada in Andhra Pradesh via NH 65), and NH 63 (connecting Jagdalpur to Nizamabad in Telangana) while passing through Maharashtra.\nNH 30 at Raipur connects Jagdalpur to Asian Highway 46 leading to Nagpur and Kolkata.\nNH 30 near Vijayawada connects Jagdalpur to NH 65 leading to Hyderabad and Pune."}, {"Context": "Jagdalpur Rail Transport", "Knowledge": "ORG BRPL, LOC Bhubaneshwar, LOC Raipur, ORG NMDC, LOC Rowghat, LOC Durg, LOC Chhattisgarh, LOC Rawghat, LOC Kondagaon, LOC Narayanpur, ORG SAIL, ORG IRCON, ORG Govt., LOC Jagdalpur, ORG Railways Board, ORG CMDC, ORG Bastar Railway Private Limited, ORG NDMC, LOC Howrah, LOC India, LOC Rayagada, LOC Visakhapatnam, LOC Rowghat Railway", "Response": "Jagdalpur is connected by rail line with the eastern part of India. There are trains connecting Jagdalpur to Howrah, Bhubaneshwar and Visakhapatnam. The rail connectivity of Jagdalpur to Durg via Rayagada and Raipur is about 658 km long and takes 14.5 hours of travel time as compared to that by road which takes about 6\u20137 hours (distance 300 km).Jagdalpur-Rowghat Rail Line Status\nNMDC, IRCON, SAIL and CMDC have signed an agreement on 20 January 2016 and pursuant to the same, a company named Bastar Railway Private Limited (BRPL) has already been formed on 5 May 2016  for undertaking implementation of the railway line from Jagdalpur to Rowghat.\nNDMC has the biggest shareholding in BRPL at 43 percent while SAIL, IRCON & Govt. of Chhattisgarh have shareholding of 21 percent, 26 percent and 10 percent respectively.BRPL and IRCON have signed a project execution agreement in July 2017, under which IRCON will construct the railway line between Jagdalpur and Rawghat in Chhattisgarh. The railway line will have 13 new Railway stations and the estimated project cost of this Rail corridor is Rs 2,538 crore approximately.Presently, the Detailed Project Report (DPR) for this section of the rail line has already been sanctioned by the Railways Board.Survey work is currently underway and the target was earlier set to complete survey work of Jagdalpur-Kondagaon-Narayanpur by the month of March 2016 and of Narayanpur-Rowghat section by the month of May 2016, but there have been delays reported. In a government review carried out in February 2018, it was reported that the survey work for Jagdalpur to Kondagaon railway track laying comprising length of 91.76 km had been completed for Jagdalpur-Rowghat Railway project. It was also reported that the survey work for Kondagaon to Rowghat for the 91.6 km to 140 km distance in under progress. The project team was directed by government to complete all the survey work for the project by 15 March 2018."}, {"Context": "Jagdalpur Air Transport", "Knowledge": "LOC Jagdalpur Airport, LOC Maa Danteshwari Airport, ORG UDAN, ORG Government of India, LOC Raipur, ORG Alliance Air, LOC Delhi, ORG Indigo, LOC Hyderabad, ORG Ude Desh Ka Aam Nagrik, LOC Jagdalpur", "Response": "In the name of Maa Danteshwari Airport, Jagdalpur has started daily flight services between Jagdalpur, Raipur, Hyderabad by Alliance Air under the Regional Connectivity Scheme (RCS) \u2013 UDAN (Ude Desh Ka Aam Nagrik) of Government of India. Jagdalpur Airport is spread over an area of 132 acres.\nand last year for paramilitary force Indigo airlines started 72 seater ATR from Jagdalpur to Delhi via Raipur."}, {"Context": "Jaipur Introduction", "Knowledge": "PER C. V. Raman, PER Jai Singh II, ORG UNESCO World Heritage Committee, LOC Kota, LOC Udaipur, LOC Jodhpur, LOC Jantar Mantar, LOC Delhi, LOC Bharatpur, PER Kachhwaha, LOC New Delhi, LOC Amer, LOC Amer Fort, LOC Rajasthan, LOC Jaisalmer, LOC Jayapur, LOC Island, LOC Paris, LOC Jaipur State, LOC Jeypore, LOC India, PER Vidyadhar Bhattacharya, LOC Jaipur, LOC Mount Abu, LOC Pink City, LOC Agra", "Response": "Jaipur ( (listen); Hindi: Jayapur), formerly Jeypore, is the capital and largest city of the Indian state of Rajasthan. As of 2011, the city had a population of 4.5 million, making it the tenth most populous city in the country. Jaipur is also known as the Pink City, due to the dominant colour scheme of its buildings. It is also known as the Paris of India, and C. V. Raman called it the Island of Glory. It is located 268 km (167 miles) from the national capital New Delhi. Jaipur was founded in 1727 by the Kachhwaha Rajput ruler Jai Singh II, the ruler of Amer, after whom the city is named. It was one of the earliest planned cities of modern India, designed by Vidyadhar Bhattacharya. During the British Colonial period, the city served as the capital of Jaipur State. After independence in 1947, Jaipur was made the capital of the newly formed state of Rajasthan.\nJaipur is a popular tourist destination in India and forms a part of the west Golden Triangle tourist circuit along with Delhi and Agra (240 km, 149 mi). It also serves as a gateway to other tourist destinations in Rajasthan such as Jodhpur (348 km, 216 mi), Jaisalmer (571 km, 355 mi), Bharatpur (186 km, 116 mi), Udaipur (421 km, 262 mi), Kota (252 km, 156 mi) and Mount Abu (520 km, 323 mi).\nOn 6 July 2019, UNESCO World Heritage Committee inscribed Jaipur the \"Pink City of India\" among its World Heritage Sites. The city is also home to the UNESCO World Heritage Sites Amer Fort and Jantar Mantar."}, {"Context": "Jaipur History", "Knowledge": "LOC Northern India, PER Sawai Ram Singh I, PER Shilpa Shastra, LOC India, PER Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II, PER Prince of Wales, PER Vidyadhar Bhattacharya, LOC Amber, PER Edward VII, LOC Dravyavati River, PER Jai Singh, LOC Jaipur, PER Maharaja Ram Singh II, PER Albert Edward, PER Vastu Shastra", "Response": "The city of Jaipur was founded by the King of Amber, Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II on 18 November 1727, who ruled from 1699 to 1743. He planned to shift his capital from Amber, 11 kilometres (7 mi) to Jaipur to accommodate the growing population and increasing scarcity of water. Jai Singh consulted several books on architecture and architects while planning the layout of Jaipur. Under the architectural guidance of Vidyadhar Bhattacharya, Jaipur was planned based on the principles of Vastu Shastra and Shilpa Shastra. The construction of the city began in 1726 and took four years to complete the major roads, offices, and palaces. The architecture of the city was heavily influenced by the 17th century architectural renaissance during Mughal rule in Northern India. Hence much of it resembles architecture styles from around the Muslim world. The city was divided into nine blocks, two of which contained the state buildings and palaces, with the remaining seven allotted to the public. Huge ramparts were built, pierced by seven fortified gates.During the rule of Sawai Ram Singh I, the city was painted pink to welcome HRH Albert Edward, Prince of Wales (who later became King Edward VII, Emperor of India), in 1876. Many of the avenues still remain painted in pink, giving Jaipur a distinctive appearance and the epithet Pink city.In the 19th century, the city grew rapidly and by 1900 it had a population of 160,000. The wide boulevards were paved and its chief industries were the working of metals and marble, fostered by a school of art founded in 1868. The city had three colleges, including a Sanskrit college (1865) and a girls' school (1867) opened during the reign of the Maharaja Ram Singh II.Large areas of the city including the airport were flooded in August 1981, resulting in the death of eight people and much damage to the city's Dravyavati River. The floods were caused by three days of cloud burst that produced more rain than the annual average."}, {"Context": "Jaipur Climate", "Knowledge": "LOC Jaipur", "Response": "Jaipur has a monsoon-influenced hot semi-arid climate (K\u00f6ppen climate classification BSh) with long, extremely hot summers and short, mild to warm winters. Annual precipitation is over 63 cm, falling mostly in July and August due to monsoon, causing the average temperatures in these two months to be lower compared to drier May and June. During the monsoon, there are frequent, heavy rains and thunderstorms, but flooding is not common. The highest temperature ever recorded was 49.0 \u00b0C (120.2 \u00b0F), on 23 May 1994. The city's average temperature remains below 20 \u00b0C or 68 \u00b0F between December and February. These months are mild, dry, and pleasant, sometimes chilly. The lowest temperature ever recorded was \u22122.2 \u00b0C (28.0 \u00b0F) on 31 January 1905, 1 February 1905 & 16 January 1964. Jaipur, like many other major cities of the world, is a significant urban heat island zone with surrounding rural temperatures occasionally falling below freezing in winters."}, {"Context": "Jaipur Demographics", "Knowledge": "LOC Jaipur", "Response": "According to the provisional report of 2011 census, Jaipur city had a population of 3,073,350. The overall literacy rate for the city is 84.34%. 90.61% males and 77.41% females were literate. The sex ratio was 898 females per 1,000 males & the child sex ratio was recorded 854.\nHowever, the population of the city is expected to grow up to around 39.1 lakhs (3.91 million)."}, {"Context": "Jaipur Languages", "Knowledge": "LOC Jaipur", "Response": "The official language of Jaipur is Hindi and the additional official language is English. The native and main dialect of the city is Dhundari. The Marwari and Standard Hindi dialects are also spoken, along with English."}, {"Context": "Jaipur Religion", "Knowledge": "", "Response": "According to the 2011 census, Hindus form the majority religious group accounting for 87.9% of the city's population, followed by Muslims (8.6%), Jains (2.4%) and others (1.2%)."}, {"Context": "Jaipur Civic administration", "Knowledge": "ORG Greater, ORG Jaipur Development Authority, PER Smt. Munesh Gurjar, ORG Local Self Government Department of Rajasthan, ORG Jaipur Heritage Municipal Corporation, PER Mahendra Soni, ORG IAS, ORG Heritage, PER Smt. Somya Gurjar, ORG Jaipur Municipal Corporation, ORG Greater Jaipur Municipal Corporation, LOC Jaipur, ORG House, ORG Heritage Jaipur Municipal Corporation, ORG JMC", "Response": "The Jaipur Municipal Corporation (JMC) was established in the year 1994. The area of the municipal corporation is 467 square km and it is governed under the Rajasthan Municipality Act of 1959. The municipal corporation is headed by a mayor.JMC was recently bifurcated into two Municipal Corporations, namely Greater Jaipur Municipal Corporation and Jaipur Heritage Municipal Corporation. Originally, the municipality had 91 wards and each ward was represented by an elected member. However, the Local Self Government Department of Rajasthan divided Jaipur into two municipal corporations, namely Greater Jaipur Municipal Corporation and Heritage Jaipur Municipal Corporation, with 150 and 100 wards each, respectively.The latest elections were held in October 2020, which were postponed due to COVID-19. However, elections for the 100 wards of Jaipur Heritage Municipal Corporation were held on 29 October 2020.The mayor is the elected representative of the city. The current mayor of Jaipur Municipal Corporation (Greater) is Smt. Somya Gurjar since 10 November 2020 and the mayor for Jaipur Municipal Corporation (Heritage) is Smt. Munesh Gurjar since 10 November 2020.  The administration duties are carried out by the municipal commissioner and his group of officials. The municipal commissioner of Jaipur is Mahendra Soni (IAS).\nThe estimated municipal budget for the year 2022-23 is \u20b98950 lakhs. The key revenue sources for Jaipur municipality are taxes which include House tax, Urban Development tax and octroi compensation. Along with this it also gains revenue from various fees and user charges. The masterplan for the city 2025 was created by the Jaipur Development Authority."}, {"Context": "Jaipur Legislative assembly and state agencies", "Knowledge": "PER Mahesh Joshi, LOC Bagru, PER Rajendra Singh Yadav, LOC Sanganer, PER Satish Poonia, PER Shakuntala Rawat, LOC Vidhyadhar Nagar, LOC Bansur, ORG Indian National Congress, LOC Phulera, LOC Viratnagar, ORG Independent, LOC Jhotwara, LOC Jamwa Ramgarh, PER Indraj Gurjar, PER Pratap Singh Khachariyavas, LOC Malviya Nagar, PER Narpat Singh Rajvi, ORG Civil Lines, PER Ashok Lahoty, LOC Kishanpole, LOC Adarsh Nagar, LOC Shahpura, LOC Amber, PER Alok Beniwal, PER Ganga Devi, PER Gopal Meena, PER Nirmal Kumawat, LOC Hawa Mahal, PER Rafeek Khan, LOC Kotputli, PER Amin Kagzi, LOC Jaipur Rural Lok, PER Kalicharan Saraf, PER Lalchand Kataria, LOC Jaipur Lok, LOC Jaipur Rural, ORG BJP, LOC Jaipur, ORG INC", "Response": "Jaipur consists of two parliamentary constituencies Jaipur and Jaipur Rural. The political party with a majority in Jaipur is the Indian National Congress. It also has electives from the BJP and INC party.The Jaipur Lok Sabha constituency comprises eight Vidhansabha (legislative assembly) segments, all of which fall partly in Jaipur city. MLA for Hawa Mahal is Mahesh Joshi from INC, MLA for Vidhyadhar Nagar is Narpat Singh Rajvi from BJP, MLA for Civil Lines is Pratap Singh Khachariyavas from INC, MLA for Kishanpole is Amin Kagzi from INC, MLA for Adarsh Nagar is Rafeek Khan from INC, MLA for Malviya Nagar constituency is Kalicharan Saraf from BJP, MLA for Sanganer constituency is Ashok Lahoty from BJP and lastly the MLA for Bagru is Ganga Devi from INC.The Jaipur Rural Lok Sabha constituency also comprises eight vidhan sabha segments. There are in the northern outskirts of the Jaipur city. MLA for Kotputli is Rajendra Singh Yadav from INC, MLA for Viratnagar is Indraj Gurjar from INC, MLA for Shahpura is Alok Beniwal (Independent), MLA for Phulera is Nirmal Kumawat from BJP, MLA for Jhotwara is Lalchand Kataria from INC, MLA for Amber is Satish Poonia from BJP, MLA for Jamwa Ramgarh is Gopal Meena from INC and lastly MLA for Bansur is Shakuntala Rawat from INC."}, {"Context": "Jaipur Law and order", "Knowledge": "ORG Rajasthan State Department, PER Anand Srivastava, ORG District, ORG Police, LOC Jaipur, LOC Jaipur City", "Response": "The city police in Jaipur is under the jurisdiction of the Rajasthan State Department. The current Police Commissioner for Jaipur City Police is Mr. Anand Srivastava. In Jaipur City, there is a District and Sessions court present. It also has a family court."}, {"Context": "Jaipur Civic utilities", "Knowledge": "ORG JVVNL, LOC Chomu, LOC Mojmabad, LOC Sanganer, LOC Bassi, LOC Phulera, ORG Government of Rajasthan, LOC Viratnagar, LOC Chaksu, LOC Jamwa Ramgarh, LOC Amer, ORG Jaipur MC, LOC Jaipur City, LOC Phage, LOC Shahpura, LOC Rajasthan, ORG Jaipur Municipal Corporation, ORG Jaipur Development Authority, LOC Kotputli, LOC India, LOC Jaipur, ORG JDA, ORG Jaipur Vidyut Vitaran Nigam LTD", "Response": "Jaipur Development Authority (JDA) is the nodal government agency responsible for the planning and development of Jaipur. Jaipur also falls under the Jaipur district of the state of Rajasthan in western India. There are 13 tehsils in the district, which are named Jaipur, Amer, Bassi, Chaksu, Chomu, Mojmabad, Jamwa Ramgarh, Phage, Phulera, Kotputli, Sanganer, Shahpura, Viratnagar. The total area of the district is 14068 square km.Jaipur Municipal Corporation is responsible for maintaining the city's civic infrastructure and carrying out associated administrative duties.Electricity in Jaipur City is supplied through Jaipur Vidyut Vitaran Nigam LTD(JVVNL) by the Government of Rajasthan. Jaipur MC has a fire department wing and there are 11 fire stations, with 50 fire tenders in the state capital. However, with the city is expanding and the population increasing, the existing infrastructure is not sufficient to cater to the city's requirements. Jaipur, a Tier 2 city, also does not have rescue tenders, used for cutting material, or a turntable ladder (TTL), used for dousing flames from aerial angles without entering the building."}, {"Context": "Jaipur Water supply, sewerage and drainage", "Knowledge": "LOC Chandler lake, ORG PHED, ORG Jaipur Development Authority, LOC Dravyavati, LOC Rajasthan, ORG State Pollution Control Board, ORG Bureau of Indian Standards, ORG Jaipur Water Supply and Sewerage Board, ORG Public Health Engineering Department, ORG JWSSB, LOC Dhundh River", "Response": "The Rajasthan government has formed the Jaipur Water Supply and Sewerage Board (JWSSB) for the management of water supply and sewerage services in urban areas of the city. JWSSB, an autonomous body, has been constituted under the JWSSB Ordinance, 2018. It will ensure water supply as per the standards stipulated by the Bureau of Indian Standards, the State Pollution Control Board or Rajasthan's Public Health Engineering Department (PHED). JWSSB will be responsible for financing, designing, constructing, altering, repairing, operating, and maintaining various water supply and sewerage schemes. It will also provide meters and carry out commercial services such as meter reading, billing, and revenue collection.The Jaipur Development Authority has divided the city into four main drainage zones with the northern and central zones draining into the Dravyavati river while the western zone drains into the Chandler lake and the eastern and southern areas combined drain into the Dhundh River. Sewerage systems and STPs have been constructed accordingly with the installed capacity being 730 km of sewer lines and 442 MLD of sewage treatment."}, {"Context": "Jaipur Solid waste management", "Knowledge": "ORG JMC, LOC Motidungari Zone, ORG National Tendering, LOC Hawamahal Zone, LOC Pratap Nagar, LOC Hawamahal", "Response": "The corporation has a new solid waste management system that includes door-to-door collection, transportation of garbage in covered vehicles, proper deployment of dustbins, use of modern equipment. The system ensures private investment as well as public participation with a small amount of monthly user charges. The size of the JMC garbage can be kept at a manageable level.Complete Sanitation work in 3 zones, namely, Hawamahal Zone (East), Hawamahal (West), Motidungari Zone, and Pratap Nagar has been contracted out through National Tendering."}, {"Context": "Jaipur Tourism", "Knowledge": "LOC Kanak Vrindavan, LOC Raj Palace Hotel, LOC Jantar Mantar, LOC Jaipur Exhibition & Convention Centre, LOC Birla Auditorium, LOC Jal Mahal, LOC Presidential Suite, LOC Vastara, LOC Garh Ganesh Temple, ORG CNN, LOC Moti Dungri Ganesh Temple, LOC Albert Hall Museum, LOC Jaipur Zoo, LOC Jaigarh Fort, LOC Sisodiya Rani Bagh, LOC City Palace, LOC Birla Mandir, LOC Amer Fort, ORG JECC, LOC Nahargarh Fort, LOC Rajasthan, ORG TripAdvisor, LOC Hawa Mahal, LOC Golden Triangle, LOC Galtaji, LOC India, LOC Raj Mandir, LOC Govind Dev Ji Temple, LOC Jaipur, LOC Sanghiji Jain temple, LOC Asia", "Response": "Jaipur is a major tourist destination in India forming a part of the Golden Triangle. In the 2008 Conde Nast Traveller Readers Choice Survey, Jaipur was ranked the 7th best place to visit in Asia.\nAccording to TripAdvisor's 2015 Traveller's Choice Awards for Destination, Jaipur ranked 1st among the Indian destinations for the year. The Presidential Suite at the Raj Palace Hotel, billed at US$45,000 per night, was listed in second place on CNN's World's 15 most expensive hotel suites in 2012.Jaipur Exhibition & Convention Centre (JECC) is Rajasthan's biggest convention and exhibition centre. It is famous for organising events such as Vastara, Jaipur Jewellery Show, Stonemart 2015 and Resurgent Rajasthan Partnership Summit 2015.Visitor attractions include the Birla Auditorium, Albert Hall Museum, Hawa Mahal, Jal Mahal, City Palace, Amer Fort, Jantar Mantar, Nahargarh Fort, Jaigarh Fort, Birla Mandir, Galtaji, Govind Dev Ji Temple, Garh Ganesh Temple, Moti Dungri Ganesh Temple, Sanghiji Jain temple and the Jaipur Zoo. The Jantar Mantar observatory (The Jantar Mantar is a collection of 19 astronomical instruments remarkable at their time.) and Amer Fort are one of the World Heritage Sites. Hawa Mahal is a five-storey pyramidal shaped monument with 953 windows that rises 15 metres (50 ft) from its high base. Sisodiya Rani Bagh and Kanak Vrindavan are the major parks in Jaipur. Raj Mandir is a notable cinema hall in Jaipur.\nJaipur now has options to view the entire city via a Hot Air Balloon ride.\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\nTravel+Leisure \u2013 The World's Best Awards 2020\nJaipur was ranked Number 8 in \"The Top 15 Cities in Asia\"."}, {"Context": "Jaipur Culture", "Knowledge": "LOC Jawahar Kala, PER Charles Correa, LOC India, ORG Kendra, PER Ravindra Manch, LOC Government Central Museum, ORG Jaipur Gharana, LOC Jaipur, LOC Kathak, LOC Hawa Mahal, LOC Viratnagar", "Response": "Jaipur has many cultural sites like Jawahar Kala Kendra formed by Architect Charles Correa and Ravindra Manch. Government Central Museum hosts several arts and antiquities. There is a government museum at Hawa Mahal and an art gallery at Viratnagar. There are statues depicting Rajasthani culture around the city. Jaipur has many traditional shops selling antiques and handicrafts, as well as contemporary brands reviving traditional techniques, such as Anokhi. The prior rulers of Jaipur patronised a number of arts and crafts. They invited skilled artisans, artists and craftsmen from India and abroad who settled in the city. Some of the crafts include bandhani, block printing, stone carving and sculpture, tarkashi, zari, gota-patti, kinari and zardozi, silver jewellery, gems, kundan, meenakari and jewellery, Lakh ki Chudiya, miniature paintings, blue pottery, ivory carving, shellac work and leather ware.Jaipur has its own performing arts. The Jaipur Gharana for Kathak is one of the three gharanas of the major north Indian classical dance form of Kathak. The Jaipur Gharana of Kathak is known for its rapid intricate dance forms, vivacious body movements and subtle Abhinaya. The Ghoomar is a popular folk dance style. Tamasha is an art form where Kathputli puppet dance is shown in play form. Major festivals celebrated in Jaipur include Elephant Festival, Gangaur, Makar Sankranti, Holi, Diwali, Vijayadashami, Teej, Eid, Mahavir Jayanti and Christmas. Jaipur is also famous for the Jaipur Literature Festival, the world's largest free literature festival in which authors, writers and literature lovers from all over the country participate."}, {"Context": "Jaipur Architecture", "Knowledge": "PER Sawai Jai Singh II, LOC Nahargarh Fort, PER Vidyadhar Bhattacharya, LOC Suraj, LOC Chand, LOC Amer, LOC Hawa Mahal, LOC Palace", "Response": "The city was planned according to the Indian Vastu shastra by Vidyadhar Bhattacharya in 1727. There are three gates facing east, west, and north. The eastern gate is called Suraj pol (sun gate), the western gate is called Chand pol (moon gate) and the northern gate faces the ancestral capital of Amer.The city is unusual among pre-modern Indian cities in the regularity of its streets, and the division of the city into six sectors by broad streets 34 m (111  ft) wide. The urban quarters are further divided by networks of gridded streets. Five-quarters wrap around the east, south, and west sides of a central palace quarter, with a sixth quarter immediately to the east. The Palace quarter encloses the Hawa Mahal palace complex, formal gardens, and a small lake. Nahargarh Fort, which was the residence of the King Sawai Jai Singh II, crowns the hill in the northwest corner of the old city."}, {"Context": "Jaipur Cuisine", "Knowledge": "LOC Jaipur", "Response": "Typical dishes include Dal Baati Churma, Missi Roti, Gatte ki Sabzi, Lahsun ki chutney, Ker Sangri, Makke ki Ghat, Bajre ki Ghat, Bajre ki Roti and Laal Maans. Jaipur is also known for its sweets which include Ghevar, Feeni, Mawa Kachori, Gajak, Meethi thuli, Chauguni ke laddu, and Moong Thal."}, {"Context": "Jaipur Economy", "Knowledge": "ORG National Engineering Industries, ORG Mahindra World City, ORG ICICI Bank, ORG Government of, ORG Genpact, ORG CII, ORG JCB, ORG PHDCCI, ORG Infosys, ORG PHD Chamber of Commerce and Industry, ORG Connexions, ORG Robert Bosch GmbH, ORG World Trade Park, ORG Jaipur Stock Exchange, LOC Rajasthan, LOC Bhamashah Techno Hub, ORG FICCI, ORG Deutsche Bank, ORG Appirio, ORG Aro Granite, ORG Confederation of Indian Industry, LOC India, LOC Kochi, ORG Directorate of Economics and Statistics, ORG Wipro, LOC Bhubaneswar, ORG Emami Agrotech, ORG Hero MotoCorp, LOC Ja, LOC Jaipur, LOC Ahmedabad, ORG Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry, LOC Asia", "Response": "As per the official records released by the Directorate of Economics and Statistics (Rajasthan), the GDP(nominal) of Jaipur district is estimated at INR 1,22,140 crores ($15.8 billion) in 2020\u201321, with a per-capita GDP of INR 1,41,305. In addition to its role as the provincial capital, educational, and administrative centre, the economy of Jaipur is fuelled by tourism, gemstone cutting, the manufacture of jewellery and luxury textiles, and information technology.Three major trade promotion organisations have their offices in Jaipur. These are: Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry, (FICCI) the PHD Chamber of Commerce and Industry (PHDCCI) and the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) which has its regional offices here. In 2008, Jaipur was ranked 31 among the 50 Emerging Global Outsourcing cities. Jaipur Stock Exchange was one of the regional stock exchanges in India and was founded in 1989 but was closed in March 2015.Jaipur has emerged as a hub of automotive industries. JCB, Hero MotoCorp and Robert Bosch GmbH have their manufacturing plants in Jaipur. Chemical manufacturers in the city are Aro Granite and Emami Agrotech. National Engineering Industries have a plant in Jaipur.The city is among top emerging IT hubs of India along with Ahmedabad, Bhubaneswar and Kochi. Mahindra World City is an integrated business zone in Jaipur. It is home to several software and IT companies including Genpact, Appirio, Infosys, Wipro, ICICI Bank, Connexions and Deutsche Bank. The Government of Rajasthan have built Asia's largest incubator in Jaipur \u2013 the Bhamashah Techno Hub.Jaipur is a major hub for arts and crafts. It has many traditional shops selling antiques, jewellery, handicrafts, gems, bangles, pottery, carpets, textiles, leather and metal products. Jaipur is one of India's largest manufacturers of hand-knotted rugs. Jaipur foot, a rubber-based prosthetic leg for people with below-knee amputations, was designed and is produced in Jaipur. World Trade Park Jaipur, is a shopping mall in Jaipur opened in 2012."}, {"Context": "Jaipur Communication", "Knowledge": "ORG VI, ORG Vodafone - Idea, ORG Jio, LOC Rajasthan, ORG BSNL, LOC Jantar Mantar, ORG ISP Data Ingenious Global Limited, LOC Jaipur, ORG Airtel, LOC Central Park", "Response": "Jaipur has offices of companies like Airtel, Jio, VI (Vodafone-Idea) and BSNL which are providing mobile telephony and there are also various internet service providers in the city. The government of Rajasthan has started free WiFi at various public places like Central Park, Jantar Mantar among others. Rajasthan's first ISP  Data Ingenious Global Limited still providing large number of broadband customers and email services in entire Jaipur."}, {"Context": "Jaipur Broadband Services", "Knowledge": "ORG BSNL FTTH, ORG Jio, LOC New Jaipur, ORG ACT, ORG Data Ingenious, LOC Jaipur, ORG Airtel, ORG Tata Play Fiber, LOC Old Jaipur", "Response": "Jaipur has got a good network of broadband services both in Old Jaipur and New Jaipur. Jaipur is served by BSNL FTTH, Tata Play Fiber, ACT, Data Ingenious, Jio and Airtel."}, {"Context": "Jaipur Media", "Knowledge": "ORG Prasar Bharati, ORG Indian Express, ORG India International School Institutional Network, ORG Amar Ujala, ORG Dainik Bhaskar, ORG My FM, ORG Doordarshan, ORG Radio Mirchi, ORG Mirchi Love, ORG Dainik Navajyoti, ORG Rajasthan Patrika, LOC Jaipur, ORG The Times of India, ORG All India Radio, ORG Red FM, ORG Gyan Vani, ORG FM Tadka, ORG Radio City", "Response": "Major daily newspapers in Jaipur include Amar Ujala, Rajasthan Patrika, Dainik Bhaskar, Indian Express, Dainik Navajyoti and The Times of India. The state-owned All India Radio is broadcast both on the medium wave and FM band in the city. Private FM stations include Radio Mirchi (98.3 MHz), Radio City (91.1 MHz), My FM (94.3 MHz), FM Tadka 95 FM (95.0 MHz), Mirchi Love (104.0 MHz), Red FM 93.5 (93.5 MHz) and Gyan Vani (105.6 MHz). The city has a community FM channel in FM Radio 7 (90.4 MHz) by India International School Institutional Network. The public broadcaster Doordarshan (Prasar Bharati) provides a regional channel in addition to the private broadcasters."}, {"Context": "Jaipur Roads", "Knowledge": "LOC National, LOC Agra Road, LOC National Highway, LOC Punjab, LOC Sanganer, LOC Kota, LOC Tonk Road, LOC Delhi Road, LOC Jaipur Ring Road, PER Sushma Swaraj, ORG ETV Rajasthan, LOC Rambagh Palace, ORG Hal Clyde Denison, LOC Delhi, LOC Maharashtra, ORG JCTSL, ORG Golf Club, LOC Madhya Pradesh, LOC Haryana, LOC Mumbai, LOC Malpura Road, LOC Sikar Road, LOC Pani Pech, PER Arun Jaitley, LOC NH, ORG RSRTC, LOC Bhawani Singh Lane, LOC New Delhi, ORG BRTS, ORG Jaipur City Transport Services Limited, LOC Birla Mandir, ORG Redington India Limited, LOC Rajasthan, LOC East, LOC Vidyadhar Nagar, LOC Ajmer Road, LOC West, LOC Uttar Pradesh, ORG Rajasthan Tourism Bureau, LOC Bhawani Singh Road, LOC Gujarat, LOC Harmada, LOC Vaishali Nagar, ORG Jaipur Development Authority, PER Nitin Gadkari, ORG Jaipur Nagar Nigam, LOC Jaipur, LOC Nehru Sahkar Bhawan, ORG JCSTL, ORG Jaipur Development Authority Office, LOC Agra", "Response": "Jaipur is located on National Highway No.48 connecting Delhi and Mumbai. National Highway 52 links Jaipur with Kota and National Highway 21 links Jaipur with Agra. RSRTC operates bus service to major cities in Rajasthan, New Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Punjab and Gujarat. City buses are operated by Jaipur City Transport Services Limited (JCTSL) of RSRTC. The service operates more than 400 regular and low-floor buses. Major bus depots are located at Vaishali Nagar, Vidyadhar Nagar and Sanganer.\nJaipur BRTS was approved by the government in August 2006. Jaipur BRTS is managed by JCSTL, a special purpose vehicle formed by Jaipur Development Authority and Jaipur Nagar Nigam. In Phase I, two corridors have been proposed: a \"North-South Corridor\" from Sikar Road to Tonk Road and an \"East-West Corridor\" from Ajmer Road to Delhi Road. A section of the North-South Corridor from bypass near Harmada to Pani Pech became operational in 2010.Jaipur Ring Road is a project of Jaipur Development Authority to reduce increasing traffic of Jaipur city which connects NH-21 (Agra Road), NH-48 (Ajmer Road), NH-52 (Tonk Road), and NH-52 (Malpura Road) having a length of 150 km. The 57 km out of 150 km long six-lane Jaipur Ring Road has been completed at a cost of Rs. 1217 crore which was inaugurated by Sushma Swaraj, Arun Jaitley and Nitin Gadkari.\nBhawani Singh Road, named after the last Maharaja of Jaipur which begins from Nehru Sahkar Bhawan and ends at the intersection where Birla Mandir is situated is one of the most popular roads in the city with notable places like Rambagh Palace, Golf Club and Jaipur Development Authority Office falling on its path. A similarly named road; Bhawani Singh Lane, serves as a place where the prominent people of Jaipur reside. The road also serves as a passage for the offices of companies like ETV Rajasthan, Redington India Limited, Hal Clyde Denison, and Rajasthan Tourism Bureau."}, {"Context": "Jaipur Rail", "Knowledge": "LOC Jaipur, ORG North Western Railway Zone of Indian Railways", "Response": "Jaipur is the headquarters of North Western Railway Zone of Indian Railways."}, {"Context": "Jaipur Metro", "Knowledge": "LOC New Aatish Market, ORG Jaipur Metro, LOC Mansarovar, LOC Civil Line, LOC Chandpole, LOC Shyam Nagar, LOC Sindhi Camp, LOC Railway Station, LOC Vivek Vihar, LOC Ram Nagar", "Response": "Jaipur Metro commenced commercial operation on 3 June 2015. Phase-1A is operational between Mansarovar and Chandpole consisting of nine stations namely Mansarovar, New Aatish Market, Vivek Vihar, Shyam Nagar, Ram Nagar, Civil Line, Railway Station, Sindhi Camp and Chandpole. The Phase-1B was constructed with an estimated cost of \u20b997.32 billion ($1.74 billion). It became operational on 23 September 2020."}, {"Context": "Jaipur Airport", "Knowledge": "LOC Indira Gandhi International Airport, LOC Sanganer, LOC Jaipur Airport, LOC Delhi, LOC Jaipur International Airport", "Response": "Jaipur International Airport is in Sanganer, 12.2 km (8 miles) from the centre. The airport handled 363,899 international and 2,540,451 domestic passengers in 2015\u20132016. Jaipur Airport also provides air cargo services. During winter, sometimes flights towards Indira Gandhi International Airport are diverted to Jaipur Airport due to heavy fog in Delhi."}, {"Context": "Jaipur Education", "Knowledge": "ORG Digilearning, LOC Kota, ORG University of Technology, ORG Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar Law University, ORG Maharishi Arvind Institute of Engineering & Technology, ORG Rajasthan University of Health Sciences, ORG National Institute of Ayurveda, ORG University of Rajasthan, ORG International Board of education, ORG Haridev Joshi University of Journalism and Mass Communication, ORG Central Board of Secondary Education, ORG Board of Secondary Education, ORG Malaviya National Institute of Technology, ORG EIIM, LOC Rajasthan, ORG Quibus training, ORG Poornima College of Engineering, ORG LNM Institute of Information Technology, ORG Rajasthan Sanskrit University, ORG Rajasthan Technical University, ORG Subodh College, ORG Arya College | Arya Group of Colleges, LOC Jaipur, ORG Sawai Man Singh Medical College, ORG Rajasthan Engineering Admission Process, ORG Suresh Gyan Vihar University", "Response": "Public and private schools in Jaipur are governed by the Central Board of Secondary Education or Board of Secondary Education, Rajasthan, International Board of education and follow a \"10+2\" plan. This plan entails eight years of primary education and four years of secondary education. The secondary school includes two years of upper secondary education, which is more specific and diverse than the two years of lower secondary education before it. Languages of instruction include English and Hindi.\nNotable institutions in the city are: University of Rajasthan, Rajasthan University of Health Sciences, Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar Law University, Rajasthan Sanskrit University, Haridev Joshi University of Journalism and Mass Communication, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Malaviya National Institute of Technology, LNM Institute of Information Technology, University of Technology, National Institute of Ayurveda, Sawai Man Singh Medical College and Subodh College among others. There are several digital marketing institutes in Jaipur As EIIM, Digilearning, Quibus training to name a few.\nAdmission to Engineering colleges in Jaipur, many of which are affiliated to Rajasthan Technical University (Kota), is through Rajasthan Engineering Admission Process. Some of the colleges that are affiliated to Rajasthan Technical University are Maharishi Arvind Institute of Engineering & Technology, Poornima College of Engineering, Arya College | Arya Group of Colleges."}, {"Context": "Jaipur Sports", "Knowledge": "LOC Sawai Mansingh Indoor Stadium, PER Ashok Gehlot, LOC Melbourne Cricket Ground, LOC Chonp Village, ORG Jaipur Pink Panthers, ORG Rajasthan Royals, LOC Sawai Mansingh Stadium, LOC Jaipur, LOC Chaugan Stadium, LOC Railway Cricket Ground, LOC Sardar Patel Stadium, ORG IPL", "Response": "The main cricket stadium in the city, Sawai Mansingh Stadium, has a seating capacity of 30,000 and has hosted national and international cricket matches. It is also the home ground of IPL team Rajasthan Royals. Sawai Mansingh Indoor Stadium, Chaugan Stadium and Railway Cricket Ground are the other sporting arenas in the city.\nA new stadium has been proposed for Chonp Village with a seating capacity 75,000. It would be the third-largest cricket stadium in the world after the Sardar Patel Stadium and the Melbourne Cricket Ground.\nThe city is represented in the IPL by Rajasthan Royals (2008\u20132016; 2018\u2013present) and in Pro Kabaddi League by Jaipur Pink Panthers.A new cricket stadium located 27 km from Jaipur is under construction. In July 2021, Chief Minister Ashok Gehlot said that the stadium will have a total seating capacity of 75000 and will be constructed in two phases, of which the seating accommodation of 45,000 people will be completed in the first phase and expansion for another 30,000 will be done in the second phase."}, {"Context": "Jaipur In popular culture", "Knowledge": "LOC Jaipur, PER Paul McCartney", "Response": "Paul McCartney wrote and recorded the Jaipur tribute song \"Riding into Jaipur\" (4:08) whose minimalist lyrics say: \u00ab riding to Jaipur, riding through the night, riding with my baby, oh what a delight, oh what a delight, it is. \u00bb The song was released on his 2001 studio album Driving Rain.\nJaipur is the setting for the film The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel and its sequel, The Second Best Exotic Marigold Hotel, which follow the adventures of a group of senior European ex-pats who retire to Jaipur and in the process discover their true selves."}, {"Context": "Jaipur Notable people", "Knowledge": "PER Syed Akbar Jaipuri, PER Asrani, PER Hafiz Salahuddin Yusuf Shubhi Sharma, PER Smita Bansal, PER Jaipur Irrfan Khan, PER Hasrat Jaipuri, PER Jesse Randhawa Ashish Sharma, PER Rajaram Jaipuria, PER Daulat Mal Bhandari Vikrant Bhargava Ila Arun Vishwa Mohan Bhatt Sunil Vaswani Apurvi Chandela, LOC Lucknow, PER Anandaram Jaipuria, ORG Seth Anandram Jaipuria School, PER Ajay Data, PER Rohit Jangid, PER Mungtu Ram Jaipuria Ravi Jaipuria, PER Man Singh II, PER Anshu Jain, PER Habib Miyan, PER Sitaram Jaipuria, ORG Seth M. R. Jaipuria Schools, LOC Jaipur, PER Gayatri Devi, ORG Seth Anandram Jaipuria College, PER Mungtu Ram Jaipuria", "Response": "Gayatri Devi ( 23 May 1919 \u2013 29 July 2009), Maharani of Jaipur\nIrrfan Khan, Indian actor in Bollywood, British and American films\nAnshu Jain (1963\u20132022), banker\nHasrat Jaipuri (1922\u20131999), Urdu-Hindi poet and Bollywood lyricist\nSyed Akbar Jaipuri (1928\u20131998), Urdu poet from Jaipur\nMungtu Ram Jaipuria, Indian industrialist and educationist, son of Anandaram Jaipuria and the founder of Seth Anandram Jaipuria College and Seth M.R. Jaipuria Schools including Seth Anandram Jaipuria School Lucknow\nRajaram Jaipuria (1934\u20132015), Indian industrialist and educationist, son of Mungtu Ram Jaipuria\nRavi Jaipuria, Indian businessman\nAjay Data, Indian entrepreneur\nSitaram Jaipuria (1926\u20131985), Indian politician\nHabib Miyan, claimed to be the oldest man in the world\nMan Singh II (21 August 1912 \u2013 24 June 1970)\nSmita Bansal, Indian Actress\nAsrani, Indian Actor\nDaulat Mal Bhandari\nVikrant Bhargava\nIla Arun\nVishwa Mohan Bhatt\nSunil Vaswani\nApurvi Chandela\nJesse Randhawa\nAshish Sharma\nHafiz Salahuddin Yusuf\nShubhi Sharma Indian actress who is active mainly in Bhojpuri-language films\nRohit Jangid, wushu player"}, {"Context": "Jaisalmer Introduction", "Knowledge": "LOC Jaisalmer State, LOC Rajasthan, LOC Jaisalmer Fort, LOC Jaisalmer District, LOC Jaisalmer, LOC Great Indian Desert, LOC Jaipur, LOC Thar Desert", "Response": "Jaisalmer pronunciation , nicknamed \"The Golden city\", is a city in the Indian state of Rajasthan, located 575 kilometres (357 mi) west of the state capital Jaipur. The town stands on a ridge of yellowish sandstone and is crowned by the ancient Jaisalmer Fort. This fort contains a royal palace and several ornate Jain temples. Many of the houses and temples of both the fort and of the town below are built of finely sculptured sandstone. The town lies in the heart of the Thar Desert (the Great Indian Desert) and has a population, including the residents of the fort, of about 78,000. It is the administrative headquarters of Jaisalmer District. Jaisalmer was once the capital of Jaisalmer State."}, {"Context": "Jaisalmer Origin of name", "Knowledge": "LOC Golden City, LOC India, PER Rawal Jaisal, LOC Jaisalmer, LOC Jaisal, LOC Hill Fort", "Response": "Jaisalmer was founded by Rawal Jaisal in 1156 AD. Jaisalmer means the Hill Fort of Jaisal. Jaisalmer is sometimes called the \"Golden City of India\" because of the yellow sandstone used throughout the architecture of both the fort and the town below, imbues both with a certain golden-yellow light."}, {"Context": "Jaisalmer Geography and climate", "Knowledge": "LOC Jaisalmer, LOC Pakistan", "Response": "Jaisalmer, being an arid desert region, is prone to extremes in terms of temperature. The temperature varies greatly from day to night in both summer and winter. The maximum summer temperature is around 49 \u00b0C (120 \u00b0F) while the minimum is 25 \u00b0C (77 \u00b0F). The maximum winter temperature is usually around 23.6 \u00b0C (74.5 \u00b0F) and the minimum is \u22125 \u00b0C (23 \u00b0F). The average rainfall is 209.5 millimetres (8.25 in). Highest ever recorded temperature was 50.0 \u00b0C (122.0 \u00b0F); the lowest ever recorded temperature being \u22125.9 \u00b0C (21.4 \u00b0F). Temperature of up to 52.4 \u00b0C (126.3 \u00b0F) have been recorded near the international border close to Pakistan, but standard conditions of this temperature recording remain unverified."}, {"Context": "Jaisalmer Demographics", "Knowledge": "LOC Jaisalmer", "Response": "According to the 2011 census, Jaisalmer had a population of 65,471. Around 90% of the population is Hindu, 8.20% is Muslim and the remaining are Sikhs, Christians, and Jains."}, {"Context": "Jaisalmer Economy", "Knowledge": "LOC Government, ORG of India, ORG Oil India Limited, PER Harish, LOC Jaisalmer", "Response": "Tourism is a major industry in Jaisalmer.\nThe Government of India initiated departmental exploration for oil in 1955\u201356 in the Jaisalmer area. Oil India Limited discovered natural gas in 1988 in the Jaisalmer basin.Musicians and dancers are also a major cultural export from Jaisalmer to the rest of the world. Manganiyar musicians have played the world over, and Queen Harish, the dancing desert drag queen, has toured the world over and has featured in international movies.\nJaisalmer is also known for its leather messenger bags, made from wild camels native to the area."}, {"Context": "Jaisalmer Transport", "Knowledge": "LOC India, LOC JU, LOC Rajasthan, LOC Jaisalmer Airport, LOC Jodhpur, LOC Jaisalmer, LOC Delhi, LOC Jaipur, ORG Northwestern Railway, ORG NWR, LOC Ahmedabad, LOC Surat, ORG Rajasthan State Transport Corporation, LOC Mumbai, LOC Bangalore", "Response": "Jaisalmer is connected to the rest of Rajasthan by buses provided by Rajasthan State Transport Corporation as well as other private bus operators.\nJaisalmer Airport is located 17 kilometres southeast of Jaisalmer. Flights serve Mumbai, Delhi, Bangalore, Jaipur, Ahmedabad, Surat and Jodhpur.\nJaisalmer railway station runs daily trains between Jaisalmer and Jaipur, through which it is connected to Delhi and other cities all over India. This station comes under Jodhpur (JU) division of the Northwestern Railway (NWR). Additionally, there exists a luxury tourist train known as Palace On Wheels, which covers the major tourist destinations of Rajasthan, including Jaisalmer."}, {"Context": "Jaisalmer Jaisalmer Fort", "Knowledge": "PER Bhati, LOC Royal palace, LOC Laxminath temple, LOC Trikoot Garh, LOC Raj Mahal, LOC Jaisalmer Fort, PER Jaisal, PER Satyajit Ray, LOC Meru Hill", "Response": "Built in 1156 by the Bhati Rajput ruler Jaisal, Jaisalmer Fort, situated on Meru Hill and named as Trikoot Garh has been the scene of many battles. Its massive sandstone walls are a pale yellow colour during the day, turning to a darker gold as the sun sets. The famous Indian film director Satyajit Ray wrote a detective novel and later turned it into a film \u2212 Sonar Kella (The Golden Fortress) which was based on this fort. About a quarter of city's population still live inside the fort. The main attractions inside the fort are the Raj Mahal (Royal palace), Jain temples and the Laxminath temple.\nte"}, {"Context": "Jaisalmer Jain heritage of Jaisalmer", "Knowledge": "LOC Tirthankara, LOC Kunthunath Temple, LOC Rishabdev temple, LOC India, LOC Shitalnath Temple, LOC Shantinath Temple, LOC Parshvanath, LOC Brahmsar, LOC Lodarva, LOC Shantinath, LOC Jaisalmer, LOC Amarsagar, LOC Pokharan, LOC Chandraprabhu temple, LOC Lodhruva, LOC Paraswanath Temple", "Response": "A number of the most ornate buildings in Jaisalmer were built by its Jain community, including temples, notably the temples dedicated to the 16th Tirthankara, Shantinath, and 23rd Tirthankara, Parshvanath.\nThere are seven Jain temples in total which are situated within the Jaisalmer fort built during the 12th and 15th centuries. Among these temples, the biggest is the Paraswanath Temple; the others are Chandraprabhu temple, Rishabdev temple, Shitalnath Temple, Kunthunath Temple, and Shantinath Temple. Known for their exquisite work of art and architecture that was predominant in the medieval era the temples are built out of yellow sandstone and have intricate engravings on them.\nJaisalmer has some of the oldest libraries of India which contain rarest of the manuscripts and artefacts of Jain tradition. There are many pilgrimage centres around Jaisalmer such as Lodhruva (Lodarva), Amarsagar, Brahmsar and Pokharan."}, {"Context": "Jaisalmer Museums", "Knowledge": "LOC Cactus Park Museum, LOC Jaisalmer Fort Palace, LOC Desert Culture Centre, LOC Thar, LOC Jaisalmer Folklore Museum, LOC Kuldhara Tanot Museum, LOC Jaisalmer War Museum Akal Fossil Park, LOC Baa RI Haveli", "Response": "Thar heritage museum\nBaa RI Haveli On fort\nDesert Culture Centre & Museum\nJaisalmer Folklore Museum\nGovernment Museum\nJaisalmer Fort Palace Museum\nJaisalmer War Museum\nAkal Fossil Park Museum\nCactus Park Museum, Kuldhara\nTanot Museum"}, {"Context": "Jaisalmer Other", "Knowledge": "LOC Ramdevra, PER Sam\u0101dhi, LOC India, PER Baba Ramdevji, LOC Gadisar Lake, LOC Jaisalmer, PER Amar Sagar, PER Rawal Gadsi Singh", "Response": "Ramdevra a village in Jaisalmer is named after Baba Ramdevji, a Tanwar Rajput and a saint who took Sam\u0101dhi in 1384 CE, at the age of 33 years. He is worshiped today by many social groups of India as Ishta-deva.\n\nGadisar Lake \u2013 Excavated in 1367 by Rawal Gadsi Singh, it is a scenic rainwater lake surrounded by the small temples and shrines of Amar Sagar. Earlier, this lake was used to be the main water source of Jaisalmer. Due to an increased water demand for agriculture, the lake is increasingly threatened to dry out."}, {"Context": "Jaisalmer In neighbourhood", "Knowledge": "PER Jai Singh II, LOC Bhaniyana, LOC Jaisalmer Lodhruva Desert National Park, LOC Bada Bagh, LOC Longewala", "Response": "Bada Bagh, a complex with chhatris of Jai Singh II (d. 1743) and subsequent Maharajas of Jaisalmer\nLodhruva\nDesert National Park\nBhaniyana\nLanela\nBattle of Longewala point"}, {"Context": "Jaisalmer Desert festival", "Knowledge": "LOC Jaisalmer, LOC Rajasthan", "Response": "Desert Festival of Jaisalmer is the most awaited and famous cultural and colourful event of Rajasthan. Camel races, Turban-tying and Mr. Desert competitions are organised. It is held in the month of February every year. The festival showcases Rajasthani folk songs and dance and it is very attractive to foreign tourists. Gair and Fire dancers which are the major attraction of the Jaisalmer desert festival celebrations. This is the best time to visit Jaisalmer to witness performing arts like Kalbelia dances and folk songs and music."}, {"Context": "Jaisalmer In popular culture", "Knowledge": "PER Gupi Gayen Bagha Bayen, PER Goray Gondogol, PER Abenezer Inder, LOC Gadsisar, PER Kishore Kumar, LOC Jaisalmer Fort, LOC Bada Bagh, LOC Jaisalmer, LOC Amar Sagar, PER Satyajit Ray, PER Sonar Kella, PER Feluda", "Response": "Gupi Gayen Bagha Bayen (1969), a Bengali film, directed by Satyajit Ray, was partly shot at Jaisalmer Fort.\nSonar Kella (1974) (Golden Fortress) Satyajit Ray's Bengali film, based on his eponymous novel featuring his creation, the detective Feluda, was based in Jaisalmer and surrounding areas.\nHothat Brishti, a Bengali film was shot in Jaisalmer.\nGoray Gondogol (2012), a Bengali film was partly shot in Jaisalmer.\nKishore Kumar Junior (2018), a Bengali film was partly shot in Jaisalmer.\nSoul of Jaisalmer (Hindi non-feature film 2016) made by Abenezer Inder. This film is based on traditional water step well of Jaisalmer and was filmed in Gadsisar, Amar Sagar, Bada Bagh and many more far location of Jaisalmer."}, {"Context": "Jamshedpur Introduction", "Knowledge": "LOC Tatanagar, LOC Swach Survekshan, LOC India, ORG City Mayors Foundation, LOC Jharkhand, LOC Jamshedpur, ORG Tata Group, PER Jamsetji Tata, LOC East Singhbhum, LOC Naya Raipur", "Response": "Jamshedpur (, Hindi: [d\u0292\u0259m\u02c8\u0283e\u02d0dp\u028ar] (listen)) or Tatanagar is the largest and most populous city in Jharkhand and the first planned industrial city in India. It is a Notified Area Council and Municipal Corporation and also the headquarter of the East Singhbhum district. It is a popular tourist destination known for its forests, ancient temples and royal palaces. It was ranked as the cleanest city of India in the year 2019.It was founded by Jamsetji Tata, founder of the Tata Group, and was named after him. It was established in 1919.\nJamshedpur was ranked as the cleanest city of India in 2020 by Swach Survekshan in 2020. Jamshedpur was ranked the 7th cleanest city of India in 2010. The city is also ranked as 2nd in India in terms of quality of life. Jamshedpur is the 84th fastest growing city in the world according to City Mayors Foundation. It is the headquarters of the East Singhbhum district of Jharkhand and is the 36th \u2013 largest urban agglomeration and 72nd largest city in India by population. It is one of the first Smart Cities in India along with Naya Raipur."}, {"Context": "Jamshedpur Etymology", "Knowledge": "PER Jamshedji Nusserwanji Tata, LOC Sakchi, PER Dorabji Tata, PER Chelmsford, LOC Jubilee Park, LOC Jamshedpur, PER Tata", "Response": "In 1919 Lord Chelmsford renamed the city, which was originally Sakchi, to Jamshedpur in honour of its founder, Jamshedji Nusserwanji Tata. Tata had written to his son Dorabji Tata about his vision of a great city in the area. On Founders Day (3 March), the 225-acre (0.91 km2) Jubilee Park is decorated with brilliant lightwork for about a week."}, {"Context": "Jamshedpur History", "Knowledge": "LOC Sakchi, PER Dorabji Tata, ORG Jugsalai Municipal corporation, LOC India, ORG Tata Motors, LOC Kharkai, LOC Pittsburgh, ORG Jamshedpur Notified area committee, PER Shapurji Saklatvala, LOC Subarnarekha, LOC Jubilee Park, LOC Jamshedpur, PER Julin Kennedy Sahlin, LOC Chota Nagpur, PER Jamsetji Tata, PER Tata, ORG Mango Notified area committee, PER C. M. Weld", "Response": "The prospectors C. M. Weld, Dorabji Tata and Shapurji Saklatvala took nearly three years in a painstaking search across vast stretches of inhospitable terrain to find a location for a steel plant. One day they came across Sakchi (present-day a business district), on the densely forested stretches of the Chota Nagpur plateau, near the confluence of the Subarnarekha and Kharkai rivers. It seemed to be the ideal choice and the place was selected.In 1908, the construction of the plant as well as the city officially began. The first steel ingot was rolled on 16 February 1912. It was a momentous day in the history of industrial India.Jamsetji Tata's plan for the city was clear. He envisioned far more than a mere row of workers' hutments. He insisted upon building all the comforts and conveniences a city could provide. As a result, many areas in the city are well planned and there are public leisure places such as the Jubilee Park. While building the city, Tata had said:\n\n\"Be sure to lay wide streets planted with shady trees, every other of a quick-growing variety. Be sure that there is plenty of space for lawns and gardens; reserve large areas for football, hockey and parks; earmark areas for Hindu temples, Muslim mosques and Christian churches.\"\nMessrs Julin Kennedy Sahlin from Pittsburgh prepared the first layout of the town of Jamshedpur. Jamshedpur is a million-plus city with three municipal corporations, Jamshedpur Notified area committee, Jugsalai Municipal corporation and Mango Notified area committee.In 1945, Tata Motors was setup here. It is now the second largest industry in Jamshedpur. A municipal corporation was proposed in 2005 but after protests from the residents this did not happen."}, {"Context": "Jamshedpur Geography", "Knowledge": "LOC Dalma Hills, LOC Jharkhand, LOC Dalma, LOC Dimna, LOC Jadugoda - musabani hill, LOC Sakchi, PER Jamshedji Tata, LOC Kharkai, LOC Subarnarekha, LOC West Bengal, LOC Sitarampur, LOC Mysore, LOC Ukam Hill, LOC Odisha, LOC Domuhani, LOC Chota Nagpur Plateau, LOC Subarnarekha Rivers, LOC Jubilee Park, LOC Jamshedpur", "Response": "Jamshedpur is situated in the southern end of the state of Jharkhand and is bordered by the states of Odisha and West Bengal. The average elevation of the city is 135 metres while the range is from 129 m to 151 m. Total geographical area of Jamshedpur is 224 km square. Jamshedpur is primarily located in a hilly region and is surrounded by the Dalma Hills running from west to east and covered with dense forests. The other smaller hill ranges near the city are Ukam Hill and the Jadugoda-musabani hill range. The city is also a part of the larger Chota Nagpur Plateau region. The region is formed of the sedimentary, metamorphic and igneous rocks belonging to the Dharwarian period.\nJamshedpur is located at the confluence of the Kharkai and Subarnarekha Rivers. Subarnarekha is the principal river of Jamshedpur, which flows from west to south-eastern part of the territory. Many small rivers, especially the tributaries, join the Subarnarekha river in this area. The Kharkai flows from the south and joins the Subarnarekha river at a place called Domuhani. The two rivers are the major sources of drinking water and groundwater for the city. Several lakes of varying size are also located near the fringes of the city. The major of them being the Dimna lake located in between the Dalma range and the Sitarampur reservoir situated beside Kharkai river. It is also a major tourist spot in the region. Both of them also act as reservoirs for drinking water in the city. The city falls under deciduous type of forest region and the green cover is estimated to be around 33% of the total land area. The city falls under the Seismic Zone II region. Jamshedpur has many parks around it. Jubilee Park at Sakchi is the largest park in Jamshedpur. It was built by Jamshedji Tata, who was inspired by Vrindavanan Gardens of Mysore."}, {"Context": "Jamshedpur Cityscape and urban structure", "Knowledge": "LOC Adityapur Industrial Area, LOC City Center II, LOC Birsanagar, LOC TELCO Colony, LOC Sakchi, LOC Central Jamshedpur, LOC Mango Bridge, LOC Mango, LOC Bagbera Colony, LOC Marine Drive, LOC Industrial Area, LOC Adityapur, LOC Sonari, LOC Jugsalai, LOC TCE Building, LOC Bistupur, LOC Gamharia, LOC Burmamines, LOC Jojobera, LOC Voltas House, ORG Tata Steel, ORG NIT, LOC Jubilee Park, LOC Jamshedpur, LOC Bagbera, LOC Kadma", "Response": "The center of Jamshedpur has commercial areas and main areas. Central Jamshedpur contains a financial and business district. Famous landmarks in the center include Jubilee Park and Tata Steel. Sakchi and Bistupur are the business and financial district. Center part is also the oldest part of the city. The Western portion of the city has the areas of Adityapur, Gamharia, and Sonari. Sonari is a residential and commercial neighborhood, while Adityapur and Gamharia are the major industrial neighborhoods. Adityapur is also a city and a part of Jamshedpur. Gamharia has an industrial area namely Industrial Area, Gamharia. Adityapur has the Adityapur Industrial Area. There are five national highways crossing the city. Mango Bridge connects the city center to Mango. Marine Drive is a popular road and picturesque promenade in Jamshedpur. It starts from Sonari and connects Adityapur.Adityapur has the NIT Jamshedpur. The southern part of Jamshedpur contains Jugsalai, Birsanagar, Kadma, Burmamines, TELCO Colony, Bagbera Colony and Jojobera. Jugsalai is the commercial area which is known for the wholesale market. while Birsanagar, Kadma and Bagbera consists of residential and commercial hubs. Burmamines, TELCO Colony, Bagbera Colony and Jojobera are the other main and major industrial areas of the city. Apart from north, whole areas of Jamshedpur has at least one industrial area. Other tall towers are TCE Building and Voltas House. In Jamshedpur, many hi-rise buildings are under construction now. Now the tallest building will be City Center II, which will be built at Adityapur. These tall buildings are mostly on the Central and Western side of the city. Jamshedpur has 10 - 14 floors of buildings."}, {"Context": "Jamshedpur Population", "Knowledge": "LOC M, LOC Sarjamda, LOC Industrial, LOC Haludbani, LOC CT, LOC Mango, LOC Kapali, LOC Adityapur, LOC Ghorabandha, ORG M Corp., LOC NAC, LOC Jugsalai, LOC Chhota Gobindpur, LOC Jamshedpur Urban Agglomeration, LOC Tata Nagar Railway Colony, LOC India, LOC Chota Gamahria, LOC Jamshedpur, LOC Gadhra, LOC Purihasa, LOC Bagbera, LOC OG", "Response": "According to the 2011 census of India, the city of Jamshedpur had a population of 629,659, but the Jamshedpur Urban Agglomeration had a population of 1,337,131. The city is designated as a Million Plus Urban Agglomeration as per Government terminology. Males constitute 52.1% of the population and females 47.9%. Jamshedpur has an average literacy rate of 89.41% \u2013 higher than the national average of 74%. In Jamshedpur, 11.5% of the population is under six years of age.Jamshedpur Urban Agglomeration includes: Jamshedpur (Industrial Town), Jamshedpur (NAC), Tata Nagar Railway Colony (OG), Mango (NAC), Jugsalai (M), Bagbera (CT), Chhota Gobindpur (CT), Haludbani (CT), Sarjamda (CT), Gadhra (CT), Ghorabandha (CT), Purihasa (CT), Adityapur (M Corp.), Chota Gamahria (CT) and Kapali (CT)."}, {"Context": "Jamshedpur Language", "Knowledge": "LOC Jamshedpur", "Response": "The official language is Hindi. The second most spoken language is Urdu. Additionally, in Jamshedpur, many East Indian languages are spoken, including Bengali, Magahi, Santhali and Odia. Punjabi is also spoken, as are some South Indian languages, such as Kannada and Tamil.(For language details see Golmuri-cum-Jugsalai block#Language and religion.)"}, {"Context": "Jamshedpur Religion and Ethnicity", "Knowledge": "LOC Birsanagar, LOC Sakchi, LOC Jamshedpur, LOC Golmuri, LOC Maango", "Response": "Hindus form the majority religion in Jamshedpur. While Muslims, Sikhs, and Christians form a significant minority. Jains and Buddhists also live in the city. Hindus are found in almost all areas of Jamshedpur. Muslims are also found in almost all areas of Jamshedpur, but many are concentrated in Maango, Sakchi, and Golmuri. Most Sikhs live in Golmuri and Sakchi. Christians are mostly found in the central part of the city. Tribals constitute around 28% of the population, and live in Birsanagar, a very large area covering a major part of Jamshedpur."}, {"Context": "Jamshedpur Migration", "Knowledge": "LOC Bokaro, ORG Punjabi Refugee Colony, LOC Ranchi, LOC Jharkhand, LOC Jamshedpur, LOC Patna, LOC Golmuri, LOC Darbhanga, LOC Bihar, LOC Bhagalpur, LOC Dhanbad", "Response": "Migration is a major reason behind Jamshedpur's increase in population and it being multicultural. When Jamshedpur was established, many people from Bihar, especially Muslims, migrated to the city for employment and later settled down there. In Jamshedpur many Muslims are from Bihari cities such as Bhagalpur, Darbhanga and Patna. Many Tamil and Kannadigas also settle in the city. Many other cities such as Dhanbad, Ranchi and Bokaro, which are in Jharkhand, are also filled with many migrants for jobs. While many other local people are also living in Jamshedpur, including Muslims, many Sikhs have also settled in the city. Many Punjabi Refugees are also present in the city at Punjabi Refugee Colony in Golmuri."}, {"Context": "Jamshedpur Economy", "Knowledge": "LOC Jojobera, LOC Adityapur Industrial Area, ORG Tata Motors, ORG Telco, ORG Tata Steel, LOC Jharkhand, LOC Jamshedpur, ORG Nuvoco Vistas Corp. Ltd, LOC Asia", "Response": "The largest industry in Jamshedpur is that of Tata Steel. It is situated in the centre of the city and occupies approximately 1/5 of the entire city area. It acts as a pivotal center for the industries of the city of Jamshedpur with a large number of them having direct or indirect linkages with it.Tata Motors is the second major industry. It is spread over an area of 822 acres (333 ha) in the eastern side of the city. It manufactures Medium and Heavy commercial vehicles and the main components. The company also has its own township commonly known as Telco.Nuvoco Vistas Corp. Ltd is a cement plant located in Jojobera, Jamshedpur. It is Asia's largest Cement Grinding Unit.There is a varied and powerful industrial base in the Adityapur Industrial Area. Jamshedpur is regarded as the industrial capital of Jharkhand."}, {"Context": "Jamshedpur Cinema", "Knowledge": "PER Buddhadeb Dasgupta, PER Dharmendra, PER Ritwik Ghatak, LOC Ghatsila, PER M. S. Dhoni, PER Sushant Singh Rajput, PER R. Madhavan, PER Imtiaz Ali, LOC Jamshedpur, PER Sharmila Tagore, PER Priyanka Chopra, PER John Abraham", "Response": "Jamshedpur has influence on Hindi, and Bengali. Many films have been shot and based in the city and it is also sometimes called \"Mini Mumbai\" because of a great cinema culture and producing many film and television artists. Ritwik Ghatak's Subarnarekha, a 1962 Bengali film and Satyakam, a 1969 Hindi film starring Dharmendra and Sharmila Tagore were shot in Ghatsila area. Years after, film Udaan was shot and based in the city which also got screened in Cannes Film Festival. Bubble Gum film was based in the city and portions of M.S.Dhoni: The Untold Story were also shot in Jamshedpur. Buddhadeb Dasgupta's Bengali film, Urojohaj was also shot in outskirts of city. The movie Dil Bechara, starring Sushant Singh Rajput and John Abraham's directorial Banana were also shot in the city. Many entertainers are also from this city such as Priyanka Chopra, R. Madhavan and Imtiaz Ali."}, {"Context": "Jamshedpur Government", "Knowledge": "LOC Greater Jamshedpur Metropolitan Region, LOC Jharkhand, ORG JNAC, LOC Jamshedpur, ORG Mango Municipal Corporation Adityapur Municipal Corporation Jugsalai Nagar Parishad Kapali Nagar Parishad, ORG Industrial Town Jamshedpur Notified Area Committee", "Response": "The civic administration of the city is under Greater Jamshedpur Metropolitan Region, Govt of Jharkhand.\nThe major urban local bodies are:\n\nJamshedpur Industrial Town\nJamshedpur Notified Area Committee (JNAC)\nMango Municipal Corporation\nAdityapur Municipal Corporation\nJugsalai Nagar Parishad\nKapali Nagar Parishad"}, {"Context": "Jamshedpur Education", "Knowledge": "LOC India, ORG XLRI, PER Jawaharlal Nehru, ORG Tata Steel, ORG SNTI, ORG CSIR, ORG National Institute of Technology, LOC Jamshedpur, ORG Shavak Nanavati Technical Institute, ORG Institute of National Importance, ORG Regional Institute of Technology, ORG NML, ORG National Metallurgical Laboratory, ORG Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, ORG Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Medical College", "Response": "Important educational institutions in Jamshedpur are:\nXLRI, founded in 1949, is the oldest management institute of India; Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Medical College, established in 1961; and the engineering college National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur, an Institute of National Importance, established as a Regional Institute of Technology on 15 August 1960. The National Metallurgical Laboratory (NML), one of the 38 Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) laboratories, was inaugurated on 26 November 1950 by Jawaharlal Nehru. Shavak Nanavati Technical Institute (SNTI), established in 1921 as the technical training department of Tata Steel, now develops skilled employees for other companies as well. Its 400,000 volume library is one of the most popular in the city. Many high level institutions are located in Jamshedpur. Now there is further development to setup more universities and several other educational institutions."}, {"Context": "Jamshedpur Sports", "Knowledge": "ORG ISL, ORG Tata Steel, ORG Jamshedpur FC, LOC Jamshedpur", "Response": "Jamshedpur's private clubs provide opportunities for activities, such as golf, tennis, squash, billiards, horseriding and water scootering. Jamshedpur FC is an ISL team based in Jamshedpur. The team is owned by Tata Steel."}, {"Context": "Jamshedpur Facilities and academies", "Knowledge": "ORG Tata Steel Adventure Foundation, ORG Tata Football Academy, ORG West Indies Team, LOC Santhal Pargana, ORG Jamshedpur, LOC Keenan Stadium, LOC Mount, LOC Chhotanagpur, LOC Beldih, ORG Tata Archery Academy, PER Bachendri Pal, LOC South Africa, ORG TFA, ORG Jamshedpur Co - operative Flying club, LOC India, LOC Everest, ORG Tata Steel, LOC Jamshedpur, LOC Golmuri, ORG Jamshedpur Gliding Club, LOC JRD Tata Sports Complex", "Response": "Sporting facilities and academies include:\n\nJRD Tata Sports Complex has an international standard multi-use stadium and an eight-lane mono-synthetic track. It is primarily used for football and athletics but facilities for various other sports including archery, basketball, field hockey, swimming, table tennis, tennis, volleyball, skating, yoga as well as a modern gymnasium, are available at the complex. The stadium hosted the women football competition & archery event of the 34th National Games in 2011.\nKeenan Stadium hosted its 1st International One Day Cricket match on 7 December 1983 in which India lost to the touring West Indies Team. Many other International matches have been played here in which India has won only one match against South Africa in 1999\u20132000.\nTata Football Academy was started in 1987 to nurture budding Indian footballers and raise the standard of Indian football. TFA is a football club in Jamshedpur, sponsored by Tata Steel. Today, Tata Football Academy is one of the premier football breeding grounds in India.\nTata Archery Academy: archery is a sport indigenous to the tribal people of Chhotanagpur and Santhal Pargana. Tata Steel has pursued and nurtured the local tribals and provided them with facilities and training to bring them up to international competition standards in archery. Its students have attributed a lot of fame to the institute by bringing in many medals in National and International competitions.\nTata Steel Adventure Foundation \u2013 Bachendri Pal, the first Indian woman to climb Mount Everest, is the director of Tata Steel Adventure Foundation.\nJamshedpur has two golf courses\u2014the Beldih Golf Course and the Golmuri Golf Course. Both of these courses are at the heart of the city. The biggest is the Beldih Golf Course which is around 6,000 yards. The Golmuri Golf Course although smaller is also challenging. They together hold the annual Tata Open Golf Tournament which is an event held under the support of the Professional Golf Tour of India. The tournament was started in 2002. Jamshedpur also has the Jamshedpur Gliding Club and the Jamshedpur Co-operative Flying club."}, {"Context": "Jamshedpur Television", "Knowledge": "ORG Aaj Tak ABP News, LOC Jamshedpur", "Response": "Jamshedpur has various local news broadcast and cable media channels including:\n\nAaj Tak\nABP News"}, {"Context": "Jamshedpur Print", "Knowledge": "ORG Dainik Jagran Dainik Bhaskar Hindustan Dainik Prabhat, ORG The Avenue Mail, ORG Khobor Kagoj", "Response": "English, Santali, and Bengali newspapers are published from the city, including.\nHindi newspapers\n\nDainik Jagran\nDainik Bhaskar\nHindustan Dainik\nPrabhat KhabarEnglish newspapers\n\nThe Avenue Mail.Bengali Newspapers\n\nKhobor Kagoj"}, {"Context": "Jamshedpur Transportation", "Knowledge": "LOC Bokaro, LOC China Sea, LOC National Highway, LOC Chakradharpur, LOC Jharkhand, LOC Delhi, LOC Kharagpur, ORG Airports Authority of India, LOC Mumbai, LOC Dhalbhumgarh, LOC Kandra, LOC Dhalbhumgarh Airport, ORG South Eastern Railway, LOC Jamshedpur Jamshedpur, LOC NH, LOC Mango, LOC China, LOC Marine Drive, LOC Tatanagar Junction, LOC Tata, ORG AAI, LOC Kandra Road, LOC Adityapur, LOC Adityapur Toll Bridge, LOC Sonari, LOC Ranchi, LOC Gamahria, LOC Kolkata, LOC Dhanbad, LOC Gamharia, LOC Govindpur, LOC NH -, LOC Himalayas, LOC India, LOC Sonari Airport, LOC Jamshedpur, LOC NH32, ORG TATA, LOC Maango, LOC Kadma", "Response": "The Tatanagar Junction on the Chakradharpur railway division of the South Eastern Railway, is the major railhead of Jamshedpur. Other railway stations in the city include Adityapur, Gamharia, Kandra and Govindpur.\nJamshedpur is connected to other parts of India through national and state highways. The major highways are:\n\nNational Highway 33 (NH-33) touches the city and connects it to Mumbai and further joins the NH32, which connects with Kolkata, Delhi NH-2, NH-33 and NH-6 connects it to Kharagpur, Kolkata.\nNational Highway 18 (NH-18) connects Jamshedpur to Dhanbad, Via Bokaro.\nTata-Kandra Road connects Jamshedpur to Kandra via Gamahria.\nMarine Drive, Jamshedpur connects Adityapur Toll Bridge to Mango via Kadma, Sonari through the western corridors of Jamshedpur\nJamshedpur has a bus station in Maango. This bus station have buses which go to other cities like Bokaro, Dhanbad, Ranchi etc. However, now there is a plan to update and rebuild and renovate this bus stand/station.\n\nSonari Airport is serving the city at present. It is spread over a 25-acre area in the Sonari area of the city. The airport is primarily used for bringing in chartered planes of TATA group. In previous days there were flights from Jamshedpur to Kolkata.Dhalbhumgarh Airport is a proposed public airport located at Dhalbhumgarh, in the state of Jharkhand, India as a greenfield airport for Jamshedpur. It will be built on the site of an abandoned World War II airfield situated 60 km (37 mi) from Jamshedpur on NH-33. The old airfield was built around 1942, as an ancillary runway for other airfields in the vicinity that were being built around India's eastern frontier as part of the war effort.\nIt was one of the airfields used by Allied forces to repel the advancing Japanese troops and to maintain transport links with China. As the Japanese forces came to control shipping in the China Sea, seaborne supply routes to China were cut and the difficult 500 km (310 mi) route over the Himalayas was increasingly used. The airfield was abandoned after the war. The technical team of the Airports Authority of India (AAI) conducted a survey in 2017 and approved the Dhalbhumgarh site for a greenfield airport. The government plans to invest Rs 300 crore through AAI for the new airport which will have a three-kilometre (1.9 mi) runway. In January 2018, Union Minister of State for Civil Aviation Jayant Sinha announced that the Union Civil Aviation Ministry and the Jharkhand Government would sign a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) for the construction of Dhalbhumgarh Airport.\nIn 2022, it is announced that the Sonari Airport will start commercial public flights for Jamshedpur to Bhubaneswar and Kolkata. After efforts from the Ministry of Civil Aviation, Government of Jharkhand and Tata Steel, the airport has been reopened on 31 January 2023, with flight services provided by the new low-cost regional airline, IndiaOne Air, to Kolkata and Bhubaneswar."}, {"Context": "Jamshedpur Tourism", "Knowledge": "LOC Mysore Dalma Wild Life Sanctuary, LOC India Dalma Hills, LOC HUDCO Lake Millenium Park, LOC Sumant Moolgaonkar Park, LOC East Singhbhum Ghatshila, LOC Jubilee Park, ORG Jamshedpur FC, LOC Jamshedpur, LOC Tata Steel Zoological Park JRD Tata Sports Complex, LOC Jamshedpur Coin Museum, LOC Russi, LOC Dimna Lake, PER Jamsetji Tata, LOC Vrindavan Gardens", "Response": "Jamshedpur has a number of popular tourist destinations, including: \nJubilee Park, built by Jamsetji Tata and was inspired by Vrindavan Gardens of Mysore\nDalma Wild Life Sanctuary\nDimna Lake, artificial reservoir\nTata Steel Zoological Park\nJRD Tata Sports Complex, home stadium of Jamshedpur FC and held 2011 National Games\nMarine Drive, Jamshedpur, one of the few marine drives in India\nDalma Hills, hill range surrounding East Singhbhum\nGhatshila, a picnic spot\nJamshedpur Coin Museum, museum has got 1200 rare and antique coins of varied mint & metals and also has the world's smallest coin dating back to 300\u2013400 AD\nSumant Moolgaonkar Park, build near HUDCO Lake\nMillenium Park\nThe Russi Modi Centre of Excellence"}, {"Context": "Jhansi Introduction", "Knowledge": "LOC Bundelkhand, LOC \u091d\u093e\u0902\u0938\u0940, ORG NDA, LOC Pahuj, LOC North Zone, ORG Government of India, ORG National Highways Development Project, LOC Balwant Nagar, LOC Uttar Pradesh, LOC \u062c\u06be\u0627\u0646\u0633\u06cc, LOC Lucknow, LOC Srinagar, LOC Kanyakumari, LOC Gateway, LOC Jhansi, LOC Betwa, LOC New Delhi, LOC Pahuj River", "Response": "Jhansi (Hindi pronunciation: [d\u0361\u0292\u02b1\u0251\u0303\u02d0.si\u02d0]; Hindi: \u091d\u093e\u0902\u0938\u0940, Urdu: \u062c\u06be\u0627\u0646\u0633\u06cc pronunciation ) is a  historic city in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Balwant Nagar was the old name of Jhansi. It lies in the region of Bundelkhand on the banks of the Pahuj River, in the extreme south of Uttar Pradesh. Jhansi is the administrative headquarters of Jhansi district and Jhansi division. Also called the Gateway to Bundelkhand, Jhansi is situated near and around the rivers Pahuj and Betwa at an average elevation of 285 m (935 ft). It is about 420 kilometres (261 mi) from national capital New Delhi and 315 kilometres (196 mi) from state capital Lucknow.\nJhansi is well connected to all other major towns in Uttar Pradesh by road and railway networks. The National Highways Development Project has supported development of the city. Jhansi is also being developed as the defense corridor by the NDA government which will boost the economy of the city and the region at the same time. Srinagar to Kanyakumari north\u2013south corridor passes closely to Jhansi, as does the east\u2013west corridor; consequently there has been a sudden rush of infrastructure and real estate development in the city. Jhansi was adjudged the third cleanest city of Uttar Pradesh and the fastest moving city in the North Zone in Swachh Survekshan 2018 rankings. The development of a greenfield airport has been planned in the city. On 28 August 2011 Jhansi was selected among 98 cities for smart city initiative by Government of India."}, {"Context": "Jhansi History", "Knowledge": "PER Farrukhabad Muhammad Khan Bangash, LOC Maratha, PER Chandela, PER Baji Rao I, LOC Princely State, LOC British India, LOC India, PER Bir Singh Deo, LOC Maratha Empire, LOC Orchha State, LOC Balwant Nagar, PER Maharaja Chattrasal, PER Jhansi, LOC Uttar Pradesh, LOC Jhansi, LOC Jhansi Fort", "Response": "During ancient times, Jhansi was a stronghold of the Chandela Rajput kings and was known as Balwant Nagar. However, it lost importance in the 11th century after the decline of the Chandela dynasty. It rose in prominence in the 17th century when a Rajput Raja Bir Singh Deo of Orchha State constructed the Jhansi Fort in 1613.Jhansi came under the Maratha Empire in 1729 when Maharaja Chattrasal offered Jhansi and some other parts of his state to the Maratha Peshwa Baji Rao I as a mark of gratitude for having helped him in defeating the Nawaf of Farrukhabad Muhammad Khan Bangash who had attacked Maharaja Chattrasal's kingdom.In the 18th century, the town of Jhansi served as the capital of a Maratha province and later the Princely State of Jhansi from 1804 till 1858, when the territory became a part of British India.After the independence of India, Jhansi was included in the state of Uttar Pradesh"}, {"Context": "Jhansi Geography and climate", "Knowledge": "LOC Monsoon, LOC India, LOC Uttar Pradesh, LOC Rajghat canal, LOC Lalitpur, LOC Madhya Pradesh, LOC Jhansi, LOC Tarai", "Response": "Jhansi is located at 25.4333 N 78.5833 E. It has an average elevation of 284 metres (935 feet). Jhansi lies on the plateau of central India, an area dominated by rocky relief and minerals underneath the soil. The city has a natural slope in the north as it is on the south western border of the vast Tarai plains of Uttar Pradesh and the elevation rises on the south. The land is suitable for species of citrus fruit and crops include wheat, pulses, peas, and oilseeds. The region relies heavily on Monsoon the rains for irrigation purposes. Under an ambitious canal project (the Rajghat canal), the government is constructing a network of canals for irrigation in Jhansi and Lalitpur and some part of Madhya Pradesh. The trade in agricultural products (including grain and oilseeds) is of great economic importance. The city is also a centre of brassware manufacture."}, {"Context": "Jhansi Climate", "Knowledge": "LOC Jhansi", "Response": "Being on a rocky plateau, Jhansi experiences extreme temperatures. Winter begins in October with the retreat of the southwest monsoon (Jhansi does not experience any rainfall from the Northeast Monsoon) and peaks in mid-December. Temperatures are about 4 \u00b0C or 39.2 \u00b0F minimum and 21 \u00b0C or 69.8 \u00b0F maximum. Spring arrives by the end of February and is a short-lived phase of transition. Summer begins by April and summer temperatures can peak at 47 \u00b0C or 116.6 \u00b0F in May. The rainy season starts by the third week of June (although this is variable year to year), while the monsoon rains gradually weaken in September and end before the last week of September. In the rainy season, the average daily high temperature hovers around 36 \u00b0C or 96.8 \u00b0F with high humidity. The average rainfall for the city is about 1,150 millimetres or 45 inches per year, occurring almost entirely within the three-and-a-half months of the Southwest Monsoon. In summer Jhansi experiences temperatures as high as 45 to 49 \u00b0C (113.0 to 120.2 \u00b0F) degrees while in winter the temperatures can fall as low as 0 to 1 \u00b0C (32.0 to 33.8 \u00b0F) as recorded in winter 2011."}, {"Context": "Jhansi Demographics", "Knowledge": "LOC Jhansi, ORG Jhansi Railway Settlement, ORG Jhansi Cantonment", "Response": "As of 2011 Indian Census, Jhansi city had a total population of 505,693, of which 265,449 were males and 240,244 were females. Population within the age group of 0 to 6 years was 55,824. The total number of literates in Jhansi city was 373,500, which constituted 73.9% of the population with male literacy of 78.9% and female literacy of 68.3%. The effective literacy rate of 7+ population of Jhansi city was 83.0%, of which male literacy rate was 88.9% and female literacy rate was 76.6%. The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes population was 110,318 and 1,681 respectively. Jhansi city had 91150 households in 2011.\n\nThe Jhansi urban agglomeration had a population of 547,638 which also included Jhansi Cantonment and Jhansi Railway Settlement."}, {"Context": "Jhansi Jhansi Cantonment", "Knowledge": "LOC Jhansi Cantonment", "Response": "Jhansi Cantonment had a total population of 28,343 in 2011, of which 17,023 were males and 11,320 were females. Population within the age group of 0 to 6 years was 3,404. The total number of literates in Jhansi Cantonment was 23,354, which constituted 82.4% of the population. The effective literacy rate of 7+ population of Jhansi Cantonment was 93.6%. The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes population was 4,735 and 28 respectively. It had 30460 households in 2011."}, {"Context": "Jhansi Jhansi Railway Settlement", "Knowledge": "LOC Jhansi Railway Settlement", "Response": "Jhansi Railway Settlement had a total population of 13,602 as of 2011, of which 7,226 were males and 6,376 were females. Population within the age group of 0 to 6 years was 1,168. The total number of literates in Jhansi Railway Settlement was 10,754, which constituted 79.1%. The effective literacy rate of 7+ population of Jhansi Railway Settlement was 86.5%, of which male literacy rate was 92.1% and female literacy rate was 80.2%. The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes population was 3,373 and 38 respectively. It had 30460 households in 2011."}, {"Context": "Jhansi Songs and Poems", "Knowledge": "LOC Bundela, LOC India, PER Rani Lakshmibai, LOC \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u092c\u093e\u0902\u0927\u0935\u093e, PER Subhadra Kumari Chauhan, PER Rani Lakshmi Bai, PER Jhansi, PER B. R. Tambe, LOC Maharashtra, LOC \u0925\u093e\u0902\u092c, PER Rani, LOC Gwalior", "Response": "A number of patriotic songs have been written about the Rani. The most famous composition about Rani Lakshmi Bai is the Hindi poem Jhansi ki Rani written by Subhadra Kumari Chauhan. An emotionally charged description of the life of Rani Lakshmibai, it is often taught in schools in India. A popular stanza from it reads: \n\n\u092c\u0941\u0902\u0926\u0947\u0932\u0947 \u0939\u0930\u092c\u094b\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0901\u0939 \u0939\u092e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u0940 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0925\u0940,\n  \u0916\u0942\u092c \u0932\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u092e\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0935\u0939 \u0924\u094b \u091d\u093e\u0901\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0930\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0925\u0940\u0964\u0964\nTranslation: \"From the bards of Bundela we have heard this story / She fought valiantly like a warrior woman, she was the queen of Jhansi.\"\nFor Marathi people there is an equally well-known ballad about the brave queen penned at the spot near Gwalior where she died in battle, by B. R. Tambe, who was a poet laureate of Maharashtra and of her clan. A couple of stanzas run like this:\n\n\u0930\u0947 \u0939\u093f\u0902\u0926\u092c\u093e\u0902\u0927\u0935\u093e, \u0925\u093e\u0902\u092c \u092f\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0933\u0940\u0902 \u0905\u0936\u094d\u0930\u0941 \u0926\u094b\u0928 \u0922\u093e\u0933\u0940\u0902 /\n  \u0924\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u091a\u0940 \u091c\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u0935\u0933\u0947 \u0907\u0925\u0947 \u091d\u093e\u0936\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 /\n  ... /\n  \u0918\u094b\u0921\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930 \u0916\u0902\u0926\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930, \u0939\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0924 \u0928\u0902\u0917\u093f \u0924\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930 /\n  \u0916\u0923\u0916\u0923\u093e \u0915\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0924\u0940 \u0935\u093e\u0930 /\n  \u0917\u094b\u0930\u094d\u200d\u092f\u093e\u0902\u091a\u0940 \u0915\u094b\u0902\u0921\u0940 \u092b\u094b\u0921\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u093e\u0921\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u0940\u0930 \u0907\u0925\u0947 \u0906\u0932\u0940 /\n\n  \u092e\u0930\u094d\u0926\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u091d\u093e\u0936\u0940\u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940!\nTranslation: \"You, denizen of this land, pause here and shed a tear or two / For this is where the flame of the valorous lady of Jhansi was extinguished / \u2026 / Astride a stalwart stallion / With a naked sword in hand / She burst open the British siege / And came to rest here, the brave lady of Jhansi!\""}, {"Context": "Jhansi Higher education", "Knowledge": "ORG Rani Lakshmi Bai, ORG Central Agricultural University Bundelkhand University Central Ayurveda Research Institute, LOC Jhansi, ORG National Vrkshayurveda Research Institute", "Response": "Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University\nBundelkhand University\nCentral Ayurveda Research Institute, formerly National Vrkshayurveda Research Institute, Jhansi"}, {"Context": "Jhansi Medical and technical colleges", "Knowledge": "LOC Bundelkhand, ORG Government Polytechnic Jhansi Maharani Laxmi Bai Medical College, ORG AIIMS, ORG Jhansi Maharani Laxmi Bai Para medical Training College, LOC Jhansi, ORG Bundelkhand Institute of Engineering & Technology, ORG SR Group of Institutions", "Response": "In October 2009, the Union health ministry gave approvals for setting up an institute equivalent to AIIMS, the first in Bundelkhand region and developing central agriculture university.\nBundelkhand Institute of Engineering & Technology\nGovernment Polytechnic Jhansi\nMaharani Laxmi Bai Medical College, established 1968\nSR Group of Institutions, Jhansi\nMaharani Laxmi Bai Para medical Training College, Jhansi"}, {"Context": "Jhansi Schools", "Knowledge": "ORG Sheerwood College, ORG Sun International School, ORG St. Marks Public, ORG Jhansi Sainik School, ORG JhansiSt. Francis Convent School, ORG Jhansi Saraswati Pathshala industrial Inter College, ORG Bhani Devi Goyal Saraswati Vidhya Mandir, ORG Margret Leask Memorial College, ORG St. Columbus International Public School, ORG Saraswati Vidya Mandir, ORG Government Inter College, ORG Hafiz Siddiqui National Inter College Jai Academy Kendriya Vidyalaya, ORG Delhi Public School, ORG Jhansi, ORG Christ the King College, ORG The Aryans, LOC Cathedral, ORG Blue Bells Public School, ORG Army Public School, ORG Mahatma Hansraj Modern, ORG The Gramodaya International College, LOC Mauranipur, ORG RNS World School, LOC Jhansi, ORG Rani Laxmibai Public School", "Response": "Army Public School, Jhansi\nBhani Devi Goyal Saraswati Vidhya Mandir Inter College\nCathedral College Jhansi\nChrist the King College, Jhansi\nDelhi Public School, Jhansi\nThe Aryans, Jhansi\nBlue Bells Public School, Jhansi\nThe Gramodaya International College, Mauranipur, Jhansi\nHafiz Siddiqui National Inter College\nJai Academy\nKendriya Vidyalaya, Jhansi\nMahatma Hansraj Modern School\nMargret Leask Memorial College\nModern Public School, Jhansi\nRani Laxmibai Public School, Jhansi\nRNS World School, Jhansi\nSainik School, Jhansi\nSaraswati Vidya Mandir, Jhansi\nSheerwood College, JhansiSt. Francis Convent School, Jhansi\nSt. Marks Public School\nSt. Columbus International Public School, Jhansi\nSun International School, Jhansi\nGovernment Inter College, Jhansi\nSaraswati Pathshala industrial Inter College, Jhansi"}, {"Context": "Jhansi Transport", "Knowledge": "LOC India", "Response": "The city is connected to other parts of India by railways and major highways."}, {"Context": "Jhansi Railways", "Knowledge": "ORG Jhansi, LOC North Central Railway, LOC Delhi, LOC Chennai, LOC New Delhi, LOC Jhansi, ORG Indian Railways, LOC Mumbai", "Response": "Jhansi has its own division in the North Central Railway zone of Indian Railways. It lies on the main Delhi-Chennai and Delhi-Mumbai lines. The station code is VGLB. Trains for every part of the country are available 24*7, The first ever Shatabdi Express commenced it's journey from New Delhi to Jhansi Jn. Each and Every trains stops at Jhansi Jn."}, {"Context": "Jhansi Road transport", "Knowledge": "LOC National, LOC National Highway, LOC Assam, LOC Allahabad, LOC Rewa, LOC Lalitpur, LOC Orchha, LOC Unnao Balaji, LOC Jammu, LOC Kanpur, LOC Babina, LOC Lucknow, LOC New Delhi, LOC Sagar, LOC Banda, LOC Bhopal, LOC Gujarat, LOC Datia, LOC India, LOC Chhatarpur, LOC Shivpuri, LOC Kanyakumari, LOC Jhansi, LOC Gwalior, LOC Agra", "Response": "Jhansi is located at the junction of these National Highways: National Highway 27 (India) from Gujarat to Assam; National Highway 75 (India) from Gwalior to Rewa via Chhatarpur; National Highway 44 (India) from Jammu to Kanyakumari; and National Highway 39 (India). Thus, Jhansi commands a strategic position in the roadways network as highways in five different directions diverge from it.\nThe towns and major cities connected to it are Datia, Gwalior, Lalitpur, Agra, New Delhi, Bhopal, Allahabad, Kanpur, Lucknow, Babina, Orchha, Banda, Shivpuri, Chhatarpur, Unnao Balaji, and Sagar."}, {"Context": "Jhansi Air transport", "Knowledge": "LOC Bundelkhand, LOC Indore, LOC Pune, LOC Gwalior Airport, LOC Jhansi Airport, LOC Jammu, LOC Ahemdabad, LOC Uttar Pradesh, LOC Delhi, LOC Hyderabad, LOC Madhya Pradesh, LOC Chennai, LOC Jhansi, LOC Kanpur Airport, LOC Kolkata, LOC Mumbai, LOC Bangalore", "Response": "Jhansi Airport is a military aviation base built in the British era used by the Indian army and political visitors. Though there are provisions for private aircraft to land, there are no civil aviation operations. There had been a demand to make it operational for commercial purposes in the 1990s and again in the 2000s. The Uttar Pradesh government announced the construction of an all new civil aviation base to support tourism in Bundelkhand in April 2011. As of 2020, the Kanpur Airport, located 228 km (142 mi) away, is the nearest major airport to Jhansi within the state, though Gwalior Airport in the neighbouring state of Madhya Pradesh is the nearest airport being located 102 km (63 mi) from Jhansi which has direct flights to Delhi, Mumbai, Indore, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Kolkata, Ahemdabad, Jammu, Pune and Chennai."}, {"Context": "Jhansi Armed forces", "Knowledge": "PER Pratibha Patil, LOC India, ORG Singaporean Army, LOC Jhansi Cantonment, LOC Jhansi - Babina, LOC Jhansi, ORG 31st Indian Armoured Division", "Response": "The Jhansi Cantonment was the site of the accommodation for British civil and military personnel in the period of British rule in India. Jhansi district is the headquarters of the 31st Indian Armoured Division, stationed at Jhansi-Babina. There has been a joint exercise from 1 to 30 March 2012 with the Singaporean Army at Jhansi witnessed by the President of India, Pratibha Patil."}, {"Context": "Jhansi Media", "Knowledge": "ORG Patrika, ORG Dainik Jagran, ORG Amar Ujala, ORG Dainik Bhaskar", "Response": "Amar Ujala, Dainik Jagran, Patrika, and Dainik Bhaskar are some of the newspapers with online news services."}, {"Context": "Jhansi Newspapers", "Knowledge": "LOC Jhansi", "Response": "Many national and local newspapers are published in Jhansi in Hindi, Urdu and English:"}, {"Context": "Jhansi Radio", "Knowledge": "ORG BIG, ORG AIR FM, ORG Radio Mirchi, LOC Jhansi, ORG Red", "Response": "Jhansi has five radio station :-Radio Mirchi 98.3 FM, 92.7 BIG FM, 103.0 AIR FM and 91.1 Red FM and 93.5 Fm."}, {"Context": "Jhansi Sport", "Knowledge": "LOC Jhansi, LOC Railway Stadium, LOC Dhyanchand Stadium, LOC LVM Sports Place", "Response": "Sports stadiums in Jhansi are Dhyanchand Stadium, Railway Stadium, and LVM Sports Place.\nDhyanchand Stadium is the best place in jhansi to learn sports skills . Many Sports played in Dhyanchand Stadium like Hockey , cricket , football , chess and many more ."}, {"Context": "Jhansi Notable people", "Knowledge": "PER Dhyan Chand, PER Ramesh Chandra Agarwal, PER Pankaj Mishra, PER Gangadhar Rao, LOC Kota, PER Hesketh Hesketh, ORG MCA, ORG Braj Basi Lal, PER Alexander Archdale, PER Edward Angelo, PER Indeevar, PER Sashadhar Mukherjee, PER Prichard, PER Chandra Shekhar Azad, PER Raja Bundela, PER Maharaja Gangadhar Rao Newalkar, ORG Indian Army, PER Rani Lakshmibai, PER Subodh Khandekar, PER Abdul Karim, PER Vinod Kumar Bansal, PER Junglee Randeep Rai, PER Jhalkari Bai, PER Raghunath Vinayak Dhulekar, PER Saumitra Rawat, LOC Ayodhya, PER Magician of Hockey, ORG Bai, PER Vidhan Parishad, LOC Jhansi State, ORG Archaeological Survey of India, PER Padma Bhushan, PER Michael Bates, PER Joy Mukherjee, PER Maithili Sharan Gupt, ORG ASI, PER Ram Mukherjee, PER Victoria, PER Piyush Jha, ORG Dainik Bhaskar, PER Bharat Ratna, PER Rani Lakshmi, LOC Jhansi, PER Subodh Mukherjee, ORG British Army", "Response": "Rani Lakshmibai, queen of Jhansi (1853\u201358), consort of Maharaja Gangadhar Rao Newalkar of Jhansi\nMajor Dhyan Chand, known as the  \"Magician of Hockey\"\nRamesh Chandra Agarwal, media proprietor and founder-chairman of the Dainik Bhaskar group of newspapers\nBraj Basi Lal, Indian archaeologist former Director General of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI), known for his contribution on Indus Valley Civilization sites, Mahabharat sites, Ramayana sites including discoveries in Ayodhya.\nEdward Angelo (born 1870), Australian politician\nAlexander Archdale, English actor in theatre and film\nChandra Shekhar Azad, Indian freedom fighter\nJhalkari Bai, freedom fighter and advisor to Rani Lakshmi Bai\nVinod Kumar Bansal, Bansal classes, Kota\nMichael Bates, English actor; Last of the Summer Wine and It Ain't Half Hot Mum\nRaja Bundela, Indian actor, producer, politician and civil activist\nBharat Ratna Major Dhyan Chand (Padma Bhushan), former Indian Army officer and Indian field hockey player\nRaghunath Vinayak Dhulekar MCA & Member of Parliament 1952, MLC &  Speaker Vidhan Parishad 1958, notable pleader, Social leader\nMaithili Sharan Gupt, modern Hindi poet\nHesketh Hesketh-Prichard, explorer, adventurer, big-game hunter and marksman who made a significant contribution to sniping practice within the British Army in the First World War\nIndeevar, Hindi films lyricist\nPiyush Jha, film director and screenwriter and novelist of Indian origin\nAbdul Karim, an Indian attendant of Queen Victoria who served her during the final 15 years of her reign, gaining her maternal affection over that time.\nSubodh Khandekar, Olympian hockey player\nPankaj Mishra, Indian essayist and novelist\nJoy Mukherjee, Indian actor and director\nRam Mukherjee, Indian director\nSashadhar Mukherjee, producer of Hindi films\nSubodh Mukherjee, director, producer, writer of Hindi cinema; hits include Paying Guest, Munimji, Love Marriage (parts were shot at Jhansi), and Junglee\nRandeep Rai, Indian television and film actor\nGangadhar Rao, Raja of Jhansi State, 1838\u201353\nSaumitra Rawat, surgeon, chairman and Head, Surgical Gastroenterology and Liver Transplant, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi; 2015 Padma Shri\nRaaj Shaandilyaa, Bollywood writer and director\nVishwanath Sharma, owner of Baidyanath Group, parliamentarian\nAmit Singhal, senior vice-president at Google\nSurendra Verma, Hindi author and playwright"}, {"Context": "Jhansi Jhansi in literature", "Knowledge": "PER Rodney Savage, PER John Masters, LOC Bhowani, PER Jhansi, PER Vrindavan Lal Verma, LOC Bhowani Junction, LOC Jhansi, PER Jhansi ki Rani Lakshmibai, PER Rossetti, PER Skene, PER Christina Rossetti", "Response": "Two novels by John Masters are set in the fictional town of Bhowani. According to the author, writing in the glossary to the earlier novel, Nightrunners of Bengal, Bhowani is an \"imaginary town. To get a geographical bearing on the story it should be imagined to be about where Jhansi really is - 25.27 N., 78.33 E.\" Nightrunners of Bengal is set during the Indian Rebellion of 1857 at \"Bhowani\" (the title alludes to the mysterious distribution of \"chapatis\" to village headmen which preceded the revolt). Bhowani Junction is set in 1946/47 the eve of independence. In each novel the main character is a British army officer named Colonel Rodney Savage, one of a succession of such men from the same family.\nChristina Rossetti wrote a short poem about the fate of the Skene family at Jhansi during the Indian Mutiny. It is entitled \"In the Round Tower at Jhansi - 8 June 1857\". It was published in 1862 in the same volume as her more celebrated poem \"Goblin Market\". Some time afterward, Rossetti discovered that she had been misinformed about the husband and wife's suicide pact in the face of a murderous and implacable enemy ('The swarming howling wretches below' the tower walls) which is the poem's subject, but did not delete it from later editions.\nJhansi is the centre of story in Vrindavan Lal Verma's Hindi novel 'Jhansi Ki Rani'.  This novel tells the story of Jhansi ki Rani Lakshmibai, who fought bravely in 1858-59 to save Jhansi from the Britishers's attack."}, {"Context": "Jodhpur Introduction", "Knowledge": "ORG Desert Medicine Research Centre, ORG All India Institute of Medical Sciences, LOC Mehrangarh Fort, ORG DSRRAU, ORG Defence Research and Development Organisation, LOC India, ORG Arid Forest Research Institute, LOC Rajasthan, ORG Dr. Sampurnanand Medical College, LOC Jodhpur State, LOC Kingdom of Marwar, ORG National Law University, LOC Jodhpur, ORG Indian Space Research Organisation, ORG The New York Times, ORG Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, LOC Thar Desert, ORG Central Arid Zone Research Institute", "Response": "Jodhpur (; pronounced [\u02c8d\u0361\u0292o\u02d0d\u032a\u02b1p\u028ar] pronunciation ) is the second-largest city in the Indian state of Rajasthan and officially the second metropolitan city of the state. It was formerly the seat of the princely state of Jodhpur State. Jodhpur was historically the capital of the Kingdom of Marwar, which is now part of Rajasthan. Jodhpur is a popular tourist destination, featuring many palaces, forts, and temples, set in the stark landscape of the Thar Desert. It is popularly known as the \"Blue City\" among people of Rajasthan and all over India. It serves as the administrative headquarters of the Jodhpur district and Jodhpur division.\nThe old city circles the Mehrangarh Fort and is bounded by a wall with several gates. The city has expanded greatly outside the wall, though over the past several decades. Jodhpur lies near the geographic centre of the Rajasthan state, which makes it a convenient base for travel in a region much frequented by tourists. The city featured in The New York Times's \"52 Places to Go in 2020\".The city is also home to several educational institutions, the most prominent being All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Dr. Sampurnanand Medical College, DSRRAU Jodhpur, and National Law University, Jodhpur, and many research institutes, such as Indian Space Research Organisation, Defence Research and Development Organisation, Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Arid Forest Research Institute, and Desert Medicine Research Centre are also located in the city."}, {"Context": "Jodhpur Early history", "Knowledge": "PER Rao Jodha, PER Jodha, LOC Marwar, LOC Jodhpur, PER Rathore, LOC Delhi, LOC Gujarat, LOC Mandore", "Response": "The Jodhpur city was founded in 1459 by Rao Jodha, a Rajput chief of the Rathore clan. Jodha succeeded in conquering the surrounding territory and thus founded a kingdom which came to be known as Marwar. As Jodha hailed from the nearby town of Mandore, that town initially served as the capital of this state; however, Jodhpur soon took over that role, even during the lifetime of Jodha. The city was located on the strategic road linking Delhi to Gujarat. This enabled it to profit from a flourishing trade in opium, copper, silk, sandalwood, dates, and other tradeable goods."}, {"Context": "Jodhpur Early modern period", "Knowledge": "PER Holmes, PER Veer Durgadas Rathore, LOC Mughal, LOC India, LOC Auwa, PER Akbar, PER Rao Chandrasen Rathore, PER Jaswant Singh, LOC Marwar, PER Ajit Singh, LOC Jodhpur, PER Aurangzeb, ORG British Army, PER Thakur Kushal Singh", "Response": "After the death of Rao Chandrasen Rathore in 1581, the kingdom annexed by the Mughal Emperor Akbar, Marwar thus became a Mughal vassal owing fealty to them while enjoying internal autonomy. Jodhpur and its people benefited from this exposure to the wider world as new styles of art and architecture made their appearance and opportunities opened up for local tradesmen to make their mark across northern India.\n\nAurangzeb briefly sequestrated the state (circa 1679) after the death of Maharaja Jaswant Singh, but the prior ruler Maharaja Ajit Singh was restored to the throne by Veer Durgadas Rathore after Aurangzeb died in 1707 and a great struggle of 30 years. The Mughal empire declined gradually after 1707, but the Jodhpur court was beset by intrigue; rather than benefiting from circumstances, Marwar descended into strife and invited the intervention of the Marathas, who soon supplanted the Mughals as overlords of the region. This did not make for stability or peace, however; 50 years of wars and treaties dissipated the wealth of the state, which sought the help of the British and entered into a subsidiary alliance with them. A major revolt occurred in 1857 by some Rathore nobles of Pali led by Thakur Kushal Singh of Auwa, but the rebels were defeated by the British Army under Colonel Holmes and peace was restored."}, {"Context": "Jodhpur British colonial period", "Knowledge": "LOC Rajputana, LOC India, LOC Jodhpur", "Response": "During the British Raj, the state of Jodhpur had the largest land area of any in the Rajputana. The land area of the state was 93,424 km2 (36,071 sq mi) its population in 1901 was 44,73,759. It enjoyed an estimated revenue of \u00a33,529,000. Its merchants, the Marwaris, flourished and came to occupy a position of dominance in trade across India."}, {"Context": "Jodhpur After independence", "Knowledge": "PER Vallabhbhai Patel, LOC Indian Republic, LOC India, LOC Rajasthan, PER Hanwant Singh, LOC Jodhpur", "Response": "In 1947, when India became independent, the state merged into the union and Jodhpur became the second-largest city of Rajasthan. At the time of division, the ruler of Jodhpur, Hanwant Singh, did not want to join India, but finally, due to the effective persuasion of Vallabhbhai Patel at the time, the state of Jodhpur was included in the Indian Republic. Later after the State Reorganisation Act, 1956, it was included within the state of Rajasthan."}, {"Context": "Jodhpur Demographics", "Knowledge": "LOC Mandore Industrial, ORG Municipal Corporation, LOC Nandri, ORG Agglomeration, LOC Sangariya, LOC Jodhpur, LOC Pal Village, ORG JoDA, LOC Kuri Bhagtasani", "Response": "As per provisional reports of Census India, Jodhpur had a population of 1,033,918 in 2011, consisting of approximately 52.62% males and approximately 47.38% females. The average literacy rate is 80.56 percent, approximately 88.42 percent for males and 73.93 percent for females. Approximately 12.24 percent of the population is under six years of age. Jodhpur city is governed by a Municipal Corporation which comes under Jodhpur Urban Agglomeration. The Jodhpur Urban/Metropolitan area includes Jodhpur, Kuri Bhagtasani, Mandore Industrial Area, Nandri, Pal Village and Sangariya. Its urban/metropolitan population is 1,137,815 of which 599,332 are males and 538,483 are females. With the inclusion of 395 villages in Jodhpur city in the month of February 2021 by JoDA, the new population count for the city is 2,330,000 and is expected to grow by 33.04% over the next decade. In the year 2031 population of Jodhpur city is expected to be more than 3.1 million. The population of Jodhpur city after expansion of city borders is 2,330,000."}, {"Context": "Jodhpur Geography and climate", "Knowledge": "LOC Luni River, ORG Ministry of Jal Shakti, ORG Jodhpur Development Authority, LOC Jojari, LOC Salawas, LOC Banad, LOC Jodhpur, ORG Nammi Ganga, LOC Jodhpur Region", "Response": "Jodhpur has a hot arid climate (K\u00f6ppen BWh), just short of a hot semi-arid climate (K\u00f6ppen BSh) due to its very high potential evapotranspiration. Although the average rainfall is around 362 mm (14.3 in), which falls mostly from June to September, it fluctuates greatly. In the famine year of 1899, Jodhpur received only 24 mm (0.94 in), but in the flood year of 1917, it received as much as 1,178 mm (46.4 in). Jojari river, a tributary of Luni River, flows from Banad to Salawas in Jodhpur Urban Area. A Riverfront project is approved and is in Planning for this river for 35 km length coming inside Jodhpur Urban Area which is under Nammi Ganga Project of Ministry of Jal Shakti from January 2021, earlier this project was under Jodhpur Development Authority. Pin Code of Jodhpur is 342001 which comes under Jodhpur postal division (Jodhpur Region).Temperatures are extreme from March to October, except when the monsoonal rain produces thick clouds to lower it slightly. In April, May, and June, high temperatures routinely exceed 40 \u00b0C. During the monsoon season, average temperatures decrease slightly, but the city's generally low humidity rises, which adds to the perception of the heat.\nThe highest temperature recorded in Jodhpur was on 20 May 2016, when it rose to 48.8 \u00b0C (119.8 \u00b0F)."}, {"Context": "Jodhpur Economy", "Knowledge": "ORG India, ORG NEET, LOC India, ORG HPCL, LOC Rajasthan, ORG DMIC, ORG IIT - JEE, LOC Jodhpur, ORG Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited, LOC Pachpadra, ORG Handicraft, LOC Marwar Junction, LOC Pali, LOC Barmer, ORG MMTPA Refinery and Petrochemical, LOC DMIC, LOC Boranada, ORG Civil Service Exams", "Response": "Jodhpur's contributes $4 billion (approx) to Rajasthan's economy through different Industries. Jodhpur is the Handicraft Hub of India of $200 million industry. Tourism comes next where Jodhpur is one of the most popular tourist destination through many portals with top heritage hotels of India.\n\nJodhpur also has the largest Education Industry in western Rajasthan with top Coaching institutes of IIT-JEE, NEET and Civil Service Exams.\nThe upcoming 9 MMTPA Refinery and Petrochemical complex to be set up by Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited (HPCL) in Pachpadra, Barmer district will transform the industrial scene of the city drastically. Pachpadra lies just 60 kilometres from the industrial area of Boranada in Jodhpur. Around 120 by-products that are produced by the refinery are going to provide huge opportunities for new industries to be set up in and around Jodhpur.\nIndia's most ambitious industrial development project, the over US$100 billion Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor Project is also going to impact the industrial scenario in Jodhpur in a big way. Marwar Junction which is located about 100 kilometres from Jodhpur will be one of the nine freight loading points along the DMIC route. Jodhpur and Pali districts fall under the region that is going to be developed as a manufacturing hub for the DMIC."}, {"Context": "Jodhpur Elected representatives", "Knowledge": "ORG BJP, PER Gajendra Singh Shekhawat, LOC Jodhpur", "Response": "The present Member of Parliament from Jodhpur is Gajendra Singh Shekhawat of the BJP."}, {"Context": "Jodhpur Strategic location", "Knowledge": "ORG Indian Air force, LOC Rajasthan, ORG South Western Air Command, LOC Pakistan, LOC Asia, LOC Jodhpur, ORG Border Security Force, LOC Jodhpur Airport, ORG Indian Army, ORG Indian Air Force, ORG IAF", "Response": "Jodhpur is a significant city of western Rajasthan and lies about 250 km from the border with Pakistan. This location makes it a key base for the Indian Army, Indian Air Force (IAF), and Border Security Force. Jodhpur's South Western Air Command is one of Asia's largest and one of the most critical and strategically located airbases of the IAF (The Jodhpur Airport played the crucial role during the Indo-Pakistani wars of 1965 and 1971) deployed fighter jets and advanced light helicopters. There are 5 squadrons of Indian Air force which known as 32 wing."}, {"Context": "Jodhpur Culture", "Knowledge": "LOC Jodhana, LOC Rabdi Ghewar, LOC India, ORG Jodhpur, LOC Jodhpur, LOC Mirchi Bada, LOC Mawa Kachori, LOC Thar Desert", "Response": "Jodhpur has culturally been known by the name of Jodhana by the locals. The city is famous for its food and its popularity can be judged by the fact that one can find sweet shops named \"Jodhpur Sweets\" in many cities throughout India. Being at the onshore of Thar Desert, life has been influenced by ways of select nomadic tribes (so-called \"gypsy\" groups \u2013 Banjara in Hindi \u2013 have settled in some parts of the city). Jodhpur has distinct cultural identity through its food and is famous for its Mirchi Bada, Rabdi Ghewar and Mawa Kachori."}, {"Context": "Jodhpur Tourism", "Knowledge": "LOC Machia Biological Park, LOC Jodhpur, LOC Mahamandira, LOC Masooria Hills, LOC Ghanta Ghar, LOC Mehrangarh Fort, LOC Balsamand Lake, LOC Kaylana Lake, LOC Umaid Bhawan Palace, LOC Rao Jodha Desert Rock Park, LOC Ratanada Ganesh Temple, LOC Bhim Bhadak Cave, LOC Toorji Ka Jhalra, LOC Surpura Dam, LOC Clock Tower, LOC Sardar Samand Lake, PER Jalandharnath, LOC Veer Durgadas Smarak, LOC Jaswant Thada, LOC Mandore Garden, LOC Palace", "Response": "Jodhpur's most notable attractions are Mehrangarh Fort which overlooks upon the city, the blue bylanes of the old city are also an attraction, Umaid Bhawan Palace, Jaswant Thada, and the Ghanta Ghar, or Clock Tower. Tourists are also within proximity to Mandore Garden, Kaylana Lake and Garden, Balsamand Lake, Machia Biological Park, Rao Jodha Desert Rock Park, Ratanada Ganesh Temple, Toorji Ka Jhalra, Sardar Samand Lake and Palace, Masooria Hills, Veer Durgadas Smarak (monument, park, and museum), Surpura Dam and Bhim Bhadak Cave. Other attractions of people are at markets of food, antique items, traditional clothes and traditional shoes (also called Jodhpuri Mojari) held in Jodhpur. Mahamandira, a temple consecrated to Sri Jalandharnath, is known for its murals showing ascetics in yoga poses and murals bearing inscriptional records of the dignitaries visiting the shrine which includes Charanas, nobles, and the Rajas.Tourism in Jodhpur"}, {"Context": "Jodhpur Motion-picture industry", "Knowledge": "PER Jackie Chan, LOC Jodhpur, PER Akshay Kumar, PER Rashi Khanna, PER Disha Patani, PER Sai Dharam Tej, LOC China, PER Sooraj Barjatya, PER Christopher Nolan, PER Adrien Brody, PER Emraan Hashmi, PER Ajay Devgn, PER Tarsem Singh, PER Maneesh Sharma, PER Varun Tej, PER Owen Wilson, LOC Darjeeling, LOC India, PER Sonu Sood, PER Jason Schwartzman, PER Anil Sharma, PER S. Shankar, PER Nimrat Kaur", "Response": "The city is famous for its charming locations and is often featured in various films, advertisements, music videos, and soaps. The historic buildings and landscapes of the city were featured in a number of movies, including The Dark Knight Rises directed by Christopher Nolan; Baadshaho starring Ajay Devgn and Emraan Hashmi, The Darjeeling Limited starring Owen Wilson, Adrien Brody, and Jason Schwartzman; The Fall directed by Tarsem Singh; Hum Saath-Saath Hain directed by Sooraj Barjatya; Veer directed by Anil Sharma; Shuddh Desi Romance directed by Maneesh Sharma; I directed by S. Shankar, Kung Fu Yoga starring Jackie Chan, Sonu Sood, and Disha Patani; Loafer starring Varun Tej and Disha Patani; Supreme starring Sai Dharam Tej and Rashi Khanna; and Airlift featuring Akshay Kumar and Nimrat Kaur. Many foreign-language films and series have also been shot in Jodhpur, such as Buddies in India, which was produced in Mandarin and was launched in China in 2017 featuring some Indian actors, and even the songs were in Hindi."}, {"Context": "Jodhpur Cuisine", "Knowledge": "LOC Jodhpur", "Response": "A number of dishes from Indian cuisine originated in Jodhpur. The city savours a number of food items, but the specialties of the city are Pyaaj Kachori, Mirchi Bada and Mawa Kachori. \nDal-Baati-Churma, Makhaniya Lassi, Ker Sangri are also some famous foods in Jodhpur."}, {"Context": "Jodhpur Education and research", "Knowledge": "ORG Indian Institute of Handloom Technology, ORG All India Institute of Medical Sciences Jodhpur National Law University, LOC Jodhpur, ORG Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Rajasthan Ayurved University, ORG Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, ORG Footwear Design and Development Institute, ORG Sardar Patel University of Police, Security and Criminal Justice, ORG University of Jodhpur, ORG National Institute of Fashion Technology, ORG Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, LOC Marwar Region, ORG MBM Engineering College, LOC Rajasthan, ORG Indian Institutes of Technology, ORG Jai Narain Vyas University, ORG Agricultural University, ORG Ministry of Commerce and Industry, ORG Dr. S. N. Medical College, ORG JNVU, LOC India, ORG IIT, ORG Agricultural Sciences & Technology", "Response": "Educational facilities include:\n\nIndian Institute of Technology Jodhpur  is a technical education institute in India, one of the new Indian Institutes of Technology (IIT).\nAll India Institute of Medical Sciences Jodhpur\nNational Law University, Jodhpur,  is one of the 17 universities imparting law education (established in 1999).\nNational Institute of Fashion Technology Jodhpur is a fashion-design institute (started in 2010).\nDr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Rajasthan Ayurved University is a university in the field of Ayurveda. The second university of its kind in India, it was started in 2003.\nJai Narain Vyas University (JNVU), formerly known as University of Jodhpur, is run by the state government of Rajasthan (established in 1962).\nDr. S.N. Medical College, Jodhpur (established in 1965).\nMBM Engineering College: the oldest engineering institution in Rajasthan, it is now a faculty of engineering and architecture, under JNVU (established in 1951).\nFootwear Design and Development Institute Jodhpur is an institute established by the government of India, Ministry of Commerce and Industry for the design and development of footwear, fashion, and leather (started in 2012).\nIndian Institute of Handloom Technology  is one of the five institutes nationwide to provide research, development, and technical education to the handloom industry.\nSardar Patel University of Police, Security and Criminal Justice, started in 2013, is a university for research and education in the field of security, policing, and criminal justice.\nKrishi Vishwavidyalaya, Jodhpur, started in 2013 is an Agricultural University for research, education and extension in the field of Agricultural Sciences & Technology for farmer of Marwar Region."}, {"Context": "Jodhpur Research", "Knowledge": "ORG Desert Regional Centre, ORG Ministry of Agriculture, ORG Defence Research and Development Organisation, LOC New Pali Road, ORG National Natural Resources Management System, ORG Department of Agricultural Research and Education, ORG Indian Council of Medical Research, ORG Ministry of Environment and Forests, LOC Nagar Haveli, LOC Dadara, ORG Department of Space, ORG Regional Remote Sensing Centre, ORG MBM Engineering College, ORG Arid Forest Research Institute, LOC Rajasthan, ORG Indian Council of Agricultural Research, LOC Gujarat, ORG Ministry of Defence, LOC India, ORG National Institute for Implementation Research on Non - Communicable Diseases, ORG Zoological Survey of India, ORG Botanical Survey of India, ORG Department of Defence Research and Development, ORG Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education, ORG Central Arid Zone Research Institute", "Response": "Major research institutes and organizations have been established in the city for promoting research:\n\nArid Forest Research Institute is one of the institutes of the Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education  working under the Ministry of Environment and Forests,  for carrying out scientific research in forestry to provide technologies to increase the vegetative cover and to conserve the biodiversity in the hot arid and semiarid region of Rajasthan, Gujarat, and Dadara union, and Nagar Haveli union territory. The campus covers 66 hectares on the New Pali Road.\nCentral Arid Zone Research Institute  is a premier organisation of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, an autonomous organization under the Department of Agricultural Research and Education, Ministry of Agriculture, government of India.\nNational Institute for Implementation Research on Non-Communicable Diseases  is one of the 33 permanent institutes of Indian Council of Medical Research, which is an autonomous body for the formulation, coordination, and promotion of biomedical research in the country.\nDesert Regional Centre, Zoological Survey of India  is the regional arm of the only taxonomic organization in the country involved in the study of all kinds of animals to promote survey, exploration, and research leading to the advancement of zoological study.\nBotanical Survey of India is the nodal research organization under Ministry of Environment and Forests for research, exploration, and survey of the flora of India.\nDefence Research and Development Organisation is an organization working under the Department of Defence Research and Development of Ministry of Defence for design and development leading to the production of world-class weapons systems and equipment.\nRegional Remote Sensing Centre  is one of the five centres established under National Natural Resources Management System  by Department of Space for remote sensing tasks at regional and national levels.\nMBM Engineering College conducts research and has masters and PhD programs in branches of engineering by highly experienced faculty. In civil and chemical engineering, national and state projects are performed by this college."}, {"Context": "Jodhpur Judiciary", "Knowledge": "ORG High Court of Rajasthan, PER Maharaja Sawai Man Singh, PER Kamala Kant Verma, LOC Rajasthan, LOC Jodhpur, ORG Rajasthan High Court, LOC Jaipur, ORG High Court, PER Honorable Justice Indrajit mohanty", "Response": "Rajasthan High Court is the High Court of the state of Rajasthan. It was established on 21 June 1949 under the Rajasthan High Court Ordinance, 1949.\nThe High Court of Rajasthan was founded in 1949 in Jodhpur and was inaugurated by the Rajpramukh, Maharaja Sawai Man Singh on 29 August 1949. The first Chief Justice was Kamala Kant Verma and the current Chief Justice of the Rajasthan High Court is the Honorable Justice Indrajit mohanty. A bench was formed at Jaipur which was dissolved in 1958 and was again formed on 31 January 1977. Currently, there are forty sanctioned judges."}, {"Context": "Jodhpur Civic administration", "Knowledge": "LOC Jodhpur North, ORG Jodhpur Nagar Nigam, ORG Jodhpur Development Authority, LOC Rajasthan, LOC Kota, LOC Jodhpur South, LOC Jodhpur, LOC Sardarpura, LOC Jaipur, ORG JDA, LOC Soorsagar, LOC City", "Response": "Till 2020, the city was administered by a single municipal body, Jodhpur Nagar Nigam with a mayor. In 2019, the Rajasthan government  decided to form two municipal corporation in Jaipur, Jodhpur and Kota for better administration. For administrative purposes, the city is divided into wards, from which the members of the corporation council are elected for five years. The municipal corporation has elected members known as councilors, or parshad in Hindi, representing their respective wards (geographical units of the city). The ward members are elected by direct voting by electorate for a period of 5 years. In addition to these directly elected members, the corporation has four ex-officio members (one member of parliament, three members of legislative assembly, namely Sardarpura, Soorsagar, City), and three nominated members. Currently, the city has two civic bodies \u2013 Jodhpur North and Jodhpur South each headed by a mayor. Each municipal corporation has 80 wards, making a total of 160 wards in the city. The Jodhpur Development Authority (JDA) executes and supervises plans and schemes for the development of the urban region."}, {"Context": "Jodhpur Transportation", "Knowledge": "", "Response": "The city has well-established rail, road, and air networks connecting it to other major cities of the country."}, {"Context": "Jodhpur Railways", "Knowledge": "ORG Rajasthan Tourism Development Corporation, ORG Jodhpur Development Authority, LOC Rajasthan, ORG Government of India, LOC Ajmer, ORG HSR, LOC IIT Jodhpur, LOC Jaisalmer Bypass, LOC Jodhpur, ORG Metro, LOC Delhi, LOC Jaipur, ORG Indian Railways, ORG Municipal Corporations", "Response": "For experiencing the true magnificence and royal opulence of Rajasthan, luxury trains Palace on Wheels, Royal Rajasthan on Wheels, and Maharaja Express are run jointly by Rajasthan Tourism Development Corporation and Indian Railways. Jodhpur is one of the destinations of both of the trains.\nIn 2012-13 Railway Budget,A plan for building a High Speed Rail Corridor between Delhi-Jodhpur via Jaipur and Ajmer of 591 km was introduced which later in 2020 was included in HSR by Indian Railways and Government of India and now is in Pre-Feasibility phase.In 2013, a plan to start metro train service in Jodhpur was proposed by then Rajasthan Government to decongest the city traffic. However, this proposal is still pending with the state government for its approval. \nBut in 2021, Jodhpur Development Authority and Municipal Corporations made a Future Mobility Plan where a 35-km Metro Line is proposed from IIT Jodhpur to Jaisalmer Bypass after Year 2030. With another proposed 11 more BRTS Corridors in Jodhpur between 2021\u20132030 to provide public transport to the increasing population before starting Metro.Suburban stations around Jodhpur:"}, {"Context": "Jodhpur Air", "Knowledge": "LOC Indore, LOC Bengaluru, LOC Rajasthan, ORG Star Air, LOC Jodhpur, LOC Jodhpur Airport, LOC Delhi, ORG SpiceJet, ORG Vistara, LOC Chennai, LOC Hyderabad, LOC Ahmedabad, ORG Air India Indigo, ORG Indian Air Force, LOC Kolkata, LOC Mumbai, LOC Belgaum", "Response": "Jodhpur Airport is one of the prominent airports of Rajasthan. It is primarily a military airbase with a civilian enclosure to allow for civilian air traffic. Due to Jodhpur's strategic location, this airport is regarded as one of the most important ones for the Indian Air Force.At present,  direct flights from Ahmedabad, Belgaum, Bengaluru, Chennai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Indore, Kolkata and Mumbai to the city are operated by Air India Indigo, SpiceJet, Vistara and Star Air. The bill and basic formalities for the long-awaited expansion of the airport were cleared by all the concerned authorities in June 2016, clearing the way for the expansion of the airport in two phases beginning February 2016. After the expansion, morning and evening flights are expected from the city to more cities than presently available, in addition to more airlines coming to and from the city."}, {"Context": "Jodhpur Road", "Knowledge": "LOC Bhaisana, LOC Bilara, LOC Fatehpur, LOC Hissar, LOC Udaipur, LOC Jodhpur, LOC Khatu khurd, LOC Bar, LOC Delhi, LOC Kaladera, LOC Rajola Sojat, LOC Dhudhwa, ORG Rajasthan Roadways, LOC Bheem, LOC Khatu Kalan, LOC Pachudi, LOC Kher, LOC Renwal Crossing, LOC Guda Malani, LOC Nagaur, LOC Toshina, LOC Maroth, LOC Balotra, LOC Bagundi, LOC Borunda, LOC NH, LOC Ahu, LOC Tarneu, LOC Vinakiya, LOC Kaparda, LOC Dantiweara, LOC Rendiri, LOC Bhuni, LOC Ramji ki Gol, LOC Surat, LOC Madhasar, LOC Kuchaman City, LOC Jaitaran, LOC Pali, LOC Needar, LOC So, LOC Phalodi, LOC Rajasthan, LOC Jodhpur Ring Road, LOC Jaisalmer, LOC Pokaran, LOC Kaithal, LOC Pipar City, LOC Merta City, LOC Deeechu, LOC Kawas, LOC Dechhu, LOC Tilwara, LOC Ambala, LOC Pachpadra, LOC Kalyanpur, LOC Balesar, LOC Jaipur, LOC Ujjain, LOC Barmer, LOC Ahmedabad, LOC Chadi, LOC Deoli Minda, LOC Sindri, LOC Shergarh, LOC Agra", "Response": "Jodhpur is connected by road to all major cities in Rajasthan and neighboring states, such as Delhi, Ahmedabad, Surat, Ujjain, and Agra. Apart from deluxe and express bus services to cities within the state, Rajasthan Roadways provides Volvo and Mercedes Benz bus service to Delhi, Ahmedabad, Jaipur, Udaipur, and Jaisalmer. In 2016, Bus Rapid Transit System Jodhpur was launched in the city with low-floor and semi-low-floor buses plying on 6 major routes.\nJodhpur is connected to the National Highway network with three national highways and to the Rajasthan State Highway network with 10 state highways.Jodhpur Ring Road is under construction encircling Jodhpur to reduce vehicular traffic.National highways passing through Jodhpur include:\n\nNH-62, Ambala-Kaithal-Hissar-Fatehpur-Jodhpur-Pali; total length = 690 km\nNH-112, Junction with NH-14 near Bar connecting Jaitaran-Bilara-Kaparda-Jodhpur-Kalyanpur-Pachpadra-Balotra-Tilwara-Kher-Bagundi-Dhudhwa-Madhasar-Kawas and terminating at its junction with NH 15 near Barmer; total length= 343 km\nNH-114, Junction with NH-65 near Jodhpur connecting Balesar - Dechhu and terminating at its junction with NH-15 near Pokaran; total length= 180 kmState highways passing through Jodhpur are:\n\nSH-19, Phalodi (NH 15) to Needar via Ahu, Chadi, Pachudi, Nagaur, Tarneu, Khatu Kalan, Khatu khurd, Toshina, Kuchaman City, Bhuni, Maroth, Deoli Minda, Renwal Crossing, Kaladera; total length = 368 km\nSH-21, Dantiweara to Merta City via Pipar City, Borunda; total length = 97 km\nSH-28, Phalodi (NH 15) to Ramji ki Gol via Deeechu, Shergarh, Pachpadra, Balotra, Sindri, Guda Malani; total length = 259 km\nSH-58, Jodhpur to Bheem up to NH 8 via Vinakiya, Rajola Sojat, Rendiri, Bhaisana, Sojat Road, Kantalia, Baban; total length = 142 km\nSH-61, Phalodi (NH 15) to Mandal via Osian, Mathania, Jodhpur, Khejrali, Bhatenda, Saradasamand, Jadan, Marwar Junction, Auwa, Jojawar, Kamalighat, Devgarh, Rajaji ka kareda; total length = 349 km\nSH-62, Bilara to Pindwara via Sojat, Sireeyari, Jojawar, Bagol, Desuri, Sadri, Sewari; total length = 187 km\nSH-63, Banar to Kuchera via Bhopalgarh Asop; total length = 129 km\nSH-65, Sheo (NH 15) to Shergarh via Bhiyad, Barnawa Jagger, Patodi, Phalsoond; total length = 155 km\nSH-66, Siwana to Dhandhaniya (NH 114) via Samdari, Kalyanpur, Mandli Rodhawa Kalan; total length = 90 km\nSH-68, Dangiyawas (NH 112) to Balotra via Kakelao, Khejarli, Guda Kakani, Luni, Dhundhara, Rampura, Samdari; total length = 131 km"}, {"Context": "Jodhpur Bus", "Knowledge": "LOC Paota Bus, ORG RSRTC, LOC Jodhpur", "Response": "Paota Bus Stand is a most important bus stand for all the government and private buses for Jodhpur route which is operated by RSRTC. This Bus stand serves to various rural and urban areas. This is a biggest Bus stand in Jodhpur."}, {"Context": "Jodhpur Sports", "Knowledge": "LOC Maharaja Umaid Singh Stadium, LOC Barkatullah Khan Stadium, LOC Gaushala Maidan Sports Complex, LOC Jodhpur", "Response": "Jodhpur has two outdoor stadiums and one indoor stadium complex. Barkatullah Khan Stadium has hosted two cricket one day internationals. Maharaja Umaid Singh Stadium and Gaushala Maidan Sports Complex are also among other sports facilities.\nThe city has a well developed polo ground where tournaments are held occasionally."}, {"Context": "Jodhpur Hindi newspapers", "Knowledge": "LOC Rajasthan", "Response": "Rajasthan Patrika\nDainik Bhaskar\nDainik Navjyoti\nDainik Jalte Deep"}, {"Context": "Jodhpur English newspapers", "Knowledge": "ORG The Indian Express, ORG The Times of India, ORG The Hindustan Times", "Response": "The Times of India\nThe Hindustan Times\nThe Indian Express"}, {"Context": "Jodhpur Radio", "Knowledge": "ORG Vividh Bharti Radio Mirchi All India Radio, ORG My FM, LOC Jodhpur, ORG Big FM, ORG Red FM", "Response": "Jodhpur has these FM stations:\n\nBig FM\nRed FM\nMy FM\nVividh Bharti\nRadio Mirchi\nAll India Radio"}, {"Context": "Jodhpur Notable people", "Knowledge": "PER Dalveer Bhandari Chitrangada Singh, PER Kan Singh Parihar Ashok Gehlot, PER IG Bakhtawar Singhji, PER Maharaja Gaj Singh, PER Gajendra Singh Shekhawat Shailesh Lodha Kiku Sharda, PER Karanvir Bohra Thakur Bakhtawar Singh, PER Ravi Bishnoi Mithali Raj Brij Bhushan Kabra Ustad Sultan Khan, PER Donald Field", "Response": "Maharaja Gaj Singh\nJustice Kan Singh Parihar\nAshok Gehlot\nJustice Dalveer Bhandari\nChitrangada Singh\nDonald Field\nGajendra Singh Shekhawat\nShailesh Lodha\nKiku Sharda\nRavi Bishnoi\nMithali Raj\nBrij Bhushan Kabra\nUstad Sultan Khan\nKaranvir Bohra\nThakur Bakhtawar Singh (also known as IG Bakhtawar Singhji)"}, {"Context": "Jorhat Introduction", "Knowledge": "LOC Jorhat, LOC India, LOC JOR, LOC Assam", "Response": "Jorhat ( (listen) JOR-haht) is one of the important cities and a growing urban centre in the state of Assam in India."}, {"Context": "Jorhat Etymology", "Knowledge": "LOC Bhugdoi", "Response": "Jorhat (\"jor\" means twin and \"hat\" means market) means two hats or mandis - \"Masorhaat\" and \"Sowkihat\" which existed on the opposite banks of the Bhugdoi river."}, {"Context": "Jorhat History", "Knowledge": "LOC Assam, PER Jeuram Dihingia Baruah, LOC Ahom Kingdom, LOC Pukhuri, PER Dhananjay Borgohain, PER David Scott, PER Rajmao, LOC Borpukhuri, LOC Jorhat, LOC Rangpur, LOC Jorehaut, PER Piyali Barua, ORG Provincial Railway, PER Buragohain, PER Peuli Phukan, PER Maniram Dewan, LOC Bolia Gohain Pukhuri, LOC Sivasagar, LOC Ahom, LOC Kotoki Pukhuri, LOC Mitha Pukhuri, PER Gaurinath Singha, ORG Police Thana, PER Richard, PER Gomdhar Konwar", "Response": "Jorhat was the last capital of the Ahom Kingdom, as a planned town under royal patronage. It is often spelt as \"Jorehaut\" during the British reign. In 1794, the Ahom King Gaurinath Singha shifted the capital from Sivasagar, erstwhile Rangpur to Jorhat. Many tanks were built around the capital city by the Ahom royalty such as Rajmao Pukhuri or Borpukhuri, Buragohain Pukhuri, Bolia Gohain Pukhuri, Kotoki Pukhuri and Mitha Pukhuri. This town was a flourishing and commercial metropolis but was destroyed by a series of Burmese invasion of Assam between 1817 and the arrival of the British force in 1824 under the stewardship of David Scott and Captain Richard.From the very first decade of the British rule, revolutionaries like Gomdhar Konwar,  Dhananjay Borgohain, Jeuram Dihingia Baruah , and Peuli Phukan emerged. The British system of administration came into vogue in the year 1839 with an established Police Thana. During the great Sepoy Mutiny, Maniram Dewan and Piyali Barua were publicly hanged here in 1858.\nIn 1885, a narrow-gauge railway, Jorehaut Provincial Railway, became operational. In time, this contributed to the rapid growth of the tea industry."}, {"Context": "Jorhat Geography", "Knowledge": "LOC Jorhat", "Response": "Jorhat is located at 26.75\u00b0N 94.22\u00b0E\ufeff / 26.75; 94.22. It has an average elevation of 116 metres (381 feet).\nThe municipality covers an area of 9 square kilometres (3.5 sq mi), has 19 wards with a population of about 1.53 lakhs at present, with 72.8 square kilometres (28.1 sq mi) for master plan area. The district spreads over 2,851 square kilometres (1,101 sq mi) and had a population of 870,000 according to a 1991 census. Population density at that time was 306 persons per square kilometre (793/sq mi). The sex ratio is 913 (913 females per 1000 males)."}, {"Context": "Jorhat Demographics", "Knowledge": "LOC Jorhat, ORG Jorhat Municipal Board", "Response": "Jorhat Municipal Board (covering the out growth area) had a population of 1,26,736 as of the 2011 census.The average literacy rate of Jorhat in 2011 was 91.39%. Gender-wise, male and female literacy were 93.63% and 88.99% respectively, which is one of the highest in the state. The total literates in Jorhat were 182,600 of which male and female were 96,806 and 85,794 respectively.\nJorhat's sex ratio stood at 935 females per 1000 males, according to the Census 2011 Directorate.\nHindus were 87.49% of the population, while Muslims were 10.50% and Christians 0.62% of the population respectively.Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes are 6.40% and 1.84% of the population respectively."}, {"Context": "Jorhat Languages", "Knowledge": "", "Response": "Assamese is the predominant language and is spoken by 70.08% of the population, while Bengali was spoken by 12.27%. Hindi (11.60%) and Bhojpuri (1.01%) are spoken by migrants from the Gangetic plains, such as traders and labourers. Other small languages in the city include Marwari, Sadri, Santali, Sora and Odia which in total are spoken by 5.04% of the population."}, {"Context": "Jorhat Culture", "Knowledge": "LOC Jorhat, ORG Jorhat Theatre, LOC India, ORG Asam Sahitya Sabha, PER Birendra Kumar Bhattacharya, ORG Chandrakanta Handique Bhawan", "Response": "Jorhat has contributed in the fields of arts, culture and tradition of the contemporary Assamese society. In 1896, Jorhat Theatre was established to perform cultural activities and dramas by some renowned people of the town. The Chandrakanta Handique Bhawan, the headquarters of Asam Sahitya Sabha was established in 1926. Jorhat has produced creative writers, historians and journalists. Birendra Kumar Bhattacharya, the first Assamese to win India's highest literature award, the Jnanpith Award, was from Jorhat."}, {"Context": "Jorhat Media", "Knowledge": "LOC Jorhat, ORG Dainik Agradoot, ORG The Telegraph, ORG Saptahik Janambhumi, ORG All India Radio, ORG AIR, PER Siva Prasad Barooah, LOC Garmur, ORG Amar Asom, ORG Asomiya Khabar, ORG Dainik Batori, ORG Dainik Janambhumi, ORG Raibahadur, ORG Eastern Clarion, ORG Purbanchal Prohori", "Response": "In 1935, the first Assamese daily newspaper Dainik Batori was published from Jorhat by Raibahadur Siva Prasad Barooah. The daily newspapers which have Jorhat editions include Dainik Janambhumi, Amar Asom, Dainik Agradoot and Asomiya Khabar in Assamese, the Purbanchal Prohori in Hindi and The Telegraph in English. The Eastern Clarion was the first English daily published from the city, but it was ceased. Besides the dailies, a weekly newspaper Saptahik Janambhumi is also published from Jorhat. City Guide of Jorhat was the first yellow pages, published in July 1987. Jorhat has a radio broadcast station of All India Radio (AIR) located on the outskirts of the city at Garmur."}, {"Context": "Jorhat District Court", "Knowledge": "LOC Jorhat, LOC BL, PER S. K Das, LOC MA, LOC Assam Valley, LOC Jorhat District, PER Vijay Kumar Singh, ORG Chief Judicial, LOC Upper Assam Districts, LOC Assam District Jorhat, LOC Majuli, PER Mridul Kumar Kalita, LOC Titabar", "Response": "The District & Sessions Judge Upper Assam District Jorhat was created on 15 November 1948 and has been made permanent w.e.f the 1 April 1953. The first roll of honor of District & Sessions Judge of Assam Valley, Upper Assam Districts, Jorhat District was Mr. S.K Das, MA, BL. Presently, the territorial jurisdiction of the District is extended over 2(two) sub-divisions namely Majuli Sub-Division and Titabar Sub-Division. Altogether, the District & Sessions Judge and the Chief Judicial Magistrate comprise 15 courts staffed by Judicial Officers of various grades. The District & Sessions Judge together with the Chief Judicial Magistrate Court Complex, Jorhat is situated in the heart of the city. The Present District & Sessions Judge as the head of the establishment is Shri Mridul Kumar Kalita. The present Chief Judicial Magistrate, Jorhat, the head of all the Criminal Courts is Sri Vijay Kumar Singh."}, {"Context": "Jorhat Air", "Knowledge": "LOC Guwahati, LOC Rowriah Airport, LOC Kolkata, ORG Airports Authority of India, ORG IndiGo, LOC New Delhi, LOC Rowriah, LOC JRH, LOC Jorhat Airport", "Response": "Jorhat Airport (JRH), commonly known as Rowriah Airport, is located at Rowriah, which is within the city itself, approximately seven kilometres (4.3 mi) from the city centre. The airport has daily flights connectivity operated by IndiGo to Kolkata, New Delhi and Guwahati. It is controlled by the Airports Authority of India."}, {"Context": "Jorhat Rail", "Knowledge": "LOC Jorhat, LOC Upper Assam, LOC Mariani Junction, LOC Dibrugarh, LOC Lumding, LOC Mariani, LOC Furkating, ORG Jorehaut Provincial Railway, LOC Tinsukia, LOC Jorhat Town", "Response": "The first rail connectivity of Jorhat began in the British era. In 1885, Jorehaut Provincial Railway, a narrow-gauge railway services became operational and it contributed to the growth of the tea industry in Upper Assam.\nJorhat is served by Jorhat Town railway station which lies on the Furkating-Jorhat-Mariani branch line of Tinsukia railway division. Mariani Junction railway station, the major railway junction of the district is about 18 km (11 mi) from Jorhat. It falls in the Lumding-Dibrugarh section and is well connected to all the large cities of the country by long-distance express trains."}, {"Context": "Jorhat Road", "Knowledge": "LOC Jorhat, LOC Kotokipukhuri, ORG ISBT, ORG Inter State Bus Terminus, LOC Northeast, LOC Tarajan, ORG ASTC", "Response": "The Inter State Bus Terminus (ISBT) of Jorhat is  at Kotokipukhuri, Tarajan. It provides connectivity to elsewhere in the state and the Northeast with regular buses from ASTC and private operators. Auto-rickshaws, local cabs and rickshaws are the main mode of public transport within the city."}, {"Context": "Jorhat Waterways", "Knowledge": "LOC Jorhat, LOC Brahmaputra National Waterway, LOC Neamati, LOC Kamalabari, LOC Nimati, LOC Majuli, LOC Aphalamukh", "Response": "The daily ferry services connect the Nimati ghat with Kamalabari and Aphalamukh in Majuli.\nThe Neamati multimodal waterways terminal on Brahmaputra National Waterway 2 in Jorhat district is part of the Bharatmala and Sagarmala projects."}, {"Context": "Jorhat Research institutes", "Knowledge": "LOC Complex, LOC Ladoigarh, ORG N. E. I. S. T., ORG North East Institute of Science and Technology, ORG Central Eri & Muga Research Training Institute, ORG Central Silk Board Indian Grain Storage Management and Research Institute, ORG ONGC, LOC Tocklai, LOC Govt. of India, LOC Jorhat, ORG I. C. F. R. E., ORG INBIGS, ORG Govt. of India, ORG Ministry of Commerce, ORG College of Sericulture, ORG CSIR, ORG T. R. A., ORG Dept. of Science & Technology, ORG Tocklai Tea Research Institute, ORG R. R. L., ORG Tea Research Association, LOC Cinnamara, ORG Assam Agriculture University, ORG Min. of Environment & Forests, ORG Jorhat Institute of Biotechnology & Geotectonics Studies, ORG R. F. R. I., ORG Govt. of India Rain Forest Research Institute", "Response": "Central Eri & Muga Research Training Institute, Ladoigarh, under Central Silk Board\nIndian Grain Storage Management and Research Institute, Jorhat\nInstitute of Biotechnology & Geotectonics Studies (INBIGS), ONGC Complex, Cinnamara, Jorhat - 785008\nNorth East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat (N.E.I.S.T.) (formerly R.R.L., Jorhat) under CSIR, Dept. of Science & Technology, Govt. of India\nRain Forest Research Institute (R.F.R.I.), Jorhat under I.C.F.R.E., Min. of Environment & Forests, Govt.of India\nTocklai Tea Research Institute, Tea Research Association (T.R.A.) Tocklai under Tea Research Association, Ministry of Commerce, Govt. of India\nCollege of Sericulture, under Assam Agriculture University"}, {"Context": "Jorhat Universities", "Knowledge": "ORG Government, ORG Kaziranga University, LOC Assam, ORG Assam, ORG A. A. U., ORG Assam Agricultural University, ORG Assam Women ' s University", "Response": "Assam Agricultural University (A.A.U.), under Government of Assam\nAssam Women's University, under Government of Assam\nKaziranga University"}, {"Context": "Jorhat Technical institutes", "Knowledge": "LOC Jorhat, ORG Kaziranga University, LOC Government, ORG Science College, ORG of, ORG Prince of Wales Institute of Engineering and Technology Jorhat Engineering College, LOC Assam, ORG N. E. I. S. T., LOC Mohbondha, ORG Directorate of Technical Education, ORG North East Institute of Management Science, ORG Government of Assam Jorhat Institute of Science & Technology", "Response": "HRH The Prince of Wales Institute of Engineering and Technology\nJorhat Engineering College, Directorate of Technical Education, Government of Assam\nJorhat Institute of Science & Technology, formerly Science College, Jorhat, Government of Assam\nKaziranga University, Mohbondha, Jorhat\nNorth East Institute of Management Science, (opposite the N.E.I.S.T.), Jorhat"}, {"Context": "Jorhat Design institute", "Knowledge": "LOC Jorhat, ORG National Institute of Design", "Response": "National Institute of Design, Jorhat"}, {"Context": "Jorhat Medical institutes", "Knowledge": "LOC Jorhat, LOC Assam, ORG Jorhat Medical College and Hospital, ORG State Government of Assam Medical Institute Jorhat, ORG J. K. Saikia Homeopathic Medical College & Hospital", "Response": "Jorhat Medical College and Hospital under the State Government of Assam\nMedical Institute Jorhat, under the Government of Assam.\nDr. J.K. Saikia Homeopathic Medical College & Hospital, Jorhat"}, {"Context": "Jorhat Training institute", "Knowledge": "LOC Jorhat, ORG Institute of Advanced Studies in Education", "Response": "Institute of Advanced Studies in Education, Jorhat"}, {"Context": "Jorhat Colleges", "Knowledge": "LOC Jorhat, ORG Kakojan College, ORG Commerce College, ORG Bahona College CKB, LOC M. G. Road, ORG Cinnamara College, LOC Dhekiajuli, LOC Kakojan, ORG Jorhat Science College, ORG D. C. B. Girls College Jagannath Barooah College Jorhat College Jorhat Institute of Science & Technology, ORG Dr. Nobin Bordoloi College, ORG Jorhat Kendriya Mahavidyalaya Jorhat Law College, LOC Cinnamara", "Response": "Bahona College\nCKB Commerce College\nD.C.B. Girls College\nJagannath Barooah College\nJorhat College\nJorhat Institute of Science & Technology (formerly Jorhat Science College).\nJorhat Kendriya Mahavidyalaya\nJorhat Law College, M.G. Road, Jorhat\nKakojan College, Kakojan\nDr. Nobin Bordoloi College, Dhekiajuli\nCinnamara College, Cinnamara"}, {"Context": "Jorhat Junior Colleges", "Knowledge": "ORG Luit Valley Academy NKEM Science Academy, ORG Junior College", "Response": "Luit Valley Academy \nNKEM Science Academy Junior College"}, {"Context": "Jorhat Schools", "Knowledge": "ORG Balya Bhavan, ORG St. Mary ' s High School, ORG ONGC, ORG Indian Air Force Station, LOC Jorhat, LOC Jorhat Jorhat, ORG Sarucharai Gharfalia Dipankar Vidyapith, ORG Spring Dale, ORG Delhi Public School, ORG Carmel Convent School, LOC Choladhara, ORG Don Bosco High School, LOC Rowriah, ORG Govt. Boys ' H. S and M. P. School Sankardev Seminary High School Shemford Futuristic School, ORG Jonaki Sangha Vidyalay, LOC Baghchung, LOC Cinnamara, ORG Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, ORG Kendriya Vidyalaya, ORG RRL, ORG NEIST", "Response": "Balya Bhavan, Jorhat\nCarmel Convent School, Cinnamara\nDelhi Public School, Jorhat, Sarucharai Gharfalia\nDipankar Vidyapith\nDon Bosco High School, Baghchung\nJawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Jorhat\nJonaki Sangha Vidyalay, Jorhat\nJorhat Govt. Boys' H.S and M.P. School\nSankardev Seminary High School\nShemford Futuristic School, Choladhara\nSpring Dale High School\nSt. Mary's High School, Jorhat, Rowriah\nKendriya Vidyalaya (Indian Air Force Station), Jorhat-785005\nKendriya Vidyalaya, NEIST (RRL), Jorhat-785006\nKendriya Vidyalaya, (ONGC), Cinnamara"}, {"Context": "Jorhat Sports", "Knowledge": "ORG Jorhat Town Club, LOC Jorhat Stadium, LOC Assam", "Response": "Established in 1950, the multi-purpose Jorhat Stadium is the oldest stadium of Assam, which is mainly used for cricket and football.\nIt has hosted few Ranji Trophy matches. The historic football tournament ATPA Shield held every year in this venue since 1955. Professional football club Jorhat Town Club uses the stadium as their home ground. Facilities of other sports like badminton, tennis, swimming etc are also available near the stadium."}, {"Context": "Jorhat Politics", "Knowledge": "LOC Jorhat, PER Topon Kumar Gogoi, LOC Assam, ORG 17th Lok Sabha, ORG BJP, PER Hitendra Nath Goswami, ORG Bharatiya Janata Party", "Response": "Jorhat is part of Jorhat (Lok Sabha constituency).Bharatiya Janata Party's Topon Kumar Gogoi the current Member of Parliament serving the 17th Lok Sabha from Jorhat, Assam. While Hitendra Nath Goswami of BJP is the incumbent MLA from Jorhat assembly constituency."}, {"Context": "Jorhat Notable people", "Knowledge": "LOC Assam, PER Bijoya Chakravarty, ORG Rajasthan Royals, PER Zubeen Garg, PER Hitendra Nath Goswami, LOC Kaliabor, PER Wasbir Hussain, LOC Jorhat, ORG Assam Legislative Assembly, PER Gaurav Gogoi, PER Pitambar Deva Goswami, PER Hiren Bhattacharyya, PER Tarun Gogoi, PER Anuradha Sharma Pujari, PER Akhil Gogoi, PER Prastuti Parashar, LOC Sivasagar, ORG Asam Sahitya Sabha, PER Ranjit Barthakur, PER Ananda Chandra Dutta, PER Amulya Barua, PER Ganesh Gogoi, PER Jitendra Nath Goswami, PER Joi Barua, PER Jayanta Nath, PER Ananda Chandra Barua, PER Jagannath Barooah, PER Anwara Taimur, LOC Guwahati, PER Jadav Payeng, PER Krishna Kanta Handique, PER Birendra Kumar Bhattacharya, PER Hemendra Prasad Barooah, PER Bijoy Krishna Handique", "Response": "Krishna Kanta Handique, Sanskrit scholar, Indologist and philanthropist\nAmulya Barua, Assamese poet\nAnanda Chandra Barua, Assamese poet, dramatist, former president of Asam Sahitya Sabha\nAnanda Chandra Dutta, Botanist\nBirendra Kumar Bhattacharya, The first Jnanpith Award-winning Assamese writer\nGanesh Gogoi, Assamese poet\nHiren Bhattacharyya, Assamese poet\nHemendra Prasad Barooah, Tea planter and industrialist\nTarun Gogoi, former Chief Minister of Assam.\nJadav Payeng, The \"Forest Man of India\"\nJagannath Barooah, Scholar, tea planter, philanthropist\nJitendra Nath Goswami, Chief scientist of Chandrayaan -1\nRanjit Barthakur, Businessman and chairman of Rajasthan Royals\nAnuradha Sharma Pujari, Assamese journalist and author\nZubeen Garg, Assamese and Bollywood singer\nJoi Barua, Assamese and Bollywood singer\nBijoy Krishna Handique, Former Union Minister\nHitendra Nath Goswami, Former Speaker of Assam Legislative Assembly, MLA of Jorhat\nAkhil Gogoi, Prominent social activist, MLA from Sivasagar\nPrastuti Parashar, Assamese film actress\nJayanta Nath, Singer, Composer, Music Director\nAnwara Taimur, First Woman Chief Minister of Assam\nPitambar Deva Goswami, Spiritual leader, Prominent social worker\nBijoya Chakravarty, Former Lok Sabha MP from Guwahati (Born in Jorhat)\nGaurav Gogoi, Lok Sabha MP from Kaliabor\nWasbir Hussain, Journalist"}, {"Context": "Junagadh Introduction", "Knowledge": "LOC Junagadh, LOC India, LOC Saurashtra, LOC Pakistan, LOC Bombay, LOC Gandhinagar, LOC Old Fort, LOC Gujarat, LOC Girnar, LOC Ahmedabad", "Response": "Junagadh (pronunciation ) is the city and headquarters of Junagadh district in the Indian state of Gujarat. Located at the foot of the Girnar hills, 355 kilometres (221 mi) southwest of Ahmedabad and Gandhinagar (the state capital), it is the seventh largest city in the state.\nLiterally translated, Junagadh means \"Old Fort\".After a brief struggle between India and Pakistan, Junagadh voted to join India in a plebiscite held on 20 February 1948. It was a part of Saurashtra state and later Bombay state. In 1960, in consequence of the Maha Gujarat movement, it became part of the newly formed Gujarat state."}, {"Context": "Junagadh Early history", "Knowledge": "PER Mahakshatrap Rudradaman I, PER Chandragupta, PER Skandagupta, PER Gupta, PER Rai Dyach, ORG Kshatrapas, LOC Uparkot Fort, PER Graharipu, LOC Malwa, PER Bhatarka, LOC Bava Pyara, PER Saka, LOC Khapra Kodia Caves, PER Chudasama, LOC Saurashtra, PER Ror Kumar, LOC Gujarat, LOC Bava Pyara Caves, ORG Maitraka, LOC Jhunagarh, ORG Ror, PER Dhaj", "Response": "As per the legend, the founder of the Ror Dynasty Raja Dhaj, Ror Kumar, alias Rai Dyach, ruled over the principality of Jhunagarh in the fifth century BC. An early structure, Uparkot Fort, is located on a plateau in the middle of town. It was originally built in 319 BCE during the Mauryan dynasty by Chandragupta. The fort remained in use until the 6th century, when it was abandoned for about 300 years, then rediscovered by the Chudasama ruler Graharipu in 976 CE. The fort was subsequently besieged 16 times over a 1000-year period. One unsuccessful siege lasted twelve years.\nWithin 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) of Uparkot Fort is an inscription with fourteen Edicts of Ashoka on a large boulder. The inscriptions are in Brahmi script in a language similar to Pali and date from 250 BCE. On the same rock there is a later inscription in Sanskrit, which was added around 150 CE by Mahakshatrap Rudradaman I, the Saka (Scythian) ruler of Malwa, and a member of the Western Kshatrapas dynasty, and which has been described as \"the earliest known Sanskrit inscription of any extent\". Another inscription dates from about 450 CE and refers to Skandagupta, the last Gupta emperor. Old rock-cut Buddhist caves in this area, dating from well before 500 CE, have stone carvings and floral work. There are also the Khapra Kodia Caves north of the fort, and the Bava Pyara Caves south of the fort. The Bava Pyara caves contain artworks of both Buddhism and Jainism.\nThe Maitraka dynasty ruled Gujarat from 475 to 767 CE. The founder of the dynasty, General Bhatarka, military governor of Saurashtra peninsula under the Gupta empire, established himself as the independent ruler of Gujarat around the last quarter of the 5th century."}, {"Context": "Junagadh Chudasama dynasty", "Knowledge": "LOC Graharipu, PER Navaghana, PER Mularaja, LOC Koli, LOC Delhi Sultanate, LOC Delhi, LOC Uparkot Fort, PER Graharipu, LOC Vamanasthali, LOC Adi Kadi Vav, LOC Ra Khengar Vav, PER Mahmud Begada, LOC Chaulukya, PER Khengara, LOC Navghan Kuvo, PER Jesaji, LOC Junagadh, PER Chudachandra, LOC Saurashtra, ORG Chudasama, LOC Ra Khengar, PER Mandalika I, PER Muhammad bin Tughluq, PER Mandalika III, LOC Gujarat, ORG Khalji, PER Vaghela, PER Jayasimha Siddharaja, ORG Chaulukyas, LOC Gujarat Sultanate, ORG Chudasamas, PER Jesing, LOC Vanthali", "Response": "The early history of the Chudasama dynasty \u2013 which ruled Saurashtra from Junagadh \u2013 is almost lost. The bardic legends differ very much in the names, order, and numbers of early rulers; so they are not considered reliable. According to tradition, the dynasty is said to have been founded in the late 9th century by Chudachandra. Subsequent rulers \u2013 such as Graharipu, Navaghana, and Khengara \u2013 were in conflict with the Chaulukya rulers Mularaja and Jayasimha Siddharaja; and Saurashtra was briefly governed by Chaulukya governors during this period. These events are recorded in contemporary and later Jain chronicles.\nIn 1350, Junagadh was conquered by Muhammad bin Tughluq with the help and forces of Koli chieftain Jesaji (Jesing) from Ra Khengar.After the end of the rule of the Chaulukyas and their successors, the Vaghela dynasty, in Gujarat, the Chudasamas ruled independently, or as vassals of successor states, the Delhi Sultanate and the Gujarat Sultanate. Mandalika I was the first Chudasama ruler known from inscriptions; and during his reign, Gujarat was invaded by the Khalji dynasty of Delhi. The last king of the dynasty, Mandalika III, was defeated, and forcibly converted to Islam, in 1472 by Gujarat Sultan Mahmud Begada, who annexed the state.The Uparkot Fort of Junagadh was occupied by the Chudasamas during the reign of Graharipu. It is said to have been later rebuilt by Navaghana, who had transferred his capital from Vamanasthali to Junagadh. He is also credited with construction of the stepwells Navghan Kuvo and Adi Kadi Vav in the fort. His descendant Khengara is attributed with building a stepwell, Ra Khengar Vav, on the way to Vanthali from Junagadh."}, {"Context": "Junagadh Gujarat sultanate", "Knowledge": "PER Raizada, PER Malik Eiaz, PER Sil Bagasra Chovisi, PER Akbar, PER Sultan Muzaffar, LOC Egypt, PER Tatar Khan, PER Khalil, LOC Uparkot Fort, PER Sultan Bahadur, LOC Chudasama, PER Tatarkhan, LOC Diu, PER Sultan Mahmud, PER Khengar, LOC Junagadh, PER Tatarkhan Ghori, PER Khalilpur, PER Mandalika III, LOC Gujarat, PER Bhupatsingh, PER Sultan Muzafar, LOC Gujarat Sultanate, LOC Daman, PER Sultan Mahmud Begada, PER Mirza Khalil, PER Aminkhan Ghori, LOC Ahmedabad, LOC Ahmadabad, PER Ghori, LOC Mustafabad", "Response": "Sultan Mahmud Begada changed the name of Junagadh to Mustafabad and built the fortifications around the town and the mosque in Uparkot Fort.\nUnder the Gujarat Sultanate, Junagadh was governed by an official, styled thanadar (commander), appointed directly by Ahmedabad. This official collected the tribute and revenue of the crown domain. The first thanadar was Tatar Khan, an adopted son of the Sultan and after him Mirza Khalil, the eldest son of the Sultan who afterwards succeeded him under the title of Sultan Muzaffar. Prince Khalil during his tenure of office founded the village called Khalilpur. The Sultan also installed Bhupatsingh, the son of the last Chudasama king, Mandalika III, in Junagadh as a jagirdar (feudal lord). The jagir allotted to Bhupatsingh was the Sil Bagasra Chovisi; and his descendants were known as Raizada. They continued to rule there. Bhupatsingh was succeeded by his son Khengar.After the accession of Sultan Muzafar, and indeed during the latter part of Sultan Mahmud's reign, the seat of government was removed from Junagadh to Diu owing to the importance of that island as a naval station and to check the ravages of the Portuguese. Tatarkhan Ghori was left at Junagadh by Malik Eiaz who himself resided at Diu. After the disgrace and death of Malik Eiaz, Tatarkhan Ghori became independent at Junagadh; and after the death of Sultan Bahadur, the Ghori family reigned independently at Junagadh, though still owing a nominal allegiance to the successive Sultans at Ahmadabad. This state of affairs continued until the first conquest of Gujarat by the Mughal emperor Akbar, when Aminkhan Ghori had succeeded his father Tatarkhan at Junagadh.When the Portuguese took over the ports of Diu and Daman in the 16th century, a fifteen-foot cannon, made in Egypt in 1531, was abandoned by a Turkish admiral opposing the Portuguese forces at Diu, which is now at Uparkot Fort."}, {"Context": "Junagadh Under the Mughal Empire", "Knowledge": "PER Raizada, PER Jam, PER Akbar, PER Vazir Khan, PER Muhammad Husain Mirzah, PER Noghan, LOC Ahmedabad, LOC Sorath, PER Naurang Khan, PER Muzaffar, PER Daulat Khan Ghori, PER Gnjar Khan, PER Loma Khuman, LOC Jam, LOC Junagad, PER Shrisingh, PER Khengar, PER Muzafar, LOC Junagadh, PER Sil Bagasra, PER Tatarkhan Ghori, PER Jam Raval, PER Amin Khan Ghori, PER Raizada Khengar, PER Ikhtiyar ul Mulk, LOC Gujarat, LOC Navanagar, LOC Halar, PER Mirza, PER Aminkhan, PER Mnzafar, LOC Kherdi, PER Aminkhan Ghori, PER Syad Kasim, PER Ghori, LOC Agra", "Response": "Ghori ruleIn 1525, Khengar was succeeded by his son Noghan. Tatarkhan Ghori had now become almost independent. In his time Jam Raval conquered Halar and built Navanagar. In 1551, Noghan was succeeded by his son Shrisingh, who lived till 1586. During this time, Tatarkhan Ghori died and was succeeded by his son Aminkhan Ghori. In his time, Akbar conquered Gujarat, although Sorath yet remained independent under the Ghori rule. The exact date of Tatarkhan Ghori's death is not known; but from the mention of Aminkhan as his successor, it must have been from about 1570 to 1575. On the return of Emperor Akbar to Agra in 1573, after the defeat and death of Muhammad Husain Mirzah and Ikhtiyar ul Mulk, he gave orders that Sorath should be conquered from Aminkhan Ghori. Vazir Khan attempted it but was unequal to the task. Great confusion existed now in Sorath. The Moghal conquest of Gujarat, the collapse of the power of the Gujarat Sultans, the encroachments of the Jam, and the assumption of independence by the Ghori all augmented the confusion afterwards increased by the escape of Sultan Muzaffar in 1583 and subsequent partisan warfare.During these disturbances Amin Khan Ghori and his son Daulat Khan Ghori espoused the cause of Muzafar, as did the Jam and Loma Khuman of Kherdi. The exact date of Amin Khan Ghori's death is not known but it was about 1589\u201390. Raizada Khengar also warmly espoused Mnzafar's side. After the siege and capture of Junagadh in 1591\u201392 by Naurang Khan, Syad Kasim, and Gnjar Khan; Khengar was dismissed to his estate of Sil Bagasra, and the Raizada ceased to rule at Junagadh. Daulat Khan Ghori died of his wounds during the siege, and henceforth Junagadh became the seat of the imperial faujdars (garrison commanders) of Sorath in subordination to the imperial viceroy at Ahmedabad.\nImperial ruleThe first faujdar of Junagad was Naurang Khan and, next, Syad Kasim. The most famous were (1) Mirzah Isa Tarkhan (2) Kutb ud din Kheshgi, and (3) Sardarkhan. Of these Mirzah Isa Tarkhan ruled Sorath from about 1633\u201334 to 1642, when he was appointed viceroy of Gujarat. On this occasion he left his son Inayat Ullah as faujdar at Junagadh while he himself conducted the government of Gujarat from its capital, Ahmedabad. In Mirzah Isa Tarkhan's time the fortifications of Junagadh were entirely repaired. Kutb ud din was another faujdar, and his tenure of office lasted from about 1653 to 1666. In about 1664, he conquered Navanagar and annexed it to the imperial domain. Sardarkhan also distinguished himself while faujdar of Sorath, both by the firmness of his rule and by his construction (1681, AH 1092) of the Sardar Baug (palace) and excavation of the Sardar Talav (main gate). He built a mausoleum for himself in the Sardar Baug, but he died at Thatta, in Sindh, and is said to have been buried there and not at Junagadh. He was faujdar from about 1666 to 1686, but in 1670 he went for a short time to Idar and was replaced by Syad Dilerkhan. The last of the faujdar\u2009s was Sherkhan Babi, who became independent and assumed the title of Nawab Bahadur Khan."}, {"Context": "Junagadh Junagadh state", "Knowledge": "ORG Babi Dynasty, LOC Junagadh State, LOC Mughal, LOC Junagadh, PER Maratha Gaekwad, LOC Saurashtra, PER Mohammad Sher khan Babi, PER Mohammad Rasul Khanji, PER Mohammad Mahabat Khanji, PER Babi, PER Mohammad Bahadur Khanji, PER Mohammad Sher Khan Babi, LOC Afghanistan, LOC Gujarat Subah, PER Babi Nawabs, PER Mohammad Hamid Khanji", "Response": "In 1730, Mohammad Sher Khan Babi, who owed allegiance to the Mughal governor of Gujarat Subah, founded the state of Junagadh by declaring independence after the invasion by the Maratha Gaekwad dynasty. Babi founded the Babi Dynasty of Junagadh State. His descendants, the Babi Nawabs of Junagadh\u2014who were Babi or Babai pashtuns from Afghanistan\u2014conquered large territories in southern Saurashtra and ruled for the next two centuries, first as tributaries of Marathas, and later under the suzerainty of the British, who granted the honor of a 13-gun salute.\n1730\u20131758 \u2013 Mohammad Bahadur Khanji or Mohammad Sher khan Babi\n1758\u20131774 \u2013 Mohammad Mahabat Khanji I\n1774\u20131811 \u2013 Mohammad Hamid Khanji I\n1811\u20131840 \u2013 Mohammad Bahadur Khanji II\n1840\u20131851 \u2013 Mohammad Hamid Khanji II\n1851\u20131882 \u2013 Mohammad Mahabat Khanji II\n1882\u20131892 \u2013 Mohammad Bahadur Khanji III\n1892\u20131911 \u2013 Mohammad Rasul Khanji\n1911\u20131948 \u2013 Mohammad Mahabat Khanji III"}, {"Context": "Junagadh British period", "Knowledge": "PER Swaminarayan, LOC Junagadh State, LOC Junagadh, LOC Panchala, LOC Saurashtra, PER Darbar, LOC Shri Swaminarayan Mandir temple, PER Gunatitanand Swami, ORG East India Company, PER Jinabhai, PER Hemantsingh", "Response": "In 1807, Junagadh State became a British protectorate. The East India Company took control of the state by 1818, but the Saurashtra area was never directly administered by the British, who instead divided the territory into more than one hundred princely states, which remained in existence until 1947. The present old-town, developed during the 19th and 20th centuries, constituted one of those princely states.The Shri Swaminarayan Mandir temple in Junagadh was constructed on land presented by Jinabhai (Hemantsingh) Darbar of Panchala, and dedicated on 1 May 1828. Swaminarayan appointed Gunatitanand Swami as the first mahant (religious and administrative head of a temple), who served in this role and preached there for over 40 years."}, {"Context": "Junagadh Annexation by India", "Knowledge": "PER Earl Mountbatten, LOC Babariawad, LOC Junagadh, LOC India, LOC Mangrol, LOC Pakistan, LOC Gujarat, PER Nawab Mohammad Mahabat Khanji III, PER Samaldas Gandhi, PER Mountbatten, ORG Aarzi Hukumat", "Response": "During the period just before the independence and partition of India and Pakistan in 1947, the 562 princely states that had existed outside British India, but under British suzerainty, were given the choice of acceding to either India or Pakistan, or to remaining apart. Although the states were theoretically free to choose, Earl Mountbatten stated that \"geographic compulsions\" meant that most of them would choose India. Mountbatten took the position that only states that shared a common border with Pakistan should choose to accede to it, but he had no power to impose this point of view on the states.\nOn 15 September 1947, Nawab Mohammad Mahabat Khanji III of Junagadh \u2013 which, although located at the south-western end of Gujarat, had no common border with Pakistan \u2013 chose to accede to Pakistan, ignoring Mountbatten's views and arguing that Junagadh could access Pakistan by sea. The rulers of two states that were subject to the suzerainty of Junagadh \u2014 Mangrol and Babariawad \u2014 reacted by declaring their independence from Junagadh and acceding to India. In response, the nawab's forces militarily occupied the two states. Rulers of other neighbouring states reacted angrily, sent troops to the Junagadh frontier, and appealed to the government of India for assistance. A group of Junagadhis, led by Samaldas Gandhi, formed a government-in-exile, the Aarzi Hukumat (\"temporary government\").India asserted that Junagadh was not contiguous to Pakistan and, believing that if Junagadh was permitted to accede to Pakistan communal tension already simmering in Gujarat would worsen, refused to accept the nawab's accession to Pakistan. The Indian government pointed out that the state was 96% Hindu, and called for a plebiscite to decide the question of accession. India cut off supplies of fuel and coal to Junagadh, severed air and postal links, sent troops to the frontier, and occupied the principalities of Mangrol and Babariawad, which had acceded to India.Pakistan agreed to discuss a plebiscite, subject to the withdrawal of Indian troops, a condition India rejected. On 26 October, the nawab and his family fled to Pakistan following clashes between Junagadhi and Indian troops.\nOn 7 November, Junagadh's court, facing collapse, invited the government of India to take over the state's administration. The Dewan of Junagadh, Sir Shah Nawaz Bhutto, the father of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, decided to invite the Government of India to intervene and wrote a letter to Mr. Buch, the regional commissioner of Saurashtra in the government of India to this effect.The government of India rejected the protests of Pakistan and accepted the invitation of the dewan to intervene. A plebiscite was conducted in February 1948, but it was not internationally monitored. Pakistan claims were not based on the plebiscite but on the logic of the Kashmir annexation, which went almost unanimously in favour of accession to India. Junagadh became a part of the Indian state of Saurashtra until 1 November 1956, when Saurashtra became part of Bombay state. In 1960, Bombay state was split into the linguistic states of Maharashtra and Gujarat, in which Junagadh was located.\nPakistan's government has maintained its territorial claim on Junagadh, along with Manavadar and Sir Creek in Gujarat, on its official political map."}, {"Context": "Junagadh Accession to India", "Knowledge": "LOC Pakistan, LOC India", "Response": "15 Aug 1947 Accedes to Pakistan.\n15 Sep 1947 Accession to Pakistan accepted.\n9 Nov 1947 Occupied by India.\n10 Nov 1947 Rescinds accession to Pakistan, accedes to India.\n24 Feb 1948 Referendum approves accession to India.\n25 Feb 1948 Accession to India in effect."}, {"Context": "Junagadh Geography", "Knowledge": "LOC Damodarji, LOC Junagadh, LOC Narsinh Mehta Sarovar, LOC Kalwo, LOC Sudarshan Lake, LOC Willingdon Dam, LOC Hasnapur Dam, LOC Anandpur Weir, LOC Amreli, LOC Mount Girnar, LOC Arabian sea, LOC Porbandar, LOC Sonrakh", "Response": "Junagadh city is located at 21.52\u00b0N 70.47\u00b0E\ufeff / 21.52; 70.47 at the foot of Mount Girnar, with the Arabian sea to the southwest, Porbandar to the north, and Amreli to the east. It has an average elevation of 107 metres (351 ft).\nJunagadh city has two rivers, the Sonrakh and the Kalwo, which is polluted from city sewers. The city has several lakes: Narsinh Mehta Sarovar, Damodarji, Sudarshan Lake, etc. Willingdon Dam, Hasnapur Dam, and Anandpur Weir are the main water sources for the city. Groundwater supply is widely available in the city, with wells throughout.\nJunagadh's soil is similar to that of the rest of Junagadh district. It is deep- to medium-black coastal alluvium, due to its proximity to the sea, long shoreline, and nearby mountain ridge. Because of many fault lines in the vicinity, Junagadh is in a seismically active zone. Junagadh lies in a Seismic Zone III region, which means earthquakes up to magnitude 6.5 on the Richter-scale may be expected."}, {"Context": "Junagadh Climate", "Knowledge": "LOC Gulf of Cambay, LOC Arabian Sea, LOC Junagadh", "Response": "Junagadh has a tropical wet and dry climate (Aw) bordering on a hot semi-arid climate (BSh), with two distinct seasons: a dry season from October to May, and a wet season from June to September. The close proximity of the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Cambay affect the climate. In the summer months, temperatures range from 28 to 38 \u00b0C (82 to 100 \u00b0F). In the winter, they range from 10 to 25 \u00b0C (50 to 77 \u00b0F). From June to September the city is drained by the southwest monsoon. Rainfall averages 800 to 1,200 millimetres (31 to 47 in) annually. The greatest rainfall in a calendar year\u20142,800 millimetres (110 in)\u2014was recorded in 1983."}, {"Context": "Junagadh Demographics", "Knowledge": "PER Akshar, LOC Gir Sanctuary, LOC Junagadh, LOC Vadtal, ORG Bochasanwasi Shri, LOC Rajkot, ORG Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha, LOC Swaminarayan", "Response": "As of the 2011 census, Junagadh municipality had a population of 319,462. The municipality had a sex ratio of 955 females per 1,000 males and 9% of the population were under six years old. The effective literacy rate was 88%; male literacy was 92.46% and female literacy was 83.38%.Junagadh has relatively low to medium housing and land costs in comparison to cities like Rajkot. The city is rapidly expanding, and available land inside the city limits is now limited. Total area under slums is 19.5 square kilometres (7.5 sq mi) (14.5% of the total municipal area) and the total slum population accounts for around 25% of the total population.\n\nThe religions represented in Junagadh includes Hindus, Muslims, Jains, Christians, and Buddhists. Among these Hindus are the majority and Muslims are the largest minority group. Jains and Christians are present in considerable numbers. Sikhs and Parsis are very few in number. There are Tibetan migrants who practice Buddhism. The main language group is Gujarati. Others are Hindi and Sindhi. A small community of African origin, known as \"Siddis\", resides in and around the Gir Sanctuary, but some of them have moved to the city. There are around 8816 Siddi in the state and 65% of them reside in Junagadh. Swaminarayan Hinduism is also widely followed in the city. There are two Swaminarayan temples in the city: the old temple is managed by the Vadtal diocese and the new temple is managed by Bochasanwasi Shri Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha."}, {"Context": "Junagadh Administration", "Knowledge": "ORG Samata Party, LOC Timbawadi, LOC M. G. ) Road, ORG Bahujan Samaj Party, ORG Indian National Congress, LOC Talaw Darwaza, ORG Republic Party of India, ORG Junagadh Municipal Corporation, LOC Gandhigram, ORG BSP, LOC Mahatma Gandhi, LOC Junagadh, LOC Sakkar Baug, ORG Nationalist Congress Party, ORG Bharatiya Janta Party, ORG Communist Party of India, ORG Mahagujarat Janta Party, LOC Kalwa Chowk, LOC Zanzarda Road, LOC Girnar Taleti, ORG Joshipara, LOC Mayor, ORG BJP, ORG INC", "Response": "The city is divided into the main city, which is centered on Mahatma Gandhi (M.G.) Road and Kalwa Chowk; Gandhigram; Zanzarda Road; Talaw Darwaza; the bus stand; Sakkar Baug; Timbawadi; Joshipara; and Girnar Taleti. The city is administered by the Junagadh Municipal Corporation.\nThe politics of Junagadh city has always been closely contested between the Indian National Congress (INC) and the Bharatiya Janta Party (BJP). Other national parties are the Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP), the Communist Party of India, and the Nationalist Congress Party. Regional parties active in Junagadh are the Mahagujarat Janta Party, the Samata Party, and the Republic Party of India. Junagadh has 194,196 registered voters, of which 100,050 are male and 94,146 female.\nJunagadh has one state-assembly constituency. The BJP won this seat in the 2007 election, with 52.36% of the 118,888 votes cast, with the next largest vote being 26.32% for the INC candidate. Election for the state assembly is held every 5 years.\nThe Junagadh Municipal Corporation has 17 wards and total of 51 seats. In the 2009 municipal elections the INC won 26 seats, BJP 21 seats, BSP 3 seats and 1 went to an independent. While the majority of the seats went to the INC, the BJP candidates received more votes: 134,739, or 45.62% of the total, the INC receiving 120,533, 40.81%. The Mayor, Deputy Mayor has terms of 2 and a half years."}, {"Context": "Junagadh Utilities", "Knowledge": "LOC Sanchar, ORG Tata Docomo, LOC Junagadh, ORG Idea, LOC Hasanapur Dam, ORG Reliance, ORG Paschim Gujarat Vij Company Ltd., ORG Vodafone, ORG B. S. N. L., ORG Tata, ORG Nigam Limited, LOC Wellingdon Dam, LOC Aanandpur Weir, ORG Airtel, PER Narsinh Mehta Sarovar, ORG Bharat, ORG P. G. V. C. L.", "Response": "Junagadh's population of 320,250 requires 30 million litres (6,600,000 imp gal; 7,900,000 US gal) of water per day, which is supplied through 25,000 tap connections to three major surface water sources, namely Aanandpur Weir, Hasanapur Dam, and Wellingdon Dam, as well as to 32 wells. Junagadh has more than 1000 hand pumps and 200 stand posts situated throughout the city drawing from groundwater sources.\nIn January 2004, Junagadh city increased its area from 13.47 square kilometres (5.20 sq mi) to 57 square kilometres (22 sq mi) by annexing eight grampanchayats and one municipality. The newly acquired area has its own groundwater supply system of bore wells.The city generates approximately 150 tonnes (150 long tons; 170 short tons) of solid waste daily, which is within the recommended limit, of 400 grams (14 oz) per capita, per day, for domestic waste. The waste is collected by deploying 400 wheel barrows (six containers) as per supreme court guidelines and Municipal Solid Wastes (MSW) rule 2000. The municipal council has set up 800 community bins for solid waste collection. It covers 90% of city area. Junagadh's drainage system is 62 kilometres (39 mi) long but it serves only 67% of the total area and 60% of the population.The Paschim Gujarat Vij Company Ltd. (P.G.V.C.L.), a state-run electricity company, provides electric power. Telecom service is provided mainly by Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (B.S.N.L.); other service providers include Reliance and Tata. Cell-phone coverage is extensive and the main service providers are Vodafone, B.S.N.L., Airtel, Idea, and Tata Docomo. B.S.N.L. also provides broadband service.\nThe city has a good network of street lights. There is a total of 12,545 tube lights and 1523 central sodium street lights. A Solar power project has been approved for Narsinh Mehta Sarovar."}, {"Context": "Junagadh Transport", "Knowledge": "LOC Bhavnath, LOC Girnar, LOC National Highway 8D, LOC NH8D, LOC Veraval, LOC Junagadh, LOC Sasan Gir Lion Sanctuary, LOC Junagadh City, LOC Rajkot, LOC Bilkha, LOC Mount Girnar, LOC Kalwo River, LOC Sonrakh River, LOC Ahmedabad, LOC Ferguson Bridge", "Response": "Junagadh is connected to Rajkot, Ahmedabad, and Veraval by National Highway 8D (NH8D). The city is connected to Mount Girnar by road, as well as to Bilkha and the Sasan Gir Lion Sanctuary in the south. Junagadh City Bypass on NH8D obviates the need for through-traffic to enter the city. Ferguson Bridge connects the parts of the city on either side of the Kalwo River. Another bridge spans the Sonrakh River in the northern outskirts of the city. Rickshaws are the generally preferred mode of transportation.\nThe Girnar ropeway is a aerial tramway located in Bhavnath locality of Junagadh city."}, {"Context": "Junagadh Economy", "Knowledge": "ORG Junagadh Dairy, LOC Simar Village, ORG Mother Dairy Fruit & Vegetable Pvt Ltd, ORG Agro Marine Exports, LOC Junagadh, ORG Creative Castings Ltd., ORG JSW Power Co., ORG Austin Engineering, LOC Dahej, LOC Asia", "Response": "Due to its mountainous geography and forest reserves, Junagadh lacks major industries or plants. The main economic sectors are the mineral-based cement industry, agriculture-based industries, and the power sector. The presence of large reserves of limestone makes the cement industry a thriving industrial sector. Major crops produced in the district are wheat, oil seeds, cotton, mangoes, bananas, onions, and brinjal (eggplant). The total production of oilseeds in Junagadh in 2006\u201307 was 464,400 metric tons, which was the highest in the state. Junagadh is the largest producer of groundnut and garlic in the state, contributing 26% and 34%, respectively, of total production. Junagadh has Asia's largest ground-nut research laboratory. Mangoes and onions are grown in large quantities in the district.Some of the large-scale industry present in Junagadh are Mother Dairy Fruit & Vegetable Pvt Ltd (popularly known as Junagadh Dairy in the region), Agro Marine Exports, Creative Castings Ltd., and Austin Engineering. With an investment of INR 4,000 crore (US$975.6million), JSW Power Co. had proposed to set up a coal-based power plant at Simar Village, in Junagadh, but due to difficulties in establishing a port there, it has been shifted to the port of Dahej. Under the new government policy of encouraging biotechnology, Junagadh has been identified as an agriculture biotechnology zone. This will boost the establishment of agro-biotech industries in the district.Junagadh boasts of some of the best tourist destinations in the state, so tourism is considered to be a progressing sector. The state government has sanctioned the development of a Circuit Tourism project at Junagadh."}, {"Context": "Junagadh Education", "Knowledge": "LOC Junagadh, ORG International General Certificate of Secondary Education, ORG Gujarat Secondary and Higher Secondary Education Board, ORG Central Board of Secondary Education, ORG Junagadh Agricultural University", "Response": "Junagadh is an education hub where people from nearby towns and villages come to study.\nSchools in Junagadh are either municipal schools run by the municipal council or private schools run by trusts or individuals, which in some cases receive financial aid from the government. The schools are affiliated either with the Gujarat Secondary and Higher Secondary Education Board, the Central Board of Secondary Education, or the International General Certificate of Secondary Education. English and Gujarati are the predominant languages of instruction.\nThe city is home to Junagadh Agricultural University."}, {"Context": "Junagadh Culture", "Knowledge": "LOC Janmastami, LOC Dussera, PER Ashoka, LOC Mount Girnar, LOC Muharram, LOC Nabghan Kuvo, LOC Adi Kadi Vav, LOC Sakkarbaug Zoological Garden, ORG Shivaratri, LOC Girnar Hill, PER Chudasamas, LOC Navratri, LOC Maagha, PER Mauryas, LOC Sakkarbaug Zoo, PER Vilabhis, LOC Holi, LOC Junagadh, PER Ganesh, LOC Gujarat, PER Chudama, PER Babi Nawabs, LOC Talati, LOC Junaga, PER Kshatraps, LOC Jami Masjid", "Response": "Established in 1863, Junagadh's Sakkarbaug Zoological Garden, also known as the Sakkarbaug Zoo, is around 210 acre (84 hectares) in size. The zoo provides purebred Asiatic lions for the Indian and international critically endangered species captive breeding programs. Currently, it is the only zoo in the country to house African cheetahs. The zoo also has museum of natural history.\nJunagadh's many ruling dynasties\u2014such as Babi Nawabs, Vilabhis, Kshatraps, Mauryas, Chudasamas, Gujarat Sultans\u2014and its religious groups have influenced the architectural syles of Junagadh.\n\nThe Junagadh Buddhist Cave Groups, with their intricately carved gateways, Chaitya halls, sculptured pillars, and sanctums are classic examples of rock-cut architecture. The Chudama Rajputs left specimens of their architectural style in Nabghan Kuvo and Adi Kadi Vav. Religious monuments such as the Jami Masjid remind us of Muslim architectural patterns. The Ashokan edicts is a classic example of old rock engraving styles. The Maqbaras and numerous age-old palaces in Junagadh tell the story of its rich historical and architectural past.About 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) east of Junagadh and 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) west of the foot of Girnar Hill is an edict of Emperor Ashoka, inscribed on an uneven rock and dating from the 3rd century BC. The Ashokan edicts impart moral instructions on dharma, harmony, tolerance, and peace. The rock has a circumference of seven metres (23 ft), a height of ten metres (33 ft), and bears inscriptions in Br\u0101hm\u012b script etched with an iron pen.The people of Junagadh celebrate both Western and Indian festivals. Diwali, Maha Shivaratri, Holi, Janmastami, Muharram, Navratri, Christmas, Good Friday, Dussera, Muharram, and Ganesh Chaturthi are some of the popular festivals in the city.The Shivaratri Mela is organized at the foot of Mount Girnar (Talati) in the month of Maha (9th day of the month of Maagha). The mela lasts for the next five days. About 500,000 people visit Junagadh on this occasion. The Girnar Parikrama is also organized annually. It starts in the month of Kartik and draws 1 to 1.5 million people. People walk the periphery of the Girnar Hills on foot (about 32 kilometres (20 mi)). Muharram is celebrated by Muslims. The sej, which belonged to the peers or gurus of the nawabs, has been taken out; and a fair has been organized. Apart from these religious and national festivals, Junagadh annually celebrates its accession to India on 9 November 1947 as the independence day of the city. 1 May is Gujarat day, to celebrate the formation of Gujarat state on 1 May 1960."}, {"Context": "Junagadh Notable", "Knowledge": "LOC Koli, PER Bapu Velnath Thakor", "Response": "Bapu Velnath Thakor, Koli saint of 17th century from junagadh."}, {"Context": "Kalimpong Introduction", "Knowledge": "ORG Gorkhaland Territorial Administration, ORG Kalimpong Science Centre, LOC Science, ORG Indian Army, LOC India, LOC Kalimpong, ORG Centre, LOC China, LOC Zang Dhok Palri Phodang, LOC Deolo Hill, LOC Tibet, ORG 27 Mountain Division, LOC West Bengal, ORG Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council, LOC Darjeeling, LOC Teesta River, LOC Gorkhaland", "Response": "Kalimpong is a town and the headquarters of an eponymous district in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is located at an average elevation of 1,250 metres (4,101 ft). The town is the headquarters of the Kalimpong district. The region comes under Gorkhaland Territorial Administration which is an autonomous governing body within the state of West Bengal. The Indian Army's 27 Mountain Division is located on the outskirts of the city.Kalimpong is known for its educational institutions, many of which were established during the British colonial period. It used to be a gateway in the trade between Tibet and India before  China's annexation of Tibet and the Sino-Indian War. Kalimpong and neighbouring Darjeeling were major centres calling for a separate Gorkhaland state in the 1980s, and more recently in 2010.\nThe municipality sits on a ridge overlooking the Teesta River and is a tourist destination owing to its temperate climate, natural environment and proximity to popular tourist locations in the region. Horticulture is important to Kalimpong: It has a flower market notable for its wide array of orchids; nurseries, which export Himalayan grown flower bulbs, tubers and rhizomes, contribute to the economy of Kalimpong. The Tibetan Buddhist monastery Zang Dhok Palri Phodang holds a number of rare Tibetan Buddhist scriptures.The Kalimpong Science Centre, established under the Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council in 2008 is a recent addition to its many tourist attractions. The Science Centre, which provides for scientific awareness among the students of the town and the locals sits atop the Deolo Hill."}, {"Context": "Kalimpong Etymology", "Knowledge": "LOC \u0915\u0932\u092f\u0941\u092e, LOC Lepcha, LOC Kalempung, LOC Kalimpong, PER K. P. Tamsang, LOC Kalenpung, LOC Kaulim, LOC Lepchas", "Response": "The precise origin of the name Kalimpong remains unclear. There are many theories on the origin of the name. One widely accepted theory claims that the name \"Kalimpong\" means \"Assembly (or Stockade) of the King's Ministers\" in Tibetan, derived from kalon (\"King's ministers\") and pong (\"stockade\"). The name may be derived from the translation \"ridge where we play\" from Lepcha, as it was known to be the place for traditional tribal gatherings for summer sporting events. People from the hills call the area Kalempung (\"the black spurs\").According to K.P. Tamsang, author of The Untold and Unknown Reality about the Lepchas, the term Kalimpong is deduced from the name Kalenpung, which in Lepcha means \"Hillock of Assemblage\"; in time, the name was distorted to Kalebung, and later further contorted to Kalimpong. Another possible derivation points to Kaulim(\u0915\u0932\u092f\u0941\u092e), locally known as odal(\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0932) Scientific name Sterculia Villosa, a fibrous plant found in abundance in the region."}, {"Context": "Kalimpong History", "Knowledge": "ORG Bengal Civil Service, LOC Kalimpong, LOC Teesta River, LOC Bhutia, LOC Kalimpong Subdivision, PER Ashley Eden, PER Gyalpo Ajok, LOC Nepal, LOC Western Duars, LOC Tibet, LOC Darjeeling, ORG British East India Company, LOC Lepcha, LOC Dalingkot, LOC India, LOC Sikkim, LOC Nathu La, LOC Bhutan, LOC Jelep La", "Response": "Until the mid-19th century, the area around Kalimpong was ruled in succession by the Sikkimese and Bhutanese kingdoms.\nKalimpong is said to have come under the control of Bhutan in the year 1706. However, according to historians, the Bhutanese encroachments had been in effect for about two decades by then, following the defeat of Gyalpo Ajok and other Lepcha chieftans.The area was sparsely populated by the indigenous Lepcha community and migrant Bhutia, Limbu and Kirati tribes.After the Anglo-Bhutan War in 1864, the Treaty of Sinchula (1865) was signed, in which Bhutanese-held territory east of the Teesta River was ceded to the British East India Company. It was administered as the 'Western Duars' district for a few years, and divided into three tehsils. Kalimpong fell into the Dalingkot tehsil, which consisted of all the mountainous part of the annexed territory. In 1867, the Dalingkot tehsil was merged with the Darjeeling district, and eventually renamed the Kalimpong Subdivision.At the time of annexation, Kalimpong was a hamlet, with only two or three families known to reside there. The first recorded mention of the town was a fleeting reference made that year by Ashley Eden, a government official with the Bengal Civil Service. Kalimpong was added to district of Darjeeling in 1866. In 1866\u20131867 an Anglo-Bhutanese commission demarcated the common boundaries between the two, thereby giving shape to the Kalimpong subdivision and the Darjeeling district.After the war, the region became a subdivision of the Western Duars district, and the following year it was merged with the district of Darjeeling. The temperate climate prompted the British to develop the town as an alternative hill station to Darjeeling, to escape the scorching summer heat in the plains. Kalimpong's proximity to the Nathu La and Jelep La passes (La means \"pass\") for trading with Tibet was an added advantage. It soon became an important trading outpost in the trade of furs, wools and food grains between India and Tibet. The increase in commerce attracted large numbers of Nepali's from the neighbouring Nepal and the lower regions of Sikkim, the areas where, Nepali's were residing since the Gorkha invasion of Sikkim in 1790. The movement of people into the area, transformed Kalimpong from a small hamlet with a few houses, to a thriving town with increased economic prosperity. Britain assigned a plot within Kalimpong to the influential Bhutanese Dorji family, through which trade and relations with Bhutan flowed. This later became Bhutan House, a Bhutanese administrative and cultural centre.The arrival of Scottish missionaries saw the construction of schools and welfare centres for the British. Rev. W. Macfarlane in the early 1870s established the first schools in the area. The Scottish University Mission Institution was opened in 1886, followed by the Kalimpong Girls High School. In 1900, Reverend J.A. Graham founded the Dr. Graham's Homes for destitute Anglo-Indian students. The young missionary (and aspiring writer and poet) Aeneas Francon Williams, aged 24, arrived in Kalimpong in 1910 to take up the post of assistant schoolmaster at Dr. Graham's Homes, where he later became Bursar and remained working at the school for the next fourteen years. From 1907 onwards, most schools in Kalimpong had started offering education to Indian students. By 1911, the population comprised many ethnic groups, including Nepalis, Lepchas, Tibetans, Muslims, the Anglo-Indian communities. Hence by 1911, the population had swollen to 7,880.Following Indian independence in 1947, Kalimpong became part of the state of West Bengal, after Bengal was partitioned between India and East Pakistan. With China's annexation of Tibet in 1959, many Buddhist monks fled Tibet and established monasteries in Kalimpong. These monks brought many rare Buddhist scriptures with them. In 1962, the permanent closure of the Jelep Pass after the Sino-Indian War disrupted trade between Tibet and India, and led to a slowdown in Kalimpong's economy. In 1976, the visiting Dalai Lama consecrated the Zang Dhok Palri Phodang monastery, which houses many of the scriptures.\n\nBetween 1986 and 1988, the demand for a separate state of Gorkhaland and Kamtapur based on ethnic lines grew strong. Riots between the Gorkha National Liberation Front (GNLF) and the West Bengal government reached a stand-off after a forty-day strike. The town was virtually under siege, and the state government called in the Indian army to maintain law and order. This led to the formation of the Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council, a body that was given semi-autonomous powers to govern the Darjeeling district, except the area under the Siliguri subdivision. Since 2007, the demand for a separate Gorkhaland state has been revived by the Gorkha Janmukti Morcha and its supporters in the Darjeeling hills. The Kamtapur People's Party and its supporters' movement for a separate Kamtapur state covering North Bengal have gained momentum."}, {"Context": "Kalimpong Geography", "Knowledge": "LOC Durpin Hill, LOC Teesta, LOC Shiwalik Hills, LOC Kalimpong, LOC Deolo Hill, LOC Sikkim, LOC Kanchenjunga, LOC Deolo", "Response": "The town centre is on a ridge connecting two hills, Deolo Hill and Durpin Hill, at an elevation of 1,247 m (4,091 ft). Deolo, the highest point in Kalimpong, has an altitude of 1,704 m (5,591 ft) and Durpin Hill is at an elevation of 1,372 m (4,501 ft). The River Teesta flows in the valley below and separates Kalimpong from the state of Sikkim. The soil in the Kalimpong area is typically reddish in color. Occasional dark soils are found due to extensive existence of phyllite and schists. The Shiwalik Hills, like most of the Himalayan foothills, have steep slopes and soft, loose topsoil, leading to frequent landslides in the monsoon season. The hills are nestled within higher peaks and the snow-clad Himalayan ranges tower over the town in the distance. Kanchenjunga, at 8,586 m (28,169 ft) the world's third tallest peak, is clearly visible from Kalimpong."}, {"Context": "Kalimpong Climate", "Knowledge": "LOC Kalimpong, LOC India", "Response": "Kalimpong has five distinct seasons: spring, summer, autumn, winter and the monsoons. The annual temperature is 18 \u00b0C (64 \u00b0F). Summers are mild, with an average maximum temperature of 25.5 \u00b0C (77.9 \u00b0F) in August. Summers are followed by the monsoon rains which lash the town between June and September. The monsoons are severe, often causing landslides which sequester the town from the rest of India. Winter lasts from December to February, with the minimum temperature being around 8 \u00b0C (46 \u00b0F). During the monsoon and winter seasons, Kalimpong is often enveloped by fog."}, {"Context": "Kalimpong Economy", "Knowledge": "LOC Teesta, LOC India, LOC Kalimpong, LOC Bangladesh, LOC Indo, LOC China, LOC \u2013, LOC Sikkim, LOC Tibet, LOC Nathu La, LOC Thailand, LOC Darjeeling, LOC Bhutan, LOC Jelep La, LOC Nepal", "Response": "Tourism is the most significant contributor to Kalimpong's economy. The summer and spring seasons are the most popular with tourists, keeping many of town's residents employed directly and indirectly. The town\u2014earlier an important trade post between India and Tibet\u2014hoped to boost its economy after the reopening of the Nathu La pass in April 2006. Though this resumed Indo\u2013China border trades, local leaders requested that the Jelep La pass also be reopened to allow trade.Kalimpong is a major ginger growing area of India. Kalimpong and the state of Sikkim together contribute 15 percent of the ginger produced in India. The Darjeeling Himalayan hill region is internationally famous for its tea industry. However, most of the tea gardens are on the western side of Teesta river (towards the town of Darjeeling) and so tea gardens near Kalimpong contribute only 4 percent of total tea production of the region. In Kalimpong division, 90 percent of land is cultivable but only 10 percent is used for tea production. Kalimpong is well known for its flower export industry\u2014especially for its wide array of indigenous orchids and gladioli.A significant contributor to the town's economy is education sector. The schools of Kalimpong, besides imparting education to the locals, attract a significant number of students from the plains, the neighbouring state of Sikkim and countries such as Bhutan, Bangladesh, Nepal and Thailand.Many establishments cater to the Indian army bases near the town, providing it with essential supplies. Small contributions to the economy come by the way of the sale of traditional arts and crafts of Sikkim and Tibet. Government efforts related to sericulture, seismology, and fisheries provide a steady source of employment to many of its residents.\nKalimpong is well renowned for its cheese, noodles and lollipops. Kalimpong exports a wide range of traditional handicrafts, wood-carvings, embroidered items, bags and purses with tapestry work, copper ware, scrolls, Tibetan jewellery and artifacts."}, {"Context": "Kalimpong Transport", "Knowledge": "LOC Paro, LOC Kalimpong, LOC Delhi, LOC Sevok, LOC Siliguri, ORG Air India, LOC Kurseong, LOC New Jalpaiguri, LOC NH10, LOC Darjeeling, LOC Kolkata, LOC Bagdogra, ORG Druk Air, LOC Guwahati, LOC NH 31, LOC Gangtok, LOC NH31A, LOC Bangkok, LOC Thailand, LOC Bhutan", "Response": "Kalimpong is located off the NH10, which links Sevok to Gangtok. The NH31A is an offshoot of the NH 31, which connects Sevok to Siliguri. These two National Highways together, via Sevok, links Kalimpong to the plains. Regular bus services and hired vehicles connect Kalimpong with Siliguri and the neighbouring towns of Kurseong, Darjeeling and Gangtok. The nearest airport is in Bagdogra near Siliguri, about 80 kilometres (50 mi) from Kalimpong. Air India and Druk Air (Bhutan) are the two major carriers that connect the airport to Delhi, Kolkata, Paro (Bhutan), Guwahati and Bangkok (Thailand). The closest major railway station is New Jalpaiguri, on the outskirts of Siliguri, which is connected with almost all major cities of the country."}, {"Context": "Kalimpong Demographics", "Knowledge": "LOC Kalimpong", "Response": "At the 2011 India census, Kalimpong town area had a population of 42,988, of which 52% were male and 48% female.At the 2001 census, Kalimpong had an average literacy rate of 79%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy was 84%, and female literacy was 73%. In Kalimpong, 8% of the population was under 6 years of age. The Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes population for Kalimpong was 5,100 and 5,121 respectively."}, {"Context": "Kalimpong Civic administration", "Knowledge": "ORG SDO, ORG Council, ORG Neora Khola, LOC National, ORG WBSEDCL, LOC Kurseong, LOC Kalimpong, LOC Kalimpong \u2013 I, ORG West Bengal State Electricity Distribution Corporation Limited, ORG Public Works Department, ORG Vidhan Sabha, ORG State Government, ORG Renewable Energy Development Agency, ORG Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council, LOC Gorubathan, LOC West Bengal, LOC Darjeeling Sadar, LOC Darjeeling", "Response": "Kalimpong is the headquarters of the Kalimpong district. The semi-autonomous Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council, set up by the West Bengal government in 1988, administers this district as well as the Darjeeling Sadar and Kurseong subdivisions. Kalimpong elects eight councillors, who manage the departments of Public Health, Education, Public Works, Transport, Tourism, Market, Small scale industries, Agriculture, Agricultural waterways, Forest (except reserved forests), Water, Livestock, Vocational Training and Sports and Youth services. The district administration of Darjeeling, which is the authoritative body for the departments of election, panchayat, law and order, revenue, etc., also acts as an interface of communication between the Council and the State Government. The rural area in the district covers three community development blocks Kalimpong I, Kalimpong II and Gorubathan consisting of forty-two gram panchayats. A Sub-Divisional Officer (SDO) presides over the Kalimpong subdivision. Kalimpong has a police station that serves the municipality and 18 gram panchayats of Kalimpong\u2013I CD block.The Kalimpong municipality, which was established in 1945, is in charge of the infrastructure of the town such as potable water and roads. The municipal area is divided into twenty-three wards. Kalimpong municipality is constructing additional water storage tanks to meet the requirement of potable water, and it needs an increase of water supply from the 'Neora Khola Water Supply Scheme' for this purpose. Often, landslides occurring in monsoon season cause havoc to the roads in and around Kalimpong. The West Bengal State Electricity Distribution Corporation Limited (WBSEDCL) provides electricity here. Renewable Energy Development Agency of the state has plans to promote usage of solar street lights in Kalimpong and proposed an energy park here to sell renewable energy gadgets. The Public Works Department is responsible for the road connecting the town to the National Highway\u2013NH-31A. The Kalimpong municipality has a total of 10 health care units, with a total of 433 bed capacity.The Kalimpong assembly constituency, which is an assembly segment of the Darjeeling parliamentary constituency, elects one member of the Vidhan Sabha of West Bengal."}, {"Context": "Kalimpong People, culture, and cuisine", "Knowledge": "LOC Magars, LOC Tamangs, LOC Kalimpong, PER Trinley Thaye Dorje, PER Pem Dorjee, LOC Limbus, LOC Damais, LOC Bhutia, LOC Sherpas, LOC Bhujels, ORG Nijananda Sampradaya, LOC Chettris, LOC Nepal, LOC Darjeeling Hills, LOC Kalimpong Anjuman, LOC Rais, LOC Zang Dhok Palri Phodang, LOC Sunuwars, LOC Sarkis, LOC Tibet, LOC Thakuris, LOC Yakkhas, LOC India, LOC Kamis, LOC Yolmos, LOC Bhutan, LOC Gurungs", "Response": "The original settlers of Kalimpong are the Lepchas, although the majority of the populace are ethnic Indian Gorkhas, having migrated from Tibet and Nepal to Kalimpong in search of jobs while it was under British rule.Indigenous ethnic groups include the Bhutia, Limbus, Rais, Sherpas, Magars, Chettris, Bahuns, Thakuris, Gurungs, Tamangs, Yolmos, Bhujels, Yakkhas, Sunuwars, Sarkis, Damais and the Kamis. The other non-native communities as old as the Indian Gorkhas are the Bengalis, Muslims, Anglo-Indians, Chinese, Biharis and Tibetans who escaped to Kalimpong after fleeing the Communist Chinese invasion of Tibet. Kalimpong is home to Trinley Thaye Dorje\u2014one of the 17th Karmapa incarnations. Kalimpong is the closest Indian town to Bhutan's western border, and has a small number of Bhutanese nationals residing here. Hinduism is the largest religion followed by Nijananda Sampradaya, Buddhism and Christianity. Islam has a minuscule presence in this region, The Oldest settlers include people residing since the mid of 19th Century and also mostly Tibetan Muslims who fled in 1959 after Chinese invasion of Tibet. The Buddhist monastery Zang Dhok Palri Phodang holds a number of rare Tibetan Buddhist scriptures. There is a Mosque, Kalimpong Anjuman Islamia Established in 1887 in the bazaar area of Kalimpong.Local Hindu festivals include Dashain, Tihar, Sakela Cultural Programme and the Tibetan festival of Losar. The official languages are Hindi, Bengali and Nepali, with English acting as the additional official language.\nLanguages spoken in Kalimpong include Nepali and Hindi, which are the predominant languages; Lepcha, Limbu, Rai, Tamang, Hindi and English. Though there is a growing interest in cricket as a winter sport in Darjeeling Hills, football still remains the most popular sport in Kalimpong. Every year since 1947, the Independence Shield Football Tournament is organized here as part of the two-day-long Independence Day celebrations. Former captain of India national football team, Pem Dorjee hails from Kalimpong.A popular snack in Kalimpong is the momo, steamed dumplings made of chicken, pork, beef or vegetable cooked in a wrapping of flour and served with watery soup. Wai-Wai is a packaged Thai snack made of noodles which are eaten either dry or in soup form. Churpee, a kind of hard cheese made from yak's or chauri's (a hybrid of yak and cattle) milk, is sometimes chewed. A form of noodle called Thukpa, served in soup form is popular in Kalimpong. There are a large number of restaurants which offer a wide variety of cuisines, ranging from Indian to continental, to cater to the tourists. Tea is the most popular beverage in Kalimpong, procured from the famed Darjeeling tea gardens. Kalimpong has a golf course besides Kalimpong Circuit House.The cultural centres in Kalimpong include, the Lepcha Museum and the Zang Dhok Palri Phodang monastery. The Lepcha Museum, a kilometre away from the town centre, showcases the culture of the Lepcha community, the indigenous peoples of Sikkim. The Zang Dhok Palri Phodong monastery has 108 volumes of the Kangyur, and belongs to the Gelug of Buddhism."}, {"Context": "Kalimpong Media", "Knowledge": "ORG Haal Khabar, LOC North Bengal, LOC Kalimpong, ORG The Statesman, ORG FM Radio, ORG kalimpong. info, ORG All India Radio, ORG HPC, ORG Swarnabhumi, ORG Jan Sarokar, ORG JBU, ORG Kalimpong Online News, LOC Siliguri, ORG Hill Channel Network, LOC Darjeeling Hills, ORG Kalimpong Television KTv, ORG kalimpongexpress. blogspot. com, ORG KTV, ORG Kalimpong Times, ORG Dainandini, ORG The Economic Times, ORG Cable Television, ORG Hamro Prajashakti, ORG Kalimpong News, ORG KalimNews, LOC Kolkata, ORG The Telegraph, LOC India, ORG Hindustan Times, ORG Himalayan People ' s Channel, ORG Himalay Darpan, ORG Tibet Mirror, ORG Samay Dainik, ORG Himalayan Times, LOC Sikkim", "Response": "Kalimpong has access to most of the television channels aired in the rest of India. Cable Television still provides service to many homes in the town and its outskirts, while DTH connections are now practically mandatory throughout the country. Besides mainstream Indian channels, many Nepali-language channels such as Dainandini DD, Kalimpong Television KTv, Haal Khabar (an association of the Hill Channel Network), Jan Sarokar, Himalayan People's Channel (HPC), and Kalimpong Times are broadcast in Kalimpong. These channels, which mainly broadcast locally relevant news, are produced by regional media houses and news networks, and are broadcast through the local cable network, which is now slowly becoming defunct due to the Indian government's ruling on mandatory digitization of TV channels. The movie production houses like JBU films produces the movies on the nepali and other languages.Newspapers in Kalimpong include English language dailies The Statesman and The Telegraph, which are printed in Siliguri, and The Economic Times and the Hindustan Times, which are printed in Kolkata.\nAmong other languages, Nepali, Hindi and Bengali are prominent vernacular languages used in this region. Newspapers in all these four languages are available in the Darjeeling Hills region. Of the largely circulated Nepali newspapers Himalay Darpan, Swarnabhumi and some Sikkim-based Nepali newspapers like Hamro Prajashakti and Samay Dainik are read most. The Tibet Mirror was the first Tibetan-language newspaper published in Kalimpong in 1925. while Himalayan Times was the first English to have come out from Kalimpong in the year 1947, it was closed down in the year 1962 after the Chinese aggression but was started once again and is now in regular print.\nInternet service and Internet caf\u00e9s are well established; these are mostly served through broadband, data card of different mobile services, WLL, dialup lines, Kalimpong News, Kalimpong Online News, Kalimpong Times  and KTV are the main online news sites that collect and present local and North Bengal & Sikkim news from its own agencies like KalimNews and other newspapers. Besides this there are others like kalimpong.info, kalimpongexpress.blogspot.com and several others.\nAll India Radio and several other National and Private Channels including FM Radio are received in Kalimpong.\nThe area is serviced by major telecommunication companies of India with most types of cellular services in most areas."}, {"Context": "Kalimpong Flora and fauna", "Knowledge": "LOC Neora Valley National Park, LOC India, ORG Citrus Dieback Research Station, LOC Kalimpong, LOC Eastern Himalayas, LOC Rishi Bankim Chandra Park", "Response": "The area around Kalimpong lies in the Eastern Himalayas, which is classified as an ecological hotspot, one of only three among the ecoregions of India. Neora Valley National Park lies within the Kalimpong subdivision and is home to tigers. Acacia is the most commonly found species at lower altitudes, while cinnamon, ficus, bamboo and cardamom, are found in the hillsides around Kalimpong. The forests found at higher altitudes are made up of pine trees and other evergreen alpine vegetation. Seven species of rhododendrons are found in the region east of Kalimpong. The temperate deciduous forests include oak, birch, maple and alder. Three hundred species of orchid are found around Kalimpong.The Red panda, Clouded leopard, Siberian weasel, Asiatic black bear, barking deer, Himalayan tahr, goral, gaur and pangolin are some of the fauna found near Kalimpong. Avifauna of the region include the pheasants, cuckoos, minivets, flycatchers, bulbuls, orioles, owls, partridges, sunbirds, warblers, swallows, swifts and woodpeckers.Kalimpong is a major production centre of gladioli in India, and orchids, which are exported to many parts of the world. The Rishi Bankim Chandra Park is an ecological museums within Kalimpong. Citrus Dieback Research Station at Kalimpong works towards control of diseases, plant protection and production of disease free orange seedlings.Kalimpong is also known for their rich practice of cactus cultivation. Its nurseries attract people from far and wide for the absolutely stunning collection of cacti they cultivate. The strains of cacti, though not indigenous to the locale, have been carefully cultivated over the years, and now the town boasts one of the most fascinating and exhaustive collections of the family Cactaceae. The plants have adapted well to the altitude and environment, and now prove to be one of the chief draws of tourism to the township."}, {"Context": "Kalimpong Bibliography", "Knowledge": "LOC Bengal, ORG Sterling Publishers, PER A. R., PER Roy, D. C., PER Foning, PER . H. E. Sunder, PER O ' Malley, PER D, ORG 207, PER L. S. S., PER Christoph von F\u00fcrer - Haimendorf, LOC Siliguri, ORG N. L. Publishers, LOC New Delhi, LOC Jalpaiguri, LOC Darjeeling, LOC Western Duarsl, LOC Government of Bengal", "Response": "Foning, A. R.; Christoph von F\u00fcrer-Haimendorf (forward) (1987). Lepcha, My Vanishing Tribe. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers. ISBN 978-81-207-0685-9.\nO'Malley, L. S. S., ed. (1907), Bengal District Gazetteers: Darjeeling, Government of Bengal \u2013 via archive.org\nRoy, D. C., ed. (2013), Survey and Settlement of the Western Duarsl in the District of Jalpaiguri 1889\u20131895, D. H. E. Sunder, Siliguri: N. L. Publishers \u2013 via archive.org"}, {"Context": "Kanchipuram Introduction", "Knowledge": "LOC Kailasanathar Temple, LOC Vijayanagara Empire, LOC Kanchipuram, LOC Conjeevaram, PER Vishnu, LOC Vegavathy, LOC Kumarakottam Temple, LOC Kamakshi Amman Temple, LOC Varadharaja Perumal Temple, LOC Kanchi, LOC Conjeeveram, LOC Palar, LOC Vaikunta Perumal Temple, LOC City of Thousand Temples, LOC k\u0101\u00f1cipuram, LOC Chennai, LOC Kanchipuram District, LOC Tamil Nadu, LOC puram, LOC Tondaimandalam, LOC Ekambareswarar Temple, LOC India, LOC Brahma", "Response": "Kanchipuram (k\u0101\u00f1cipuram; [ka\u02d0\u0272d\u0291ipu\u027eam]) also known as Conjeevaram, is a city in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu in the Tondaimandalam region, 72 km (45 mi) from Chennai \u2013 the capital of Tamil Nadu. Known as the City of Thousand Temples, Kanchipuram is known for its temple architectures, 1000-pillared halls, huge temple towers and silk saris. Kanchipuram serves as one of the most important tourist destinations in India. Kanchipuram has become a centre of attraction to the foreign tourists as well. The city covers an area of 36.14 km2 (13.95 sq mi) and an estimated population of more than 300,000 in 2021. It is the administrative headquarters of Kanchipuram District. Kanchipuram is well-connected by road and rail.\nKanchipuram is a Tamil word formed by combining two words \"Kanchi\" and \"-puram\" meaning \"Brahma\" and \"residential place\" respectively and located on the banks of the Vegavathy and Palar river. Kanchipuram has been ruled by the Pallavas, the Medieval Cholas, the Later Cholas, the Later Pandyas, the Vijayanagara Empire, the Carnatic kingdom, and the British, who called the city \"Conjeeveram\". The city's historical monuments include the Kailasanathar Temple and the Vaikunta Perumal Temple. Historically, Kanchipuram was a centre of education and was known as the ghatikasthanam, or \"place of learning\". The city was also a religious centre of advanced education for Jainism and Buddhism between the 1st and 5th centuries.In Vaishnavism Hindu theology, Kanchipuram is one of the seven Tirtha (pilgrimage) sites, for spiritual release. The city houses Varadharaja Perumal Temple, Ekambareswarar Temple, Kamakshi Amman Temple, and Kumarakottam Temple which are some of major Hindu temples in the state. Of the 108 holy temples of the Hindu god Vishnu, 15 are located in Kanchipuram.The city is important to both Shaivism and Sri Vaishnavism. The city is well known for its hand woven silk saris and most of the city's workforce is involved in the weaving industry.Kanchipuram is administered by a Special grade municipality constituted in 1947. It is the headquarters of the Kanchi matha, a Hindu monastic institution believed to have been founded by the Hindu saint and commentator Adi Sankaracharya, and was the capital city of the Pallava Kingdom between the 4th and 9th centuries.\nKanchipuram has been chosen as one of the heritage cities for HRIDAY - Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana scheme of Government of India."}, {"Context": "Kanchipuram Etymology", "Knowledge": "PER Patanjali, PER Varadharaja Perumal Temple, PER Visnugopa, LOC Kancheepuram, PER Bhrama, LOC Tiruparutti Kundram, LOC Kanchipura, LOC Kachipedu, LOC Kanchipuram, PER Lord Brahma, LOC Kanchipuraka, LOC Kanchi, PER Athi, PER Samudragupta, LOC kanchipuram, PER Chalukya, LOC Conjeevaram, LOC Kanchipedu", "Response": "Kanchipuram was known in early Tamil literature as Kanchi or Kachipedu. In Tamil the word split into two: ka and anchi. Ka means Brahma &anchi means worship, showing that Kanchi stands for the place where Lord Varadharaja Perumal Temple was worshipped by Lord Brahma. Lord Bhrama has sculpted Athi Varadhar and worshiipped here. In Sanskrit the term Kanci means girdle and explanation is given that the city is like a girdle to the earth. The earliest Sanskrit inscriptions from the Gupta period (325\u2013185 BCE) denote the city as Kanchipuram, where King Visnugopa was defeated by Samudragupta.  Patanjali (150 BCE or 2nd century BCE) refers to the city in his Mahabhasya as Kanchipuraka. The city was referred to by various names like Kanchi, Kanchipedu and \" kanchipuram\". The Pallava inscriptions from (250\u2013355) and the inscriptions of the Chalukya dynasty refer the city as Kanchipura. Jaina Kanchi refers to the area around Tiruparutti Kundram. During the British rule, the city was known as Conjeevaram and later as Kanchipuram. The municipal administration was renamed  Kancheepuram, while the district and city retains the name Kanchipuram.It finds its mention in P\u0101\u1e47ini's Ashtadhyayi as Kanchi-prastha and in several Puranas. It is also one of the 7 cities that provides liberation."}, {"Context": "Kanchipuram History", "Knowledge": "LOC Pallava, PER Narasimhavarman II, PER Kalidasa, LOC Kanchipuram, LOC Dravida Kingdom, PER Xuanzang, LOC Vatapi, LOC Varadharaja Perumal Temple, LOC Chalukya, PER Patanjali, LOC Andhra Pradesh, PER Nagareshu, PER Narasimhavarman I, PER P. T. Srinivasa Iyengar, PER Mahendravarman I, LOC Kaveri River, LOC Iravatanesvara Temple, LOC Kanchi Kailasanathar Temple, PER Pulakesin II", "Response": "The earliest references to Kanchipuram are found in the books of the Sanskrit grammarian Patanjali, who lived between the 3rd and 2nd centuries BCE. The city was part of the Dravida Kingdom of the Mahabharata and was described as \"the best among cities\" (Sanskrit: Nagareshu Kanchi) by the 4th-century Sanskrit poet, Kalidasa. The city was regarded as the Banaras of the South. The city finds mention in the classical Tamil language Sangam literature dated 300 BCe like Manimegalai and Perump\u0101\u1e47\u0101\u1e5f\u1e5fuppa\u1e6dai. While it is widely accepted that Kanchipuram had served as an Early Chola capital, the claim has been contested by Indian historian P. T. Srinivasa Iyengar who wrote that the Tamil culture of the Sangam period did not spread through the Kanchipuram district and cites the Sanskritic origins of its name in support of his claim.Kanchipuram grew in importance when the Pallavas of southern Andhra Pradesh, wary of constant invasions from the north, moved their capital south to the city in the 6th century. The Pallavas fortified the city with ramparts, wide moats, well-laid-out roads, and artistic temples. During the reign of the Pallava King Mahendravarman I, the Chalukya King Pulakesin II (610\u2013642) invaded the Pallava kingdom as far as the Kaveri River. The Pallavas successfully defended Kanchipuram and foiled repeated attempts to capture the city. A second invasion ended disastrously for Pulakesin II, who was forced to retreat to his capital Vatapi which was besieged and Pulakesin II was killed by Narasimhavarman I (630\u2013668), son of Mahendravarman I (600\u2013630), at the Battle of Vatapi. Under the Pallavas, Kanchipuram flourished as a centre of Hindu and Buddhist learning. King Narasimhavarman II built the city's important Hindu temples, the Kanchi Kailasanathar Temple, the Varadharaja Perumal Temple and the Iravatanesvara Temple. Xuanzang, a Chinese traveller who visited Kanchipuram in 640, recorded that the city was 6 miles (9.7 km) in circumference and that its people were renowned for their bravery, piety, love of justice and veneration for learning.The Medieval Chola king Aditya I conquered the Pallava kingdom, including Kanchipuram, after defeating the Pallava ruler Aparajitavarman (880\u2013897) in about 890. Under the Cholas, the city was the headquarters of the northern viceroyalty. The province was renamed Jayamkonda Cholamandalam during the reign of King Raja Raja Chola I (985\u20131014), who constructed the Karchapeswarar Temple and renovated the Kamakshi Amman Temple. His son, Rajendra Chola I (1012\u201344) constructed the Yathothkari Perumal Temple. According to the Siddhantasaravali of Trilocana Sivacharya, Rajendra Chola I brought a band of Saivas with him on his return from the Chola expedition to North India and settled them in Kanchipuram. In about 1218, the Pandya king Maravarman Sundara Pandyan (1216\u20131238) invaded the Chola country, making deep inroads into the kingdom which was saved by the intervention of the Hoysala king Vira Narasimha II (1220\u20131235), who fought on the side of the Chola king Kulothunga Chola III. Inscriptions indicate the presence of a powerful Hoysala garrison in Kanchipuram, which remained in the city until about 1230. Shortly afterwards, Kanchipuram was conquered by the Cholas, from whom Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan I took the city in 1258. The city remained with the Pandyas until 1311 when the Sambuvarayars declared independence, taking advantage of the anarchy caused by Malik Kafur's invasion. After short spells of occupation by Ravivarman Kulasekhara of Venad (Quilon, Kerala) in 1313\u20131314 and the Kakatiya ruler Prataparudra II, Kanchipuram was conquered by the Vijayanagara general Kumara Kampana, who defeated the Madurai Sultanate in 1361.The Vijayanagara Empire ruled Kanchipuram from 1361 to 1645. The earliest inscriptions attesting to Vijayanagara rule are those of Kumara Kampanna from 1364 and 1367, which were found in the precincts of the Kailasanathar Temple and Varadharaja Perumal Temple respectively. His inscriptions record the re-institution of Hindu rituals in the Kailasanathar Temple that had been abandoned during the Muslim invasions. Inscriptions of the Vijayanagara kings Harihara II, Deva Raya II, Krishna Deva Raya, Achyuta Deva Raya, Sriranga I, and Venkata II are found within the city. Harihara II endowed grants in favour of the Varadharaja Perumal Temple.In the 15th century, Kanchipuram was invaded by the Velama Nayaks in 1437, the Gajapati kingdom in 1463\u20131465 and 1474\u201375 and the Bahmani Sultanate in about 1480. A 1467 inscription of Virupaksha Raya II mentions a cantonment in the vicinity of Kanchipuram. In 1486, Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya, the governor of the Kanchipuram region, overthrew the Sangama Dynasty of Vijayanagara and founded the Saluva Dynasty. Like most of his predecessors, Narasimha donated generously to the Varadharaja Perumal Temple. Kanchipuram was visited twice by the Vijayanagara king Krishna Deva Raya, considered to be the greatest of the Vijayanagara rulers, and 16 inscriptions of his time are found in the Varadharaja Perumal Temple. The inscriptions in four languages \u2013 Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, and Sanskrit \u2013 record the genealogy of the Tuluva kings and their contributions, along with those of their nobles, towards the upkeep of the shrine. His successor, Achyuta Deva Raya, reportedly had himself weighed against pearls in Kanchipuram and distributed the pearls amongst the poor. Throughout the second half of the 16th and first half of the 17th centuries, the Aravidu Dynasty tried to maintain a semblance of authority in the southern parts after losing their northern territories in the Battle of Talikota. Venkata II (1586\u20131614) tried to revive the Vijayanagara Empire, but the kingdom relapsed into confusion after his death and rapidly fell apart after the Vijayanagara king Sriranga III's defeat by the Golconda and Bijapur sultanates in 1646.After the fall of the Vijayanagara Empire, Kanchipuram endured over two decades of political turmoil. The Golconda Sultanate gained control of the city in 1672, but lost it to Bijapur three years later. In 1676, Shivaji arrived in Kanchipuram at the invitation of the Golconda Sultanate in order to drive out the Bijapur forces. His campaign was successful and Kanchipuram was held by the Golconda Sultanate until its conquest by the Mughal Empire led by Aurangazeb in October 1687.In the course of their southern campaign, the Mughals defeated the Marathas under Sambhaji, the elder son of Shivaji, in a battle near Kanchipuram in 1688 which caused considerable damage to the city but cemented Mughal rule. Soon after, the priests at the Varadharaja Perumal, Ekambareshwarar and Kamakshi Amman temples, mindful of Aurangazeb's reputation for iconoclasm, transported the idols to southern Tamil Nadu and did not restore them until after Aurangzeb's death in 1707. Under the Mughals, Kanchipuram was part of the viceroyalty of the Carnatic which, in the early 1700s, began to function independently, retaining only a nominal acknowledgement of Mughal rule. The Marathas ruled Kanchipuram due to Islamic invasion during the Carnatic period in 1724 and 1740, and the Nizam of Hyderabad in 1742.\n\nKanchipuram was a battlefront for the British East India Company in the Carnatic Wars against the French East India Company and in the Anglo-Mysore Wars with the Sultanate of Mysore.The popular 1780 Battle of Pollilur of the Second Anglo-Mysore War, known for the use of rockets by Hyder Ali of Mysore, was fought in the village of Pullalur near Kanchipuram. In 1763, the British East India Company assumed indirect control from the Nawab of the Carnatic over the erstwhile Chingleput District, comprising the present-day Kanchipuram and Tiruvallur districts, in order to defray the expenses of the Carnatic wars. The Company brought the territory under their direct control during the Second Anglo-Mysore War, and the Collectorate of Chingleput was created in 1794. The district was split into two in 1997 and Kanchipuram made the capital of the newly created Kanchipuram district."}, {"Context": "Kanchipuram Geography", "Knowledge": "LOC Vishnu, LOC Shiva, LOC Varadaraja Perumal Temple, LOC Palar River, LOC Sivaram Hills, LOC Shiva Kanchi, LOC Kanchipuram, LOC Vegavathi River, LOC Big Kanchi, LOC Chennai, LOC Little Kanchi, LOC Vishnu Kanchi, LOC Big Kanchipuram, LOC Little Kanchipuram", "Response": "Kanchipuram is located at 12.8387\u00b0N 79.7016\u00b0E\ufeff / 12.8387; 79.7016, 72 km (45 mi) south-west of Chennai on the banks of the Vegavathi River, a tributary of the Palar River. The city covers an area of 11.6 km2 (4.5 sq mi) and has an elevation of 83.2 m (273 ft) above sea level.The land around Kanchipuram is flat and slopes towards the south and east. The soil in the region is mostly clay, with some loam, clay, and sand, which are suitable for use in construction. It has been postulated that the granite required for the Varadaraja Perumal Temple might have been obtained from the Sivaram Hills located 10 miles east of Kanchipuram. The area is classified as a Seismic Zone II region, and earthquakes of up to magnitude 6 on the Richter Scale may be expected. Kanchipuram is subdivided into two divisions \u2013 \n\nBig Kanchi, also called Shiva Kanchi, occupies the western portion of the city and is the larger of the two divisions;\nLittle Kanchi, also called Vishnu Kanchi, is located on the eastern fringes of the city.Most of the Shiva temples were in Big Kanchipuram while most of the Vishnu temples were in Little Kanchipuram.Groundwater is the major source of water supplies used for irrigation \u2013 the block of Kanchipuram has 24 canals, 2809 tanks, 1878 tube wells and 3206 ordinary wells. The area is rich in medicinal plants, and historic inscriptions mention the medicinal value. Dimeria acutipes and Cynodon barberi are plants found only in Kanchipuram and Chennai."}, {"Context": "Kanchipuram Climate", "Knowledge": "LOC Kanchipuram, LOC Bay of Bengal, LOC Tamil Nadu", "Response": "Kanchipuram has a tropical climate (K\u00f6ppen Aw), which is generally healthy. Temperatures reach an average maximum of 37.5 \u00b0C (99.5 \u00b0F) between April and July, and an average minimum of 16 \u00b0C (60.8 \u00b0F) between December and February. Relative humidities of between 58% and 84% prevail throughout the year. The humidity reaches its peak during the morning and is lowest in the evening. The relative humidity is higher between November and January and is lowest throughout June.Most of the rain occurs in the form of cyclonic storms caused by depressions in the Bay of Bengal during the northeast monsoon. Kanchipuram receives rainfall from both Northeast Monsoon and Southwest Monsoon. The highest single day rainfall recorded in Kanchipuram is 450 millimetres or 17.72 inches on 10 October 1943. The prevailing wind direction is south-westerly in the morning and south-easterly in the evening. In 2015, Kanchipuram district registered the highest rainfall of 182 centimetres or 71.65 inches in Tamil Nadu during Northeast Monsoon season. On 13 November 2015, Kanchipuram recorded a mammoth 340 millimetres or 13.39 inches of rain, thereby causing severe flooding."}, {"Context": "Kanchipuram Government and politics", "Knowledge": "ORG Scheduled Castes, ORG AIADMK, PER Pattali Makkal Katchi, PER Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam, LOC SC, PER K. Maragatham, LOC Kanchipuram, ORG SC, ORG Engineering, ORG Computer Wing, ORG General, LOC Uthiramerur, LOC Thiruporur, ORG Parliament of India, LOC Madurantakam, LOC Chennai South, ORG Public Health, ORG Municipal Commissioner, ORG All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam, LOC Chengalpattu, PER C. N. Annadura, LOC Kanchipuram Lok Sabha, ORG Revenue, ORG Kanchipuram City Municipal Corporation, ORG DMK, ORG city Planning, LOC kanchipuram, PER V. Somasundaram, LOC Alandur", "Response": "The Kanchipuram municipality was officially constituted in 1866, covering 7.68 km2 (2.97 sq mi), and its affairs were administered by a municipal committee. It was upgraded to a grade I municipality in 1947, selection grade municipality in 1983 and special grade municipality in 2008. As of 2011 the municipality occupies 36.14 km2 (13.95 sq mi), has 51 wards and is the biggest municipality in Kanchipuram district. The population of kanchipuram in 2011 was 2,34,353. The functions of the municipality are devolved into six departments: General, Engineering, Revenue, Public Health, city Planning and the Computer Wing, all of which are under the control of a Municipal Commissioner, who is the supreme executive head. The legislative powers are vested in a body of 51 members, each representing one ward. The legislative body is headed by an elected chairperson who is assisted by a deputy chairperson. On 24 August 2021, the state government announced the upgrading of Kanchipuram town to Kanchipuram City Municipal Corporation.Kanchipuram comes under the Kanchipuram state assembly constituency. From the state delimitation after 1967, seven of the ten elections held between 1971 and 2011 were won by the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK). Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) won the seat during the 1971 and 1989 elections and its ally Pattali Makkal Katchi won the seat during the 2006 elections. The current member of the legislative assembly is V. Somasundaram from the AIADMK party.Kanchipuram Lok Sabha constituency is a newly formed constituency of the Parliament of India after the 2008 delimitation. The constituency originally existed for the 1951 election, and was formed in 2008 after merging the assembly segments of Chengalpattu, Thiruporur, Madurantakam (SC), Uthiramerur and Kanchipuram, which were part of the now defunct Chengalpattu constituency, and Alandur, which was part of the Chennai South constituency. This constituency is reserved for Scheduled Castes (SC) candidates. K. Maragatham from the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam is the current Member of Parliament for the constituency. Indian writer, politician and founder of the DMK, C. N. Annadurai, was born and raised in Kanchipuram. He was the first member of a Dravidian party to hold that post and was the first non-Congress leader to form a majority government in post-colonial India.Policing in the city is provided by the Kanchipuram sub-division of the Tamil Nadu Police headed by a Deputy Superintendent of Police. The force's special units include prohibition enforcement, district crime, social justice and human rights, district crime records and special branch that operate at the district level police division, which is headed by a Superintendent of Police."}, {"Context": "Kanchipuram Demographics", "Knowledge": "LOC Kanchipuram, PER Nandivarma Pallavan II, LOC Tiruvekka temple, PER Narasimha Varma", "Response": "During the rule of King Narasimha Varma in the 7th century, the city covered about 10 square kilometres (3.9 sq mi) and had a population of 10,000. The population increased to 13,000 in subsequent years and the city developed cross patterned links with rectangular streets. The settlements in the city were mostly caste based. During the period of Nandivarma Pallavan II, houses were built on raised platforms and burnt bricks. The concepts of the verandah in the front yard, garden in the backyard, ventilation facilities and drainage of rainwater were all introduced for the first time, while the Tiruvekka temple and houses of agricultural labourers were situated outside the city. There were provisions in the city's outskirts for training the cavalry and infantry.\nDuring the Chola era, Kanchipuram was not the capital, but the kings had a palace in the city and a lot of development was extended eastwards. During the Vijayanagara period, the population rose to 25,000. There were no notable additions to the city's infrastructure during British rule. The British census of 1901 recorded that Kanchipuram had a population of 46,164, consisting of 44,684 Hindus, 1,313 Muslims, 49 Christians and 118 Jains.\n\nAccording to 2011 census, Kanchipuram had a population of 164,384 with a sex-ratio of 1,005 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929. A total of 15,955 were under the age of six, constituting 8,158 males and 7,797 females. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes accounted for 3.55% and 0.09% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the city was 79.51%, compared to the national average of 72.99%. The city had a total of 41807 households. There were a total of 61,567 workers, comprising 320 cultivators, 317 main agricultural labourers, 8,865 in household industries, 47,608 other workers, 4,457 marginal workers, 61 marginal cultivators, 79 marginal agricultural labourers, 700 marginal workers in household industries and 3,617 other marginal workers. About 8,00,000 (800,000) pilgrims visit the city every year as of 2001. As per the religious census of 2011, Kanchipuram had 93.38% Hindus, 5.24% Muslims, 0.83% Christians, 0.01% Sikhs, 0.01% Buddhists, 0.4% Jains, 0.11% following other religions and 0.01% following no religion or did not indicate any religious preference.Kanchipuram has 416 hectares (1,030 acres) of residential properties, mostly around the temples. The commercial area covers 62 hectares (150 acres), constituting 6.58% of the city. Industrial developments occupy around 65 hectares (160 acres), where most of the handloom spinning, silk weaving, dyeing and rice production units are located. 89.06 hectares (220.1 acres) are used for transport and communications infrastructure, including bus stands, roads, streets and railways lines."}, {"Context": "Kanchipuram Economy", "Knowledge": "LOC Kanchipuram", "Response": "The major occupations of Kanchipuram are silk sari weaving and agriculture. As of 2008, an estimated 5,000 families were involved in sari production. The main industries are cotton production, light machinery and electrical goods manufacturing, and food processing. There are 25 silk and cotton yarn industries, 60 dyeing units, 50 rice mills and 42 other industries in Kanchipuram. Another important occupation is tourism and service related segments like hotels, restaurants and local transportation."}, {"Context": "Kanchipuram Kanchipuram Saree", "Knowledge": "ORG ICICI Bank, LOC Andhra Pradesh, LOC India, PER Raja Raja Chola I, LOC Saurashtra, ORG State Bank of India, ORG Canara Bank, ORG Punjab National Bank, LOC Kanchipuram, ORG Vijaya Bank, LOC Gujarat, LOC Kanchi, ORG Kanchipuram Silk Sarees, ORG Dena Bank, ORG Indian Bank", "Response": "Kanchipuram is a traditional centre of silk weaving and handloom industries for producing Kanchipuram Sarees. The industry is worth \u20b9 100 cr (US$18.18 million), but the weaving community suffers from poor marketing techniques and duplicate market players. In 2005, \"Kanchipuram Silk Sarees\" received the Geographical Indication tag, the first product in India to carry this label. The silk trade in Kanchipuram began when King Raja Raja Chola I (985\u20131014) invited weavers from Saurashtra, Gujarat to migrate to Kanchi. The craft increased with the mass migration of weavers from Andhra Pradesh in the 15th century during the Vijayanagara rule. The city was razed during the French siege of 1757, but weaving re-emerged in the late 18th century.All major nationalised banks such as Vijaya Bank, State Bank of India, Indian Bank, Canara Bank, Punjab National Bank, Dena Bank and private banks like ICICI Bank have branches in Kanchipuram. All these banks have their Automated teller machines located in various parts of the city."}, {"Context": "Kanchipuram Human rights", "Knowledge": "LOC Kanchipuram, LOC Varanasi, LOC India", "Response": "Kanchipuram has more than the national average rate of child labour and bonded labour. The local administration is accused of aiding child labour by opening night schools in Kanchipuram from 1999. There is an estimated 40,000 to 50,000 child workers in Kanchipuram compared to 85,000 in the same industry in Varanasi. Children are commonly traded for sums of between \u20b9 10,000 and 15,000 (200 \u2013 $300) and there are cases where whole families are held in bondage. Child labour is prohibited in India by the Children (Pledging of Labour) Act and Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, but these laws are not strictly enforced."}, {"Context": "Kanchipuram Transport, communication, and utility services", "Knowledge": "LOC Chengalpet, ORG Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, ORG BSNL, LOC Kanchipuram, LOC Madurai, LOC Bangalore, LOC Villupuram, LOC St. Vegavathy, LOC Parandhur, LOC Orikkai, LOC NH, LOC Tirupathi, ORG Tamil Nadu Electricity Board, LOC Tindivanam, LOC New Chennai International Airport, LOC Tiruvannamalai, LOC Vegavati, ORG Villupuram, LOC Nagercoil, LOC Chengalpattu, LOC Chennai, LOC Tirupati, LOC Coimbatore, LOC Vellore, LOC Poonamallee, LOC Salem, LOC Tambaram, LOC India, LOC Chennai International Airport, LOC Thiruthani, LOC Pondicherry, LOC Arakkonam, ORG Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation, ORG TNEB, LOC Bangalore National, LOC Thiruparkadal", "Response": "The Chennai \u2013 Bangalore National Highway, NH 4 passes the outskirts of the city. Daily bus services are provided by the Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation to and from Chennai, Bangalore, Villupuram, Tirupathi, Thiruthani, Tiruvannamalai, Vellore, Salem, Coimbatore, Tindivanam and Pondicherry. There are two major bus routes to Chennai, one connecting via Poonamallee and the other via Tambaram. Local bus services are provided by The Villupuram division of Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation. As of 2006, there were a total of 403 buses for 191 routes operated out of the city.The city is also connected to the railway network through the Kanchipuram railway station. The Chengalpet \u2013 Arakkonam railway line passes through Kanchipuram and travellers can access services to those destinations. Daily trains are provided to Pondicherry and Tirupati, and there is a weekly express train to Madurai and a bi-weekly express train to Nagercoil. Two passenger trains from both sides of Chengalpattu and Arakkonam pass via Kanchipuram.The nearest domestic as well as international airport is Chennai International Airport, located at a distance of 72 km from the city. The proposed New Chennai International Airport is to be built in Parandhur near Kanchipuram.\nTelephone and broadband internet services are provided by Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), India's state-owned telecom and internet services provider. Electricity supply is regulated and distributed by the Tamil Nadu Electricity Board (TNEB). Water supply is provided by the Kanchipuram municipality; supplies are drawn from subterranean springs of Vegavati river. The head works is located at Orikkai, Thiruparkadal and St. Vegavathy, and distributed through overhead tanks with a total capacity of 9.8 litres (2.2 imperial gallons). About 55 tonnes of solid waste are collected from the city daily at five collection points covering the whole of the city. The sewage system in the city was implemented in 1975; Kanchipuram was identified as one of the hyper endemic cities in 1970. Underground drainage covers 82% of roads in the city, and is divided into east and west zones for internal administration."}, {"Context": "Kanchipuram Education", "Knowledge": "ORG Indian Institute of Information Technology, ORG Meenakshi Medical College, ORG Department of Health, LOC India, ORG Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, PER Mahendra Varman I, ORG CARE, LOC Kanchipuram Taluk, ORG Government of Tamil Nadu, ORG Men, ORG Arignar Anna Memorial Cancer Institute and Hospital, LOC Kanchipuram, LOC Vegavathi River, ORG Larsen & Toubro, ORG Sri Chandrasekharendra Saraswathi Viswa Mahavidyalaya, ORG Vallal Pachaiyappar \u2013 Pachaiyappa ' s College", "Response": "Kanchipuram is traditionally a centre of religious education for the Hindu, Jainism\nand Buddhism faiths. The Buddhist monasteries acted as nucleus of the Buddhist educational system. With the gradual resurrection of Hinduism during the reign of Mahendra Varman I, the Hindu educational system gained prominence with Sanskrit emerging as the official language.As of 2011 Kanchipuram has 49 registered schools, 16 of which are run by the city municipality. The district administration opened night schools for educating children employed in the silk weaving industry \u2013 as of December 2001, these schools together were educating 127 people and 260 registered students from September 1999. Larsen & Toubro inaugurated the first rail construction training centre in India at Kanchipuram on 24 May 2012, that can train 300 technicians and 180 middle-level managers and engineers each year. Sri Chandrasekharendra Saraswathi Viswa Mahavidyalaya and Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE) are the two Deemed universities present in Kanchipuram. The very famous 65-year-old college- founded by Vallal Pachaiyappar\u2013 Pachaiyappa's College for Men- is on the banks of Vegavathi River. It offers UG and PG courses in various subjects.It is the only Govt aided institute in Kanchipuram Taluk.\nKanchipuram is home to one of the four Indian Institute of Information Technology, a public private partnered institute, offering undergraduate and post graduate programs in information technology. The city has two medical colleges \u2013 Arignar Anna Memorial Cancer Institute and Hospital, established in 1969, is operated by the Department of Health, Government of Tamil Nadu  and the privately owned Meenakshi Medical College. The city has 6 engineering colleges, 3 polytechnic institutes and 6 arts and science colleges."}, {"Context": "Kanchipuram Hinduism", "Knowledge": "LOC Kailasanathar Temple, PER Narasimhavarman Pallava II, PER Nandivarman Pallava II, LOC Kanchipuram, LOC Kuranganilmuttam, PER Vishnu, PER Adi Sankara, LOC Kumarakottam Temple, PER Parvati, LOC Kamakshi Amman Temple, PER Muruga, LOC Kanchi, PER Tevaram, LOC Ekambaranathar, ORG Archaeological Survey of India, LOC Kachi Metrali \u2013 Karchapeswarar Temple, LOC Chandrachuda Perumal, LOC Nilathingalthunda Perumal, LOC Muktheeswarar Temple, LOC Pancha Bhoota Stalams, PER Shiva, LOC Shiva, LOC Onakanthan Tali, LOC Ekambareswarar Temple, LOC Iravatanesvara Temple, LOC India, LOC Tirukalimedu, LOC Sapta Puri, LOC Karaithirunathar Temple, LOC Kachi Anekatangapadam, LOC Ekambareswarar temple", "Response": "Hindus regard Kanchipuram to be one of the seven holiest cities in India, the Sapta Puri. According to Hinduism, a k\u1e63hetra is a sacred ground, a field of active power, and a place where final attainment, or moksha, can be obtained. The Garuda Purana says that seven cities, including Kanchipuram are providers of moksha. The city is a pilgrimage site for both Saivites and Vaishnavites. It has close to 108 Shiva temples.Ekambareswarar Temple in northern Kanchipuram, dedicated to Shiva, is the largest temple in the city. Its gateway tower, or gopuram, is 59 metres (194 ft) tall, making it one of the tallest temple towers in India. The temple is one of five called Pancha Bhoota Stalams, which represent the manifestation of the five prime elements of nature; namely land, water, air, sky, and fire. There is also a 108 holy site of Vishnu temple inside the Ekambaranathar temple called Chandrachuda Perumal or Nilathingalthunda Perumal. Ekambareswarar temple represents earth.Kailasanathar Temple, dedicated to Shiva and built by the Pallavas, is the oldest Hindu temple in existence and is declared an archaeological monument by the Archaeological Survey of India. It has a series of cells with sculptures inside.In the Kamakshi Amman Temple, goddess Parvati is depicted in the form of a yantra, Chakra or peetam (basement). In this temple, the yantra is placed in front of the deity. Adi Sankara is closely associated with this temple and is believed to have established the Kanchi matha after this temple.Muktheeswarar Temple, built by Nandivarman Pallava II (720\u2013796) and Iravatanesvara Temple built by Narasimhavarman Pallava II (720\u2013728) are the other Shiva temples from the Pallava period. Kachi Metrali \u2013 Karchapeswarar Temple, Onakanthan Tali, Kachi Anekatangapadam, Kuranganilmuttam, and Karaithirunathar Temple in Tirukalimedu are the Shiva temples in the city revered in Tevaram, the Tamil Saiva canonical work of the 7th\u20138th centuries.\n\nKumarakottam Temple, dedicated to Muruga, is located between the Ekambareswarar temple and Kamakshi Amman temple, leading to the cult of Somaskanda (Skanda, the child between Shiva and Parvati).  Kandapuranam, the Tamil religious work on Muruga, translated from Sanskrit Skandapurana, was composed in 1625 by Kachiappa Shivacharya in the temple.Varadharaja Perumal Temple, dedicated to Vishnu and covering 23 acres (93,000 m2), is the largest Vishnu temple in Kanchipuram. It was built by the Cholas in 1053 and was expanded during the reigns of Kulottunga Chola I (1079\u20131120) and Vikrama Chola (1118\u20131135). It is one of the Divya Desams, the 108 holy abodes of Vishnu. The temple features carved lizards, one plated with gold and another with silver, over the sanctum. Robert Clive is said to have presented an emerald necklace to the temple. It is called the Clive Makarakandi and is still used to decorate the deity on ceremonial occasions.Tiru Parameswara Vinnagaram is the birthplace of the Alvar saint, Poigai Alvar. The central shrine has a three-tier shrine, one over the other, with Vishnu depicted in each of them. The corridor around the sanctum has a series of sculptures depicting the Pallava rule and conquest. It is the oldest Vishnu temple in the city and was built by the Pallava king Paramesvaravarman II (728\u2013731).Ashtabujakaram, Tiruvekkaa, Tiruththanka, Tiruvelukkai, Ulagalantha Perumal Temple, Tiru pavla vannam, Pandava Thoothar Perumal Temple are among the Divya Desams, the 108 famous temples of Vishnu in the city. There are five other Divya Desams, three inside the Ulagalantha Perumal temple, one each in Kamakshi Amman Temple and Ekambareswarar Temple respectively.The Kanchi Matha is a Hindu monastic institution, whose official history states that it was founded by Adi Sankara of Kaladi, tracing its history back to the 5th century BCE. A related claim is that Adi Sankara came to Kanchipuram, and that he established the Kanchi mutt named \"Dakshina Moolamnaya Sarvagnya Sri Kanchi Kamakoti Peetam\" in a position of supremacy, namely Sarvagnya Peeta, over the other mutts (religious institutions) of the subcontinent, before his death there. Other historical accounts state that the matha was established probably in the 18th century in Kumbakonam, as a branch of the Sringeri Matha, and that it declared itself independent.Another mutt which was famous in ancient times was the Upanishad Bramham Mutt, located near Kailasanathar temple, Kanchipuram. It has the Mahasamadhi of Upanishad Brahmayogin, a saint who wrote commentaries on all the major Upanishads in Hinduism. It is said that the great Sage, Sadasiva Brahmendra took to sanyasa at this mutt.\nInjimedu is also called Yagna Vedhikai, as many yagna rituals are performed in the village. It is located at 3 km from Pernamallur Town. The best route to go injimedu is\n\nKanchipuram-Cheyyaru-Pernamallur-Injimedu\nTambaram-Uthiramerur-Vandavasi-Mazhaiyur(Chetpet Road)-Chinna kozhipuliyur-Injimedu."}, {"Context": "Kanchipuram Buddhism", "Knowledge": "LOC Apanaka Vihara, ORG Nalanda University, PER N\u0101g\u0101rjuna, PER Dhammapala, LOC Mon, LOC Myanmar, LOC Kurkihar, LOC Gaya, PER \u0100ryadeva, PER Buddhaghosa, PER Dignaga, PER Bodhidharma, LOC Kanchipuram, PER Shaolin Kung Fu, LOC Kanchi, LOC Thailand, LOC Bihar, LOC Asia", "Response": "Buddhism is believed to have flourished in Kanchipuram between the 1st and 5th centuries. Some notable Buddhists associated with Kanchipuram are \u0100ryadeva (2nd\u20133rd centuries) \u2013 a successor of N\u0101g\u0101rjuna of Nalanda University, Dignaga and the Pali commentators Buddhaghosa and Dhammapala. According to a popular tradition, Bodhidharma, a 5th/6th-century Buddhist monk and founder of Shaolin Kung Fu was the third son of a Pallava king from Kanchipuram. However, other traditions ascribe his origins to other places in Asia. Buddhists institutions from Kanchipuram were instrumental in spreading Theravada Buddhism to the Mon people of Myanmar and Thailand who in return spread the religion to the incoming Burmese and Thai people.A number of bronzes unearthed at Kurkihar (Apanaka Vihara, near Gaya in Bihar) mention that the majority of the donors were from Kanchi, indicating that Kurkihar was a major center for the visitors from Kanchi during 9th to 11th century,"}, {"Context": "Kanchipuram Jainism", "Knowledge": "PER Cholas, LOC Pallava, PER Narasimhavarman II, LOC Naynamar, PER Vikrama Chola, ORG Jina Kanchi Mutt, LOC Kanchipuram, ORG Jina Kanchi institution Mutt, LOC Trilokyanatha, LOC Villupuram, LOC Chola, PER Rajendra Chola, PER Krishnadevaraya, PER Simhavarman, LOC Kanchi, LOC Samantabhadra, LOC Gingee, LOC Melsithamur, LOC Chandraprabha, LOC Appar, LOC Tamil Nadu, LOC Thiruparthikundram, PER Akalanka, PER Simhavishnu, PER Mahendravarman I, PER Kunda Kundacharya, PER Mahendra Varman, PER Kulothunga Chola, LOC Adi Sankara, LOC Ramanuja, PER Vijayanagara", "Response": "Kanchipuram had been a major center of Jainism and is associated with several well-known Jain Acharyas like Samantabhadra and Akalanka. It is thought that Jainism was introduced into Kanchipuram by Kunda Kundacharya (1st century). Jainism spread to the city by Akalanka (3rd century).  Kalbhras, the rulers of Kanchipuram before the Pallavas, followed Jainism which gained popularity from royal patronage. The Pallava kings, Simhavishnu, Mahendra Varman and Simhavarman (550\u2013560) followed Jainism, until the advent of Nayanmars and Alvars during the 6th and 7th centuries. Mahendravarman I converted from Jainism to Hinduism under the influence of the Naynamar, Appar, was the turning point in the religious geography. The two sects of Hinduism, Saivism and Vaishnavism were revived under the influence of Adi Sankara and Ramanuja respectively. Later Cholas and Vijayanagara kings tolerated Jainism, and the religion was still practised in Kanchi.The original set of the Jina Kanchi institution Mutt was in Kanchipuram. Its original site is now represented by the\nTrilokyanatha/Chandraprabha temple at Thiruparthikundram. It is a twin Jain temple that has inscriptions from Pallava king, Narasimhavarman II and the Chola kings Rajendra Chola I, Kulothunga Chola I and Vikrama Chola, and the Kanarese inscriptions of Krishnadevaraya.  The temple is maintained by Tamil Nadu archaeological department. The Jina Kanchi Mutt was later shifted to Melsithamur, near Gingee in the Villupuram district in the 16th century. There exist many historical Jain sites in the vicinity of Kanchipuram in several villages that still have some Jain population."}, {"Context": "Kanchipuram Other religions", "Knowledge": "LOC Vaikunta Perumal temple, LOC Christ Church, LOC Varadharaja, PER Mclean, LOC Arcot, LOC Ekambareswarar temple, LOC Swamy, PER Nawab", "Response": "The city has two mosques; one near the Ekambareswarar temple, was built during the rule of Nawab of Arcot in the 17th century, and another near the Vaikunta Perumal temple, shares a common tank with the Hindu temple. Muslims take part in the festivals of the Varadharaja (Swamy) temple. Christ Church is the oldest Christian church in the city. It was built by a British man named Mclean in 1921. The church is built in Scottish style brick structure with arches and pillars."}, {"Context": "Kanchipuram Footnotes", "Knowledge": "LOC Kanchipuram, LOC Kancheepuram", "Response": "^  The official spelling, as per the municipality website, is \"Kancheepuram\". However, the spelling Kanchipuram is the most widely used name."}, {"Context": "Kangra Introduction", "Knowledge": "LOC Himachal Pradesh Kangra Fort, LOC British India, LOC Lambagraon, LOC Kangra, LOC Himachal Pradesh, LOC Pakistan, LOC Kangra Kangra, LOC Himachal Pradesh Kangra Valley, LOC Himachal Pradesh Kangra, LOC India Kangra, LOC Khyber Pakhtunkhwa", "Response": "Kangra may refer to:\n\nKangra district, a district of Himachal Pradesh, India\nKangra, Himachal Pradesh, a city and a municipal council in Kangra district now in Indian state of Himachal Pradesh\nKangra Fort, on the outskirts of Kangra\nKangra (Lok Sabha constituency), one of four parliamentary constituencies in Himachal Pradesh\nKangra Valley, a valley in Kangra district\nKangra-Lambagraon, a princely state in British India, in the present-day state of Himachal Pradesh\nKangra, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, a town in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan\nKangra painting, a style originating in Kangra district"}, {"Context": "Kanpur Introduction", "Knowledge": "ORG Lal Imli, LOC London, LOC Ganges river, LOC Bhitargaon Temple, ORG British India Corporation, LOC Manchester of the East, LOC Ganges River, LOC Nanarao Park, LOC Jajmau Ghat, LOC Kanpur, LOC Kanpur Range, ORG Red Tamarind, LOC Cawnpore, PER Alexander MacRobert, LOC West, LOC Uttar Pradesh, LOC North India, LOC Lal Imli, LOC Big Ben, LOC Kanpur Division, LOC Kanpur Zone, LOC Kanpur Nagar, LOC British India, LOC India, LOC Palace of Westminster, LOC European Cemetry, LOC Bithoor Museum", "Response": "Kanpur or Cawnpore (/k\u0251\u02d0n\u02c8p\u028a\u0259r/ pronunciation (help\u00b7info)) is an industrial city in the central-western part of the state of Uttar Pradesh, India. Founded in 1207, Kanpur became one of the most important commercial and military stations of British India. Kanpur was also the financial capital of Uttar Pradesh. Nestled on the banks of Ganges River, Kanpur stands as the major financial and industrial centre of North India and also the ninth-largest urban economy in India. Today it is famous for its colonial architecture, gardens, parks and fine quality leather, plastic and textile products which are exported mainly to the West.It is known for its rich cultural heritage, bustling markets, vibrant nightlife, beautiful parks and gardens, delicious cuisine and much more. The city is home to historical monuments such as the Jajmau Ghat which dates back to 17th century AD. \nKanpur is also home to several historical sites such as the Bithoor Museum, Bhitargaon Temple, European Cemetry and Nanarao Park. \nKanpur also hosts various events throughout year. \nIt is the 12th most populous city and the 11th most populous urban agglomeration in India. Kanpur was an important British garrison town until 1947, when India gained independence. The urban district of Kanpur Nagar serves as the headquarters of the Kanpur Division, Kanpur Range and Kanpur Zone.\nWith the first woollen mill of India, commonly known as the Lal Imli (literally meaning \"Red Tamarind\", for a brand produced by the mill) by the British India Corporation established here in 1876 by Alexander MacRobert. The eastern and northern fa\u00e7ades of the mill are reminiscent of the Palace of Westminster, due to their architecture, proximity to the Ganges river and with the north-east corner of the mill being topped by a clock tower similar to Big Ben in London. This similarity underscores the city's importance and prestige during the British times, which extends till date; making the Lal Imli \u2014 a great highlight of the city. The city is also widely regarded as the \"Leather City of the World\" and is predominantly nicknamed as the \"Manchester of the East\", for its chemical, textile and leather industries.\nAccording to 2011 Indian census, it is the eleventh most populous urban city and the largest urban agglomeration in Uttar Pradesh while the population of city and its suburb were around 5 million making it the eighth-most populous metropolitan area in India. Furthermore, it is considered the world's most polluted city by particulate matter concentration. In 2018, Kanpur was considered by the World Health Organization as the city with the world's worst air pollution."}, {"Context": "Kanpur History", "Knowledge": "LOC Kanhpur, LOC Kanpur, PER Kanhpuriya, PER Raja Kanh Deo", "Response": "In 1207, Raja Kanh Deo of the  Kanhpuriya clan of Rajputs established the city of Kanhpur and made it his capital, which later came to be known as Kanpur."}, {"Context": "Kanpur 1857 Uprising", "Knowledge": "PER Mowbray Thomson, LOC Chaura Ghat, PER Neill, LOC Remember Cawnpore, LOC Allahabad, PER Nana Sahib, ORG East India Company, LOC Satti Chaura Ghat, LOC Bibighar, PER Nana Sahib Peshwa, LOC Cawnpore", "Response": "In the 19th century, Cawnpore was an important British garrison with barracks for 7,000 soldiers. During the First Indian War of Independence of 1857, 900 British men, women and children were besieged in the fortifications for 22 days by rebels under Nana Sahib Peshwa. They surrendered on the agreement that they would get safe passage to the nearby Satti Chaura Ghat whereupon they would board barges and be allowed to go by river to Allahabad.Though controversy surrounds what exactly happened at the Satti Chaura Ghat, and who fired the first shot, it is known that, soon afterwards, the departing British were shot at by the sepoys and were either killed or captured. Some of the British officers later claimed that the sepoys had, on purpose, placed the boats as high in the mud as possible, to cause delay. They also claimed that Nana Sahib's camp had previously arranged for the sepoys to fire upon and to kill all of the English. Although the East India Company later accused Nana Sahib of betrayal and murder of innocent people, no evidence has ever been found to prove that Nana Sahib had planned or ordered the massacre. Some historians believe that the Satti Chaura Ghat massacre was the result of confusion and not of any plan implemented by Nana Sahib or of his associates. Lieutenant Mowbray Thomson, one of the four male survivors of the massacre, believed that the rank-and-file sepoys who spoke to him did not know of the killing to come.Many were killed and the remaining 200 British women and children were brought back to shore and sent to a building called the Bibighar (the ladies' home). After some time, the commanders of the rebels decided to kill their hostages. The rebel soldiers refused to carry out orders and butchers from the nearby town were brought in to kill the hostages three days before the British entered the city on 18 July. The dismembered bodies were thrown into a deep well nearby. The British, under General Neill, retook the city and committed a series of retaliations against the rebel sepoys and those civilians caught in the area, including women, children and old men. The Cawnpore Massacre, as well as similar events elsewhere, were seen by the British as justification for unrestrained vengeance. \"Remember Cawnpore\" became a British war cry for the rest of the war."}, {"Context": "Kanpur Urban infrastructure", "Knowledge": "LOC KNN, LOC Murtaza Nagar, ORG Akbarpur Village Authority, ORG Nagar Panchayat, LOC Fatehpur, ORG Bithoor Village Authority, ORG Unnao Municipal Committee, ORG Shuklaganj Municipal Committee, LOC Akbarpur, LOC Unnao, LOC Kanpur Nagar Nigam, ORG Nagar Palika, LOC Kanpur Dehat Nagar", "Response": "The metropolitan region defined under JNNURM by Kanpur Nagar Nigam, includes the Kanpur Nagar Nigam area, 8 kilometres around KNN boundary and newly included 47 villages of Unnao district on the north-eastern side, it extends to Murtaza Nagar, in the west its limit is up to Akbarpur, Kanpur Dehat Nagar Panchayat limit, on the eastern side the limit has been expanded on the road leading to Fatehpur and in extended up to. The metropolitan region area includes the area of Shuklaganj Municipal Committee (Nagar Palika), Unnao Municipal Committee (Nagar Palika), Akbarpur Village Authority (Nagar Panchayat) and Bithoor Village Authority (Nagar Panchayat) area. In 1997\u201398, total metropolitan region area has increased to 89131.15 hectare out of which 4,743.9 hectare (5.31%) was non-defined (prohibited area) and rest 29,683 hectare and 54,704 hectare (61.39%) was urban and rural area respectively."}, {"Context": "Kanpur Climate", "Knowledge": "LOC Kanpur, LOC India", "Response": "Like most of lowland northern India, Kanpur has a monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate (Cwa) bordering on a hot semi-arid climate (BSh) under the K\u00f6ppen climate classification."}, {"Context": "Kanpur Demographics", "Knowledge": "LOC Kanpur, LOC The Mall", "Response": "As per the provisional results of 2011 census, Kanpur city has a population of 4,581,000. The literacy rate was 79.65 per cent and sex ratio was 862.There are 35 Parsis in Kanpur with their Fire temple at The Mall.Hinduism is a majority in Kanpur with a sizeable minority of Muslims. Sikhs, Christians and Buddhists are below 2 percent.\nHindi and Urdu are the predominant languages in the city. Punjabi is spoken by 1.25%, while Bengali is spoken by over 11,000 people in the city."}, {"Context": "Kanpur General administration", "Knowledge": "LOC Ghatampur, PER Raj Shekhar, LOC Kanpur, ORG DM, PER Vishak, LOC Sadar, LOC Bilhaur, ORG Indian Administrative Service, ORG IAS", "Response": "Kanpur division which consists of six districts, and is headed by the divisional commissioner of Kanpur, who is an Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officer of high seniority, the commissioner is the head of local government institutions (including municipal corporations) in the division, is in charge of infrastructure development in his division, and is also responsible for maintaining law and order in the division. The district magistrate of Kanpur reports to the divisional commissioner. The current commissioner is Dr. Raj Shekhar.Kanpur district administration is headed by the district magistrate of Kanpur, who is an IAS officer. The DM is in charge of property records and revenue collection for the central government and oversees the elections held in the city. The DM is also responsible for maintaining law and order in the city. The DM is assisted by a chief development officer; four additional district magistrates for finance/revenue, city, land acquisition, and civil supply; one city magistrat; and seven additional city magistrates. The district has three tehsils viz. Sadar, Bilhaur and Ghatampur, each headed by a sub-divisional magistrate. The current DM is Mr. Vishak G"}, {"Context": "Kanpur Civic Administration", "Knowledge": "ORG Uttar Pradesh, ORG Swasthya Vibhag, ORG Marg Prakash, LOC Kanpur Municipal Corporation, PER K. Vijayendra Pandian, ORG Pariyojna, ORG Kanpur Development Authority, LOC Kanpur, ORG HRD, ORG Mukya Nagar Lekha Vibhag, PER Avinash Singh, ORG Chikitsa Vibhag, ORG IAS, ORG City Cleansing, ORG Encroachment, LOC Uttar Pradesh, ORG KDA, ORG Cattle Catching Department, ORG Provincial Civil Service, ORG Accounts, ORG Personnel, ORG Housing Department, ORG Udyan Vibhag", "Response": "Kanpur municipality was established on 22 November 1861, and was upgraded to a municipal corporation in 1959. The local government of Kanpur is governed under the Municipal act for the state, Uttar Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act, 1959.The area under the municipal limits of Kanpur city, or Kanpur Municipal Corporation, is spread over an area of 260 square km. It oversees civic activities in the city. The head of the corporation is the mayor, but the executive and administration of the corporation are the responsibility of the municipal commissioner, who is an Uttar Pradesh government-appointed Provincial Civil Service officer of high seniority. The executive wing is headed by municipal commissioner, Avinash Singh and has the following departments: Revenue, City Cleansing, Engineering, Marg Prakash, Health, Accounts, Personnel/HRD, Swasthya Vibhag, Education, Mukya Nagar Lekha Vibhag, Pariyojna, Udyan Vibhag, Chikitsa Vibhag, Encroachment & Cattle Catching Department. There is also an executive committee present in the city.The development of infrastructure in the city is overseen by Kanpur Development Authority (KDA), which comes under the Housing Department of Uttar Pradesh government. The divisional commissioner of Kanpur acts as the ex-officio Chairman of KDA, whereas a vice chairperson, a government-appointed IAS officer, looks after the daily matters of the authority. The current vice-chairman of Kanpur Development Authority is K. Vijayendra Pandian.The municipality receives revenue from general tax, advertisement tax, income from municipal properties, grants from state government etc."}, {"Context": "Kanpur Law and order", "Knowledge": "ORG UP, ORG Kanpur District Court, LOC Kanpur, PER Shabistan Aquil, PER Shashi Kant Shukla", "Response": "The Kanpur District Court is headed by the district judge of Kanpur, who is assisted by numerous additional district judges, civil judges (senior division) and additional civil judges. Kanpur is a notified metropolitan area by UP Government under Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, and therefore has a chief metropolitan magistrate, who is assisted by several metropolitan magistrates. The 2017 district judge was Shashi Kant Shukla, and the chief metropolitan magistrate was Shabistan Aquil."}, {"Context": "Kanpur Police administration", "Knowledge": "ORG Provincial Police Service, PER Avanish Chandra, PER Alok Singh, ORG IPS, ORG DIG, ORG Indian Police Service, LOC Kanpur, LOC Kanpur Police Zone, PER Sonia Singh, ORG SSP, LOC Kanpur Police Range, ORG PPS, ORG ADG, LOC Kanpur Zone, LOC Kanpur Range, ORG IG", "Response": "Kanpur district comes under the Kanpur Police Zone and Kanpur Police Range, Kanpur Zone is headed by an additional director general-ranked Indian Police Service (IPS) officer, and the Kanpur Range is headed inspector general-ranked IPS officer. The current ADG, Kanpur Zone is Avanish Chandra, and IG, Kanpur Range is Alok Singh.The district police is headed by a deputy inspector general/senior superintendent of police (DIG/SSP), who is an IPS officer, and is assisted by seven superintendents of police or additional superintendents of police for east, west, south, rural area, crime, traffic and modern control, who are either IPS officers or Provincial Police Service (PPS) officers. Each of the several police circles is headed by a circle officer (CO) in the rank of deputy superintendent of police. The current DIG/SSP is Sonia Singh."}, {"Context": "Kanpur Local politics", "Knowledge": "LOC Kanpur, PER Pramila Pandey, ORG BJP, PER Jagatvir Singh Drona, ORG Kanpur Municipal Council", "Response": "The city is divided into 6 zones and 110 wards with a ward population range of 19,000 to 26,000 and 110 corporators directly elected from each ward. As mandated by the 74th constitutional amendment, there were 11 ward committees in Kanpur municipal corporation in 1991. Local elections were last held in 2017, when the mayor, Pramila Pandey from the BJP, was elected. The previous mayor had been Captain (retired) Jagatvir Singh Drona. As of 2006, Kanpur Municipal Council has an elected mayor-in-council system."}, {"Context": "Kanpur State politics", "Knowledge": "LOC Kanpur Nagar, PER Satyadev Pachauri, LOC Kanpur, LOC Uttar Pradesh, ORG Lok Sabha", "Response": "Kanpur Nagar district encompasses one Lok Sabha constituency and ten Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Sabha constituencies. The city of Kanpur has one representative member of parliament in Lok Sabha for Kanpur, Satyadev Pachauri."}, {"Context": "Kanpur Civic Utilities", "Knowledge": "ORG UP Jal Nigam, LOC Pandu, ORG Town and Country Planning Department, ORG Kanpur Electricity Supply Company, ORG Kanpur Development Authority, ORG Jal Kal, ORG KMC, LOC Kanpur City, LOC Ganga, LOC Kanpur, ORG Uttar Pradesh Fire Service, LOC Sishamau, LOC Ganga Barrage, ORG Kanpur Development Board, ORG Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Ltd, ORG KESCO, ORG Ganga Pollution Control Unit, ORG UPPCL", "Response": "The first development plan of the city was created by the Kanpur Development Board in 1943. This was followed by the masterplan being designed by the Town and Country Planning Department from 1962 to 1991, which was adopted after the establishment of the Kanpur Development Authority in 1974. The most recent masterplan is the Draft Master Plan of 2021 .Electricity is supplied to the city by Kanpur Electricity Supply Company (KESCO), which is under the Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Ltd (UPPCL). Fire services are under the state, Uttar Pradesh Fire Service.Water supply, sewerage is done by the Jal Kal vibhag of KMC. Infrastructure development and maintenance is done by the state's body, UP Jal Nigam. The piped water supply of Kanpur City was started in 1892. After construction of Ganga Barrage on the river, a permanent and reliable source for the water supply got available to provide 1600 mld raw water. The city also receives water from the catchment areas of rivers Ganga and Pandu. However, while the total water supply requirement is 600 mld only 385 mld of potable water is being supplied. The city loses water due to leaky pipes and contamination of natural water sources. There is a severe water crisis in Kanpur.In 2015, Ganga Pollution Control Unit in Kanpur got about Rs 200 crores to make 4 STPs functional. The city then reported having 3 STPs for domestic waste. In 2017, there was only one sewage treatment plant for waste from tanneries, biggest source of industrial pollution to the Ganga, was to be replaced by a newer one costing 400 cr as the old one could only treat 9 MLD at the most. 823.1 MLD of untreated sewage and 212.42 MLD of industrial effluent flow into the river. In 2019, another STP costing worth Rs 816.25 was to be set up. As of 2020, While the government has stopped pollution from Kanpur's biggest drain, Sishamau, of Kanpur's 48 drains, eight still have no devices to stop effluents.\nSolid waste management is handled by the KMC. As of 2015, Kanpur generates 1,500 tonnes of solid wastes from domestic and industrial sources, 64,000 tonnes of hazardous waste annually which includes metals and waste generated by tanneries, dye industries and chemical industries; while coal ash produced in Kanpur amounts to 71,000 tonnes per annum."}, {"Context": "Kanpur Transport", "Knowledge": "PER Narendra Modi, LOC Prayagraj, LOC Panki, ORG Uttar Pradesh Metro Rail Corporation, LOC Govindpuri, ORG UPSRTC, LOC Uttranchal, LOC Hamirpur, ORG UPMRC, LOC Kanpur Anwarganj, LOC IIT Kanpur, ORG NHAI, ORG Indian Railways, LOC Mumbai, LOC Bareilly, LOC Bangalore, LOC Farrukhabad, ORG Naubasta, ORG Airways, LOC Kanpur, LOC Inter, LOC Kanpur Bridge, ORG ISBT, LOC Lucknow, LOC Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi Airport, LOC Hyderabad, LOC New Delhi, ORG NHDP, LOC Shaheed Major Salman Khan Bus Station, LOC Fazalganj, LOC Rawatpur, LOC Chakeri, ORG National Highways Authority of India, LOC Uttar Pradesh, LOC Motijheel, LOC Chennai, ORG State Bus Station, LOC Kolkata, LOC Chandari, LOC Jhakarkati Bus Station, LOC Chunniganj, LOC India, ORG The Indian Express, ORG North Central Railway, LOC Kanpur Central, LOC Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport, LOC Kalyanpur", "Response": "Airways\nGanesh Shankar Vidyarthi Airport has scheduled commercial flights to New Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Chennai and other cities of India. The nearest International Airport is the Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport in Lucknow, which is around 77.1 km from Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh.\nRailways\nKanpur Central is a major railhead and is among the busiest railway stations in the country. Rail routes connect it to all major cities in the state and the country. It is an A-1 category railway station coming under the Prayagraj railway division of North Central Railway zone of Indian Railways. Around 300 trains pass through the station daily. Other major railway stations serving the city include Kanpur Anwarganj, Govindpuri, Panki, Kalyanpur, Rawatpur, Chandari, Kanpur Bridge and Chakeri.\nRoadways\nThe city has had chronic problems with maintaining local roads. There are several important National Highways that pass through Kanpur.\n\nThe UPSRTC Inter State Bus Station (ISBT) of Kanpur officially named as the \"Shaheed Major Salman Khan Bus Station\". It is locally known as the \"Jhakarkati Bus Station\". It provides buses to important cities of India. Other UPSRTC controlled Important Bus stations are Chunniganj Bus Stand for Farrukhabad, Bareilly and Uttranchal routes, Naubasta Bus Stand for Hamirpur route, Fazalganj is another hub for Private carriers.\nRing road\n\nIn 2011 it was reported by The Indian Express that \"The National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) is all set to develop a four-lane outer ring road along the periphery of Kanpur with an aim to prevent traffic congestion in the industrial city caused by long-distance heavy vehicles. The new road, which will help the heavy vehicles to bypass the city, will be developed on Built, Operate and Transfer (BOT) basis under the phase-VII of National Highways Development Programme (NHDP)\"Kanpur Metro\nThe Kanpur Metro is a mass rapid transit (MRT) system in Kanpur. The metro is owned and operated by the Uttar Pradesh Metro Rail Corporation (UPMRC). It consists of two lines- Orange Line and Blue Line. The priority corridor of the Orange Line, which connects IIT Kanpur to Motijheel was inaugurated by the Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi on 28 December 2021."}, {"Context": "Kanpur Higher education", "Knowledge": "ORG Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University, ORG Kanpur Indo - American Programme, ORG Indian Institute of Technology, ORG KIAP, LOC India, PER Atal Bihari Vajpayee, LOC Kanpur, ORG Indian Institutes of Technology, LOC Uttar Pradesh, ORG HBTI, ORG Dr. Ambedkar Institute of Technology, ORG Rama University, ORG Rama Group, ORG Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, ORG Harcourt Butler Technical University, LOC US, PER Chandrashekhar Azad", "Response": "Prestigious public engineering institution Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur is located in Kanpur city. It was one of the first Indian Institutes of Technology established in 1959, created with the assistance of a consortium of nine US research universities as part of the Kanpur Indo-American Programme (KIAP).Other educational institutions in the city include three state universities. Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University is one of the largest universities in northern India catering to urban and rural students offering professional and academic courses in the disciplines of Arts, Science, Commerce, Law, Engineering, Biotechnology, Computer Applications, Management and Medicine. \nChandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology is an agricultural university named after the Indian revolutionary Chandrashekhar Azad which caters to the needs of the farming community of 29 districts of Uttar Pradesh. \nHarcourt Butler Technical University (HBTI) offers Bachelors, Masters, and Doctoral programs in engineering, as well as Masters programs in Business Administration, and Computer Applications. Dr.Ambedkar Institute of Technology for Handicapped, an institution to provide technical education to specially-abled students inaugurated by former Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee in 1997, is also situated in Kanpur. \nThere is also private universities in the city like: Rama University part of the Rama Group. There are several good private Technical and Management institutions in the city."}, {"Context": "Kanpur Medical education", "Knowledge": "ORG GSVM, LOC Kanpur, LOC Uttar Pradesh, ORG GSVM Medical College, ORG Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi Memorial Medical College, LOC Hallet Hospital, PER Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi, LOC Lala Lajpat Rai Hospital", "Response": "Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi Memorial Medical College (GSVM Medical College) is a state-run medical college in Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh. It was founded in 1956 and named after Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi, a freedom fighter and journalist from Kanpur. Lala Lajpat Rai Hospital, which is also known as Hallet Hospital, is associated with GSVM, Kanpur."}, {"Context": "Kanyakumari Introduction", "Knowledge": "PER Ptolemy, LOC Thiruvalluvar Statue, PER Marco Polo, LOC Vivekananda Rock Memorial, LOC Cape Comorin, LOC India, LOC Thiruvananthapuram, LOC Nagercoil, LOC Laccadive Sea, LOC Indian, LOC Tamil Nadu, PER Kanniyakumari, LOC Kanniyakumari, LOC US, PER Devi Kanya Kumari", "Response": "Kanniyakumari (US: ; lit.\u2009'The Virgin Princess', referring to Devi Kanya Kumari), also known as Cape Comorin, is a city in Kanniyakumari district in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. It is the southern tip of the Indian subcontinent and the southernmost city in mainland India, and thus referred to as \"The Land's End\". The city is situated 90 kilometres (56 mi) south of Thiruvananthapuram city, and about 20 kilometres (12 mi) south of Nagercoil, the headquarters of Kanniyakumari district.\nKanniyakumari is a popular tourist destination and pilgrimage centre in India. Notable tourist spots include its unique sunrise and sunset points, the 41-metre (133 ft) Thiruvalluvar Statue, and Vivekananda Rock Memorial off the coast. Lying at the tip of peninsular India, the town is bordered on the west, south, and east by the Laccadive Sea. It has a coastline of 71.5 kilometres (44.4 mi) stretched along these three sides.On the shores of the city is a temple dedicated to Goddess Kanniyakumari (the virgin Goddess), after which the town is named. Kanniyakumari has been a city since the Sangam period and was referred to in old Malayalam literature and in the accounts of Ptolemy and Marco Polo."}, {"Context": "Kanyakumari Etymology", "Knowledge": "LOC Ceylon, PER Kanya Kumari, LOC Portuguese East Indies, LOC Cape Comorin, PER Krishna, LOC India, ORG Government of India, ORG Government of Madras, ORG Dutch East India Company, LOC Comorin, LOC Kanniyakumari", "Response": "The place derives its name from the goddess Kanya Kumari, considered to be the sister of Krishna. The goddess is believed to remove the rigidity from the mind, and women pray for marriage at her temple. In 1656, the Dutch East India Company conquered Portuguese Ceylon from the Portuguese East Indies, and the name eventually corrupted to \"Comorin\" and was called \"Cape Comorin\" during British rule in India. In 2016, the city and its district were renamed to \"Kanniyakumari\" by the Government of India and the Government of Madras."}, {"Context": "Kanyakumari Legend", "Knowledge": "PER Shiva, LOC Himalayas, LOC Marunthuvazh Malai, LOC Sri Lanka, LOC Kanniyakumari \u2013 Nagercoil, PER Mrita, PER Parvati, PER Agasthya, LOC Shakti Peetha, LOC Lanka, PER Hanuman, LOC Kottaram, LOC Kanniyakumari, PER Kanya Devi", "Response": "According to a Hindu legend, Kanya Devi, an avatar of Parvati, was to marry Shiva, who failed to show up on his wedding day. Rice and other grains meant for the wedding feast remained uncooked and unused. The uncooked grains turned into stones as time went by. Some believe that the small stones on the shore today, which look like rice, are indeed grains from the wedding that was never solemnised. Kanya Devi is now considered a virgin goddess who blesses pilgrims and tourists who flock to the town. Her temple in Kanniyakumari is a Shakti Peetha: a holy shrine in the Shaktism tradition of Hinduism.\nAccording to another Hindu legend, Hanuman dropped a piece of earth near Kanniyakumari as he was carrying a mountain with his life-saving herb, Mrita Sanjivani, from the Himalayas to Lanka (Sri Lanka) during the Ramayana War. The fallen earth formed an area called Marunthuvazh Malai, literally \"hills where medicine lives\". This legend explains the abundance of unique native medicinal plants in the area. Marunthuvazh Malai is located near Kottaram, about 7 km (4 mi) from Kanniyakumari town on the Kanniyakumari\u2013Nagercoil highway. The sage Agasthya, who was an expert in medicinal herbs, is believed to have lived around this site in ancient days. There is an ashram on the middle of the hillside; tourists trek up to visit the ashram and to glimpse the sea near Kanniyakumari town, a few kilometres away."}, {"Context": "Kanyakumari Demographics", "Knowledge": "LOC Kanniyakumari", "Response": "As per the 2011 Census, Kanniyakumari town consisted of 61.16% Christians, 32.97% Hindus, and 5.47% Muslims. It had a population of 19,739, comprising 9,884 males and 9,855 females, making the sex ratio (number of females per thousand males) of the town 997. A total of 2,403 people were under six years of age and the child sex ratio (number of females per thousand males under six years of age) stood at 1,024. The town had an average literacy of 88.62%, higher than the national average of 59.5%. There were a total of 4,236 households in the town.\nAs of 2001, Kanniyakumari had a total of 5,929 main workers: 11 cultivators, 78 agricultural labourers, 66 in household industries, and 5,774 other workers. There were a total of 119 marginal workers: 4 marginal cultivators, 3 marginal agricultural labourers, 11 marginal workers in household industries, and 101 other marginal workers."}, {"Context": "Kanyakumari Geography", "Knowledge": "LOC Great Nicobar Island, LOC Indian Subcontinent, LOC Nagercoil, LOC India, LOC Laccadive Sea, LOC Republic of India, LOC Kerala, LOC Kanniyakumari district, LOC Eastern Coastal Plains, LOC Indira Point, LOC Western Coastal Plains, LOC Kanniyakumari, LOC Thiruvananthapuram", "Response": "Kanniyakumari is located at 8.08\u00b0N 77.57\u00b0E\ufeff / 8.08; 77.57  and has an average elevation of 30 metres. The peninsular tip of Kanniyakumari is bordered on three sides by the Laccadive Sea. It is located at the confluence of the Western Coastal Plains and Eastern Coastal Plains. The nearest city is Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala (85 km (53 mi) away), and the nearest town is Nagercoil, the administrative headquarters of Kanniyakumari district (22 km (14 mi) away).Kanniyakumari is at the southern tip and is the southernmost point of the contiguous Indian Subcontinent. As such, it is part of the common Hindustani phrase used to describe the length of India: \"Kashmir se Kanniyakumari\"; before the partition, the phrase in undivided India was \"Khyber se Kanniyakumari\". However, the southernmost point of Republic of India is at Indira Point on Great Nicobar Island, at 6\u00b045\u201910\u2033N and 93\u00b049\u201936\u2033E."}, {"Context": "Kanyakumari Thiruvalluvar Statue", "Knowledge": "PER V. Ganapati Sthapati, LOC Thirukkural, PER Valluvar, LOC Iraivan Temple, LOC Indian Ocean, PER Nataraja", "Response": "The Thiruvalluvar Statue is a 7,000-ton stone statue of poet and philosopher Valluvar. It has a height of 29 metres (95 feet) and stands upon an 11.5-metre (38 ft) rock that represents the 38 chapters of virtue in the Thirukkural. The statue standing on the rock represents wealth and pleasures, signifying that wealth and love be earned and enjoyed on the foundation of solid virtue. The combined height of the statue and pedestal is 133 ft (40.5 m), denoting the 133 chapters in the Thirukkural.\nThe statue is reminiscent of a dancing pose of Nataraja. It was sculpted by the Indian sculptor V. Ganapati Sthapati, who also created the Iraivan Temple, and its opening ceremony was on 1 January 2000. The monument was hit by the Indian Ocean tsunami on 26 December 2004, but stood unaffected. The statue is designed to survive earthquakes of high magnitude. During maintenance work, as well as during rough sea, entry is restricted for tourists."}, {"Context": "Kanyakumari Vivekananda Rock Memorial", "Knowledge": "PER Swami Vivekananda, LOC Vivekananda Rock Memorial, LOC India, LOC Shripada Mandapam, PER Vivekananda, LOC Laccadive Sea, PER Goddess Kumari, LOC Vavathurai, LOC Kanniyakumari, LOC Vivekananda Mandapam, LOC Dhyana Mandapam", "Response": "The Vivekananda Rock Memorial is a popular tourist monument in Vavathurai, Kanniyakumari, India. The memorial stands on one of two rocks in the Laccadive Sea, located about 500 metres (1,600 ft) east of the mainland of Vavathurai. It was built in 1970 in honour of Swami Vivekananda who is said to have attained enlightenment on the rock. According to local legends, it was on this rock that Goddess Kumari performed austerity. A meditation hall (Dhyana Mandapam) is also attached to the memorial for visitors to meditate. The design of the mandapa incorporates different styles of temple architecture from all over India. It houses a statue of Vivekananda. The memorial consists of two main structures: the Vivekananda Mandapam and the Shripada Mandapam."}, {"Context": "Kanyakumari Bhagavathy Amman Temple", "Knowledge": "LOC Bhagavathy Amman Temple, LOC Laccadive Sea, PER Devi, LOC Kumari Bhagavathy Amman, PER Parasurama, LOC Kanniyakumari, PER Kumari Amman, LOC Kumari Amman", "Response": "Bhagavathy Amman Temple is a 3,000-year-old temple dedicated to Goddess Kumari Amman located at Kanniyakumari on the shore of the Laccadive Sea. Kumari Amman is one of the forms of Devi, popularly known as \"Kumari Bhagavathy Amman\". The temple is the first Durga temple created by Lord Parasurama and one of the 108 Shakthi Peethas. It is mentioned in the Ramayana, Mahabharata, and Purananuru."}, {"Context": "Kanyakumari Gandhi Memorial Mandapam", "Knowledge": "PER Mahatma, PER Gandhi, LOC Gandhi Memorial Mandapam", "Response": "The Gandhi Memorial Mandapam has been built on the spot where the urn containing the Mahatma's ashes was kept for public viewing before immersion. Resembling central Indian Hindu temples in form, the memorial was designed such that on Gandhi's birthday, 2 October, the first rays of the sun fall on the exact place where his ashes were kept."}, {"Context": "Kanyakumari Kamarajar Mani Mantapa Monument", "Knowledge": "PER Gandhi, LOC Kamarajar Mani Mantapa Monument, LOC Gandhi Memorial Mandapam, PER K. Kamarajar, PER Black, LOC Tamil Nadu, ORG Indian National Congress, PER Kamarajar", "Response": "Kamarajar Mani Mantapa Monument was raised and dedicated to K. Kamarajar, a freedom fighter, former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, and President of Indian National Congress. He is also popularly known as \"Black Gandhi\" among the masses. Like the Gandhi Memorial Mandapam, this monument is where Kamarajar's ashes were kept for the public to pay homage before immersion into the sea."}, {"Context": "Kanyakumari Tsunami Memorial Park", "Knowledge": "LOC Sri Lanka, LOC Somalia, LOC India, LOC Maldives, LOC Thailand, LOC Kanniyakumari, LOC Indonesia, LOC Indian Ocean", "Response": "Near Kanniyakumari's southern shore stands a monument to the memory of those who died in the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, an underwater megathrust earthquake that claimed around 280,000 lives in many countries, including India, Sri Lanka, Somalia, Thailand, Maldives, and Indonesia."}, {"Context": "Kanyakumari Tourism", "Knowledge": "LOC Thiruvalluvar Statue, LOC Vivekananda Rock Memorial, LOC Kanniyakumari Town, LOC Nagercoil, LOC India, ORG Poompuhar Shipping Corporation, LOC Thiruvananthapuram International Airport, LOC Chennai, PER Swamy Vivekananda, LOC Kanniyakumari", "Response": "The state-owned Poompuhar Shipping Corporation runs ferry services between the town and the Vivekananda Rock Memorial and Thiruvalluvar Statue, both situated on rocky islets off the coast. The operation of the ferry service began in 1984. Two ferries were used until June 2013, after which a third ferry was added to the service on the occasion of 150th birth anniversary of Swamy Vivekananda.The Kanniyakumari railway station and nearby Nagercoil railway station offer direct connection by rail to almost all metropolitan cities in India. The nearest airport is Thiruvananthapuram International Airport, 90 km (56 mi) from Kanniyakumari Town and 70 km (43 mi) from Nagercoil. Kanniyakumari is 744 km (462 mi) from Chennai."}, {"Context": "Kasauli Introduction", "Knowledge": "LOC Chandigarh, LOC Kasauli, LOC Himachal Pradesh, LOC North India, LOC Solan, LOC Haryana, LOC Ambala Cantt, LOC Shimla", "Response": "Kasauli is a town and cantonment, located in the Solan district of the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh. The cantonment was established by the British Raj in 1842 as a Colonial hill station,25 km (16 mi) from Solan, 77 km (48 mi) from Shimla, 58 km (36 mi) from Chandigarh, and 94 km (58 mi) from Ambala Cantt (Haryana), an important railway junction of North India."}, {"Context": "Kasauli Demographics", "Knowledge": "ORG Cantonment Board, LOC Kasauli, LOC Himachal Pradesh, LOC Solan, ORG Kasauli Cantonment Board, LOC CB", "Response": "Kasauli is a Cantonment Board city in the district of Solan, Himachal Pradesh. The Kasauli city is divided into 6 wards for which elections are held every 5 years. The Kasauli Cantonment Board has a population of 3,885, of which 2,183 are males and 1,702 are females, according to a report released by Census India 2011.\nThe population of children with age of 0-6 is 406 which is 10.45% of total population of Kasauli (CB). In Kasauli Cantonment Board, Female Sex Ratio is of 780 against state average of 972. Moreover, Child Sex Ratio in Kasauli is around 888 compared to Himachal Pradesh state average of 909. Literacy rate of Kasauli city is 91.23% higher than state average of 82.80%. In Kasauli, Male literacy is around 94.05% while female literacy rate is 87.56%."}, {"Context": "Kasauli Climate", "Knowledge": "LOC Kasauli, LOC Kasuli", "Response": "Kasauli has a moderate climate. Winter temperature is approximately 2 degrees Celsius, the summer temperatures rarely exceeds 32 degrees Celsius or more. The general wind direction is south-west to north-east. Total rainfall for the year is 1020 millimetres, with humidity at 90% in September and 28% in April. Sometimes snowfall is also there during early January and in winters are chilly, there are a couple of frosty nights. Minimum temperature recorded in Kasuli was -6\u00b0 Celsius."}, {"Context": "Kasauli Central Research Institute", "Knowledge": "ORG DTP, ORG Central Research Institute, LOC Kasauli, PER David Semple, ORG Centre, ORG Pasteur Institute of India, ORG CRI, ORG World Health Organization", "Response": "The Central Research Institute (CRI), originally the Pasteur Institute of India, was established at Kasauli in 1904 under its first director Sir David Semple, as an institute working in the fields of immunology and virological research.The CRI works as a World Health Organization \u2018Collaborating Centre\u2019, and as an immuno-biological laboratory producing vaccines for measles and polio, and the DTP group of vaccines. It also provides a Master of Science programme in Microbiology."}, {"Context": "Kasauli Baptist Church", "Knowledge": "ORG The Indian Express, LOC Sadar Bazzar, LOC Kasauli Baptist Church", "Response": "Kasauli Baptist Church is a 1923 brick and wood building, situated close to the Sadar Bazzar. According to The Indian Express it is \"considered a unique example of colonial architecture of the British era\". In 2008 the church was damaged by a fire which destroyed all the internal furnishings."}, {"Context": "Kasauli Christ Church", "Knowledge": "LOC Chandigarh, LOC Christ Church Kasauli, PER J. B. Brunesson, ORG Government, LOC England, PER Daniel Wilson, PER Christ, PER Saint Barnabas, LOC Calcutta, PER Wilson, LOC Kasauli, ORG CNI, ORG EME, LOC Amritsar, PER MJ Jennings, ORG W. H. Bailey & Co, LOC Christ Church, ORG Good Samaritan, LOC India, ORG Church of North India, LOC Manchester, PER Saint Francis, PER Mary", "Response": "Christ Church was previously an Anglican church, inaugurated on 24 July 1853.\nChrist Church Kasauli came into existence in 1844 when Dr. Daniel Wilson (the great Metropolitan Bishop of Calcutta) appointed the Rev MJ Jennings as chaplain to the new station Kasauli for the first time, who started worship services in a barrack as there was no church building.\nAt the end of October 1844 Dr. Wilson, the Bishop of Calcutta, paid his first visitation of Kasauli and on 26 October laid the foundation stone of the future Christ Church. On 24 July 1853 the shed of the church was completed and on that day the church was used for the worship services for first time.\nIn the 1880s the church tower was raised and the public clock was placed on it during the leadership of the Rev J.B. Brunesson by importing the same from W.H. Bailey & Co of Manchester, England. The total cost of this was Rs. 2612 and 11 annas towards which Rs. 1250 was given by the Government and the balance raised by public subscription. After remaining in hibernation for many decades, in 2015 the tower clock, started ticking again with the wonderful efforts of a Good Samaritan from Chandigarh and the local EME workshop. The clock still works on mechanical gears and is now in the Limca Book of Records for being the oldest working tower turret clock in India. Link for the restoration story\n\nSince 1970 it has been under the auspices of the Church of North India (CNI) in the diocese of Amritsar. The church contains Spanish and Italian imported stained glass windows depicting Christ, Mary, Saint Barnabas and Saint Francis."}, {"Context": "Kasauli Gurudwara Shri Guru Nanak Ji", "Knowledge": "ORG Gurudwara, LOC Kasauli, LOC Garkhal, LOC Ji, ORG Guru Nanak", "Response": "The Gurudwara (Sikh house of worship and hospitality) Shri Guru Nanak Ji is located in the Garkhal bazaar near Kasauli."}, {"Context": "Kasauli Kasauli Club", "Knowledge": "ORG Kasauli Club, LOC Kasauli, PER David Semple, LOC Dagshai, LOC Independence, ORG Kasauli Reading and Assembly Rooms, LOC Solan, LOC Subathu, ORG Pasteur Institute", "Response": "The Kasauli Club was established by civilians and service personnel in 1880, as the Kasauli Reading and Assembly Rooms. It gained its present name in 1898 when a limited liability company and constitution were established; its first director was Sir David Semple of Kasauli's Pasteur Institute. At the time the club was for the exclusive use of the British Raj, and held social meetings, tea and dinner dances, and galas. In 1915 regimental officers at Dagshai, Solan and Subathu could be admitted as honorary members. At Independence in 1947, plans to sell the then loss-making Club failed.The club was originally constructed of wood and plaster, and was typical of hill architecture. In 2001, after a 2000 restoration, it was destroyed by fire, losing \"elegant, old-world furniture, [and] precious and rare books\". By 2005 it had been redesigned and rebuilt in stone, and plans were put forward for a new attached gymnasium.In April 2012 the Kasauli Club hosted a two-day Rhythm and Blues Festival as a benefit concert for ill children."}, {"Context": "Kasauli Nahri Temple", "Knowledge": "PER Durga, LOC Jantar Mantar, LOC Choo Mantar Mahadev Temple, PER Lord Shiva, LOC Nahri Temple", "Response": "The Nahri Temple, devoted to the Goddess Durga and Lord Shiva, is thought to have been constructed around a hundred and fifty years ago. Also known as 'Jantar Mantar' and 'Choo Mantar Mahadev Temple', the temple is renowned for its festive celebration of Dushera and Shivratri. The temple boasts striking idols of the goddess Durga and Lord Shiva placed in the chamber of temple. Near this temple, there is century-old bauri which still offers sweet potable water. This temple is known to be visited by hundreds of pilgrims each year to present their prayers."}, {"Context": "Kasauli Hanuman Mandir (Manki Point)", "Knowledge": "LOC Lower Mall, LOC Himalayas, LOC Chandigarh, PER Hanuman, LOC Monkey Point, LOC Air Force Station", "Response": "Monkey Point is situated in the Air Force Station near the Lower Mall region about 4 km (2.5 mi) from the center of town. According to the Ramayana, when Lord Hanuman was returning from the Himalayas after acquiring the \"Sanjivani Booty\", one of his feet touched the hill; that's why the top of the hill is in the shape of a foot. On clear nights a view of Chandigarh can be seen from Monkey Point."}, {"Context": "Kasauli Beja State", "Knowledge": "LOC Sabathu, LOC Patiala, LOC Kasauli, LOC Beja, LOC Bharauli, LOC Beja State, LOC Kuthar, LOC Mahlog, LOC Simla District, LOC Simla Hill", "Response": "Beja State was one of the 18 Simla Hill States, situated just below Kasauli to the west and bordered by Mahlog, Patiala, Kuthar and the Bharauli tract of Simla District around Sabathu. Beja included 45 villages, over an area of 13 km2 or 5 mi2 with 1,131 subjects."}, {"Context": "Kasauli Mahlog State", "Knowledge": "LOC Mahlog, PER Mohamad Gauri, LOC Kalka, LOC Simla Hill", "Response": "The state of Mahlog was founded in 1183. Its original rulers were ruling earlier near Kalka when Mohamad Gauri attacked that area then they shifted to the Mahlog area. Initially 193 villages were in its jurisdiction but later over 300 villages were included. It was one of the biggest Princely State of Simla Hill States under the British Raj."}, {"Context": "Kasauli Notable people", "Knowledge": "LOC Assam, PER Ruskin Bond, PER Khushwant Singh, LOC United Kingdom, LOC Jammu, LOC Kashmir, PER Michael Baines, PER Mahatma Gandhi, LOC Kasauli, PER Frank Blaker, PER Braj Kumar Nehru, PER Tisca Chopra, PER Janet Chisholm, PER Ram Prasad Bairagi, PER Nathuram Godse, LOC India, PER Andy Mulligan, PER Giles Radice, PER Radice, ORG British Army, LOC United States", "Response": "Braj Kumar Nehru, former Governor of Assam and Jammu and Kashmir, Ambassador of India to the United States (1961\u20131968) and Indian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom (1973\u20131977) was a former resident.\nMichael Baines, English cricketer and British Army officer, born in Kasauli\nFrank Blaker, Victoria Cross recipient, born in Kasauli\nRam Prasad Bairagi, Freedom Fighter of 1857.\nRuskin Bond \u2013 Anglo-Indian author, born in Kasauli\nJanet Chisholm \u2013 British MI6 agent during the Cold War, born in Kasauli\nTisca Chopra, Indian film actress, born in Kasauli\nNathuram Godse \u2013 assassin of Mahatma Gandhi, held in a Kasauli barrack during his trial\nAndy Mulligan \u2013 Irish rugby international, born in Kasauli\nGiles Radice, Baron Radice \u2013 resident of Kasauli, 1942\u201346\nKhushwant Singh - part-time resident of Kasauli and inspiration for the annual Kushwant Singh Literary Festival hosted in Kasauli since 2012."}, {"Context": "Kausani Introduction", "Knowledge": "LOC Kausani, PER Mahatma Gandhi, LOC Nanda Devi, LOC India, LOC Bageshwar, LOC Panchchuli, LOC Uttarakhand, LOC Switzerland, LOC Trisul, LOC K\u00f4s\u0101n\u012b", "Response": "Kausani (Kumaoni: K\u00f4s\u0101n\u012b) is a hill station and Village situated in Bageshwar district in the state of Uttarakhand, India. It is famous for its scenic splendour and its spectacular 300 km-wide panoramic view of Himalayan peaks like Trisul, Nanda Devi and Panchchuli. Mahatma Gandhi called this place the 'Switzerland of India', due to similarity in landscapes."}, {"Context": "Kausani History", "Knowledge": "LOC Kausani, LOC Almora District, LOC India, LOC Uttar Pradesh, LOC Bageshwar, LOC Almora, LOC State of Uttarakhand", "Response": "During Independence of India in 1947, Kausani was situated in the Almora District till 15 September 1997 after which Bageshwar district was carved out of Almora district.  On 9 November 2000, the State of Uttarakhand was created from the Himalayan and adjoining northwestern districts of Uttar Pradesh."}, {"Context": "Kausani Geography", "Knowledge": "LOC Kausani, LOC Kosi, LOC Katyuri, LOC Gomti, LOC Didihat Highway, LOC Almora, LOC North, LOC Nainital, LOC Kumaon, LOC Ramganga, LOC Bageshwar, LOC Lesser Himalayas, LOC Garur, LOC Someshwar, LOC Kumaon Kingdom, LOC India, LOC Sea, LOC Uttarakhand, LOC Bageshwar District", "Response": "Kausani is located at 29.8541\u00b0N 79.5966\u00b0E\ufeff / 29.8541; 79.5966 in Bageshwar district of Uttarakhand, India at a distance of 40 km (25 mi) from Bageshwar city, the administrative Headquarter of Bageshwar District. Kausani is located 52 km (32 mi) north of Almora, a major hill station and the historical capital of Kumaon Kingdom. Kausani lies in the Kumaon division and is situated 123 km (76 mi) North-East of Nainital, the Headquarters of Kumaon. Nearby Towns include Garur (14 km (8.7 mi)) and Someshwar (12 km (7.5 mi)). It has an average elevation of 1,890 m (6,200 ft) above mean Sea Level. Kausani lies atop a ridge amidst dense pine trees overlooking Someshwar valley on one side and Garur and Katyuri valley on the other on Almora-Bageshwar-Didihat Highway. Kausani is a part of the Lesser Himalayas, a region watered by rivers like Kosi, Gomti and Ramganga.  Their banks, known as seras, are highly fertile."}, {"Context": "Kausani Climate", "Knowledge": "", "Response": "Temperature ranges between 10 \u00b0C to 26 \u00b0C in summers. Winters are quite cold with temperature ranging between 15 \u00b0C to 2 \u00b0C. Rainfall lies between Max 3048 mm and Min 1777 mm."}, {"Context": "Kausani Demographics", "Knowledge": "LOC Kausani, LOC Garur, PER Sarpanch, LOC India, LOC Kausani State, LOC Garur Tehsil, LOC Bageshwar, LOC Uttarakhand", "Response": "According to Census 2011 information the location code or village code of Kausani State village is 051443. Kausani State village is located in Garur Tehsil of Bageshwar district in Uttarakhand, India. It is situated 18 km (11 mi) away from sub-district headquarter Garur and 40 km (25 mi) away from district headquarter Bageshwar. As per 2009 stats, Kausani is the gram panchayat of Kausani State village.Kausani State is a large village located in Garur of Bageshwar district, Uttarakhand with total 512 families residing. The total geographical area of village is 429.92 hectares. Kausani State has a total population of 2,408 of which 1195 are males while 1213 are females as per Population Census 2011.In Kausani State village population of children with age 0-6 is 334 which makes up 13.87% of total population of village. Average sex ratio of Kausani State village is 1015 which is higher than Uttarakhand state average of 963. Child Sex Ratio for the Kausani State as per census is 825, lower than Uttarakhand average of 890.\nKausani State village has higher literacy rate compared to Uttarakhand. In 2011, literacy rate of Kausani State village was 87.80% compared to 78.82% of Uttarakhand. In Kausani State Male literacy stands at 96.25% while female literacy rate was 79.76%.In Kausani State village, most of the villagers are from Schedule Caste (SC). Schedule Caste (SC) constitutes 45.47% while Schedule Tribe (ST) were 0.33% of total population in Kausani State village.In Kausani State village out of total population, 1086 were engaged in work activities. 54.24% of workers describe their work as Main Work (Employment or Earning more than 6 Months) while 45.76% were involved in Marginal activity providing livelihood for less than 6 months. Of 1086 workers engaged in Main Work, 187 were cultivators (owner or co-owner) while 16 were Agricultural labourer.As per constitution of India and Panchyati Raaj Act, Kausani State village is administrated by Sarpanch (Head of Village) who is elected representative of village. Kumaoni is spoken by majority however, Hindi and Sanskrit are the official languages."}, {"Context": "Kausani Economy", "Knowledge": "LOC Kausani, LOC Kausani State, ORG Kausani Tea Estate", "Response": "Many of Kausani's men serve in the army \u2013 a phenomenon common in the northern hill towns of the country. The rest of the population depends on agriculture and allied activities, tourism and other small businesses for their livelihood. The local handloom factory produces shawls, woolen apparel and blankets. Besides handloom products, the factory sells other local artefacts and tea from Kausani's tea estate. Kausani Tea Estate was established in 2000-2001 and produces 70,000 kg Tea.In Kausani State village out of total population, 1086 were engaged in work activities. 54.24% of workers describe their work as Main Work (Employment or Earning more than 6 Months) while 45.76% were involved in Marginal activity providing livelihood for less than 6 months. Of 1086 workers engaged in Main Work, 187 were cultivators (owner or co-owner) while 16 were Agricultural labourer."}, {"Context": "Kausani Tourist attractions", "Knowledge": "LOC Kausani, LOC Baijnath, PER Sarla Behn, LOC Kumauni, ORG Anashakti Ashram, LOC Museum, LOC Bageshwar Road, LOC Pant Museum, ORG Kumaon Shawl Emporium, LOC Lakshmi Ashram, LOC Bageshwar, ORG Kumaon Mandal Vikas Nigam, PER Mahatma Gandhi, ORG KMVN, LOC Anashakti Ashram, LOC Lakshmi ashram, PER Gandhiji, PER Sumitranandan Pant, PER Kaitherine Heileman", "Response": "Anashakti Ashram is a quiet and revered place where Mahatma Gandhi spent some days and wrote his commentary of Anashakti Yog. The KMVN (Kumaon Mandal Vikas Nigam) resthouse in Kausani is an ideal place to stay and it provides panoramic views of the mountains.\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\nLakshmi Ashram is one kilometre away from the Kausani, and is a center run by Kumauni women and dedicated to social service and the upliftment of women. Gandhiji's disciple, Sarla Behn (Kaitherine Heileman) established the ashram in 1946, and spent her life here doing social service and also established Anashakti Ashram. Lakshmi ashram is located in a solitary area among dense pine forest.\nTea gardens (5 km on Bageshwar Road), Baijnath group of temples (16.5 km on Bageshwar Road) and Bageshwar are the places of interest nearby. A fabulous collection of high quality woollen shawls, exquisitely designed by the local weavers, can be purchased from Kumaon Shawl Emporium.Pant Museum is named after the famous Hindi poet, Sumitranandan Pant, who was born in Kausani, the Museum has the articles of his daily use, drafts of his poems, letters, his awards etc. This Museum is at a short distance from the Kausani bus terminal."}, {"Context": "Kausani Treks Near Kausani", "Knowledge": "LOC Kausani, LOC Sunder Dhunga, LOC Kafari, LOC Pindari Glacier, LOC Rudrahari, LOC Kafni Glacier, LOC Milam Glacier", "Response": "Pindari Glacier Trek\nKafni Glacier Trek\nSunder Dhunga Trek\nMilam Glacier Trek\nRudrahari cave temple trek\nKafari (3 km from Kausani)"}, {"Context": "Kausani Places around Kausani", "Knowledge": "PER Angayaari, PER Krishna, PER Garur Chaukori Berinag Gwaldam Badhan Gari, LOC Laubanj Village, PER Kote Mai, PER Rudradhari Dham Saroli, PER Almora Baijnath Bageshwar", "Response": "Almora\nBaijnath\nBageshwar\nGarur\nChaukori\nBerinag\nGwaldam\nBadhan Gari Mandir\nAngayaari Mandir\nKote Mai Mandir\nKrishna gari\nLaubanj Village\nRudradhari Dham\nSaroli"}, {"Context": "Kausani Transport", "Knowledge": "LOC Indira Gandhi International Airport, LOC Kausani, LOC Garur, LOC India, LOC Pantnagar, LOC Kumaon, LOC Uttarakhand, LOC Delhi, LOC Pantnagar Airport, LOC Almora, LOC Bageshwar, ORG Uttarakhand Transport Corporation, LOC Kathgodam, ORG Kumaon Motor Owners Union, LOC someshwar, ORG K. M. O. U.", "Response": "Pantnagar Airport, located in Pantnagar (178 km) is the primary Airport serving entire Kumaon Region. Indira Gandhi International Airport, located in Delhi (431 km) is the nearest international Airport. Kathgodam railway station (145 km) is the nearest railway station.\nKausani is well connected by motorable roads with major destinations of Uttarakhand state and northern India. Bus Services are provided by Uttarakhand Transport Corporation and K.M.O.U.(Kumaon Motor Owners Union limited). Regular Taxis are available to Almora, Bageshwar, Garur, someshwar and other major destinations of Kumaon region."}, {"Context": "Kausani Education", "Knowledge": "ORG CBSE, ORG Uttarakhand Board of School Education, ORG Government of Uttarakhand, LOC Kausani State, ORG UBSE, LOC Uttarakhand", "Response": "There are mainly government-run, private unaided (no government help) and private aided schools in the city. The language of instruction in the schools is either English or Hindi. The main school affiliations are CBSE and UBSE, the state syllabus defined by the Uttarakhand Board of School Education of the Government of Uttarakhand. Kausani State village has higher literacy rate compared to Uttarakhand. In 2011, literacy rate of Kausani State village was 87.80% compared to 78.82% of Uttarakhand. In Kausani State Male literacy stands at 96.25% while female literacy rate was 79.76%."}, {"Context": "Kausani In Films", "Knowledge": "LOC India", "Response": "The movie 1942: A Love Story was filmed in this region and bears a resemblance to depict pre-independence India for filming purpose."}, {"Context": "Kausani Notable people", "Knowledge": "PER Mahatma Gandhi, LOC Kausani Village, ORG Eastern Naval Command, PER Sumitranandan Pant, LOC Anashakti Ashram, PER Harish Bisht", "Response": "Sumitranandan Pant (20 May 1900 \u2013 28 December 1977) was born in Kausani Village.\nMahatma Gandhi (2 October 1869 \u2013 30 January 1948) stayed here for 14 days at the Anashakti Ashram, while scripting his book titled \u2018Anashakti Yoga\u2019.\nHarish Bisht - Eastern Naval Command chief was born in Kausani Village."}, {"Context": "Kavaratti Introduction", "Knowledge": "LOC Kozhikode, LOC India, LOC Kochi, LOC Lakshadweep, LOC Union Territory, LOC Kannur, LOC Kavaratti", "Response": "Kavaratti  is the capital of the Union Territory of Lakshadweep in India. Kavaratti is a census town as well as the name of the atoll upon which the town stands.\nIt is well known for its pristine white sand beaches and calm lagoons, which makes it a popular tourist destination.\nIt is located 332 km (206 mi) west to the city of Kannur, 351 km (218 mi) west of the city of Kozhikode, and 404 km (251 mi) west of the city of Kochi."}, {"Context": "Kavaratti Details", "Knowledge": "LOC Kavaratti", "Response": "The island is 3.5 miles (5.6 km) long and tapers to a point at one end from a maximum width at the other of 0.75 mile (1.2 km). There is a shallow lagoon on the western side of the island, and coconut palms grow on the northern side. Kavaratti town is noted for the carved wooden pillars and roofs of its mosques and the carved stones of its graveyards. The town has administrative buildings, a bank, numerous mosques, and an aquarium. Tourism is of growing importance to the economy."}, {"Context": "Kavaratti Geography", "Knowledge": "LOC Kochi, LOC Kerala, LOC Agatti, LOC Pitti, LOC Kavaratti, LOC Suheli Par", "Response": "The island of Kavaratti lies 360 km (190 nmi) off the coast of the state of Kerala at 10.57\u00b0N 72.64\u00b0E\ufeff / 10.57; 72.64. It has an average elevation of 0 metres (0 feet).\nThe closest island is uninhabited Pitti islet, located 24 km (13 nmi) north of Kavaratti. The inhabited island of Agatti lies 54 km to the NW and Suheli Par 53 km to the SW.\nKochi is the closest major city on the Indian mainland at a distance of 404 km (218 nmi).\nIt has a lagoon area of 8.96 km2 (3.46 sq mi)."}, {"Context": "Kavaratti Demographics", "Knowledge": "LOC Kavaratti, LOC India", "Response": "The 2011 population for Kavaratti was 11,210 based on the 2011 census of India. Males constitute 55% of the population and females 45%. Of the 1797 families on the island, 57 (about 3%) are below the poverty line.\nThe literacy was 88.6% for Kavaratti. This was an increase from 44.4% in 1971. The male literacy rate was 94.1%, while the female literacy was 81.66%. In Kavaratti, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age.\nThe most commonly spoken languages are Malayalam, Mahl and English."}, {"Context": "Kavaratti Climate", "Knowledge": "LOC Kavaratti", "Response": "Kavaratti has a tropical savanna climate (K\u00f6ppen Aw). March to May is the hottest period of the year. The year-round temperature ranges between 25 and 35 \u00b0C or 77 and 95 \u00b0F. Humidity range is 70 to 76 percent.The monsoon rains usually start at the end of May and continue through early November. The island receives an average of around 1,675 millimetres (66 in) of rain during the year."}, {"Context": "Kavaratti Economy", "Knowledge": "LOC Kavaratti Aquarium, LOC Kavaratti", "Response": "Tourism is one of the primary industries on the island. The island has pristine white sand beaches, favored by tourists for sun bathing. The calm lagoons on Kavaratti island are ideal for water sports and swimming.A number of hotels and resorts have been developed on Kavaratti in recent years. The waters around the coral atoll are rich in diverse marine life. The Kavaratti Aquarium has a rich collection of corals and a vast collection of tropical fish specimens.\nThe other major industries on the island are fisheries and agriculture. Coconut is the dominant crop on the island. With the ascent of tourism, the fishing industry has seen a major decline."}, {"Context": "Kavaratti Transportation", "Knowledge": "LOC Kozhikode, LOC Calicut International Airport, LOC Kochi, LOC Lakshadweep, LOC Agatti Island, LOC Agatti, LOC Cochin International Airport, LOC Kavaratti, LOC Agatti Airport", "Response": "Among the most popular means of travel to Kavaratti from the Indian mainland is via an overnight voyage by passenger ships. A number of passenger liners operate from Kochi to Kavaratti and other Lakshadweep islands.\nThe nearest domestic airport is Agatti Airport on Agatti Island 54 km (29 nmi) away, followed by helicopter or boat transfers from Agatti to Kavaratti. Commercial flights usually operate from Kochi to Agatti.\nThe closest international airport are the Cochin International Airport in Kochi and the Calicut International Airport at Kozhikode on the mainland."}, {"Context": "Kavaratti Water supply", "Knowledge": "ORG Government of India, LOC Kavaratti", "Response": "Ground water is the major source of water supply to Kavaratti. The island has 190 ponds to collect monsoon waters and 1325 wells.\nWith increasing population, the Government of India commissioned a low temperature desalination plant (LTTD) in Kavaratti in May 2005. The desalination plant established at a cost of \u20b95 crores has a capacity to supply 100,000 litres of drinking water every day."}, {"Context": "Kaziranga Introduction", "Knowledge": "PER Tony Hall, ORG Survival International, LOC India, LOC Assam, LOC Eastern Himalaya, ORG BBC News, ORG BirdLife International, LOC Kaziranga National Park, ORG Forest Department of the Government of Assam, LOC Nagaon, ORG BBC, LOC Brahmaputra, LOC Golaghat, LOC Kaziranga", "Response": "Kaziranga National Park is a national park in the Golaghat and Nagaon districts of the state of Assam, India. The park, which hosts two-thirds of the world's great one-horned rhinoceroses, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. According to the census held in March 2018 which was jointly conducted by the Forest Department of the Government of Assam and some recognized wildlife NGOs, the rhino population in Kaziranga National Park is 2,613. It comprises 1,641 adult rhinos (642 males, 793 females, 206 unsexed); 387 sub-adults (116 males, 149 females, 122 unsexed); and 385 calves.In 2015, the rhino population stood at 2401. Kaziranga National Park was declared a Tiger Reserve in 2006. The park is home to large breeding populations of elephants, wild water buffalo, and swamp deer. Kaziranga is recognized as an Important Bird Area by BirdLife International for conservation of avifaunal species. When compared with other protected areas in India, Kaziranga has achieved notable success in wildlife conservation. Located on the edge of the Eastern Himalaya biodiversity hotspot, the park combines high species diversity and visibility.\nKaziranga is a vast expanse of tall elephant grass, marshland, and dense tropical moist broadleaf forests, criss-crossed by four major rivers, including the Brahmaputra, and the park includes numerous small bodies of water. Kaziranga has been the theme of several books, songs, and documentaries. The park celebrated its centennial in 2005 after its establishment in 1905 as a reserve forest.\nIn 2017, Kaziranga came under severe criticism after a BBC News documentary revealed a hardliner strategy to conservation, reporting the killing of 20 people a year in the name of rhino conservation. As a consequence of this reporting, BBC News was banned from filming in protected areas in India for 5 years. While several news reports claimed that BBC had apologized for the documentary, the BBC stood by its report, with its Director General, Tony Hall, writing in a letter to Survival International that the letter \"in no way constitutes an apology for our journalism.\" As a response to the report, researchers in India have provided more nuanced understanding of the matter, calling out BBC for the carelessness of its journalism, but also pointing to the problems of conservation in Kaziranga and questioning whether shoot-at-sight has been a useful conservation strategy at all."}, {"Context": "Kaziranga History  of Kaziranga National Park", "Knowledge": "LOC Kaziranga Wildlife Sanctuary, LOC Brahmaputra River, ORG ULFA, LOC India, LOC Assam, PER Lord Curzon, ORG United Liberation Front of Assam, PER Kedleston, PER P. D. Stracey, PER Mary Curzon, PER Curzon, ORG UNESCO, LOC Kaziranga Game Sanctuary, PER Viceroy, LOC Brahmaputra, LOC Kaziranha, LOC Kaziranga", "Response": "The history of Kaziranga as a protected area can be traced back to 1904, when Mary Curzon, Baroness Curzon of Kedleston, the wife of the Viceroy of India, Lord Curzon of Kedleston, visited the area. After failing to see a single-horned rhinoceros, for which the area was renowned, she persuaded her husband to take urgent measures to protect the dwindling species which he did by initiating planning for their protection. On 1 June 1905, the Kaziranga Proposed Reserve Forest was created with an area of 232 km2 (90 sq mi).Over the next three years, the park area was extended by 152 km2 (59 sq mi), to the banks of the Brahmaputra River. In 1908, Kaziranga was designated a \"Reserve Forest\".\nIn 1916, it was redesignated the \"Kaziranga Game Sanctuary\" and remained so till 1938, when hunting was prohibited and visitors were permitted to enter the park.. In 1934 Kaziranga was changed to Kaziranha. A few people call it by its original name till today.\nThe Kaziranga Game Sanctuary was renamed the \"Kaziranga Wildlife Sanctuary\" in 1950 by P. D. Stracey, the forest conservationist, in order to rid the name of hunting connotations.In 1954, the government of Assam passed the Assam (Rhinoceros) Bill, which imposed heavy penalties for rhinoceros poaching. Fourteen years later, in 1968, the state government passed the Assam National Park Act of 1968, declaring Kaziranga a designated national park. The 430 km2 (166 sq mi) park was given official status by the central government on 11 February 1974. In 1985, Kaziranga was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO for its unique natural environment.\nKaziranga has been the target of several natural and man-made calamities in recent decades. Floods caused by the overflow of the river Brahmaputra, leading to significant losses of animal life. Encroachment by people along the periphery has also led to a diminished forest cover and a loss of habitat. An ongoing separatist movement in Assam led by the United Liberation Front of Assam (ULFA) has crippled the economy of the region, but Kaziranga has remained unaffected by the movement; indeed, instances of rebels from the United Liberation Front of Assam protecting the animals and, in extreme cases, killing poachers, have been reported since the 1980s."}, {"Context": "Kaziranga Etymology", "Knowledge": "PER Srimanta Sankardeva, PER Kazi, LOC Ahom, LOC Kazi, PER Pratap Singha, PER Rangai, PER Kajir, PER Rawnga, LOC Kajir, LOC Rangai, LOC Karbi Anglong, LOC Kaziranga", "Response": "Although the etymology of the name Kaziranga is not certain, there exist a number of possible explanations derived from local legends and records. According to one legend, a girl named Rawnga, from a nearby village, and a youth named Kazi, from Karbi Anglong, fell in love. This match was not acceptable to their families, and the couple disappeared into the forest, never to be seen again, and the forest was named after them. According to another legend, Srimanta Sankardeva, the sixteenth-century Vaisnava saint-scholar, once blessed a childless couple, Kazi and Rangai, and asked them to dig a big pond in the region so that their name would live on.Testimony to the long history of the name can be found in some records, which state that once, while the Ahom king Pratap Singha was passing by the region during the seventeenth century, he was particularly impressed by the taste of fish, and on asking was told it came from Kaziranga. Kaziranga also could mean the \"Land of red goats (Deer)\", as the word Kazi in the Karbi language means \"goat\", and Rangai means \"red\".Some historians believe, however, that the name Kaziranga was derived from the Karbi word Kajir-a-rong, which means \"the village of Kajir\" (kajiror gaon). Among the Karbis, Kajir is a common name for a girl child, and it was believed that a woman named Kajir once ruled over the area. Fragments of monoliths associated with Karbi rule found scattered in the area seem to bear testimony to this assertion."}, {"Context": "Kaziranga Geography", "Knowledge": "LOC Mora Diphlu, LOC Brahmaputra River, LOC Brahmaputra Valley, LOC Assam, LOC Diphlu, LOC Mora Dhansiri, LOC Karbi Anglong Hills, LOC Bokakhat, LOC Nagaon, LOC River Brahmaputra, LOC Bokajan, ORG Indian Army, LOC Kaliabor, LOC Karbi Anglong, LOC Golaghat, LOC Terai - Duar, LOC Kaziranga", "Response": "Kaziranga is located between latitudes 26\u00b030' N and 26\u00b045' N, and longitudes 93\u00b008' E to 93\u00b036' E within three districts in the Indian state of Assam\u2014the Kaliabor subdivision of Nagaon district, Bokajan subdivision of Karbi Anglong and the Bokakhat subdivision of Golaghat district.The park is approximately 40 km (25 mi) in length from east to west, and 13 km (8 mi) in breadth from north to south. Kaziranga covers an area of 378 km2 (146 sq mi), with approximately 51.14 km2 (20 sq mi) lost to erosion in recent years. A total addition of 429 km2 (166 sq mi) along the present boundary of the park has been made and designated with separate national park status to provide extended habitat for increasing the population of wildlife or, as a corridor for safe movement of animals to Karbi Anglong Hills. :\u200ap.06\u200a Elevation ranges from 40 m (131 ft) to 80 m (262 ft). The park area is circumscribed by the Brahmaputra River, which forms the northern and eastern boundaries, and the Mora Diphlu, which forms the southern boundary. Other notable rivers within the park are the Diphlu and Mora Dhansiri. :\u200ap.05\u200aKaziranga has flat expanses of fertile, alluvial soil, formed by erosion and silt deposition by the River Brahmaputra. The landscape consists of exposed sandbars, riverine flood-formed lakes known as, beels, (which make up 5% of the surface area), and elevated regions known as, chapories, which provide retreats and shelter for animals during floods. Many artificial chapories have been built with the help of the Indian Army to ensure the safety of the animals. Kaziranga is one of the largest tracts of protected land in the sub-Himalayan belt, and due to the presence of highly diverse and visible species, has been described as a \"biodiversity hotspot\". The park is located in the Indomalayan realm, and the dominant ecoregions of the region are Brahmaputra Valley semi-evergreen forests of the tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests biome, and the frequently-flooded Terai-Duar savanna and grasslands of the tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands biome. Kaziranga is also surrounded by lush green tea plantations, most of them contributing heavily to Assam's economy."}, {"Context": "Kaziranga Climate", "Knowledge": "LOC Mikir, LOC National Park, LOC Brahmaputra, LOC Kaziranga", "Response": "The park experiences three seasons: summer, monsoon, and winter. The winter season, between November and February, is mild and dry, with a mean high of 25 \u00b0C (77 \u00b0F) and low of 5 \u00b0C (41 \u00b0F). During this season, beels and nullahs (water channels) dry up.:\u200ap.06\u200a The summer season between March and May is hot, with temperatures reaching a high of 37 \u00b0C (99 \u00b0F). During this season, animals usually are found near water bodies.:\u200ap.06\u200a The rainy monsoon season lasts from June to September, and is responsible for most of Kaziranga's annual rainfall of 2,220 mm (87 in). During the peak months of July and August, three-fourths of the western region of the park is submerged, due to the rising water level of the Brahmaputra. It was found that 70% of the National Park was flooded as on 3 August 2016. The flooding causes most animals to migrate to elevated and forested regions outside the southern border of the park, such as the Mikir hills. 540 animals, including 13 rhinos and mostly hog deers perished in unprecedented floods of 2012. However, occasional dry spells create problems as well, such as food shortages and occasional forest fires."}, {"Context": "Kaziranga Fauna", "Knowledge": "LOC Bengal, LOC Africa, LOC India, ORG Birdlife International, LOC Kaziranga", "Response": "Kaziranga contains significant breeding populations of 35 mammalian species, of which 15 are threatened as per the IUCN Red List. The park has the distinction of being home to the world's largest population of the Indian rhinoceros (2,401), wild water buffalo (1,666) and eastern swamp deer (468). Significant populations of large herbivores include indian elephants (1,940), gaur (1300) and sambar (58). Small herbivores include the chital, Indian muntjac, Indian boar and Indian hog deer. Kaziranga has the largest population of the Wild water buffalo anywhere accounting for about 57% of the world population. The One-Horned rhinoceros, Royal Bengal Tiger, Asian elephant, wild water buffalo and swamp deer are collectively known as 'Big Five' of Kaziranga.\nKaziranga is one of the few wild breeding areas outside Africa for multiple species of large cats, such as Bengal tigers and Indian leopard. Kaziranga was declared a Tiger Reserve in 2006 and has the highest density of tigers in the world (1 per 5 km2), with a population of 118, according to the latest census. Other felids include the jungle cat, fishing cat and leopard cat. Small mammals include the rare hispid hare, Indian gray mongoose, small Indian mongooses, large Indian civet, small Indian civets, Bengal fox, golden jackal, sloth bear, Chinese pangolin, Indian pangolins, hog badger, Chinese ferret-badger, and particoloured flying squirrel. Nine of the 14 primate species found in India occur in the park. Prominent among them are the Assamese macaque, capped and golden langur, as well as the only ape found in India, the hoolock gibbon. Kaziranga's rivers are also home to the endangered Ganges dolphin.\n\nKaziranga has been identified by Birdlife International as an Important Bird Area. It is home to a variety of migratory birds, water birds, predators, scavengers, and game birds. Birds such as the lesser white-fronted goose, ferruginous duck, Baer's pochard duck and lesser adjutant, greater adjutant, black-necked stork, and Asian openbill stork migrate from Central Asia to the park during winter. Riverine birds include the Blyth's kingfisher, white-bellied heron, Dalmatian pelican, spot-billed pelican, Nordmann's greenshank, and black-bellied tern.:\u200ap.10\u200a Birds of prey include the rare eastern imperial, greater spotted, white-tailed, Pallas's fish eagle, grey-headed fish eagle, and the lesser kestrel.Kaziranga was once home to seven species of vultures, but the vulture population reached near extinction, supposedly by feeding on animal carcasses containing the drug Diclofenac. Only the Indian vulture, slender-billed vulture, and white-rumped vulture have survived. Game birds include the swamp francolin, Bengal florican, and pale-capped pigeon.:\u200ap.03\u200aOther families of birds inhabiting Kaziranga include the great pied hornbill and wreathed hornbill, Old World babblers such as Jerdon's and marsh babblers, weaver birds such as the common baya weaver, threatened Finn's weavers, thrushes such as Hodgson's bushchat and Old World warblers such as the bristled grassbird. Other threatened species include the black-breasted parrotbill and the rufous-vented grass babbler.:\u200ap.07\u201313\u200aTwo of the largest snakes in the world, the reticulated python and Indian rock python, as well as the longest venomous snake in the world, the king cobra, inhabit the park. Other snakes found here include the Indian cobra, monocled cobra, Russell's viper, and the common krait. Monitor lizard species found in the park include the Bengal monitor and the Asian water monitor. Other reptiles include fifteen species of turtle, such as the endemic Assam roofed turtle and one species of tortoise, the brown tortoise. 42 species of fish are found in the area, including the Tetraodon."}, {"Context": "Kaziranga Flora", "Knowledge": "ORG Landsat, LOC Baguri, LOC Kanchanjhuri, LOC Bimali, LOC Tamulipathar, LOC Haldibari, LOC Panbari", "Response": "Four main types of vegetation exist in this park. These are alluvial inundated grasslands, alluvial savanna woodlands, tropical moist mixed deciduous forests, and tropical semi-evergreen forests. Based on Landsat data for 1986, percent coverage by vegetation is: tall grasses 41%, short grasses 11%, open jungle 29%, swamps 4%, rivers and water bodies 8%, and sand 6%.\n\nThere is a difference in altitude between the eastern and western areas of the park, with the western side being at a lower altitude. The western reaches of the park are dominated by grasslands. Tall elephant grass is found on higher ground, while short grasses cover the lower grounds surrounding the beels or flood-created ponds. Annual flooding, grazing by herbivores, and controlled burning maintain and fertilize the grasslands and reeds. Common tall grasses are sugarcanes, spear grass, elephant grass, and the common reed. Numerous forbs are present along with the grasses. Amidst the grasses, providing cover and shade are scattered trees\u2014dominant species including kumbhi, Indian gooseberry, the cotton tree (in savanna woodlands), and elephant apple (in inundated grasslands).Thick evergreen forests, near the Kanchanjhuri, Panbari, and Tamulipathar blocks, contain trees such as Aphanamixis polystachya, Talauma hodgsonii, Dillenia indica, Garcinia tinctoria, Ficus rumphii, Cinnamomum bejolghota, and species of Syzygium. Tropical semi-evergreen forests are present near Baguri, Bimali, and Haldibari. Common trees and shrubs are Albizia procera, Duabanga grandiflora, Lagerstroemia speciosa, Crateva unilocularis, Sterculia urens, Grewia serrulata, Mallotus philippensis, Bridelia retusa, Aphania rubra, Leea indica, and Leea umbraculifera.There are many different aquatic floras in the lakes and ponds, and along the river shores. The invasive water hyacinth is very common, often choking the water bodies, but it is cleared during destructive floods. Another invasive species, Mimosa invisa, which is toxic to herbivores, was cleared by Kaziranga staff with help from the Wildlife Trust of India in 2005."}, {"Context": "Kaziranga Administration", "Knowledge": "ORG Wildlife wing, PER Director, LOC Baguri, LOC Agaratoli, PER Biswanath, ORG Ministry of Environment, Forests & Climate Change of Government of India, LOC Kohora, LOC Bokakhat, LOC Ghorakati, ORG World Heritage Fund, LOC Burapahar, ORG State Government, ORG Central Government, ORG Government of Assam, ORG Project Elephant, LOC Kaziranga", "Response": "The Wildlife wing of the forest department of the Government of Assam, headquartered at Bokakhat, is responsible for the administration and management of Kaziranga.:\u200ap.05\u200a The administrative head of the park is the Director, who is a Chief Conservator of Forests-level officer. A divisional Forest Officer is the administrative chief executive of the park. He is assisted by two officers with the rank of Assistant Conservator of Forests. The park area is divided into five ranges, overseen by Range Forest Officers.:\u200ap.11\u200a The five ranges are the Burapahar (HQ: Ghorakati), Western (HQ: Baguri), Central (HQ: Kohora), Eastern (HQ: Agaratoli) and Northern (HQ: Biswanath).  Each range is further sub-divided into beats, headed by a forester, and sub-beats, headed by a forest guard.:\u200ap.11\u200a The official website of the Park is http://kaziranga.assam.gov.in\nThe park receives financial aid from the State Government as well as the Ministry of Environment, Forests & Climate Change of Government of India under various Plan and Non-Plan Budgets. Additional funding is received under the Project Elephant from the Central Government. In 1997\u20131998, a grant of US$ 100,000 was received under the Technical Co-operation for Security Reinforcement scheme from the World Heritage Fund.:\u200ap.02\u200a Additional funding is also received from national and international Non-governmental organizations."}, {"Context": "Kaziranga Conservation management", "Knowledge": "LOC National, LOC Numaligarh, LOC Kaziranga National Park, LOC Assam", "Response": "Kaziranga National Park has been granted maximum protection under the Indian law for wildlife conservation. Various laws, which range in dates from the Assam Forest Regulation of 1891 and the Biodiversity Conservation Act of 2002 have been enacted for protection of wildlife in the park.:\u200ap.01\u200a Poaching activities, particularly of the rhinoceroses for its horn, has been a major concern for the authorities. Between 1980 and 2005, 567 rhinoceroses were hunted by poachers.:\u200ap.10\u200a Following a decreasing trend for the past few years, 18 one-horned rhinoceroses were killed by poachers in 2007. Reports have suggested that there are links between these poaching activities and funding of terrorist organizations. But these could not be substantiated in later years.\nPreventive measures such as construction of anti-poaching camps and maintenance of existing ones, patrolling, intelligence gathering, and control over the use of firearms around the park have reduced the number of casualties. Since 2013, the park used cameras on drones which are monitored by security guards to protect the rhino from armed poachers.\n\nPerennial flooding and heavy rains have resulted in death of wild animals and damage to the conservation infrastructures. To escape the water-logged areas, many animals migrate to elevated regions outside the park boundaries where they are susceptible to hunting, hit by speeding vehicles, or subject to reprisals by villagers for damaging their crops. To mitigate the losses, the authorities have increased patrols, purchased additional speedboats for patrol, and created artificial highlands for shelter. Several corridors have been set up for the safe passage of animals across National Highway\u201337 which skirts around the southern boundary of the park. To prevent the spread of diseases and to maintain the genetic distinctness of the wild species, systematic steps such as immunization of livestock in surrounding villages and fencing of sensitive areas of the park, which are susceptible to encroachment by local cattle, are undertaken periodically.Water pollution due to run-off from pesticides from tea gardens, and run-off from a petroleum refinery at Numaligarh, pose a hazard to the ecology of the region.:\u200ap.24\u200a Invasive species such as Mimosa and wild rose have posed a threat to the native plants in the region. To control the growth and irradiation of invasive species, research on biological methods for controlling weeds, manual uprooting and weeding before seed settling are carried out at regular intervals. Grassland management techniques, such as controlled burning, are effected annually to avoid forest fires."}, {"Context": "Kaziranga Visitor activities", "Knowledge": "ORG Department of Environment and Forests, LOC Government, LOC Kathpara, ORG of Assam, LOC Harmoti, LOC Bagori, LOC Kohora, LOC Kaziranga National Orchid and Biodiversity Park, LOC Foliamari, LOC Durgapur, LOC Mihimukh, LOC Sohola, LOC Kaziranga", "Response": "Observing the wildlife, including birding, is the main visitor activity in and around the park. Guided tours by elephant or Jeep are available. Hiking is prohibited in the park to avoid potential human-animal conflicts. Observation towers are situated at Sohola, Mihimukh, Kathpara, Foliamari, and Harmoti for wildlife viewing. The Lower Himalayan peaks frame the park's landscape of trees and grass interspersed with numerous ponds. An interpretation centre is being set up at the Bagori range of Kaziranga, to help visitors learn more about the park. The park remains closed for visitors from 1 May to end-October due to monsoon rains. Four tourist lodges at Kohora and three tourist lodges outside the park are maintained by the Department of Environment and Forests, Government of Assam. Private resorts are available outside the park borders.:\u200ap.19\u200a Increase in tourist inflow has led to the economic empowerment of the people living at the fringes of the park, by means of tourism related activities, encouraging a recognition of the value of its protection.:\u200app.16\u201317\u200a A survey of tourists notes that 80 percent found rhino sightings most enjoyable and that foreign tourists were more likely to support park protection and employment opportunities financially, while local tourists favored support for veterinary services. Recently set up Kaziranga National Orchid and Biodiversity Park established at Durgapur village is a latest attraction to the tourists. It houses more than 500 species of orchids, 132 varieties of sour fruits and leafy vegetables, 12 species of cane, 46 species of bamboo and a large varieties of local fishes."}, {"Context": "Kaziranga Transport", "Knowledge": "LOC Salonibari, LOC Assam, LOC NH 37, LOC Bokakhat, ORG Assam State Transport Corporation, LOC Tezpur Airport, LOC Dimapur, LOC Jorhat Airport, LOC Kohora, LOC Upper Assam, LOC Jorhat, LOC Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport, LOC Nagaland, LOC Bagori, LOC Kaziranga National Park, LOC Park Administrative Centre, ORG Northeast Frontier Railway, LOC Golaghat, LOC Dimapur Airport, LOC Rowriah, LOC Tezpur, LOC Agaratoli, LOC Guwahati, LOC Kaziranga", "Response": "Authorised guides of the forest department accompany all travelers inside the park. Mahout-guided elephant rides and Jeep or other 4WD vehicles rides are booked in advance. Starting from the Park Administrative Centre at Kohora, these rides can follow the three motorable trails under the jurisdiction of three ranges\u2014Kohora, Bagori, and Agaratoli. These trails are open for light vehicles from November to end Apr. Visitors are allowed to take their own vehicles when accompanied by guides.Buses owned by Assam State Transport Corporation and private agencies between Guwahati, Tezpur, and Upper Assam stop at the main gate of Kaziranga on NH 37 at Kohora. The nearest town is Bokakhat, Golaghat situated at 23 km and 65 km away. Major cities near the park are Guwahati, Dimapur and Jorhat . Furkating 75 kilometres (47 mi), which is under the supervision of Northeast Frontier Railway, is the nearest railway station. Jorhat Airport at Rowriah (97 kilometres (60 mi) away), Tezpur Airport at Salonibari (approx 100 kilometres (62 mi) away), Dimapur Airport 172 kilometres (107 mi) and Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport in Guwahati (approximately 217 kilometres (135 mi) away) are the nearby airports.. Transportation is also available from Guwahati to Kaziranga National Park and other places in Assam and Nagaland."}, {"Context": "Kaziranga In popular culture", "Knowledge": "PER Mark Shand, PER Shankar, PER Bhupen Hazarika, LOC Berlin, PER L. Sprague de Camp, PER Parbati Barua, PER Kaziranga, PER Arup Dutta, ORG BBC, LOC Kaziranga, PER Robin Banerjee, ORG Children ' s Book Trust", "Response": "Kaziranga has been the theme of, or has been mentioned in, several books, songs, and documentaries. The park first gained international prominence after Robin Banerjee, a physician-turned-photographer and filmmaker, produced a documentary titled Kaziranga, which was aired on television in Berlin in 1961 and became a runaway success. American science fiction and fantasy author, L. Sprague de Camp wrote about the park in his poem, \"Kaziranga, Assam\". It was first published in 1970 in Demons and Dinosaurs, a poetry collection, and was reprinted as Kaziranga in Years in the Making: the Time-Travel Stories of L. Sprague de Camp in 2005.Kaziranga Trail (Children's Book Trust, 1979), a children's storybook by Arup Dutta about rhinoceros poaching in the national park, won the Shankar's Award. The Assamese singer Bhupen Hazarika refers to Kaziranga in one of his songs. The BBC conservationist and travel writer, Mark Shand, authored a book and the corresponding BBC documentary Queen of the Elephants, based on the life of the first female mahout in recent times\u2014Parbati Barua of Kaziranga. The book went on to win the 1996 Thomas Cook Travel Book Award and the Prix Litteraire d'Amis, providing publicity simultaneously to the profession of mahouts as well as to Kaziranga."}, {"Context": "Kaziranga Controversy", "Knowledge": "PER Tony Hall, ORG Survival International, LOC India, ORG BBC News, ORG BBC, LOC Kaziranga", "Response": "In 2017, Kaziranga came under severe criticism after a BBC News documentary revealed a hardliner strategy to conservation, reporting the killing of 20 people a year in the name of rhino conservation. As a consequence of this reporting, BBC News was banned from filming in protected areas in India for 5 years. While several news reports claimed that BBC had apologized for the documentary, the BBC stood by its report, with its Director General, Tony Hall, writing in a letter to Survival International that \"the letter \u201cin no way constitutes an apology for our journalism.\u201d\" As a response to the report, researchers in India have provided more nuanced understanding of the matter, calling out BBC for the carelessness of its journalism, but also pointing to the problems of conservation in Kaziranga and questioning whether shoot-at-sight has been a useful conservation strategy at all."}, {"Context": "Kaziranga Economic valuation", "Knowledge": "ORG Kaziranga Tiger Reserve", "Response": "Kaziranga Tiger Reserve estimated its annual flow benefits to be 9.8 billion rupees (0.95 lakh / hectare). Important ecosystem services included habitat and refugia for wildlife (5.73 billion), gene-pool protection (3.49 billion), recreation value (21 million), biological\ncontrol (150 million) and sequestration of carbon (17 million)."}, {"Context": "Kaziranga Notes", "Knowledge": "LOC Assam, LOC Kaziranga National Park, PER A. S, PER S., PER Ghosh, PER Nandy, PER Kumar", "Response": "Ghosh, S., Nandy, S., & Kumar, A. S. Rapid assessment of recent flood episode in Kaziranga National Park, Assam using remotely sensed satellite data. Current Science, 111(9), 1450\u20131451."}, {"Context": "Kaziranga Further information", "Knowledge": "PER Thengummoottil, LOC London, PER Gee, LOC Assam, ORG Konark Publication, ORG Rupa & Co, ORG B. R. Publishing, LOC Mumbai, ORG COA, PER Dutta, PER E. P., PER Bittu, LOC Kaziranga National Park, ORG World Wide Fund for Nature, ORG Rhino Foundation, ORG ASSAM, LOC New Delhi, PER Gautam Saikia, PER Joel, PER B. S. Bonal, PER Shrivastava, PER George, PER Oberai, PER Arup Kumar, PER Sahgal, PER Kadur, ORG Sanctuary Asia, PER Anwaruddin, ORG Gibbon Books, PER Choudhury, ORG UNESCO, PER Ranjit, PER Sandesh, LOC Kaziranga National, PER Rahul, LOC Guwahati, ORG CEPF, PER Barthakur, LOC Brahmaputra Valley, PER C. P., LOC India, PER Heinen, ORG Collins, ORG Journal of Environment & Development, LOC Taiwan, LOC Kaziranga", "Response": "Barthakur, Ranjit; Sahgal, Bittu (2005). The Kaziranga Inheritance. Mumbai: Sanctuary Asia.\nSandesh, Kadur; Thengummoottil, George (2014). Kaziranga National Park. ASSAM: UNESCO.\nChoudhury, Anwaruddin (2000). The Birds of Assam. Guwahati: Gibbon Books and World Wide Fund for Nature.\nChoudhury, Anwaruddin (2003). Birds of Kaziranga National Park: A checklist. Guwahati: Gibbon Books and The Rhino Foundation for Nature in NE India.\nChoudhury, Anwaruddin (2004). Kaziranga Wildlife in Assam. India: Rupa & Co.\nChoudhury, Anwaruddin (2010). The vanishing herds : the wild water buffalo. Guwahati, India: Gibbon Books, Rhino Foundation, CEPF & COA, Taiwan.\nDutta, Arup Kumar (1991). Unicornis: The Great Indian One Horned Rhinoceros. New Delhi: Konark Publication.\nGee, E.P. (1964). The Wild Life of India. London: Collins.\nJaws of Death\u2014a 2005 documentary by Gautam Saikia about Kaziranga animals being hit by vehicular traffic while crossing National Highway 37, winner of the Vatavaran Award.\nOberai, C.P.; B.S. Bonal (2002). Kaziranga: The Rhino Land. New Delhi: B.R. Publishing.\nShrivastava, Rahul; Heinen, Joel (2007). \"A microsite analysis of resource use around Kaziranga National Park, India: Implications for conservation and development planning\". The Journal of Environment & Development. 16 (2): 207\u2013226. doi:10.1177/1070496507301064. S2CID 54535379.\nShrivastava, Rahul; Heinen, Joel (2005). \"Migration and Home Gardens in the Brahmaputra Valley, Assam, India\". Journal of Ecological Anthropology. 9: 20\u201334. doi:10.5038/2162-4593.9.1.2."}, {"Context": "Kedarnath Introduction", "Knowledge": "LOC Chorabari Glacier, LOC Himalayas, ORG Nagar Panchayat, LOC Chota Char Dham, LOC Kedarnath Mountain, LOC Kedarnath, LOC India, LOC Mandakini, LOC Gaurikund, LOC Kedarnath Temple, LOC Rudraprayag, LOC Uttarakhand", "Response": "Kedarnath is a town and Nagar Panchayat in Rudraprayag district of Uttarakhand, India, known primarily for the Kedarnath Temple. It is approximately 86 kilometres from Rudraprayag, the district headquarter. Kedarnath is the most remote of the four Chota Char Dham pilgrimage sites. It is located in the Himalayas, about 3,583 m (11,755 ft) above sea level near the Chorabari Glacier, which is the source of the Mandakini river. The town is flanked by snow-capped peaks, most prominently the Kedarnath Mountain. The nearest road head is at Gaurikund about 16 km away. The town suffered extensive destruction during June 2013 from the Flash Floods caused by torrential rains in Uttarakhand state."}, {"Context": "Kedarnath Etymology", "Knowledge": "PER Lord", "Response": "The name \"Kedarnath\" means \"the Lord of the Field\". It is derived from the Sanskrit words kedara (\"field\") and natha (\"lord\"). The text Kashi Kedara Mahatmya states that it is so-called because \"the crop of liberation\" grows here."}, {"Context": "Kedarnath History", "Knowledge": "PER Prachina - Shankara - Vijaya, PER Adi Shankaracharya, LOC Kedarnath, LOC Ganga, PER Madhava, ORG Gahadavala, PER Anandagiri, PER Bhatta Lakshmidhara, PER Pandava, PER Sankshepa - Shankara - Vijaya, LOC Kanchipuram, LOC Ganges River, PER Lord Shiva, LOC Kedara", "Response": "Kedarnath has been a pilgrimage centre since ancient times.The temple's construction is credited  to the Pandava brothers mentioned in the Mahabharata. However, the Mahabharata does not mention any place called Kedarnath. One of the earliest references to Kedarnath occurs in the Skanda Purana (c. 7th-8th century), which names Kedara (Kedarnath) as the place where Lord Shiva released the holy waters of Ganga from his matted hair, resulting in the formation of the Ganges River.According to the hagiographies based on Madhava's Sankshepa-Shankara-Vijaya, the 8th century philosopher Adi Shankaracharya died near the Kedarnath mountains; although other hagiographies, based on Anandagiri's Prachina-Shankara-Vijaya, state that he died at Kanchipuram. The ruins of a monument marking the purported resting place of Adi Shankaracharya are located at Kedarnath. Kedarnath was definitely a prominent pilgrimage centre by the 12th century when it is mentioned in Kritya-kalpataru written by the Gahadavala minister Bhatta Lakshmidhara."}, {"Context": "Kedarnath Location", "Knowledge": "LOC Kedar Dome, LOC Himalayas, LOC Mandakini, LOC Kedarnath, LOC Mandakini River, LOC Rishikesh, LOC Kedarnath Temple, LOC Uttarakhand", "Response": "Kedarnath is located at a distance of 223 km from Rishikesh in Uttarakhand and close to the source of the Mandakini River at the height of 3,583 m (11,755 ft) above sea level.  The township is built on a barren stretch of land on the shores of Mandakini river. The surrounding scenery of the Himalayas and green pastures makes it a very attractive place for pilgrimage and trekking. Behind the town and the Kedarnath Temple, stands the majestic Kedarnath peak at 6,940 m (22,769 ft), the Kedar Dome at 6,831 m (22,411 ft) and other peaks of the range."}, {"Context": "Kedarnath Demographics", "Knowledge": "LOC Kedarnath", "Response": "As of the 2011 India census, Kedarnath has a population of 830. Males constitute 99% of the population and females 1%. Kedarnath has an average literacy rate of 63%: male literacy is 63%, and female literacy is 36%. Out of total population, 604 were engaged in work or business activity. Of this 601 were males while 3 were females. Kedarnath, none of the population is under six years of age. The floating population from May to October every year is more than 5000 per day with the pilgrim influx rising upto 10 lacs (1 million) in 2022."}, {"Context": "Kedarnath Climate", "Knowledge": "LOC Omkareshwar Temple, LOC Kedarnath, LOC Guptakashi, LOC Madhyamaheshwar Temple, LOC Tirtha Purohit, PER Utsava, LOC Kedarnath Temple, LOC Ukhimath", "Response": "The Kedarnath Temple is closed during the winter months due to heavy snowfall. For six months, from November to April, the palanquin with the Utsava Murti (Idol) of Kedarnath and of the Madhyamaheshwar Temple is brought to the Omkareshwar Temple in Ukhimath, near Guptakashi. Priests and other summer-time residents also move to nearby villages to cope with the winter. Around 360 families of the Tirtha Purohit of 55 villages and other nearby villages are dependent on the town for livelihood.\nAccording to the K\u00f6ppen-Geiger climate classification system, Kedarnath's climate is monsoon-influenced subarctic climate (Dwc), bordering a uniform rainfall subarctic climate (Dfc) with mild, rainy summers and cold, snowy winters."}, {"Context": "Kedarnath 2013 flash floods", "Knowledge": "ORG State Government, ORG Army Aviation, LOC Kedarnath Temple, LOC Sh. Kedarnath Ji, LOC Gandhi Sarovar, LOC Premair, ORG Private Helicopter Operators, LOC Gandhi Tal, ORG Ex, LOC Mandakini River, LOC Sh, ORG Ministry of Defence, LOC Chorabari Tal, ORG Indian Air Force, ORG NDRF, PER Bhatnagar, LOC Kedarnath, PER Unni Krishnan, ORG Prabhatam Aviation, ORG Indian Army", "Response": "On 16 June 2013, at approximately 7:30 P.M., a landslide occurred near the Kedarnath Temple. Water from the Chorabari Tal or Gandhi Tal down Mandakini River also washed away everything in its path at about 8:30 p.m. On 17 June 2013 at approximately 6:40 a.m., waters rushed down from Chorabari Tal or Gandhi Sarovar, bringing along with its flow, a huge amount of silt, rocks, and boulders. A huge boulder got stuck behind the Kedarnath Temple, protecting it from the ravages of the flood. The flood-water gushed on both sides of the temple, destroying everything in its path. Thus in the middle of the pilgrimage season, torrential rains, cloud bursts, and resulting flash floods nearly destroyed the town of Kedarnath. The town was the worst affected area by the floods. Thousands of people were killed, and thousands of others (mostly pilgrims) were reported missing or stranded due to landslides around Kedarnath. Although the surrounding area and compound of the Kedarnath Temple were destroyed, the temple itself survived.The rescue operation resulted in more than 100,000 people being airlifted with the help of mainly the Private Helicopter Operators, who began the rescue mission voluntarily without any clear directives from the State Government or the Ministry of Defence. The Indian Army and Indian Air Force helicopters arrived much after the Private Helicopter Operators had already begun the massive air-rescue mission. Dare-devil helicopter pilots, mostly ex-Indian Air Force and Ex-Army Aviation officers, flew relentlessly. Capt. Unni Krishnan from Prabhatam Aviation & Capt. Bhatnagar from Premair were few such outstanding pilots who landed at the Sh. Kedarnath Ji right-ridge at dusk hours - 1910hrs (almost 35 minutes after 'sunset') to pick-up the 'last' batch of survivors for the day. The NDRF represented by a commandant, and another junior officer arrived at the 'right-ridge' of the town bordering the Mandakini River, unprepared with a malfunctioning satellite phone. However, the next day, they brought in more men and supplies. The first Indian Army officer to arrive at the Sh. Kedarnath Ji 'right-ridge' was a Captain from the Assam Rifles Regiment. He single-handedly displayed exemplary courage in rescuing many survivors by climbing up steep slopes and fractures along the Rambara ridge-line. The Indian Army later launched a massive rescue effort with thousands of its brave-heart men and vital equipment. The Indo-Tibetan Border Police and the reserve battalions of the Uttarakhand Police displayed outstanding courage in the rescue mission. A Eurocopter AS350 B3 helicopter, each, of the private helicopter operators - Prabhatam Aviation & Simm Samm Aviation, were lost during the rescue mission without any reported casualties. An Indian Air Force helicopter (Mi 17) also crashed during this exercise, killing all 20 people on board (all of them were soldiers involved in relief and rescue work). The Air Force dropped logs to build pyres for mass cremations of the victims.  It was reported that previously uncollected bodies were still being found one year after the tragedy."}, {"Context": "Kedarnath Flood-proof infrastructure plan", "Knowledge": "PER Narendra Modi, LOC Sarasvati River, ORG Government of India, LOC Mandakini River, LOC Museum, LOC Adi Shankaracharya Kutir, LOC Kedarnath Teerth, LOC Kedarnath Temple", "Response": "After the floods, the Government of India decided to provide a flood-free infrastructure plan for the town. This involves:\n\nDevelopment of the retaining wall and ghats on the Mandakini River\nDevelopment of the retaining wall and ghats on the Sarasvati River\nConstruction of the main approach to the Kedarnath Temple\nDevelopment of the Adi Shankaracharya Kutir and Museum\nDevelopment of houses for the Kedarnath Teerth PurohitsThe foundation stone for the plan was laid by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on 20 October 2017."}, {"Context": "Kedarnath Places of interest", "Knowledge": "LOC Kedarnath, LOC Gandhi Sarovar, LOC Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuary, LOC Bhairav Jhamp, PER Bhairavnath, LOC Adi Shankaracharya Samadhi, LOC Rudra meditation cave, LOC Chorabari Tal, LOC Bhairavnath Temple, LOC Kedarnath Temple", "Response": "Other than the Kedarnath Temple, on the eastern side of the town is Bhairavnath Temple, and the deity of this temple, Bhairavnath, is believed to protect the town during the winter months.\nAbout 6 km upstream from the town, lies Chorabari Tal, a lake cum glacier also called Gandhi Sarovar. Near Kedarnath, there is a cliff called Bhairav Jhamp. Other places of interest include the Kedarnath Wildlife Sanctuary, Adi Shankaracharya Samadhi, and Rudra meditation cave."}, {"Context": "Khajuraho Introduction", "Knowledge": "LOC India, LOC Chhatarpur, LOC Madhya Pradesh, LOC Khajuraho, LOC Kharjuravahaka, ORG Khajuraho Group of Monuments", "Response": "Khajuraho (pronunciation ) is a city, near Chhatarpur in Chhatarpur district of the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. One of the most popular tourist destinations in India, Khajuraho has the country's largest group of medieval Hindu and Jain temples, famous for their erotic sculptures. The Khajuraho Group of Monuments has been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1986 and is considered one of the \"seven wonders\" of India. The town's name, anciently \"Kharjuravahaka\", is derived from the Sanskrit word kharjur meaning \"date palm\"."}, {"Context": "Khajuraho History", "Knowledge": "ORG Gurjara, PER Nagas, PER Vatsa, ORG Praithara, PER Sungas, PER Kushans, LOC Padmavati, PER C. J. Franklin, PER Dhanga, PER Alexander Cunningham, LOC Mahoba, LOC Khajuraho, PER Ibn Battuta, PER Pushyabhuti, PER Vakataka, LOC Ajayagarh, LOC Kalinjar, LOC Shakambhari, PER T. S. Burt, PER Sikander Lodi, LOC Karjuraho, LOC Qutb al - Din Aibak", "Response": "The region was historically part of many kingdoms and empires. The earliest known power to have had Khajuraho in its territory were the Vatsa. Their successors in the region included the Mauryans, Sungas, Kushans, Nagas of Padmavati, the Vakataka dynasty, the Guptas, the Pushyabhuti dynasty, and the Gurjara-Praithara dynasty. It was specifically during the Gupta period that architecture and art began to flourish in this region, although their successors continued the artistic tradition.The Chandelas ruled the area from the ninth century, who were subject to the Gurjara-Praitharas. During the reign of Dhanga (c. 950\u20131002) the Chandelas became independent and many important temples were built during this time. The Chandelas were dealt with fatal blows first from the Chahamanas of Shakambhari in 1182 then from Qutb al-Din Aibak in 1202. Khajuraho declined to a small village as the Chandelas transferred their activities to the forts of Mahoba, Kalinjar, and Ajayagarh.Ibn Battuta visited Karjuraho and described the presence of temples and a few ascetics. Some temples were damaged by Sikander Lodi in 1495. By the 16th century Khajuraho became an insignificant place and was only \"rediscovered\" by C. J. Franklin (a military surveyor) in 1819. However, the actual distinction of bringing Khajuraho back to the world's attention is given to T. S. Burt (a British army captain) who visited it in 1838. The next significant visitor was Alexander Cunningham between 1852 and 1855."}, {"Context": "Khajuraho Demographics", "Knowledge": "LOC Khajuraho", "Response": "As of 2011, the Indian census stated that Khajuraho had a population of 24,481. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Khajuraho has an average literacy rate of 53%, lower than the national average of 74.04%: male literacy is 62%, and female literacy is 43%. In Khajuraho, 19% of the population is under six years of age."}, {"Context": "Khajuraho Air", "Knowledge": "LOC Varanasi, LOC Khajuraho Airport, LOC Delhi, ORG UNESCO, LOC Khajuraho Town", "Response": "Khajuraho Airport has flights to Delhi and Varanasi. The airport is 3 km south of Khajuraho Town, and was opened in 1978 to facilitate tourism to the nearby UNESCO world heritage site temple complex. Concerns have been raised by experts regarding the feasibility of this airport and its impact on the world heritage site and the environment."}, {"Context": "Khajuraho Rail", "Knowledge": "LOC Varanasi, LOC Uttar, LOC Mathura, LOC Chhatarpur, LOC Kanpur, LOC Kurukshetra, LOC Udaipur, LOC Tikamgarh, LOC Bhopal, LOC Delhi, LOC Hazrat Nizamuddin, LOC Jaipur, LOC New Delhi, LOC Jhansi, LOC Khajuraho, LOC Gwalior, LOC Agra", "Response": "Khajuraho railway station connects the town by a daily train to Delhi via Chhatarpur, Tikamgarh, Jhansi, Gwalior, Agra, and Mathura. It provides a daily train connecting to Agra, Jaipur, Bhopal and Udaipur. A local daily train also connects to Kanpur, whilst Varanasi is connected three times a week. At present, Khajuraho is connected by rail with New Delhi by two trains, namely the Geeta Jayanti Express originating from Kurukshetra and the Uttar Pradesh Sampark Kranti Express originating from Hazrat Nizamuddin railway station."}, {"Context": "Kochi Introduction", "Knowledge": "LOC Kalamassery, ORG Kochi Municipal Corporation, LOC Tripunithura, ORG Kingdom of Cochin, ORG Goshree Islands Development Authority, LOC KOH, ORG Outlook Traveller, LOC Aluva, LOC Cochin, LOC Ernakulam, ORG GIDA, LOC Kakkanad, LOC Edapally, LOC Malabar Coast, LOC Laccadive Sea, LOC Kerala, LOC Queen of the Arabian Sea, ORG Lonely Planet, ORG Greater Cochin Development Authority, ORG Nielsen Company, ORG GCDA, LOC India, LOC Kochi, ORG Government of India, LOC Vembanad Lake, LOC Old Harbour House, LOC Greater Cochin, LOC Fort Kochi, LOC Arabian Sea", "Response": "Kochi ([ko\u02c8t\u02d0\u0283i ] (listen)), also known as Cochin ( KOH-chin) (the official name until 1996) is a major port city on the Malabar Coast of India bordering the Laccadive Sea, which is a part of the Arabian Sea. It is part of the district of Ernakulam in the state of Kerala and is commonly referred to as Ernakulam. Kochi is the most densely populated city in Kerala. As of 2011, it has a corporation limit population of 677,381 within an area of 94.88 km2 and a total urban population of more than of 2.1 million within an area of 440 km2, making it the largest and the most populous metropolitan area in Kerala. Kochi city is also part of the Greater Cochin region and is classified as a Tier-II city by the Government of India. The civic body that governs the city is the Kochi Municipal Corporation, which was constituted in the year 1967, and the statutory bodies that oversee its development are the Greater Cochin Development Authority (GCDA) and the Goshree Islands Development Authority (GIDA). The current metropolitan limits of Kochi include the mainland Ernakulam, Fort Kochi, the suburbs of Edapally, Kalamassery, Aluva and Kakkanad to the northeast; Tripunithura to the southeast; and a group of islands closely scattered in the Vembanad Lake. \nCalled the \"Queen of the Arabian Sea\", Kochi was an important spice trading centre on the west coast of India from the 14th century onward, and maintained a trade network with Arab merchants from the pre-Islamic era. In 1505, the Portuguese established trading ports in Cochin. There are still buildings like the Old Harbour House from this period, some of which have been renovated in more recent times. The Kingdom of Cochin allied with the Ming Dynasty, Portuguese, and Dutch and  became  a princely state of the British. Kochi ranks first in the total number of international and domestic tourist arrivals in Kerala. The city was ranked the sixth best tourist destination in India according to a survey conducted by the Nielsen Company on behalf of the Outlook Traveller magazine. In October 2019, Kochi was ranked seventh in Lonely Planet's list of top 10 cities in the world to visit in 2020. Kochi was one of the 28 Indian cities among the emerging 440 global cities that will contribute 50% of the world GDP by 2025, in a 2011 study done by the McKinsey Global Institute. In July 2018, Kochi was ranked the topmost emerging future megacity in India by global professional services firm JLL. Kochi is the first city in India to have a water metro project.Kochi is known as the financial, commercial and industrial capital of Kerala. It has the highest GDP as well as the highest GDP per capita in the state. The city is home to the Southern Naval Command of the Indian Navy and is the state headquarters of the Indian Coast Guard with an attached air squadron, named Air Squadron 747. Commercial maritime facilities of the city include the Port of Kochi, an International Container Transshipment Terminal, the Cochin Shipyard, offshore SPM of the BPCL Kochi Refinery and the Kochi Marina. Kochi is home for the International Pepper Exchange, Marine Products Export Development Authority, Coconut Development Board, companies like HMT, Apollo Tyres, FACT, IREL, Petronet LNG, Kochi Refineries, V-Guard and industrial parks like the Cochin Special Economic Zone, Smart City, Infopark and Kinfra Hi-Tech Park. Kochi is home for the High Court of Kerala and Lakshadweep, Naval Physical and Oceanographic Laboratory, Indian Maritime University, Sree Sankaracharya Sanskrit University and the Cochin University of Science and Technology, and National University of Advanced Legal Studies. Kochi was earlier home to Cochin Stock Exchange (CSE).\nKochi has been hosting India's first art biennale, the Kochi-Muziris Biennale, since 2012, which attracts international artists and tourists."}, {"Context": "Kochi Etymology", "Knowledge": "LOC Cocym, LOC Kochi, ORG Cochin Kogin, LOC Cochin, PER Tuhfat, PER Nicolo Conti, LOC Kashi, LOC Cochym, PER Fra Paoline, LOC Kochchi, ORG \u05e7\u05d5\u05d2\u05d9\u05df", "Response": "Ancient travellers and tradesmen referred to Kochi, variously alluding to it as Cocym, Cochym, Cochin, and Kochi. The Cochin Jewish community called Cochin Kogin (Hebrew: \u05e7\u05d5\u05d2\u05d9\u05df), which is seen in the seal of the synagogue owned by the community. The Arab merchants called this place Kashi, which is seen in the books such as Tuhfat Ul Mujahideen. The origin of the name Kochi is thought to be the Malayalam word kochu azhi, meaning 'small lagoon'. Accounts by Italian explorers Nicolo Conti (15th century), and Fra Paoline in the 17th century say that it was called Kochchi, named after the river connecting the backwaters to the sea. After the arrival of the Portuguese, and later the British, the name Cochin stuck as the official appellation. The city reverted to a closer transcription of its original Malayalam name, Kochi, in 1996. This change in name was challenged by the city municipal corporation but court later dismissed the plea."}, {"Context": "Kochi History", "Knowledge": "PER \u53ef \u4ea6 \u91cc, LOC Kodungallur, ORG Zamorin, LOC Mountain, LOC Zamorin, LOC Zhenguo Zhi Shan, PER Zheng He, PER Keyili, LOC Kozhikode, LOC Periyar, LOC Cochin, LOC China, LOC Calicut, LOC Muziris, LOC Ponnani, PER Niccol\u00f2 Da Conti, PER Ma Huan, LOC Perumpadappu, PER Vasco Da Gama, LOC Malabar, PER Yongle Emperor, LOC \u93ae \u570b \u4e4b \u5c71, LOC Ming China, LOC Kingdom of Cochin, LOC Tirunavaya, LOC Kochi, LOC Cranganore, ORG Ming, LOC Thrissur, PER Kunjali Marakkar", "Response": "Muziris, a port somewhere north of Kochi (mostly identified with Kodungallur in Thrissur district), was the centre of Indian spice trade for many centuries, and was known to the Arabs, Yavanas (Greeks and Romans) as well as Jews, Syrians, and Chinese since ancient times. Kochi rose to significance as a trading centre after the port Muziris around Kodungallur (Cranganore) was destroyed by the massive flooding of Periyar in 1341. The earliest documented references to Kochi occur in books written by Chinese voyager Ma Huan during his visit to Kochi in the 15th century as part of Admiral Zheng He's treasure fleet. There are also references to Kochi in accounts written by Italian traveller Niccol\u00f2 Da Conti, who visited Kochi in 1440. The ruler of Perumpadappu (near Ponnani) fled to Kodungallur in the early medieval period, when the Zamorin of Calicut annexed Ponnani region, after Tirunavaya war. They later moved to Kochi and established the Kingdom of Cochin. When Vasco Da Gama landed at Kozhikode and the Zamorin of Calicut fought against the Portuguese with Kunjali Marakkar, the ruler of Cochin aligned with the Portuguese.\n\nOn the Malabar coast during the early 15th century, Calicut and Kochi were in an intense rivalry, so the Ming dynasty of China decided to intervene by granting special status to Kochi and its ruler known as Keyili (\u53ef\u4ea6\u91cc) to the Chinese. Calicut had been the dominant port-city in the region, but Kochi was emerging as its main rival. For the fifth Ming treasure voyage, Admiral Zheng He was instructed to confer a seal upon Keyili of Kochi and enfeoff a mountain in his kingdom as the Zhenguo Zhi Shan (\u93ae\u570b\u4e4b\u5c71, Mountain Which Protects the Country). Zheng He delivered a stone tablet, inscribed with a proclamation composed by the Yongle Emperor himself, to Kochi. As long as Kochi remained under the protection of Ming China, the Zamorin of Calicut was unable to invade Kochi and a military conflict was averted. The cessation of the Ming treasure voyages consequently had negative results for Kochi, as the Zamorin of Calicut would eventually launch an invasion against Kochi. In the late 15th century, the Zamorin occupied Kochi and installed his representative as the king of the port-city.\n\nAccording to many historians, the precursor state to Kingdom of Kochi came into existence in the early 12th century, after the fall of the Chera Kingdom. The reign of the Kingdom was hereditary, and the family that ruled over the region was known as the Perumpadappu Swaroopam in the local vernacular.\nThe port at Kozhikode held superior economic and political position in medieval Kerala coast, while Kannur, Kollam, and Kochi, were commercially important secondary ports, where the traders from various parts of the world would gather. The Portuguese arrived at Kappad Kozhikode in 1498 during the Age of Discovery, thus opening a direct sea route from Europe to India. Portuguese navigator, Pedro \u00c1lvares Cabral founded the first European settlement in India at Kochi in 1500. From 1503 to 1663, Fort Kochi (Fort Emmanuel) was ruled by Portugal. This Portuguese period was a harrowing time for the Saint Thomas Christians, Muslim Mappilas, and the Jews, as the Inquisition was active in Portuguese India. The ruler of the Kingdom of Tanur, who was a vassal to the Zamorin of Calicut, sided with the Portuguese, against his overlord at Kozhikode. As a result, the Kingdom of Tanur (Vettathunadu) became one of the earliest Portuguese Colonies in India. The ruler of Tanur also sided with Cochin. Many of the members of the royal family of Cochin in 16th and 17th centuries were selected from Vettom. However, the Tanur forces under the king fought for the Zamorin of Calicut in the Battle of Cochin (1504).  However, the allegiance of the Mappila merchants in Tanur region still stayed under the Zamorin of Calicut. Kochi hosted the grave of Vasco da Gama, the first European explorer to set sail for India, who was buried at St. Francis Church until his remains were returned to Portugal in 1539. The Portuguese rule was followed by that of the Dutch who renamed Fort Immanuel as Fort Stormsburg. In meantime, the Royal Family of Kochi relocated the capital of Kochi Kingdom to Thrissur, leaving nominal authority over Islands of Kochi. In 1664, Fort Kochi Municipality was established by Dutch, making it the first municipality in Indian subcontinent, which got dissolved when Dutch authority got weaker in the 18th century. The remaining part of Kochi were governed by governors of Kochi Kingdom. By 1773, the Mysore ruler Hyder Ali extended his conquest in the Malabar region to Kochi forcing it to become a tributary of Mysore. The hereditary Prime Ministership of Kochi held by the Paliath Achans ended during this period.\n\nMeanwhile, the Dutch, fearing an outbreak of war on the United Provinces, signed the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 with the United Kingdom, under which Kochi was ceded to the United Kingdom in exchange for the island of Bangka, east of Sumatra. However, there are evidences of English habitation in the region even before the signing of the treaty. In 1866, Fort Kochi municipality was reinstalled. Fort Kochi, which was a part of Malabar District until 1956, was made a municipality on 1 November 1866,  along with Kannur, Thalassery, Kozhikode, and Palakkad, according to the Madras Act 10 of 1865 (Amendment of the Improvements in Towns act 1850) of the British Indian Empire. Its first Municipal Council seating contest was conducted in 1883. In 1896, H.H. Rama Varma XV, The Maharaja of Cochin, initiated local administration by forming town councils in Mattancherry and Ernakulam. In 1907, the Governor of the Madras Presidency, Sir Arthur Lawley and his brother, Beilby Lawley, 3rd Baron Wenlock, Governor of Madras, 1891 to 1896, left for an official tour of Cochin and Travancore, which lasted from 25 January to 14 February. On 26 January, they were met by His Highness the Rajah of Cochin who gave a State Dinner in their honour at Ernakulam. By the 1870s, the capital of Kochi Kingdom was relocated again to Kochi Suburb of Tripunithura. In 1910, Ernakulam became the administrative capital of Kochi Kingdom with establishment of Royal Secretariat and State Durbar. The offices of the Diwan and High court were soon moved into Ernakulam.\n\nIn 1925, Kochi legislative assembly was constituted due to public pressure on the state. Towards the early 20th century, trade at the port had increased substantially, and the need to develop the port was greatly felt. Harbour engineer Robert Bristow was brought to Kochi in 1920 under the direction of Lord Willingdon, then the Governor of Madras. In a span of 21 years, he transformed Kochi as one of the safest harbours in the peninsula, where ships berthed alongside the newly reclaimed inner harbour equipped with a long array of steam cranes.In 1947, when India gained independence from the British colonial rule, Cochin was the first princely state to join India willingly.\nIn 1949, Travancore-Cochin state came into being with the merger of Cochin and Travancore. The King of Travancore was the Rajpramukh of the Travancore-Cochin Union from 1949 to 1956. Travancore-Cochin, was in turn merged with the Malabar district of the Madras State. Finally, the Government of India's States Reorganisation Act (1956) inaugurated a new state\u2014Kerala\u2014incorporating Travancore-Cochin (excluding the four southern Taluks which were merged with Tamil Nadu), Malabar District, and the taluk of Kasargod, South Kanara. On 9 July 1960 the Mattancherry council passed a resolution\u2014which was forwarded to the government\u2014requesting the formation of a municipal corporation by combining the existing municipalities of Fort Kochi, Mattancherry, and Ernakulam. The government appointed a commission to study the feasibility of the suggested merger. Based on its report, the Kerala Legislative Assembly approved the corporation's formation. On 1 November 1967, exactly eleven years since the establishment of the state of Kerala, the Kochi Municipal Corporation came into existence. The merger leading to the establishment of the corporation, was between the municipalities of Ernakulam, Mattancherry and Fort Kochi, along with that of the Willingdon Island, four panchayats (Palluruthy, Vennala, Vyttila and Edappally), and the small islands of Gundu and Ramanthuruth.\nThe Kochi and Ernakulam districts formed on 1 April 1958 carving areas of the erstwhile Travancore-Kochi-Malabar regions. A major portion of the district is from the Kochi kingdom.The city's economic growth gathered momentum after economic reforms in India introduced by the central government in the early 1990s. Since 2000, the service sector has energised the city's economy. The establishment of several industrial parks based on IT and other port based infrastructure triggered a construction and realty boom in the city. Over the years, Kochi has witnessed rapid commercialisation, and has today grown into the commercial hub of Kerala."}, {"Context": "Kochi Geography", "Knowledge": "LOC Kalamassery, LOC Perumbavoor, ORG The Hindu, LOC Charnockites, LOC Kodungallur, LOC Gneisses, LOC Tripunithura, LOC Alappuzha, LOC Angamaly, LOC Aluva, LOC Periyar, LOC Ernakulam, LOC Kakkanad, LOC Edapally, LOC Piravom, LOC Laccadive Sea, LOC Mala, LOC Cherthala, LOC Thalayolaparambu, ORG GCDA, LOC Mangalavanam Bird Sanctuary, LOC Muvattupuzha, LOC Kolenchery, LOC India, LOC Kochi, LOC Vembanad Lake, LOC Vaikom, LOC Thrissur, ORG Kochi Metropolitan Regional Development Authority, LOC Fort Kochi, LOC Kottayam", "Response": "Kochi is located on the southwest coast of India at 9\u00b058\u2032N 76\u00b013\u2032E, with a corporation limit area of 94.88 km2 (36.63 sq mi). Over the years, the city has expanded considerably outside the corporation limit set in 1967, although the official city limits hasn't yet been increased. The city straddles the backwaters, encompassing the northern end of a peninsula, several islands and a portion of the mainland. To the west lies the Laccadive Sea, and to the east is the urbanised region in the rest of the mainland area. Much of Kochi lies at sea level, with a coastline of 48 km.The current metropolitan limits of Kochi include the mainland Ernakulam, Fort Kochi, the suburbs of Edapally, Kalamassery, Aluva and Kakkanad to the northeast; Tripunithura to the southeast; and a group of islands closely scattered in the Vembanad Lake. The state government and the GCDA have plans to include Mala and Kodungallur in Thrissur district, Angamaly, Perumbavoor, Piravom and Kolenchery in Ernakulam district, Thalayolaparambu and Vaikom in Kottayam and Cherthala in Alappuzha district within Kochi metropolitan limits. The newly formed metropolis would be put under the charge of a new authority called Kochi Metropolitan Regional Development Authority. However, The Hindu reported that the state government is yet to take any concrete steps in this regard.Soil consists of sediments such as alluvium, teris, brown sands, etc. Hydromorphic saline soils are also found in the areas surrounding the backwaters.Predominant rock types found here are Archaean-basic dykes, Charnockites and Gneisses. An ecologically sensitive area, the Mangalavanam Bird Sanctuary is located in the central part of the city. It has a wide range of mangrove species and is a nesting ground for a vast variety of migratory birds.Kochi's water needs are entirely dependent on ground water and the two rivers flowing through the district viz., Periyar and Muvattupuzha. Periyar serves the entire northern part of the city whereas Muvattupuzha river under the JnNurm project covers the western part."}, {"Context": "Kochi Climate", "Knowledge": "LOC Western Ghats, LOC Kochi", "Response": "Under the K\u00f6ppen climate classification, Kochi features a tropical monsoon climate (Am). Kochi's proximity to the equator along with its coastal location results in little seasonal temperature variation, with moderate to high levels of humidity. Annual temperatures range between 23 and 31 \u00b0C (73 and 88 \u00b0F) with the record high being 36.5 \u00b0C (97.7 \u00b0F), and record low 16.3 \u00b0C (61.3 \u00b0F).\nFrom June to September, the south-west monsoon brings in heavy rains as Kochi lies on the windward side of the Western Ghats. From October to December, Kochi receives lighter (yet significant) rain from the northeast monsoon, as it lies on the leeward side. Average annual rainfall is 3,014.9 mm (118.70 in), with an annual average of 124 rainy days."}, {"Context": "Kochi Civic administration", "Knowledge": "LOC Palluruthy, ORG Brahmapuram Solid Waste plant, LOC Pachalam, ORG Kochi Corporation, LOC Cochin, LOC Ernakulam, ORG Kerala Water Authority, ORG GCDA, LOC Mattancherry, LOC Edappally, ORG GIDA, ORG Personnel Department, LOC Fort Kochi, LOC Greater Cochin, ORG Kerala State Electricity Board, ORG Cochin Corporation, LOC Periyar River, ORG Council Standing committee Section", "Response": "The city is governed by the Kochi Corporation, headed by a mayor. For administrative purposes, the city is divided into 74 wards, from which the members of the corporation council are elected for five years. Earlier; Fort Kochi, Mattancherry and Ernakulam were the three Municipalities in Cochin area, which was later merged to form the Cochin Corporation. The corporation has its headquarters in Ernakulam, and zonal offices at Fort Kochi, Mattancherry, Palluruthy, Edappally and Pachalam. The general administration of the city is handled by the Personnel Department and the Council Standing committee Section. Other departments include that of town planning, health, engineering, revenue and accounts. The corporation is also responsible for waste disposal and sewage management. The city produces more than 600 tons of waste per day and a large portion of waste is decomposed at Brahmapuram Solid Waste plant into organic manure. The supply of potable water, sourced from the Periyar River is handled by Kerala Water Authority with support of Water works department of Kochi Corporation. Electricity is provided by the Kerala State Electricity Board.\nThe GCDA and GIDA are the government agencies initiating and monitoring the development of Greater Cochin area, mainly in developing infrastructure facilities for the city."}, {"Context": "Kochi Law and order", "Knowledge": "ORG Riot horse, ORG DRI, ORG Central Bureau of Investigation, ORG Indian Customs, ORG IPC, ORG IPS, ORG Armed Reserve Camps, ORG NCRB, ORG Women ' s Police, ORG Narcotics Cell, ORG Indian Police Service, ORG Kochi City Police, ORG CISF, ORG High Court of Kerala, ORG NIA, ORG District Crime Records Bureau, LOC Kerala, ORG Traffic Police, LOC Kochi, ORG Home Ministry of Government of Kerala, ORG National Crime Records Bureau", "Response": "Kochi is the seat of High Court of Kerala, the highest judicial body in the state of Kerala. The Kochi City Police is headed by a Police Commissioner, an Indian Police Service (IPS) officer. The city is divided into five zones and each zone under a circle officer. Apart from regular law & order, the city police comprises the Traffic Police, Narcotics Cell, Riot horse, Armed Reserve Camps, District Crime Records Bureau and a Women's Police station. It operates 19 police stations functioning under the Home Ministry of Government of Kerala. An anti-corruption branch of the Central Bureau of Investigation also operates out of the city. CISF maintains 3 squadrons for providing security to various central and state heavy industries, airport and seaport zones. Other major central agencies are NIA, DRI and Indian Customs due to the presence of major port. According to National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), Kochi reported significant increase of 193.7 per cent IPC crimes in 2010 compared to 2009, and reported a crime rate of 1,897.8 compared to the 424.1 in whole Kerala. However, the city police commissioner defended that in major crimes such as murders and kidnapping, the city registered a low crime rate even behind other cities in the state."}, {"Context": "Kochi Politics", "Knowledge": "LOC Kalamassery, LOC Paravur, LOC Thrikkakara, LOC Kochi, LOC Ernakulam, ORG Legislative Assembly, LOC Ernakulam Lok Sabha, ORG Indian National Congress, PER Hibi Eden, LOC Thrippunithura, LOC Vypin", "Response": "Kochi is part of the Ernakulam Lok Sabha constituency in Indian Parliament. The current elected Member of Parliament representing the constituency is Hibi Eden of Indian National Congress. The Ernakulam Lok Sabha constituency elects seven members to the state Legislative Assembly, one each from Ernakulam, Kalamassery, Kochi, Paravur, Thrikkakara, Thrippunithura and Vypin."}, {"Context": "Kochi Economy", "Knowledge": "ORG Terminal, ORG Federal Bank, ORG BPCL, LOC Aluva, ORG SEBI, LOC India, LOC Kochi, ORG FACT, ORG Fertilisers and Chemicals Travancore Limited, LOC Kerala, LOC Ambalamugal, LOC Eloor, LOC Kochi LNG, ORG Petronet India, ORG Kochi Refineries, ORG World Bank Group, LOC Kolkata", "Response": "Kochi is widely referred to as the financial and commercial capital of Kerala. Federal Bank, the fourth-largest Private-sector bank in India is located in Aluva which is a suburb of Kochi. Being a major online trading centre in the country, Kochi has a newly opened SEBI office.\n\nAvailability of electricity, fresh water, long coastline, backwaters, good banking facilities, presence of a major port, container trans-shipment terminal, harbour terminal and an international air terminal are some of the factors which accelerated the industrial growth in the city and its adjoining district. In recent years the city has witnessed heavy investment, thus making it one of the fastest-growing second-tier metro cities in India. Sales tax income generated in the Kochi metropolitan area contributes heavily to state revenue.\n\nThe district contributes 15.1% of the state GDP. Construction and manufacturing industries combined contributes 37% of the district's total GDP, and trade, tourism and hospitality industries together provides another 20%. Major business sectors include construction, manufacturing, shipbuilding, transportation/shipping, seafood and spices exports, chemical industries, information technology (IT), tourism, health services, and banking. Kochi is recognised as one of the seventeen major industrial cities of India by the World Bank Group. However, in the 2009 rankings of ease to start and operate a business, among the 17 Indian cities selected, Kochi was rated as the second most difficult city to start business and was ranked 16th, above Kolkata.As in most of Kerala, remittances from non-resident Indians (NRI)s is a major source of income. Eloor, situated 13 kilometres (8.1 miles) north of the city-centre, is the largest industrial belt in Kerala, with more than 250 factories manufacturing a range of products including chemical and petrochemical products, pesticides, rare earth elements, rubber processing chemicals, fertilisers, zinc and chromium compounds, and leather products. Fertilisers and Chemicals Travancore Limited (FACT), one of the oldest fertilizers and chemical industry in Kerala is located in Kochi. Kochi Refineries of (BPCL) at Ambalamugal is the largest state owned refinery in India. Petronet India has now almost completed Kochi LNG Terminal, for importing and storing natural gas, for energy and fueling needs. Central Government establishments like the Coconut Development Board, the Coir Board and the Marine Products Export Development Authority (MPEDA) have head offices located in the city.\nKalamassery which is situated around 16.5 km from the City Center is one of the major Industrial areas. Leading factories like FACT, HMT and IT/Biotechnology park like KINFRA Hi-Tech Park are located here. The Cochin University of Science and Technology is located at Kalamassery.\nIrimpanam is another major industrial area in Kochi. The Seaport-Airport Road (SPAP Road) passes through this place and oil giants like Indian Oil Corporation, Bharat Petroleum and Hindustan Petroleum have plants here.Like elsewhere in Kerala, tourism is one of the major contributors of the local economy. Ernakulam district, in which Kochi is situated, ranks first in the total number of domestic tourists visiting Kerala, and thus contributes to the economy of the city. The tourist enclave at Fort Kochi and presence of several historical monuments, museums etc. as well as natural attractions like the Vembanad lake and the backwaters attract large number of tourists to the city. Presence of several leading hospitality brands have been a major source of employment for locals. The Kochi Port is one of the leading ports where international cruisers call on regularly. The city has the first marina facility in the country, Kochi Marina which attracts large number of yacht-totters.\nReal Estate industry is also one industry which is contributing a lot to the economy of Kochi. Many players have entered the market and have developed residential properties.\nKochi is the headquarters of the Southern Naval Command, the primary training centre of the Indian Navy. The Cochin Shipyard, contributes to the economy of the city. The fishing harbour at Thoppumpady is a minor fishing port in the state and supplies fish to local and export markets. To further tap the potential of the all-season harbour at Kochi, an international cruise terminal was also constructed.Exports and allied activities are also important contributors to the city's economy. The Cochin Port currently handles export and import of container cargo at its terminal at Willingdon Island. The International Container Transshipment Terminal operating out of Vallarpadam, is India's largest transshipment terminal.Cochin Port Trust also planning to build an Outer Harbour near Puthuvype. Kochi's historical reliance on trade continues into modern times, as the city is a major exporter of spices and is home to the International Pepper Exchange, where black pepper is globally traded. The Spices Board of India and World Spice Organisation are headquartered in Kochi.\nThe IT and ITES related industries are growing up in Kochi. Availability of cheap bandwidth through undersea cables and lower operational costs compared to other major cities in India, has been to its advantage. Various technology and industrial campuses including the government promoted InfoPark, Cochin Special Economic Zone and KINFRA Export Promotion Industrial Park operate in the outskirts of the city. Several new industrial campuses are under construction in the suburbs of the city. SmartCity at Kakkanad is one of the prominent projects. Cyber City at Kalamassery is another integrated IT township SEZ being planned in the private sector.Kochi has an established electronics hardware industry with companies such as V-Guard Industries, OEN India Limited, FCI OEN Connectors and SFO Technologies. The Government of Kerala has announced a project to build an industrial park named Electronic City spanning an area of 340 acres (140 ha), to cater to the electronic hardware industries. The private operator NeST is building a Special Economic Zone specifically for electronics hardware spanning an area of 30 acres (12 ha).\nThe Cochin International Airport is in the process of setting up an aerotropolis at Nedumbassery."}, {"Context": "Kochi Air", "Knowledge": "LOC India, LOC Kochi, LOC Cochin, LOC Lakshadweep, LOC CIAL, LOC Nedumbassery, LOC Singapore, ORG Air India Express, LOC Malaysia, LOC Cochin International Airport, ORG Central Government, LOC Middle East, LOC Thailand", "Response": "The air gateway to Kochi is the Cochin International Airport (CIAL) located at Nedumbassery, which is about 28 km (17 mi) north of Kochi city, and handles both domestic and international flights. It is the first international airport in India to be built without Central Government funds and is the world's first fully solar energy powered airport.\nThe Cochin airport provides direct connectivity to popular international destinations in the Middle East, Malaysia, Thailand and Singapore and to most major Indian cities apart from tourist destinations like Lakshadweep. Kochi is also the headquarters of the Air India Express service. With a terminal area of 840,000 sq ft (78,000 m2), and a passenger capacity of 2200 (international and domestic), it is the largest and busiest airport in the state. It is also the fourth busiest airport in India in terms of international passenger traffic, and seventh busiest overall."}, {"Context": "Kochi Road", "Knowledge": "LOC Perumbavoor, LOC Ernakulam Jetty, LOC Muvattupuzha, LOC Aluva, LOC Poochakkal, LOC Kochi, LOC Kaloor, ORG KURTC, LOC Vytilla, LOC Kothamangalam, LOC The Mobility Hub, LOC Nedumbassery, LOC Kerala, LOC Ernakulam Town, LOC Cherthala", "Response": "The primary form of public transport within the city is largely dependent on privately owned bus networks. The state-run also operates its services in the city through the Thirukochi service. The major bus terminals in the city are Ernakulam Town, Ernakulam Jetty and the private bus terminal at Kaloor. An integrated transit terminal namely The Mobility Hub at Vytilla is under second phase of construction. The terminal acts as a hub for long-distance bus services away from the city centre, and also a converging point for different modes of public transport, namely bus, metro and ferry.Kochi is one of the few cities to be granted the new-generation air-conditioned low-floor and non-air-conditioned semi-low-floor buses under the JNNURM city transport development project. KURTC and private buses operate frequent schedules to neighbouring areas of Nedumbassery, Perumbavoor, Aluva, Muvattupuzha, Kothamangalam, Cherthala and Poochakkal. Taxis and auto rickshaws (called autos) are available for hire throughout the day.\nDevelopment of road infrastructure not keeping pace with the increase in traffic is a major problem faced by Kochi, like most other parts of Kerala."}, {"Context": "Kochi Rail", "Knowledge": "LOC Kalamassery, LOC Tripunithura, LOC South, ORG Southern Railway Zone, LOC Angamaly, ORG Thiruvananthapuram Railway, LOC ERG, ORG Indian Railways, LOC North, LOC Aluva, LOC Ernakulam Terminus, LOC Ernakulam Junction, LOC High Court, LOC Cochin, LOC Port of Kochi, LOC South India, LOC Edapally, PER Mahatma Gandhi, PER British Viceroy, ORG Southern Railway, LOC Kochi, LOC Ernakulam Town, LOC Cochin Harbour Terminus", "Response": "The city has four major railway stations \u2013 Ernakulam Junction, Ernakulam Town (locally known as the South and North railway stations respectively), Aluva, Angamaly and Tripunithura followed by smaller stations, Edapally and Kalamassery. There is also the Cochin Harbour Terminus providing rail connectivity to the southern segment of the Port of Kochi. The terminus is currently under renovation for the suburban rail networks in the city. The main rail transport system in Kochi is operated by the Southern Railway Zone of Indian Railways, and comes under Thiruvananthapuram Railway division. The South station is one of the busiest railway stations in South India, with more than 128 scheduled train services daily. The North station situated on the northern side of the city, caters mostly to long-distance services that bypass the South station, and also is an additional halt station for many trains.\nThere is also a historic station named as Ernakulam Terminus(station code:ERG) situated behind the High Court. Great personalities like Mahatma Gandhi and The British Viceroy have visited Cochin through this old railway station. Ernakulam Terminus was the first station to serve the city but had to be abandoned in the early 1960s. Now this station operates as a goods depot of Southern Railway."}, {"Context": "Kochi Metro", "Knowledge": "LOC Kalamassery, PER Narendra Modi, LOC Aluva, LOC Kochi, LOC Kaloor, ORG Kochi Metro, LOC MG Road, LOC Maharaja ' s College, LOC Pettah, LOC Edappally", "Response": "The Kochi Metro is a metro rapid transit system serving the city of Kochi, intended to considerably ease traffic congestion in the city and its surrounding metropolitan area. It is being set up at an overall estimated cost of \u20b95,146 crore (US$640 million). The Phase-1 of the metro system will have 22 stations connecting the suburban towns of Aluva and Pettah while passing through downtown.\nThe first half of the Phase-1 of Kochi Metro was inaugurated on 17 June 2017 by Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi. Currently Kochi Metro is operational from Aluva till Maharaja's College along the Kalamassery - Edappally - Kaloor - MG Road stretch, covering a total of 18.4 km with 16 operational metro stations."}, {"Context": "Kochi Water", "Knowledge": "LOC Banerjee Road, ORG Kerala Shipping and Inland Navigation Corporation, LOC Ernakulam, LOC Goshree, LOC Fort Kochi Jetty, ORG State Water Transport Department, LOC Park Avenue, ORG Cochin Port Trust, LOC Colombo, LOC Willingdon Island, LOC Indian Ocean, LOC High Court Jetty, LOC India, LOC Kochi, LOC Lakshadweep, ORG Ernakulam Main Boat Jetty, LOC Fort Kochi, LOC Vypin, LOC Embarkation Jetty", "Response": "Kochi ranks among India's major seaports, partly due to being one of the safest harbours in the Indian Ocean. The port, administered by a statutory autonomous body known as the Cochin Port Trust, offers facilities for bunkering, handling cargo and passenger ships and storage accommodation. The port is a complex of three islands, one of which is man-made.It also operates passenger ships to Colombo and Lakshadweep. Boat services are operated by Kerala Shipping and Inland Navigation Corporation, the State Water Transport Department and private firms from various boat jetties in the city. The junkar ferry for the transshipment of vehicles and passengers between the islands are operated between Ernakulam and Vypin, and between Vypin and Fort Kochi. However, with the construction of the Goshree bridges (which links Kochi's islands), ferry transport has become less essential. The main boat jetties are Ernakulam Main Boat Jetty near Park Avenue, High Court Jetty in Banerjee Road, Embarkation Jetty in Willingdon Island and Fort Kochi Jetty. In December 2021, Kochi became India\u2019s first city to have a water metro project. The integrated transport system connects 10 islands of Kochi through a network of 15 routes that span 76km and 38 jetties."}, {"Context": "Kochi Demographics", "Knowledge": "ORG Institute of Competitiveness, LOC India, LOC Kochi, ORG CII, LOC Kerala, ORG Kochi City Police Commissioner, ORG SCRB, ORG Nielsen Company, ORG National Crime Records Bureau, ORG State Crime Records Bureau", "Response": "Kochi has the highest population density in Kerala with 7139 people per km2. As of 2011, Kochi had a metropolitan area population of 2,117,990. The female-to-male ratio is 1,028:1,000, significantly higher than the all-India average of 933:1,000. Kochi's literacy rate is 97.5%. The female literacy rate lags that of males by 1.1%, amongst the lowest such gaps in India.\n\nKochi's major religions are Hinduism, Christianity and Islam. Jainism, Judaism, Sikhism and Buddhism, with smaller followings, are also practised in Kochi. Though 44% practice Hinduism, Christianity's large following (38%) makes Kochi a city with one of the largest Christian populations in India.\nThe majority of the city's residents are Malayalis. However, there are significant ethnic minority communities including Tamils, Gujaratis, Jews, Anglo-Indians, Sikhs and Konkanis Malayalam is the main language of communication and medium of instruction for primary education, although a number of schools do offer English medium education. The higher education is invariably in English medium, and it is the preferred language in business circles. Tamil and Hindi are widely understood\u2014albeit rarely spoken.\nLike other fast-growing cities in the developing world, Kochi suffers from major urbanisation problems. The city was ranked tenth among Indian cities in terms of house-cost and availability, urban household crowding and household incomes.The government has plans to make the city slum-free by 2016. According to the National Crime Records Bureau, the city holds the fourth position in the number of recorded crimes in India. In 2009, the city recorded an average crime rate of 646.3 against the national average of 181.4. But Kochi City Police Commissioner later clarified that this anomaly was due to higher reporting rates of minor crimes in Kochi than in other Indian cities.\nThe State Crime Records Bureau (SCRB) report gives further credence to this as it finds that Kochi has the fewest crime against women in the state of Kerala.\nAccording to the 2011 CII/Institute of Competitiveness report on Liveability, Kochi stands first in the state, and sixth in the country. Kochi is ranked seventh in the list of the top ten most affluent cities in India by 2009 study by Nielsen Company. Kochi was ranked the fourth cleanest city in India in the Swachch Bharat rankings for cities. It was selected as one of the hundred Indian cities to be developed as a smart city under Prime Minister Narendra Modi flagship Smart Cities Mission."}, {"Context": "Kochi Culture", "Knowledge": "ORG . Mary, ORG Diocese, LOC Chendamangalam, LOC Basilica of Our Lady of Ransom, LOC St. George Forane Church, LOC Syro - Malabar Catholic Cathedral Basilica, LOC Syro - Malabar Church, LOC At Mary ' s Cathedral Elamkulam, LOC Cochin, LOC Simhasana, LOC Ernakulam, LOC St. Antony ' s Shrine, LOC St, LOC St. Francis Assisi Roman Catholic Cathedral, ORG Archdiocese, LOC Karingachira, LOC Roman, ORG Saint Thomas, LOC Santa Cruz Basilica Roman Catholic Cathedral, ORG Verapoly, LOC Kerala, LOC Mala, LOC Edappally, LOC Paravur, LOC Kochi, LOC India, LOC Kaloor, LOC St George Cathedral, LOC Vallarpadam, ORG Malabar Yehuden, LOC Fort Kochi, ORG Jacobite Syrian Christian Church, ORG Eastern", "Response": "As a result of successive waves of migration over the course of several centuries, the population of the city is a mix of people from all parts of Kerala and most of India. The pan-Indian nature is highlighted by the substantial presence of various ethnic communities from different parts of the country.\n\nKochi has a diverse, multicultural, and secular community consisting of Malayalis, Konkanis, Gujaratis, Bengalis, Marathis, Punjabis, Tamilians, Kannadigas, Biharias, Anglo Indians and a few families of Jews among other denominations. The city once had a large Jewish community, known as the Malabar Yehuden\u2014and now increasingly as Cochin Jews\u2014who figured prominently in Kochi's business and economic strata and owned several Synagogues across Kochi and nearby areas such as Chendamangalam, Paravur or Mala.\nKochi was one among the seven diocese of Syrian Orthodox (Jacobite Syrian Christian Church) in Kerala formed in 1876. The seat of the Bishop is at St George Cathedral, Karingachira. Also At Mary's Cathedral Elamkulam, seat of bishop of Simhasana churches of Jacobites is in the city. The seat of Roman Catholic Cathedral of Kerala's first Archdiocese Archdiocese of Verapoly and the first diocese Diocese of Cochin are located in the city. The Syro-Malabar Church, one of the 22 sui iuris Eastern Catholic Churches and a part of the Saint Thomas Christian community, has its seat at Ernakulam. Prominent places of Christian worship include the St. Mary's Syro-Malabar Catholic Cathedral Basilica, Ernakulam, St. Francis Assisi Roman Catholic Cathedral, Ernakulam, Basilica of Our Lady of Ransom, Vallarpadam-Ernakulam, Santa Cruz Basilica Roman Catholic Cathedral, Fort Kochi, St. Antony's Shrine at Kaloor, St. George Forane Church, Edappally and . Appropriate to its multi-ethnic composition, Kochi celebrates traditional Kerala festivals like Onam and Vishu along with North Indian Hindu festivals like Holi with great fervour. Christian and Islamic festivals like Christmas, Easter, Eid ul-Fitr and Milad-e-sherif are also celebrated. A merry making fest called the Cochin Carnival is celebrated at Fort Kochi during the last ten days of December.The residents of Kochi are known as Kochiites; they are an important part of the South Indian culture. However, the city's culture is rapidly evolving with Kochiites generally becoming more cosmopolitan in their outlook. The people are also increasingly fashion-conscious, often deviating from the traditional Kerala wear to western clothing.\nKochiites generally partake of Keralite cuisine, which is generally characterised by an abundance of coconut and spices. Other South Indian cuisines, as well as Chinese and North Indian cuisines are popular. Fast food culture is also very prominent. Being a tourist hotspot, Fort Kochi have a number of restaurants that offer international cuisine, like Italian, French, Mexican etc. Being close to the ocean and the backwaters, Kochi has an abundance of seafood, which reflects in the cuisine. Cochin is also called the official food capital of Kerala with largest number of restaurants and cafeterias in Kerala that serves every kind of delicious cuisine. A service known as You Buy, We Cook is available at the waterfront of Fort Kochi, where the fresh seafood purchased from the nets is cooked as per the customers needs. Arabian food joints that serve Shawarma and roasted chicken are a new addition to the fast food scene in the city.\nKochi also has a number of shopping malls including Oberon Mall, Gold Souk Grande, Bay Pride Mall, Centre Square Mall, Abad Nucleus Mall and LuLu Mall, which is one of the largest shopping malls in India in terms of total leasable area of 17 acres (7 ha). Various shopping malls are expected to open in the city in the near future including Forum Thomsun Mall.Kochi is the official food capital of Kerala because of the highest number of restaurants and the varieties of foods available. Kochi serves every type of food available in Kerala. Its very famous for varieties of non vegetarian food. Kochi also has the most five star hotels in the state. These include international brands like Crowne Plaza, Marriott International, Grand Hyatt, Sheraton, Le M\u00e9ridien, Radisson Blu, Holiday Inn, Ramada, Ibis, Taj Malabar, The Gateway etc.\nKochi was home to some of the most influential figures in Malayalam literature, including Changampuzha Krishna Pillai, Kesari Balakrishna Pillai, G. Sankara Kurup, and Vyloppilli Sreedhara Menon. Prominent social reformers such as Sahodaran Ayyappan and Pandit Karuppan also are from Kochi. The Kochi International Book Festival is an annual event.\nThe Maharajas of Kochi (then Cochin) were scholars who knew the epics and encouraged the arts. The paintings at the Hill Palace and the Dutch Palace are testimony to their love for arts.\nKochiites are known for their enthusiasm in sports, especially football and cricket.\nThe Jawaharlal Nehru International Stadium in Kochi is one of the largest stadiums in India with floodlights for Cricket and Football matches. The Regional Sports Centre is an important centre of sporting activity in the city.\nKochi is reportedly the sixth best city in India according to the livability index of 2011."}, {"Context": "Kochi Healthcare", "Knowledge": "ORG General Hospital, LOC Africa, LOC Middle East, ORG Bourn Hall Clinic, ORG Renai Medicity, ORG Government Medical College, ORG Arike, ORG Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, LOC Specialist Hospital, LOC Lourdes Hospital, ORG CIMAR, ORG Research Centre, LOC Medical Trust Hospital, LOC Lakeshore Hospital, ORG Rajagiri Institute of Medical Sciences, ORG Aster Medcity, LOC Kerala, LOC Europe, LOC Sunrise Hospital, LOC Lisie Hospital, LOC PVS Memorial Hospital, ORG KIMS Hospital, ORG Vijaya Hospital, LOC India, LOC Kochi, ORG Ernakulam Medical Centre, ORG Ernakulam, LOC Gautham Hospital, LOC Saraf Hospital, LOC United States", "Response": "With many advanced tertiary/quaternary care facilities, Kochi has one of the best healthcare facilities in India. It is the prime destination for people seeking advanced healthcare facilities from across Kerala.In recent times, it has attracted many patients from India, the Middle East, Africa, Europe and the United States looking for relatively inexpensive advanced medical care. Kochi is the only city from Kerala that have carried out successful heart transplantations. Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Sunrise Hospital, Specialist Hospital, Medical Trust Hospital, PVS Memorial Hospital, Renai Medicity, Lakeshore Hospital, Lisie Hospital, Aster Medcity, Rajagiri Institute of Medical Sciences are some of the advanced tertiary/quaternary healthcare facilities in Kochi. Other reputed institutions in the city include Ernakulam Medical Centre, KIMS Hospital, Gautham Hospital, Lourdes Hospital and Saraf Hospital. Some of the reputed fertility related treatment centres in India \u2013 like Vijaya Hospital, Bourn Hall Clinic and CIMAR \u2013 are located in Kochi. General Hospital, Ernakulam and Government Medical College, Ernakulam are the notable medical institutions in the government sector in Kochi.\nIn August 2019, a home daycare program in the district, Arike has started for extending the service of the home palliative care. Nurses who have undergone training in palliative care will be reaching out to patients at home every day on two-wheelers. The service will be available to those who have registered with the General Hospital's home palliative care programme."}, {"Context": "Kochi Secondary education", "Knowledge": "LOC Kalamassery, ORG CBSE, ORG Global Public School, ORG Kaloor The Delta Study, ORG Central Board for Secondary Education, ORG Greets Public School, ORG St. Mary ' s, ORG Edappally High School, ORG Kerala State Education Board, ORG Gregorian Public School, LOC Ernakulam, ORG Nava Nirman Public School, ORG Rajagiri Public School, ORG St. Antony ' s CGHSS, ORG The Charter School, ORG IGCSE, ORG Government School, ORG Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, ORG Navy Children School, ORG Mar Thoma Public School, ORG ICSE, ORG St. Albert ' s HSS, ORG Indian Certificate of Secondary Education, ORG Cochin Refineries School, ORG St. Pauls International School, ORG Model Technical Higher Secondary School, ORG St. Teresa, LOC Kochi, ORG Sree Rama Varma High School, ORG Campion School, ORG Chinmaya Mission, ORG Toc - H Public School, ORG Govt Girls Higher Secondary School, ORG Kendriya Vidyalaya, ORG Choice School, ORG Vidyodaya School, ORG Assisi Vidyaniketan", "Response": "The pattern of primary education is essentially the same all over the state. There are government owned schools and government aided schools, which are affiliated to the Kerala State Education Board. A few privately owned schools are also affiliated to the system. Most of the schools owned by private organisations or individuals are affiliated to the Central Board for Secondary Education (CBSE). Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE) have some schools affiliated to them as well. The state education board offers both Malayalam and English medium instruction, while the other boards offer English medium alone. There are a few schools that follow international curricula, such as IB and IGCSE.There 34 government schools, 67 private aided schools and 31 unaided schools affiliated to the Kerala State Education Board in the city and suburbs. There are 62 CBSE Schools, 2 IGCSE and 9 ICSE Schools as well.The notable schools in the government sector are Sree Rama Varma High School, Edappally High School, Government School-Kochi and Govt Girls Higher Secondary School, Ernakulam. There are Kendriya Vidyalaya, Chinmaya Mission and Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan run several quasi-private charter schools within the city limits, as well as in the suburbs. There are several private schools (both aided & unaided0 that are owned by secular and religious trusts which are of particular renown, such as:St. Albert's HSS, Ernakulam, St. Teresa's CGHSS, St. Mary's CGHSS Ernakulam, St. Antony's CGHSS, Model Technical Higher Secondary School, Kaloor The Delta Study, Rajagiri Public School, Campion School, Assisi Vidyaniketan, Cochin Refineries School, Gregorian Public School, Greets Public School, Toc-H Public School, Navy Children School, Global Public School, Choice School, Vidyodaya School, Mar Thoma Public School, Nava Nirman Public School and St. Pauls International School, Kalamassery, The Charter School Kochi."}, {"Context": "Kochi Higher education", "Knowledge": "LOC Kalamassery, ORG Cochin University, LOC InfoPark, ORG St. Teresa ' s College, ORG National Institute of Oceanography, ORG H, LOC Athulya, ORG Aquina ' s College, LOC Kalady, ORG M. O. S. C. Medical College, ORG CUSAT, ORG Federal Institute of Science & Technology, LOC Ponekkara, LOC Kozhikode, ORG IIMK, ORG DIST, ORG SCMS, ORG National University of Advanced Legal Studies, LOC Cochin, ORG Central Institute of Fisheries Nautical and Engineering Training, ORG FISAT, ORG SCMS School of Engineering and Technology, ORG Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, ORG Toc, ORG Sacred Hearts College, ORG Cochin Medical College, ORG Indian Maritime University, LOC South India, ORG School of Legal Studies, ORG High Court of Kerala, ORG Research Centre, ORG SMS, ORG Indian Institute of Management, ORG Maharaja ' s College, ORG Rajagiri School of Engineering & Technology, ORG School of Engineering CUSAT, ORG Government Law College, LOC Kerala, LOC Willingdon Island, ORG Bharata Matha College, ORG Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, ORG De Paul Institute of Science & Technology, ORG Mahatma Gandhi University, ORG Engineering and Technology, ORG Amrita School of Business, ORG Kochi Business School, ORG School of Management Studies, LOC Kolenchery, LOC Kochi, ORG SLS, ORG Rajagiri Centre for Business Studies, ORG Sree Narayana Institute of Medical Sciences, ORG Ernakulam, ORG St. Albert ' s College, ORG Albertian Institute of Management, ORG Cochin University of Science and Technology, ORG Model Engineering College, ORG Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit, ORG XIME, ORG Cochin College", "Response": "The Cochin University of Science and Technology (CUSAT) is a major university named after the city. Most of the colleges in Kochi offering tertiary education are affiliated either with the Mahatma Gandhi University or with the Cochin University. Kochi has one of the campuses of the Indian Maritime University at Willingdon Island. Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit in Kalady is a research-oriented university located at the outskirts. Other national educational institutes include the Central Institute of Fisheries Nautical and Engineering Training, the National University of Advanced Legal Studies, the National Institute of Oceanography and the Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute.Kochi has some of the leading B-Schools in the region. The Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode (IIMK) has set up its first satellite campus at Athulya building in InfoPark, Kochi. Cochin University's School of Management Studies (SMS) is the first and oldest managerial education institution in South India. SCMS Cochin is one of the emerging B-Schools in the country. Another major B-School XIME is opening a new campus in Kochi. Other leading managerial institutions include Rajagiri Centre for Business Studies, Kochi Business School, Amrita School of Business, Albertian Institute of Management and Toc-H B school.\nThe city and outskirts are home to four medical schools\u2014Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre at Ponekkara, Cochin Medical College at Kalamassery, Sree Narayana Institute of Medical Sciences, and M.O.S.C. Medical College, Kolenchery. Some of the prestigious general colleges are Maharaja's College, St. Albert's College, St. Teresa's College, Sacred Hearts College, Bharata Matha College, Aquina's College, De Paul Institute of Science & Technology (DIST) and Cochin College. The major Engineering and Technology colleges in the city are School of Engineering CUSAT, SCMS School of Engineering and Technology at Kalamassery, Model Engineering College, Rajagiri School of Engineering & Technology and FISAT (Federal Institute of Science & Technology).Being the seat of the High Court of Kerala, several top legal education institutes are here. The Government Law College-Ernakulam is one of the oldest law schools in Kerala. The School of Legal Studies (SLS), CUSAT is one of the leading graduate, post-graduate, and research institutes in the country. The National University of Advanced Legal Studies (NUALS) is located in the city, which is a premier law university in India and the only Law college listed in CLAT (Common Law Admission Test) in Kerala."}, {"Context": "Kochi Social service organisations", "Knowledge": "LOC Palluruthy Veli, LOC Palluruthy, ORG Don Bosco, ORG Crescent Girls Orphanage, ORG Kochi Municipal Corporation, ORG Bal Bhavan, ORG Sneha Bhavan Annexe, PER Fabiola, ORG Kerala State Road Transport Corporation, ORG Valsalya Bhavan, ORG Mobile Bath Service, ORG Childline India, LOC Cochin, PER Br. Judson, ORG Peoples Council for Social Justice, LOC Cochin City, ORG Justice V. R. Krishna Iyer, LOC Sneha Bhavan, ORG SnehaBhavan, ORG Don Bosco Sneha Bhavan, LOC Palluruthy Relief Settlement, LOC Valsalya Bhavan, ORG Ashwasa Bhavan, ORG Don Bosco Big Boys, LOC Fort Kochi, ORG YMCA Boys Home, ORG Relief Settlement, ORG Bosco Nilayam, ORG Don Bosco Sneha Bhavan Cochi", "Response": "Some of the main orphanages and rehabilitation shelters in Cochin City are Palluruthy Relief Settlement in Palluruthy Veli, Don Bosco Sneha Bhavan, Don Bosco Big Boys, Crescent Girls Orphanage, YMCA Boys Home, Bal Bhavan, Valsalya Bhavan.Palluruthy Relief Settlement is under Kochi Municipal Corporation and managed in association with Peoples Council for Social Justice. There are about 300 inmates and many of them are mentally ill. The night shelter for women run by Kochi Municipal Corporation near Kerala State Road Transport Corporation bus stand provides free and safe accommodation. Peoples Council for Social Justice was found in 1985 under the patronage of Justice V. R. Krishna Iyer with the aim to work for human rights protection, free legal aid and to strive for social justice.The orphanages for children under Don Bosco Sneha Bhavan Cochi are Sneha Bhavan Annexe, SnehaBhavan, Valsalya Bhavan, Don Bosco and Bosco Nilayam. The Childline India project in Cochin is taken in collaboration with Don Bosco. Children in distress and in need of help can contact in '1098' (toll free number). Sneha Bhavan Annexe is the first point of contact with children and children can stay as a safe night shelter. Sneha Bhavan is a home for the children from the streets and for those from unhealthy and risky situations. The Valsalya Bhavan centre is solely for the girls who are rescued from the streets. Runaways, street children, children of sex workers, abused children and child labourers all live here. Along with primary and high school education at a local school, the centre provides shelter, food, clothing and educational support.There are also people doing independent social services within the city. The Italian Sister Fabiola conducts a home at Fort Kochi known as \"Ashwasa Bhavan\", for young orphaned children. Br. Judson run his own \"Mobile Bath Service\" in his vehicle for the abandoned."}, {"Context": "Kochi Media", "Knowledge": "ORG The Hindu, ORG The Deccan Chronicle, ORG Manorama News, ORG Malayala Manorama, ORG Flowers, ORG Sun Direct DTH, ORG Asianet, ORG PVR, ORG The Pioneer, ORG Deshabhimani, ORG Jeevan TV, ORG Mathrubhumi, ORG Radio Mango, ORG AIR Kochi, ORG Asianet Plus, ORG Kerala Kaumudi, ORG Club FM, ORG Reliance DTH, LOC Grande, ORG AIR, ORG Deepika, ORG Amrita TV, ORG The Times of India, ORG Mazhavil Manorama, ORG Janmabhumi, ORG Red FM, LOC Kakkanad, ORG Prasar Bharati, LOC Oberon Mall, ORG Kairali TV, ORG Rainbow FM, ORG Kairali We, ORG Dish TV, ORG Radio Mirchi, ORG Siraj Daily, ORG The Financial Express, ORG Vanitha, LOC Kerala, ORG The Economic Times, ORG Gold Souk, ORG Airtel digital TV, LOC Kochi, ORG DD Direct +, ORG Doordarshan, ORG Madhyamam, ORG Business Line, ORG The Week, ORG The Business Standard, ORG Tata Sky, ORG Reporter TV, ORG The New Indian Express, ORG Sathyadeepam", "Response": "Major Malayalam newspapers published in Kochi include Malayala Manorama, Mathrubhumi, Siraj Daily, Madhyamam, Deshabhimani, Deepika, Kerala Kaumudi, Janmabhumi, etc. Popular English newspapers include The Hindu, The New Indian Express, The Times of India, The Pioneer and The Deccan Chronicle. A number of evening papers are also published from the city. Newspapers in other regional languages like Hindi, Kannada, Tamil and Telugu are also available.\nA number of financial publications are also published in the city. These include The Economic Times, Business Line, The Business Standard and The Financial Express.\nProminent magazines and religious publications like the Sathyadeepam, The Week and Vanitha are also published from the city.\nKochi houses several leading Malayalam television channels like Asianet Plus, Flowers, Jeevan TV, Mazhavil Manorama, Kairali We, Manorama News and Reporter TV as well as major news bureaus of Asianet, Kairali TV, Amrita TV and Doordarshan. Prasar Bharati maintains its earth station and broadcasting centre in Kakkanad, Kochi. Satellite television services are available through DD Direct+, Dish TV, Airtel digital TV, Reliance DTH, Sun Direct DTH and Tata Sky. FM radio channels broadcast from Kochi are Rainbow FM (AIR) 101.9 MHz, AIR Kochi 102.3 MHz, Club FM 94.3 MHz, Radio Mango 91.9 MHz, Red FM 93.5 MHz, Radio Mirchi 104.0 MHz.Kochi is considered to be the hub of the vibrant Malayalam movie industry, especially contemporary Malayalam movies. The rise of Kochi to the centre stage of the entertainment industry occurred coinciding with the economic boom of the last couple of decades. Many movies are shot in Kochi every year. Kochi also has a host of state-of-the-art production and post-production facilities.\nDue to these reasons, major section of film personalities including of actors, technical experts and other related workers reside in Kochi.\nThere are over 50 cinema halls that screen movies in Malayalam, Tamil, English and Hindi. The city hosts Kerala's first cine multiplex, at the Oberon Mall with four screens. Gold Souk Grande also has a cine multiplex operated by Q cinemas with four screens. PVR with 9 screens is another national multiplex brand that has presence in Kochi and is based out of LuLu International Shopping Mall. Cinepolis at Centre Square Mall with 11 screens is the first international megaplex brand in the state. 16 more multiplex screens are expected in the city in the near future.\nThe district has the largest number of telephone connections in Kerala. Telephony services are provided by various private sector players like Aircel, Airtel, Idea Cellular, Vodafone, Reliance Infocomm, Tata Docomo, Jio, Tata Indicom and the state owned BSNL. All the private sector telecom companies have their headquarters for Kerala circle located in Kochi."}, {"Context": "Kochi Sports", "Knowledge": "LOC Kalamassery, ORG Government of Kerala, LOC Udyogamandal, ORG FIFA, ORG Chirag United Kerala, LOC Sacred Heart ' s College Grounds, ORG Kerala Blasters, ORG Blasters, ORG Kochi Tuskers, LOC MG Road, LOC Rajiv Gandhi Sports Complex, LOC Cochin Airport, ORG IPL, ORG Cochin Golf Club, LOC Ambedkar, LOC St. Albert ' s College Grounds, LOC Kadavanthra, LOC Bolgatty Palace, LOC HMT, ORG FC Kochin, LOC Kerala, ORG CIAL, LOC Maharaja ' s Stadium, ORG Real Madrid, ORG Cochin Golf and Country Club, ORG GCDA, LOC Jawaharlal Nehru International Stadium, LOC Kochi, LOC India, LOC Kaloor, LOC FACT, LOC Asia", "Response": "Like elsewhere in Kerala, football is arguably the most passionate sport among the locals. In the Indian Super League, Kerala Blasters represents the city as well as the state of Kerala. The Blasters are one of the most widely supported clubs in the country as well as the fifth most followed football club from Asia in the social media. Kochi was also home to the now defunct football clubs FC Kochin and Chirag United Kerala. FC Kochin is considered as the first fully professional football club from India. Kochi was one of the six cities to host the 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup held in India.\n\nIndia's fourth largest stadium and third largest cricket stadium, the Jawaharlal Nehru International Stadium located in Kaloor, is a major facility for football and cricket.  Kochi was home to the now defunct Indian Premier League cricket team, Kochi Tuskers which won franchise rights to play in the 2011 edition of IPL.\nThe Maharaja's Stadium located on MG Road in the heart of the city, is the major athletic facility in the state with synthetic tracks and turf grass as per international standards. The Ambedkar stadium, maintained by GCDA, was developed exclusively for football with funds from Government of Kerala and FIFA. Spanish club Real Madrid has proposed to set up a football school in Kochi.The Rajiv Gandhi Sports Complex at Kadavanthra is a major indoor stadium, mainly used for conducting badminton, tennis and basketball tournaments. The 25m X 10m swimming pool at the centre is one of the larger water sports facility in the state, where regular swimming competitions and coaching are conducted.\nThe FACT Grounds at Udyogamandal, Sacred Heart's College Grounds, HMT Grounds at Kalamassery and St. Albert's College Grounds are the other major training facilities for various games like volleyball, badminton, cricket etc.\nKochi has two golf courses in the city, and one in the suburbs. The oldest golf club is located at Bolgatty Palace constructed in 1903, which is a nine-hole facility run by Cochin Golf Club society. The Cochin Golf and Country Club located near to Cochin Airport, operated by CIAL, is Kerala's first 18-hole golf course with a playing area of over 7,200 yards. The first phase of the all-weather golf course comprising nine holes was opened in May 2010 for members and public. The expansion to an 18-hole course is progressing, which is scheduled to be open in September 2012.Being surrounded by water bodies, the city is ideal for Yachting. The Kerala Yachting Association and the Cochin Yacht Club are located in the city. Both organisations conduct regular yachting tournaments. Kochi was the only Indian city chosen for stopover during the Volvo Ocean Race 2008."}, {"Context": "Kochi Navy", "Knowledge": "ORG Cochin Shipyard Limited, ORG FOST, LOC Kochi, LOC India, ORG Indian Navy, ORG Southern Naval Command, ORG Flag Officer Sea Training, LOC INS Venduruthy", "Response": "The Southern Naval Command, one of the three main formations of the Indian Navy has its headquarters in Kochi at INS Venduruthy. It is commanded by the Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief. The Southern Naval Command consists of Flag Officer Sea Training (FOST), a training squadron, training establishments and bases, and land forces and survey ships. It has a naval air station, and a ship repair yard.The Indian Navy Day is also celebrated here. It is a week-long event showcasing warships, planes, helicopters etc. of the Indian Navy at INS Venduruthy. It is a public event attended in large numbers.The close by located Cochin Shipyard Limited is the largest shipbuilding and maintenance facility in India.\nPresently it is building the first indigenous aircraft carrier for the Indian Navy."}, {"Context": "Kochi Sister cities", "Knowledge": "LOC Russia, LOC United States Pyatigorsk, LOC Kochi, LOC Virginia, LOC California, LOC Norfolk, LOC Menlo Park, LOC United States", "Response": "Kochi is twinned with:\n\n Norfolk, Virginia, United States\n Menlo Park, California, United States\n Pyatigorsk, Russia"}, {"Context": "Kohima Introduction", "Knowledge": "LOC Barail Range, LOC Kohima, LOC Nagaland, LOC Assam Province, LOC Japf\u00fc, LOC Britain, ORG British National Army Museum, LOC Kewhira, LOC District, LOC British Empire, LOC Naga Hills District", "Response": "Kohima ( (listen); Angami Naga: Kewhira () is the capital of the Northeastern Indian state of Nagaland. With a resident population of almost 100,000, it is the second largest city in the state. Originally known as Kewhira, Kohima was founded in 1878 when the British Empire established its headquarters of the then Naga Hills District of Assam Province. It officially became the capital after the state of Nagaland was inaugurated in 1963. Kohima was the site of one of the bloodiest battles of World War II. The battle is often referred to as the Stalingrad of the East. In 2013, the British National Army Museum voted the Battle of Kohima to be Britain's Greatest Battle.Kohima constitutes both a district and a municipality. The municipality covers 20 km2 (7.7 sq mi). Kohima lies on the foothills of Japf\u00fc section of the Barail Range located south of the District (25.67\u00b0N 94.12\u00b0E\ufeff / 25.67; 94.12) and has an average elevation of 1,261 metres (4137 feet)."}, {"Context": "Kohima Etymology", "Knowledge": "LOC Kohima, LOC Kewhi, LOC Angami", "Response": "Kohima was originally known as Kewhi\u2013ra. The name, Kohima, was officially given by the British as they could not pronounce the Angami name of Kewhi\u2013ra (Tenyidie for \"the land where the flower \u2018Kewhi\u2019 grows\"). It is called after the wild flowering plant \u2018Kewhi\u2019, found in the mountains. Most local people prefer to use \u2018Kewhi\u2013ra\u2019."}, {"Context": "Kohima History", "Knowledge": "LOC Kohima, PER Ts\u00fctuonuomia, PER Pf\u00fcchatsumia, PER Khel, LOC Kohima Urban Area, PER Lhisemia, LOC Kewhira, PER Dapfh\u00fctsumia", "Response": "Kohima was originally a large village named Kewhira, which is located in the northeastern part of the present day Kohima Urban Area. The village is divided into four large clans (thinuo): Ts\u00fctuonuomia, Lhisemia, Dapfh\u00fctsumia and Pf\u00fcchatsumia (T, L, D, and P Khel respectively)."}, {"Context": "Kohima Colonial era", "Knowledge": "LOC Kohima, PER Guybon Henry Damant, LOC Assam Province, ORG East India Company Administration, ORG British Indian Army, LOC Naga Hills District", "Response": "The East India Company Administration started to expand into Kohima beginning the 1840s. The progress made by the company armies in annexing the region continued after the Indian Rebellion of 1857, although now under the auspices of the British Indian Army. Kohima was the first seat of modern administration as the Headquarters of Naga Hills District (then under Assam Province) with the appointment of Guybon Henry Damant as Political Officer in 1879."}, {"Context": "Kohima Battle of Kohima", "Knowledge": "LOC Garrison Hill, LOC Kohima, LOC South - East Asia, LOC Thermopylae, LOC India, ORG Japanese, PER John Maxwell Edmonds, PER Simonides, ORG Commonwealth War Graves Commission, LOC Deputy Commissioner, LOC Kohima War Cemetery", "Response": "In 1944 during the Second World War the Battle of Kohima along with the simultaneous Battle of Imphal was the turning point in the Burma Campaign. For the first time in South-East Asia, the Japanese lost the initiative to the Allies, which the Allies then retained until the end of the war. This hand-to-hand battle and slaughter prevented the Japanese Army from gaining a base from which they might have easily gone into the plains of India.\n\nKohima has a large cemetery known as the Kohima War Cemetery for the Allied war dead; it is maintained by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission. The cemetery lies on the slopes of Garrison Hill, in what was once the Deputy Commissioner's tennis court, which was the scene of intense fighting known as the Battle of the Tennis Court. The epitaph carved on the memorial of the 2nd British Division in the cemetery has become world-famous as the Kohima poem.\n\nWhen You Go Home, Tell Them of Us and Say,\nFor Your Tomorrow, We Gave Our Today.\n\nThe verse is attributed to John Maxwell Edmonds (1875\u20131958), and is thought to have been inspired by the epitaph written by Simonides to honour the Greek who fell at the Battle of Thermopylae in 480 BC."}, {"Context": "Kohima 1963\u2013present", "Knowledge": "LOC Nagaland, LOC Kohima", "Response": "When Nagaland became a full-fledged state on 1 December 1963, Kohima was named as the state capital."}, {"Context": "Kohima Killings of Kekuojalie Sach\u00fc and Vikhozo Yhosh\u00fc", "Knowledge": "PER Vikhozo Yhosh\u00fc, LOC Myanmar, ORG IPS, ORG Indian Police Service, LOC Nagaland, ORG Naga Students ' Federation, LOC Indo, PER Kekuojalie Sach\u00fc, ORG NSF, ORG Cabinet, LOC Burma, ORG Nagaland Police", "Response": "On 20 March 1986, two students Kekuojalie Sach\u00fc and Vikhozo Yhosh\u00fc were killed in indiscriminate firing by Nagaland Police when they participated in a peaceful protest called by the Naga Students' Federation (NSF) to rally against the state government's decision on the introduction of Indian Police Service (IPS) cadres and the extension of the Disturbed Area Belt from 5 to 20 km along the Indo-Myanmar (Indo-Burma) border. The event was so tumultuous that it led three Cabinet ministers and five State Ministers of Nagaland to resign."}, {"Context": "Kohima 1995 Kohima Massacre", "Knowledge": "ORG Indian Army, LOC Kohima, ORG 16th Rashtriya Rifles", "Response": "On 5 March 1995, when a convoy of the 16th Rashtriya Rifles of the Indian Army was traversing through Kohima, a tyre burst from one of the convoy's own vehicle led the armed troops to mistake the sound of the tyre bursting for a bomb attack. The troops reacted immediately and started firing at civilian populace. A total of 7 were killed and 36 were left injured. The incident is widely referred to as the 1995 Kohima Massacre."}, {"Context": "Kohima 2017 Nagaland protests", "Knowledge": "ORG Kohima Municipal Council, PER T. R. Zeliang, LOC Nagaland", "Response": "On 2 February 2017, the office building of the Kohima Municipal Council was burned down by a mob as part of the boycott of the Civic Elections. The fire significantly damaged adjoining government and private buildings. On 19 February, in response against the backdrop of widespread protests and civil unrest in the state, T. R. Zeliang announced his resignation as the Chief Minister of Nagaland."}, {"Context": "Kohima Topography", "Knowledge": "LOC Nagaland, LOC Kohima, LOC Japf\u00fc \u2013 Barail, LOC Pulie Badze", "Response": "Kohima is located at 25\u00b067' North, 94\u00b010' East, in the southern part of Nagaland. It lies north of the Japf\u00fc\u2013Barail intersection with Pulie Badze to the southwest overlooking the city. The hills on which Kohima is located has an elevation ranging from 1,345 to 1,560 metres (4,413 to 5,118 feet)."}, {"Context": "Kohima Climate", "Knowledge": "LOC Kohima", "Response": "The city experiences a subtropical highland climate (K\u00f6ppen: Cwb), with greater contrast between summer and winter than in other continents due to the monsoons but mild temperatures even for latitude and altitude. The months of June to September concentrate much of the precipitation.Kohima has pleasant winters with little rainfall and very warm, very rainy summers. The coolest months are from December to February, when frost may occur and in the highest altitudes occasional snowfall is possible. During the height of summers, from June to August, temperatures range on average from 18\u201327 \u00b0C (65\u201380 \u00b0F), with heavy and frequent rainfall."}, {"Context": "Kohima Water supply and availability", "Knowledge": "LOC Kohima, LOC Zar\u00fc River, LOC Pulie Badze, LOC Dz\u00fcko Valley", "Response": "Most Wards in Kohima experiences severe water shortages during the dry seasons. The current water resources from the reservoirs of Zar\u00fc River and the streams from the slopes of Pulie Badze do not fulfill the needs of the rapidly growing population of Kohima. With the augmentation of the Zar\u00fc River project and several other upcoming water projects to be supplied from Dz\u00fcko Valley and others. The water supply is expected to cover more wards."}, {"Context": "Kohima Administration", "Knowledge": "LOC Kohima, LOC India, ORG KMC, ORG Urban Development Department, ORG Kohima Municipal Council", "Response": "The Kohima Municipal Council (KMC) was established in 2005 under India's Constitution (Seventy-Fourth Amendment) Act, 1992. It has waste management, drainage and trade licensing and other responsibilities.Other departments of the state government, which sit in Kohima, also have a role in the administration of Kohima. The \"City Development Plan\" for the town, for example, was written by state Urban Development Department."}, {"Context": "Kohima Wards", "Knowledge": "ORG Kohima Municipal Council, LOC Kohima", "Response": "Kohima is divided into nineteen sectors with a total of thirty-three administrative wards under the authority of the Kohima Municipal Council, covering an area of about 35 km2 (14 sq mi). Each ward has its own council government and handles many of the functions that are handled by city governments in other jurisdictions."}, {"Context": "Kohima Police and law enforcement", "Knowledge": "PER Kevithuto Sophie, LOC Kohima, LOC Kohima North Police Station, LOC India, LOC Kohima Metropolitan, ORG ISO, ORG Kohima Police, ORG International Standard Organization, LOC North Eastern Region, LOC Kohima South Police Station, ORG SP, ORG Nagaland Police", "Response": "The Kohima Police of the Nagaland Police is the police force responsible for maintaining security, law and order in the Kohima Metropolitan Area. It is headed by a Superintendent of Police (SP). Kevithuto Sophie is the current SP of Kohima. The municipal area of Kohima is served by two police stations\u2014Kohima North Police Station and Kohima South Police Station.\nIn 2020, the Kohima North Police Station became the first police station and a government facility in the entire North Eastern Region of India to receive the International Standard Organization (ISO) 9001 Certification for quality management system."}, {"Context": "Kohima Census data", "Knowledge": "LOC Nagaland, LOC Kohima, LOC Aos, LOC Lothas", "Response": "As of 2011, Kohima had a population of 99,039 of which males and females were 51,626 and 47,413 respectively. Kohima has an average literacy rate of 90.76%, higher than the national average of 79.55%.The city's population is composed of the 17 Ethnic Groups of Nagaland. The population of the Angamis, Aos and Lothas are the largest in present-day Kohima Urban Area."}, {"Context": "Kohima Religion", "Knowledge": "LOC Kohima", "Response": "The major religion in Kohima is Christianity which is practised by 80.22% of the population. Other religions includes Hinduism (16.09%), Islam (3.06%) and Buddhism (0.45%)."}, {"Context": "Kohima Commerce", "Knowledge": "LOC Kohima, LOC Mao Market, ORG Bamboo, LOC Town, LOC Khedi Market, LOC Market, LOC Kohima Trade Centre, ORG \u2013, LOC Tibetan, LOC T, LOC Khel", "Response": "Kohima has numerous shopping centers ranging from traditional markets to modern shopping malls. There are many dedicated markets for local products such as traditional handlooms and handicrafts.\nSome major shopping areas of the city are:\n\nBamboo Market\nKhedi Market\nKohima Trade Centre\nMain Town Area\nMao Market\nSuper Market\nTibetan Market\nT\u2013Khel Market"}, {"Context": "Kohima Tourism", "Knowledge": "LOC Kohima", "Response": "Tourism plays an important role in the city's economy. The number of tourists visiting Kohima has been increasing significantly each year."}, {"Context": "Kohima Historical sites", "Knowledge": "ORG Allied Forces, LOC Kohima, ORG Commonwealth, LOC Kohima War Cemetery Kohima War Cemetery", "Response": "Kohima War Cemetery\nKohima War Cemetery is a memorial dedicated to soldiers of the 2nd British Division of the Allied Forces who died in the Second World War at Kohima in April 1944. There are 1,420 Commonwealth burials of the Second World War at this cemetery."}, {"Context": "Kohima Parks", "Knowledge": "LOC PHQ Junction, LOC AG, LOC Middle AG, LOC Sokhriezie Park Sokhriezie Park, LOC Asian Highway 1, ORG Nagaland Forest Department, LOC New Ministers ' Hill Ward, LOC Sakhrie Park Sakhrie Park, LOC Middle Tsiepf\u00fc Tsiepfhe Ward, LOC Kohima Botanical Garden Kohima Botanical Garden, LOC Tsiepf\u00fc Tsiepfhe Road", "Response": "Sakhrie Park\nSakhrie Park is a recreational park located at Middle Tsiepf\u00fc Tsiepfhe Ward (Middle AG) located between the Asian Highway 1 and the Tsiepf\u00fc Tsiepfhe Road (AG) .\nSokhriezie Park\nSokhriezie Park is a centrally located lake that sits below the PHQ Junction.\nKohima Botanical Garden\nKohima Botanical Garden is located at New Ministers' Hill Ward and is looked after by the Nagaland Forest Department."}, {"Context": "Kohima Cultural centers", "Knowledge": "ORG Regional Centre of Excellence for Music & Performing Arts, ORG RCEMPA, LOC Jotsoma, LOC Kohima Capital Cultural Center", "Response": "The Kohima Capital Cultural Center is a cultural center which has a multipurpose hall that provides various facilities for its citizens. The Regional Centre of Excellence for Music & Performing Arts (RCEMPA) is a contemporary arts and music centre located in Jotsoma, about 6 km (3.7 mi) west of the city centre."}, {"Context": "Kohima Events and Festivals", "Knowledge": "LOC North East India, LOC Kisama Heritage Village, PER Naga, ORG Nagaland Anime Junkies", "Response": "NAJ Cosfest\nThe NAJ Cosfest is an Otaku-based cosplay festival held every year in the month of July. The annual event was started in 2013 and is organized by the Nagaland Anime Junkies. The cosfest is one of the biggest cosplay festivals in North East India.\nHornbill Festival\nThe Hornbill Festival is the biggest annual festival in North East India. The festival is held every year from 1 to 10 December with the purpose to promote the richness of the Naga heritage and traditions. The main venue is located at the Kisama Heritage Village, located 12 km (7.5 mi) south of the city centre."}, {"Context": "Kohima Fashion", "Knowledge": "LOC Kohima, LOC Main Town", "Response": "The inhabitants of Kohima have been historically characterized as \"fashion-conscious\". Numerous fashion stores are located across the city and a number of fashion related events are held annually. The southern wards starting from Main Town and beyond are the most fashionable areas of Kohima."}, {"Context": "Kohima Museums", "Knowledge": "PER Naga, LOC Bayav\u00fc Hill, LOC Nagaland State Museum", "Response": "The Nagaland State Museum is located in Bayav\u00fc Hill and displays a comprehensive collection of artefacts including ancient sculptures, traditional dresses, inscriptions of the Naga people."}, {"Context": "Kohima Religious sites", "Knowledge": "LOC Kohima Jain Temple, LOC Kohima, LOC Mary Help of Christians Cathedral, LOC Kohima Lotha Baptist Church, LOC Nagaland, LOC North East India, LOC Kohima Cathedral, LOC Kohima Ao Baptist Church, LOC Asia", "Response": "The Mary Help of Christians Cathedral or commonly known as the Kohima Cathedral is a prominent landmark in Kohima. The 16 feet high carved wood crucifix is one of Asia's largest crosses. It is the biggest Catholic church in Nagaland and was constructed in 1998.\nThere are numerous Protestant churches in Kohima. Kohima Ao Baptist Church and Kohima Lotha Baptist Church are some of the biggest churches in Kohima.\nThe Kohima Jain Temple, the oldest \nJain temple in North East India was established in 1920."}, {"Context": "Kohima Media", "Knowledge": "LOC Kohima, ORG Doordarshan Kendra Kohima, LOC Nagaland, ORG Nagaland Page, ORG Nagaland Cornerstone TV, ORG DD Nagaland, ORG AIR FM Tragopan, ORG Nagaland Post, ORG The Morung Express, ORG Eastern Mirror, ORG All India Radio, ORG Capi, ORG Kewhira Dielie", "Response": "The most widely circulated newspapers in Kohima are The Morung Express, Nagaland Post, Eastern Mirror, Nagaland Page and the local newspaper Capi. The city was also home to the now defunct Kewhira Dielie, the first modern newspaper published from Nagaland.Kohima is home to several television networks: Nagaland Cornerstone TV, Doordarshan Kendra Kohima which operates the DD Nagaland, etc.\nState-owned All India Radio has a local station in Kohima, which transmits various programs of mass interest like AIR FM Tragopan, etc."}, {"Context": "Kohima Transportation", "Knowledge": "LOC Kohima", "Response": "The major public transportation in Kohima are buses and taxis."}, {"Context": "Kohima Airports", "Knowledge": "LOC Kohima, LOC Ch\u00fcmoukedima \u2013 Dimapur, LOC Dimapur Airport, LOC Kohima Chiethu Airport", "Response": "Kohima is served by the Dimapur Airport located in Ch\u00fcmoukedima\u2013Dimapur, 74 kilometres (46 miles) from the city centre of Kohima. The currently under construction Kohima Chiethu Airport once completed will serve as the main airport for the Greater Kohima Metropolitan Area."}, {"Context": "Kohima Roadways", "Knowledge": "LOC Kohima, LOC NH 29, LOC Kohima Expressway, LOC Dimapur, LOC NH 2", "Response": "Kohima is connected by road with NH 2 and NH 29 which pass through the city. The Dimapur\u2013Kohima Expressway is a tolled expressway connecting Kohima with Dimapur."}, {"Context": "Kohima Highways passing through Kohima", "Knowledge": "LOC Kohima, LOC Tokyo, LOC Dibrugarh, LOC Assam, LOC Manipur, LOC Istanbul, LOC Jessami, LOC Denpasar, LOC Khosravi, LOC Tuipang, LOC Dabaka, LOC Mizoram", "Response": "Asian Highway 1: Tokyo  \u2013 Kohima  \u2013 Istanbul\n Asian Highway 2: Denpasar \u2013 Kohima  - Khosravi\n NH 2: Dibrugarh (Assam) \u2013 Kohima \u2013 Tuipang (Mizoram)\n NH 29: Dabaka (Assam) \u2013 Kohima \u2013 Jessami (Manipur)"}, {"Context": "Kohima Rail", "Knowledge": "LOC Dimapur Railway Station, LOC Kohima, LOC Kohima Zubza Railway Station, LOC Dimapur, LOC Ch\u00fcmoukedima Shokhuvi Railway Station, LOC Dhansiri \u2013 Zubza Line", "Response": "Kohima is not connected with the rail network. The nearest railway stations are the Ch\u00fcmoukedima Shokhuvi Railway Station and the Dimapur Railway Station. An extension of the railway line from Dimapur to Kohima was proposed and surveyed in 2009. Due to a dispute over land acquisition the track was resurveyed and an alternative alignment was proposed in 2013 and is expected to be completed by 2026. Once completed the Kohima Zubza Railway Station on the Dhansiri\u2013Zubza Line will serve as the main railway station of Kohima."}, {"Context": "Kohima Cycling", "Knowledge": "LOC Kohima", "Response": "Regardless of its hilly terrain, cycling has become an increasingly popular way to get in and around Kohima. A bicycle-sharing system was launched in September 2020."}, {"Context": "Kohima Education", "Knowledge": "LOC Nagaland, LOC Kohima", "Response": "Kohima is home to some of the most prestigious educational institutions in Nagaland."}, {"Context": "Kohima Universities and Colleges", "Knowledge": "ORG Oriental College Kros College Modern College Kohima Law, LOC Kohima, ORG Jotsoma Japf\u00fc Christian College, ORG Model Christian College Alder College Baptist College, ORG Jakhama Kohima Science College, ORG Jotsoma Sazolie College, ORG St. Joseph ' s College, ORG Nagaland Institute of Medical Science and Research, ORG Mount Olive College, LOC Meriema Campus, ORG Kigwema Nagaland University, ORG Capital College of Higher Education Kohima College", "Response": "Nagaland Institute of Medical Science and Research\nModel Christian College\nAlder College\nBaptist College\nCapital College of Higher Education\nKohima College\nMount Olive College\nOriental College\nKros College\nModern College\nKohima Law CollegeThe following are major Universities and Colleges located in the Greater Kohima Metropolitan Area:\n\nSt. Joseph's College, Jakhama\nKohima Science College, Jotsoma\nSazolie College, Jotsoma\nJapf\u00fc Christian College, Kigwema\nNagaland University, Meriema Campus"}, {"Context": "Kohima Notable secondary schools", "Knowledge": "ORG Ministers ' Hill Baptist, ORG Vineyard School Northfield School Coraggio, ORG Stella, ORG R\u00fczh\u00fckhrie Government Higher Secondary, ORG Dainty Buds, ORG Little Flower, ORG Mezh\u00fcr, ORG Mount Sinai, ORG Chandmari, ORG Secondary, ORG Fernwood School, ORG G. Rio, ORG Bethel Higher Secondary", "Response": "Ministers' Hill Baptist Higher Secondary School\nLittle Flower Higher Secondary School\nMezh\u00fcr Higher Secondary School\nR\u00fczh\u00fckhrie Government Higher Secondary School\nFernwood School\nG. Rio School\nDainty Buds School\nVineyard School\nNorthfield School\nCoraggio School\nStella Higher Secondary School\nChandmari Higher Secondary School\nMount Sinai Higher Secondary School\nBethel Higher Secondary School"}, {"Context": "Kohima Sports", "Knowledge": "LOC Indira Gandhi Stadium", "Response": "Indira Gandhi Stadium, inaugurated in 2003 is the multipurpose stadium of the city. It includes a running track and a football field."}, {"Context": "Kohima Football", "Knowledge": "LOC Kohima, ORG Kohima Komets, ORG Nagaland", "Response": "Kohima is home to Kohima Komets, an association football club that plays in the top division Nagaland Premier League."}, {"Context": "Kohima Wrestling", "Knowledge": "LOC Nagaland, LOC Kohima, LOC Khuochiezhie Local Ground", "Response": "The Naga wrestling enjoys widespread popularity in Kohima with people from all over Nagaland coming to witness the Naga Wrestling Championship held every two years at the Khuochiezhie Local Ground located in the heart of Kohima. The first Naga Wrestling Tournament was held in Kohima in 1971."}, {"Context": "Kohima Official sites", "Knowledge": "ORG Kohima Smart City", "Response": "Official website\nKohima Smart City (Official website)"}, {"Context": "Kolhapur Introduction", "Knowledge": "LOC Mahateerth, LOC Maratha Empire, LOC Karvir, LOC Ambabai, LOC Kuntal, LOC Maharashtra, LOC Panchganga River, LOC Kollpur, LOC Kolladigiripattan, PER C. E., LOC Kolhapuri, PER Bhosale Chhatrapati, LOC Mahalaxmi, LOC South Maharashtra, LOC Kashi, LOC Kollagiri, LOC India, LOC Kolhapur, LOC Dakshin Kashi", "Response": "Kolhapur (Kolhapur.ogg ) is a city on the banks of the Panchganga River in the southern part of the Indian state of Maharashtra.Kolhapur, an epitome of beauty and richness in the Indian state of Maharashtra, stands tall as one of the most significant cities in South Maharashtra. With its rich cultural heritage, this city has been a hub of historical, religious, and cultural activities for centuries. Its historic significance can be traced back to the 1st century BC and continues to amaze visitors with its intricate carvings and magnificent temples. Kolhapur is famous for its unique food culture, including its signature Kolhapuri cuisine, that tantalizes the taste buds of locals and tourists alike. Sports, arts and local dialects also play a major role in defining the identity of the city, making it a true representation of diversity and unity. The city is situated in the western part of Maharashtra and is often referred to as \"Dakshin Kashi\" or \"Mahateerth\". It boasts a rich history, which has given it various other names, including Kollagiri, Kolladigiripattan and Kollpur, all meaning \"valley\". The vibrant and rich city of Kolhapur is indeed a cultural treasure, waiting to be explored by those in search of a true taste of India.\nKolhapur district. Around 2 C.E. Kolhapur's name was 'Kuntal'.Kolhapur is known as 'Dakshin Kashi' or Kashi of the South because of its spiritual history and the antiquity of its shrine Mahalaxmi, better known as Ambabai. The region is known for  the production of the famous hand-crafted and braided leather slippers called Kolhapuri chappal, which received the Geographical Indication designation in 2019. In Hindu mythology, the city is referred to as \"Karvir.\"Before India became independent in 1947, Kolhapur was a princely state under the Bhosale Chhatrapati of the Maratha Empire. It is an important center for the Marathi film industry."}, {"Context": "Kolhapur Etymology", "Knowledge": "LOC Kolhasur, LOC Kolha, PER God, LOC Kolhapur, PER Kolhasur, PER Mahalakshmi", "Response": "Kolhapur is named after Kolhasur, a demon in Hindu History. According to History, the demon Kolhasur renounced asceticism after his sons were killed by God for harassing people, and prayed to Mahalakshmi that she would leave the area to him for a hundred years. He committed numerous crimes until the goddess returned after the hundred years were over and killed him for his sins. The dying wish of Kolhasur was to name the place after him, which was granted and the place was named Kolhapur. Kolha stands for Kolhasur and pur, a Sanskrit word, means \"city\"."}, {"Context": "Kolhapur Medieval era", "Knowledge": "LOC Miraj, PER Acharya, PER Shilahara, LOC Gonka - Jinalaya, LOC Maharashtra, LOC Satara, PER Karhad, LOC Tagara, LOC Valavada, ORG Shilaharas, LOC Bilhana, PER Jatiga II, LOC Karnataka, ORG Rashtrakuta Empire, LOC Pranalaka, PER Tagarapuravaradhisvara, PER Chalukya, PER Ambabai, LOC Konkan, LOC Panhala, PER Bhoja I, LOC Karad, LOC Belagavi, LOC Padmanala, ORG Rashtrakutas, PER Gonka, PER Vidyadhara Jimutavahana, PER Neminath, LOC Kolhapur, LOC Terdal, LOC Shilaharas, PER Shilaharas, PER Vikramankadevacharita, ORG Shilahara", "Response": "The Shilahara family founded a dynasty at Kolhapur about the time of the downfall of the Rashtrakuta Empire, that ruled over southern Maharashtra including the modern districts of Satara, Kolhapur and Belagavi (Karnataka). Their family deity was the goddess Ambabai, whose blessing they claimed to have secured in their copperplate grants (Mahalakshmi-labdha-vara-prasada). Like their relatives of the northern branch of Konkan, the Shilaharas of Kolhapur claimed to be of the lineage of Vidyadhara Jimutavahana, a Jain scholar. Their banner featured a golden Garuda. One of the many titles used by the Shilaharas was Tagarapuravaradhisvara, supreme sovereign ruler of Tagara.\nThe first capital of the Shilaharas was probably at Karad during the reign of Jatiga II, as known from their copper plate grant of Miraj and 'Vikramankadevacharita' of Bilhana. Hence, they are referred to sometimes as the 'Shilaharas of Karad'. Later, although the capital was shifted to Kolhapur, some of their grants mention Valavada and the hill fort of Pranalaka or Padmanala (Panhala) as the places of royal residence. Karhad retained its significance during the Shilahara period. This branch rose to power in the latter part of the Rashtrakuta rule and unlike the kings of the other two branches, this branch does not allude to the genealogy of the Rashtrakutas even in their early grants. They acknowledged the suzerainty of the later Chalukya dynasty for some time. They had used Kannada as an official language as can be seen from their inscriptions. The branch held southern Maharashtra from circa 940 to 1220.\nFrom 940 to 1212 CE, Kolhapur was the centre of power of the Shilahara dynasty. An inscription at Terdal states that the king Gonka (1020 - 1050 CE) was bitten by a snake then healed by a Jain monk. Gonka then built a temple to Lord Neminath, the twenty-second Jain tirthankara (enlightened being). From this era, Jain temples in and around Kolhapur are called Gonka-Jinalaya.\nAround 1055 CE, during the reign of Bhoja I (Shilahara dynasty), a dynamic Acharya (spiritual guide) named Maghanandi (Kolapuriya) founded a religious institute at the Rupanarayana Jain temple (basadi). Maghanandi is also known as Siddhanta-Chakravarti, meaning the great master of the scriptures. Kings and nobles of the Shilahara dynasty such as Gandaraditya I, who succeeded Bhoja I, were disciples of Maghanandi.\nKolhapur was the site of intense confrontation between the Western Chalukya Empire and Rajadhiraja Chola and his younger brother Rajendra Chola II of the Chola empire. In 1052 CE, following the Battle of Koppam, the victor, Rajendra Chola II, marched on to Kolhapur and erected a jayastambha (victory pillar).Between 1109 and 1178 CE, the Kopeshwar temple to Lord Shiva was built by Shilahara kings, Gandaraditya I, Vijayaditya, and Bhoja II in Khidrapur, Kolhapur."}, {"Context": "Kolhapur Kolhapur State", "Knowledge": "LOC Bombay State, LOC Colapore, LOC Maratha, PER Tarabai, LOC India, PER Maharaja, LOC Kolhapur, LOC Kashi, LOC South, PER Shahu, PER Rajarshi Shahu Maharaj, LOC Dakshin Kashi, LOC Dominion of India", "Response": "The state of Kolhapur was established by Tarabai in 1707 in the midst of a succession dispute over the Maratha crown. The Maratha throne was then occupied by descendants of Tarabai. One of the prominent Kings was Rajarshi Shahu Maharaj (Shahu of Kolhapur). In his reign, he promoted free education to people of all castes, religions and fought against untouchability. The state was annexed by the British in the 19th century. After India's independence in 1947, the Maharaja of Kolhapur acceded to the Dominion of India on 14 August 1947 and merged with Bombay State on 1 March 1949. Kolhapur is sometimes found spelled as Colapore. Often, Kolhapur is also referred as Dakshin Kashi or the Kashi of the South, due to its rich religious history."}, {"Context": "Kolhapur Scriptural references", "Knowledge": "PER King, PER Devi, LOC Kollapura, LOC Kolhapur, PER Bhaktas, PER Devi Ambabai", "Response": "Kolhapur is mentioned in the Devi Gita, the final chapter of the Devi-Bhagavata Purana, a text of Shaktism. Kolhapur is noted as a place of Kollamma worship. In the text, Devi says,\n\n\"O King of Mountains! Still I am now telling something out of My affection to My Bhaktas. Hear. There is a great place of pilgrimage named Kollapura in the southern country. Here the Devi Ambabai always dwells.\""}, {"Context": "Kolhapur Geography", "Knowledge": "LOC Peth Vadgaon, LOC Maharashtra, LOC Sahayadri, LOC Satara, LOC Mumbai, LOC Kalambawadi, LOC Kodoli, LOC Tambraparni, LOC Hyderabad, LOC Panhala, LOC Bengaluru, LOC Ichalkaranji, LOC Kagal, LOC Sangli, LOC Pune, LOC Jaysingpur, LOC Kasaba Walva, LOC Kolhapur, LOC Radhanagari, LOC Jyotiba Temple, LOC Western Ghats, LOC Umgaon", "Response": "Kolhapur is an inland city located in south-west Maharashtra state, 373 km (232 mi) south of Mumbai and 228 km (142 mi) south of Pune, 615 km (382 mi) north-west of Bengaluru, 530 km (330 mi) west of Hyderabad and 55 km (34 mi) west of Sangli city. Within Maharashtra, Kolhapur's nearest cities and towns are Ichalkaranji 27 km (17 mi), Jaysingpur 13 km (8.1 mi),Kodoli 35 km (22 mi), Peth Vadgaon 15 km (9.3 mi) Kagal 21 km (13 mi), Kasaba Walva 30 km (19 mi), Satara 115 km (71 mi). It lies in the Sahayadri mountains in the Western Ghats at an elevation of 569 m (1,867 ft). Tambraparni river dam near Umgaon village is close by, as also are Radhanagari and Kalambawadi dams. Panhala 21.5 km (13.4 mi) and Jyotiba Temple 21.7 km (13.5 mi) are in the vicinity of Kolhapur too."}, {"Context": "Kolhapur Climate", "Knowledge": "LOC Kolhapur, LOC Nashik, LOC Maharashtra, LOC Western Ghats, LOC Pune", "Response": "Kolhapur's climate is a blend of coastal and inland elements common to Maharashtra. The temperature ranges between 10 to 35 \u00b0C (50 to 95 \u00b0F). Summer in Kolhapur is comparatively cooler, but much more humid, than neighbouring inland cities. Maximum temperatures rarely exceed 35 \u00b0C (95 \u00b0F) and typically range between 33 and 35 \u00b0C (91 and 95 \u00b0F). Lows during this season are around 24 to 26 \u00b0C (75 to 79 \u00b0F).\nThe city receives abundant rainfall from June to September due to its proximity to the Western Ghats. The heavy rains often lead to severe flooding during these months. 2005, 2006, 2019 and 2021 were years when floods occurred. Temperatures are low in the rainy season and range between 19 and 30 \u00b0C (66 and 86 \u00b0F).\nKolhapur experiences winter from November to February. The winter temperatures are warmer than other cities in Maharashtra such as Pune and Nashik. Lows range from 9 to 16 \u00b0C (48 to 61 \u00b0F) while highs are in the range of 24 to 32 \u00b0C (75 to 90 \u00b0F) due to its high elevation and being adjacent to the Western Ghats. Humidity is low in this season making the weather pleasant."}, {"Context": "Kolhapur Hydrology", "Knowledge": "LOC Kumbhi, LOC Panchganga River, LOC Kasari, LOC Bhogavati, LOC Kolhapur, LOC Kalamba, LOC Rankala Lake, LOC Tulsi, LOC Dhamani, LOC Western Ghats", "Response": "The Panchganga River originates in the Western Ghats. It has five tributaries which supply the city and surroundings - the Bhogavati, Tulsi, Kumbhi, Kasari and Dhamani rivers. Kolhapur has a number of lakes. The Rankala Lake was once a stone quarry.\n\nThe Kalamba lake was built in 1873. These two lakes provide the city with domestic potable water."}, {"Context": "Kolhapur Governance", "Knowledge": "ORG Kolhapur Municipal Corporation, ORG Kolhapur Municipal and Regional Development Authority, ORG KMC, LOC Kolhapur", "Response": "Kolhapur is governed by the Kolhapur Municipal Corporation (KMC). The city is divided into five wards, named with the letters A to E. The corporation provides services such as sewage treatment and free cremation for residents and has made a number of improvements, for example, the Kolhapur Road Project, the Anti-Encroachment Drive to stop illegal building activity encroaching on the city's open spaces, and the Suvarna Jayanti Nagarotthan Project to improve roads and storm water management. The KMC faces problems like the civic limits of Kolhapur city which have not expanded since 1972, due to which the city cannot benefit from various government schemes.\nThe Kolhapur Municipal and Regional Development Authority was established on 16 August 2017. This authority to manage Kolhapur city and 42 villages around it was formed for the balanced development of Kolhapur city and the neighbouring villages."}, {"Context": "Kolhapur Demographics", "Knowledge": "ORG Kolhapur Municipal and Regional Development Authority, LOC Kolhapur", "Response": "As per the 2011 Census of India, the population of Kolhapur city is 549,236 and that in 'Kolhapur Municipal and Regional Development Authority' is 561,837. Kolhapur has one of the highest Human Development Index ratings among Indian districts, at 0.770 in 2011."}, {"Context": "Kolhapur Religion", "Knowledge": "", "Response": "Hindu \u2013 460,774 (83.89%)\nMuslims \u2013 59,760 (10.88%)\nJain \u2013 18,420 (3.35%)\nChristian \u2013 5,251 (0.96%)\nBuddhist \u2013 2,929 (0.53%)\nNot Stated \u2013 1,289 (0.23%)\nSikh \u2013 581 (0.11%)\nOthers \u2013 232 (0.04%"}, {"Context": "Kolhapur Manufacturing Industry", "Knowledge": "LOC Pune, LOC Shiroli, ORG Kirloskar, LOC Kagal, ORG kirloskar Oil Engines Limited, LOC Gokul - Shirgaon, LOC Kolhapur, ORG Raymond, ORG MIDC, LOC Sangli, ORG KOEL, LOC Shivaji Udyamnagar, LOC Mahadwar road, LOC Satara, LOC Shiroli Kagal Gokul shirgaon Shivaji Udyamnagar, LOC Bangalore", "Response": "Kolhapur has a higher per capita domestic product than the state's average. It has auto-ancillary, foundry and casting industrial establishments which act as supporting units for industries in Sangli, Satara, Pune and Bangalore.\nMIDC area like -\n\nShiroli\nKagal\nGokul shirgaon\nShivaji Udyamnagar, kolhapursituated in Kolhapur.\nKolhapur is also an industrial city with approximately 300 foundries generating exports with a value of 15 billion rupees per year. A manufacturing plant of Kirloskar group kirloskar Oil Engines Limited [KOEL] is set up in the MIDC at Kagal near Kolhapur, as is the Raymond clothes plant. Kolhapur has two more industrial areas, Gokul-Shirgaon MIDC and Shiroli MIDC. Shivaji Udyamnagar is an industrial area in the city with a rich entrepreneurial tradition of more than 100 years and specializing in oil engines.\n\nThe city is the home of Kolhapuri chappal, a hand-crafted buffalo leather slipper that is locally tanned using vegetable dyes. Kolhapuri slippers are sold on Mahadwar road. Other handicrafts include hand block printing of textiles, silver, bead and paste jewellery crafting, pottery, wood carving and lacquerware, brass sheet work and oxidised silver artwork, and lace and embroidery making.Kolhapuri jewelry includes a type of necklace called Kolhapuri saaj, patlya (two broad bangles), chinchpeti (choker), tanmani (short necklace), nath (nose ring), and bajuband (an amulet)."}, {"Context": "Kolhapur Tourism", "Knowledge": "ORG Bombay Gazetteer, LOC Mahakali, LOC Yallamma, LOC Kolhapur Jyotiba Temple, PER Ganesh, LOC Kolhapur, LOC Ambabai, LOC Rankala Lake, LOC Panhala Fort Kaneri Math, LOC New Palace Temblai, PER Tara Rani, LOC Chinmaya Mission, LOC Top, LOC Temblai, LOC Sambhapur, LOC Phiranga, LOC Mahalakshmi Temple, LOC Vithoba", "Response": "The Bombay Gazetteer recorded almost 250 temples in the region of which 6 - Ambabai, Temblai, Vithoba, Mahakali, Phiranga and Yallamma temples - are considered the most prominent. Tourism is an important source of revenue with about three million annual visitors. Kolhapur's attractions include: \n\nMahalakshmi Temple, Kolhapur\nJyotiba Temple\nPanhala Fort\nKaneri Math\nNew Palace\nTemblai temple complex\nRankala Lake\nThe Tara Rani equestrian statue\nAn 85 feet (26 m) idol of the Lord Ganesh at the Chinmaya Mission (Top-Sambhapur).The Kolhapur Maybach car of the chhatrapatis of Kolhapur is displayed to the public during the annual Dusshera procession."}, {"Context": "Kolhapur Film industry", "Knowledge": "ORG Maharashtra Film Company, PER Baburao Painter, LOC Kolhapur", "Response": "On 1 December 1917, the Maharashtra Film Company was established in Kolhapur by Baburao Painter. The city has become the primary centre for the Marathi film industry. Kolhapur plays host to many film festivals, including the Kolhapur International Film Festival. The Kolhapur film city was renovated in 2017."}, {"Context": "Kolhapur Cuisine", "Knowledge": "LOC Kolhapur", "Response": "Kolhapur cuisine includes mutton dishes, Kolhapuri misal, and ethnic meat dishes\nThe city also lends its name to certain types of food and ingredients, such as Kolhapuri lavangi (chili peppers), Kolhapuri jaggery (cane juice concentrate), Kolhapuri masala (spice mixture) and Kolhapuri chutney (onion garlic chutney) which is a staple in gravies and curries.\nKolhapur cuisine also includes soup-like curries called Pandhara Rassa and Tambda Rassa which are served as a part of a Thali. Pandhara Rassa, which can be loosely translated as white curry, is a soup-like dish made from mutton stock and coconut milk infused with spices like cinnamon, coriander, ginger, and garlic. It is served as an appetizer, and also as a part of the main course. Tambda Rassa, red curry, is a spicier form of the dish made by substituting coconut milk with red chillies."}, {"Context": "Kolhapur Media and telecommunication", "Knowledge": "ORG Punyanagari, ORG Tarun Bharat, ORG Pudhari, ORG Big FM, ORG Loksatta, ORG All India Radio FM, ORG Business Standard, ORG The Indian Express, ORG Sakal, ORG Saamna, LOC Kolhapur, ORG Radio Mirchi, ORG Lokmat, ORG Kesari, ORG The Times of India, ORG The Economic Times, ORG Tomato FM, ORG Radio City", "Response": "Kolhapur's main newspaper is the Pudhari. Other Marathi language newspapers include Sakal, Loksatta, Lokmat, Kesari, Saamna, Tarun Bharat, and Punyanagari.\nThe English language dailies include The Times of India (Kolhapur edition), The Indian Express, Business Standard and The Economic Times.\nKolhapur's FM radio services include Tomato FM (94.3 MHz), Radio Mirchi (98.3 MHz), Radio City (95 MHz), Big FM(92.7 MHz) and All India Radio FM (102.7 MHz)."}, {"Context": "Kolhapur Sports", "Knowledge": "PER Suhas Khamkar, PER Arjuna, PER Tejaswini Sawant, PER Rustam - e - Hind Dadu Chougule, PER Aniket Jadhav, LOC India, LOC Khasbag Wrestling Stadium, PER Shahu Mane, PER Rucha Pujari, PER B. B. Nimbalkar, LOC Kolhapur, PER Rahi Sarnobat, LOC Chhatrapati Shahu Stadium, PER Hind Kesari Shripati Khanchnale, PER Shahu, PER Khashaba Dadasaheb Jadhav, PER Virdhawal Khade, LOC Asia", "Response": "Wrestling (known as Kusti in Hindi/Marathi) , Football and Kabaddi are the sports most played in the city.Kolhapur is known as wrestling capital of India. Kolhapur has a long history of kushti (wrestling) and has produced many wrestlers. The sport flourished during the reign of Shahu of Kolhapur (1894\u20131922). During this golden age, he built Akharas or Taleems (as they are colloquially called) all over Kolhapur and organized wrestling tournaments, inviting wrestlers from across the Indian sub-continent. Since then, Kolhapur's wrestling culture has been dominated by various Taleems like Gangavesh taleem, Shahupuri taleem, Motibag taleem, etc. More than 70 wrestlers undertake training in each of these.\nIndia's first individual Olympian Khashaba Dadasaheb Jadhav, India's first Hind Kesari Shripati Khanchnale and Rustam-e-Hind Dadu Chougule belonged to Kolhapur.\nChhatrapati Shahu Stadium is a football stadium in Kolhapur. Khasbag Wrestling Stadium, India's largest wrestling stadium is situated in Kolhapur.\nB.B. Nimbalkar (former Ranji cricketer), Suhas Khamkar (Mr. Asia, Winner), Virdhawal Khade (Indian Olympian in swimming),  Tejaswini Sawant (Arjuna awardee, world championship gold medalist shooter), Rahi Sarnobat (Arjuna awardee, Asian Gold medalist in shooting), Rucha Pujari (chess - Woman International Master), Shahu Mane also belong to the city. Aniket Jadhav who played the FIFA U-17 World Cup 2017 is from Kolhapur."}, {"Context": "Kolhapur Railway", "Knowledge": "LOC Miraj, LOC Bengaluru, LOC India, LOC Kolhapur, LOC miraj, LOC Sangli, LOC Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj Terminus, LOC Vaibhavwadi, LOC New Delhi, ORG Central Railway, LOC Mumbai, LOC Pune", "Response": "The Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj Terminus links Kolhapur via rail to India's major cities with express services to miraj, Sangli, Pune, Mumbai, Bengaluru and New Delhi. A daily shuttle service connects Kolhapur with the main rail hub of Miraj on the Central Railway main line. A daily DEMU local train also runs from Kolhapur to Sangli railway station. \nA new railway route from Miraj via Kolhapur until Vaibhavwadi has been confirmed, which will connect Kolhapur and many other towns with to the Western coastal region of India."}, {"Context": "Kolhapur Road", "Knowledge": "LOC National Highway, ORG Kolhapur Municipal Transport, ORG KMT, LOC Central, LOC National Highway 204, ORG CBS, LOC Kolhapur, LOC Maharashtra, LOC Sangli City, LOC Rankala, LOC Sambhajinagar, LOC Pune", "Response": "Kolhapur is located on National Highway 4 and National Highway 204. Kolhapur is 55 km from Sangli City and 200 km from Pune. The city has three state transport bus stands: Central Bus Stand (CBS), Rankala Bus Stand and Sambhajinagar Bus Stand. Kolhapur Municipal Transport (KMT) provides local bus services. The CBS of Kolhapur is the busiest bus stand in western Maharashtra with more than 50,000 commutators a day."}, {"Context": "Kolhapur Airport", "Knowledge": "LOC Tirupati Airport, LOC Ujalaiwadi, LOC Hyderabad Airport, ORG Star Air, LOC Pune International Airport, LOC Goa International Airport, LOC Kolhapur, LOC Chhatrapati Rajaram Maharaj Airport, ORG Indigo, LOC Ahmedabad Airport, LOC Mumbai Airport", "Response": "Kolhapur's domestic airport, also known as Chhatrapati Rajaram Maharaj Airport, is located 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) south east of the city at Ujalaiwadi.\nIndigo operates daily flights to Hyderabad Airport and Tirupati Airport as well as three times a week to Ahmedabad Airport. Star Air operates flights three times in a week to Mumbai Airport. Expansion of runway and construction of and airport terminal building is in progress.The nearest international airports to Kolhapur are Pune International Airport (240 km [150 mi]) and Goa International Airport (220 km [140 mi])."}, {"Context": "Kolhapur Education", "Knowledge": "LOC Africa, LOC India, LOC Rajaram, LOC Kolhapur, ORG Shivaji University", "Response": "Kolhapur has educational institutions for engineering, medicine, management studies, pharmaceutical sciences and agriculture. Shivaji University is located in Kolhapur city. There are international schools and a pre-IAS training centre. The pre-IAS training centre is in Rajaram college campus. The admissions to pre-IAS centre are allotted by merit through an entrance exam. The city attracts students form all over India and Africa."}, {"Context": "Kolhapur Languages", "Knowledge": "PER \u0936\u0902\u0915\u0930, PER \u0936\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092c\u093e, LOC Kolhapur", "Response": "The Marathi language spoken in Kolhapur has some distinctive adaptations. Women for example will use the masculine gender for verbs. Some syllables in names are uniquely shortened to utter them faster. For example, \u0936\u0902\u0915\u0930 becomes \u0936\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092c\u093e. Some phrases are unique to the local dialect, and especially popular among the youth, such as '\u0915\u093e\u092f \u092d\u093e\u0935\u093e?', '\u0928\u093e\u0926 \u0928\u093e\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u093e\u092f\u091a\u093e', '\u0915\u093e\u091f\u093e \u0915\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0930\u0930\u094d\u0930', '\u0916\u091f\u0915\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930 \u092c\u094b\u091f', and '\u091c\u093e\u0917\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0930 \u092a\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0940'."}, {"Context": "Kolhapur Notable people", "Knowledge": "PER Ranjit Desai, PER Tarabai, PER Shruti Sadolikar, PER V. Shantaram, PER Bhanu Athaiya, PER Shivaji, LOC Maharashtra, PER Shahu, PER Sanjay Mandlik, PER Suniti Ashok Deshpande, PER Arun Sarnaik, PER Jayant Narlikar, PER Sangram Cho, PER D. Y. Patil, ORG NCP, PER Nanda, ORG Chanel, PER Bhalji Pendharkar, PER Master Vinayak, PER Anant Mane, PER Ramesh Deo, PER Dhananjay Mahadik, ORG Maharashtra BJP, PER Sadashivrao Dadoba Mandlik, ORG Shiv Sena, PER Leena Nair, PER Santaji Ghorpade, PER Satej Patil, PER Dhondutai Kulkarni, PER Padmini Kolhapure, PER Shivaji Sawant, PER Sudhir Phadke, PER Ramchandra Pant Amatya, PER Ashutosh Gowariker, PER Jagdish Khebudkar, PER B. B. Nimbalkar, LOC Kolhapur, PER Suresh Wadkar, PER Vasantrao Ghatge, PER Madhavrao Bagal, LOC Jaipur, PER Chandrakant Patil, PER Govindrao Tembe, LOC Atrauli", "Response": "Shahu of Kolhapur - Maharaja and a social reformer.\nTarabai - Maratha queen and warrior.\nRamchandra Pant Amatya - One of the Ashta Pradhans of Shivaji.\nSantaji Ghorpade - Maratha warrior and Sarsenapati.\nBhalji Pendharkar - Award Winning director.\nNanda - Film actress.\nSudhir Phadke - Singer and composer.\nSuresh Wadkar - Playback singer.\nJayant Narlikar - Indian astrophysicist.\nV. Shantaram - Indian filmmaker, film producer and actor.\nShivaji Sawant - Indian novelist.\nRanjit Desai - Popular Marathi writer.\nMaster Vinayak - Indian actor and film director.\nSuniti Ashok Deshpande - Indian educator, writer, translator and interpreter.\nLeena Nair - CEO of Chanel.\nD. Y. Patil - Indian politician and educator.\nArun Sarnaik - Actor and singer.\nDhondutai Kulkarni - Indian classical singer from the Jaipur-Atrauli gharana.\nGovindrao Tembe - Music composer.\nB. B. Nimbalkar - Indian cricketer, best known for his score of 443 not out during the 1948\u201349 Ranji Trophy.\nDhananjay Mahadik - Indian politician and former Member of Parliament.\nChandrakant Patil - Indian politician and Maharashtra BJP president.\nRamesh Deo - Indian film and television actor.\nVasantrao Ghatge - Indian entrepreneur, business magnate, industrialist and a professor.\nJagdish Khebudkar - Marathi litt\u00e9rateur and lyricist of Marathi cinema.\nAshutosh Gowariker - Indian film director, actor, screenwriter and producer.\nMadhavrao Bagal - Writer, artist, journalist, social reformer, political activist, orator and a freedom fighter.\nAnant Mane - Film director.\nSatej Patil - Politician and Minister of State for home in the Maharashtra Government.\nPadmini Kolhapure - Film actress.\nShruti Sadolikar - Indian classical singer of the khyal style in the Jaipur-Atrauli gharana.\nSadashivrao Dadoba Mandlik - Former Member of Parliament and NCP leader.\nSanjay Mandlik - Member of Parliament and Shiv Sena Leader.\nBhanu Athaiya - Indian costume designer and painter.\nSangram Chougule - Body builder, Mr Universe winner (2012), Mr India (6-time winner), Mr Maharashtra (5-time winner).\nSuhas Khamkar - Body builder."}, {"Context": "Kolkata Introduction", "Knowledge": "LOC Bengal, LOC Kolkata Metropolitan Area, LOC Bangladesh, ORG Nawab, LOC Dhaka, LOC Hooghly River, LOC New Delhi, LOC West Bengal, LOC Calcutta, PER Nawab Siraj ud - Daulah, LOC Eastern India, LOC North - East India, LOC Fort William, ORG East India Company, LOC Kolkata, LOC UK, ORG Company, LOC India, LOC Greater Kolkata, LOC Port of Kolkata, ORG Nawab of Bengal, LOC US", "Response": "Kolkata (UK:  or , US: , Bengali: [kol\u02c8kata] (listen); also known as Calcutta , the official name until 2001) is the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal, on the eastern bank of the Hooghly River 80 km (50 mi) west of the border with Bangladesh. It is the primary business, commercial, and financial hub of Eastern India and the main port of communication for North-East India. According to the 2011 Indian census, Kolkata is the seventh-most populous city in India, with a population of 45 lakh (4.5 million) residents within the city. It  is a part of  Kolkata Metropolitan Area (or known as Greater Kolkata) which has a population of over 1.41 crore (14.1 million) residents making it the third-most populous metropolitan area in India. In 2021, the Kolkata metropolitan area crossed 1.5 crore (15 million) registered voters. The Port of Kolkata is India's oldest operating port and its sole major riverine port. Kolkata is regarded as the cultural capital of India. Kolkata is the second largest Bengali-speaking city after Dhaka. It has the highest number of nobel laureates among all cities in India.In the late 17th century, the three villages that predated Calcutta were ruled by the Nawab of Bengal under Mughal suzerainty. After the Nawab granted the East India Company a trading licence in 1690, the area was developed by the Company into an increasingly fortified trading post known as Fort William. Nawab Siraj ud-Daulah occupied Calcutta in 1756, and the East India Company retook it the following year. In 1793 the East India Company was strong enough to abolish native rule, and assumed full sovereignty of the region. Under company rule and later under the British Raj, Calcutta served as the capital of British-held territories in India until 1911. In that year, after assessing its geographical location, combined with growing nationalism in Bengal (Calcutta became the centre for the Indian independence movement), the British moved the capital to the relatively more centrally located New Delhi.\nFollowing independence in 1947, Kolkata, which was once the premier centre of Indian commerce, culture, and politics, suffered many decades of political violence and economic stagnation before it rebounded. A demographically diverse global city, the culture of Kolkata features idiosyncrasies that include distinctively close-knit neighbourhoods (paras) and freestyle conversations (adda). Kolkata is home to eastern India's film industry, known as Tollywood, and cultural institutions, such as the Academy of Fine Arts, the Victoria Memorial, the Asiatic Society, the Indian Museum, and the National Library of India. Among scientific institutions, Kolkata hosts the Agri Horticultural Society of India, the Geological Survey of India, the Botanical Survey of India, the Calcutta Mathematical Society, the Indian Science Congress Association, the Zoological Survey of India, the Institution of Engineers, the Anthropological Survey of India and the Indian Public Health Association. Four Nobel laureates and two Nobel Memorial Prize winners are associated with the city. Though home to major cricketing venues and franchises, Kolkata stands out in India for being the country's centre of association football and also having strong culture in other sports less widespread elsewhere. Hence, Kolkata is also known as 'the city of joy'."}, {"Context": "Kolkata Etymology", "Knowledge": "LOC \u0995\u09b2\u0995\u09be\u09a4\u09be, LOC Calcutta, LOC \u0995\u09b2\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09a4\u09be, LOC Kolikata, LOC \u0915\u093e\u0932\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930, LOC Kalighat, LOC Sutanuti, LOC Kalikshetra, LOC \u0995\u09be\u09b2\u09c0\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0, PER Kali, LOC Govindapur, LOC Kolkata, LOC K\u00f4likata, LOC Kalikkhetr\u00f4", "Response": "The word Kolkata (Bengali: \u0995\u09b2\u0995\u09be\u09a4\u09be [kol\u02c8kata]) derives from K\u00f4likata (Bengali: \u0995\u09b2\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09a4\u09be\n[\u02c8k\u0254li\u02cckata]), the Bengali language name of one of three villages that predated the arrival of the British, the other two villages were Sutanuti and Govindapur.There are several explanations for the etymology of this name:\n\nKolikata is thought to be a variation of Kalikkhetr\u00f4 (Bengali: \u0995\u09be\u09b2\u09c0\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 [\u02c8kali\u02cck\u02b0etr\u0254]), meaning \"Field of [the goddess] Kali\". Similarly, it can be a variation of 'Kalikshetra' (Sanskrit: \u0915\u093e\u0932\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930, lit. \"area of Goddess Kali\").\nAnother theory is that the name derives from Kalighat.\nAlternatively, the name may have been derived from the Bengali term kilkila (Bengali: \u0995\u09bf\u09b2\u0995\u09bf\u09b2\u09be), or \"flat area\".\nThe name may have its origin in the words khal (Bengali: \u0996\u09be\u09b2 [\u02c8k\u02b0al]) meaning \"canal\", followed by ka\u1e6da (Bengali: \u0995\u09be\u099f\u09be [\u02c8ka\u0288a]), which may mean \"dug\".\nAccording to another theory, the area specialised in the production of quicklime or koli chun (Bengali: \u0995\u09b2\u09bf \u099a\u09c1\u09a8 [\u02c8k\u0254li\u02cct\u0283un]) and coir or kata (Bengali: \u0995\u09be\u09a4\u09be [\u02c8kata]); hence, it was called Kolikata).Although the city's name has always been pronounced Kolkata or K\u00f4likata in Bengali, the anglicised form Calcutta was the official name until 2001, when it was changed to Kolkata in order to match Bengali pronunciation."}, {"Context": "Kolkata British colonial rule", "Knowledge": "LOC Bengal, PER Siraj ud - Daulah, LOC Sutanuti, LOC Kalikata, LOC East India, LOC Chandraketugarh, LOC Bihar, PER Job Charnock, LOC Black Hole, LOC Hooghly River, LOC Calcutta, PER Robert Clive, LOC Orissa, LOC Gobindapur, LOC Buxar, ORG Calcutta High Court, LOC Fort William, ORG East India Company, LOC Kolkata, PER Sabarna Roy Choudhury, ORG Company, ORG East India", "Response": "The discovery and archaeological study of Chandraketugarh, 35 km (22 mi) north of Kolkata, provide evidence that the region in which the city stands has been inhabited for over two millennia. Kolkata's recorded history began in 1690 with the arrival of the English East India Company, which was consolidating its trade business in Bengal. Job Charnock, an administrator who worked for the company, was formerly credited as the founder of the city; In response to a public petition, the Calcutta High Court ruled in 2003 that the city does not have a founder. The area occupied by the present-day city encompassed three villages: Kalikata, Gobindapur and Sutanuti. Kalikata was a fishing village; Sutanuti was a riverside weavers' village. They were part of an estate belonging to the Mughal emperor; the jagirdari (a land grant bestowed by a king on his noblemen) taxation rights to the villages were held by the Sabarna Roy Choudhury family of landowners, or zamindars. These rights were transferred to the East India Company in 1698.:\u200a1\u200a\n\nIn 1712, the British completed the construction of Fort William, located on the east bank of the Hooghly River to protect their trading factory. Facing frequent skirmishes with French forces, the British began to upgrade their fortifications in 1756. The Nawab of Bengal, Siraj ud-Daulah, condemned the militarisation and tax evasion by the company. His warning went unheeded, and the Nawab attacked; he captured Fort William which led to the killings of several East India company officials in the Black Hole of Calcutta. A force of Company soldiers (sepoys) and British troops led by Robert Clive recaptured the city the following year. Per the 1765 Treaty of Allahabad following the battle of Buxar, East India company was appointed imperial tax collector of the Mughal emperor in the province of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa, while Mughal-appointed Nawabs continued to rule the province. Declared a presidency city, Calcutta became the headquarters of the East India Company by 1773.In 1793, ruling power of the Nawabs were abolished and East India company took complete control of the city and the province. In the early 19th century, the marshes surrounding the city were drained; the government area was laid out along the banks of the Hooghly River. Richard Wellesley, Governor-General of the Presidency of Fort William between 1797 and 1805, was largely responsible for the development of the city and its public architecture. Throughout the late 18th and 19th century, the city was a centre of the East India Company's opium trade. A census in 1837 records the population of the city proper as 229,700, of which the British residents made up only 3,138. The same source says another 177,000 resided in the suburbs and neighbouring villages, making the entire population of greater Calcutta 406,700.\nIn 1864, a typhoon struck the city and killed about 60,000 in Kolkata.\n By the 1850s, Calcutta had two areas: White Town, which was primarily British and centred on Chowringhee and Dalhousie Square; and Black Town, mainly Indian and centred on North Calcutta. The city underwent rapid industrial growth starting in the early 1850s, especially in the textile and jute industries; this encouraged British companies to massively invest in infrastructure projects, which included telegraph connections and Howrah railway station. The coalescence of British and Indian culture resulted in the emergence of a new babu class of urbane Indians, whose members were often bureaucrats, professionals, newspaper readers, and Anglophiles; they usually belonged to upper-caste Hindu communities. In the 19th century, the Bengal Renaissance brought about an increased sociocultural sophistication among city denizens. In 1883, Calcutta was host to the first national conference of the Indian National Association, the first avowed nationalist organisation in India.\nThe partition of Bengal in 1905 along religious lines led to mass protests, making Calcutta a less hospitable place for the British. The capital was moved to New Delhi in 1911. Calcutta continued to be a centre for revolutionary organisations associated with the Indian independence movement. The city and its port were bombed several times by the Japanese between 1942 and 1944, during World War II. Coinciding with the war, millions starved to death during the Bengal famine of 1943 due to a combination of military, administrative, and natural factors. Demands for the creation of a Muslim state led in 1946 to an episode of communal violence that killed over 4,000. The partition of India led to further clashes and a demographic shift\u2014many Muslims left for East Pakistan (present day Bangladesh), while hundreds of thousands of Hindus fled into the city."}, {"Context": "Kolkata Contemporary", "Knowledge": "ORG CPM, LOC India, PER Rajiv Gandhi, ORG West Bengal Legislative Assembly, ORG Left Front, LOC West Bengal, ORG Trinamool Congress, LOC Bombay, LOC Kolkata, ORG Communist Party of India, LOC Mumbai", "Response": "During the 1960s and 1970s, severe power shortages, strikes and a violent Marxist\u2013Maoist movement by groups known as the Naxalites damaged much of the city's infrastructure, resulting in economic stagnation. The Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971 led to a massive influx of thousands of refugees, many of them penniless, that strained Kolkata's infrastructure. During the mid-1980s, Mumbai (then called Bombay) overtook Kolkata as India's most populous city. In 1985, Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi dubbed Kolkata a \"dying city\" in light of its socio-political woes. In the period 1977\u20132011, West Bengal was governed from Kolkata by the Left Front, which was dominated by the Communist Party of India (CPM). It was the world's longest-serving democratically elected communist government, during which Kolkata was a key base for Indian communism. In the 2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election, Left Front was defeated by the Trinamool Congress. The city's economic recovery gathered momentum after the 1990s, when India began to institute pro-market reforms. Since 2000, the information technology (IT) services sector has revitalised Kolkata's stagnant economy. The city is also experiencing marked growth in its manufacturing base."}, {"Context": "Kolkata Geography", "Knowledge": "LOC Bengal, LOC India, LOC Bangladesh, LOC Indo - Gangetic Plain, LOC Hooghly River, ORG Bureau of Indian Standards, LOC East Kolkata Wetlands, LOC Ganges Delta, LOC Kolkata", "Response": "Spread roughly north\u2013south along the east bank of the Hooghly River, Kolkata sits within the lower Ganges Delta of eastern India approximately 75 km (47 mi) west of the international border with Bangladesh; the city's elevation is 1.5\u20139 m (5\u201330 ft). Much of the city was originally a wetland that was reclaimed over the decades to accommodate a burgeoning population. The remaining undeveloped areas, known as the East Kolkata Wetlands, were designated a \"wetland of international importance\" by the Ramsar Convention (1975). As with most of the Indo-Gangetic Plain, the soil and water are predominantly alluvial in origin. Kolkata is located over the \"Bengal basin\", a pericratonic tertiary basin. Bengal basin comprises three structural units: shelf or platform in the west; central hinge or shelf/slope break; and deep basinal part in the east and southeast. Kolkata is located atop the western part of the hinge zone which is about 25 km (16 mi) wide at a depth of about 45,000 m (148,000 ft) below the surface. The shelf and hinge zones have many faults, among them some are active. Total thickness of sediment below Kolkata is nearly 7,500 m (24,600 ft) above the crystalline basement; of these the top 350\u2013450 m (1,150\u20131,480 ft) is Quaternary, followed by 4,500\u20135,500 m (14,760\u201318,040 ft) of Tertiary sediments, 500\u2013700 m (1,640\u20132,300 ft) trap wash of Cretaceous trap and 600\u2013800 m (1,970\u20132,620 ft) Permian-Carboniferous Gondwana rocks. The quaternary sediments consist of clay, silt and several grades of sand and gravel. These sediments are sandwiched between two clay beds: the lower one at a depth of 250\u2013650 m (820\u20132,130 ft); the upper one 10\u201340 m (30\u2013130 ft) in thickness. According to the Bureau of Indian Standards, on a scale ranging from I to V in order of increasing susceptibility to earthquakes, the city lies inside seismic zone III."}, {"Context": "Kolkata Urban structure", "Knowledge": "LOC B. B. D. Bagh, ORG Lalbazar Police Headquarters, LOC South Kolkata, LOC Sodepur, ORG General Post Office, LOC Madhyamgram, LOC Dr. Upendra Nath Brahmachari Sarani, ORG KMC, LOC Shobhabazar, LOC Maniktala, LOC South, LOC New Barrackpore, LOC Park Street, LOC Hooghly, LOC Esplanade, LOC North, LOC Rajiv Gandhi Sarani, LOC Central, LOC Nadia, LOC Hooghly River, LOC Bagbazar, LOC Dum Dum, LOC North Kolkata, LOC East Kolkata, LOC North 24 Parganas, LOC Cossipore, LOC West Bengal, LOC Shakespeare Sarani, LOC Abanindra Nath Tagore Sarani, ORG Sinthee, ORG Reserve Bank of India, LOC South 24 Parganas, LOC Acharay Jagadish Chandra Basu Road, LOC Eastern Metropolitan Bypass, LOC Shyambazar, ORG Calcutta High Court, LOC Baranagar, LOC Belgharia, LOC Central Kolkata, LOC Jawahar Lal Nehru Road, LOC Kolkata, LOC Barrackpore, LOC Ultadanga, LOC Howrah, ORG Kolkata Municipal Corporation, LOC Dalhousie Square, LOC Rajabazar, ORG Khardaha, LOC Dr. Martin Luther King Sarani, LOC Jorasanko, ORG Secretariat, LOC Barasat", "Response": "The Kolkata metropolitan area is spread over 1,886.67 km2 (728.45 sq mi):\u200a7\u200a and comprises 4 municipal corporations (including Kolkata Municipal Corporation), 37 local municipalities and 24 panchayat samitis, as of 2011.:\u200a7\u200a The urban agglomeration encompassed 72 cities and 527 towns and villages, as of 2006. Suburban areas in the Kolkata metropolitan area incorporate parts of the following districts: North 24 Parganas, South 24 Parganas, Howrah, Hooghly and Nadia.:\u200a15\u200a Kolkata, which is under the jurisdiction of the Kolkata Municipal Corporation (KMC), has an area of 206.08 km2 (80 sq mi). The east\u2013west dimension of the city is comparatively narrow, stretching from the Hooghly River in the west to roughly the Eastern Metropolitan Bypass in the east\u2014a span of 9\u201310 km (5.6\u20136.2 mi). The north\u2013south distance is greater, and its axis is used to section the city into North, Central, South and East Kolkata.\nNorth Kolkata is the oldest part of the city. Characterised by 19th-century architecture and narrow alleyways, it includes areas such as Jorasanko, Rajabazar, Maniktala, Ultadanga, Shyambazar, Shobhabazar, Bagbazar, Cossipore, Sinthee etc. The north suburban areas like Dum Dum, Baranagar, Belgharia, Sodepur, Khardaha, New Barrackpore, Madhyamgram, Barrackpore, Barasat etc. are also within the city of Kolkata (as a metropolitan structure).:\u200a65\u201366\u200a Central Kolkata hosts the central business district. It contains B. B. D. Bagh, formerly known as Dalhousie Square, and the Esplanade on its east; Rajiv Gandhi Sarani is on its west. The West Bengal Secretariat, General Post Office, Reserve Bank of India, Calcutta High Court, Lalbazar Police Headquarters and several other government and private offices are located there. Another business hub is the area south of Park Street, which comprises thoroughfares such as Jawahar Lal Nehru Road, Abanindra Nath Tagore Sarani, Dr. Martin Luther King Sarani, Dr. Upendra Nath Brahmachari Sarani, Shakespeare Sarani and Acharay Jagadish Chandra Basu Road. South Kolkata developed after India gained independence in 1947; it includes upscale neighbourhoods such as Bhawanipore, Alipore, Ballygunge, Kasba, Dhakuria, Santoshpur, Garia, Golf Green, Tollygunge, New Alipore, Behala, Barisha etc. The south suburban areas like Maheshtala, Budge Budge, Rajpur Sonarpur, Baruipur etc. are also within the city of Kolkata (as a metropolitan structure). The Maidan is a large open field in the heart of the city that has been called the \"lungs of Kolkata\" and accommodates sporting events and public meetings. The Victoria Memorial and Kolkata Race Course are located at the southern end of the Maidan. Among the other parks are Central Park in Bidhannagar and Millennium Park on Rajiv Gandhi Sarani, along the Hooghly River.\nTwo planned townships in the greater Kolkata region are Bidhannagar, also known as Salt Lake City and located north-east of the city; and Rajarhat, also called New Town and located east of Bidhannagar. In the 2000s, Sector 5 in Bidhannagar developed into a business hub for information technology and telecommunication companies. Both Bidhannagar and New Town are situated outside the Kolkata Municipal Corporation limits, in their own municipalities."}, {"Context": "Kolkata Climate", "Knowledge": "LOC Kolkata, ORG United Nations Development Programme", "Response": "Kolkata is subject to a tropical wet-and-dry climate that is designated Aw under the K\u00f6ppen climate classification. According to a United Nations Development Programme report, its wind and cyclone zone is \"very high damage risk\"."}, {"Context": "Kolkata Temperature", "Knowledge": "", "Response": "The annual mean temperature is 26.8 \u00b0C (80.2 \u00b0F); monthly mean temperatures are 19\u201330 \u00b0C (66\u201386 \u00b0F). Summers (March\u2013June) are hot and humid, with temperatures in the low 30s Celsius; during dry spells, maximum temperatures sometime exceed 40 \u00b0C (104 \u00b0F) in May and June. Winter lasts for roughly 2+1\u20442 months, with seasonal lows dipping to 9\u201311 \u00b0C (48\u201352 \u00b0F) in December and January. May is the hottest month, with daily temperatures ranging from 27\u201337 \u00b0C (81\u201399 \u00b0F); January, the coldest month, has temperatures varying from 12\u201323 \u00b0C (54\u201373 \u00b0F). The highest recorded temperature is 43.9 \u00b0C (111.0 \u00b0F), and the lowest is 5 \u00b0C (41 \u00b0F). The winter is mild and very comfortable weather pertains over the city throughout this season.\nOften, in April\u2013June, the city is struck by heavy rains or dusty squalls that are followed by thunderstorms or hailstorms, bringing cooling relief from the prevailing humidity. These thunderstorms are convective in nature, and are known locally as kal b\u00f4ishakhi (\u0995\u09be\u09b2\u09ac\u09c8\u09b6\u09be\u0996\u09c0), or \"Nor'westers\" in English."}, {"Context": "Kolkata Rainfall", "Knowledge": "LOC Kolkata, LOC Bay of Bengal", "Response": "Rains brought by the Bay of Bengal branch of the south-west summer monsoon lash Kolkata between June and September, supplying it with most of its annual rainfall of about 1,850 mm (73 in). The highest monthly rainfall total occurs in July and August. In these months often incessant rain for days brings life to a stall for the city dwellers. The city receives 2,107 hours of sunshine per year, with maximum sunlight exposure occurring in April. Kolkata has been hit by several cyclones; these include systems occurring in 1737 and 1864 that killed thousands. More recently, Cyclone Aila in 2009 and Cyclone Amphan in 2020 caused widespread damage to Kolkata by bringing catastrophic winds and torrential rainfall."}, {"Context": "Kolkata Environmental issues", "Knowledge": "LOC Kolkata, LOC India", "Response": "Pollution is a major concern in Kolkata. As of 2008, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide annual concentration were within the national ambient air quality standards of India, but respirable suspended particulate matter levels were high, and on an increasing trend for five consecutive years, causing smog and haze. Severe air pollution in the city has caused a rise in pollution-related respiratory ailments, such as lung cancer."}, {"Context": "Kolkata Economy", "Knowledge": "LOC Guwahati, LOC India, ORG Videocon, LOC Imphal, ORG Calcutta Stock Exchange, ORG Fosroc, LOC Bhubaneswar, LOC East and North - East India, ORG Larsen & Toubro, LOC West Bengal, LOC Kolkata, ORG Alstom, LOC Kushinagar", "Response": "Kolkata is the commercial and financial hub of East and North-East India and home to the Calcutta Stock Exchange. It is a major commercial and military port, and is one of five cities in eastern India (alongside Bhubaneswar, Guwahati, Imphal, and Kushinagar) to have an international airport. Once India's leading city, Kolkata experienced a steady economic decline in the decades following India's independence due to steep population increases and a rise in militant trade-unionism, which included frequent strikes that were backed by left-wing parties. From the 1960s to the late 1990s, several factories were closed and businesses relocated. The lack of capital and resources added to the depressed state of the city's economy and gave rise to an unwelcome sobriquet: the \"dying city\". The city's fortunes improved after the Indian economy was liberalised in the 1990s and changes in economic policy were enacted by the West Bengal state government. Recent estimates of the economy of Kolkata's metropolitan area have ranged from $150 to $250 billion (PPP GDP), and have ranked it third-most productive metro area of India.\n\nFlexible production has been the norm in Kolkata, which has an informal sector that employs more than 40% of the labour force. One unorganised group, roadside hawkers, generated business worth \u20b9 87.72 billion (US$ 2 billion) in 2005. As of 2001, around 0.81% of the city's workforce was employed in the primary sector (agriculture, forestry, mining, etc.); 15.49% worked in the secondary sector (industrial and manufacturing); and 83.69% worked in the tertiary sector (service industries).:\u200a19\u200a As of 2003, the majority of households in slums were engaged in occupations belonging to the informal sector; 36.5% were involved in servicing the urban middle class (as maids, drivers, etc.) and 22.2% were casual labourers.:\u200a11\u200a About 34% of the available labour force in Kolkata slums were unemployed.:\u200a11\u200a According to one estimate, almost a quarter of the population live on less than 27 rupees (equivalent to 45 US cents) per day.\n Major manufacturing companies in the city are Alstom, Larsen & Toubro, Fosroc, Videocon. As in many other Indian cities, information technology became a high-growth sector in Kolkata starting in the late 1990s; the city's IT sector grew at 70% per annum\u2014a rate that was twice the national average. The 2000s saw a surge of investments in the real estate, infrastructure, retail, and hospitality sectors; several large shopping malls and hotels were launched. Companies such as ITC Limited, CESC Limited, Exide Industries, Emami, Eveready Industries India, Lux Industries, Rupa Company, Berger Paints, Birla Corporation, Britannia Industries and Purushottam Publishers are headquartered in the city. Philips India, PricewaterhouseCoopers India, Tata Global Beverages, and Tata Steel have their registered office and zonal headquarters in Kolkata. Kolkata hosts the headquarters of three major public-sector banks: Allahabad Bank, UCO Bank, and the United Bank of India; and a private bank Bandhan Bank. Reserve Bank of India has its eastern zonal office in Kolkata, and India Government Mint, Kolkata is one of the four mints in India. Some of the oldest public sector companies are headquartered in the city such as the Coal India Limited, National Insurance Company, Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers, Tea Board of India, Geological Survey of India, Zoological Survey of India, Botanical Survey of India, Jute Corporation of India, National Test House, Hindustan Copper and the Ordnance Factories Board of the Indian Ministry of Defence."}, {"Context": "Kolkata Population", "Knowledge": "LOC Bangladesh, PER Mother Teresa, ORG Missionaries of Charity, ORG Kolkata Municipal Corporation, LOC West Bengal, LOC Kolkata", "Response": "The demonym for residents of Kolkata are Calcuttan and Kolkatan. According to provisional results of the 2011 national census, Kolkata district, which occupies an area of 185 km2 (71 sq mi), had a population of\n4,486,679; its population density was 24,252/km2 (62,810/sq mi). This represents a decline of 1.88% during the decade 2001\u201311. The sex ratio is 899 females per 1000 males\u2014lower than the national average. The ratio is depressed by the influx of working males from surrounding rural areas, from the rest of West Bengal; these men commonly leave their families behind. Kolkata's literacy rate of 87.14% exceeds the national average of 74%. The final population totals of census 2011 stated the population of city as 4,496,694. The urban agglomeration had a population of 14,112,536 in 2011.\nAs of 2003, about one-third of the population, or 15 lakh (1.5 million) people, lived in 3,500 unregistered squatter-occupied and 2,011 registered slums.:\u200a4\u200a:\u200a92\u200a The authorised slums (with access to basic services like water, latrines, trash removal by the Kolkata Municipal Corporation) can be broadly divided into two groups\u2014bustees, in which slum dwellers have some long term tenancy agreement with the landowners; and udbastu colonies, settlements which had been leased to refugees from present-day Bangladesh by the government.:\u200a5\u200a The unauthorised slums (devoid of basic services provided by the municipality) are occupied by squatters who started living on encroached lands\u2014mainly along canals, railway lines and roads.:\u200a92\u200a:\u200a5\u200a According to the 2005 National Family Health Survey, around 14% of the households in Kolkata were poor, while 33% lived in slums, indicating a substantial proportion of households in slum areas were better off economically than the bottom quarter of urban households in terms of wealth status.:\u200a23\u200a Mother Teresa was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for founding and working with the Missionaries of Charity in Kolkata\u2014an organisation \"whose primary task was to love and care for those persons nobody was prepared to look after\"."}, {"Context": "Kolkata Languages", "Knowledge": "ORG Kabuliwala, LOC Kolkata, LOC Israel, LOC India", "Response": "Bengali, the official state language, is the dominant language in Kolkata. English is also used, particularly by the white-collar workforce. Hindi and Urdu are spoken by a sizeable minority. Bengali Hindus form the majority of Kolkata's population; Marwaris, Biharis and Urdu-speaking Muslims compose large minorities. Among Kolkata's smaller communities are Chinese, Tamils, Nepalis, Pathans/Afghans (locally known as Kabuliwala) Odias, Telugus, Gujaratis, Anglo-Indians, Armenians, Bengali Muslims, Greeks, Tibetans, Maharashtrians, Konkanis, Malayalees, Punjabis and Parsis.:\u200a3\u200a The number of Armenians, Greeks, Jews and other foreign-origin groups declined during the 20th century. The Jewish population of Kolkata was 5,000 during World War II, but declined after Indian independence and the establishment of Israel; by 2013, there were 25 Jews in the city. India's sole Chinatown is in eastern Kolkata; once home to 20,000 ethnic Chinese, its population dropped to around 2,000 as of 2009 as a result of multiple factors including repatriation and denial of Indian citizenship following the 1962 Sino-Indian War, and immigration to foreign countries for better economic opportunities. The Chinese community traditionally worked in the local tanning industry and ran Chinese restaurants."}, {"Context": "Kolkata Religions", "Knowledge": "LOC Kolkata", "Response": "According to the 2011 census, 76.51% of the population is Hindu, 20.60% Muslim, 0.88% Christian and 0.47% Jain. The remainder of the population includes Sikhs, Buddhists, and other religions which accounts for 0.45% of the population; 1.09% did not state a religion in the census. Kolkata reported 67.6% of Special and Local Laws crimes registered in 35 large Indian cities during 2004."}, {"Context": "Kolkata Civic administration", "Knowledge": "LOC B. B. D. Bagh, ORG KMC, PER Atin Ghosh, PER Firhad Hakim, LOC Writers ' Building, ORG Kolkata Port Trust, ORG All India Trinamool Congress, ORG Calcutta High Court, LOC Fort William, LOC Kolkata, ORG West Bengal Legislative Assembly, ORG Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority, LOC India, ORG Government of West Bengal, ORG Kolkata Municipal Corporation, LOC Dalhousie Square, ORG Sheriff of Kolkata, ORG High Court, ORG Kolkata Police, ORG Supreme Court of Judicature", "Response": "Kolkata is administered by several government agencies. The Kolkata Municipal Corporation, or KMC, oversees and manages the civic infrastructure of the city's 16 boroughs, which together encompass 144 wards. Each ward elects a councillor to the KMC. Each borough has a committee of councillors, each of whom is elected to represent a ward. By means of the borough committees, the corporation undertakes urban planning and maintains roads, government-aided schools, hospitals, and municipal markets. As Kolkata's apex body, the corporation discharges its functions through the mayor-in-council, which comprises a mayor, a deputy mayor, and ten other elected members of the KMC. The functions of the KMC include water supply, drainage and sewerage, sanitation, solid waste management, street lighting, and building regulation.Kolkata's administrative agencies have areas of jurisdiction that do not coincide. Listed in ascending order by area, they are: Kolkata district; the Kolkata Police area and the Kolkata Municipal Corporation area, or \"Kolkata city\"; and the Kolkata metropolitan area, which is the city's urban agglomeration. The agency overseeing the latter, the Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority, is responsible for the statutory planning and development of greater Kolkata. The Kolkata Municipal Corporation was ranked first out of 21 cities for best governance and administrative practices in India in 2014. It scored 4.0 on 10 compared to the national average of 3.3.The Kolkata Port Trust, an agency of the central government, manages the city's river port. As of 2023, the All India Trinamool Congress controls the KMC; the mayor is Firhad Hakim, while the deputy mayor is Atin Ghosh. The city has an apolitical titular post, that of the Sheriff of Kolkata, which presides over various city-related functions and conferences.As the seat of the Government of West Bengal, Kolkata is home to not only the offices of the local governing agencies, but also the West Bengal Legislative Assembly; the state secretariat, which is housed in the Writers' Building; and the Calcutta High Court. Most government establishments and institutions are housed in the centre of the city in B. B. D. Bagh (formerly known as Dalhousie Square). The Calcutta High Court is the oldest High Court in India. It was preceded by the Supreme Court of Judicature at Fort William which was established in 1774. The Calcutta High Court has jurisdiction over the state of West Bengal and the Union Territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Kolkata has lower courts: the Court of Small Causes and the City Civil Court decide civil matters; the Sessions Court rules in criminal cases. The Kolkata Police, headed by a police commissioner, is overseen by the West Bengal Ministry of Home Affairs. The Kolkata district elects two representatives to India's lower house, the Lok Sabha, and 11 representatives to the state legislative assembly.\nThe Kolkata police district registered 15,510 Indian Penal Code cases in 2010, the 8th-highest total in the country. In 2010, the crime rate was 117.3 per 100,000, below the national rate of 187.6; it was the lowest rate among India's largest cities."}, {"Context": "Kolkata Utility services", "Knowledge": "ORG Calcutta Electric Supply Corporation, ORG Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, ORG West Bengal Fire Service, PER George Turnbull, PER Turnbull, ORG BSNL, ORG Airtel, ORG Vodafone Idea, ORG Bengal Government, LOC Varanasi, ORG Sify, LOC North 24 Parganas district, LOC Dhapa, LOC Hooghly River, ORG VSNL, ORG Tata Indicom, LOC Benares, ORG Reliance Jio, ORG Jio, ORG West Bengal State Electricity Board, LOC Kolkata, ORG Bharti Airtel, LOC Howrah, LOC India, ORG CESC, LOC Palta, ORG Kolkata Municipal Corporation, ORG East Indian Railway Company, ORG Hathway", "Response": "The Kolkata Municipal Corporation supplies the city with potable water that is sourced from the Hooghly River; most of it is treated and purified at the Palta pumping station located in North 24 Parganas district. Roughly 95% of the 4,000 tonnes of refuse produced daily by the city is transported to the dumping grounds in Dhapa, which is east of the town. To promote the recycling of garbage and sewer water, agriculture is encouraged on the dumping grounds. Parts of the city lack proper sewerage, leading to unsanitary methods of waste disposal.In 1856, the Bengal Government appointed George Turnbull to be the Commissioner of Drainage and Sewerage to improve the city's sewerage. Turnbull's main job was to be the Chief Engineer of the East Indian Railway Company responsible for building the first railway 541 miles (871 km) from Howrah to Varanasi (then Benares).\nElectricity is supplied by the privately operated Calcutta Electric Supply Corporation, or CESC, to the city proper; the West Bengal State Electricity Board supplies it in the suburbs. Fire services are handled by the West Bengal Fire Service, a state agency. As of 2012, the city had 16 fire stations.State-owned Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, or BSNL, as well as private enterprises, among them Vodafone Idea, Bharti Airtel, Reliance Jio are the leading telephone and cell phone service providers in the city.:\u200a25\u201326\u200a:\u200a179\u200a with Kolkata being the first city in India to have cell phone and 4G connectivity, the GSM and CDMA cellular coverage is extensive. As of 2010, Kolkata has 7 percent of the total broadband internet consumers in India; BSNL, VSNL, Tata Indicom, Sify, Hathway, Airtel, and Jio are among the main vendors."}, {"Context": "Kolkata Military and diplomatic establishments", "Knowledge": "LOC People ' s Republic of China, LOC Russia, LOC Sri Lanka, LOC Bangladesh, LOC Italy, LOC Germany, LOC Japan, LOC United Kingdom, LOC Canada, LOC France, ORG US Department of State, LOC Switzerland, LOC Nepal, ORG Eastern Command of the Indian Army, LOC U. S, LOC Australia, LOC Kolkata, LOC Myanmar, LOC India, LOC Thailand, LOC Bhutan, LOC United States", "Response": "The Eastern Command of the Indian Army is based in the city.\nBeing one of India's major city and the largest city in eastern and north-eastern India, Kolkata hosts diplomatic missions of many countries such as Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Canada, People's Republic of China, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Myanmar, Nepal, Russia, Sri Lanka, Switzerland, Thailand, United Kingdom and United States. The U.S Consulate in Kolkata is the US Department of State's second-oldest Consulate and dates from 19 November 1792.\nThe Diplomatic representation of more than 65 Countries and International Organization is present in Kolkata as Consulate office, honorary Consulate office, Cultural Centre, Deputy High Commission and Economic section and Trade Representation office."}, {"Context": "Kolkata Transport", "Knowledge": "ORG West Bengal Transport Corporation, LOC Bangladesh, LOC Shalimar, LOC Sealdah, ORG Indian Railways, LOC Santragachi, ORG Kolkata Metro, ORG Kolkata Suburban Railway, ORG Kolkata Metro Railways, LOC Dhaka, ORG Metro, LOC Salt Lake, LOC West Bengal, ORG Calcutta Tramways Company, ORG Eastern Railway, ORG South - Eastern Railway, ORG Salt Lake, ORG International Association of Public Transport, LOC Kolkata, LOC Howrah, LOC India", "Response": "Public transport is provided by the Kolkata Suburban Railway, the Kolkata Metro, trams, rickshaws, taxis and buses. The suburban rail network connects the city's distant suburbs.\n\nAccording to a 2013 survey conducted by the International Association of Public Transport, in terms of a public transport system, Kolkata ranks among the top of the six Indian cities surveyed. The Kolkata Metro, in operation since 1984, is the oldest underground mass transit system in India. It spans the north\u2013south length of the city. In 2020, part of the Second line was inaugurated to cover part of Salt Lake. This east\u2013west line will connect Salt Lake with Howrah. The two lines cover a distance of 33.02 km (21 mi). As of 2020, four Metro rail lines were under construction.\n\nKolkata has five long-distance railway stations, located at Howrah (the largest railway complex in India), Sealdah, Kolkata, Shalimar and Santragachi, which connect Kolkata by rail to most cities in West Bengal and to other major cities in India. The city serves as the headquarters of three railway zones out of eighteen of the Indian Railways regional divisions\u2014the Kolkata Metro Railways, Eastern Railway and the South-Eastern Railway. Kolkata has rail and road connectivity with Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh.\n\nBuses, which are the most commonly used mode of transport, are run by government agencies and private operators. Kolkata is the only Indian city with a tram network, which was operated by the Calcutta Tramways Company. It has now renamed to West Bengal Transport Corporation. The slow-moving tram services are restricted to certain areas of the city. Water-logging, caused by heavy rains during the summer monsoon, sometimes interrupt transportation networks. Hired public conveyances include auto rickshaws, which often ply specific routes, and yellow metered taxis. Almost all of Kolkata's taxis are antiquated Hindustan Ambassadors by make; newer air-conditioned radio taxis are in service as well. In parts of the city, cycle rickshaws and hand-pulled rickshaws are patronised by the public for short trips.\n\nDue to its diverse and abundant public transportation, privately owned vehicles are not as common in Kolkata as in other major Indian cities. The city has witnessed a steady increase in the number of registered vehicles; 2002 data showed an increase of 44% over a period of seven years. As of 2004, after adjusting for population density, the city's \"road space\" was only 6% compared to 23% in Delhi and 17% in Mumbai. The Kolkata Metro has somewhat eased traffic congestion, as has the addition of new roads and flyovers. Agencies operating long-distance bus services include the West Bengal Transport Corporation and various private operators. The city's main bus terminals are located at Esplanade and Babughat. The Kolkata\u2013Delhi and Kolkata\u2013Chennai prongs of the Golden Quadrilateral, and National Highway 12 start from the city.\n\nNetaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport, located in Dum Dum, about 16 km (9.9 mi) north-east of the city centre, operates domestic and international flights. In 2013, the airport was upgraded to handle increased air traffic.\n\nThe Port of Kolkata, established in 1870, is India's oldest and the only major river port. The Kolkata Port Trust manages docks in Kolkata and Haldia. The port hosts passenger services to Port Blair, capital of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands; freighter service to ports throughout India and around the world is operated by the Shipping Corporation of India. Ferry services connect Kolkata with its twin city of Howrah, located across the Hooghly River."}, {"Context": "Kolkata Healthcare", "Knowledge": "ORG Department of Health & Family Welfare, ORG Government of West Bengal, ORG Calcutta Medical College, LOC Kolkata, LOC Asia", "Response": "As of 2011, the healthcare system in Kolkata consists of 48 government hospitals, mostly under the Department of Health & Family Welfare, Government of West Bengal, and 366 private medical establishments; these establishments provide the city with 27,687 hospital beds. For every 10,000 people in the city, there are 61.7 hospital beds, which is higher than the national average of 9 hospital beds per 10,000. Ten medical and dental colleges are located in the Kolkata metropolitan area which act as tertiary referral hospitals in the state. The Calcutta Medical College, founded in 1835, was the first institution in Asia to teach modern medicine. However, These facilities are inadequate to meet the healthcare needs of the city. More than 78% in Kolkata prefer the private medical sector over the public medical sector,:\u200a109\u200a due to the overburdening of the public health sector, the lack of a nearby facility, and excessive waiting times at government facilities.:\u200a61\u200aAccording to the Indian 2005 National Family Health Survey, only a small proportion of Kolkata households were covered under any health scheme or health insurance.:\u200a41\u200a The total fertility rate in Kolkata was 1.4, the lowest among the eight cities surveyed.:\u200a45\u200a In Kolkata, 77% of the married women used contraceptives, which was the highest among the cities surveyed, but use of modern contraceptive methods was the lowest (46%).:\u200a47\u200a The infant mortality rate in Kolkata was 41 per 1,000 live births, and the mortality rate for children under five was 49 per 1,000 live births.:\u200a48\u200a\n\nAmong the surveyed cities, Kolkata stood second (5%) for children who had not had any vaccinations under the Universal Immunization Programme as of 2005.:\u200a48\u200a Kolkata ranked second with access to an anganwadi centre under the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) programme for 57% of the children between 0 and 71 months.:\u200a51\u200a The proportion of malnourished, anaemic and underweight children in Kolkata was less in comparison to other surveyed cities.:\u200a54\u201355\u200aAbout 18% of the men and 30% of the women in Kolkata are obese\u2014the majority of them belonging to the non-poor strata of society.:\u200a105\u200a In 2005, Kolkata had the highest percentage (55%) among the surveyed cities of anaemic women, while 20% of the men in Kolkata were anaemic.:\u200a56\u201357\u200a Diseases like diabetes, asthma, goitre and other thyroid disorders were found in large numbers of people.:\u200a57\u201359\u200a Tropical diseases like malaria, dengue and chikungunya are prevalent in Kolkata, though their incidence is decreasing. Kolkata is one of the districts in India with a high number of people with AIDS; it has been designated a district prone to high risk. As of 2014, because of higher air pollution, the life expectancy of a person born in the city is four years fewer than in the suburbs."}, {"Context": "Kolkata Education", "Knowledge": "ORG CBSE, ORG Hindu College, ORG MAKAUT, ORG Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, ORG WB, ORG South Point School, ORG West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences, ORG St. James ' School, LOC Joka, ORG West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education, ORG Indian Statistical Institute, LOC West Bengal, ORG La Martiniere Calcutta, ORG Jadavpur University, ORG Indian Institutes of Management, ORG Loreto House, ORG BESU, ORG ICSE, ORG Calcutta Boys ' School, LOC Kolkata, LOC Howrah, ORG St. Xavier, LOC India, ORG University of Calcutta, ORG Bengal Engineering and Science University, ORG Presidency University, ORG School, ORG IIEST, ORG Presidency College, ORG Aliah University, ORG Indian Institute of Management Calcutta, ORG West Bengal University of Technology, ORG Institute of National Importance, ORG Mohammedan College of Calcutta, LOC South Asia, ORG WBUT, ORG Indian Institute of Foreign Trade", "Response": "Kolkata's schools are run by the state government or private organisations, many of which are religious. Bengali and English are the primary languages of instruction; Urdu and Hindi are also used, particularly in central Kolkata. Schools in Kolkata follow the \"10+2+3\" plan. After completing their secondary education, students typically enroll in schools that have a higher secondary facility and are affiliated with the West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education, the ICSE, or the CBSE. They usually choose a focus on liberal arts, business, or science. Vocational programs are also available. Some Kolkata schools, for example South Point School, La Martiniere Calcutta, Calcutta Boys' School, St. James' School (Kolkata), St. Xavier's Collegiate School and Loreto House, have been ranked amongst the best schools in the country.\n\nAs of 2010, the Kolkata urban agglomeration is home to 14 universities run by the state government. The colleges are each affiliated with a university or institution based either in Kolkata or elsewhere in India. Aliah University which was founded in 1780 as Mohammedan College of Calcutta is the oldest post-secondary educational institution of the city. The University of Calcutta, founded in 1857, is the first modern university in South Asia. Presidency College, Kolkata (formerly Hindu College between 1817 and 1855), founded in 1855, was one of the oldest colleges in India. It was affiliated with the University of Calcutta until 2010 when it was converted to Presidency University, Kolkata in 2010. Bengal Engineering and Science University (BESU) is the second oldest engineering institution of the country located in Howrah. An Institute of National Importance, BESU was converted to India's first IIEST. Jadavpur University is known for its arts, science, and engineering faculties. The Indian Institute of Management Calcutta, which was the first of the Indian Institutes of Management, was established in 1961 at Joka, a locality in the south-western suburbs. Kolkata also houses the Indian Institute of Foreign Trade, which was started here in the year 2006.\n\nThe West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences is one of India's autonomous law schools, and the Indian Statistical Institute is a public research institute and university. State owned Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, West Bengal (MAKAUT, WB), formerly West Bengal University of Technology (WBUT) is the largest Technological University in terms of student enrollment and number of Institutions affiliated by it. Private institutions include the Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Educational and Research Institute and University of Engineering & Management (UEM).\n\nNotable scholars who were born, worked or studied in Kolkata include physicists Satyendra Nath Bose, Meghnad Saha, and Jagadish Chandra Bose; chemist Prafulla Chandra Roy; statisticians Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis and Anil Kumar Gain; physician Upendranath Brahmachari; educator Ashutosh Mukherjee; and Nobel laureates Rabindranath Tagore, C. V. Raman, and Amartya Sen.\n\nKolkata houses many research institutes like Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS), Indian Institute of Chemical Biology (IICB), Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Bose Institute, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics (SINP), Centre for Studies in Social Sciences, Calcutta, All India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health, Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute (CGCRI), S.N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences (SNBNCBS), Indian Institute of Social Welfare and Business Management (IISWBM), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata, Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre (VECC) and Indian Centre for Space Physics. Nobel laureate Sir C. V. Raman did his groundbreaking work in Raman effect in IACS."}, {"Context": "Kolkata Culture", "Knowledge": "LOC Bengal, PER Buddhadeb Dasgupta, LOC Indian Museum, LOC Tollygunj, LOC Chitpur, ORG Tollywood, LOC Victoria Memorial, PER Mrinal Sen, PER Aparna Sen, PER Ritwik Ghatak, LOC Marble Palace, LOC Science City, PER Tapan Sinha, LOC Kolkata, PER Satyajit Ray, ORG National Library of India, PER Goutam Ghose, LOC India, PER Ritu", "Response": "Kolkata is known for its literary, artistic and revolutionary heritage; as the former capital of India, it was the birthplace of modern Indian literary and artistic thought. Kolkata has been called the \"City of Furious, Creative Energy\" as well as the \"cultural [or literary] capital of India\". The presence of paras, which are neighbourhoods that possess a strong sense of community, is characteristic of the city. Typically, each para has its own community club and on occasion, a playing field. Residents engage in addas, or leisurely chats, that often take the form of freestyle intellectual conversation. The city has a tradition of political graffiti depicting everything from outrageous slander to witty banter and limericks, caricatures and propaganda.\n\nKolkata has many buildings adorned with Indo-Islamic and Indo-Saracenic architectural motifs. Several well-maintained major buildings from the colonial period have been declared \"heritage structures\"; others are in various stages of decay. Established in 1814 as the nation's oldest museum, the Indian Museum houses large collections that showcase Indian natural history and Indian art. Marble Palace is a classic example of a European mansion that was built in the city. The Victoria Memorial, a place of interest in Kolkata, has a museum documenting the city's history. The National Library of India is the leading public library in the country while Science City is the largest science centre in the Indian subcontinent.\n\nThe popularity of commercial theatres in the city has declined since the 1980s.:\u200a99\u200a Group theatres of Kolkata, a cultural movement that started in the 1940s contrasting with the then-popular commercial theatres, are theatres that are not professional or commercial, and are centres of various experiments in theme, content, and production; group theatres use the proscenium stage to highlight socially relevant messages.:\u200a99\u200a Chitpur locality of the city houses multiple production companies of jatra, a tradition of folk drama popular in rural Bengal. Kolkata is the home of the Bengali cinema industry, dubbed \"Tollywood\" for Tollygunj, where most of the state's film studios are located. Its long tradition of art films includes globally acclaimed film directors such as Academy Award-winning director Satyajit Ray, Ritwik Ghatak, Mrinal Sen, Tapan Sinha and contemporary directors such as Aparna Sen, Buddhadeb Dasgupta, Goutam Ghose and Rituparno Ghosh. During the 19th and 20th centuries, Bengali literature was modernised through the works of authors such as Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, Michael Madhusudan Dutt, Rabindranath Tagore, Kazi Nazrul Islam and Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay. Coupled with social reforms led by Ram Mohan Roy, Swami Vivekananda and others, this constituted a major part of the Bengal Renaissance. The middle and latter parts of the 20th century witnessed the arrival of post-modernism, as well as literary movements such as those espoused by the Kallol movement, hungryalists and the little magazines. Large majority of publishers of the city is concentrated in and around College Street, \"... a half-mile of bookshops and bookstalls spilling over onto the pavement\", selling new and used books.\n\nKalighat painting originated in 19th century Kolkata as a local style that reflected a variety of themes including mythology and quotidian life. The Government College of Art and Craft, founded in 1864, has been the cradle as well as workplace of eminent artists including Abanindranath Tagore, Jamini Roy and Nandalal Bose. The art college was the birthplace of the Bengal school of art that arose as an avant garde and nationalist movement reacting against the prevalent academic art styles in the early 20th century. The Academy of Fine Arts and other art galleries hold regular art exhibitions. The city is recognised for its appreciation of Rabindra sangeet (songs written by Rabindranath Tagore) and Indian classical music, with important concerts and recitals, such as Dover Lane Music Conference, being held throughout the year; Bengali popular music, including baul folk ballads, kirtans and Gajan festival music; and modern music, including Bengali-language adhunik songs. Since the early 1990s, new genres have emerged, including one comprising alternative folk\u2013rock Bengali bands. Another new style, jibonmukhi gaan (\"songs about life\"), is based on realism.:\u200a105\u200a\n\nKey elements of Kolkata's cuisine include rice and a fish curry known as machher jhol, which can be accompanied by desserts such as roshogolla, sandesh, and a sweet yoghurt known as mishti dohi. Bengal's large repertoire of seafood dishes includes various preparations of ilish, a fish that is a favourite among Calcuttans. Street foods such as beguni (fried battered eggplant slices), kati roll (flatbread roll with vegetable or chicken, mutton or egg stuffing), phuchka (a deep-fried cr\u00eape with tamarind sauce) and Indian Chinese cuisine from Chinatown are popular.\n\nThough Bengali women traditionally wear the sari, the shalwar kameez and Western attire is gaining acceptance among younger women. Western-style dress has greater acceptance among men, although the traditional dhoti and kurta are seen during festivals. Durga Puja, held in September\u2013October, is Kolkata's most important and largest festival; it is an occasion for glamorous celebrations and artistic decorations. The Bengali New Year, known as Poila Boishak, as well as the harvest festival of Poush Parbon are among the city's other festivals; also celebrated are Kali Puja, Diwali, Chhaith, Jitiya, Holi, Jagaddhatri Puja, Saraswati Puja, Rathayatra, Janmashtami, Maha Shivratri, Vishwakarma Puja, Lakshmi Puja, Ganesh Chathurthi, Makar Sankranti, Gajan, Kalpataru Day, Bhai Phonta, Maghotsab, Eid, Muharram, Christmas, Buddha Purnima and Mahavir Jayanti. Cultural events include the Rabindra Jayanti, Independence Day (15 August), Republic Day (26 January), Kolkata Book Fair, the Dover Lane Music Festival, the Kolkata Film Festival, Nandikar's National Theatre Festival, Statesman Vintage & Classic Car Rally and Gandhi Jayanti."}, {"Context": "Kolkata Media", "Knowledge": "ORG Unish - Kuri, ORG Ei Samay Sangbadpatra, ORG The Hindu, ORG The Statesman, ORG Asian Age, LOC East India, ORG TV9 Bangla, ORG All India Radio, ORG Desh, ORG Ganashakti, ORG AIR, ORG Business Standard, ORG Aajkaal, ORG Saptahik Bartaman, ORG Sangbad Pratidin, ORG The Times of India, ORG ABP Ananda, ORG Bengal Gazette, ORG Bartaman, ORG Dainik Statesman, ORG Anandamela, ORG Zee 24 Ghanta, ORG Kolkata TV, ORG The Financial Express, ORG The Economic Times, ORG Anandalok, LOC Kolkata, ORG Anandabazar Patrika, ORG FM, ORG The Telegraph, LOC India, ORG Hindustan Times, ORG The Indian Express, ORG Doordarshan, ORG Business Line, ORG News18 Bangla, ORG Sananda, ORG Republic Bangla", "Response": "The first newspaper in India, the Bengal Gazette started publishing from the city in 1780. Among Kolkata's widely circulated Bengali-language newspapers are Anandabazar Patrika, Bartaman, Ei Samay Sangbadpatra, Sangbad Pratidin, Aajkaal, Dainik Statesman and Ganashakti. The Statesman and The Telegraph are two major English-language newspapers that are produced and published from Kolkata. Other popular English-language newspapers published and sold in Kolkata include The Times of India, Hindustan Times, The Hindu, The Indian Express and the Asian Age. As the largest trading centre in East India, Kolkata has several high-circulation financial dailies, including The Economic Times, The Financial Express, Business Line and Business Standard. Vernacular newspapers, such as those in the Hindi, Urdu, Gujarati, Odia, Punjabi and Chinese languages, are read by minorities. Major periodicals based in Kolkata include Desh, Sananda, Saptahik Bartaman, Unish-Kuri, Anandalok and Anandamela. Historically, Kolkata has been the centre of the Bengali little magazine movement.All India Radio, the national state-owned radio broadcaster, airs several AM radio stations in the city. Kolkata has 10 local radio stations broadcasting on FM, including three from AIR. India's state-owned television broadcaster, Doordarshan, provides two free-to-air terrestrial channels, while a mix of Bengali, Hindi, English, and other regional channels are accessible via cable subscription, direct-broadcast satellite services, or internet-based television. Bengali-language 24-hour television news channels include ABP Ananda, News18 Bangla, Kolkata TV, Zee 24 Ghanta, TV9 Bangla and Republic Bangla."}, {"Context": "Kolkata Sports", "Knowledge": "ORG Mohammedan Sporting Club, ORG Royal Calcutta Golf Club, ORG Calcutta Football League, LOC United Kingdom, ORG Indian Football Association, ORG Cricket Association of Bengal, ORG Kolkata Knight Riders, ORG National Club of India, LOC West Bengal, ORG ATK Mohun Bagan FC, ORG Mohun Bagan A. C., ORG Calcutta Cricket and Football Club, ORG Mohun Bagan, ORG East Bengal Club, LOC Kolkata, LOC Maidan, LOC Iran, ORG Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan, LOC Netaji Indoor Stadium, ORG East Bengal FC, LOC India, LOC Salt Lake Stadium, ORG Bengal, LOC Eden Gardens, ORG East Bengal, LOC Asia", "Response": "The most popular sports in Kolkata are football and cricket. Unlike most parts of India, the residents show significant passion for football. Indian Football Association, the oldest football association of the country is based here. It administers football in West Bengal. Kolkata is home to the country's top football clubs such as Mohun Bagan A.C., East Bengal Club and the Mohammedan Sporting Club.ATK Mohun Bagan FC and East Bengal FC are two clubs of the city compete in Indian Super League. The Calcutta Football League, which was started in 1898, is the oldest football league in Asia. Mohun Bagan A.C., one of the oldest football clubs in Asia, is the only organisation to be dubbed a \"National Club of India\". Football matches between Mohun Bagan and East Bengal, dubbed as the Kolkata Derby, witness large audience attendance and rivalry between patrons. The multi-use Salt Lake Stadium, also known as Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan, is India's second largest stadium by seating capacity. Most matches of the 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup were played in this stadium including both Semi-final matches and the Final match. Kolkata also accounted for 45% of total attendance in 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup with an average of 55,345 spectators. The Calcutta Cricket and Football Club is the second-oldest cricket club in the world.\nAs in the rest of India, cricket is popular in Kolkata and is played on various grounds throughout the city. Kolkata is home to Indian Premier League franchise Kolkata Knight Riders and the Bengal cricket team; the Cricket Association of Bengal, which regulates cricket in West Bengal, is also based in the city. Tournaments, especially those involving cricket, football, badminton and carrom, are regularly organised here on an inter-locality or inter-club basis. The Maidan, a vast field that serves as the city's largest park, hosts several minor football and cricket clubs and coaching institutes. Eden Gardens, which has a capacity of 80,000 as of 2017, hosted the final match of the 1987 Cricket World Cup.\nKolkata's Netaji Indoor Stadium served as host of the 1981 Asian Basketball Championship, where India's national basketball team finished 5th, ahead of teams that belong to Asia's basketball elite, such as Iran. The city has three 18-hole golf courses. The oldest is at the Royal Calcutta Golf Club, the first golf club built outside the United Kingdom. The other two are located at the Tollygunge Club and at Fort William. The Royal Calcutta Turf Club hosts horse racing and polo matches. The Calcutta Polo Club is considered the oldest extant polo club in the world. The Calcutta Racket Club is a squash and racquet club in Kolkata. It was founded in 1793, making it one of the oldest rackets clubs in the world, and the first in the Indian subcontinent. The Calcutta South Club is a venue for national and international tennis tournaments; it held the first grass-court national championship in 1946. In the period 2005\u20132007, Sunfeast Open, a tier-III tournament on the Women's Tennis Association circuit, was held in the Netaji Indoor Stadium; it has since been discontinued.The Calcutta Rowing Club hosts rowing heats and training events. Kolkata, considered the leading centre of rugby union in India, gives its name to the oldest international tournament in rugby union, the Calcutta Cup. The Automobile Association of Eastern India, established in 1904, and the Bengal Motor Sports Club are involved in promoting motor sports and car rallies in Kolkata and West Bengal. The Beighton Cup, an event organised by the Bengal Hockey Association and first played in 1895, is India's oldest field hockey tournament; it is usually held on the Mohun Bagan Ground of the Maidan. Athletes from Kolkata include Sourav Ganguly, Pankaj Roy and Jhulan Goswami, who are former captains of the Indian national cricket team; Olympic tennis bronze medalist Leander Paes, golfer Arjun Atwal, and former footballers Sailen Manna, Chuni Goswami, P. K. Banerjee and Subrata Bhattacharya."}, {"Context": "Kolkata Sister cities", "Knowledge": "LOC South Korea, LOC Bangladesh, LOC Italy, LOC California, LOC Long Beach, LOC Thessaloniki, LOC Dhaka, LOC China, LOC Pakistan Incheon, LOC Texas, LOC Kunming, LOC Ukraine, LOC Greece, LOC Karachi, LOC Dallas, LOC Naples, LOC New Jersey, LOC Jersey City, LOC Odessa, LOC United States", "Response": "Dhaka, Bangladesh\n Kunming, China (October 2013)\n Thessaloniki, Greece (January 2005)\n Naples, Italy\n Karachi, Pakistan\n Incheon, South Korea\n Odessa, Ukraine\n Jersey City, New Jersey, United States\n Long Beach, California, United States\n Dallas, Texas, United States"}, {"Context": "Kollam Introduction", "Knowledge": "PER Sulaiman al - Tajir, PER V. Nagam Aiya, LOC Travancore, LOC Desinganadu, LOC Quilon, PER Mar Proth, PER St Thomas, LOC Kore - ke -, PER Mar Sabor, LOC Cochin, LOC China, LOC Tangasseri, PER Malik Deenar, LOC Ashtamudi Lake, PER Ibn Battuta, LOC Canton, LOC Kollam, LOC Malabar Coast, LOC Kallada, LOC Laccadive Sea, LOC Kerala, PER ni Kollam, LOC Arabian Sea, LOC Malabar, PER Marco Polo, LOC India, LOC Kollam Port, LOC Backare, LOC Backwaters of Kerala, PER Kublai Khan, LOC Thiruvananthapuram", "Response": "Kollam (Malayalam: [kol\u02d0\u0250m] (listen)), also known by its former name Quilon pronunciation , is an ancient seaport and city on the Malabar Coast of India bordering the Laccadive Sea, which is a part of the Arabian Sea. It is 71 km (44 mi) north of the state capital Thiruvananthapuram. The city is on the banks of Ashtamudi Lake and the Kallada river.\nIt is the headquarters of the Kollam district. Kollam is the fourth largest city in Kerala and is known for cashew processing and coir manufacturing. It is the southern gateway to the Backwaters of Kerala and is a prominent tourist destination.\nKollam has a strong commercial reputation since ancient times. The Arabs, Phoenicians, Chinese, Ethiopians, Syrians, Jews, Chaldeans and Romans have all engaged in trade at the port of Kollam for millennia. As a result of Chinese trade, Kollam was mentioned by Ibn Battuta in the 14th century as one of the five Indian ports he had seen during the course of his twenty-four-year travels. Desinganadu's rajas exchanged embassies with Chinese rulers while there was a flourishing Chinese settlement at Kollam. In the ninth century, on his way to Canton, China, Persian merchant Sulaiman al-Tajir found Kollam to be the only port in India visited by huge Chinese junks. Marco Polo, the Venetian traveller, who was in Chinese service under Kublai Khan in 1275, visited Kollam and other towns on the west coast, in his capacity as a Chinese mandarin. Kollam is also home to one of the seven churches that were established by St Thomas as well as one of the 10 oldest mosques believed to be found by Malik Deenar in Kerala.\nV. Nagam Aiya in his Travancore State Manual records that in 822 AD two East Syriac bishops Mar Sabor and Mar Proth, settled in Quilon with their followers. Two years later the Malabar Era began (824 AD) and Quilon became the premier city of the Malabar region ahead of Travancore and Cochin. Kollam Port was founded by Mar Sabor at Tangasseri in 825 as an alternative to reopening the inland seaport of Kore-ke-ni Kollam near Backare (Thevalakara), which was also known as Nelcynda and Tyndis to the Romans and Greeks and as Thondi to the Tamils.Kollam city corporation received ISO 9001:2015 certification for municipal administration and services. As per the survey conducted by the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) based on urban area growth during January 2020, Kollam became the tenth fastest growing city in the world with a 31.1% urban growth between 2015 and 2020. It is a coastal city and on the banks of Ashtamudi Lake. The city hosts the administrative offices of Kollam district and is a prominent trading city for the state. The proportion of females to males in Kollam city is second highest among the 500 most populous cities in India. Kollam is one of the least polluted cities in India.During the later stages of the rule of the Chera monarchy in Kerala, Kollam emerged as the focal point of trade and politics. Kollam continues to be a major business and commercial centre in Kerala.  Four major trading centres around Kollam are Kottarakara, Punalur, Paravur, and Karunagapally. Kollam appeared as Palombe in Mandeville's Travels, where he claimed it contained a Fountain of Youth."}, {"Context": "Kollam Etymology", "Knowledge": "LOC Coul\u00e3o, LOC Kollam, LOC Koolam, LOC Desinganadu", "Response": "In 825 CE, the Malayalam calendar, or Kollavarsham, was created in Kollam at meetings held in the city. The present Malayalam calendar is said to have begun with the re-founding of the town, which was rebuilt after its destruction by fire.\nThe city was known as Koolam in Arabic, Coul\u00e3o in Portuguese, and Desinganadu in ancient Tamil literature."}, {"Context": "Kollam History", "Knowledge": "LOC Kollam, LOC Cairo, LOC Venad, LOC China, LOC Alexandria, LOC Quanzhou, LOC Quilon, LOC Malacca, LOC Kingdom of Quilon, LOC Egypt, LOC Yuan", "Response": "As the ancient city of Quilon, Kollam was a flourishing port during the Pandya dynasty (c. 3rd century BC\u201312th century), and later became the capital of the independent Venad or the Kingdom of Quilon on its foundation in c. 825. Kollam was considered one of the four early entrepots in global sea trade during the 13th century, along with Alexandria and Cairo in Egypt, the Chinese city of Quanzhou, and Malacca in the Malaysian archipelago. It seems that trade at Kollam seems to have flourished right into the Medieval period as in 1280, there is instance of envoys of Yuan China coming to Kollam for establishing relations between the local ruler and China"}, {"Context": "Kollam Pandya rule", "Knowledge": "LOC Tabropane, LOC Ceylon, PER Kollam, PER Ay, LOC Alappuzha, LOC Palakkad Gap, LOC Male, LOC Quilon, LOC Pandyas, PER Cosmas Indicopleustes, LOC Madurai, LOC Tyndis, LOC Rome, LOC Kalliankal, LOC Persia, PER Pliny the Elder, LOC Chera Kingdom, LOC Muziris, LOC Kolli Hills, LOC Kollam, LOC Nelcynda, LOC Nillackal, LOC Malabar Coast, LOC Cheras, LOC Pandyan Kingdom, PER Simon, PER Kulasekharapatnam, LOC Kerala, LOC Tamil Nadu, LOC Coimbatore, PER Chera, LOC Salem, LOC India, PER Jesujabus, LOC Kalliana, ORG Pandya, LOC Kasaragod, LOC Egypt, LOC Western Ghats, LOC Thiruvananthapuram", "Response": "The ancient political and cultural history of Kollam was almost entirely independent from that of the rest of Kerala. The Chera dynasty governed the area of Malabar Coast between Alappuzha in the south to Kasaragod in the north. This included Palakkad Gap, Coimbatore, Salem, and Kolli Hills. The region around Coimbatore was ruled by the Cheras during Sangam period between c. first and the fourth centuries CE and it served as the eastern entrance to the Palakkad Gap, the principal trade route between the Malabar Coast and Tamil Nadu. However the southern region of present-day Kerala state (The coastal belt between Thiruvananthapuram and Alappuzha) was under Ay dynasty, who was more related to the Pandya dynasty of Madurai than Cheras.Along with (Muziris and Tyndis), Quilon was an ancient seaport on the Malabar Coast of India from the early centuries before the Christian era. Kollam served as a major port city for Pandya dynasty on the western coast while Kulasekharapatnam served Pandyas on the eastern coast. The city had a high commercial reputation from the days of the Phoenicians and Ancient Romans. Pliny the Elder (23\u201379 AD) mentions Greek ships anchored at Muziris and Nelcynda. There was also a land route over the Western Ghats. Spices, pearls, diamonds, and silk were exported to Egypt and Rome from these ports. Pearls and diamonds came to the Chera Kingdom from Ceylon and the southeastern coast of India, then known as the Pandyan Kingdom.\nCosmas Indicopleustes, a Greek Nestorian sailor, in his book the Christian Topography who visited the Malabar Coast in 550, mentions an enclave of Christian believers in Male (Malabar Coast). He writes, \"In the island of Tabropane (Ceylon), there is a church of Christians, and clerics and faithful. Likewise at Male, where the pepper grows, and in the farming community of Kalliana (Kalliankal at Nillackal) there is also a bishop consecrated in Persia in accordance with the Nicea Sunnahadose of 325 AD.\" The Nestorian Patriarch Jesujabus, who died in 660 AD, mentions Kollam in his letter to Simon, Metropolitan of Persia.\nKollam is also home to one of the oldest mosques in Indian subcontinent. According to the Legend of Cheraman Perumals, the first Indian mosque was built in 624 AD at Kodungallur with the mandate of the last the ruler (the Cheraman Perumal) of Chera dynasty, who left from Dharmadom to Mecca and converted to Islam during the lifetime of Prophet Muhammad (c. 570\u2013632). According to Qissat Shakarwati Farmad, the Masjids at Kodungallur, Kollam, Madayi, Barkur, Mangalore, Kasaragod, Kannur, Dharmadam, Panthalayini, and Chaliyam, were built during the era of Malik Dinar, and they are among the oldest Masjids in Indian subcontinent. It is believed that Malik Dinar died at Thalangara in Kasaragod town."}, {"Context": "Kollam Capital of Venad (9th to 12th centuries)", "Knowledge": "ORG Ayyanadikal, PER Thiruvadikal, ORG Ayyanadikal Thiruvadikal, LOC Chera, LOC State, LOC Quilon, ORG Nelcynda, PER Mar Proth, ORG Nampoothiri, PER Mar Sabor, LOC Thevalakara, LOC China, LOC Kolla, PER Soleyman of Siraf, LOC Kollam, LOC Venad, ORG Tyndis, PER Adi Shankara, PER Mar Sapor Iso, ORG Desinganadu, ORG St. Thomas, LOC Persian Gulf, LOC Malabar, LOC India, ORG Nair, LOC Backare, PER Maruvan Sapor Iso", "Response": "The port at Kollam, then known as Quilon, was founded in 825 by the Nestorian Christians Mar Sabor and Mar Proth with sanction from Ayyanadikal Thiruvadikal, the king of the independent Venad or the State of Quilon, a feudatory under the Chera kingdom.It is believed that Mar Sapor Iso also proposed that the Chera king create a new seaport near Kollam in lieu of his request that he rebuild the almost vanished inland seaport at Kollam (kore-ke-ni) near Backare (Thevalakara), also known as Nelcynda and Tyndis to the Romans and Greeks and as Thondi to the Tamils, which had been without trade for several centuries because the Cheras were overrun by the Pallavas in the sixth century, ending the spice trade from the Malabar coast. This allowed the Nestorians to stay in the Chera kingdom for several decades and introduce the Christian faith among the Nampoothiri Vaishnavites and Nair sub-castes in the St. Thomas tradition, with the Syrian liturgy as a basis for the Doctrine of the Trinity, without replacing the Sanskrit and Vedic prayers. The Tharisapalli plates presented to Maruvan Sapor Iso by Ayyanadikal Thiruvadikal granted the Christians the privilege of overseeing foreign trade in the city as well as control over its weights and measures in a move designed to increase Quilon's trade and wealth. The two Christians were also instrumental in founding Christian churches with Syrian liturgy along the Malabar coast, distinct from the ancient Vedic Advaitam propounded by Adi Shankara in the early ninth century among the Nampoothiri Vaishnavites and Nair Sub Castes, as Malayalam was not accepted as a liturgical language until the early 18th century.\nThus began the Malayalam Era, known as Kolla Varsham after the city, indicating the importance of Kollam in the ninth century. The Persian merchant Soleyman of Siraf visited Malabar in the ninth century and found Quilon to be the only port in India used by the huge Chinese ships as their transshipment hub for goods on their way from China to the Persian Gulf. The rulers of Kollam (formerly called 'Desinganadu') had trade relations with China and exchanged embassies. According to the records of the Tang dynasty (618\u2013913), Quilon was their chief port of call before the seventh century. The Chinese trade decreased about 600 and was again revived in the 13th century. Mirabilia Descripta by Bishop Catalani gives a description of life in Kollam, which he saw as the Catholic bishop-designate to Kollam, the oldest Catholic diocese in India. He also gives true and imaginary descriptions of life in 'India the Major' in the period before Marco Polo visited the city. Sulaiman al-Tajir, a Persian merchant who visited Kerala during the reign of Sthanu Ravi Varma (9th century CE), records that there was extensive trade between Kerala and China at that time, based at the port of Kollam."}, {"Context": "Kollam Kollam as \"Colombo\" in the Catalan Atlas (1375)", "Knowledge": "PER Christopher Columbus, PER Saint Thomas, PER Colobo, LOC Colobo, LOC Columbo, LOC Columbum, PER Lord King Colobo, LOC Kollam, PER Mousso, LOC Columbus, LOC Venad, LOC Col\u00f5bo, PER Jordan of, LOC Catalonia, LOC Colombo, LOC Pruv\u00edncia de Columbo, LOC Europe, PER Maruv\u0101n Sapir Iso, PER Pope John XXII, LOC Genoa, PER Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I, LOC Province of Columbo, PER Ilarius Augustus", "Response": "In 13th century CE, Maravarman Kulasekara Pandyan I, a Pandya ruler fought a war in Venad and captured the city of Kollam. The city appears on the Catalan Atlas of 1375 CE as Columbo and Colobo. The map marks this city as a Christian city, ruled by a Christian ruler.The text above the picture of the king says:\n\nA\u00e7\u00ed seny[o]reja lo rey Colobo, christi\u00e0. Pruv\u00edncia de Columbo(Here reigns the Lord King Colobo, Christian, Province of Columbo).\nThe city was much frequented by the Genoese merchants during the 13th-14th centuries CE, followed by the Dominican and Franciscan friars from Europe. The Genoese merchants called the city Col\u00f5bo/Colombo.\nThe city was founded in 825 by Maruv\u0101n Sapir Iso, a Persian East Syriac Christian merchant, and was also christianized early by the Saint Thomas Christians. In 1329 CE Pope John XXII established Kollam / Columbo as the first and only Roman Catholic bishopric on the Indian subcontinent, and appointed Jordan of Catalonia, a Dominican friar, as the diocese's first bishop of the Latin sect. The Pope's Latin scribes assigned the name \"Columbum\" to Columbo.\nAccording to a book authored by Ilarius Augustus, published April, 2021 ('Christopher Columbus: Buried deep in Latin the Indian origin of the great explorer from Genoa'), the words Columbum, Columbus and Columbo appear for the very first time in a notarial deed (lease contract) of a certain Mousso in Genoa in 1329 CE. These words appear in the form of a toponym. The author then shows, through the Latin text of several other notarial deeds and the documents on church history, how Christopher Columbus - also carrying the same toponym.- was part of Mousso's family, and hence of the Indian lineage (although born in Genoa)."}, {"Context": "Kollam Kozhikode Influences", "Knowledge": "LOC Kozhikode, LOC Kollam, LOC Kochi, LOC Kerala, LOC Kannur", "Response": "The port at Kozhikode held superior economic and political position in medieval Kerala coast, while Kannur, Kollam, and Kochi, were commercially important secondary ports, where the traders from various parts of the world would gather."}, {"Context": "Kollam Portuguese, Dutch and British Trade and Influences (16th to 18th centuries)", "Knowledge": "LOC Kollam, LOC St. Thomas Fort, LOC St Thomas Tradition, LOC India, LOC Thangasseri, LOC Kappad Kozhikode, LOC Thevalakara, LOC Infant Jesus Church, ORG Dutch East India Company, LOC Travancore, LOC Tangasseri, LOC Europe", "Response": "The Portuguese arrived at Kappad Kozhikode in 1498 during the Age of Discovery, thus opening a direct sea route from Europe to India. They were the first Europeans to establish a trading center in Tangasseri, Kollam in 1502, which became the centre of their trade in pepper. In the wars with the Moors/Arabs that followed, the ancient church (temple) of St Thomas Tradition at Thevalakara was destroyed. In 1517, the Portuguese built the St. Thomas Fort in Thangasseri, which was destroyed in the subsequent wars with the Dutch. In 1661, the Dutch East India Company took possession of the city. The remnants of the old Portuguese Fort, later renovated by the Dutch, can be found at Thangasseri. In the 18th century, Travancore conquered Kollam, followed by the British in 1795. Thangasseri remains today as an Anglo-Indian settlement, though few Anglo-Indians remain. The Infant Jesus Church in Thangasseri, an old Portuguese-built church, remains as a memento of the Portuguese rule of the area."}, {"Context": "Kollam Battle of Quilon", "Knowledge": "LOC Cantonment Maidan, PER Velu Thampi Dalawa, PER Chalmers, LOC Travancore, LOC Quilon, ORG East India Company, PER Dalawa, ORG British East India Company", "Response": "The Battle of Quilon was fought in 1809 between a troop of the Indian kingdom of Travancore led by the then Dalawa (prime minister) of Travancore, Velu Thampi Dalawa and the British East India Company led by Colonel Chalmers at Cantonment Maidan in Quilon. The battle lasted for only six hours and was the result of the East India Company's invasion of Quilon and their garrison situated near the Cantonment Maidan. The company forces won the battle while all the insurrectionist who participated in the war were court-martialed and subsequently hanged at the maidan."}, {"Context": "Kollam Travancore Rule", "Knowledge": "LOC Kozhikode, LOC Kollam, PER Swathi Thirunal, LOC Kingdom of Travancore, LOC Purakkad, ORG Government Secretariat, LOC Malappuram, LOC Kerala, LOC Travancore, LOC Venad Kingdom, LOC Travancore Kingdom, PER Zamorin, LOC Kannur, PER Parappanad, PER Kolathunadu, PER Marthanda Varma, LOC Thiruvananthapuram", "Response": "In the early 18th century CE, the Travancore royal family adopted some members from the royal family of Kolathunadu based at Kannur, and Parappanad based in present-day Malappuram district. Later, Venad Kingdom was completely merged with the Kingdom of Travancore during the rein of Marthanda Varma and Kollam remained as the capital of Travancore Kingdom. Later on, the capital of Travancore was relocated to Thiruvananthapuram.\nTravancore became the most dominant state in Kerala by defeating the powerful Zamorin of Kozhikode in the battle of Purakkad in 1755. The Government Secretariat was also situated in Kollam till the 1830s. It was moved to Thiruvananthapuram during the reign of Swathi Thirunal."}, {"Context": "Kollam Excavation at Kollam Port seabed", "Knowledge": "LOC Kollam, LOC India, LOC Kollam Port, ORG KCHR, LOC China, ORG Museum, ORG Kerala Council for Historical Research, LOC Palace", "Response": "Excavations are going on at Kollam Port premises since February 2014 as the team has uncovered arrays of antique artifacts, including Chinese porcelain and coins. A Chinese team with the Palace Museum, a team from India with Kerala Council for Historical Research (KCHR) discovered Chinese coins and artifacts that show trade links between Kollam and ancient China."}, {"Context": "Kollam Geography", "Knowledge": "LOC Ithikkara, LOC Thrikkaruva, LOC Kottamkara, LOC Mayyanad, ORG IndiaTimes, LOC Kozhikode, LOC Lake Ashtamudi, LOC Cochin, LOC National Waterway 3, PER Solomon, LOC Red Sea, LOC Paravur Kayal, LOC Ashtamudi Lake, LOC Kollam Canal, LOC Vattakkayal, LOC Kollam, LOC Paravur Lake, ORG Booking. com, LOC Kallada, LOC Laccadive Sea, LOC Kerala, LOC Kattakayal, LOC Tamil Nadu, LOC Thrikkovilvattom, LOC Schenkottah Gap, LOC Aryankavu Pass, LOC Kochi, LOC India, LOC Allepey, LOC Neendakara, LOC Arabian Sea, LOC Thiruvananthapuram", "Response": "Kollam city is bordered by the panchayats of Neendakara and Thrikkaruva to the north, Mayyanad to the south, and Thrikkovilvattom and Kottamkara to the east, and by the Laccadive Sea to the west. Ashtamudi Lake is in the heart of the city. The city is about 71 km (44 mi) away from Thiruvananthapuram, 140 km (87 mi) away from Kochi and 350 km (220 mi) away from Kozhikode. The National Waterway 3 and Ithikkara river are two important waterways passing through the city. The 7.7 km (4.8 mi) long Kollam Canal is connecting Paravur Lake ans Ashtamudi Lake. The Kallada river, another river that flows through the suburbs of the city, empties into Ashtamudi Lake, while the Ithikkara river runs to Paravur Kayal. Kattakayal, a freshwater lake in the city, connects another water-body named Vattakkayal with Lake Ashtamudi. In March 2016, IndiaTimes selected Kollam as one of the nine least polluted cities on earth to which anybody can relocate. Kollam is one among the top 10 most welcoming places in India for the year 2020, according to Booking.com's traveller review awards.Kollam is an ancient trading town \u2013 trading with Romans, Chinese, Arabs, and other Orientals \u2013 mentioned in historical citations dating back to Biblical times and the reign of Solomon, connecting with Red Sea ports of the Arabian Sea (supported by a find of ancient Roman coins). There was also internal trade through the Aryankavu Pass in Schenkottah Gap connecting the ancient town to Tamil Nadu. The overland trade in pepper by bullock cart and the trade over the waterways connecting Allepey and Cochin established trade linkages that enabled it to grow into one of the earliest Indian industrial townships. The rail links later established to Tamil Nadu supported still stronger trade links. The factories processing marine exports and the processing and packaging of cashewnuts extended its trade across the globe. It is known for cashew processing and coir manufacturing. Ashtamudi Lake is considered the southern gateway to the backwaters of Kerala and is a prominent tourist destination at Kollam. The Kollam urban area includes suburban towns such as Paravur in the south, Kundara in the east and Karunagapally in the north of the city. Other important towns in the city suburbs are Eravipuram, Kottiyam, Kannanallur, and Chavara."}, {"Context": "Kollam Climate", "Knowledge": "LOC Kollam", "Response": "Kollam experiences a tropical monsoon climate (K\u00f6ppen Am) with little seasonal variation in temperatures. December to March is the dry season with less than 60 millimetres or 2.4 inches of rain in each of those months. April to November is the wet season, with considerably more rain than during December to March, especially in June and July at the height of the Southwest Monsoon."}, {"Context": "Kollam Population", "Knowledge": "LOC Kilikollur Zone, LOC Kollam, ORG Government of Kerala, LOC Thrikkadavoor, ORG Cantonment, LOC Sakthikulangara Zone, LOC Thrikkadavoor Zone, PER Prasanna Earnest, ORG Kollam Municipal Corporation, LOC Vadakkevila Zone, LOC Eravipuram Zone, ORG City Corporation of Kollam, ORG Kollam Municipal, LOC Central Zone, LOC Trivandrum, ORG Rotary Club, LOC South India", "Response": "As of the 2011 India census, Kollam city had a population of 349,033 with a density of 5,400 persons per square kilometre. The sex ratio (the number of females per 1,000 males) was 1,112, the highest in the state. The district of Kollam ranked seventh in population in the state while the city of Kollam ranked fourth. As of 2010 Kollam had an average literacy rate of 93.77%, higher than the national average of 74.04%. Male literacy stood at 95.83%, and female at 91.95%. In Kollam, 11% of the population was under six years of age. In May 2015, Government of Kerala have decided to expand City Corporation of Kollam by merging Thrikkadavoor panchayath. So the area will become 73.03 km2 (28.20 sq mi) with a total city population of 384,892.Malayalam is the most widely spoken language and official language of the city, while Tamil is understood by some sections in the city. There are also small communities of Anglo-Indians, Konkani Brahmins, Telugu Chetty and Bengali\tmigrant labourers settled in the city. For ease of administration, Kollam Municipal Corporation is divided into six zones with local zonal offices for each one.\nCentral Zone (headquartered at Cantonment), Kollam Municipal Corporation\nSakthikulangara Zone, Kollam Municipal Corporation\nVadakkevila Zone, Kollam Municipal Corporation\nKilikollur Zone, Kollam Municipal Corporation\nEravipuram Zone, Kollam Municipal Corporation\nThrikkadavoor Zone, Kollam Municipal CorporationIn 2014, former Kollam Mayor Mrs. Prasanna Earnest was selected as the Best Lady Mayor of South India by the Rotary Club of Trivandrum Royal"}, {"Context": "Kollam Religion", "Knowledge": "LOC Kollam, LOC Karbala Maidan, ORG Juma -, LOC India, LOC Thangassery, ORG Ath Palli, ORG CSI Kollam - Kottarakara Diocese, LOC Kerala, LOC Karuva, ORG Church of South India, ORG Roman Catholic Diocese of Quilon, ORG The Pentecostal Mission for Kottarakkara, PER Syed Abdur Rahman Jifri, PER Pope John XXII, LOC Infant Jesus Cathedral, LOC Makani", "Response": "The city of Kollam is a microcosm of Kerala state with its residents belonging to varied religious, ethnic and linguistic groups. There are so many ancient temples, centuries-old churches and mosques in the city and its suburbs. Kollam is a Hindu majority city in Kerala. 56.35% of Kollam's total population belongs to Hindu community. Moreover, the Kollam Era (also known as Malayalam Era or Kollavarsham or Malayalam Calendar or Malabar Era), solar and sidereal Hindu calendar used in Kerala, has been originated on 825 CE (Pothu Varsham) at (Kollam) city.Muslims account for 22.05% of Kollam's total population. As per the Census 2011 data, 80,935 is the total Muslim population in Kollam. The Karbala Maidan and the adjacent Makani mosque serves as the Eid gah for the city. The 300-year-old Juma-'Ath Palli at Karuva houses the mortal remains of a Sufi saint, Syed Abdur Rahman Jifri.Christians account for 21.17% of the total population of Kollam city. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Quilon (Kollam) is the first Catholic diocese in India.  The diocese was first erected by Pope John XXII on 9 August 1329. It was re-erected on 1 September 1886. The diocese covers an area of 1,950 km2 (750 sq mi) and contains a population of 4,879,553, Catholics numbering 235,922 (4.8%). The famous Infant Jesus Cathedral, 400 years old, located in Thangassery, is the co-cathedral of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Quilon. CSI Kollam-Kottarakara Diocese is one of the twenty-four dioceses of the Church of South India.  The Headquarters of the Kerala region of The Pentecostal Mission for Kottarakkara, is in Kollam."}, {"Context": "Kollam Civic administration", "Knowledge": "ORG M, ORG IGP, ORG Government of Kerala, ORG CPI, ORG Kollam City Police Commissionerate, ORG IPS, ORG Indian Police Service, LOC Kollam, ORG Police, LOC Karunagappally, LOC Thiruvananthapuram Range, ORG State Home Department, PER V. Rajendrababu, ORG Kollam Corporation, LOC Kollam City, LOC Chathannoor, PER General of, ORG Inspector", "Response": "Kollam City is a Municipal Corporation with elected Councillors from its 55 divisions. The Mayor, elected from among the councillors, generally represents the political party holding a majority. The Corporation Secretary heads the office of the corporation. The present Mayor of Kollam Corporation is Adv.V. Rajendrababu of CPI(M).The police administration of the city falls under the Kollam City Police Commissionerate which is headed by an IPS (Indian Police Service) cadre officer and he reports to the Inspector General of Police (IGP) Thiruvananthapuram Range. The police administration comes under the State Home Department of the Government of Kerala. Kollam City is divided into three subdivisions, Karunagappally, Kollam and Chathannoor, each under an Assistant Commissioner of Police."}, {"Context": "Kollam Urban structure", "Knowledge": "LOC Thazhuthala, LOC Thodiyoor, LOC Chavara, LOC Maruthadi, LOC Poothakkulam, LOC Karunagappally, LOC Thrikkaruva, LOC Kottamkara, LOC Mayyanad, LOC Kallelibhagom, LOC Thrikkadavoor, LOC Nedumpana, LOC Kulasekharapuram, LOC Panmana, LOC Kollam, LOC Oachira, LOC Perinad, LOC Elampalloor, LOC Vadakkumthala, LOC Meenad, LOC Kerala, LOC City of Kollam, LOC Panayam, LOC Uliyakovil, LOC Thrikkovilvattom, LOC Adinad, LOC Paravur, LOC India, LOC Eravipuram, LOC Adichanalloor, LOC Neendakara, LOC Ayanivelikulangara", "Response": "With a total urban population of 1,187,158 and 349,033 as city corporation's population, Kollam is the fourth most populous city in the state and 49th on the list of the most populous urban agglomerations in India.  As of 2011 the city's urban growth rate of 154.59% was the second highest in the state. The Metropolitan area of Kollam includes Uliyakovil, Adichanalloor, Adinad, Ayanivelikulangara, Chavara, Elampalloor, Eravipuram (Part), Kallelibhagom, Karunagappally, Kollam, Kottamkara, Kulasekharapuram, Mayyanad, Meenad, Nedumpana, Neendakara, Oachira, Panayam, Panmana, Paravur, Perinad, Poothakkulam, Thazhuthala, Thodiyoor, Thrikkadavoor, Thrikkaruva, Thrikkovilvattom, and Vadakkumthala.The Kerala Government has decided to develop the City of Kollam as a \"Port City of Kerala\". Regeneration of the Maruthadi-Eravipuram area including construction of facilities for fishing, tourism and entertainment projects will be implemented as part of the project"}, {"Context": "Kollam Economy", "Knowledge": "ORG VFFDA, LOC Chavara, LOC Thangasseri, LOC Kureepuzha, LOC Ayiramthengu, ORG United Electrical Industries, LOC Kozhikode, ORG Kerala Ceramics Ltd., ORG Kerala Minerals and Metals Limited, ORG Indian Rare Earths, ORG Kerala Premo Pipe, ORG Central Government, ORG FFDA, LOC Kollam, LOC Kundara, LOC Cheriazheekkal, LOC Kerala, ORG Parvathi Mills Ltd., LOC Sakthikulangara, LOC Paravur, LOC Kochi, LOC India, LOC Eravipuram, LOC Neendakara, ORG Kerala Electrical and Allied Engineering Company, LOC Alappad, LOC Pandarathuruthu, LOC Puthenthura", "Response": "The city life of Kollam has changed in the last decade. In terms of economic performance and per capita income, Kollam city is in fifth position from India and third in Kerala. Kollam is famous as a city with excellent export background. 5 star, 4 star and 3 star hotels, multi-storied shopping malls, branded jewellery, textile showrooms and car showrooms have started operations in the city and suburbs. Kollam was the third city in Kerala (after Kozhikode and Kochi) to adopt the shopping mall culture. Kollam district ranks first in livestock wealth in the state. Downtown Kollam is the main CBD of Kollam city.\nDairy farming is fairly well developed. Also there is a chilling plant in the city. Kollam is an important maritime and port city. Fishing has a place in the economy of the district. Neendakara and Sakthikulangara villages in the suburbs of the city have fisheries. An estimated 134,973 persons are engaged in fishing and allied activities. Cheriazheekkal, Alappad, Pandarathuruthu, Puthenthura, Neendakara, Thangasseri, Eravipuram and Paravur are eight of the 26 important fishing villages. There are 24 inland fishing villages. The Government has initiated steps for establishing a fishing harbour at Neendakara. Average fish landing is estimated at 85,275 tonnes per year. One-third of the state's fish catch is from Kollam. Nearly 3000 mechanised boats are operating from the fishing harbour. FFDA and VFFDA promote fresh water fish culture and prawn farming respectively. A fishing village with 100 houses is being built at Eravipuram. A prawn farm is being built at Ayiramthengu, and several new hatcheries are planned to cater to the needs of the aquaculturists. Kerala's only turkey farm and a regional poultry farm are at Kureepuzha.There are two Central Government industrial operations in the city, the Indian Rare Earths, Chavara and Parvathi Mills Ltd., Kollam. Kerala Ceramics Ltd. in Kundara, Kerala Electrical and Allied Engineering Company in Kundara, Kerala Premo Pipe factory in Chavara, Kerala Minerals and Metals Limited in Chavara and United Electrical Industries in Kollam are Kerala Government-owned companies. Other major industries in the private/cooperative sector are Aluminium Industries Ltd. in Kundara, Thomas Stephen & Co. in Kollam, Floorco in Paravur and Cooperative Spinning Mill in Chathannoor. The beach sands of the district have concentrations of such heavy minerals as Ilmenite, Rutile, Monosite and Zircon, which offer scope for exploitation for industrial purposes.\n\nBesides large deposits of China clay in Kundara, Mulavana and Chathannoor, there are also lime-shell deposits in Ashtamudi Lake and Bauxite deposits in Adichanallur.Known as the \"Cashew Capital of the World\", Kollam is noted for its traditional cashew business and is home to more than 600 cashew-processing units. Every year, about 800,000 tonnes of raw cashews are imported into the city for processing and an average of 130,000 tonnes of processed cashews are exported to various countries worldwide. The Cashew Export Promotion Council of India (CEPCI) expects a rise in exports to 275,000 tonnes by 2020, an increase of 120 per cent over the current figure. The Kerala State Cashew Development Corporation Limited (KSCDC) is situated at Mundakkal in Kollam city. The company owns 30 cashew factories all across Kerala. Of these, 24 are located in Kollam district.Kollam is one of many seafood export hubs in India with numerous companies involved in the sector. Most of these are based in the Maruthadi, Sakthikulangara, Kavanad, Neendakara, Asramam, Kilikollur, Thirumullavaram and Uliyakovil areas of the city. Capithans, Kings Marine Exporters, India Food Exports and Oceanic Fisheries are examples of seafood exporters.\n\nKollam's Ashtamudi Lake clam fishery was the first Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) certified fishery in India. The clam fishery supports around 3,000 people involved in the collection, cleaning, processing and trading of clams. Around 90 species of fish and ten species of clams are found in the lake."}, {"Context": "Kollam Culture", "Knowledge": "LOC Ashtamudi Lake, LOC Kollam, PER Prathibha Patil, LOC Ashramam Maidan", "Response": "Kollam Fest is Kollam's own annual festival, attracting mostly Keralites but also hundreds of domestic and foreign tourists to Kollam. The main venue of Kollam Fest is the historic and gigantic Ashramam Maidan. Kollam Fest is the signature event of Kollam. Kollam Fest seeks to showcase Kollam's rich culture and heritage, tourism potential and investments in new ventures.Kollam Pooram, part of the Asramam Sree Krishna Swamy Temple Festival, is usually held on 15 April, but occasionally on 16 April. The pooram is held at the Ashramam maidan.\nThe President's Trophy Boat Race (PTBR) is an annual regatta held in Ashtamudi Lake in Kollam. The event was inaugurated by President Prathibha Patil in September 2011. The event has been rescheduled from 2012."}, {"Context": "Kollam Air", "Knowledge": "LOC Kollam, LOC Trivandrum International Airport, LOC NH66, LOC India", "Response": "The city corporation of Kollam is served by the Trivandrum International Airport, which is about 56 kilometers from the city via NH66 . Trivandrum International Airport is the first international airport in a non-metro city in India."}, {"Context": "Kollam Rail", "Knowledge": "LOC Kilikollur, LOC Alappuzha, LOC Kollam Junction, LOC Haripad, ORG MRVC, ORG Indian Railways, ORG Kollam MEMU, LOC Chengannur, LOC Ernakulam, LOC Adoor, LOC Trivandrum, LOC Perinad, LOC Kollam, LOC Kollam Town Railway, LOC Nagercoil, LOC Kottarakara, LOC Kerala, ORG MEMU, ORG Kerala Government, LOC Eravipuram, LOC Kanyakumari, LOC Shoranur Junction, ORG Mainline Electrical Multiple Unit, LOC Kottayam, LOC S. N College Railway Station, LOC Thiruvananthapuram", "Response": "Kollam Junction is the second largest railway station in Kerala in area, after Shoranur Junction, with a total of 6 platforms. The station has 17 rail tracks. Kollam junction has world's third longest railway platform, measuring 1180.5 m(3873 ft).\nMainline Electrical Multiple Unit (MEMU) have a maintenance shed at Kollam Junction. The MEMU services started from Kollam to Ernakulam via Alappuzha and Kottayam in the second week of January 2012. By 1 December 2012, MEMU service between Kollam and Nagercoil became a reality and later extended up to Kanyakumari. Kollam MEMU Shed inaugurated on 1 December 2013 for the maintenance works of MEMU rakes. Kollam MEMU Shed is the largest MEMU Shed in Kerala, which is equipped with most modern facilities. There is a long-standing demand for the Kollam Town Railway Station in the Kollam-Perinad stretch and \"S.N College Railway Station\" in the Kollam-Eravipuram stretch. The railway stations in Kollam city are Kollam Junction railway station, Eravipuram railway station and Kilikollur railway station.\nA new suburban rail system has been proposed by the Kerala Government and Indian Railways on the route Thiruvananthapuram - Kollam - Haripad/Chengannur for which MRVC is tasked to conduct a study and submit a report. Ten trains, each with seven coaches, will transport passengers back and forth along the Trivandrum-Kollam-Chengannur-Kottarakara-Adoor section."}, {"Context": "Kollam Road", "Knowledge": "ORG KSRTC, LOC Kollam, LOC NH 183, LOC Kochi, LOC Ashtamudi Lake, LOC Palakkad, LOC Andamukkam, LOC Kottarakkara, LOC Kerala, LOC Alappuzha, LOC NH 744, LOC Kottayam, LOC Trivandrum, LOC Punalur, LOC NH 66, ORG Kerala State Road Transport Corporation", "Response": "The city of Kollam is connected to almost all the cities and major towns in the state, including Trivandrum, Alappuzha, Kochi, Palakkad, Kottayam, Kottarakkara, and Punalur, and with other Indian cities through the NH 66, NH 183, NH 744 - and other state PWD Roads. Road transport is provided by state-owned Kerala State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC) and private transport bus operators. Kollam is one among the five KSRTC zones in Kerala. Road transport is also provided by private taxis and autorickshaws, also called autos. There is a city private bus stand at Andamukkam. There is a KSRTC bus station beside Ashtamudi Lake. Buses to various towns in Kerala and interstate services run from this station."}, {"Context": "Kollam Water", "Knowledge": "LOC Munroe Island, ORG Shreyas Shipping Company, LOC Asramam Link Road, LOC West Kallada, LOC Alappuzha, LOC Karunagappally, LOC Kollam KSWTD Ferry Terminal, LOC Guhanandapuram, LOC Kochi Port, ORG State Water Transport Department, LOC Hosdurg, LOC Ashtamudi Lake, LOC Kollam, LOC Dalavapuram, ORG Cochin Port Trust, LOC Kerala, LOC West coast, LOC Antigua, LOC Paravur, LOC Kollam Port, LOC Allepey, LOC Port, LOC Thiruvananthapuram", "Response": "The State Water Transport Department operates boat services to West Kallada, Munroe Island, Guhanandapuram, Dalavapuram and Alappuzha from Kollam KSWTD Ferry Terminal situated on the banks of the Ashtamudi Lake. Asramam Link Road in the city passes adjacent to the ferry terminal.Double decker luxury boats run between Kollam and Allepey daily. Luxury boats, operated by the government and private owners, operate from the main boat jetty during the tourist season. The West coast canal system, which starts from Thiruvananthapuram in the south and ends at Hosdurg in the north, passes through Paravur, the city of Kollam and Karunagappally taluk.Kollam Port is the second largest port in Kerala, after Cochin Port Trust. It is one of two international ports in Kerala. Cargo handling facilities began operation in 2013. Foreign ships arrive in the port regularly with the MV Alina, a 145-metre (476 ft) vessel registered in Antigua anchored at the port on 4 April 2014. Once the Port starts functioning in full-fledged, it will make the transportation activities of Kollam-based cashew companies more easy. Shreyas Shipping Company is now running a regular container service between Kollam Port and Kochi Port."}, {"Context": "Kollam Education", "Knowledge": "LOC Kilikollur, ORG Government of Kerala, LOC Chavara, ORG Thangal Kunju Musaliar College of Engineering, ORG Bishop Jerome Institute, ORG Sree Narayana College, ORG Kollam, ORG Architecture, ORG St Aloysius H. S. S, ORG Travancore Business Academy, ORG Trinity Lyceum School, ORG The oxford, ORG Sri Sri Academy, ORG Institute of Management, ORG Sree Narayana Trust, ORG Kerala Maritime Institute, ORG Sree Narayana Guru College of Legal Studies, ORG National Institute of Fashion Technology, ORG Institute of Fashion Technology, ORG IMK, LOC Kollam, ORG Infant Jesus School, LOC Vellimon, ORG National Institute of Design, LOC Kerala, ORG KSID, ORG N S S Law College, ORG Ministry of Textiles, ORG IIIC, LOC India, ORG Kerala State Institute of Design, LOC Neendakara, ORG Indian Institute of Infrastructure and Construction, ORG Neendakara, ORG Fatima Mata National College, LOC Ahmedabad, ORG Boat Crew, ORG Department of labour and Skills, LOC Chandanathope, ORG N. S. S", "Response": "There are many respected colleges, schools and learning centres in Kollam. The city and suburbs contribute greatly to education by providing the best and latest knowledge to the scholars. The Thangal Kunju Musaliar College of Engineering, the first private school of its kind in the state, is at Kilikollur, about 7 km (4.3 mi) east of Kollam city, and is a source of pride for all Kollamites. The Government of Kerala has granted academic autonomy to Fatima Mata National College, another prestigious institution in the city. Sree Narayana College, Bishop Jerome Institute (an integrated campus providing Architecture, Engineering and Management courses), and Travancore Business Academy are other important colleges in the city. There are two law colleges in the city, Sree Narayana Guru College of Legal Studies under the control of Sree Narayana Trust and N S S Law College managed by the N.S.S. There are also some best schools in Kollam including Trinity Lyceum School, Infant Jesus School, St Aloysius H.S.S, The oxford school, Sri Sri Academy etc.\n\nKerala State Institute of Design (KSID), a design institute under Department of labour and Skills, Government of Kerala, is located at Chandanathope in Kollam. It was established in 2008 and was one of the first state-owned design institutes in India. KSID currently conducts Post Graduate Diploma Programs in Design developed in association with National Institute of Design, Ahmedabad.Indian Institute of Infrastructure and Construction (IIIC-Kollam) is an institute of international standards situated at Chavara in Kollam city to support the skill development programmes for construction related occupations. The Institute of Fashion Technology, Kollam, Kerala is a fashion technology institute situated at Vellimon, established in technical collaboration with the National Institute of Fashion Technology and the Ministry of Textiles. In addition, there are two IMK (Institute of Management, Kerala) Extension Centres active in the city. Kerala Maritime Institute is situated at Neendakara in Kollam city to give maritime training for the students in Kerala. More than 5,000 students have been trained at Neendakara maritime institute under the Boat Crew training programme.Apart from colleges, there are a number of bank coaching centres in Kollam. Kollam is known as India's hub for bank test coaching centres with around 40 such institutes in the district. Students from various Indian states such as Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar and Madhya Pradesh also come here for coaching."}, {"Context": "Kollam Sports", "Knowledge": "LOC Kollam, LOC Asramam Maidan, LOC Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium, ORG Postal Department, LOC International, LOC Peeranki Maidan, LOC Asramam", "Response": "Cricket is the most popular sport, followed by hockey and football. Kollam is home to a number of local cricket, hockey and football teams participating in district, state-level and zone matches. An International Hockey Stadium with astro-turf facility is there at Asramam in the city, built at a cost of Rs. 13 crore. The land for the construction of the stadium was taken over from the Postal Department at Asramam, Kollam. The city has another stadium named the Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium, Kollam. It is a multipurpose stadium and has repeatedly hosted such sports events as the Ranji Trophy, Santhosh Trophy and National Games. Two open grounds in the city, the Asramam Maidan and Peeranki Maidan, are also used for sports events, practice and warm-up matches."}, {"Context": "Kollam Places of worship", "Knowledge": "LOC Munroe Island, LOC Asramam Sree Krishna Swamy Temple, LOC Poruvazhy, PER Ammachi Veedu, LOC Kottarakkara, LOC Karunagappally, LOC Dutch Church, LOC Ponmana Padanayarkulangara mahadeva, LOC s Church, LOC Quilon, LOC Puttingal Devi Temple, LOC Anandavalleeshwaram Sri Mahadevar Temple, LOC Kattil Mekkathil Devi Temple, LOC Sasthamcotta Sree Dharma Sastha Temple, LOC Our Lady of Velankanni Shrine, LOC Thoppu, LOC Tangasseri, LOC Infant Jesus Cathedral, LOC Kollam, LOC Ashtamudi Sree Veerabhadra Swamy Temple, LOC Kottarakkara Sree Mahaganapathi Kshethram, LOC Sasthamkotta, LOC Saint Casimir Church, LOC St., LOC St. Stephen, LOC Kavanad, LOC Kerala, LOC Ammachiveedu Muhurthi temple, LOC Pazhayidam Sree Narasimha Swami Temple Poruvazhy Peruviruthy Malanada Temple, LOC Kottankulangara Devi Temple, LOC St. Sebastian ' s Church, LOC Paravur, LOC Holy Family Church, LOC Cutchery, LOC India, LOC Neendakara, LOC Kadavoor, ORG ', ORG Diocese of, LOC Sakthikulangara Sree Dharma Sastha temple, LOC Thrikkadavoor Sree Mahadeva Temple", "Response": "Hindus and temples\nAnandavalleeshwaram Sri Mahadevar Temple is a 400 years old ancient Hindu temple in the city. The 400-year-old Sanctum sanctorum of this temple is finished in teak. Ammachiveedu Muhurthi temple is another major temple in the city that have been founded around 600 years ago by the Ammachi Veedu family, aristocrats from Kollam. The Kollam pooram, a major festival of Kollam, is the culmination of a ten-day festival, normally in mid April, of Asramam Sree Krishna Swamy Temple. Kottankulangara Devi Temple is one of the world-famous Hindu temples in Kerala were cross-dressing of men for Chamayavilakku ritual is a part of traditional festivities. The men also carry large lamps. The first of the two-day dressing event drew to a close early on Monday. Moreover, Kottarakkara Sree Mahaganapathi Kshethram in Kottarakkara, Puttingal Devi Temple in Paravur, sooranad north anayadi Pazhayidam Sree Narasimha Swami Temple Poruvazhy Peruviruthy Malanada Temple in Poruvazhy, Sasthamcotta Sree Dharma Sastha Temple in Sasthamkotta, Sakthikulangara Sree Dharma Sastha temple, Thrikkadavoor Sree Mahadeva Temple in Kadavoor and Kattil Mekkathil Devi Temple in Ponmana Padanayarkulangara mahadeva temple Karunagappally, Ashtamudi Sree Veerabhadra Swamy Temple are the other famous Hindu worship centres in the Kollam Metropolitan Area.\n\nChristianity and churches\nThe Infant Jesus Cathedral in Tangasseri is established by Portuguese during 1614. It is now the pro-cathedral of Roman Catholic Diocese of Quilon \u2013 the ancient and first Catholic diocese of India. The church remains as a memento of the Portuguese rule of old Quilon city. St. Sebastian's Church at Neendakara is another important church in the city. The Dutch Church in Munroe Island is built by the Dutch in 1878. Our Lady of Velankanni Shrine in Cutchery is another important Christian worship place in Kollam city. Saint Casimir Church in Kadavoor, Holy Family Church in Kavanad, St.Stephen's Church in Thoppu and St.Thomas Church in Kadappakada are some of the other major Christian churches in Kollam.\nMuslims and mosques\nKottukadu Juma Masjid in Chavara, Elampalloor Juma-A-Masjid, Valiyapalli in Jonakappuram, Chinnakada Juma Masjid, Juma-'Ath Palli in Kollurvila, Juma-'Ath Palli in Thattamala and Koivila Juma Masjid in Chavara are the other major Mosques in Kollam."}, {"Context": "Kollam Notable people", "Knowledge": "LOC Kollam", "Response": "Notable individuals born in Kollam include:"}, {"Context": "Kollam Bibliography", "Knowledge": "PER Hok - lam, PER Narayan, ORG Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church, PER Chitramezhuthu, ORG Keralathinde Eruladanja Edukal, ORG China Intercontinental Press, PER Pius Malekandathil, ORG KM Varghese, PER Zheng He, LOC Fujian Province, LOC United Kingdom, PER Marthoma, ORG Taylor & Francis, PER Elamkulam Kunjan Pillai, PER M. G. S, PER Pulikottil Mar Dionyius, PER Bernard Thoma Kathanar, PER Lin, PER Trudy, LOC Thulaserry Manapurathu, ORG Malankara, PER Chan, ORG Primus Books, ORG Travancore Archaeological, ORG T. A. S, PER L. K. Ananthakrishna Iyer, PER Ring, LOC Cambridge, ORG Madurai University, PER Mathai Kathanar, ORG Cambridge University Press, PER Narayan M. G. S, PER Z. M. Paret", "Response": "Ring, Trudy (1994). International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania, Volume 5. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-884964-05-3.\nChan, Hok-lam (1998). \"The Chien-wen, Yung-lo, Hung-hsi, and Hs\u00fcan-te reigns, 1399\u20131435\". The Cambridge History of China, Volume 7: The Ming Dynasty, 1368\u20131644, Part 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-24332-2.\nLin (2007). Zheng He's Voyages Down the Western Seas. Fujian Province: China Intercontinental Press. ISBN 978-7-5085-0707-1.\nElamkulam Kunjan Pillai, Keralathinde Eruladanja Edukal, p. 64,112,117\nTravancore Archaeological Series (T.A.S.) Vol. 6 p. 15\nDiaries and writings of Mathai Kathanar, the 24th generation priest of Thulaserry Manapurathu, based on the ancestral documents and Thaliyolagrandha handed down through generations\nZ.M. Paret, Malankara Nazranikal, vol. 1\nL. K. Ananthakrishna Iyer, State Manual, p50,52\nBernard Thoma Kathanar, Marthoma Christyanikal, lines 23,24\nPius Malekandathil (2010). Maritime India: Trade, Religion and Polity in the Indian Ocean. Primus Books. p. 43. ISBN 978-93-80607-01-6.\nNarayan, M.G.S, Chera-Pandya conflict in the 8th\u20139th centuries which led to the birth of Venad: Pandyan History seminar, Madurai University, 1971\nThe Viswavijnanakosam (Malayalam) Vol. 3, p. 523,534\nNarayan M.G.S., Cultural Symbiosis p33\nThe handwritten diaries of Pulikottil Mar Dionyius (former supreme head of the Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church and Chitramezhuthu KM Varghese)"}, {"Context": "Koraput Introduction", "Knowledge": "LOC Koraput, LOC Odisha", "Response": "Koraput is a town and a Municipality in Koraput district in the Indian state of Odisha. Koraput town is the district headquarter of Koraput district."}, {"Context": "Koraput History", "Knowledge": "PER Nandapur, LOC Similiguda, PER Veer Vikram Dev, LOC Umarkot, PER Karaka, PER Khora Naiko, PER Bell, LOC Kashmir, LOC Ranpur, ORG Militia, LOC Pushkari, PER Silavamsi, LOC Bondaguda, PER Suryavanshi, PER Nalas, LOC Kora - Putti, LOC Jeypore, LOC Khora Putu, PER R. C. S. Bell, LOC Nandapur, LOC Koraput", "Response": "The district of Koraput derives its name from its headquarters the present town of Koraput. In ancient times when the Nalas were ruling over this tract, Pushkari near modern Umarkot was the capital city. In the medieval period Nandapur developed as a little kingdom under the Silavamsi kings that was later expanded by the Suryavanshi kings who arrived in the region in 13th century from Kashmir.  Later, Maharajah Veer Vikram Dev of shifted his capital to Jeypore and about the middle of the 17th century this town prospered under the British Administration. Koraput was chosen by the British in 1870 for better health prospects. The origin of the name of Koraput is obscure. There are several theories, none of which are convincing.\nAccording to Mr. R.C.S.Bell the name of the town is \u2018Kora-Putti\u2019 or \"the hamlet of the nux-vomica\" and it is derived presumably from a tree or trees that must at one time have been prominent near the site. But today not a single tree of nux-vomica is to be found near about the town of Koraput and so the assumption or Mr. Bell is open to question.\nAccording to second theory, Koraput is corrupted form of \u2018Karaka pentho\u2019 Karaka literally mans \u2018hail-stone\u2019. It is also believed that one \u2018Khora Naiko\u2019 laid foundation of the village during the time of Nandapur kings. He hailed probably from Ranpur and served under the Nandapur kings in the Militia, and for his faithful and meritorious services he has permitted to establish this village which was named after him as Khora Putu, and later on the name has been abbreviated to \u2018Koraput\u2019.\nKoraput is also a Tourism Place. The town is surrounded by mountains, thick forests and waterfalls. This town also has many old temples.\nMarking a social success for others to emulate, the past two years, around 220 tribal villagers of the non-descript Bondaguda village under Similiguda block in the district has become totally free of open defecation with each of its 45 families constructing toilets in their homes."}, {"Context": "Koraput Adivasi communities", "Knowledge": "LOC Koraput, LOC Odisha", "Response": "Koraput is a part of the tribal belt in southern Odisha. As the term 'tribal' often denotes a negative connotation, the indigenous people here prefer to be known as Adivasis, i.e. \"original inhabitants\". Many different Adivasi communities live in this district.\nThe traditional culture (including languages), knowledge and subsistence of the Adivasis are closely connected with local ecosystems.Most of the area was covered by thick forest until relatively recently. As a result of deforestation, industrialization and urbanization, many Adivasi communities have adopted new ways of life. However, many Adivasis maintain a tradition of selling produce (vegetables and fruit) in Sunday markets popularly known as Hat Poda (or haat).The Dongar Festival (or Parab) is held annually, ostensibly to showcase the way of life of Adivasis, in the first and second weeks of December, organised by the district administration. Many foreign tourists visit the festival. There has been criticism of the festival, with allegations that Adivasis are reluctant participants, who are paraded like \"museum specimens\" for the benefit of the tourism industry."}, {"Context": "Koraput Sabara Srikhetra (Jagannath Temple)", "Knowledge": "LOC Koraput temple, LOC Sabara Srikhetra, ORG COATS, ORG Council of Analytical Tribal Studies, LOC Srikhetra, LOC Puri Jagannath, LOC Jagannath Temple, LOC Koraput", "Response": "Koraput is mostly famous for its Jagannath Temple which is also known as Sabara Srikhetra. Srikhetra is normally referred to as Puri Jagannath, but the unique identity of the Koraput temple is because no section of society is barred entry.\nCouncil of Analytical Tribal Studies (COATS), registered under the Societies Registration Act 1860, is university\u2013like educational institute is a successful attempt to restore and educate tribal way of life, customs, tradition, medicine, language, social structure and history.  COATS has been documenting the day-today situation of poor tribals and feeding this information to the local administration in an effort to make it more efficient."}, {"Context": "Koraput Geography", "Knowledge": "LOC Khandahati, LOC Duduma, LOC Bagra, LOC Chandragiri, LOC Kolab, ORG Sunabeda MiG, LOC Machhakunda, LOC Jeypur, LOC Ankadeli, LOC Odisha, LOC Gupteswar, LOC Savra, LOC Deomali, LOC Nandapur, LOC Vamsadhara, LOC Neelabadi, LOC Sunabeda, LOC Koraput", "Response": "Koraput is located at 18.82\u00b0N 82.72\u00b0E\ufeff / 18.82; 82.72. It has an average elevation of 870 m (2,850 ft).\nSome major rivers of Odisha pass through the district Koraput like Machhakunda, Vamsadhara and Kolab. This district is also bestowed with waterfalls like Duduma, Bagra and Khandahati. It also contains the largest mountain of Odisha, called Deomali along with Chandragiri mountain. Koraput district is famous for the important places like Jeypur, Duduma, Bagra, Sunabeda MiG factory. Koraput holds a total area of 8,807 km2. As of 2011 census, with a total population of 13,79,647, the district has a literacy rate of 36.20%. Koraput is dependent on agricultural activities. The district has total cultivable land of 301,000 hectares (740,000 acres). With a 157 km long national highway the district is well connected to all the other districts of Odisha. Gupteswar, Neelabadi, Nandapur, Sunabeda, Duduma water fall, (Savra shrikhetra), Ankadeli forms the major interests of Koraput."}, {"Context": "Koraput Hill stations", "Knowledge": "LOC Potangi, LOC Jalaput, LOC Chindri, LOC India, LOC Odisha, LOC Hatipathar, LOC Deomali, LOC Onukadelli, LOC Machkund", "Response": "Being at the heart of tribal belt in South Odisha, it has also many hill stations though they are not that famous as other hill stations of India. Places like Machkund, Onukadelli, Jalaput, Chindri, Hatipathar,(Deomali) Potangi etc. are places to be visited for their scenic beauty ."}, {"Context": "Koraput Transport", "Knowledge": "LOC Umerkote, LOC Biju Expressway, LOC Vijayanagaram, LOC Rourkela, LOC Jeypore, LOC Howrah, LOC Rayagada, LOC Raipur, LOC Berhampur, LOC Bhubaneswar, LOC Visakhapatnam, LOC Jagdalpur, LOC Koraput", "Response": "Koraput has good linkage with other parts of the state as well as some major cities of neighboring states, by means of rail and road. National highway number 26(43) passes through the town which connects it with Raipur and Visakhapatnam. Buses are a plenty from Visakhapatnam and Vijayanagaram to Koraput. Buses to Jeypore, Jagdalpur, Umerkote, etc., also passes through Koraput.\nKoraput railway station connects Koraput with Rayagada, Visakhapatnam, Berhampur, Jagdalpur, Howrah, Bhubaneswar, Rourkela and Raipur.\nAlso new proposed Biju Expressway will connect this city with Rourkela."}, {"Context": "Koraput Administration", "Knowledge": "LOC Bariguma, LOC Narayanapatna, LOC Lamtaput, LOC Jeypore, LOC Laxmipur, LOC Bandugaon, LOC Boipariguda, LOC Semiliguda, LOC Nandapur, LOC Dasmanthpur, LOC Pottangi, LOC Kundura, LOC Koraput, LOC Kotpada", "Response": "Koraput district is divided into 2 sub-divisions and 14 blocks. The 2 sub-divisions are Koraput and Jeypore\nBlocks in Koraput sub-division\n1. Koraput\n2. Semiliguda\n3. Nandapur\n4. Pottangi\n5. Dasmanthpur\n6. Lamtaput\n7. Laxmipur\n8. Narayanapatna\n9. Bandugaon\nBlocks in Jeypore sub-division\n1. Bariguma\n2. Jeypore\n3. Kotpada\n4. Boipariguda\n5. Kundura"}, {"Context": "Koraput Education", "Knowledge": "ORG Government, ORG Central University of Orissa, LOC India, ORG CUO, ORG SLN Medical College, ORG D. A. V. College, LOC Koraput District, LOC Odisha, ORG Berhampur University, ORG Central University of Odisha, LOC Oriya, PER Surabhi Banarjee, LOC Sunabeda Town, PER Saheed Laxman Nayak, ORG Woman ' s College, LOC Koraput", "Response": "Educational facilities in Koraput include schools and SLN Medical College and Hospital.\nCentral University of Odisha (CUO), formerly Central University of Orissa, was established by parliament under the Central Universities Act, 2009 (No. 3C of 2009) by Government of India, situated at Sunabeda Town, Koraput District in the Indian state of Odisha. The territorial jurisdiction of the university is whole of the Odisha state.\nAs far as higher studies are concerned, Koraput has got one Woman's College and a D.A.V. College, both of which are affiliated to Berhampur University.\nIn 2009, a central university was set up in Koraput namely Central University of Orissa. This started functioning from August 2009 providing courses on English, Oriya, mass communication, journalism, anthropology and sociology. Prof Surabhi Banarjee was appointed as the first vice-chancellor of the university.On 4 September 2017, the new government medical college was established in Koraput and named after Saheed Laxman Nayak, a great freedom fighter of that region. Classes started in September 2017."}, {"Context": "Koraput Politics", "Knowledge": "PER Saptagiri Ulaka, PER Raghu Ram Padal, LOC Koraput, LOC Koraput Assembly", "Response": "Current MP Saptagiri Ulaka and MLA from Koraput Assembly Constituency is Raghu Ram Padal who won the seat in State elections in 2019.\nKoraput is part of Koraput (Lok Sabha constituency)."}, {"Context": "Koraput Festivals", "Knowledge": "ORG District Council of Culture, LOC Koraput Parab, LOC Koraput", "Response": "PARAB (\u0b2a\u0b30\u0b2c)\nA festival of festivals PARAB  \u2013 an annual tribal festival organized by the District Council of Culture, Koraput is a gala event of the state, organized in the month of November every year all over the district. The whole month of parab witnesses events on sports culture, seminar mountain trekking, boat race and artists camp. On a third day from all over the country are staged on one platform, with crafts mela and exhibitions in the Koraput Parab ground."}, {"Context": "Kottayam Introduction", "Knowledge": "ORG Letters, LOC Vembanad Lake, ORG Malayala Manorama, LOC Meenachil River, ORG Deepika, LOC Kerala, LOC Kuttanad, LOC The City of, LOC Kottayam, ORG Mangalam, LOC Western Ghats, LOC Thiruvananthapuram", "Response": "Kottayam (IPA: [ko\u02d0\u0288\u02d0\u0250j\u0250m]) is a municipal town in the Indian state of Kerala. Flanked by the Western Ghats on the east and the Vembanad Lake and paddy fields of Kuttanad on the west. It is the district headquarters of Kottayam district, located in south-west Kerala. Kottayam is located in the basin of the Meenachil River at an average elevation of 3 metres (9.8 ft) above sea level, and has a moderate climate. It is located approximately 155 kilometres (96 mi) north of the state capital Thiruvananthapuram.\nKottayam is also referred to as \"The City of Letters\" as many of the first Malayalam daily newspapers, like Deepika, Malayala Manorama, and Mangalam, were started and are headquartered in Kottayam, as are a number of publishing houses."}, {"Context": "Kottayam Etymology", "Knowledge": "LOC Thaliyilkotta, PER Thekkumkur, LOC Kottayam, LOC \u0d15\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d15\u0d02, LOC Kottaykkakam", "Response": "The royal palace of the Thekkumkur ruler was protected by a fort called Thaliyilkotta. It is believed that the name Kottayam is derived from a combination of the Malayalam words kotta which means fort (Thaliyilkotta) and akam which means inside. The combined form, Kottaykkakam (\u0d15\u0d4b\u0d1f\u0d4d\u0d1f\u0d2f\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d4d\u0d15\u0d15\u0d02), can be translated as \"inside the fort\"."}, {"Context": "Kottayam Travancore rule (1753\u20131949)", "Knowledge": "ORG CMS College, LOC Kingdom of Travancore, LOC Protectorate, LOC Vaikom, LOC State, PER Moolam Thirunal, LOC Britain, LOC Travancore, LOC Kerala, ORG Church Missionary Society, PER Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma, LOC Siva Temple, LOC Kottayam, LOC Kottayam Public Library", "Response": "By the early 19th century, Kottayam was ruled by the Kingdom of Travancore. Travancore became a Protectorate of Britain after a series of unfair treaties. In 1817, the Church Missionary Society established CMS College as the first Western-style college in Kerala. It was welcomed by the Travancore government to provide administrators for the public bureaucracy\n\nKottayam has played its role in all the political agitations of modern times. The \u2018Malayali Memorial \u2018 agitation may be said to have had its origin in Kottayam. The Malayali Memorial sought to secure better representation for educated Travancoreans in the Travancore civil service against persons from outside. The Memorial, which was presented to the Maharaja Sri Moolam Thirunal (1891) was drafted at a public meeting held in the Kottayam Public Library. The event marked the beginning of the modern political movement in the State.It was here that the famous Vaikom Satyagraha (1924\u201325), an epic struggle for eradication of untouchability, took place. Scheduled castes and other backward classes in Travancore were denied not only entry into temples, but also access to temple roads. Vaikom, the seat of a celebrated Siva Temple, was the venue of the symbolic satyagraha. Due to these protests, the Maharaja Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma issued the Temple Entry Proclamation in 1936."}, {"Context": "Kottayam Indian Rule (1949\u2013present)", "Knowledge": "ORG of, LOC Cochin, LOC State, ORG Diwan, LOC Travancore, LOC Devikulam, LOC Kottayam", "Response": "Kottayam became a revenue division of Travancore. A fifth division, Devikulam, existed for a short period but was later added to Kottayam. At the time of the integration of the State of Travancore and Cochin in 1949, these revenue divisions were redesignated as districts and the Diwan Peshkars gave way to district collectors, with the Kottayam district established in July 1949."}, {"Context": "Kottayam Geography", "Knowledge": "LOC Idukki district, LOC Kumarakom, LOC Meenachil, LOC Pathanamthitta district, LOC Meenachil River, LOC Vembanad, LOC Kerala, LOC Ernakulam district, LOC Alappuzha district, LOC Kottayam, LOC Western Ghats", "Response": "Kottayam has an average elevation of 3 metres (9.8 ft) above sea level. It is situated in the basin of the Meenachil River and in the basin of the Vembanad backwaters, which are formed from several streams in the Western Ghats of the Idukki district. The city is situated near the inland estuary of Meenachil river where it empties into the Vembanad lake in Kumarakom. According to the division of places in Kerala based on altitudes, Kottayam is classified as a midland area. The general soil type is alluvial soil. The vegetation is mainly tropical evergreen and moist deciduous. Kottayam district is bordered by Pathanamthitta district on the south, Alappuzha district on the west, Ernakulam district on the north and Idukki district on the east."}, {"Context": "Kottayam Climate", "Knowledge": "LOC Kottayam", "Response": "Under the K\u00f6ppen climate classification, Kottayam has a Tropical monsoon climate (Am). The climate in this district is moderate and pleasant. Kottayam's proximity to the equator results in little seasonal temperature variation, with moderate to high levels of humidity."}, {"Context": "Kottayam Population", "Knowledge": "LOC Kottayam Urban Agglomeration, LOC Kottayam District, LOC India, LOC Kerala State, LOC Kottayam district, LOC Kottayam", "Response": "As of 2001 India census, Kottayam Urban Agglomeration had a population of 172,878, while Kottayam district had a population of 1,974,551. The population of Kottayam municipality was 136,812. Males constituted 62% of the population and females 38%. Population growth in the district had a diminishing trend with a decadal population growth rate of 6.5% compared to 9.35% across the decade 1991\u20132000. Population growth in the municipality is due to migration for employment. Kottayam District is ranked first in literacy, with 95.9% literacy compared to 90.92% for Kerala State and 65.38% for India (2001 census)."}, {"Context": "Kottayam Caste and religion", "Knowledge": "LOC Kottayam", "Response": "Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes constituted 6.73% and 0.31% of the total population in Kottayam respectively.\n19,739 persons were engaged in work or business activity, including 14,282 males and 5,457 females. In the census survey, the worker is defined as a person who does business, job, service, cultivator or labour activity. Of total 19,739 working population, 90.17% were engaged in main work while 9.83% of total workers were engaged in marginal work."}, {"Context": "Kottayam Literature", "Knowledge": "PER Unni R., ORG Jnananikshepam, LOC Aymanam, LOC India, LOC Kottayam Town, PER Pala Narayanan Nair, ORG CMS, LOC Kerala, ORG Old Seminary, PER Arundhati Roy, LOC Kottayam, ORG Kottayam Pushpanath, PER Muttathu Varkey, LOC South India", "Response": "Jnananikshepam was the first newspaper published by the natives of Kerala, published at CMS press at Kottayam in 1848. Kottayam has produced many well-known writers, journalists and artists. Novelist Muttathu Varkey and poet Pala Narayanan Nair both have roots in Kottayam. Kottayam Pushpanath, a writer of crime thrillers lives in Kottayam. The Indian-English novelist Arundhati Roy is a native of Kottayam and her semi-autobiographical Booker Prize-winning novel, The God of Small Things, contains her childhood experiences in Aymanam, Kottayam. Unni R. a story writer and scriptwriter, is also from Kottayam. Kottayam Town is the first town in India to have achieved 100% literacy (a remarkable feat achieved as early as in 1989). English education in South India did actually start at the Old Seminary here at Kottayam in 1813."}, {"Context": "Kottayam Education", "Knowledge": "ORG CMS College, LOC Pampady, ORG Government Medical College, LOC India, LOC Pala, LOC Kerala, ORG Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, ORG Church Missionary Society of England, ORG Government Engineering College, LOC Kottayam, ORG Mahatma Gandhi University", "Response": "In the 17th century, a Dutch school was started at Kottayam, which was short-lived. The first English school in Kerala, and the first college in India, was established in 1817 by the Church Missionary Society of England as CMS College. Kottayam became India's first town with 100% literacy in 1989.The Government Medical College, Kottayam, is one of the most prominent medical colleges in Kerala. Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, is based out of Kottayam. Kottayam boasts several other colleges and universities.\nThere are 14 engineering colleges. Government Engineering College, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Kottayam is located in Pampady, 14 km east of Kottayam. Indian institute of information technology, Kottayam is an institute of national importance is also located around 30 km (19 mi) from Kottayam, near to Pala town."}, {"Context": "Kottayam Media", "Knowledge": "ORG Mathrubhoomi, ORG Current Books, ORG D. C. Books, PER Benjamin Bailey, ORG Malayala Manorama, ORG Sahithya Pravarthaka Sahakarana Sangham, ORG Labour India Publications, ORG Deshabhimani, ORG Deepika, ORG Manorama Online, LOC Kerala, ORG Malayala Manorama Group, ORG Literary Workers ' Co - operative Society, LOC India, ORG Madhyamam, ORG Manorama News Channel, ORG The Week, ORG C. M. S. Press, LOC Kottayam", "Response": "In 1821, Benjamin Bailey, a British missionary, established C.M.S. Press, the first printing press in Kerala, in Kottayam. The town has been at the forefront of newspaper and book publishing in the state ever since.\nNewspaper Malayala Manorama, published from Kottayam, is one of the largest circulating dailies in India. The Malayala Manorama Group, based in Kottayam, also owns Manorama Online, Manorama News Channel, The Week magazine and other publications. Other major Malayalam newspapers\u2014Mathrubhoomi, Deshabhimani, Deepika, Madhyamam, and around thirty periodicals are published from Kottayam. Kottayam is also home to several Malayalam book publishers such as D. C. Books, Labour India Publications and Current Books. Almost 70 percent of books published in Kerala are from Kottayam. In 1945, a group of writers set up Sahithya Pravarthaka Sahakarana Sangham (English: Literary Workers' Co-operative Society) in Malayalam."}, {"Context": "Kottayam Sports", "Knowledge": "LOC Nagambadom, LOC Kottayam, LOC Rajiv Gandhi Indoor Stadium, LOC Nehru Stadium", "Response": "A number of annual basketball tournaments including the Marian Trophy, Girideepam Trophy, Lourdes Trophy and Virginia Memorial Tournament are conducted. The main sports stadiums in Kottayam are Nehru Stadium and Rajiv Gandhi Indoor Stadium, both located in Nagambadom."}, {"Context": "Kottayam Legislature", "Knowledge": "LOC Kottayam, LOC Kottayam Lok", "Response": "Kottayam is one of the six municipalities in the district, formed after the implementation of the Kerala Municipalities Act in 1994. The members of the municipal council are elected from each of 52 wards every five years, held with the local government elections across the state. The chairperson is the executive authority of the municipality.\nKottayam town is the part of the Kottayam legislative assembly constituency and the Kottayam Lok Sabha constituency. The legislative assembly election is conducted every four years, last in May 2016."}, {"Context": "Kottayam Executive", "Knowledge": "PER P. K. Jayasree IAS, LOC Kottayam, ORG District Court, LOC Kottayam District", "Response": "The collectorate of the Kottayam District is located in Kottayam town. The present collector is Dr. P. K. Jayasree IAS. Many administrative and district offices of Kottayam including the District Court is situated within the collectorate premises."}, {"Context": "Kottayam Judiciary", "Knowledge": "ORG Principal District Court, PER Moolam Thirunal Maharaja, LOC India, LOC Tranvancore, LOC Vaikom, LOC Kottaya, ORG Chief Judicial Magistrate, LOC Kottayam, ORG District Headquarters, ORG Administrative Centre, PER John Munro", "Response": "Five courts were established during the tenure of Colonel John Munro, as the Diwan of various states in India. One of these was established in Vaikom, in the northwest of Kottaya district.\nThe district court at Kottayam was established in 1910 during the period of Sree Moolam Thirunal Maharaja of Tranvancore. The court celebrated its centenary in 2010.\nThe District Headquarters of the judiciary is set up at Kottayam town with the Principal District Court as it Administrative Centre. The justice delivery system consists of eight Munsiff Courts, ten Judicial 1st Class Magistrate Courts, three Sub Courts, one Chief Judicial Magistrate Court, and three Additional District Courts. In addition to these regular courts, two Motor Accidents Claims Tribunals, one special court for Vigilance cases and two Family Courts also function in this district."}, {"Context": "Kottayam Politics", "Knowledge": "PER Bincy Sebastian, ORG INC, ORG INTUC, ORG Kerala, PER Thiruvanchoor Radhakrishnan, ORG Kerala Congress, ORG Indian National Congress, ORG CPI, ORG United Democratic Front, ORG BMS, LOC Kottayam, ORG Bharatiya Janata Party, LOC Kerala, ORG Indian Workers ' Union, ORG CITU, ORG UDF, ORG Communist Party of India, ORG BJP, ORG Centre of Indian Trade Unions, ORG Indian National Trade Union Congress, ORG Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh", "Response": "The major political parties active in Kottayam are Indian National Congress (INC), Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI[M]), Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and Kerala Congress. Trade union movements are also popular in Kottayam as Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh (BMS, Indian Workers' Union), Indian National Trade Union Congress (INTUC) and Centre of Indian Trade Unions (CITU) affiliated workers engaged in the labor sector.\nThe current municipal chairperson is Bincy Sebastian. United Democratic Front (Kerala) (UDF[K]) is the ruling coalition of parties, holding a majority in the municipal council.\nThe current member of legislative assembly (MLA) from Kottayam is Thiruvanchoor Radhakrishnan. He has been of the member of legislative assembly of Kerala representing Kottayam town constituency since 2011."}, {"Context": "Kottayam Villages", "Knowledge": "PER Chemmalamattam, PER Erattupetta Kangazha Kanjirappally, PER Edayirikapuzha", "Response": "Chemmalamattam\nEdayirikapuzha\nErattupetta\nKangazha\nKanjirappally"}, {"Context": "Kumarakom Introduction", "Knowledge": "LOC Kumarakom, LOC India, LOC Vembanad Lake, ORG New York Times, LOC Kerala, LOC Kottayam", "Response": "Kumarakom is a popular tourism destination located near the city of Kottayam (10 kilometres (6 mi)), in Kerala, India, famous for its backwater tourism. It is set in the backdrop of the Vembanad Lake, the largest lake in the state of Kerala. In January 2023, when Kerala was chosen by the New York Times as one among the 52 must-see tourist destinations in the world, Kumarakom got a special mention for its backwater tourism."}, {"Context": "Kumarakom History", "Knowledge": "PER Kumarakom, LOC Vembanad Lake, LOC Kottathodu, LOC Padakkalam, LOC Travancore, LOC Padanilam, LOC Kumarakom, LOC Thekkumkur, LOC Thekkumcore", "Response": "Kumarakom was within the jurisdiction of the king of Thekkumkur while that kingdom existed, and it was usual to have fighting and competitions among local kings. Small boats called Chundan Vallam and Kettu Vallam were widely used among the local kings for their lightning attacks and fighting in central Travancore. During those days Vembanad Lake was a dangerous area; therefore the king of Thekkumcore kept soldiers in Kumarakom and constructed a fort at the entrance of Kottathodu in Kumarakom.Soldiers were kept in certain areas of Kumarakom for protection against enemy attacks; some of those places still have \"pada\" (meaning war) in their names, such as Padakkalam and Padanilam. The remains of the fort's wall, six feet broad, can still be seen near the village office of Kumarakom."}, {"Context": "Kumarakom Environment", "Knowledge": "LOC Kumarakom Bird Sanctuary, LOC Vembanad Lake, LOC Poovalan, LOC Kerala, LOC Kumarakom", "Response": "Kumarakom is home to a wide variety of flora and fauna. Kumarakom Bird Sanctuary is a noted bird sanctuary where many species of migratory birds visit. The Vembanad Lake, the largest backwater in Kerala, is habitat for many marine and freshwater fish species and it teems with Karimeen (Pearl spot also known as Etroplus suratensis) shrimp (Metapenaeus dobsonii) common name Poovalan chemeen. The bird sanctuary extends over 14 acres (57,000 m2), and came into existence following preservation efforts from the government. It is a major tourist attraction."}, {"Context": "Kumarakom Climate", "Knowledge": "LOC Kumarakom", "Response": "Kumarakom has a moderate climate throughout the year. It is a balanced tropical climate, which has two monsoons south west and north east. Some times heavy rain and some times summer"}, {"Context": "Kumarakom Economy", "Knowledge": "LOC Meenachil, LOC Kumarakom, LOC Thanneermukkam, LOC Guava", "Response": "Fishing, agriculture  and tourism are the major economic activities.  Kumarakom's perfectly balanced tropical climate is very conducive to cultivation. The place has expanses of mangrove forests, paddy fields and coconut groves. Fruits like Banana, Mango, Jackfruit, Ambazhanga, Puli (Tamarind), Chaambenga, Peraycka (Guava), Aathaycka and Pineapple grow here. Also, cocoa and coffee, chena(yam) and chembu (colocasia), grow well and were cultivated under the coconut trees. This rich agricultural environment is mainly irrigated using interspersed waterways and canals of the Meenachil river. The smaller canals are often lined by hibiscus plants which lean partly over the canals to form a green canopy, from which hang the lovely hibiscus flowers.\nIn the olden days, when the bund separating the backwaters from the sea was not yet built, the water in the canals moved in and out with the sea tide and it was salty. \nAfter the Thanneermukkam bund was constructed, the connection to the open sea was not free anymore, and so the tidal movement of the water in the canals stopped. \nIt stagnated and then plenty of water hyacinths started growing densely in the canals, forming lovely green carpets with pale lilac flowers carpets."}, {"Context": "Kumarakom Religion", "Knowledge": "LOC Attamangalam St John the Baptist church, LOC Thazhathangady Juma Masjid, ORG SNDP, LOC Kumarakom, LOC Sree Kumaramangalam Temple", "Response": "Main religions are Hinduism and Christianity, More than 70% of people belong to Ezhava caste under four SNDP of Sree Kumaramangalam Temple, and the rest of the people belong to Christian religion The famous church in Kumarakom is Attamangalam St John the Baptist church. The 1000-year-old Thazhathangady Juma Masjid, a mosque, is located nearby Kumarakom, almost 6 km (3.7 mi) away. The people of Kumarakom celebrate both the festivals of Temples and Churches equally without the discrimination of caste and religions."}, {"Context": "Kumarakom Fishing", "Knowledge": "LOC Pearl", "Response": "Fishing is mainly done using the small boats (vallams) and gill nets (gear). The main catches are black clam (Villorita cyprinoides), Karimeen (Pearl spot also known as Etroplus suratensis) and shrimp (Metapenaeus dobsonii)."}, {"Context": "Kumarakom Boat race", "Knowledge": "LOC Kumarakom, LOC Vembanad", "Response": "Kumarakom has a wide variety of houseboats and is well known throughout the world for houseboat experience. They are used only for tourists these days. A separate boat known as kettuvallam is used by the people to go fishing or to transport goods. Apart from these, there are elegant special boats like Kochu-odi Vallam, Odi-Vallam, Iruttukutthi Vallam, Churulan Vallam and Chundan Vallam, which take part in the boat races around Onam time, including the Nehru Trophy boat race Alappuzha. There is a private sailing club in Kumarakom, located on the shore of the Vembanad lake."}, {"Context": "Kumarakom Modes of access", "Knowledge": "LOC Kumarakom, ORG Cheepunkal, LOC Cheepunkal, ORG Govt. of Kerala, ORG SWTD, LOC Muhamma, LOC Alappuzha, LOC Maniaparambu, LOC Cochin International Airport, LOC Kuttanad, LOC Kottayam, LOC Vempanad", "Response": "One can access Kumarakom by many means:\n\nBy air: via Cochin International Airport approximately 80 kilometres (50 mi).\nBy rail: via Kottayam\nBy road:KSRTC(10 kilometres) Buses and taxis are easily available at all times of the day from Kottayam.\nBy boat: Public ferry by SWTD (Govt. of Kerala) to and from Muhamma (near Alappuzha) to Kumarakom Jetty. Public ferry is also available from Cheepunkal jetty located 5 km (3.1 mi) apart. Once can avail a public ferry and return to same spot in about 1.5 hours at cheap rate of Rs 20 on Kumarakom-Muhamma\u2014Kumarakom route (across Vempanad lake). Also one can choose Cheepunkal-Maniaparambu-Cheepunkal to see Kuttanad like topography, agriculture, life along the river.Ferry Timings:"}, {"Context": "Kumarakom Tourism sightseeing", "Knowledge": "LOC Bay Island Drift Museum, LOC India, LOC Vembanad Lake, ORG Aruvikkuzhi Waterfall, LOC Kumarakom, LOC Bird Sanctuary, ORG Kerala Tourism", "Response": "Tourism in Kumarakom largely revolves -around the backwaters of the Vembanad Lake. Several luxury and budget resorts lined up on the shores of the lake provide tourists with facilities for boating, yachting and fishing, with panoramic views of the lake. The other major attraction is the Bird Sanctuary, which is open from 6 am to 6 pm and can be visited by canoes arranged by local fishermen at the entrance to the sanctuary. A two-hour rowing canoe trip is quite cheap, and is best undertaken in the evening or early morning to avoid the afternoon sun.\nFurthermore, the Aruvikkuzhi Waterfall and its surrounding rubber plantation are a photographer's delight. There is also the Bay Island Drift Museum near the Kumarakom beach for  history lovers, open from 10 am \u2013 5 pm on Tuesdays \u2013 Saturdays and from 11.30 am \u2013 5 pm on Sundays.\nKumarakom is the first destination in  India to Implement Responsible Tourism practices. Kerala Tourism was awarded for its path-breaking 'Responsible Tourism' project in Kumarakom, which has successfully linked the local community with the hospitality industry and government departments, thereby creating a model for empowerment and development of the people in the area while sustaining eco-friendly tourism."}, {"Context": "Kumarakom Vivanta By Taj", "Knowledge": "PER Alfred George Baker, LOC Taj Garden Retreat, PER A G Baker, LOC Kumarakom, LOC Vivanta By Taj, PER Baker", "Response": "Earlier Taj Garden Retreat, now Vivanta By Taj, the first modern tourist resort in Kumarakom was established in the Victorian two storeyed bungalow built by Alfred George Baker in the year 1881 on huge pieces of teak wood rafters packed in mud as a base. This house on the lake at Kumarakom was the house of four generations of the Baker family, for over a hundred years. The bird Sanctuary and the two storeyed bungalow built by Mr.A G Baker on the muddy land are places of interest for tourists from all over the world. The bungalow still remains grand but silent reminder of an age and people whose hard work cannot be erased by time."}, {"Context": "Kumarakom Schools nearby", "Knowledge": "ORG St. Mary ' s, ORG Maria Bhavan School, ORG Govt, ORG Sacred Heart L. P School, ORG Government Higher Secondary School, ORG Sree Kumaramangalam Higher Secondary School, PER Kavanatinkara, LOC Kumarakom, ORG Kumarakom, PER Anie Baker, PER Pandan Bazar, ORG Sree Kumaramangalam Public School", "Response": "Sree Kumaramangalam Public School, Kumarakom\nSree Kumaramangalam Higher Secondary School\nGovernment Higher Secondary School\nGovt U P School Pandan Bazar Kumarakom\nSt. Mary's LP school\nMaria Bhavan School\nSacred Heart L.P School\nSB LP School\nAnie Baker memorial U P school Kavanatinkara"}, {"Context": "Kumarakom In popular culture", "Knowledge": "PER Alfred George Baker, LOC Taj Garden Retreat, LOC Meenachil, LOC Ayemenem, PER Kari Saipu, PER Baker Sahib, LOC Kottayam, LOC History House, ORG Baker Memorial School, PER Arundhati Roy, LOC Kumarakom, LOC Taj, LOC Aymanam, PER Baker", "Response": "Arundhati Roy's The God of Small Things is set in Ayemenem or Aymanam village, which adjoins Kumarakom. The explosive success of this novel has given some added tourism impetus to this area.  The Taj Garden Retreat hotel complex is centered on a building that is called \"History House\" in the novel; it was built by British missionary Alfred George Baker, whom the locals called \"Kari Saipu\" (possibly an elided form of \"Baker Sahib\"), as in the novel. Four generations of Bakers lived in the house until 1962, speaking Malayalam, and even wearing the mundu. The Baker Memorial School, Kottayam, was started by a daughter of this family in 1925.  The Baker family's house is in ruins in the novel, as it was in reality before was developed into a hotel and has been restored by the Taj group. The Ayemenem house, where Arundhati Roy spent part of her childhood (like the twins in the story), can also be visited in the village, which can be reached by boat along the Meenachil river that figures prominently in the story."}, {"Context": "Kumarakom Special tourism zone", "Knowledge": "LOC Kerala, LOC Kumarakom, ORG STZ", "Response": "Kumarakom has been declared a special tourism zone by the Kerala state government, as legislated for by Kerala Tourism Act, 2005. Development in the area is therefore now controlled by the guidelines written by the STZ committee, and published at http://www.keralatourism.org/specialtourism.php"}, {"Context": "Kumarakom Awards and honours", "Knowledge": "", "Response": "It had won top honours including the UNWTO Ulysses Award  for Innovation in Public Policy and Governance. The Kumarakom initiative had earlier won the National Award for Best Responsible Tourism Project and also the PATA Grand Award for Environment."}, {"Context": "Kumbalgarh Introduction", "Knowledge": "ORG World Heritage Committee, LOC Phnom Penh, LOC India, LOC Kumbhal fort, LOC Rajasthan, LOC Cambodia, LOC Kumbhalgarh Fort, LOC Udaipur, LOC Kumbhalgarh, PER Rana Kumbha, LOC Aravalli Hills, LOC Great Wall of India, ORG Hill Forts, LOC Rajsamand, LOC Mewar, PER Mandan", "Response": "Kumbhalgarh (literally \"Kumbhal fort\"), also known as the Great Wall of India, is a Mewar fortress on the westerly range of Aravalli Hills, just about 48 km from Rajsamand city in the Rajsamand district of the Rajasthan state in western India. It is located about 84 km from Udaipur. It is a World Heritage Site included in Hill Forts of Rajasthan. It was built during the 15th century by Rana Kumbha.In 2013, at the 37th session of the World Heritage Committee held in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, Kumbhalgarh Fort, along with five other forts of Rajasthan, was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site under the group Hill Forts of Rajasthan.\nThe chief architect who built this fort was Mandan, who documented his style of work in his text, Rajvallabh.\nThe fort is among the largest fort complexes in the world."}, {"Context": "Kumbalgarh History", "Knowledge": "PER Samprati, PER Akbar, PER Mahmud Khalji, LOC Kumbhalgarh, PER Rana, LOC Madhya Pradesh, PER Rana Kumbha, LOC Matsyaendra Durg, LOC Udaipur State, LOC Mewar, LOC Nadol, LOC Ranthambore, LOC Marwar, PER Banmata, PER James Tod, LOC Godwar, PER Chittor, PER Sisodia, PER Rana Lakha, PER Pratap, LOC Rajasthan, PER Maharana Kumbha, LOC Gujarat, PER Udai, LOC Maurya, PER Shahbaz Khan, PER Ahmed Shah I, LOC Gwalior, PER Mandan", "Response": "The early history of the fort could not be ascertained on account of lack of evidence. Before Rana Kumbha built the new fort, there was a small fort, limited to small hilly area,  believed to have been built by King Samprati of the Maurya and was known as Matsyaendra Durg. Rana Lakha won this entire area and plains of Godwar from  Chauhan Rajputs of Nadol in late 14th century.Kumbhalgarh, as the fort we see it was built by Rana Kumbha who was the Rana of Mewar from the Sisodia rajput clan. Rana Kumbha took the aid of the famous architect of the era, \"Mandan\". Rana Kumbha's kingdom of Mewar stretched from Ranthambore to Gwalior and included large tracts of what is now Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan.  Out of the 84 forts in his dominion, Rana Kumbha is said to have built 32 of them, of which Kumbhalgarh is the largest and most elaborate.Kumbhalgarh also separated Mewar and Marwar from each other and was used as a place of refuge for the rulers of Mewar at times of danger. A notable instance was in the case of Prince Udai, the infant king of Mewar who was smuggled here in 1535, when Chittor was under siege. Prince Udai later succeeded to the throne. The fort remained impregnable to direct assault.\nAhmed Shah I of Gujarat attacked the fort in 1457, but found the effort futile. There was a local belief then that the Banmata deity in the fort protected it and hence he destroyed the temple. There were further attempts in 1458\u201359 and 1467 by Mahmud Khalji, but it also proved futile. Akbar's general, Shahbaz Khan, attacked this fort in October 1577 and after the siege of 6 months, he was able to capture the fort in April 1577. But it was recaptured by Pratap in 1578. In 1818, an armed band of sanyasis formed a garrison to protect the fort, but was convinced by James Tod and the fort was taken over by the British and later returned to Udaipur State. There were additions made by Maharanas of Mewar, but the original structure built by Maharana Kumbha remains. The residential buildings and temples are well-preserved. The fort is also known to be the birthplace of Maharana Pratap."}, {"Context": "Kumbalgarh Architecture", "Knowledge": "LOC Aravalli Range, LOC Kumbhalgarh, LOC Aravalli", "Response": "Built on a hilltop 1,100 m (3,600 ft) above sea level on the Aravalli range, the fort of Kumbhalgarh has perimeter walls that extend 36 km (22 mi), making it among the longest walls in the world. The frontal walls are fifteen feet thick.  Kumbhalgarh has seven fortified gateways.  There are over 70 temples within the fort, both Jain and Hindu Temples.  From the palace top, it is possible to see Kilometres into the Aravalli Range."}, {"Context": "Kumbalgarh Important structures in the fort", "Knowledge": "LOC Bhairon Pol, LOC Ganesha Temple, PER Akbar, LOC Mamadeo temple, LOC Charbhuja, LOC Neel Kanth Mahadeva temple, LOC Ram Pol, LOC Mataji temple, LOC Golera, LOC Jain, LOC Neela Kanth, LOC Badal Mahal, PER Hanuman, LOC Aaret Pol, LOC Nimboo Pol, PER Kunwar Prithviraj, PER Maharana Kumbha, PER Rana Sanga, LOC Kheda Devi, LOC Vijay Pol, LOC Badshahi Bavdi, PER Shiva, LOC Sun, LOC Surya Mandir, LOC Hanuman Pol, PER Shahbaz Khan, LOC Hindu TempleGanesha temple, LOC Palace, LOC Halla Pol, LOC Ganesh Pol, PER Ganesha, LOC Pagda Pol, LOC Chaugan Pol", "Response": "Aaret Pol was the first entry gate of the fort. Halla Pol is on the downward slope from the entrance. Just after Halla Pol is Badshahi Bavdi, a stepped tank, built after the invasion of Shahbaz Khan in 1578, the general of Mughal emperor Akbar to provide water to the troops.Hanuman Pol, the next gate is half a KM away from Halla Pol. Hanuman Pol is a double-storeyed gate with octagonal bastions. The gate got its name from the stone image of Hanuman located in front of the gate, which was brought by Maharana Kumbha.Ram Pol is the main entrance of the fort, there is another entrance towards the east, called Vijay Pol.There are five more gates between Ram Pol to Badal Mahal, the Palace built on the highest point of the fort. Names of these gates are Bhairon Pol, Nimboo Pol, Chaugan Pol, Pagda Pol and Ganesh Pol.Most buildings are visible from the Ram Pol, which is considered an architectural specimen. \n\nHindu TempleGanesha temple - Situated on the left of the Ram Pol, this temple was built by Maharana Kumbha and the image of Ganesha is enshrined in the sanctum. Standing on a high platform entered through a flight of steps from the south. The sanctum has decorated curvilinear brick sikhar while mandapa and mukhamandapa have a domical ceiling. Charbhuja temple - Dedicated to the four-armed goddess, this temple is just on the hill slope on the right side of Ganesha Temple. It is raised over a high platform and enclosed by a wall with an entrance from the east.Neel Kanth Mahadeva temple is located on the eastern side of the fort built during 1458 CE. The central shrine of Shiva is approached through a rectangular enclosure and through a structure supported by 24 huge pillars. The idol of Shiva is made of black stone and is depicted with 12 hands. The inscriptions indicate that the temple was renovated by Rana Sanga.Mataji temple, also called Kheda Devi temple is located on the southern side of Neela Kanth temple.\nThere are 5 Hindu temples in Golera group of temples. Mamadeo temple. Cenotaph of  Kunwar Prithviraj, elder brother of Rana Sanga is near to this temple.Surya Mandir (Sun temple)Jain TempleParsva Natha temple (built during 1513), Jain temple on the eastern side and Bawan (52) Jain temples.\nThere are 4 Jain Temples in the Golera group of temples.\n2 Jain Temples near Vijay PolJuna Bhilwara Temple\nPital Shah Jain temple"}, {"Context": "Kumbalgarh Culture", "Knowledge": "ORG World Heritage Committee, PER William Westall, LOC Phnom Penh, PER Maharana Kumbha, LOC Rajasthan, LOC Chittor Fort, LOC Jaisalmer Fort, PER Fisher, LOC Fortress of Bowrie, LOC Gagron Fort, LOC Kumbhalgarh, LOC Ranthambore Fort, ORG Rajasthan Tourism Department, LOC Rajpootana, LOC Amber Fort", "Response": "The Rajasthan Tourism Department organises a three-day annual festival in the fort in remembrance of the passion of Maharana Kumbha towards art and architecture. Sound and light shows are organised with the fort as the background. Various concerts and dance events are also organised to commemorate the function. The other events during the festival are Heritage Fort Walk, turban tying, tug-of war and mehendi mandana among others.Six forts of Rajasthan, namely, Amber Fort, Chittor Fort, Gagron Fort, Jaisalmer Fort, Kumbhalgarh and Ranthambore Fort were included in the UNESCO World Heritage Site list during the 37th meeting of the World Heritage Committee in Phnom Penh during June 2013. They were recognized as a serial cultural property and examples of Rajput military hill architecture.This fort (Kumbhalgarh) is previously described as  The Fortress of Bowrie, in Rajpootana., as painted by William Westall with an engraving in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1836"}, {"Context": "Kurukshetra Introduction", "Knowledge": "LOC Haryana, LOC Dharmakshetra, LOC Kurukshetra, LOC Land", "Response": "Kurukshetra (Hindi pronunciation: [k\u028ar\u028ak\u0283e\u02d0t\u027e\u0259], pronunciation ) is a city and administrative headquarter of Kurukshetra district in the Indian state of Haryana. It is also known as Dharmakshetra (\"Realm of duty \") and as the \"Land of the Bhagavad Gita\"."}, {"Context": "Kurukshetra Legends", "Knowledge": "LOC Sugh, PER Lord, LOC Punjab, LOC Kurukshetra, LOC Delhi, LOC Khandava, LOC Srughna, LOC Haryana, LOC Parin, PER Vishnu, LOC Drishadvati, LOC Maru, PER Pandavas, LOC Sarasvati, LOC Mewat, LOC Kuru, LOC Sarasvati River, LOC Turghna, LOC Sirhind, LOC Holy Land, PER Kauravas, LOC Thaneswar, PER Kuru", "Response": "According to the Puranas, Kurukshetra is a region named after King Kuru, the ancestor of Kauravas and Pandavas in the Kuru kingdom, as depicted in epic Mahabharata. The Kurukshetra War of the Mahabharata is believed to have taken place here. Thaneswar whose urban area is merged with Kurukshetra is a pilgrimage site with many locations attributed to Mahabharata.In the Vedas Kurukshetra is described not as a city but as a region (\"kshetra\" means \"region\" in Sanskrit). The boundaries of Kurukshetra correspond roughly to the central and western parts of the state of Haryana and southern Punjab. According to the Taittiriya Aranyaka 5.1.1., the Kurukshetra region is south of Turghna (Srughna/Sugh in Sirhind, Punjab), north of Khandava (Delhi and Mewat region), east of Maru (desert), and west of Parin.According to the Vamana Purana, King Kuru chose land at the banks of the Sarasvati River for embedding spirituality with eight virtues:  austerity (Tapas), truth (Satya), forgiveness (Kshama), kindness (Daya), purity (Shuddha), charity (Daana), devotion (Yajna), and conduct (Brahmacharya). Lord Vishnu was impressed with the acts of King Kuru and blessed him with two boons\u2014first, that this land forever will be known as a Holy Land after his name as Kurukshetra (the land of Kuru); second that anyone dying on this land will go to heaven.\nThe land of Kurukshetra was situated between two rivers\u2014the Sarasvati and the Drishadvati."}, {"Context": "Kurukshetra History", "Knowledge": "PER Janamejaya, LOC Bengal, ORG Kauravas, PER Tomara, LOC Kurukshetra, PER Mahmud of Gha, LOC Grey Ware, PER Puru, PER Xuanzang, PER Parikshit, LOC Kurus, LOC Kuru Kingdom, ORG Gupta, PER Pushyabhuti, ORG Kushan, LOC Thanesar, ORG Pushyabhuti, PER Harsha, ORG Pandavas, LOC Kuru kingdom", "Response": "Kuru Kingdom, founded by King Puru - the ancestors of Kauravas and Pandavas Vedic Indo-Aryan tribal union in northern Iron Age (c. 1200 \u2013 c. 900 BCE), developed into the first recorded state-level society (janapada) in the Indian subcontinent. This kingdom documented their ritual hymns into collections called the Vedas, and developed new rituals which gained their position in Indian civilization as the Srauta rituals, which contributed to the \"classical synthesis\" or \"Hindu synthesis\" (roots of Hinduism). It was the dominant political and cultural center of the middle Vedic Period during the reigns of Parikshit and Janamejaya, but declined in importance during the late Vedic period (c. 900 \u2013 c. 500 BCE) and had become \"something of a backwater\" by the Mahajanapada period in the 5th century BCE. Traditions and legends about the Kurus continued into the post-Vedic period, providing the basis for the Mahabharata epic. The time-frame and geographical extent of the Kuru kingdom (as determined by philological study of the Vedic literature) corresponds with the archaeological Painted Grey Ware culture.Kurukshetra was conquered by the Mauryan empire in the late 4th century BCE and subsequently became a center of Buddhism and Hinduism. The history of Kurukshetra is little-known in between the collapse of the Mauryans and the rise of the Kushans who conquered the region. After the decline of Kushan power in the region, Kurukshetra became independent only to become conquered by the Gupta empire in the early 4th century CE. Under Gupta rule, Kurukshetra experienced a cultural and religious revival and became a center for Hinduism. After the fall of the Gupta, the Pushyabhuti dynasty ruled over Kurukshetra.Kurukshetra reached the zenith of its progress during the reign of King Harsha (c. 590\u2013647 CE) during which Chinese scholar Xuanzang visited Thanesar. Civil war broke out when Harsha (of the Pushyabhuti dynasty) died without a successor in 647. A Kashmiri army briefly conquered Kurukshetra in 733 but were unable to establish dominion in the area. In 736, the Tomara dynasty was founded and they took over the region. Around the early 9th century, Kurukshetra lost its independence to Bengal. Mahmud of Ghazni sacked Kurukshetra in 1014 and Muslim raiders sacked it in 1034. Kurukshetra was incorporated into the Delhi Sultanate in 1206. Other than a short moment of independence from the result of a rebellion within the Sultanate in 1240, Kurukshetra was under the control of Delhi until 1388.Kurukshetra became independent once again after the steep decline of the Delhi Sultanate and the raids of Tamerlane near the region. The Sayyid dynasty incorporated Kurukshetra into their territory though the city likely enjoyed some autonomy. The area was much more firmly controlled under the subsequent Lodi dynasty. Some damages to Kurukshetra and its structures occurred during this period. Kurukshetra became part of the Mughal Empire after Babur quashed a local rebellion in 1526. Under Akbar, Kurukshetra once again became a spiritual center not only for Hindus but also for Sikhs and Muslims.Between the late 17th and early 18th centuries, Kurukshetra was controlled by the forces of the Maratha Empire until the British took over Delhi in 1803. In 1805, the British took Kurukshetra after defeating the Maratha forces in the Second Anglo-Maratha War, who were controlling the city. Since 1947, Kurukshetra has become a popular spiritual center and has seen much infrastructure, development, and restoration of old structures."}, {"Context": "Kurukshetra Geography", "Knowledge": "LOC Chandigarh, LOC Kurukshetra, LOC Meerut, LOC Yamuna Nagar, LOC Mansa, LOC Ladwa, LOC Roorkee, LOC Patiala, LOC Sonipat, LOC Hisar, LOC Ludhiana, LOC Jalandhar, LOC Karnal, LOC Muzaffarnagar, LOC Pehowa, LOC New Delhi, LOC Shimla, LOC Panipat, LOC Saharanpur, LOC Amritsar, LOC Cheeka, LOC Kaithal, LOC Jind, LOC Jagadhri, LOC Shamli, LOC Ambala, LOC Dehradun", "Response": "Kurukshetra city is surrounded by Patiala, Ludhiana, Jalandhar, Amritsar to the northwest, Ambala, Chandigarh, Shimla to the north, Yamuna Nagar, Jagadhri, Dehradun to the northeast, Pehowa, Cheeka, Mansa to the west, Ladwa, Saharanpur, Roorkee to the east, Kaithal, Jind, Hisar to the southwest, Karnal, Panipat, Sonipat, New Delhi to the south, and Shamli, Muzaffarnagar, Meerut to the southeast."}, {"Context": "Kurukshetra Climate", "Knowledge": "", "Response": "The climate of the district varies as the temperature in summer reaches as high as 47 \u00b0C, and as low 1 \u00b0C in winter, with rains in July and August."}, {"Context": "Kurukshetra Demography", "Knowledge": "LOC Kurukshetra, ORG Municipal Corporation", "Response": "In 2017, the government declared Kurukshetra a holy city and the sale, possession, and consumption of meat are banned within the limits of the Municipal Corporation due to its religious significance."}, {"Context": "Kurukshetra Transport", "Knowledge": "LOC Kurukshetra, LOC Thanesar, LOC Delhi \u2013 Kalka, LOC Kurukshetra Junction, LOC Kurukshetra \u2013 Jind, LOC Haryana", "Response": "Kurukshetra Junction railway station is a junction station at the junction of Delhi\u2013Kalka line and Kurukshetra\u2013Jind branch line. It is located in the Indian state of Haryana. It serves Kurukshetra and Thanesar city."}, {"Context": "Kurukshetra Tourism", "Knowledge": "ORG Gita, PER Arjuna, PER Krishna, LOC Kurukshetra, LOC Kururukshetra", "Response": "Kurukshetra is an important Hindu pilgrimage destination, and there are several pilgrimage sites surrounding the city. The Hindi phrase 48 kos parikrama refers to a roughly 90-km traditional circle (Parikrama) around the holy city (1 kos equals about 3.00 km or 1.91 miles), and a complete parikrama refers to a pilgrimage to all these sites on foot. The International Gita Mahotsav, held every year in Kururukshetra on the Shukla Ekadashi - the 11th day of the waxing moon of the Margashirsha (Agrahayan) month of the Hindu calendar, celebrates the day Bhagavad Gita was revealed to Arjuna by Krishna in the battlefield of Kurukshetra."}, {"Context": "Kurukshetra Hindu religious sites", "Knowledge": "LOC Sthaneshwar Mahadev Temple, PER Arjuna, LOC Sarovar, LOC Dharohar Museum, LOC Sannihit Sarovar, LOC Jyotisar, LOC Kurukshetra Panorama and Science Centre, ORG Kurukshetra University, PER Gita, LOC Haryana, PER Bhagavad Gita, LOC Brahma Sarovar, LOC Asia", "Response": "Brahma Sarovar: Every year lakhs (hundreds of thousands) of people come to take a holy bath at Brahma Sarovar on the occasion of \"Somavati Amavasya\" (Sacred No-Moon Day that happens on a Monday) and on solar eclipses. They believe that a bath in the holy Sarovar frees all sins and cycle of birth-death. The Sarovar is one of Asia's largest man-made ponds. Hindu genealogy registers are kept here.\nSannihit Sarovar: The pond is believed to be the meeting point of seven sacred Saraswatis. The Sarovar, according to popular belief, contains sacred water. Bathing in the waters of the tank on the day of Amavasya (night of complete darkness) or on the day of an eclipse bestows blessings equivalent to performing the Ashvamedh Yajna.\nJyotisar: The famous site where Bhagavad Gita was delivered to Arjuna under the tree. The tree of that time is witness to Gita.\nKurukshetra Panorama and Science Centre: A mural depiction of the Mahabharata war.\nDharohar Museum: A museum about the tradition and cultural depiction of Haryana located in Kurukshetra University.\nSthaneshwar Mahadev Temple"}, {"Context": "Kurukshetra Historical sites", "Knowledge": "PER Hazrat Sheikh Mian Mir Sahib, PER Aabd - ul - Razak, LOC Nabha House, LOC Nabha, PER Shaikh Chehli, LOC Chaheli, PER Dara Shikoh, ORG Archaeological Survey of India, PER Chehli, PER Chilli, PER Abdu ' r - Rahim, LOC Tomb, LOC Pathar Masjid, LOC Lahore", "Response": "Sheikh Chilli's Tomb: This monument is maintained by the Archaeological Survey of India. It was built during the Mughal era in remembrance of Sufi Saint Sheikh Chehli, believed to be the spiritual teacher of Mughal Prince Dara Shikoh. The Prince's main 'Murshid' or 'Sheikh' (Spiritual Guide), however, is historically known to have been Hazrat Sheikh Mian Mir Sahib, of Lahore, although Sheikh Chehli might have been an additional teacher. Another theory is that the site of the so-called maqbara or tomb. Sheikh Chaheli\u2019s Tomb and the madarasa are associated with the Sufi saint Abdu'r-Rahim alias Aabd-ul-Razak, popularly known as Shaikh Chehli (also pronounced Chilli).\nThe Pathar Masjid is built of red sandstone and is known for its fluted minaret.\nNabha House, a palatial building was constructed by the royal family of Nabha principality."}, {"Context": "Kurukshetra Wildlife", "Knowledge": "LOC Kurukshetra Chhilchhila Wildlife Sanctuary Saraswati Wildlife Sanctuary", "Response": "Crocodile Breeding Centre, Kurukshetra\nChhilchhila Wildlife Sanctuary\nSaraswati Wildlife Sanctuary"}, {"Context": "Kurukshetra Educational institutes", "Knowledge": "ORG Kurukshetra University National Institute of Design, LOC Palwal, LOC Kurukshetra, ORG University Institute of Engineering and Technology, ORG National Institute of Technology, ORG Kurukshetra University, ORG District Institute of Education & Training, ORG Shri Krishna AYUSH University", "Response": "District Institute of Education & Training, Palwal, Kurukshetra\nKurukshetra University\nNational Institute of Design\nNational Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra\nShri Krishna AYUSH University\nUniversity Institute of Engineering and Technology, Kurukshetra University"}, {"Context": "Kurukshetra Politics", "Knowledge": "ORG 16th Lok Sabha, PER Nayab Singh Saini, LOC Kurukshetra, ORG 17th Lok Sabha, PER Raj Kumar Saini", "Response": "Nayab Singh Saini is the current Member of Parliament of 17th Lok Sabha for Kurukshetra. Before him Raj Kumar Saini was the Member of Parliament of 16th Lok Sabha."}, {"Context": "Kurukshetra District administration", "Knowledge": "ORG General Administration, ORG Haryana Civil Service, LOC Haryana, LOC Ladwa, ORG Indian Administrative Service, LOC Ismailabad, ORG Haryana Forest Service, ORG Indian Police Service, ORG Animal Husbandry, LOC Pehowa, ORG Health, LOC Shahbad, ORG Education, ORG Agriculture, ORG Statistics, ORG Haryana Police Service, ORG Indian Forest Service, LOC Jhansa, LOC Babain, ORG PWD, ORG Haryana Police, LOC Haryana Forest, PER Conservator of", "Response": "The Deputy Commissioner, an officer belonging to the Indian Administrative Service, is in charge of the General Administration in the district. He is assisted by a number of officers belonging to Haryana Civil Service and other Haryana state services.\nThe Superintendent of Police, an officer belonging to the Indian Police Service, is responsible for maintaining Law & Order and related issues in the district. He is assisted by the officers of the Haryana Police Service and other Haryana Police officials.\nThe Deputy Conservator of Forests, an officer belonging to the Indian Forest Service, is responsible for the management of the Forests, Environment, and Wildlife in the district. He is assisted by the officers of the Haryana Forest Service and other Haryana Forest officials and Haryana Wildlife officials.\nSectoral development is looked after by the district head/officer of each development department such as PWD, Health, Education, Agriculture, Animal Husbandry, Statistics, etc. These officers are from various Haryana state services.\nShahbad, Ladwa, Pehowa, Babain, Ismailabad, and Jhansa are other towns in the district with significant populations."}, {"Context": "Kurukshetra In popular art", "Knowledge": "PER Ramdhari Singh, PER Dinkar, PER Santi Parva", "Response": "Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar' wrote an epic poem titled Kurukshetra, a narrative poem based on the Santi Parva of the Mahabharata. He wrote the poem when memories of the Second World War were fresh in his mind."}, {"Context": "Kurukshetra Notable people", "Knowledge": "ORG 16th Lok Sabha, PER Sanjay Chaudhary, PER Kailasho Devi Saini, PER Nayab Singh Saini, ORG Ladwa, PER Surinder Kaur, LOC Kurukshetra, PER Sandeep Singh Saini, PER Rohit Sardana, ORG HUM Foundation, LOC Pehowa, LOC Haryana, PER Raj Kumar Saini, PER Pawan Saini", "Response": "Nayab Singh Saini, Member of Parliament of Kurukshetra\nDr. Pawan Saini, doctor, academician, social activist and former MLA of Ladwa\nRaj Kumar Saini, former Member of Parliament from Kurukshetra of 16th Lok Sabha\nSandeep Singh Saini, former captain of Indian Hockey team, current MLA from Pehowa and Sports Minister of Haryana\nKailasho Devi Saini, politician and former Member of Parliament\nSurinder Kaur, Hockey player and member of the national field hockey team\nRohit Sardana, journalist, anchor and media personality\nSanjay Chaudhary, HUM Foundation, Social Activist"}, {"Context": "Lachung Introduction", "Knowledge": "LOC Lachung Monastery, LOC Lachen Valley, PER Joseph Dalton Hooker, LOC India, LOC Lachung Rivers, LOC Phuni, LOC River Teesta, LOC Gangtok, LOC Sikkim, LOC Yumthang Valley, LOC Tibet, LOC North Sikkim, ORG Indian Army, ORG Valley, LOC Lachung, LOC Bhutia, ORG The Himalayan Journal, LOC Lachen", "Response": "Lachung is a town and hill station in northeast Sikkim, India. It is located in the North Sikkim district near the border with Tibet. Lachung is at an elevation of about 9,600 feet (2,900 m) and at the confluence of the Lachen and Lachung Rivers, both tributaries of the River Teesta. The word Lachung means \"small pass\". The town is approximately 125 kilometres (78 mi) from the capital Gangtok.\nThe Indian Army has a forward base in the town. Before the Chinese occupation of Tibet in 1950, Lachung was a trading post between Sikkim and Tibet, after which it was closed down. The town's economy has been boosted by tourism in recent years as the region has been opened up by the Indian government. Tourists come from all over the world to visit the town between October and May, mostly on their way to the Yumthang Valley and the Lachung Monastery. Most of Lachung's inhabitants are of Lepcha and Tibetan descent. Languages spoken here are Nepali, Lepcha and Bhutia. During winter the town is usually covered in snow. Lachung is also the base camp for Rhododendron Valley Trek  which starts from Yumthang Valley and ends at Lachen Valley.\nLachung has been described as the \"most picturesque village of Sikkim\" by British explorer Joseph Dalton Hooker in his definitive, The Himalayan Journal (1855). Skiing is conducted in Phuni near this town."}, {"Context": "Lachung Banking Facilities in Lachung", "Knowledge": "ORG State Bank of India, LOC Lachung, ORG State Bank Of India", "Response": "State Bank of India is operating a branch in Lachung.\n\nState Bank Of India, Lachung\n\n\n== References =="}, {"Context": "Lansdowne Introduction", "Knowledge": "LOC Lansdown, LOC Lansdowne", "Response": "Lansdowne or Lansdown may refer to:"}, {"Context": "Lansdowne People", "Knowledge": "PER Zachary Lansdowne, PER William Petty, PER Earl, PER Fenwick Lansdowne, PER Lansdowne, PER George Granville, LOC Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, ORG Great Britain, PER Marquess, LOC India, PER Lansdown Guilding, PER Henry Petty - Fitzmaurice, PER Shelburne, LOC Canada, PER Marquess of Lansdowne", "Response": "Lansdown Guilding (1797\u20131831), Saint Vincent and the Grenadines naturalist and engraver\nFenwick Lansdowne (1937\u20132008), Canadian wildlife artist\nGeorge Granville, 1st Baron Lansdowne (1666\u20131735)\nMarquess of Lansdowne, title in the Peerage of Great Britain\nWilliam Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne, William Petty, 1st Marquess of Lansdowne, (1737\u20131805), prime minister  1782\u201383\nHenry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne (1845\u20131927), Governor General of Canada, Viceroy of India, Secretary of State for War, and Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs\nZachary Lansdowne (1888\u20131925), American naval officer and aviator"}, {"Context": "Lansdowne Australia", "Knowledge": "LOC Sydney Lansdowne, LOC Lansdowne, LOC Western Australia, ORG Mid - Coast Council, LOC Queensland, LOC New South Wales, LOC Blackall - Tambo Region Lansdowne County, LOC Northern Territory Lansdowne", "Response": "Lansdowne, New South Wales, Sydney\nLansdowne, New South Wales (Mid-Coast Council)\nLansdowne, Northern Territory\nLansdowne, Queensland, locality in the Blackall-Tambo Region\nLansdowne County, Western Australia"}, {"Context": "Lansdowne Canada", "Knowledge": "LOC Nova Scotia Lansdowne, LOC Edmonton, LOC Lansdowne, LOC Toronto, LOC Ontario Lansdowne Centre, LOC British Columbia Lansdowne, LOC Ontario Lansdowne, LOC Ontario Lansdowne Park, LOC Richmond, LOC Manitoba Lansdowne Avenue, LOC Yukon, LOC Alberta Lansdowne, LOC Ottawa", "Response": "Lansdowne, Edmonton, Alberta\nLansdowne, Nova Scotia\nLansdowne, Ontario\nLansdowne (electoral district), Manitoba\nLansdowne Avenue, Toronto, Ontario\nLansdowne Park, Ottawa, Ontario\nLansdowne Centre, Richmond, British Columbia\nLansdowne, Yukon"}, {"Context": "Lansdowne India", "Knowledge": "LOC Lansdowne Road, LOC India, LOC Uttarakhand Lansdowne, LOC Lansdowne, LOC Uttarakhand, LOC Kolkata, LOC Sarat Bose Road", "Response": "Lansdowne, India, cantonment town in Uttarakhand\nLansdowne (Uttarakhand Assembly constituency)\nLansdowne Road, Kolkata, now known as Sarat Bose Road"}, {"Context": "Lansdowne Ireland", "Knowledge": "LOC Dublin, LOC Aviva Stadium, LOC Lansdowne Road", "Response": "Lansdowne Road, a former sports stadium in Dublin whose site is occupied by the current Aviva Stadium"}, {"Context": "Lansdowne New Caledonia", "Knowledge": "ORG Lansdowne Bank", "Response": "Lansdowne Bank"}, {"Context": "Lansdowne New Zealand", "Knowledge": "LOC Christchurch Lansdowne, LOC Masterton, LOC Christchurch, LOC Lansdowne", "Response": "Lansdowne, Christchurch, a locality south of Christchurch\nLansdowne, Masterton"}, {"Context": "Lansdowne South Africa", "Knowledge": "LOC Cape Town, LOC Lansdowne", "Response": "Lansdowne, Cape Town"}, {"Context": "Lansdowne United Kingdom", "Knowledge": "LOC London, LOC Lansdown, LOC Bath Lansdown Crescent, ORG Crescent, ORG Lansdowne Primary School, ORG Lansdowne College, ORG Lansdowne House, LOC Bath Lansdowne, LOC Cheltenham Lansdowne, LOC Bath Lansdown, ORG Lansdowne School, ORG Lansdowne Club, LOC Cardiff, LOC Wales, LOC Charlcombe, LOC Bournemouth Lansdown", "Response": "Lansdown, Bath\nLansdown Crescent, Bath\nLansdown, Charlcombe, hamlet near Bath\nLansdowne, Bournemouth\nLansdown, Cheltenham\nLansdowne Crescent, London\nLansdowne House, London\nLansdowne School, London\nLansdowne College, London\nLansdowne Club, London\nLansdowne Primary School, Cardiff, Wales"}, {"Context": "Lansdowne United States", "Knowledge": "LOC Pittstown, LOC Lansdowne, LOC Greenville, LOC Maryland Lansdowne, LOC Natchez, LOC Maryland, ORG MBTA Commuter Rail, LOC Virginia Lansdowne, LOC Mississippi, LOC Pennsylvania Lansdowne, LOC Centreville, LOC Pennsylvania East Lansdowne, LOC Baltimore Highlands, LOC Worcester, LOC Ohio, LOC Kentucky Lansdowne, LOC Urbanna, LOC Lexington, LOC Fredericksburg, LOC Virginia, ORG MBTA, LOC New Jersey Lansdown, LOC Framingham, LOC Lansdowne Airport, LOC New Jersey, LOC Ohio Lansdowne House", "Response": "Lansdowne, Lexington, Kentucky\nLansdowne, Maryland\nLansdowne (Centreville, Maryland)\nLansdowne-Baltimore Highlands, Maryland\nLansdowne (Natchez, Mississippi), a plantation\nLansdowne station (MBTA) on MBTA Commuter Rail's Framingham/Worcester Line\nLansdowne, New Jersey\nLansdown (Pittstown, New Jersey), nearby historic house listed on the NRHP\nLansdowne Airport, Ohio\nLansdowne House (Greenville, Ohio)\nLansdowne, Pennsylvania\nEast Lansdowne, Pennsylvania\nLansdowne, Virginia\nLansdowne (Urbanna, Virginia), a historic home\nLansdowne (Fredericksburg, Virginia), a historic home"}, {"Context": "Lansdowne Other uses", "Knowledge": "ORG Lansdown Cricket Club, LOC Lansdown, LOC Lansdowne, PER George Washington, LOC Pakistan, ORG Lansdowne Football Club, LOC Lansdowne Bridge, LOC Ireland, LOC England, LOC Bath", "Response": "Battle of Lansdowne, 1643\nLansdown (film), 2002 film\nLansdowne Bridge (Pakistan)\nLansdown Cricket Club, Bath, England\nLansdowne Football Club, rugby football club in Ireland\nLansdowne Letter\nLansdowne portrait, of George Washington\nLansdowne station (disambiguation), stations of the name\nSS Lansdowne, railroad car ferry and floating restaurant\nUSS Lansdowne (DD-486), a Gleaves-class destroyer"}, {"Context": "Lucknow Introduction", "Knowledge": "ORG Nawabs, LOC Chowk, LOC Delhi Sultanate, LOC Varanasi, LOC Central, LOC Unnao, LOC Lucknow, LOC Mughal Empire, LOC Barabanki, LOC Sitapur, LOC Lakhna\u016b, LOC Uttar Pradesh, LOC Britain, LOC Awadh, ORG British East India Company, LOC India, LOC Hazratganj, LOC Raj, LOC Hardoi, LOC Gomti River, LOC Raebareli, LOC Aminabad, LOC Agra", "Response": "Lucknow (, Hindustani: [\u02c8l\u0259k\u02b0n\u0259u\u02d0] (listen) Lakhna\u016b) is the capital and the largest city of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh and it is also the second largest urban agglomeration in Uttar Pradesh. Lucknow is the administrative headquarters of the eponymous district and division. Having a population of 2.8 million as per 2011 census, it is the eleventh most populous city and the twelfth-most populous urban agglomeration of India. Lucknow has always been a multicultural city that flourished as a North Indian cultural and artistic hub, and the seat of power of Nawabs in the 18th and 19th centuries. It continues to be an important centre of governance, administration, education, commerce, aerospace, finance, pharmaceuticals, technology, design, culture, tourism, music and poetry.Lucknow stands at an elevation of approximately 123 metres (404 ft) above sea level. The city had an area of 402 km2 (155 square miles) until December 2019, when 88 villages were added to the municipal limits and the area increased to 631 km2 (244 square miles). Bounded on the east by Barabanki, on the west by Unnao, on the south by Raebareli and in the north by Sitapur and Hardoi, Lucknow sits on the northwestern shore of the Gomti River.  As of 2008, there were 110 wards in the city. Morphologically, three clear demarcations exist:  The Central business district, which is a fully built up area, comprises Hazratganj, Aminabad and Chowk. A middle zone surrounds the inner zone with cement houses while the outer zone consists of slums.Historically, Lucknow was the capital of the Awadh region, controlled by the Delhi Sultanate and later the Mughal Empire. It was transferred to the Nawabs of Awadh. In 1856, the British East India Company abolished local rule and took complete control of the city along with the rest of Awadh and, in 1857, transferred it to the British Raj. Along with the rest of India, Lucknow became independent from Britain on 15 August 1947. It has been listed as the 17th-fastest growing city in India and 74th in the world.Lucknow, along with Agra and Varanasi, is in the Uttar Pradesh Heritage Arc, a chain of survey triangulations created by the Government of Uttar Pradesh to boost tourism in the state."}, {"Context": "Lucknow Etymology", "Knowledge": "LOC \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092e\u0923\u092a\u0941\u0930\u0940, LOC Lakhanavati, LOC Lakhsnau, LOC Lakshmanavati, LOC Lakhnauti, LOC Lakhanpur, LOC Laksmnaut, LOC Laksmanauti, LOC Lucknow, LOC Lakshmanapuri, LOC Lakhnau, PER Lakshmana, PER Lakshmi, LOC Lachhmanpur, LOC \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092e\u0923\u0935\u0924\u0940, LOC Lakhsnaut", "Response": "\"Lucknow\" is the anglicised spelling of the local pronunciation \"Lakhnau\". According to one legend, the city is named after Lakshmana, a hero of the Hindu epic Ramayana. The legend states that Lakshmana had a palace or an estate in the area, which was called  Lakshmanapuri (Sanskrit: \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092e\u0923\u092a\u0941\u0930\u0940, lit. Lakshmana's city). The settlement came to be known as Lakhanpur (or Lachhmanpur) by the 11th century, and later, Lucknow.A similar theory states that the city was known as Lakshmanavati (Sanskrit: \u0932\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092e\u0923\u0935\u0924\u0940,fortunate) after Lakshmana. The name changed to Lakhanavati, then Lakhnauti and finally Lakhnau. Yet another theory states that the city's name is connected with Lakshmi, the Hindu goddess of wealth. Over time, the name changed to Laksmanauti, Laksmnaut, Lakhsnaut, Lakhsnau and, finally, Lakhnau."}, {"Context": "Lucknow History", "Knowledge": "LOC Bengal, ORG Nawabs, LOC Delhi Sultanate, LOC Chota Imambara, LOC Bara Imambara, PER Saadat Khan, LOC Faizabad, LOC Lucknow, PER Mir Qasim, LOC Mughal Empire, PER Ganga - Jamuni Tehzeeb, PER Burhan - ul - Mulk, PER Shuja - ud - Daula, LOC Jaunpur, LOC North India, LOC Awadh, PER Sheikhzadas, PER Jahangir, ORG British East India Company, PER Nawab, LOC Rumi Darwaza, ORG East India Company, PER Asaf - ud, PER Humayun, ORG British, PER Abdul Rahim, LOC Raj, LOC Sharqi Sultanate, LOC Machchi Bhawan", "Response": "From 1350 onwards, Lucknow and parts of the Awadh region were ruled by the Delhi Sultanate, Sharqi Sultanate, Mughal Empire, Nawabs of Awadh, the British East India Company and the British Raj.\nFor about eighty-four years (from 1394 to 1478), Awadh was part of the Sharqi Sultanate of Jaunpur. Emperor Humayun made it a part of the Mughal Empire around 1555. Emperor Jahangir (1569\u20131627) granted an estate in Awadh to a favoured nobleman, Sheikh Abdul Rahim, who later built Machchi Bhawan on this estate. It later became the seat of power from where his descendants, the Sheikhzadas, controlled the region.\n\nThe Nawabs of Lucknow, in reality, the Nawabs of Awadh, acquired the name after the reign of the third Nawab when Lucknow became their capital. The city became North India's cultural capital, and its nawabs, best remembered for their refined and extravagant lifestyles, were patrons of the arts. Under their dominion, music and dance flourished, and construction of numerous monuments took place. Of the monuments standing today, the Bara Imambara, the Chota Imambara, and the Rumi Darwaza are notable examples. One of the Nawab's enduring legacies is the region's syncretic Hindu\u2013Muslim culture that has come to be known as the Ganga-Jamuni Tehzeeb.\n\nUntil 1719, the subah of Awadh was a province of the Mughal Empire administered by a governor appointed by the emperor. Persian adventurer Saadat Khan, also known as Burhan-ul-Mulk, was appointed Nizam of Awadh in 1722 and established his court in Faizabad, near Lucknow.Many independent kingdoms, such as Awadh, were established as the Mughal Empire disintegrated. The third Nawab, Shuja-ud-Daula (r. 1753\u20131775), fell out with the British after aiding the fugitive Nawab of Bengal, Mir Qasim. Roundly defeated at the Battle of Buxar by the East India Company, he was forced to pay heavy penalties and surrender parts of his territory. Awadh's capital, Lucknow rose to prominence when Asaf-ud-Daula, the fourth Nawab, shifted his court to the city from Faizabad in 1775. The British East India Company appointed a resident (ambassador) in 1773 and by early 19th century gained control of more territory and authority in the state. They were, however, disinclined to capture Awadh outright and come face to face with the Maratha Empire and the remnants of the Mughal Empire. In 1798, the fifth Nawab Wazir Ali Khan alienated both his people and the British and was forced to abdicate. The British then helped Saadat Ali Khan take the throne. He became a puppet king, and in a treaty of 1801, yielded large part of Awadh to the East India Company while also agreeing to disband his own troops in favour of a hugely expensive, British-controlled army. This treaty effectively made the state of Awadh a vassal of the East India Company, although it continued to be part of the Mughal Empire in name until 1819. The treaty of 1801 proved a beneficial arrangement for the East India Company as they gained access to Awadh's vast treasuries, repeatedly digging into them for loans at reduced rates. In addition, the revenues from running Awadh's armed forces brought them useful returns while the territory acted as a buffer state. The Nawabs were ceremonial kings, busy with pomp and show. By the mid-nineteenth century, however, the British had grown impatient with the arrangement and demanded direct control over Awadh.\n\nIn 1856 the East India Company first moved its troops to the border, then annexed the state for alleged maladministration. Awadh was placed under a chief commissioner \u2013 Sir Henry Lawrence. Wajid Ali Shah, the then Nawab, was imprisoned, then exiled by the East India Company to Calcutta. In the subsequent Indian Rebellion of 1857, his 14-year-old son Birjis Qadra, whose mother was Begum Hazrat Mahal, was crowned ruler. Following the rebellion's defeat, Begum Hazrat Mahal and other rebel leaders sought asylum in Nepal.\n\nLucknow was one of the major centres of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and actively participated in India's independence movement, emerging as a strategically important North Indian city. During the Rebellion (also known as the First War of Indian Independence and the Indian Mutiny), the majority of the East India Company's troops were recruited from both the people and nobility of Awadh. The rebels seized control of the state, and it took the British 18 months to reconquer the region. During that period, the garrison based at the Residency in Lucknow was besieged by rebel forces during the Siege of Lucknow. The siege was relieved first by forces under the command of Sir Henry Havelock and Sir James Outram, followed by a stronger force under Sir Colin Campbell. Today, the ruins of the Residency and the Shaheed Smarak offer an insight into Lucknow's role in the events of 1857.With the rebellion over, Oudh returned to British governance under a chief commissioner. In 1877 the offices of lieutenant-governor of the North-Western Provinces and chief commissioner of Oudh were combined; then in 1902, the title of chief commissioner was dropped with the formation of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, although Oudh still retained some marks of its former independence.\n\nThe Khilafat Movement had an active base of support in Lucknow, creating united opposition to British rule. In 1901, after remaining the capital of Oudh since 1775, Lucknow, with a population of 264,049, was merged into the newly formed United Provinces of Agra and Oudh. In 1920 the provincial seat of government moved from Allahabad to Lucknow. Upon Indian independence in 1947, the United Provinces were reorganised into the state of Uttar Pradesh, and Lucknow remained its capital.Lucknow witnessed some of the pivotal moments in the history of India. One is the first meeting of the stalwarts Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru and Mohd Ali Jinnah during the Indian National Congress session of 1916 (the Lucknow pact was signed and moderates and extremists came together through the efforts of Annie Besant during this session only).\nThe Congress President for that session, Ambica Charan Majumdar in his address said that \"If the Congress was buried at Surat, it is reborn in Lucknow in the garden of Wajid Ali Shah\".\nThe Kakori conspiracy involving Ram Prasad Bismil, Ashfaq Ullah Khan, Rajendra Nath Lahiri, Roshan Singh and others followed by the Kakori trial which captured the imagination of the country also took place in Lucknow.Culturally, Lucknow has also had a tradition of courtesans, with popular culture distilling it in the avatar of the fictional Umrao Jaan."}, {"Context": "Lucknow Geography", "Knowledge": "LOC Chinhat, LOC Kakori, LOC Cis, LOC Sitapur, LOC Malihabad, LOC Unnao, LOC Lucknow, LOC Gomti River, LOC Gomti, LOC Gosainganj, LOC Trans, LOC Raebareli, LOC Hardoi, LOC Indus - Gangetic Plain, LOC Mohanlalganj, LOC Barabanki, LOC Itaunja", "Response": "The Gomti River, Lucknow's chief geographical feature, meanders through the city and divides it into the Trans-Gomti and Cis-Gomti regions. Situated in the middle of the Indus-Gangetic Plain, the city is surrounded by rural towns and villages: the orchard town of Malihabad, Kakori, Mohanlalganj, Gosainganj, Chinhat and Itaunja. To the east lies Barabanki, to the west Unnao, to the south Raebareli, while to the north lie the Sitapur and Hardoi. Lucknow city is located in a seismic zone III."}, {"Context": "Lucknow Climate", "Knowledge": "LOC Himalayas, LOC Lucknow, LOC Shimla, LOC Mussoorie", "Response": "Lucknow has a humid subtropical climate (K\u00f6ppen Cwa) with cool, dry winters from mid-November to February and dry, hot summers with sunshine from March to mid-May. More than nine-tenths of the annual rainfall occurs from June to October when the city receives an average of 827.2 millimetres (32.57 in) from the southwest monsoon winds, although occasionally frontal rainfall from the northeast monsoon will occur in January. In winter the maximum temperature is around 25 \u00b0C or 77 \u00b0F and the minimum is in the 3 to 7 \u00b0C (37.4 to 44.6 \u00b0F) range. Fog is quite common from mid-December to late January. Occasionally, Lucknow experiences colder winter spells than places like Shimla and Mussoorie which are situated way high up in the Himalayas. In the extraordinary winter cold spell of 2012\u20132013, Lucknow recorded temperatures below freezing point on two consecutive days and the minimum temperature hovered around freezing point for over a week. Summers are very hot with temperatures rising into the 40 to 45 \u00b0C (104 to 113 \u00b0F) range, the average maxima being in the high 30s Celsius."}, {"Context": "Lucknow Flora and fauna", "Knowledge": "LOC Musa Bagh, LOC Lucknow Zoo, LOC Malihabad, LOC Lucknow, LOC Uttar Pradesh State Museum, PER Buddha, PER Mathura, LOC Asia", "Response": "Lucknow has a total of 5.66 percent of forest cover. The state average is around 7 percent. Shisham, Dhak, Mahuamm, Babul, Neem, Peepal, Ashok, Khajur, Mango and Gular trees are all grown here.Several varieties of mangoes, especially Dasheri, are grown in the Malihabad adjacent to the city and a block of the Lucknow district for export. The main crops are wheat, paddy, sugarcane, mustard, potatoes, and vegetables such as cauliflower, cabbage, tomato and brinjals. Similarly, sunflowers, roses, and marigolds are cultivated over a fairly extensive area. Many medicinal and herbal plants are also grown here while common Indian monkeys are found in patches in and around city forests such as Musa Bagh.The Lucknow Zoo, one of the oldest in the country, was established in 1921. It houses a rich collection of animals from Asia, and other continents. The zoo also has enjoyable toy train rides for the visitors. The city also has a botanical garden, which is a zone of wide botanical diversity. It also houses the Uttar Pradesh State Museum. It has sculptural masterpieces dating back to the 3rd century AD, including intricately carved Mathura sculptures ranging from dancing girls to scenes from the life of Buddha."}, {"Context": "Lucknow Economy", "Knowledge": "ORG Reliance Retail, ORG Tata Consultancy Services, ORG U. P. Export Corporation, ORG HCL Technologies, ORG Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, ORG CII, ORG Central Institute of Medical and Aromatic Plants, ORG Sony Corporation, ORG Tata Marcopolo, ORG Assocham Placement Pattern, LOC Lucknow, LOC New Delhi, ORG KARAM, LOC Gomtinagar, ORG National Milk Grid, ORG Exide Industries, LOC India, ORG Tata Motors, ORG National Handloom Development Corporation, ORG National Dairy Development Board, ORG Chikan", "Response": "The major industries in the Lucknow urban agglomeration include aeronautics, automotive, machine tools, distillery chemicals, furniture and Chikan embroidery. Lucknow is among the top cities of India by GDP. It is a centre for research and development as home to the R&D centres of the National Milk Grid of the National Dairy Development Board, the Central Institute of Medical and Aromatic Plants, the National Handloom Development Corporation and U.P. Export Corporation. Lucknow is ranked sixth in a list of the ten fastest growing job-creating cities in India according to a study conducted by Assocham Placement Pattern, Lucknow's economy was formerly based on the tertiary sector and the majority of the workforce were employed as government servants. Large-scale industrial establishments are few compared to other northern Indian state capitals like New Delhi. The economy is growing with contributions from the fields of IT, manufacturing and processing and medical/biotechnology. Business-promoting institutions such as the CII have set up their service centres in the city. Major export items are marbled products, handicrafts, art pieces, gems, jewellery, textiles, electronics, software products, computers, hardware products, apparel, brass products, silk, leather goods, glass items and chemicals. Lucknow has promoted public-private partnerships in sectors such as electricity supply, roads, expressways, and educational ventures.Multiple software and IT companies are present in the city. Tata Consultancy Services, HCL Technologies are present in the city. IT companies are located in Gomtinagar. There are many local open source technology companies. The city is also home to a number of important national and state level headquarters for companies including Sony Corporation and Reliance Retail. The handicrafts sector  accounts for 60 percent of total exports from the state.Companies such as Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, KARAM, Tata Marcopolo,  Exide Industries, Tata Motors set up their plants in Lucknow. Lucknow is an emerging automobile hub. Tata Motors have a plant primarily for light commercial vehicles. It was set up in 1992 and has a production capacity of 640 vehicles per day. Additionally there is a plant of Tata Marcopolo in the city.\nTo promote the textile industry in the city, the Indian government has allocated Rs. 2 billion (2000 million rupees) to set up a textile business cluster in the city.  A sprawling 40 hectares (0.40 km2; 100 acres) IT city costing 15 billion Rupees is planned by the state government at the Chak Ganjaria farms site on the road to Sultanpur and they have already approved special economic zone status for the project, which is expected to create thousands of job opportunities in the state. A defense industrial corridor is also coming in the city."}, {"Context": "Lucknow General administration", "Knowledge": "LOC Sarojini Nagar, ORG District, PER Mukesh Meshram, LOC Bakshi ka Talab, LOC Malihabad, ORG DM, PER Abhishek Prakash, LOC Lucknow, ORG ACM, LOC Sadar, LOC Mohanlalganj", "Response": "Lucknow division which consists of six districts, and is headed by the Divisional Commissioner of Lucknow, who is an IAS officer of high seniority, the Commissioner is the head of local government institutions (including municipal corporations) in the division, is in charge of infrastructure development in his division, and is also responsible for maintaining law and order in the division. The District Magistrate of Lucknow reports to the divisional commissioner. The current commissioner is Mukesh Meshram.Lucknow district administration is headed by the District Magistrate of Lucknow, who is an IAS officer. The DM is in charge of property records and revenue collection for the central government and oversees the elections held in the city. The district has five tehsils, viz. Sadar, Mohanlalganj, Bakshi ka Talab, Malihabad and Sarojini Nagar, each headed by a Sub-Divisional Magistrate. The current DM is Abhishek Prakash. The district magistrate is assisted by a Chief Development Officer (CDO), eight Additional District Magistrates (ADM) (Finance/Revenue, East, West Trans-Gomti, Executive, Land Acquisition-I, Land Acquisition-II, Civil Supply), one City Magistrate (CM) and seven Additional City Magistrates (ACM)."}, {"Context": "Lucknow Civic administration", "Knowledge": "PER Bhairav Datt Sanwal, PER Ajay Kumar Dwivedi, ORG House Tax Department, ORG Uttar Pradesh, PER Syed Nabiullah, ORG Indian National Congress, ORG UP, ORG Engineering Department, ORG Lucknow Municipal Corporation, LOC Lucknow, ORG Advertisement Department, ORG Accounting Department, ORG Park Department, ORG IAS, ORG Bharatiya Janata Party, PER Raj Kumar Shrivastava, LOC Uttar Pradesh, ORG Samajwadi Party, ORG Property Department, ORG Health Department, PER Sanyukta Bhatia, ORG Indian Administrative Services", "Response": "The Lucknow Municipal Corporation oversees civic activities in the city. The city's first municipal body dates from 1862 when the municipal board was established. The first Indian mayor, Syed Nabiullah, was elected in 1917 after the enforcement of the UP Municipalities Act, 1916. In 1948, the Uttar Pradesh government changed the system from an electoral one to an administrator-run one and Bhairav Datt Sanwal became the administrator. In 1959, the UP Municipalities Act, 1916 was replaced with Uttar Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act, 1959 and Lucknow Municipal Corporation was established in 1960 with Raj Kumar Shrivastava becoming the mayor.The head of the corporation is the mayor, but the executive and administration of the corporation are the responsibility of the municipal commissioner, who is an Uttar Pradesh government-appointed Indian Administrative Services (IAS) officer of high seniority. The last municipal election took place in 2017 when Sanyukta Bhatia from Bharatiya Janata Party became the first female mayor of Lucknow. Bharatiya Janata Party won 57 councillor seats, Samajwadi Party won 31 seats, independent candidates won 14 seats, and Indian National Congress won 8 seats. Ajay Kumar Dwivedi, an IAS officer, is the present municipal commissioner since 17 August 2020. The Uttar Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act, 1959 gives provisions for the establishment of ward committees, but they have not been formed yet.The sources for revenue generation for Lucknow Municipal Corporation include property tax, user charges for SWM, penalties, rent from municipal properties, income from water storage, water transmission, drainage and sanitation, grants, and charges for services such as birth and death certificates. The municipal corporation has the following administrative departments: Health Department, House Tax Department, Engineering Department, Park Department, Advertisement Department, Accounting Department, Property Department. There is also an executive committee (\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0923\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u093f\u0924\u093f) made up of 12 elected councillors from different political parties, who decide on policy matters of the corporation."}, {"Context": "Lucknow Police administration", "Knowledge": "LOC Lucknow City, ORG IPS, LOC India, PER Shirodkar, ORG Lucknow Fire Brigade, ORG ADGP, ORG CP, ORG MCR, LOC Lucknow, ORG Lucknow Modern Police Control Room, ORG Lucknow Police Department, ORG Power, ORG SP", "Response": "The Police Commissionerate System was introduced in Lucknow on 14 January 2020. The district police is headed by a Commissioner of Police (CP), who is an IPS officer of ADGP rank and is assisted by two Joint Commissioners of Police (IG rank), and five Deputy Commissioners of Police (SP rank). Lucknow is divided into five zones, each headed by a Deputy Commissioner of Police. Of the two Joint Commissioners, one looks after law and order, the other crime. The current police commissioner of Lucknow City is IPS SB Shirodkar.The district police observes the citizenry through high-technology control rooms and all important streets and intersections are under surveillance with the help of CCTVs and drone cameras. Crowd-control is carried out with the help of pepper-spraying drones.\nThere are more than 10,000 CCTV cameras deployed by the Lucknow Police Department across the city roads and trijunctions, making Lucknow the first city in the country to do so.The Lucknow Modern Police Control Room (abbreviated as MCR) is India's biggest 'Dial 112' service centre with 300 communication officers to receive distress calls from all over the state and 200 dispatch officers to rush for police help. It is billed as the India's most hi-tech police control room. Lucknow is also the center for 1090 Women Power line, a call center based service directed at dealing with eve-teasing. An Integrated 'Dial 112' Control Room building is also there which is having the world's biggest modern Police Emergency Response System (PERS).The Lucknow Fire Brigade department is headed by the chief fire officer, who is subordinate to the district magistrate and is assisted by a deputy chief fire officer and divisional officers."}, {"Context": "Lucknow Judicial institutions", "Knowledge": "ORG High Court Bench, ORG Allahabad High Court, ORG CBI, LOC Lucknow, ORG District & Sessions Court, LOC Qaiser Bagh, LOC Charbagh", "Response": "There is a bench of the Allahabad High Court in Lucknow. Aside from this, Lucknow has a District & Sessions Court, five CBI Courts, one family court and two railway courts. The High Court Bench as well as the District & Sessions Court and the CBI courts are located in Qaiser Bagh, and the railway courts are in Charbagh."}, {"Context": "Lucknow Central government offices", "Knowledge": "ORG Central Command, LOC India, ORG Ministry of Civil Aviation, ORG Commission of Railway Safety of India, ORG Eastern Command, LOC Jharkhand, LOC Lucknow, LOC Chhattisgarh, LOC Madhya Pradesh, ORG Indian Army, LOC Uttarakhand, ORG Northeast Railway Compound, LOC Bihar, ORG National Investigation Agency", "Response": "Since 1 May 1963, Lucknow has been the headquarters of the Central Command of the Indian Army, before which it was the headquarters of Eastern Command.Lucknow also houses a branch office of National Investigation Agency which is responsible for combating terrorist activities in India. It oversees five states of Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh for Naxal and terrorist activities.The Commission of Railway Safety of India, under the Ministry of Civil Aviation, has its head office in the Northeast Railway Compound in Lucknow."}, {"Context": "Lucknow Infrastructure", "Knowledge": "ORG LDA, PER IAS Akshay Tripathi, LOC Uttar Pradesh, LOC Lucknow, ORG Housing Department, ORG Lucknow Development Authority, ORG IAS", "Response": "The development of infrastructure in the city is overseen by Lucknow Development Authority (LDA), which comes under the Housing Department of Uttar Pradesh government. The Divisional Commissioner of Lucknow acts as the ex-officio chairman of LDA, whereas a vice-chairman, a government-appointed IAS officer, looks after the daily matters of the authority. The current vice-chairman of the Lucknow Development Authority is IAS Akshay Tripathi. LDA prepared the Lucknow master plan 2031."}, {"Context": "Lucknow Politics", "Knowledge": "LOC Uttar Pradesh, ORG Allahabad High Court, ORG Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Sabha, LOC Lucknow, PER Kaushal Kishore, LOC Mohanlalganj, PER Rajnath Singh, ORG Bharatiya Janata Party", "Response": "As the seat of the government of Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow is the site of the Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Sabha, a bench of the Allahabad High Court and numerous government departments and agencies. Rajnath Singh, the Union Defense Minister, from Bharatiya Janata Party is the Member of Parliament from Lucknow Lok Sabha Constituency. Kaushal Kishore is the Member of Parliament from Mohanlalganj (Lok Sabha constituency), the second Lok Sabha constituency in Lucknow.  Apart from the Lok Sabha Constituency, there are nine Vidhan Sabha Constituencies within Lucknow city:"}, {"Context": "Lucknow Public utilities", "Knowledge": "ORG Madhyanchal Vidyut Vitaran Nigam, ORG Jal Sansthan, ORG Uttar Pradesh Fire Service, ORG Lucknow Municipal Corporation, ORG Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Ltd, LOC Lucknow, ORG Madhyanchal Power Distribution Corporation Limited, ORG Jal Nigam", "Response": "Madhyanchal Power Distribution Corporation Limited, also known as Madhyanchal Vidyut Vitaran Nigam is responsible for supplying electricity in Lucknow. It is under the Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Ltd. Fire safety services are provided by the Uttar Pradesh Fire Service, which is under the state government. Jal Nigam is responsible for developing and maintaining the infrastructure for water supply, sewer lines, and storm water drains. Jal Sansthan is responsible for supplying water and providing water and sewer connections. Lucknow Municipal Corporation is responsible for the solid waste management of Lucknow."}, {"Context": "Lucknow Roads", "Knowledge": "LOC Sitapur, LOC Allahabad, LOC Kanpur, LOC NH, LOC Silchar, LOC Hazratganj, ORG Uber, LOC Gorakhpur, LOC Lucknow, LOC Raebareli, LOC Porbandar, LOC Jhansi, LOC Indian, LOC Shahjahanpur, ORG Ola", "Response": "Two major Indian National Highways have their intersection at Lucknow's Hazratganj intersection: NH-30 to Shahjahanpur Via Sitapur in north and NH-30 to south Allahabad via Raebareli, NH-27 to Kanpur and Porbandar via Jhansi and Silchar via Gorakhpur. Multiple modes of public transport are available such as metro rail, taxis, city buses, cycle rickshaws, auto rickshaws and compressed natural gas (CNG) low-floor buses with and without air-conditioning. CNG was introduced as an auto fuel to keep air pollution under control. Radio Taxis are operated by several major companies like Ola and Uber."}, {"Context": "Lucknow City buses", "Knowledge": "ORG LCTSL, LOC Babu, LOC Andhe Ki Chowki, LOC Amausi, LOC Qaiserbagh, LOC Faizabad Road, LOC Lucknow, ORG Lucknow City Transport Services Limited, LOC Dubagga, LOC Budheshwar Intersection, LOC Charbagh, LOC Gomti Nagar, LOC Pasi qila, LOC Gudamba, ORG of Engineering and Technology, LOC Scooter India, LOC Alambagh, LOC Viraj Khand, ORG Banarasi Das University, LOC Triloki Nath Margh, LOC Jankipuram, LOC Safedabad, LOC Gomti Nagar Railway Station, LOC Institute", "Response": "Lucknow city's bus service is operated by Lucknow City Transport Services Limited (LCTSL), a public sector passenger road transport corporation headquartered in Triloki Nath Margh. It has 260 buses operating in the city. There are around 35 routes in the city. Terminals for city buses are located in Gudamba, Viraj Khand, Alambagh, Scooter India, Institute of Engineering and Technology, Babu Banarasi Das University, Safedabad, Pasi qila, Charbagh, Andhe Ki Chowki, Jankipuram, Gomti Nagar Railway Station, Budheshwar Intersection, Faizabad Road and Qaiserbagh. There are four bus depots in Gomti Nagar, Charbagh, Amausi, and Dubagga."}, {"Context": "Lucknow Inter-state buses", "Knowledge": "LOC National Highway 25, LOC Bhimrao Ambedkar, LOC Allahabad, LOC Kota, ORG UPSRTC, LOC Gorakhpur, ORG Kanpur Lucknow Roadways Service, LOC Delhi, LOC Gurgaon, LOC Qaiserbagh, LOC Varanasi, LOC Faridabad, LOC Ajmer, LOC Singrauli, LOC Lucknow, LOC New Delhi, LOC Charbagh, LOC Haridwar, LOC Dausa, LOC Uttar Pradesh, LOC Terminal, LOC Alambagh, ORG Volvo, LOC ISBT, LOC Jaipur, LOC Jhansi, LOC Dehradun, LOC Agra", "Response": "The major Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar Inter-state Bus Terminal (ISBT) in Alambagh provides the main inter and intrastate bus lines in Lucknow. Located on National Highway 25, it provides adequate services to ongoing and incoming customers. There is a smaller bus station at Qaiserbagh. The bus terminal formally operated at Charbagh, in front of the main railway station, has now been re-established as a city bus depot. This decision was taken by the state government and UPSRTC to decongest traffic in the railway station area. Kanpur Lucknow Roadways Service is a key service for daily commuters who travel back and forth to the city for business and educational purposes. Air conditioned \"Royal Cruiser\" buses manufactured by Volvo are operated by UPSRTC for inter state bus services. Main cities served by the UPSRTC intrastate bus service are Allahabad, Varanasi, Jaipur, Jhansi, Agra, Delhi, Gorakhpur. The cities outside Uttar Pradesh that are covered by inter-state bus services are Jaipur, New Delhi, Kota, Singrauli, Faridabad, Gurgaon, Dausa, Ajmer, Dehradun, and Haridwar."}, {"Context": "Lucknow Railways", "Knowledge": "LOC Indore, ORG Northern Railway, LOC Kakori, LOC Chandigarh, LOC Jabalpur, LOC Lucknow Junction, LOC Nashik, LOC Raipur, LOC Jhansi, LOC Mumbai, LOC Bangalore, LOC Jammu, ORG Kanpur Suburban Railway, LOC Kanpur, LOC Lucknow, LOC Hyderabad, LOC Siwan, LOC New Delhi, LOC Charbagh, LOC Bhopal, LOC Amritsar, LOC Chennai, LOC Kolkata, LOC Mohibullapur, LOC Pune, LOC Lucknow Railway Station, LOC Bakshi Ka Talab, LOC Daliganj, ORG North Eastern Railway, LOC Aishbagh, LOC Jaipur, LOC Ahmedabad", "Response": "Lucknow is served by several railway stations in different parts of the city. The main long-distance railway station is Lucknow Railway Station located at Charbagh. It has an imposing structure built in 1923 and acts as the divisional headquarters of the Northern Railway division. Its neighbouring and second major long-distance railway station is Lucknow Junction railway station operated by the North Eastern Railway. The city is an important junction with links to all major cities of the state and country such as New Delhi, Mumbai, Hyderabad, Kolkata, Chandigarh, Nashik, Amritsar, Jammu, Chennai, Bangalore, Ahmedabad, Pune, Indore, Bhopal, Jhansi, Jabalpur, Jaipur, Raipur and Siwan. The city has a total of fourteen railway stations. Earlier the meter-gauge services originated at Aishbagh and connected to Lucknow city, Daliganj and Mohibullapur. Now all the stations have been converted to broad gauge. All stations lie within the city limits and are well interconnected by bus services and other public road transport. Suburban stations include Bakshi Ka Talab and Kakori. The Lucknow\u2013Kanpur Suburban Railway was started in 1867 to cater for the needs of commuters travelling between Lucknow and Kanpur. Trains running on this service also stop at numerous stations at different locations in the city forming a suburban rail network."}, {"Context": "Lucknow Air transport", "Knowledge": "ORG Adani Group, LOC Muscat, LOC Raipur, LOC Patna, ORG Oman Air, LOC Riyadh, LOC Mumbai, LOC Bangalore, ORG Flydubai, LOC Dubai, LOC Sharjah, ORG Air India Express, ORG NCC, LOC Lucknow, ORG Vistara, ORG Saudi Airlines, LOC Hyderabad, ORG IndiGo, LOC New Delhi, ORG Air India, LOC Jeddah, LOC Uttar Pradesh, LOC Chennai, LOC Dammam, LOC Kolkata, LOC Guwahati, LOC India, LOC Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport, ORG Nagarjuna construction company, LOC Jaipur, LOC Bangkok, LOC Ahmedabad, ORG GoAir", "Response": "Direct air connections are available in Lucknow to New Delhi, Patna, Kolkata, Mumbai, Bangalore, Ahmedabad, Hyderabad, Chennai, Guwahati, Jaipur, Raipur and other major cities via Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport. The airport has been ranked the second-best in the world in the small airport category. The airport is suitable for all-weather operations and provides parking facilities for up to 14 aircraft. At present Air India, Air India Express, GoAir, IndiGo, Saudi Airlines, Flydubai, Oman Air and Vistara operate domestic and international flights to and from Lucknow. Covering 480 hectares (4.80 km2; 1,187 acres), with Terminal 1 for international flights and Terminal 2 for domestic flights, the airport can handle Boeing 767 to Boeing 747-400 aircraft allowing significant passenger and cargo traffic. International destinations include\nDubai, Muscat, Sharjah, Riyadh, Bangkok, Dammam and Jeddah.The planned expansion of the airport will allow Airbus A380 jumbo jets to land at the airport. The Nagarjuna construction company (NCC) has started the construction of the new terminal at Lucknow Airport which is expected to be completed by December 2021 to meet the growing demand. There is also a plan for runway expansion. It is the tenth busiest airport in India, the busiest in Uttar Pradesh, and the second-busiest in northern India.\nIn February 2019, the airport was privatised and leased to Adani Group for 50 years at the highest bid of \u20b9171 per passenger."}, {"Context": "Lucknow Metro", "Knowledge": "LOC Vasant Kunj, LOC Charbagh Railway Station, ORG Lucknow Metro, PER Yogi, LOC India, PER Akhilesh Yadav, LOC Uttar Pradesh, LOC CCS International Airport, PER Yogi Adityanath, LOC Munshipulia, PER Rajnath Singh", "Response": "Lucknow Metro is a rapid transit system which started its operations from 6 September 2017. Lucknow Metro system is the most-quickly built metro system in the world and most economical high-speed rapid transit system project in India. The commencement of civil works started on 27 September 2014.In February, Chief Minister Akhilesh Yadav approved to set up of a metro rail system for the state capital. It is divided into two corridors the North-south corridor connecting Munshipulia to CCS International Airport and the East-west corridor connecting Charbagh Railway Station to Vasant Kunj. This will be the most expensive public transport system in the state but will provide a rapid means of mass transport to decongest traffic on city roads. Construction of the first phase will be complete by March 2017. The completion of metro rail project is the primary object of Uttar Pradesh government currently headed by the chief minister Yogi AdityanathOn 5 September 2017, Home Minister Rajnath Singh and CM Yogi Adityanath showed green flag to the Lucknow Metro."}, {"Context": "Lucknow Cycling", "Knowledge": "LOC Kalidas Marg, LOC India, LOC Uttar Pradesh, LOC Lucknow, LOC La - Martiniere College Road, LOC Amsterdam, LOC Vikramaditya Marg", "Response": "Lucknow is among the most bicycle-friendly cities in Uttar Pradesh. Bike-friendly tracks have been established near the chief minister's residence in the city. The four-and-a-half-kilometre (2.8 mi) track encompasses La-Martiniere College Road next to a golf club on Kalidas Marg, where the chief minister resides, and Vikramaditya Marg, which houses the office of the ruling party. The dedicated four-metre (13 ft) lane for cyclists is separate from the footpath and the main road. With Amsterdam as the inspiration, new cycle tracks are to be constructed in the city to make it more cycle-friendly, with facilities like bike rental also in the works. In the year 2015, Lucknow also hosted a national level cycling event called 'The Lucknow Cyclothon' in which professional and amateur cyclists took part. An under-construction cycle track network by the government of Uttar Pradesh is set to make Lucknow the city with India's biggest cycle network."}, {"Context": "Lucknow Demographics", "Knowledge": "LOC LUA, LOC India, LOC Uttar Pradesh, LOC Lucknow, ORG Census, LOC Lucknow Urban Agglomeration", "Response": "The population of Lucknow Urban Agglomeration (LUA) rose above one million in 1981, while the 2001 census estimated it had risen to 2.24 million. This included about 60,000 people in the Lucknow Cantonment and 2.18 million in Lucknow city and represented an increase of 34.53% over the 1991 figure.According to the provisional report of 2011 Census of India, Lucknow city had a population of 2,815,601, of which 1,470,133 were men and 1,345,468 women. This was an increase of 25.36% compared to the 2001 figures.\nBetween 1991 and 2001, the population registered growth of 32.03%, significantly lower than the 37.14% which was registered between 1981 and 1991. The initial provisional data suggests a population density of 1,815 inhabitants per square kilometre (4,700/sq mi) in 2011, compared to 1,443 in 2001. As the total area covered by the Lucknow district is only about 2,528 square kilometres (976 sq mi), the population density was much than the 690 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,800/sq mi) recorded at the state level. The Scheduled Caste population of the state represented 21.3% of the total population, a figure higher than the state average of 21.15%.The sex ratio in Lucknow city stood at 915 females per 1000 males in 2011, compared to the 2001 census figure of 888. The average national sex ratio in India is 940 according to the Census 2011 Directorate. The city has a total literacy level in 2011 of 84.72% compared to 67.68% for Uttar Pradesh as a whole. In 2001 these same figures stood at 75.98% and 56.27%. In Lucknow city, the total literate population totalled 2,147,564 people of which 1,161,250 were male and 986,314 were female. Despite the fact that the overall work-participation rate in the district (32.24%) is higher than the state average (23.7%), the rate among females in Lucknow is very low at only 5.6% and shows a decline from the 1991 figure of 5.9%."}, {"Context": "Lucknow Architecture", "Knowledge": "LOC Awadhs, PER Gore Ouseley, LOC Bara Imambara, LOC Gateway, LOC Charbagh Railway, ORG Uttar Pradesh Tourism Department, LOC Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Sabha, PER Nawab Asaf - ud - daula, LOC Lucknow, LOC Constantinople, LOC Hussainabad, LOC Uttar Pradesh, LOC Awadh, PER Asaf - ud - Daula, LOC Chattar, LOC Great Imambara, LOC Rumi Darwaza, PER Nawab, LOC Chattar Manzil, LOC Lal Baradari, PER Nawab Saadat Ali Khan I, ORG University of Lucknow, LOC Dilkusha Kothi, LOC Asia", "Response": "Lucknow's buildings show different styles of architecture with the many iconic buildings built during the British and Mughal era. More than half of these buildings lie in the old part of the city. The Uttar Pradesh Tourism Department organises a \"Heritage Walk\" for tourists covering the popular monuments. Among the extant architecture, there are religious buildings such as Imambaras, mosques, and other Islamic shrines as well as secular structures such as enclosed gardens, baradaris, and palace complexes.\n\nBara Imambara in Hussainabad is a colossal edifice built in 1784 by the then Nawab of Lucknow, Asaf-ud-Daula. It was originally built to provide assistance to people affected by the deadly famine, which struck the whole of Uttar Pradesh in the same year. It is the largest hall in Asia without any external support from wood, iron or stone beams. The monument required approximately 22,000 labourers during construction.The 18 m (60 feet) tall Rumi Darwaza, built by Nawab Asaf-ud-daula (r. 1775\u20131797) in 1784, served as the entrance to the city of Lucknow. It is also known as the Turkish Gateway, as it was erroneously thought to be identical to the gateway at Constantinople. The edifice provides the west entrance to the Great Imambara and is embellished with lavish decorations.Various architectural styles can be seen in the historical areas of Lucknow. The University of Lucknow shows a huge inspiration from the European style while Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture is prominently present in the Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Sabha building and Charbagh Railway station. Dilkusha Kothi is the remains of a palace constructed by the British resident Major Gore Ouseley around 1800 and showcases English Baroque architecture. It served as a hunting lodge for the Nawab of Awadhs and as a summer resort.The Chattar Manzil, which served as the palace for the rulers of Awadh and their wives is topped by an umbrella-like dome and so named on account of Chattar being the Hindi word for \"umbrella\".\nOpposite Chattar Manzil stands the 'Lal Baradari' built by Nawab Saadat Ali Khan I between 1789 and 1814. It functioned as a throne room at coronations for the royal courts. The building is now used as a museum and contains delicately executed portraits of men who played major roles in the administration of the kingdom of Oudh.\n\nAnother example of mixed architectural styles is La Martiniere College, which shows a fusion of Indian and European ideas. It was built by Major-General Claude Martin who was born in Lyon and died in Lucknow on 13 September 1800. Originally named \"Constantia\", the ceilings of the building are domed with no wooden beams used for construction. Glimpses of Gothic architecture can also be seen in the college building.Lucknow's Asafi Imambara exhibits vaulted halls as its architectural speciality.\nThe Bara Imambara, Chhota Imambara and Rumi Darwaza stand in testament to the city's Nawabi mixture of Mughlai and Turkish styles of architecture while La Martiniere college bears witness to the Indo-European style. Even the new buildings are fashioned using characteristic domes and pillars, and at night these illuminated monuments become the city's main attractions.Around Hazratganj, the city's central shopping area, there is a fusion of old and modern architecture. It has a multi-level parking lot in place of an old and dilapidated police station making way for extending the corridors into pebbled pathways, adorned with piazzas, green areas and wrought-iron and cast-iron lamp-posts, reminiscent of the Victorian era, flank both sides of the street."}, {"Context": "Lucknow Culture", "Knowledge": "LOC India, PER Nawabs, PER Lakhnavi, LOC Lucknow, LOC Awadh, PER Nawab", "Response": "In common with other metropolitan cities across India, Lucknow is multicultural and multilingual. Many of the cultural traits and customs peculiar to Lucknow have become living legends today. The city's contemporary culture is the result of the amalgamation of the Hindu and Muslim rulers who ruled the city simultaneously. The credit for this goes to the secular and syncretic traditions of the Nawabs of Awadh, who took a keen interest in every walk of life and encouraged these traditions to attain a rare degree of sophistication. Modern-day Lucknowites are known for their polite and polished way of speaking which is noticed by visitors. The residents of Lucknow call themselves Lucknowites or Lakhnavi. It also represents the melting pot of globalisation where the legacy of Nawab's culture continues to be reflected in the traditional vocabulary of the Hindi language of the city along with better avenues for modernisation present here."}, {"Context": "Lucknow Traditional Outfit", "Knowledge": "LOC Lucknow, ORG Nawabs, LOC Awadh", "Response": "Lucknow is known for its ghararas. It is a traditional women's outfit that originated from the Nawabs of Awadh. It is a pair of loose trousers with pleats below the knee worn with a kurta (shirt) and a dupatta (veil). It is embroidered with zari and zardozi along with gota (decorative lace on the knee area). This dress is made from over 24 metres (26 yd) of fabric, mostly silk, brocade and kamkhwab."}, {"Context": "Lucknow Language and poetry", "Knowledge": "LOC Kakori, LOC Fatehpur, PER Ram Prasad Bismil, LOC Gorakhpur, PER Imam Husain, PER Majaz, LOC Lucknow, LOC Barabanki, LOC Daryabad, LOC Malihabad, PER Mohsin Kakorvi, LOC Uttar Pradesh, LOC Rudauli, PER Josh Malihabadi, ORG Commonwealth, LOC India, PER Khumar Barabankvi, PER Mir Babar Ali Anis, PER Mirza Dabeer", "Response": "Although Uttar Pradesh's primary official language is Hindi, the most commonly spoken language is colloquial Hindustani. Indian English is also well understood and is widely used for business and administrative purposes, as a result of India's British heritage and Commonwealth tradition, as well as globalisation. The Urdu language is also a part of Lucknowi culture and heritage. It is mostly used by wealthier families, the remaining members of the royal family as well as in Urdu poetry and on public signs. The government has taken many innovative steps to promote Urdu. Awadhi, a dialect of the Hindi dialect continuum, is the native dialect of Lucknow and has played an important role in Lucknow's history and is still used in the city's rural areas and by the urban population on the streets.Historically, Lucknow was considered one of the great centres of Muslim culture. Two poets, Mir Babar Ali Anis and Mirza Dabeer, became legendary exponents of a unique genre of Muslim elegiacal poetry called marsiya centred on Imam Husain's supreme sacrifice in the Battle of Karbala, which is commemorated during the annual observance of Muharram.The revolutionary Ram Prasad Bismil, who was hanged by the British at Gorakhpur jail, was largely influenced by the culture of Lucknow and remembered its name in his poetry. Surrounding towns such as Kakori, Daryabad, Fatehpur, Barabanki, Rudauli, and Malihabad produced many eminent Urdu poets and litterateurs including Mohsin Kakorvi, Majaz, Khumar Barabankvi and Josh Malihabadi."}, {"Context": "Lucknow Cuisine", "Knowledge": "LOC Lucknow, LOC Awadh, PER Nawab, PER Tunday", "Response": "The Awadh region has its own distinct Nawabi-style cuisine. Since ages, the Bawarchis (chefs) and Rakabdars (royal chefs) have developed great finesse in cooking and presentation of food, under royal patronage. This gave rise to the art of cooking over a slow fire (or Dum style cooking), which has become synonymous with \"Awadhi\" cuisine. These Bawarchis added elaborately prepared dishes like kababs, kormas, kaliya, nahari-kulchas, zarda, sheermal, roomali rotis and warqi parathas to the traditional \"Awadhi\" dastarkhwaan (feast of dishes). The best-known dishes of this area consist of biryanis, kebabs and breads. Kebabs are served in a variety of styles; kakori, galawati, shami, boti, patili-ke, ghutwa and seekh are among the available varieties. Tunde ke kabab restaurants are popular for a type of soft kebab developed by a one-armed chef (hence the name Tunday) for a Nawab who had lost his teeth. The reputation of Lucknow's kebabs is not limited to the local population and the dish attracts people from other cities as well as other countries.Lucknow is also known for its chaats, street food, kulfi, paan and sweets. Nahari, a dish prepared using mutton, is popular among non-vegetarians. Sheermal is a type of sweet bread (paratha) prepared in Lucknow. Makkhan-malai is another sweet delicacy of Lucknow made and sold only during winters. Some restaurants in the city are around a century old; there are also many high-end restaurants, bakeries, lounges and pubs which cater to the affluent class and foreign travellers."}, {"Context": "Lucknow Festivals", "Knowledge": "PER Imam Husain, PER Haji Waris, LOC Talkatora Karbala, LOC India, PER Muhammad, LOC Chota Imambara, LOC Uttar Pradesh, LOC Imambara Husainabad, PER Awadh Nawabs, LOC Shah Najaf, LOC Lucknow, LOC Bara Imambara, LOC Imambara Asifi, LOC Muharram Lucknow, LOC Dargah Hazrat Abbas, LOC Imambara Ghufran Ma ' ab", "Response": "Indian festivals such as Christmas, Diwali, Durga Puja, Eid, Holi, Raksha Bandhan and Vijayadashami are celebrated with great pomp and show in the city. Some of the other festivals or processions are as follows:\n\nLucknow MahotsavLucknow Festival is organised every year to showcase Uttar Pradesh art and culture and to promote tourism. With 1975\u201376 designated South Asian Tourism Year, Lucknow took the opportunity to promote the city's art, culture and tourism to national and international tourists. The first Lucknow Festival was staged as a part of this promotion and ever since, with some exceptions, Lucknow Mahotsava has taken place annually.\nLucknow Literature FestivalThis is an annual literature festival held in the month of November every year since 2013. Lucknow LitFest is India's second-largest literature festival featuring some of the greatest writers and thinkers from across the globe.\nMuharram\nLucknow is known as a seat of Shia Islam and the epitome of Shia culture in India. Muslims observe Muharram, the first month of the Islamic calendar and on Ashura (the tenth day of the month) mourn the memory of Imam Husain, grandson of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad. Muharram processions in Lucknow have a special significance and began during the reign of the Awadh Nawabs.Processions such as Shahi Zarih, Jaloos-e-Mehndi, Alam-e-Ashura and Chup Tazia had special significance by the Shia community and were affected with great religious zeal and fervour until 1977 the government of Uttar Pradesh banned public Azadari processions. For the following twenty years, processions and gatherings took place in private or community spaces including Talkatora Karbala, Bara Imambara (Imambara Asifi), Chota Imambara (Imambara Husainabad), Dargah Hazrat Abbas, Shah Najaf and Imambara Ghufran Ma'ab. The ban was partially lifted in 1997 and Shias were successful in taking out the first Azadari procession in January 1998 on the 21st of Ramadan, the Muslim fasting month. The Shias are authorised to stage nine processions out of the nine hundred that are listed in the register of the Shias.Deva Mela\nDeva Mela is celebrated during the anniversary of Sufi saint Haji Waris Ali Shah at Dewa, India which is 26 K.M from Lucknow city. Sufi songs (Qawwalis) are recited at the Dargah. Devotees also carry sheets/Chadars to the shrines.\n\nChup TaziaThe procession originated in Lucknow before spreading to other parts of South Asia. Dating back to the era of the Nawabs, it was started by Nawab Ahmed Ali Khan Shaukat Yar Jung a descendant of Bahu Begum. It has become one of the most important Azadari processions in Lucknow and one of the nine permitted by the government. This last mourning procession takes place on the morning of the 8th of Rabi' al-awwal, the third Muslim month and includes alam (flags), Zari and a ta'zieh (an imitation of the mausoleums in Karbala). It originates at the Imambara Nazim Saheb in Victoria Street then moves in complete silence through Patanala until it terminates at the Karbala Kazmain, where the colossal black ta'zieh is buried.\nBada Mangal festival is celebrated in May as a birthday of the ancient Hanuman temple known as Purana Mandir. During this festival, fairs are conducted by the local public in the whole city. Bhandara is organised by local people almost in all streets across the city and serves free food to all the passersby irrespective of religion. Many of the Muslim Community also set up these Bhandara. It is celebrated in the name of Hindu God Lord Hanuman and reflects the Ganga Jamuni Tehzeeb."}, {"Context": "Lucknow Dance, drama and music", "Knowledge": "ORG BNA, PER Lachhu Maharaj, PER Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande, ORG Manchkriti, PER Josh, PER Cliff Richard, ORG Sangeet Natak Akademy, PER Wajid Ali Shah, PER Begum Akhtar, ORG Bhartendu Natya Academy, PER Baba Sehgal, LOC Lucknow, PER Talat Mahmood, LOC Gomti Nagar, ORG Theatre Arts Workshop, ORG IPTA, ORG Ministry of Culture, ORG Bhatkande Music Institute University, LOC Uttar Pradesh, LOC Awadh, ORG TAW, PER Acchchan Maharaj, PER Anup Jalota, ORG Darpan, PER Naushad, ORG Bhartendu Academy of Dramatic Arts, PER Birju Maharaj, PER Shambhu Maharaj", "Response": "The classical Indian dance form Kathak originated from Lucknow. Wajid Ali Shah, the last Nawab of Awadh, was a great patron and a passionate champion of Kathak. Lachhu Maharaj, Acchchan Maharaj, Shambhu Maharaj and Birju Maharaj have kept this tradition alive.Lucknow is also the home city of the eminent ghazal singer Begum Akhtar. A pioneer of the style, \"Ae Mohabbat Tere anjaam pe rona aaya\" is one of her best known musical renditions. Bhatkande Music Institute University at Lucknow is named after the musician Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande Bhartendu Academy of Dramatic Arts (BNA), also known as Bhartendu Natya Academy, is a theatre-training institute situated at Gomti Nagar. It is a deemed university and an autonomous organisation under the Ministry of Culture, Government of Uttar Pradesh. It was set up in 1975 by the Sangeet Natak Akademy (government of Uttar Pradesh), and became an independent drama school in 1977. Apart from government institutes, there are many private theatre groups including IPTA, Theatre Arts Workshop (TAW), Darpan, Manchkriti and the largest youth theatre group, Josh. This is a group for young people to experience theatre activities, workshops and training.Lucknow is also the birthplace of musicians including Naushad, Talat Mahmood, Anup Jalota and Baba Sehgal as well as British pop celebrity Sir Cliff Richard."}, {"Context": "Lucknow Lucknow Chikan", "Knowledge": "ORG Indian Geographical Indication Registry, LOC India, PER Nawabs, ORG GIR, LOC Lucknow", "Response": "Lucknow is known for embroidery works including chikankari, zari, zardozi, kamdani and gota making (gold lace weaving).Chikankari is an embroidery work well known all over India. This 400-year-old art in its present form was developed in Lucknow and it remains the only location where the skill is practised today. Chikankari constitutes 'shadow work' and is a delicate and artistic hand embroidery done using white thread on fine white cotton cloth such as fine muslin or chiffon. Yellowish muga silk is sometimes used in addition to the white thread. The work is done on caps, kurtas, saris, scarfs, and other vestments. The chikan industry, almost unknown under the Nawabs, has not only survived but has flourished. About 2,500 entrepreneurs have engaged in manufacturing chikan for sale in local, national and international markets with Lucknow the largest exporter of chikan embroidered garments.As a sign of recognition, in December 2008, the Indian Geographical Indication Registry (GIR) accorded Geographical Indication (GI) status for chikankari, recognising Lucknow as the exclusive hub for its manufacture."}, {"Context": "Lucknow Quality of life", "Knowledge": "ORG LG Corporation, LOC Chandigarh, LOC India, ORG IMRB International, LOC Lucknow, LOC Chennai, LOC New Delhi, LOC Bangalore", "Response": "Lucknow was ranked \"India's second happiest city\" in a survey conducted by IMRB International and LG Corporation, after only Chandigarh. It fared better than other metropolitan cities in India including New Delhi, Bangalore and Chennai. Lucknow was found to be better than other cities in areas such as food, transit and overall citizen satisfaction."}, {"Context": "Lucknow Education", "Knowledge": "ORG Rani Laxmi Bai School, ORG Stella Maris Inter College, ORG National Botanical Research Institute, ORG National Assessment and Accreditation Council, ORG King George ' s Medical University, ORG SGPGI, ORG Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute, ORG St. Mary ' s Convent Inter College, ORG Christ Church College, ORG Seth M. R. Jaipuria School, ORG Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, ORG Lucknow International Public School, ORG Institute of Hotel Management, ORG Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, ORG Institute of Engineering and Technology, ORG Uttar Pradesh Technical University, ORG St. Francis ' College, ORG Indian Institute of Information Technology, ORG Loreto Convent Lucknow, ORG Central Drug Research Institute, LOC Lucknow, ORG St. Agnes,, ORG IIIT - L, ORG NBRI, ORG Indian Institute of Management Lucknow, ORG Mary Gardiner ' s Convent School, ORG Central Food Technological Research Institute, ORG NPGC, ORG City Montessori School, ORG Study Hall, ORG Centennial Higher Secondary School, ORG DUNU, ORG Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, ORG KGMU, ORG IHM, ORG National P. G. College, ORG RMLNLU, ORG Delhi Public School, LOC Eldeco, ORG Mount Carmel College, LOC Uttar Pradesh, ORG Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, LOC Indiranagar, ORG CMS, ORG IET Lko, ORG RMNLU, ORG . Ram Manohar Lohia National Law University, ORG Amity International School, ORG Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, ORG Colvin Taluqdars ' College, ORG Cathedral School, ORG Modern School, ORG Army Public School, ORG University of Lucknow, ORG Kendriya Vidyalaya, ORG CDRI, ORG IIM - L, ORG Lucknow Public School, ORG Central Academy", "Response": "Lucknow is home to a number of prominent educational and research organisations including Indian Institute of Management Lucknow (IIM-L), Indian Institute of Information Technology, Lucknow (IIIT-L), Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, National Botanical Research Institute (NBRI), Institute of Engineering and Technology (IET Lko), Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia National Law University (RMNLU), Institute of Hotel Management, Lucknow (IHM), Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGI), Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences and King George's Medical University (KGMU). The National P. G. College (NPGC), affiliated to the University of Lucknow, was ranked as the second-best college imparting formal education in the country by the National Assessment and Accreditation Council in 2014.Educational institutions in the city include seven universities including the University of Lucknow, a Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, a technical university (Uttar Pradesh Technical University), a law university (RMLNLU), an Islamic university (DUNU) and many polytechnics, engineering institutes and industrial-training institutes. Other research organisations in the state include the Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Central Food Technological Research Institute, and the Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute.Some of Uttar Pradesh's major schools are located in Lucknow including Delhi Public School having its branches in Eldeco, Indiranagar. Lucknow International Public School, City Montessori School, Colvin Taluqdars' College, Centennial Higher Secondary School, St. Francis' College, Loreto Convent Lucknow, St. Mary's Convent Inter College, Kendriya Vidyalaya, Lucknow Public School, Stella Maris Inter College, Seth M.R. Jaipuria School, Cathedral School, Mary Gardiner's Convent School, Modern School, Amity International School, St. Agnes, Army Public School, Mount Carmel College, Study Hall, Christ Church College, Rani Laxmi Bai School and Central Academy.\nCity Montessori School, with over 20 branches spread throughout the city, is the only school in the world to have been awarded a UNESCO Prize for Peace Education. CMS also holds a Guinness World Record for being the largest school in the world, with over 40,000 pupils. The school consistently ranks among the top schools of India.La Martiniere Lucknow, founded in 1845, is the only school in the world to have been awarded a battle honour. It is one of the oldest schools in India, often ranked among the top ten schools in the country. Lucknow also has a sports college named Guru Gobind Singh Sports College."}, {"Context": "Lucknow Media", "Knowledge": "PER Sanyal, LOC Babu, PER Jawaharlal Nehru, LOC Lal Pul, ORG Amar Ujala, ORG The National Herald, PER Gaman, ORG CMS FM, LOC Tanu Weds Manu, ORG All India Radio, ORG AIR FM Vividh Bharti, ORG Dainik Jagran, ORG Gyan Vani, LOC Rab, PER Ismail Merchant, ORG Shakespeare Wallah, LOC Ishaqzaade, LOC Pakistan, PER Aditya Roy Kapur, PER Suresh Chandra Shukla, LOC Lucknow, ORG AIR FM Rainbow, ORG JD, ORG The Times of India, LOC Bullett Raja, LOC Dabangg, ORG Red FM, PER Pahari Sanyal, PER K. P. Saxena, PER Parineeti Chopra, ORG Pioneer, LOC Taj Hotel, ORG Radio Mirchi, PER Ricky Bahl, ORG Mirchi Love, PER Shailendra Pandey, ORG Fever 104, LOC Rumi Darwaza, PER Satyajit Ray, ORG Radio City, ORG PAA, ORG Life OK, PER Muzaffar Ali, ORG Hindustan Times, PER Shashi Kapoor, LOC India, ORG BBDU, ORG Dainik Bhaskar, PER Manikonda Chalapathi Rau", "Response": "Lucknow has had an influence on the Hindi film industry as the birthplace of poet, dialogue writer and script writer K. P. Saxena, Suresh Chandra Shukla born 10 February 1954 along with veteran Bollywood and Bengali film actor Pahari Sanyal, who came from the city's well known Sanyal family.\nSeveral movies have used Lucknow as their backdrop including Shashi Kapoor's Junoon, Muzaffar Ali's Umrao Jaan and Gaman, Satyajit Ray's Shatranj ke khiladi. Ismail Merchant's Shakespeare Wallah, PAA and Shailendra Pandey's JD. In the movie Gadar: Ek Prem Katha Lucknow was used to depict Pakistan, with locations including Lal Pul, the Taj Hotel and the Rumi Darwaza used in Tanu Weds Manu. Some parts of Ladies vs Ricky Bahl, Bullett Raja, Ishaqzaade, Ya Rab and Dabangg 2 were shot in Lucknow or at other sites nearby. A major section of the Bollywood movie, Daawat-e-Ishq starring Aditya Roy Kapur and Parineeti Chopra was shot in the city as was Baawre, an Indian TV drama, airing on the Life OK channel. The government has announced to develop two film cities in Lucknow. Here are some newspaper companies working and give online news services to the news readers including Amar Ujala, Dainik Jagran, Hindustan Times, The Times of India and Dainik Bhaskar.\nThe Pioneer newspaper, headquartered in Lucknow and started in 1865, is the second-oldest English-language newspaper in India still in production. The country's first prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru founded The National Herald in the city prior to World War II with Manikonda Chalapathi Rau as its editor.One of the earliest All India Radio stations has been operational in Lucknow since 1938.FM radio transmission started in Lucknow in 2000. The city has the following FM radio stations:\nRadio City 91.1 MHz\nRed FM 93.5 MHz\nRadio Mirchi 98.3 MHz\nAIR FM Rainbow 100.7 MHz\nFever 104 FM 104.0 MHz\nGyan Vani 105.6 MHz (educational)\nAIR FM Vividh Bharti 101.6 MHz\nCMS FM 90.4 MHz (educational)\nMirchi Love 107.2 FM\nBBDU FM 90.8 MHz (of Babu Banarsi Das University)\"My Lucknow My Pride\" is a mobile app launched by the district administration of Lucknow circa December 2015 in efforts to preserve \"the cultural heritage of Lucknow\" and to encourage tourism."}, {"Context": "Lucknow Sports", "Knowledge": "LOC Chowk, ORG Badminton Association of India, ORG Lucknow, PER Mohammed Shahid, ORG KDSB, PER Suresh Raina, LOC Sports College, PER K. D. Singh, LOC Wimbledon, LOC Bangalore, ORG UP Badminton Academy, LOC Babu Banarsi Das, LOC Dhyan Chand Astroturf Stadium, LOC Lucknow, ORG Integral University, PER Gyanendra Pandey, PER Mohammad Kaif, LOC West Indies, LOC Charbagh, ORG IPL, LOC Narendra Modi Stadium, LOC Gomti Nagar, ORG La Martini\u00e8re College, LOC Lucknow Golf Club, LOC Dr. Akhilesh Das Gupta, LOC K. D. Singh Babu Stadium, LOC Mohammed Shahid Synthetic Hockey Stadium, LOC Ekana International Cricket Stadium, LOC Mahanagar, PER Praveen Kumar, LOC Kolkata, PER R. P. Singh, PER Ghaus Mohammad, LOC India, PER Jaman Lal Sharma, PER Piyush Chawla, LOC Eden Gardens, LOC Ahmedabad, LOC Ekana Stadium, ORG Northern India Engineering College", "Response": "Cricket, association football, badminton, golf, and hockey are among the most popular sports in the city.\nThe main sports hub is the K. D. Singh Babu Stadium, which also has a swimming pool and indoor games complex. There are plans to develop KDSB stadium along the lines of Ekana Stadium. KDSB stadium needs Rs 2 billion in funds to redesign and upgrade as per international standards. The other stadiums are Dhyan Chand Astroturf Stadium, Mohammed Shahid Synthetic Hockey Stadium, Dr. Akhilesh Das Gupta Stadium at Northern India Engineering College, Babu Banarsi Das UP Badminton Academy, Charbagh, Mahanagar, Chowk and the Sports College near the Integral University.\nIn September 2017, Ekana International Cricket Stadium was opened to the public as it hosted 2017\u201318 Duleep Trophy. On 6 November 2018 Ekana International Cricket Stadium hosted its first T20 international match between Indian national cricket team and West Indies cricket team.\nIt is the Third largest cricket stadium in India by capacity after Kolkata's Eden Gardens and Ahmedabad's Narendra Modi Stadium. For decades Lucknow hosted the Sheesh Mahal Cricket Tournament.\nLucknow is the headquarters for the Badminton Association of India. Located in Gomti Nagar, it was formed in 1934 and has been holding national-level tournaments in India since 1936. \nSyed Modi Grand Prix is an international Badminton competition held here. Junior-level Badminton players receive their training in Lucknow after which they are sent to Bangalore.The Lucknow Race Course in Lucknow Cantonment is spread over 28.42 hectares (0.2842 km2; 70.22 acres); the course's 3.2 kilometres (2.0 mi)-long race track is the longest in India.The Lucknow Golf Club is on the sprawling greens of La Martini\u00e8re College.\nThe city has produced several national and world-class sporting personalities. Lucknow sports hostel has produced international-level cricketers Mohammad Kaif, Piyush Chawla, Suresh Raina, Gyanendra Pandey, Praveen Kumar and R. P. Singh. Other notable sports personalities include hockey Olympians K. D. Singh, Jaman Lal Sharma, Mohammed Shahid and Ghaus Mohammad, the tennis player who became the first Indian to reach the quarter finals at Wimbledon.In October 2021, an IPL franchise based in Lucknow was officially formed and was later named Lucknow Super Giants. It will play its home matches at BRSABV Ekana Cricket Stadium."}, {"Context": "Lucknow Parks and recreation", "Knowledge": "LOC Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Park, LOC Kukrail Picnic Spot, LOC Hathi Park, LOC India, LOC Lucknow Indiranagar Area, LOC Gomti Riverfront Park, LOC Qaisar Bagh, ORG London Eye, LOC Eco Park, LOC Kukrail Reserve Forest, LOC Ambedkar Memorial Park, LOC Buddha Park, ORG Lucknow Development Authority, LOC Asia, LOC Janeshwar Mishra park", "Response": "The city has parks and recreation areas managed by the Lucknow Development Authority. These include Kukrail Reserve Forest, Qaisar Bagh, Gomti Riverfront Park, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Park, Eco Park, Ambedkar Memorial Park, Janeshwar Mishra park, the largest park in Asia, Buddha Park, Hathi Park. It boasts lush greenery, a man-made lake, India's longest cycling and jogging track and a variety of flora. The plan is also to set up a giant Ferris wheel inside the park on the lines of London Eye, providing a panoramic view of the city. Kukrail Picnic Spot (crocodile-breeding sanctuary), located near Lucknow Indiranagar Area. This is Asia's largest crocodile-breeding center. This along with a small zoo and ample open space make it unique."}, {"Context": "Lunglei Introduction", "Knowledge": "LOC Tlawng, LOC Aizawl, LOC Nghasih, LOC India, LOC Lunglei, LOC Mizoram", "Response": "Lunglei (Pron: /\u02c8loo\u014bg\u02ccle\u026a/) is a town, situated in the south-central part of Mizoram state, northeastern India. Lunglei, literally meaning 'bridge of rock' got its name from a bridge like rock found in the riverine area around Nghasih - a small tributary of Tlawng the longest river in Mizoram. It is the largest town after the capital, Aizawl, located 165 km (102 miles) south of Aizawl."}, {"Context": "Lunglei History", "Knowledge": "ORG SDO, LOC South Lushai Hill Districts, LOC Aizawl, ORG MNF, ORG Assam Rifles, LOC Lunglei, LOC Bangladesh, ORG Mizo Independence, LOC Chittagong, LOC Mizoram, ORG Govt Treasury, LOC North Hill Districts", "Response": "Lunglei was the Capital of South Lushai Hill Districts for 10 years from 1888, as was Aizawl for the North Hill Districts. The two were united in 1898. Lunglei is the second-largest town in Mizoram and was an important town until the partition of India as it had direct access to Chittagong, a big city in Bangladesh which made Lunglei the commercial and education centre. As of 1912, there were only 2 shops in Lunglei 1922 which increased to 4 shopes in 1922. The first Jeepable road to Lunglei was made only in the 1950s. on 1 March 1966, the MNF declared unilateral Mizo Independence and attacked Assam Rifles post at Lunglei, captured the SDO and seized Rs 18 Lakhs from the Govt Treasury."}, {"Context": "Lunglei Geography", "Knowledge": "LOC Lunglei", "Response": "Lunglei is located at 22.88\u00b0N 92.73\u00b0E\ufeff / 22.88; 92.73. It has an average elevation of 1222  metres (4009 feet)."}, {"Context": "Lunglei Demographics", "Knowledge": "LOC Saiha, LOC Aizawl, LOC Myanmar, LOC Lunglei, LOC Bangladesh, LOC Mamit, LOC Lawngtlai, LOC Mizoram, LOC Champhai", "Response": "Lunglei is one of the prominent districts of Mizoram. Encompassing a total area of 4,538 square kilometres (1,752 sq mi), the district of Lunglei has a population of 137,155. The district of Lunglei is 235 kilometres (146 mi) from Aizawl, the capital of Mizoram and is easily accessible by well maintained roads. The district is bounded on the north by Mamit and Aizawl districts, on the west by Bangladesh, on the south by Lawngtlai district, on the southeast by Saiha district, on the east by Myanmar and on the northeast by Champhai district.\n\nAs of the 2011 Census of India, Lunglei had a population of 57,011. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Lunglei has an average literacy rate of 84%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 84%, and female literacy is 83%. In Lunglei, 14% of the population is under 6 years of age."}, {"Context": "Lunglei Administration", "Knowledge": "ORG SDO, LOC South Tuipui, LOC West Tuipui, LOC Lunglei, LOC Hnahthial, LOC Lunglei East, LOC Tlabung, LOC Lungsen, LOC Lunglei South, LOC Bunghmun, LOC Lunglei North, LOC Thorang, LOC Lunglei West", "Response": "The district of Lunglei has been further divided into major sub divisions of Hnahthial SDO (S), Lunglei SDO (S) and Tlabung SDO (S) and 4 R.D. Blocks, Bunghmun, Hnahthial, Lunglei and Lungsen. The district has 7 assembly constituencies. These are South Tuipui, Lunglei North, Lunglei East, Lunglei West, Lunglei South, Thorang and West Tuipui for the administrative convenience of the district officials. Lunglei town is the administrative headquarters of the district."}, {"Context": "Lunglei Education", "Knowledge": "ORG DIET, LOC Lunglei, ORG District Institute of Education and Training, ORG Lunglei J. Buana College, ORG Lunglei Kapthangi College Lunglei. Electric Veng Higher and Technical Institute of Mizoram Mizoram Polytechnic, ORG Lunglei Nursing College Christian Hospital Serkawn Nursing College Mizoram Engineering College, ORG Lunglei Government College", "Response": "The Major Educational Institutions of Higher Learning in Lunglei are:\n\nLunglei Government College, Lunglei\nJ.Buana College, Lunglei\nKapthangi College Lunglei. Electric Veng\nHigher and Technical Institute of Mizoram\nMizoram Polytechnic offering Engineering diploma courses.\nLunglei Nursing College \nChristian Hospital Serkawn Nursing College\nMizoram Engineering College\nDistrict Institute of Education and Training (DIET)"}, {"Context": "Lunglei Tourism", "Knowledge": "LOC Lunglei, LOC Thuamluaia Mual, LOC Kawmzawl Park Khawnglung Wildlife Sanctuary Saikuti Hall, LOC Mizoram, ORG Zobawk Sports Academy", "Response": "Some of the notable tourist spots of the district of Lunglei are:\n\nZobawk Sports Academy\nKawmzawl Park\n Khawnglung Wildlife Sanctuary\nSaikuti Hall  where most of the concerts and celebrations are held. A unique museum has also been established in the hall where local painters demonstrate their skill and exhibit their works.\nThuamluaia Mual - is the second football stadium with Artificial turf in Mizoram.For those tourists who want to add a bit of adventure in their sojourn to Mizoram, Lunglei offers them with a plethora of picnic spots to explore their inherent sporting skills and sportsman spirit. Lunglei district offers the tourists to enjoy natural splendor coupled with the rich cultural traditions of the region."}, {"Context": "Lunglei Newspapers", "Knowledge": "PER Vulmawi, ORG Times, PER Hnamdamna Zochhiar, ORG Tribune MAKEDONIA, ORG Lunglei, PER Daifim Ralvengtu, ORG Daily Post Zunzam", "Response": "Hnamdamna\nZochhiar\nLunglei Times\nDaifim\nRalvengtu\nVulmawi\nLunglei Tribune\nMAKEDONIA (Sunday)\nDaily Post\nZunzam"}, {"Context": "Lunglei Cable Networks", "Knowledge": "ORG LDF Cable Network, ORG J. B. Cable Network", "Response": "LDF Cable Network\nJ.B. Cable Network"}, {"Context": "Lunglei Transport", "Knowledge": "LOC Aizawl, LOC Kawmzawl, PER Pawan Hans, LOC Lunglei, LOC Shillong, LOC Tlabung, LOC Chittagong, LOC Karnaphuli River, LOC Kolkata", "Response": "The closest route to Lunglei in the 1890s was through Tlabung, a town about 35 kilometers from Lunglei where Karnaphuli River connects to Chittagong, a distance of about 90 kilometers. In the 1940s, a trip from Lunglei to Shillong or Kolkata passed through Chittagong rather than Aizawl.A Helicopter service by Pawan Hans has been started between Aizawl and Lunglei. The distance between Lunglei and Aizawl is less than 200 kilometres (120 mi), and the cities are connected by regular service of buses and jeeps. There are also plans to construct a small airport at Kawmzawl, about 25 kilometres (16 mi) from Lunglei."}, {"Context": "Lunglei Economy", "Knowledge": "ORG Baptist Church, LOC Lunglei, ORG Church Headquarters, LOC Mizoram", "Response": "Lunglei has 9.97% of the forest land within its total area. Most of the indigenous local inhabitants of the district of Lunglei depend on agriculture and earn their livelihood from growing crops. The cash crops of coffee and rubber help the district to earn its revenue. The farmers of the district mostly practice the traditional method of shifting cultivation, which is popularly referred to as jhum.\nRice is the principal crop in the agricultural economy. Cottage industries produce handloomed cloth, furniture, agricultural equipment, woven textiles, and bamboo and cane work. Lunglei is also the Church Headquarters of Baptist Church of Mizoram."}, {"Context": "Madurai Introduction", "Knowledge": "LOC South Tamil Nadu, PER Chandragupta Maurya, LOC Cholas, ORG Madurai Bench, LOC Pandyas, ORG Empire, LOC Madurai District, LOC Madurai, ORG Madurai Medical College, PER Kautilya, ORG Agricultural College and Research Institute, ORG Madurai Law College, LOC Vaigai, ORG Madras High Court, LOC yuurr, LOC Thirumalai Nayakkar Mahal, LOC MAH, LOC Meenakshi Temple, LOC Madurai Nayaks, LOC MAD, LOC Vijayanagar, PER Megasthenes, LOC Chennai, LOC Coimbatore, LOC Tamil Nadu, LOC Mauryan, ORG British East India Company, LOC Manalur, ORG Archeological Survey of India, ORG Municipal Corporation, LOC India, LOC Thoonga Nagaram, ORG Homeopathic Medical College, LOC US", "Response": "Madurai ( MAD-yuurr-eye, US also  MAH-d\u0259-RY) is a major city in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is the cultural capital of Tamil Nadu and the administrative headquarters of Madurai District. As of the 2011 census, it was the third largest urban agglomeration in Tamil Nadu after Chennai and Coimbatore and the 44th most populated city in India. Located on the banks of River Vaigai, Madurai has been a major settlement for two millennia and has a documented history of more than 2500 years. It is often referred to as \"Thoonga Nagaram\", meaning \"the city that never sleeps\".Madurai is closely associated with the Tamil language. The third Tamil Sangam, a major congregation of Tamil scholars, is said to have been held in the city. The recorded history of the city goes back to the 3rd century BCE, being mentioned by Megasthenes, the Greek ambassador to the Mauryan Empire, and Kautilya, a minister of the Mauryan emperor Chandragupta Maurya. Signs of human settlements and Roman trade links dating back to 300 BCE are evident from excavations by Archeological Survey of India in Manalur. The city is believed to be of significant antiquity and has been ruled, at different times, by the Pandyas, Cholas, Madurai Sultanate, Vijayanagar Empire, Madurai Nayaks, Carnatic kingdom, and the British East India Company British Raj.\nThe city has a number of historical monuments, with the Meenakshi Temple and the Thirumalai Nayakkar Mahal being the most prominent. Madurai is an important industrial and educational hub in South Tamil Nadu. The city is home to various automobile, rubber, chemical and granite manufacturing industries.Madurai has important government educational institutes such as the Madurai Medical College, Homeopathic Medical College, Madurai Law College, Agricultural College and Research Institute. Madurai city is administered by a municipal corporation established in 1971 as per the Municipal Corporation Act. The city covers an area of 147.97 km2 (57.13 sq mi) and had a population of 1,470,755 in 2011. The city is also the seat of a bench of the Madras High Court. The Madurai Bench has been functioning since 2004."}, {"Context": "Madurai Etymology", "Knowledge": "LOC North Madurai, LOC Mathura, PER Appar, LOC Naanmadakoodal, LOC Kadamba, PER Iravatham Mahadevan, PER Thiruvilayaadal, LOC Madurai, LOC Sivagangai, LOC Kadambavanam, LOC Manamadurai, LOC Koodal, PER Siva, PER Sundarar, LOC Kashi, PER Thirugnanasambandar, LOC Thirualavai, LOC Malligai Maanagar, PER Shiva, LOC Dindigul, PER Paranjothi Munivar, LOC Tenkasi, LOC Vada Madurai, LOC Marutham", "Response": "According to Iravatham Mahadevan, a 2nd-century BCE Tamil-Brahmi inscription refers to the city as matiray, an Old Tamil word meaning a \"walled city\".Madurai is one of the many temple towns in the state which is named after the groves, clusters or forests dominated by a particular variety of a tree or shrub and the same variety of tree or shrub sheltering the presiding deity. The region is believed to have been covered with Kadamba forest and hence called Kadambavanam. The city is referred by various names including \"Madurai\", \"Koodal\",  \"Malligai Maanagar\", \"Naanmadakoodal\" and \"Thirualavai\". The word Madurai may be derived from Madhura (sweetness) arising out of the divine nectar showered on the city by the Hindu god Siva from his matted hair. Another theory is that Madurai is the derivative of the word Marutham, which refers to the type of landscape of the Sangam age. A town in the neighbouring Dindigul district is called Vada Madurai (North Madurai) and another in Sivagangai district is called Manamadurai. The different names by which the city has been referred to historically are listed in the 7th-century poem Thiruvilayaadal Puraanam written by Paranjothi Munivar. Vaishnava texts refer to Madurai as the \"southern Mathura\", probably similar to Tenkasi (southern Kashi).Koodal means an assembly or congregation of scholarly people, referring to the three Tamil Sangams held at Madurai. Naanmadakoodal, meaning the junction of four towers, refers to the four major temples for which Madurai was known for. Tevaram, the 7th- or 8th-century Tamil compositions on Shiva by the three prominent Nayanars (Saivites), namely Appar, Sundarar and Thirugnanasambandar, address the city as Thirualavai."}, {"Context": "Madurai History", "Knowledge": "LOC Sri Lanka, LOC Mannar, LOC Mathura, PER Kalabhra, LOC Delhi Sultanate, LOC Vijayanagara Empire, LOC Delhi, PER Pandu, LOC Madurai Sultanate, PER Strabo, LOC Madurai, PER Kulasekara Pandian, PER Kautilya, LOC Arcot Nawab, PER Maturaikk\u0101\u00f1ci, ORG Nayaks, ORG Pandyas, LOC Vijayanagar, PER Megasthenes, PER Chanda Sahib, LOC Tamil Nadu, PER Vijaya, ORG Cholas, PER Ptolemy, LOC Empire, LOC MahaTittha, LOC Arthashastra, PER Pliny the Younger, PER Methora, LOC Erythraean Sea, ORG Chola, LOC Methora", "Response": "Madurai is mentioned in the great book Mahavamsa, that in the 6th century BCE, Prince Vijaya(BCE 543\u2013505) married the daughter of King Pandu of Madurai and 700 men of prince Vijaya married 700 maidens from Madurai as their wives. The princess and maidens were sent to Sri Lanka with valuable items by ships and they landed in MahaTittha, present-day Mannar.Madurai has been inhabited since at least the 3rd century BCE. Megasthenes may have visited Madurai during the 3rd century BCE, with the city referred as \"Methora\" in his accounts. The view is contested by some scholars who believe \"Methora\" refers to the north Indian city of Mathura, as it was a large and established city in the Mauryan Empire. Madurai is also mentioned in Kautilya's (370\u2013283 BCE) Arthashastra. Sangam literature like Maturaikk\u0101\u00f1ci records the importance of Madurai as a capital city of the Pandyan dynasty. Madurai is mentioned in the works of Roman historians Pliny the Younger (61 \u2013 c. 112 CE), Ptolemy (c. 90 \u2013 c. CE 168), those of the Greek geographer Strabo (64/63 BCE \u2013 c. 24 CE), and also in Periplus of the Erythraean Sea.\n\nAfter the Sangam age, most of present-day Tamil Nadu, including Madurai, came under the rule of the Kalabhra dynasty, which was ousted by the Pandyas around 590 CE. The Pandyas were ousted from Madurai by the Chola dynasty during the early 9th century. The city was fought over between the Cholas and the Pandyas during the 12th century, changing hands several times, until the early 13th century, when the second Pandyan empire was established with Madurai as its capital. After the death of Kulasekara Pandian (1268\u20131308 CE), Madurai came under the rule of the Delhi Sultanate. The Madurai Sultanate then seceded from Delhi and functioned as an independent kingdom until its gradual annexation by the Vijayanagara Empire in 1378 CE. Madurai became independent from Vijayanagar in 1559 CE under the Nayaks. Nayak rule ended in 1736 CE and Madurai was repeatedly captured several times by Chanda Sahib (1740 \u2013 1754 CE), Arcot Nawab and Muhammed Yusuf Khan (1725 \u2013 1764 CE) in the middle of the 18th century.In 1801, Madurai came under the direct control of the British East India Company and was annexed to the Madras Presidency. The British government made donations to the Meenakshi temple and participated in the Hindu festivals during the early part of their rule. The city evolved as a political and industrial complex through the 19th and 20th centuries to become a district headquarters of a larger Madurai district. In 1837, the fortifications around the temple were demolished by the British. The moat was drained and the debris was used to construct new streets \u2013 Veli, Marat and Perumaal Mesthiri streets. The city was constituted as a municipality in 1866 under the Town Improvement Act of 1865. The British government faced initial hiccups during the earlier period of the establishment of municipality in land ceiling and tax collection in Madurai and Dindigul districts under the direct administration of the officers of the government. The city, along with the district, was resurveyed between 1880 and 1885 CE and subsequently, five municipalities were constituted in the two districts and six taluk boards were set up for local administration. Police stations were established in Madurai city, housing the headquarters of the District Superintendent.It was in Madurai, in 1921, that Mahatma Gandhi, pre-eminent leader of Indian nationalism in British-ruled India, first adopted the loin cloth as his mode of dress after seeing agricultural labourers wearing it. Leaders of the independence movement in Madurai included N. M. R. Subbaraman, Karumuttu Thiagarajan Chettiar and Mohammad Ismail Sahib. The Temple Entry Authorization and Indemnity Act passed by the government of Madras Presidency under C. Rajagopalachari in 1939 removed restrictions prohibiting Shanars and Dalits from entering Hindu temples. The temple entry movement was first led in Madurai Meenakshi temple by independence activist A. Vaidyanatha Iyer in 1939.In 1971, the municipality of Madurai was upgraded to a Municipal Corporation. In 2011 the Madurai Corporation expanded the area of its jurisdiction from seventy-two wards to one hundred wards, an increase in area from 51.82 square kilometres (12,810 acres) to 147.997 square kilometres (36,571 acres)."}, {"Context": "Madurai Architecture", "Knowledge": "PER Shilpa, LOC Meenakshi Temple, LOC Masi, PER Viswanatha Nayak, LOC Avani - moola, LOC Chittirai, PER Madurai Nayak, LOC Aadi, LOC Madurai", "Response": "Madurai is built around the Meenakshi Temple, which acted as the geographic and ritual centre of the ancient city of Madurai. The city is divided into a number of concentric quadrangular streets around the temple. Viswanatha Nayak (1529\u201364 CE), the first Madurai Nayak king, redesigned the city in accordance with the principles laid out by Shilpa Shastras (Sanskrit: \u015bilpa \u015b\u0101stra, also anglicised as silpa sastra meaning rules of architecture) related to urban planning. These squares retain their traditional names of Aadi, Chittirai, Avani-moola and Masi streets, corresponding to the Tamil month names and also to the festivals associated.The temple prakarams (outer precincts of a temple) and streets accommodate an elaborate festival calendar in which dramatic processions circumambulate the shrines at varying distances from the centre. The temple chariots used in processions are progressively larger in size based on the size of the concentric streets. Ancient Tamil classics record the temple as the centre of the city and the surrounding streets appearing liken a lotus and its petals. The city's axes were aligned with the four-quarters of the compass, and the four gateways of the temple provided access to it. The wealthy and higher echelons of the society were placed in streets close to the temple, while the poorest were placed in the fringe streets. With the advent of British rule during the 19th century, Madurai became the headquarters of a large colonial political complex and an industrial town; with urbanisation, the social hierarchical classes became unified."}, {"Context": "Madurai Geography and climate", "Knowledge": "LOC Periyar Dam, LOC Vaigai, LOC South India, LOC Dindigul, ORG Indian Meteorological Department, LOC Nagamalai, LOC Sirumalai, LOC Tamil Nadu, LOC Mad, LOC Madurai", "Response": "The municipal corporation of Madurai has an area of 147.97 square kilometres or 57.13 square miles.Madurai is located at 9.93\u00b0N 78.12\u00b0E\ufeff / 9.93; 78.12. It has an average elevation of 134 metres. The city of Madurai lies on the flat and fertile plain of the river Vaigai, which runs in the northwest\u2013southeast direction through the city, dividing it into two almost equal halves. The Sirumalai and Nagamalai hills lie to the north and west of Madurai. The land in and around Madurai is utilised largely for agricultural activity, which is fostered by the Periyar Dam. Madurai lies southeast of the western ghats, and the surrounding region occupies the plains of South India and contains several mountain spurs. The soil type in central Madurai is predominantly clay loam, while red loam and black cotton types are widely prevalent in the outer fringes of the city. Paddy is the major crop, followed by pulses, millet, oil seed, cotton and sugarcane.As is typical for Tamil Nadu, Madurai has a tropical savanna climate (K\u00f6ppen Aw/As), although it borders closely upon a hot semi-arid climate (BSh).Madurai is hot and dry for eight months of the year. Cold winds are experienced during February and March as in the neighbouring Dindigul. The hottest months are from March to July. The city experiences a moderate climate from August to October, tempered by heavy rain and thundershowers, and a slightly cooler climate from November to February. Fog and dew are rare, occurring only during the winter season. Being equidistant from mountains and the sea, it experiences similar monsoon pattern with Northeast monsoon and Southwest monsoon, with the former providing more rain during October to December. The average annual rainfall for the Madurai district is about 85.76 cm.Temperatures during summer generally reach a maximum of 42 \u00b0C or 107.6 \u00b0F and a minimum of 26.3 \u00b0C or 79.3 \u00b0F, although temperatures up to 43 \u00b0C or 109.4 \u00b0F are not uncommon. Winter temperatures range between 29.6 \u00b0C or 85.3 \u00b0F and 18 \u00b0C or 64.4 \u00b0F. A study based on the data available with the Indian Meteorological Department on Madurai over a period of 62 years indicate rising trend in atmospheric temperature over Madurai city, attributed to urbanisation, growth of vehicles and industrial activity. The maximum temperature of 42 \u00b0C or 107.6 \u00b0F for the decade of 2001 to 2010 was recorded in 2004 and in 2010."}, {"Context": "Madurai Demographics", "Knowledge": "ORG Madurai Municipal Corporation, LOC Theni, LOC India, ORG Madurai - Ramnad Diocese, LOC Dindigul, ORG Church of South India, LOC Tamil Nadu, ORG Roman Catholic Diocese of Madurai, LOC Madurai", "Response": "According to 2011 census based on pre-expansion limits, the area covered under the Madurai Municipal Corporation had a population of 1,017,865 with a sex-ratio of 999 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929. A total of 100,324 were under the age of six, constituting 51,485 males and 48,839 females. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes accounted for 6.27% and 0.31% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the city was 81.95%, compared to the national average of 72.99%. The urban agglomeration of Madurai had a population of 1,465,625, and is the third largest in Tamil Nadu and the 31st in India.According to the religious census of 2011, Madurai had 85.83% Hindus, 8.54% Muslims, 5.18% Christians and 0.47% others. Tamil is the main language, and the standard dialect is the Madurai Tamil dialect, and is spoken by 89.0% of the population. Saurashtra, a language related to Gujarati, is the largest minority language which is spoken by 5.4% of the population. Other significant minority languages include Telugu (2.7%) and Urdu (1.5%). Roman Catholics in Madurai are affiliated with the Roman Catholic Diocese of Madurai, while Protestants are affiliated with the Madurai-Ramnad Diocese of the Church of South India.In 2001, Slum-dwellers comprise 32.6 per cent of the total population, much higher than the national average of 15.05 per cent. The increase in growth rate to 50 per cent from 1971 to 1981 is due to the city's upgrade to a municipal corporation in 1974 and the subsequent inclusion of 13 Panchayats into the corporation limits. The decline in the population growth rate between 1981 and 2001 is due to the bifurcation of Madurai district into two, Madurai and Dindigul in 1984, and the subsequently of part of the city into the Theni district in 1997. The compounded annual growth rate dropped from 4.10 per cent during 1971\u201381 to 1.27 per cent during 1991\u20132004."}, {"Context": "Madurai Administration and politics", "Knowledge": "ORG City, LOC Madurai East, ORG All India Anna Dravida Munnertra Kazhagam, ORG Indian National Congress, LOC Madurai, PER Moopanar, ORG Computer Wing, LOC Thirupparankundram, ORG Parliament of India, LOC Madurai West, LOC Virudhunagar Lok, ORG Marxist, ORG Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam, LOC Chennai, LOC Madurai South, LOC Tamil Nadu, LOC Madurai Central, ORG Communist Party of India, ORG Tamil Maanila Congress, LOC Madurai North, LOC India, ORG Sabha, ORG Janata Party, ORG Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, ORG Lok Sabha, ORG Tamil Nadu Police", "Response": "The municipality of Madurai was constituted on 1 November 1866 as per the Town Improvement Act of 1865. The municipality was headed by a chairperson and elections were regularly conducted for the post except during the period 1891 to 1896, when no elections were held due to violent factionalism. During the early years of independent India, the Madurai municipality was dominated by reformists of the Indian National Congress. Madurai was upgraded to a municipal corporation on 1 May 1971 as per the Madurai City Municipal Corporation Act, 1971. It is the second oldest municipal corporation in Tamil Nadu, after Chennai. The functions of the municipality are devolved into six departments: General, Engineering, Revenue, Public Health, Town planning, and the Computer Wing. All these departments are under the control of a Municipal Commissioner, who is the supreme executive head. The legislative powers are vested in a body of 100 members, one each from the 100 wards. The legislative body is headed by an elected Mayor assisted by a Deputy Mayor. The corporation received several awards in 2008 for implementing development works.The city of Madurai is represented in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by six elected members, one each for the Madurai East, Madurai West, Madurai North, Madurai Central, Madurai South and Thirupparankundram constituencies. Most of Madurai city comes under the Madurai Lok Sabha constituency and elects a member to the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament of India, once every five years. From 1957, the Madurai parliament seat was held by the Indian National Congress seven times in the 1962\u201367, 1971\u201377, 1977\u201380, 1980\u201384, 1984\u201389, 1989\u201391 and 1991 elections. The Communist Party of India (Marxist) won the seat three times during 1967\u201371, 1999\u20132004 and 2004\u201309 general elections. The Communist Party of India (1957\u201361), Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar) (1996\u201398), Janata Party (1998), Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (2009\u20132014) and All India Anna Dravida Munnertra Kazhagam (2014\u20132020) have each won once. Part of the city which falls under Thirupparankundram assembly constituency comes under the Virudhunagar Lok Sabha constituency.Law and order is enforced by the Tamil Nadu Police, which, for administrative purposes, has constituted Madurai city as a separate district. The district is divided into four sub-divisions, namely Thallakulam, Anna Nagar, Thilagar Thidal and Town, with a total of 27 police stations. The Madurai city police force is headed by a Commissioner of police, assisted by Deputy Commissioners. Enforcement of law and order in the suburban areas are handled by the Madurai district police. In 2008, the crime rate in the city was 283.2 per 100,000 people, accounting for 1.1 per cent of all crimes reported in major cities in India, and it was ranked 19th among 35 major cities in India. As of 2008, Madurai recorded the second highest SLL (Special and Local Laws) crimes, at 22,728, among cities in Tamil Nadu. However, Madurai had the second lowest crime rate at 169.1 of all the cities in Tamil Nadu. The city is also the seat of a bench of the Madras High Court, one of only a few outside the state capitals of India. It started functioning in July 2004."}, {"Context": "Madurai Transport", "Knowledge": "LOC Karaikudi, LOC Palanganatham, ORG Royal Air Force, LOC Mayiladuthurai, LOC Virudhachalam, ORG SpiceJet, LOC SH, LOC Madurai Junction, LOC Madurai, LOC Tirunelveli, LOC Dubai, LOC Theni, LOC Thanjavur, LOC SH -, LOC Virudhunagar, LOC NH, LOC Tiruchirappalli, ORG Air India Express, LOC Periyar Bus, ORG IndiGo, LOC Mattuthavani, ORG Air India, LOC Rameswaram, ORG Southern Railway, LOC Colombo, LOC Chennai, LOC Madurai International Airport, LOC Coimbatore, LOC Tamil Nadu, LOC India, LOC Dindigul, ORG SriLankan Airlines, ORG Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation, LOC Singapore, LOC Kanyakumari, ORG Integrated, LOC Arappalayam", "Response": "The National Highways NH 7, NH 45B, NH 208 and NH 49 pass through Madurai. The state highways passing through the city are SH-32, SH-33 and SH-72, which connect various parts of Madurai district. Madurai is one of the seven circles of the Tamil Nadu State Highway network. Madurai is the headquarters of the Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation (Madurai) and provides local and inter city bus transport across seven districts namely Madurai, Dindigul, Theni, and Virudhunagar. Madurai has four major bus stands, namely, Mattuthavani Integrated Bus Terminus (MIBT), Arappalayam, Palanganatham and Periyar Bus stand. There are 12,754 registered three-wheeled vehicle called auto rickshaws which are commercially available for renting within the city. Over the government operated city buses that are used for public transport, there are 236 registered private mini-buses that support local transportation.\n\nMadurai Junction is an important railway junction in southern Tamil Nadu and constitutes a separate division of the Southern Railway zone. There are direct trains from Madurai connecting the important cities in Tamil Nadu like Chennai, Coimbatore, Kanyakumari, Tiruchirappalli, Tirunelveli, Karaikudi, Mayiladuthurai, Rameswaram, Thanjavur and Virudhachalam. Madurai has rail connectivity with important cities and towns in India. The state government has announced the Madurai Monorail in 2011; as of 2020, it remains in planning stages.\n\nMadurai International Airport, first used by the Royal Air Force in World War II in 1942., is located 12 kilometers from the city. The airport was declared a customs airport in 2012 allowing limited number of international flights. It offers domestic flights to some cities in India and international services to Colombo, Dubai and for Singapore on a daily basis started by Air India Express since February 2018.  The carriers operating from the airport are Air India, Air India Express, SpiceJet, IndiGo and SriLankan Airlines. The airport handled 842,300 passengers between April 2015 and March 2016."}, {"Context": "Madurai Education", "Knowledge": "ORG Madurai Medical College, LOC Madurai, ORG Lady Doak College, ORG Tamil Nadu Government Department of Legal Studies, ORG Madurai Law College, ORG Thirumangalam, ORG Madura College, ORG American College, ORG Government Polytechnic for Women, ORG Thiagarajar College, ORG Madurai Kamaraj University, ORG Government ITI, ORG Fatima College, ORG Anna University, ORG Thiagarajar College of Engineering, ORG M. S. S. Wakf Board College, ORG Homoeopathic Medical College, ORG Madurai University, ORG Sourashtra College, ORG Tamil Nadu Polytechnic College, ORG Tamil Nadu Dr. Ambedkar Law University", "Response": "Madurai has been an academic centre of learning for Tamil culture, literature, art, music and dance for centuries. All three assemblies of the Tamil language, the Tamil Sangam (about the 3rd century BCE to the 3rd century CE), were said to have been held at Madurai. Tamil poets of different epochs participated in these assemblies, and their compositions are referred to as Sangam literature. During the third Tamil sangam, the comparative merit of the poets was decided by letting the works float in the lotus tank of the temple. It was believed that a divine force would cause the work of superior merit to float on the surface, while the inferior ones would sink.The American College is the oldest college in Madurai, and was established in 1881 by American Christian missionaries. The Lady Doak College, established in 1948, is the oldest women's college in Madurai. Thiagarajar College (established in 1949), Madura College (established in 1889), Fatima College is a women's general degree college (established in 1953), Sourashtra College (established in 1967) and M.S.S. Wakf Board College (established in 1964), Tamil Nadu Polytechnic College ( established in 1946), are the oldest educational institutions of the city. Madurai Kamaraj University (originally called Madurai University), established in 1966, is a state-run university which has 109 affiliated arts and science colleges in Madurai and neighbouring districts. There are 47 approved institutions of the university in and around the city, consisting of autonomous colleges, aided colleges, self-financing colleges, constituent colleges, evening colleges and other approved institutions.There are seven polytechnical schools and five Industrial training institutes (ITIs) in Madurai, with the Government ITI and the Government Polytechnic for Women being the most prominent of them all. There are two government medical institutes in Madurai, Madurai Medical College and Homoeopathic Medical College, Thirumangalam and 11 paramedical institutes. There are fifteen engineering colleges in Madurai affiliated to Anna University, with the Thiagarajar College of Engineering being the oldest. The Madurai Law College, established in 1979, is one of the seven government law colleges in the state. It is administered by the Tamil Nadu Government Department of Legal Studies, and affiliated with the Tamil Nadu Dr. Ambedkar Law University. There are three teacher training institutes, two music colleges, three management institutes and 30 arts and sciences colleges in Madurai. The agricultural college and research institute in Madurai, started in 1965 by the state government, provides agricultural education to aspirants in the southern districts of Tamil Nadu. There are a total of 369 primary, secondary and higher secondary schools in the city. All India Institutes of Medical Sciences, a premier medical institution, is also under construction in Madurai and will cover 224 acres (910,000 m2) of land, at an estimated cost of \u20b91,264 crore (US$160 million), and additionally allotted \u20b9736 crore (US$92 million) total around \u20b92,000 crore (US$250 million) in the sub-urban Thoppur Madurai district."}, {"Context": "Madurai Economy", "Knowledge": "ORG Fiat India, ORG Isuzu, ORG Toyota, LOC Uthamapalayam, ORG Jeep, ORG Mitsubishi, LOC Madurai, ORG Software Technology Parks of India, ORG KUN BMW, ORG Ashok Leyland, LOC Vaigai, ORG HCLTech, LOC Kappalur, ORG Mahindra, LOC South India, LOC Melur, ORG Small Industries Development Corporation Kappalur, ORG Volkswagen, LOC Madurai North, ORG Honeywell, LOC Utchapatti - Thoppur, ORG FCA, ORG Government of India, LOC Madurai Malli, ORG Tata, LOC EL, LOC Kodaikanal, ORG Maruti Suzuki, LOC Nilakottai", "Response": "Madurai was traditionally an agrarian society, with rice paddies as the main crop. Cotton crop cultivation in the regions with black soil in Madurai district was introduced during the Nayaka rule during the 16th century to increase the revenue from agriculture. The paddy fields cultivated in the Vaigai delta across Madurai North, Melur, Nilakottai and Uthamapalayam are known as \"double-crop paddy belts\". Farmers in the district supplement their income with subsidiary occupations like dairy farming, poultry-farming, pottery, brick making, mat-weaving and carpentry. Madurai is famed for its jasmine plantations, called \"Madurai Malli\", primarily carried out at the foothills of Kodaikanal hills and traded at the Madurai morning flower market. An average of 2,000 farmers sell flowers daily at the flower market.With the advent of Small Scale Industries (SSI) after 1991, the industrialisation of Madurai increased employment in the sector across the district from 63,271 in 1992\u201393 to 166,121 persons in 2001\u201302. Madurai is one of the few rubber growing areas in South India, and there are rubber-based industries in Madurai. Gloves, sporting goods, mats, other utility products and automobile rubber components are the most produced items by these industries. Automobile manufacturers are the major consumers of rubber components produced in the city. There are numerous textile, granite and chemical industries operating in Madurai.Madurai is promoted as a tier II city for IT and Industry. kappalur which is sub-urban of Madurai is business hub for automotive industries such as KUN BMW, Isuzu, Volkswagen, Toyota, Mahindra, Tata, Maruti Suzuki, Mitsubishi, Ashok Leyland, Jeep, Fiat India (FCA). The government has created Utchapatti-Thoppur satellite Township in Kappalur. Small Industries Development Corporation Kappalur has many polymer and houseware manufacturing units.some software companies have opened their offices in Madurai. Software Technology Parks of India, an agency of the Government of India, has authorised several such companies to receive benefits under its national information technology development program. The state government proposed two IT-based Special Economic Zones (SEZ) in Madurai, and these have been fully occupied by various IT companies, HCLTech and Honeywell have their own campuses in ELCOT IT Park in Madurai."}, {"Context": "Madurai Religious sites", "Knowledge": "PER Sundareswarar, LOC Murugan, PER Murugan, LOC Vaigai River, LOC Arupadai Veedu, PER Muhammed, LOC Madurai, PER Kulasekara, PER Kallazhagar, PER Parvati, LOC Oman, LOC Pazhamudircholai, PER Meenakshi, LOC Meenakshi Amman Temple, LOC Koodal Azhagar Temple, LOC Vishnu, LOC Thiruparankundram, LOC Vishnu temple, LOC Meenakshi, LOC Navagraha, LOC Alagar Koyil, PER Shiva, PER Kazi Syed Tajuddin, LOC Solaimalai, LOC Kazimar Big Mosque, PER Deivanai", "Response": "Meenakshi Amman Temple is a historic Hindu temple located on the south side of the Vaigai River in Madurai, which is one of the most prominent landmarks of the city. It is dedicated to Parvati known as Meenakshi and her consort, Shiva as Sundareswarar. The complex houses 14 gopurams (gateway towers) ranging from 45\u201350 metres (148\u2013164 ft) in height, the tallest being the southern tower, 51.9 metres (170 ft) high. There are also two golden sculptured vimana (shrines) over the sanctum of the main deities. The temple is a significant symbol for Tamils and has been mentioned since antiquity in Tamil literature, though the present structure was built between 1623 and 1655 CE. The temple attracts 15,000 visitors a day and around 25,000 during Fridays. There are an estimated 33,000 sculptures in the temple.Koodal Azhagar Temple is a Vishnu temple located in the city. It has idols of the Navagraha (nine planet deities), which are otherwise found only in Shiva temples.Thiruparankundram is a hill 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) away from Madurai, where the Hindu god Murugan is believed to have married Deivanai. The temple is the first among the six holy abodes of Murugan, the Arupadai Veedu, literally \"Six Battle Camps\", and one of the most visited tourist spots in Madurai. The temple has a wide range of Hindu gods carved on the walls.Alagar Koyil is a celebrated Vishnu temple 21 kilometres (13 mi) northeast of Madurai situated on the foothills of Solaimalai. The deity, Kallazhagar, is believed to be the brother of Meenakshi, the presiding deity at the Meenakshi temple. The festival calendars of these two temples overlap during the Meenakshi Thirukalyanam festival. Pazhamudircholai, one of the other six abodes of the Hindu god Murugan, is located atop the Solaimalai hill.Kazimar Big Mosque is the first Muslim place of worship in the city. It was constructed under the supervision of Kazi Syed Tajuddin, believed to be a descendant of the prophet Muhammed. He came from Oman and received the piece of land from the Pandya ruler, Kulasekara Pandiyan during the 13th century. It is claimed to be the oldest Islamic monument in Madurai. The dargah of Madurai Hazrats called as Madurai Maqbara is located inside the mosque. Tirupparankunram Dargah is the grave of an Islamic saint who came from Jeddah; his festival is celebrated during Rajab every Hijri year.Goripalayam Mosque is located in Gorippalayam, the name of which is derived from the Persian word Gor, meaning Grave. The graves of Hazrat Sulthan Alauddin Badhusha, Hazrat Sulthan Shamsuddeen Badhusha and Hazrat Sulthan Ghaibuddeen Badhusha are found here. The urus festival of this dargah is held on 15th night of the Islamic month of Rabi al-awwal on every hijri year. St. Mary's Cathedral is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Madurai. Samanar Malai and Panchapandavar Malai are important Jain centres."}, {"Context": "Madurai Culture and tourism", "Knowledge": "LOC Gandhi, PER Thirumalai, PER Sundareswarar, LOC Rajaji children park, LOC Madurai, PER Vishnu, LOC Rani Mangamma, LOC Tallakulam, LOC Arasaradi, LOC Madura College Grounds, PER Parvati, PER Meenakshi, PER Martin Luther King Jr., PER Alagar, LOC Tamukkam, LOC MGR Race Course Stadium, ORG Madurai Municipal Corporation, LOC Eco, PER Thirumalai Nayakar, PER Nathuram Godse, PER Gandhi, PER Shiva, LOC Gandhi Memorial Museum, LOC Thoonga Nagaram, ORG Tamil Nadu Archaeological Department, LOC Thirumalai Nayak Palace", "Response": "Madurai is popularly called Thoonga Nagaram meaning the city that never sleeps, on account of the active night life. The city attracts a large number of tourists from within the country and abroad. About 9,100,000 tourists visited Madurai in 2010, out of which foreigners numbered 524,000. The palace complex of Thirumalai Nayak Palace was constructed in the Indo-Saracenic style by Thirumalai Nayakar in 1636 CE. It is a national monument maintained by the Tamil Nadu Archaeological Department. The daily sound and light show organized by the department explains the virtues of King Thirumalai and the features of the palace. The palace of Rani Mangamma has been renovated to house one of the five Gandhi Sanghralayas (Gandhi Memorial Museum, Madurai) in the country. It includes a part of the blood-stained garment worn by Gandhi when he was assassinated by Nathuram Godse. A visit by Martin Luther King Jr. to the museum inspired him to lead peaceful protests against discrimination.The Eco park, situated in Tallakulam, features fountains and lighting in trees using optical fibres. Rajaji children park, maintained by the Madurai Municipal Corporation, is situated between the Gandhi museum and the Tamukkam grounds \u2013 it has a visitor average of 5,000 per day during holidays and 2,000\u20133,000 on working days. MGR Race Course Stadium is an athletic stadium which has a synthetic track and a swimming pool. Several National Meets are held here. It also hosts several international and national level Kabbadi Championships. Railway grounds at Arasaradi, Medical college grounds & Madura College Grounds are the full fledged cricket stadiums in the city.\n\nThe people of Madurai celebrate numerous festivals, which include Meenakshi Tirukkalyanam, the Chittirai Festival and the Car Festival. The annual 10 day Meenakshi Tirukalyanam festival, also called Chittirai festival, celebrated during April\u2013May every year attracts 1 million visitors. Legend has it that Hindu god Vishnu, as Alagar, rode on a golden horse to Madurai to attend the celestial wedding of Meenakshi (Parvati) with Sundareswarar (Shiva). During the Cradle festival, the festive idols of Meenakshi and Sundareswarar are taken in procession to a mirror chamber and set on a rocking swing for nine days. Avanimoolam festival is celebrated during the month of September when the 64 sacred games of Hindu god Shiva, thiruvilayadal are recited. The Thepporchavam festival or float festival is celebrated in the month of January \u2013 February, on the full moon day of Tamil Month Thai to celebrate the birth anniversary of King Thirumalai Nayak. The decorated icons of the Meenakshi and her consort are taken out in a procession from the Meenakshi Temple to the Mariamman Teppakulam. The icons are floated in the tank on a raft decked with flowers and flickering lamps.Jallikattu is the most popular historical sport in Tamil Nadu, which is a part of the Pongal festival (harvest festival) celebrated during January. The bull taming event is held in the villages surrounding Madurai when people from the neighbouring villages throng the open grounds to watch man and bull pitting their strength against each other. Although the event was banned by the Supreme Court of India in 2014, large protests in 2017 led to the sport's reinstatement. Santhanakoodu festivals in Madurai are celebrated on various days during the Islamic calendar year to commemorate Islamic saints."}, {"Context": "Madurai Media and utility services", "Knowledge": "ORG Dinamalar, ORG The Hindu, ORG GSM, ORG Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, ORG Dinakaran, ORG Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission, ORG BSNL, ORG Dinamani, ORG All India Radio, ORG Hello FM, ORG Madurai City Corporation, LOC Madurai, ORG Tamil Nadu Electricity Board, ORG The Times of India, ORG Global System for Mobile Communications, ORG Tamil Murasu, ORG Dina Thanthi, ORG Suryan FM, ORG Radio Mirchi, ORG Malai Murasu, ORG Maalai Malar, LOC Chennai, LOC Tamil Nadu, ORG DD Direct Plus, ORG Code division, ORG Radio City, ORG Deccan Chronicle, LOC India, ORG TNEB, ORG Madurai Metro Electricity Distribution Circle, ORG Madurai Municipal corporation, ORG CDMA, ORG The New Indian Express", "Response": "The city hosts several radio stations, including the state-owned All India Radio and private channels like Hello FM, Radio Mirchi, Suryan FM and Radio City. The Hindu, The New Indian Express and The Times of India are the three principal English-language daily newspapers which have Madurai editions. Deccan Chronicle, though not printed in the city, is another English-language daily newspaper available in the city. The most read Tamil-language daily morning newspapers include Dinamalar, Dina Thanthi, Dinamani and Dinakaran \u2013 all these newspapers have editions from Madurai. There are also daily Tamil evening newspapers like Tamil Murasu, Malai Murasu and Maalai Malar published in Madurai. Television broadcasting from Chennai for whole of Tamil Nadu was started on 15 August 1975. Direct-to-home cable television services are provided by DD Direct Plus and other private service providers.Electricity supply to the city is regulated and distributed by the Tamil Nadu Electricity Board (TNEB). The city is the headquarters of the Madurai region of TNEB and along with its suburbs, forms the Madurai Metro Electricity Distribution Circle, which is further divided into six divisions. Water supply is provided by the Madurai City Corporation with overhead tanks and power pumps. In the period 2010\u20132011, a total of 950.6 lakh litres of water was supplied to 87,091 connections for households in Madurai.About 400 metric tonnes of solid waste are collected from the city every day by door-to-door collection, and the subsequent source segregation and dumping is carried out by the sanitary department of the Madurai Municipal corporation All the major channels in Madurai are linked by the corporation to receive the flood water from primary, secondary and tertiary drains constructed along the roadsides to dispose of rain water. The sewer system was first established by the British in Madurai in 1924 to cover the core city area, which covers 30 per cent of the present city area. It was further expanded in 1959 and 1983 by a corporation plan. The 2011 Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission covered 90 per cent of households with underground drainage system.Madurai comes under the Madurai telecom district of the Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), India's state-owned telecom and internet services provider. Both Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) and Code division multiple access (CDMA) mobile services are available. Apart from telecom, BSNL also provides broadband internet service and Caller Line Identification (CLI) based internet service Netone.A regional passport office was opened on 17 December 2007 and caters to the needs of nine districts. The city is served by the Government Rajaji Hospital. A branch of All India Institutes of Medical Sciences in Thoppur, in the outskirts of the city, is set to be completed by 2022 as per Central government press release."}, {"Context": "Mahabaleshwar Introduction", "Knowledge": "ORG Bombay Presidency, LOC Krishna, LOC India, LOC Mahabaleshwar, LOC Maharashtra, LOC Satara", "Response": "Mahabaleshwar (pronunciation ) is a small town and a municipal council in Satara district, Maharashtra, India. It is a place of pilgrimage for Hindus because Krishna river has its origin here. The British colonial rulers developed the town as a hill station, and served as the summer capital of Bombay Presidency during the British Raj."}, {"Context": "Mahabaleshwar Geography", "Knowledge": "LOC Malcolm Peth, LOC Shindola, LOC Old Mahabaleshwar, LOC Maharashtra, LOC Veni, LOC Mumbai, PER Lord Vishnu, LOC Mahabaleshwar, LOC Venna, LOC Sunrise Point, PER Lord Brahma, LOC Karnataka, LOC Gayatri, PER Lord Shiva, LOC Andhra Pradesh, LOC East, LOC Koyna, PER Savitri, LOC Telangana, LOC Mahadev, LOC Pune, LOC Wilson, LOC Krishna, LOC Mahad, LOC Savitri, LOC India, LOC Sahyadri, LOC Krishna River, LOC Old \" Kshetra, LOC Bay of Bengal, LOC Arabian Sea", "Response": "Mahabaleshwar is located on the mountainous Sahyadri range of the Western ghats that run North to south along western coast of India.\nThe coordinates of the town are 17.9250\u00b0N 73.6575\u00b0E\ufeff / 17.9250; 73.6575. Mahabaleshwar is a vast plateau measuring 150 km2 (58 sq mi), bound by valleys on all sides. It reaches a height of 1,439 m (4,721 ft) at its highest peak above sea level, known as Wilson/Sunrise Point\nThe town is about 122 km (76 mi) southwest of Pune and 285 km (177 mi) from Mumbai, .\nMahabaleshwar comprises three villages: Malcolm Peth, Old \"Kshetra\" Mahabaleshwar and part of the Shindola village.\nMahabaleshwar region is the source of the Krishna River that flows across Maharashtra, Karnataka, Telangana and Andhra Pradesh. The legendary source of the river is a spout from the mouth of a statue of a cow in the ancient temple of Mahadev in Old Mahabaleshwar. Legend has it that Krishna is Lord Vishnu himself as a result of a curse on the trimurti by \nSavitri. Also, its tributaries Venna and Koyna are said to be Lord Shiva and Lord Brahma themselves. 3 other rivers come out from the cow's mouth apart from Krishna and they all travel some distance before merging into Krishna which flows East towards the Bay of Bengal. These rivers are the Koyna, Venna (Veni) and Gayatri. The Savitri river flows Westward via Mahad to the Arabian Sea.\nClimate of the area is suitable for cultivation of strawberries, Mahabaleshwar strawberry contributes to about 85 percent of the total strawberry production in the country. It also received the geographical indication (GI) tag in 2010."}, {"Context": "Mahabaleshwar Climate", "Knowledge": "LOC Mahabaleshwar, PER Cherrapunji, LOC Venna Lake", "Response": "Mahabaleshwar has a borderline tropical monsoon/humid subtropical climate (K\u00f6ppen Am/Cwa). Very heavy rainfall is a normal occurrence during monsoons. During July, 10\u201312 days of continuous rains with 100 to 200 mm or 4 to 8 in each day occur each year. There were reports of ice and ground frost formation around Venna Lake in 2018  On August 7, 2019, Mahabaleshwar recorded 330 mm or 12.99 in of rain in 24 hours causing landslides. Mahabaleshwar has been described as the \"New Candidate for the wettest place in the world\", the title currently held by Cherrapunji."}, {"Context": "Mahabaleshwar History", "Knowledge": "LOC Krishna, LOC Mahabaleshwar, LOC Vale of Jawali, LOC Bijapur, LOC Pratapgad fort, PER Shivaji, PER More, PER Yadava, LOC Adilshahi, LOC Javali, PER Chandrarao More, PER Wali, PER Chhatrapati Shivaji", "Response": "Legend says that a Yadava ruler from 13th century built a small temple and water tank at the source of the river Krishna. The area around Mahabaleshwar called the Vale of Jawali was ruled by the More (clan) who were vassals of the Adilshahi sultanate of Bijapur.\nIn 1656, the founder of Maratha empire, Chhatrapati Shivaji on account of political circumstances, killed the then ruler of Wali of Javali, Chandrarao More, and seized that area. Around that time Shivaji also built a hill fort near Mahabaleshwar called Pratapgad fort."}, {"Context": "Mahabaleshwar British colonial era", "Knowledge": "PER Lodwick, LOC Maharashtra, LOC Satara, PER John Malcolm, LOC Panchgani, LOC Mahabaleshwar, LOC Venna, LOC Raj Bhavan, PER Bartley Frere, PER Mountstuart Elphinstone, LOC Bombay, LOC Babington House, PER Arthur Malet, LOC Dubash, LOC The Terraces, LOC Carnac, LOC Point Arthur, LOC Giri Darshan, PER Malcolm Peth", "Response": "In 1819, after the demise of the Maratha empire, the British ceded the hills around Mahabaleshwar to the vassal state of Satara. Colonel Lodwick (Later General Sir Lodwick) after climbing the mountains near Mahabaleshwar, recommended the place as a sanatorium for the British forces to governor Sir John Malcolm of Bombay presidency. The Raja of Satara was granted other villages in exchange for the British getting Mahabaleshwar in 1828. In old records Mahabaleshwar was even called as Malcolm Peth after the governor. Mahabaleshwar started gaining prominence when British officials of Bombay presidency such as in 1828, and later Sir Mountstuart Elphinstone, Arthur Malet (for whom the seat at \"Point Arthur\" is named), Carnac, and many others became regular visitors.\nA lake called Venna lake was constructed in 1842 to collect water from perennial springs. The Venna river flows from this lake. Bartley Frere, the commissioner of Satara in 1850s built the road from Satara to Mahabaleshwar. In mid 1800s, Mahabaleshwar was made into summer capital of Bombay presidency. Government spending led to rapid development of the area. Colonial officials spent part of their year in the area. Their wives spent longer period to be with their children in local boarding schools in Mahabaleshwar and nearby Panchgani. The British rulers wanted to recreate the English landscape in the hill stations and to that end, European flora such as strawberries were introduced in Mahabaleshwar, and amenities such as libraries, theatres, boating lakes, and sports grounds constructed.Added to the scores of magnificent scenic \"points\", the perennial springs, streams, and waterfalls of Mahabaleshwar plateau, with its year round superb climate, drew the English and others to Mahabaleshwar. By the end of the 19th century it had become an attractive popular hill station of world renown. Raj Bhavan, the Summer residence of the Governor of Maharashtra, is also located here. An older building named \"The Terraces\" was purchased in 1884 and rechristened as Giri Darshan in 1886.\"Babington House\", is a colonial-style bungalow built in the shape of a cross with a deep veranda, elaborate metal work railing and extensive outhouses. It was formerly one of the country seats of the Dubash family, a Parsi ship chandler dynasty from Bombay who sold it to the Rahejas in the early 1970s. It contains a central dining room with a 24-seater table and a library pavilion with 1st edition books collected by the Dubash family, notably Jamsetjee \"Jimmy\" Kavasjee Dubash, a bibliophile and art collector."}, {"Context": "Mahabaleshwar Demographics", "Knowledge": "LOC Mahabaleshwar", "Response": "As of 2011 India census, Mahabaleshwar had a population of 12,737. Males constituted 55% of the population and females 45%. Mahabaleshwar had an average literacy rate of 78%, higher than the national average of 74.04%: male literacy was 84%, and female literacy was 71%. In Mahabaleshwar, 11% of the population was at that time under 6 years of age.90% of population speaks Marathi language."}, {"Context": "Mahabaleshwar Road", "Knowledge": "LOC National Highway, LOC Mahabaleshwar, ORG MSRTC, LOC Sangli, LOC Satara, LOC Wai, LOC Mumbai, LOC Pune", "Response": "Mahabaleshwar is 32 km from Wai. It is 260 km from Mumbai, the state capital. The nearest major city is Satara, 45 km and it is 120 km from Pune and 263 km from Mumbai thane Mahabaleshwar is connected by the National Highway 4. Bus services by state-run MSRTC and private organizations connect it to Pune, Mumbai, Sangli and Satara."}, {"Context": "Mahabaleshwar Rail", "Knowledge": "LOC Miraj, LOC Mahabaleshwar, LOC Khed, LOC Poladpur, LOC Satara, LOC Kokan Railway, LOC Diwan Khavati, LOC Pune", "Response": "Nearest railway station to Mahabaleshwar is Satara, 60 km. Nearby major railway junctions include Pune (120 km), and Miraj (170 km) . State-run bus services are available in these locations to Mahabaleshwar. Rail station Diwan Khavati on Kokan Railway near Khed gives a route of 60 km via Poladpur to Mahabaleshwar."}, {"Context": "Mahabaleshwar Air", "Knowledge": "LOC Mahabaleshwar, LOC Pune International Airport, LOC Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport, LOC Mumbai, LOC Pune", "Response": "The nearest airport is Pune International Airport, serving the city of Pune, 120 km from Mahabaleshwar. Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport of Mumbai is 270 km."}, {"Context": "Mahabaleshwar Tourism", "Knowledge": "LOC Krishna, LOC Bombay Point, LOC Arthur Seat, LOC Savitri, LOC Mahabaleshwar, LOC Lodwick - Wilson Point, LOC Mahadeo, LOC Venna, LOC Elphinston Point, LOC Koyna, LOC Old Mahabaleshwar, LOC Starwaberries, LOC Maharashtra, LOC Venna Lake, LOC Lingmala, LOC Gayatri, LOC Kates Point, LOC Wilson", "Response": "Mahabaleshwar is a major  place of tourism in Maharashtra.  Attractions include many hill side look out points with views of surrounding hills, valleys and forests such as  Bombay Point, Arthur Seat, Kates Point, Lodwick-Wilson Point, and Elphinston Point. Wilson point is the only location in Mahabaleshwar where both sunrise and sunset can be seen. The town also has a man made lake dating back to  British era called Venna Lake. The lake is a popular for boating.It is surrounded by a market and food stalls that are popular with the tourists. Other attractions include the Lingmala waterfall. Old Mahabaleshwar is a place of pilgrimage with its Mahadeo temple.The temple is the source of the five rivers Krishna, Koyna, Venna, Savitri and Gayatri. Being a relatively cool place, many temperate region cropssuch as strawberries, raspberries, and mulberries have been grown in Mahabaleshwar and surrounding hills. Principal amongst these crops is Starwaberries.Strawberry plantations, and the produce they offer are also a popular tourist activity.Mahabaleshwar strawberry was  granted the  geographical indication (GI) tag in 2010. As a popular tourist destination, Mahabaleshwar has hotels to and accommodation to suit different budgets."}, {"Context": "Mahabaleshwar Pratapgad", "Knowledge": "PER Shivaji Maharaj, PER Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, PER Afzal Khan, LOC Bijapur, LOC Pratapgad, PER Chatrapati Shivaji", "Response": "A popular place to visit is the historic fort of Pratapgad built by Chatrapati Shivaji. It is the site of the encounter between Shivaji Maharaj and Bijapur general, Afzal Khan, where the latter was defeated and killed by Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj. There are small shops, restaurants and a handicrafts store. Many schools also arrange educational  trips to the fort. The fort is also on many trekking routes of the area."}, {"Context": "Mahabaleshwar In the media and films", "Knowledge": "LOC Mahabaleshwar, PER Basu Chatterji, PER Hrishikesh Mukherjee, PER Raj Kapoor", "Response": "Mahabaleshwar has been chosen as the location for Hindi films including Raj Kapoor's Barsaat,Hrishikesh Mukherjee's Anupama  and Basu Chatterji's Chitchor.."}, {"Context": "Mamallapuram Introduction", "Knowledge": "LOC Pallava, PER Shiva, LOC India, LOC Thirukadalmallai, LOC Chengalpattu, LOC Mamallapuram, LOC Tamil Nadu, PER Mamalla, PER Narasimhavarman I, LOC Mahabalipuram, LOC Shore Temple", "Response": "Mamallapuram, also known as Mahabalipuram, is a town in Chengalpattu district in the southeastern Indian state of Tamil Nadu, best known for the UNESCO World Heritage Site of 7th- and 8th-century Hindu Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram. It is one of the famous tourist sites in India. The ancient name of the place is Thirukadalmallai.\nMamallapuram was one of two major port cities in the Pallava kingdom. The town was named after Pallava king Narasimhavarman I, who was also known as Mamalla. Along with economic prosperity, it became the site of a group of royal monuments, many carved out of the living rock. These are dated to the 7th and 8th centuries: rathas (temples in the form of chariots), mandapas (cave sanctuaries), the giant open-air rock relief the Descent of the Ganges, and the Shore Temple dedicated to Shiva. The contemporary town plan was established by the British Raj in 1827."}, {"Context": "Mamallapuram Etymology", "Knowledge": "LOC Pallava, PER Marco Polo, PER Thirumangai Alvar, LOC Thirukadalmallai, LOC Mamalla, LOC Mamallapattana, LOC Sthalasayana Perumal Temple, LOC Malange, LOC Mamallapuram, LOC Erythraean Sea, PER Narasimhavarman I, LOC Mahabalipuram, PER Ptolemy, LOC Shore Temple", "Response": "The earliest mention of the city is found in the 1st century work called Periplus of the Erythraean Sea by an unknown Greek navigator. Ptolemy, the Greek geographer refers this place as Malange. Mahabalipuram is also known by other names such as Mamallapattana and Mamallapuram. The term Mamallapuram means the city of Mamalla, the other name of the famous Pallava Emperor Narasimhavarman I (630-670 CE) who built the famous temples in the city. Thirumangai Alvar, the famous Vaishnavite saint mentions this place as Thirukadalmallai, referring to the Sthalasayana Perumal Temple. Another name by which Mahabalipuram has been known to mariners, at least since Marco Polo's time is \"Seven Pagodas\" alluding to the Seven Pagodas of Mahabalipuram that stood on the shore, of which one, the Shore Temple, survives."}, {"Context": "Mamallapuram History", "Knowledge": "LOC Pallava, LOC Sri Lanka, LOC Nirppeyyaru, PER Rajasimhavarman, PER Theodosius I, PER Thirumangai Alvar, LOC Tondai Nadu, LOC Kanchipuram, ORG Government College of Architecture and Sculpture, PER Narasimhavarman I, PER Thondaiman Ilam Thiraiyar, LOC Sea Mountain, LOC Southeast Asia, LOC Mahabalipuram, LOC Shore Temple, PER Narasimhavarman", "Response": "Neolithic burial urn, cairn circles and jars with burials dating to the 1st century BCE have been discovered near Mahabalipuram. The Sangam age poem Perump\u0101\u1e47\u0101\u1e5f\u1e5fuppadai relates the rule of King Thondaiman Ilam Thiraiyar at Kanchipuram of the Tondai Nadu port Nirppeyyaru which scholars identify with the present-day Mahabalipuram. Chinese coins and Roman coins of Theodosius I in the 4th century CE have been found at Mahabalipuram revealing the port as an active hub of global trade in the late classical period. Two Pallava coins bearing legends read as Srihari and Srinidhi have been found at Mahabalipuram. The Pallava kings ruled Mahabalipuram from Kanchipuram; the capital of the Pallava dynasty from the 3rd century to 9th century CE, and used the port to launch trade and diplomatic missions to Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia. An 8th-century Tamil text written by Thirumangai Alvar described this place as Sea Mountain 'where the ships rode at anchor bent to the point of breaking laden as they were with wealth, big trunked elephants and gems of nine varieties in heaps'.The temples of Mahabalipuram, portraying events described in the Mahabharata, were built largely during the reigns of King Narasimhavarman and his successor Rajasimhavarman and show the movement from rock-cut architecture to structural building. The city of Mahabalipuram was founded by the Pallava king Narasimhavarman I in the 7th century CE. The mandapa or pavilions and the rathas or shrines shaped as temple chariots are hewn from the granite rock face, while the famed Shore Temple, erected half a century later, is built from dressed stone. What makes Mahabalipuram so culturally resonant are the influences it absorbs and disseminates. The Shore Temple includes many reliefs, including one 100 feet (30 m) long and 45 feet (14 m) high, carved out of granite. In 1957 the Government College of Architecture and Sculpture was established to promote and revive the art of making sculptures and temples."}, {"Context": "Mamallapuram Transport", "Knowledge": "LOC Villupuram, LOC Thiruttani, ORG MTC, LOC Kancheepuram, LOC Chengalpattu, ORG TNSTC, LOC Chennai, LOC Mamallapuram, LOC Mahabalipuram", "Response": "MTC and TNSTC (Villupuram division) operate bus services between Mamallapuram/Mahabalipuram and Chennai, Chengalpattu, Kancheepuram, Thiruttani etc. MTC's bus services available from various parts of the Chennai include Deluxe and Air-conditioned buses. Mahabalipuram is located at the distance of 56 km from Chennai.\nMTC bus Routes towards Mahabalipuram"}, {"Context": "Mamallapuram Climate", "Knowledge": "LOC Mahabalipuram", "Response": "Mahabalipuram has a tropical wet and dry climate. The K\u00f6ppen-Geiger climate classification is Aw. The average annual temperature is 28.4 \u00b0C. The temperatures are highest on average in May, at around 32.6 \u00b0C. In January, the average temperature is 24.3 \u00b0C, the lowest of the year. The average temperatures vary during the year by 8.3 \u00b0C. In a year, the average rainfall is 1219 mm. In winter, there is much less rainfall than in summer. The variation in the precipitation between the driest and wettest months is 309 mm."}, {"Context": "Mamallapuram Landmarks", "Knowledge": "PER Arjuna, LOC Koneri, PER Krishna, LOC Varaha, PER Bhima, PER Sahadeva, LOC Mahishasuramardini, PER Vishnu, LOC Coromandel Coast, PER Yudhishtra, LOC Dharmaraja, LOC Olakkanesvara temple, LOC Kotikal, PER Draupadi, PER Durga, ORG Archaeological Survey of India, PER Pandavas, LOC Ramanuja, LOC Chennai, LOC Tamil Nadu, LOC Thirukadalmallai, LOC Shore Temple, PER Shiva, LOC Krishna, LOC Draupadi, LOC Adi Varaha, LOC India, PER Nakula, LOC Bay of Bengal, LOC Panchapandava, LOC Pancha Rathas", "Response": "The town has a collection of 7th- and 8th-century Hindu religious monuments that has been declared as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It is on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal, about 60 kilometres (37 mi) south of Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.The site has 40 ancient monuments and Hindu temples, including Descent of the Ganges or Arjuna's Penance \u2013 one of the largest open-air rock relief in the world. The site includes several categories of monuments: ratha temples with an architecture of monolith processional chariots built between 630 and 668 CE; the mandapa viharas with halls and stone roofs with narratives from the Mahabharata, Shaktism and Vaishnavism; rock reliefs particularly bas-reliefs of Shaivism, Shaktism and Vaishnavism; stone cut temples particularly those dedicated to Shiva that also reverentially display Vishnu and others, built between 695 and 722 CE; and, archaeological excavations with inscriptions some dated to 6th century and earlier. The cave temples and monolithic temples were built during the Pallava Period. The site is managed by the Archaeological Survey of India.Some important structures include:\n\nDescent of the Ganges or Arjuna's Penance \u2013 a giant open-air rock relief.\nPancha Rathas (Five Chariots) \u2013 five monolithic pyramidal structures named after the Pandavas (Arjuna, Bhima, Yudhishtra, Nakula and Sahadeva) and Draupadi. Each of these is carved from one single separate large piece of stone.\nCave Temples \u2013 over ten rock-cut temples dating back to the 7th century. These include the Varaha, Adi Varaha, Krishna, Mahishasuramardini (Durga), Ramanuja, Dharmaraja, Koneri, Kotikal, Panchapandava and others.\nThe Shore Temple \u2013 a structural temple along the Bay of Bengal with the entrance from the western side away from the sea. Recent excavations have revealed new structures here.\nOther structural temples including the Olakkanesvara temple and the lighthouse, along with rock-cut features such as the Draupadi's tank and Krishna's butterball.\nThirukadalmallai, the temple dedicated to Lord Vishnu."}, {"Context": "Mamallapuram Demography", "Knowledge": "LOC Mahabalipuram", "Response": "As of 2001 India census, Mahabalipuram had a population of 12,345. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Mahabalipuram has an average literacy rate of 74%, higher than the national average of 73%: male literacy is 82%, and female literacy is 66%. In Mahabalipuram, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age."}, {"Context": "Manali Introduction", "Knowledge": "LOC Manali", "Response": "Manali may refer to:"}, {"Context": "Manali Places in India", "Knowledge": "LOC Gummidipoondi, LOC Himachal Pradesh, LOC Chennai Manali, LOC Manali New Town, LOC Kerala, LOC Chennai, LOC Tamil Nadu Manali River, LOC Manali", "Response": "Manali, Himachal Pradesh,\nManali, Chennai, a locality of Chennai\nManali New Town, a locality of Chennai\nManali, Gummidipoondi, a village in Tamil Nadu\nManali River, a river in Kerala"}, {"Context": "Manali People", "Knowledge": "PER Manali Jagtap, PER Manali Dakshini, PER Manali Dey", "Response": "Manali Dey, a Bengali actress..\nManali Dakshini (1997), a Maharashtrian cricketer\nManali Jagtap (1978), political and fine artist"}, {"Context": "Manali Other", "Knowledge": "ORG Manali Petrochemical", "Response": "Manali Petrochemical"}, {"Context": "Mangalore Introduction", "Knowledge": "LOC Kadambas, LOC Mangaluru, ORG Presidency, LOC Mangalore, LOC Keladi Nayaks, LOC Bangalore, LOC Dubai, LOC Dakshina Kannada, LOC Alupas, LOC Karnataka, LOC Goa, PER Tipu Sultan, LOC South India, LOC Kingdom of Mysore, LOC Kerala, LOC Mysore State, LOC Vijayanagar Empire, PER Hyder Ali, LOC India, ORG Mangalore City Corporation, LOC Madras, LOC Arabian Sea, LOC Western Ghats", "Response": "Mangalore (), officially known as Mangaluru, is a major port city in the Indian state of Karnataka & on the west coast of India. It is located between the Arabian Sea and the Western Ghats about 352 km (219 mi) west of Bangalore, the state capital, 20 km north of Karnataka\u2013Kerala border, 297 km south of Goa. Mangalore is the state's only city to have all four modes of transport\u2014air, road, rail and sea. The population of the urban agglomeration was 619,664 according to the 2011 national census of India. It is known for being one of the locations of the Indian strategic petroleum reserves.\nThe city developed as a port in the Arabian Sea during ancient times, and has since become a major port of India that handles 75 percent of India's coffee and cashew exports. It is also the country's seventh largest container port. Mangalore has been ruled by several major powers, including the Kadambas, Alupas, Vijayanagar Empire, Keladi Nayaks, and the Portuguese. The city was a source of contention between the British and the Kingdom of Mysore rulers Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan, and was eventually annexed by the British in 1799. Mangalore remained part of the Madras Presidency until India's independence in 1947 and was unified with Mysore State (now called Karnataka) in 1956.\nMangalore is one of the fastest developing cities in India and also the administrative headquarters of the Dakshina Kannada district. It is a commercial, industrial, business, educational, healthcare, and startup hub. The city's international airport is the second-largest and second-busiest airport in Karnataka. Mangalore City Corporation is responsible for the civic administration which manages the 60 wards of the city. Its landscape is characterised by rolling hills, coconut palms, rivers, and hard laterite soil. It is the richest city in Karnataka after Bangalore. Mangalore ranked India's 13th place in top business destination and in Karnataka it's second after Bangalore. Mangalore is growing like Dubai of South India in terms of highrise buildings & skyscrapers. The city houses some of the tallest buildings in South India. India's first 3D planetarium with 8K resolution display is located in the city. Mangalore is included as one of the cities in the Smart Cities Mission list and is among the 100 smart cities to be developed in India. It has an average elevation of 22 m (72 ft) above mean sea level. It has a tropical monsoon climate and is under the influence of the southwest monsoon. In 2017, Mangalore was ranked the 48th best city in the world to live in by a US survey, and the only Indian city in the top 50. It has its own International Airport which is around 15 km from the city centre."}, {"Context": "Mangalore Etymology", "Knowledge": "PER K. V. Ramesh, LOC Bolar, LOC Mangaluru, PER Parimala, PER Mangaladevi, LOC Mangalore, LOC Mangalapuram, LOC Netravati, LOC Kudla, LOC Kodiyal, LOC Tulu, LOC Mangaladevi, PER Tara Bhagvati, PER George M. Moraes, PER Chettian, LOC Maikala, ORG Vajrayana, LOC Gurupura, LOC Manjal\u016br, LOC Mangaladevi Temple, PER Premaladevi, LOC Pandyan Kingdom, LOC Malabar, ORG Place Names Society of India, LOC Indian Ocean, LOC India, LOC Mangala, PER Pandyan, PER Matsyendranath, LOC Mangalapura", "Response": "Mangalore was named after the deity Mangaladevi, the presiding deity of the Mangaladevi Temple or a synonym of Tara Bhagvati of the Vajrayana Buddhist sect. According to local legend a princess named Parimala or Premaladevi from Malabar renounced her kingdom and became a disciple of Matsyendranath, the founder of the Nath tradition. Having converted Premaladevi to the Nath sect, Matsyendranath renamed her Mangaladevi. She arrived in the area with Matsyendranath but had to settle near Bolar in Mangalore because she fell ill on the way. When she died, the people consecrated the Mangaladevi temple at Bolar in her honour. The city was named for the temple.One of the earliest references to the city's name was in 715 CE when Pandyan King Chettian called the city Mangalapuram. The city and the coastal region were part of the Pandyan Kingdom. According to K.V. Ramesh, president of the Place Names Society of India, Mangaluru was first used in 1345 CE during the Vijayanagar rule. Many shilashasanas (stones) of the Vijayanagar period refer the city as Mangalapura. Before then during the Alupa dynasty period, it was referred to as Mangalapura (Mangala means 'auspicious'). In the Kannada language, the city is known as Mangaluru, a reference to Mangaladevi (the suffix uru means town or city). Mangalore was an important centre of Indian Ocean trade on Malabar coast in earlier times. Hence it was also known by the name Manjal\u016br in Arabic. During British rule from 1799, the anglicised version Mangalore became the official appellation. According to historian George M. Moraes, however, the word Mangalore is the Portuguese corruption of Mangaluru.:\u200a2\u200a The city's name appears on maps as far back as the 1652 Sanson Map of India.Mangalore's diverse communities have different names for the city in their languages. In Tulu which is the region's primary spoken language, the city is called Kudla, meaning junction because it is situated at the confluence of the Netravati and Gurupura rivers. In Konkani Mangalore is referred to as Kodiyal and the Beary name for the city is Maikala. In Malayalam the city is called \"Mangalapuram\". Mangalore was officially renamed to \"Mangaluru\" by the Karnataka government on 1 November 2014."}, {"Context": "Mangalore Early and medieval history", "Knowledge": "LOC Nitrias, LOC Kodungallur, PER Muhammad, LOC Mangalore, LOC Magadha, PER Ashoka, PER Cosmas Indicopleustes, ORG Empire, LOC Indian, LOC Dharmadam, ORG Kadamba, LOC Nitra, LOC Masjid Zeenath Baksh, LOC Canara, PER Panthalayani, PER Pliny the Elder, PER Cheraman Perumal, LOC Netravati River, LOC Kollam, PER Malik Dinar, PER Legend of Cheraman Perumals, LOC Mecca, LOC Koyilandy, LOC Tulu Nadu, LOC Thalangara, PER Chera, LOC Malabar, LOC South Canara, PER Ptolemy, LOC Maurya, LOC Mangarouth, LOC Dharmadom, LOC Madayi, LOC North Canara, PER Qissat Shakarwati Farmad, LOC Kasaragod, LOC Kannur, LOC Banavasi, LOC Chaliyam, LOC Barkur", "Response": "Mangalore's historical importance is highlighted by the many references to the city by foreign travellers. During the first century CE, the Roman historian Pliny the Elder referred to a place called \"Nitrias\" and said it was an undesirable place for disembarkation because of the pirates who frequented its vicinity, while Greek second-century historian Ptolemy referenced a place named \"Nitra\". These references were probably about an area with the Netravati River which flows through Mangalore. In his sixth-century work Christian Topography, Cosmas Indicopleustes (a Greek monk) mentions Malabar as being the chief seat of the pepper trade and Mangarouth (port of Mangalore) as one of the five pepper markets which exported pepper.According to Kerala Muslim tradition, the Masjid Zeenath Baksh at Mangalore is one of the oldest mosques in Indian subcontinent. According to the Legend of Cheraman Perumals, the first Indian mosque was built in 624 AD at Kodungallur with the mandate of the last the ruler (the Cheraman Perumal) of Chera dynasty, who left from Dharmadom to Mecca and converted to Islam during the lifetime of Prophet Muhammad (c. 570\u2013632). According to Qissat Shakarwati Farmad, the Masjids at Kodungallur, Kollam, Madayi, Barkur, Mangalore, Kasaragod, Kannur, Dharmadam, Panthalayani (Koyilandy), and Chaliyam, were built during the era of Malik Dinar; they are among the oldest Masjids in Indian Subcontinent. It is believed that Malik Dinar died at Thalangara in Kasaragod town. Three of them, Mangalore,  Barkur, and Kasaragod, are in Tulu Nadu.Mangalore is considered the heart of a distinct multi-linguistic cultural region, the homeland of the Tulu-speaking people. In the third century BCE, the town formed part of the Maurya Empire, which was ruled by the Buddhist emperor Ashoka of Magadha. From the third to the sixth century CE, the Kadamba dynasty, whose capital was based in Banavasi in North Canara, ruled over the entire Canara region as independent rulers. From the middle of the seventh century to the end of the 14th century, the South Canara region was ruled by its native Alupa rulers,:\u200a17\u200a who ruled over the region as feudatories of major regional dynasties like the Chalukyas of Badami, Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta, Chalukyas of Kalyani , and Hoysalas of Dwarasamudra. An Old Malayalam inscription (part of the Ramanthali inscriptions which date to 1075 CE), mentions king Kunda Alupa, the ruler of Alupa dynasty of Mangalore.  It can be found at Ezhimala (the former headquarters of Mushika dynasty) near Cannanore, in the North Malabar region of Kerala.During the 1130s and 1140s, during the reign of the Alupa king Kavi Alupendra (1110\u20131160), the city was home to the Tunisian Jewish merchant Abraham Ben Yiju. The Moroccan traveller Ibn Battuta, who visited Mangalore in 1342, referred to it as Manjarur and stated the town was situated on a large estuary called the Estuary of the wolf, which was the greatest estuary in the country of Malabar.:\u200a30\u200a By 1345 the Vijayanagara rulers brought the region under their control.:\u200a17\u200aDuring the Vijayanagara period (1345\u20131550), South Canara was divided into Mangalore and Barkur rajyas (provinces), and two governors were appointed to look after each of them from Mangalore and Barkur. Often a single governor ruled over both Mangalore and Barkur rajyas; when the authority passed to the Keladi rulers (1550\u20131763), they only had a governor at Barkur.:\u200a19\u200a In 1448 Abdur Razzaq who was the Persian ambassador of Sultan Shah Rukh of Samarkand, visited Mangalore en route to the Vijayanagara court.:\u200a31\u200a The Italian traveller Ludovico di Varthema, who visited India in 1506, said he saw nearly sixty ships laden with rice ready to sail from the port of Mangalore.:\u200a20"}, {"Context": "Mangalore Foundation and early modern history", "Knowledge": "PER Pietro Della Valle, LOC Keladi, LOC Vijaynagara, LOC Basrur, LOC Zamorin, LOC Mangalore, ORG Keladi, LOC Kozhikode, LOC Canara, PER Tuhfat, PER Krishnadevaraya, PER Tipu Sultan, LOC Calicut, LOC Kingdom of Mysore, LOC St Mary ' s Islands, LOC Koyilandy, LOC Tulu Nadu, ORG Kunjali, PER Lopo Vaz de Sampaio, ORG Vijaynagara Empire, PER Vasco da Gama, LOC Malabar, LOC South Canara, ORG Ul Mujahideen, ORG British East India Company, PER Hyder Ali, PER Sadashiv Nayaka, PER Zainuddin Makhdoom II, LOC Marakkar, PER Sadashiva Raya, LOC Vijayanagara, LOC Jalalabad, LOC Barkur", "Response": "In 1498, European influence in Mangalore began when the Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama landed at the nearby St Mary's Islands, just after his arrival at Koyilandy, Kozhikode. The Portuguese acquired many commercial interests in Canara in the 16th century. Krishnadevaraya (1509\u20131529), the ruler of the Vijaynagara empire maintained a friendly relationship with the Portuguese, whose trade slowly grew and they strove to destroy the coastal Arab and Mappila trade. In 1524, Vasco da Gama ordered the blockading of rivers after he heard the Muslim merchants of Kozhikode had agents at Mangalore and Basrur. In 1526, the Portuguese under the viceroyship of Lopo Vaz de Sampaio took possession of Mangalore. The coastal trade passed into Portuguese hands.:\u200a20\u200aIn 1550, the Vijayanagara ruler Sadashiva Raya entrusted to Sadashiv Nayaka of Keladi with administering the coastal region of Canara. By 1554, he established political authority over South Canara. The 16th century work Tuhfat Ul Mujahideen written by Zainuddin Makhdoom II appears to be the first historical work written in detail about the contemporary history of Mangalore. It is written in Arabic and contains pieces of information about the resistance put up by the navy of Kunjali Marakkar alongside the Zamorin of Calicut from 1498 to 1583 against Portuguese attempts to colonize Tulu Nadu and Malabar coast.After the disintegration of the Vijaynagara Empire in 1565, the rulers of Keladi attained greater power in dealing with the coastal Canara region.:\u200a27\u200a They continued the Vijayanagara administrative system and the provinces of Mangalore and Barkur continued to exist. The governor of Mangalore also acted as the governor of the Keladi army in his province.:\u200a30\u200a The Italian traveller Pietro Della Valle visited here in 1623\u20131624. In 1695, Arabs burnt the town in retaliation to Portuguese restrictions on Arab trade.In 1763, Hyder Ali, the de facto ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore, conquered Mangalore, which was brought under his administration until 1767. Mangalore was ruled by the British East India Company from 1767 to 1783, but Hyder Ali's son Tipu Sultan took it from their control in 1783 and renamed it \"Jalalabad\". The Second Anglo\u2013Mysore War ended with the signing of the Treaty of Mangalore by Tipu Sultan and the British East India Company on 11 March 1784. After the defeat of Tipu at the Fourth Anglo\u2013Mysore War, the city remained under British control. South Canara district was the headquarters under the Madras Presidency.Francis Buchanan, a Scottish physician who visited Mangalore in 1801, said the city was a prosperous port with plentiful trade. The main commodity of export was rice; it went to Muscat, Bombay, Goa, and Malabar. Supari (Betel-nut) was exported to Bombay, Surat, and Kutch. Sandalwood and black pepper were exported to Bombay.Local capital was mainly invested in land and money lending, leading to the regional development of banking because the British colonial government did not support industrialisation there. After European missionaries arrived in the early 19th century, educational institutions and modern industries modelled on European ones were developed in the region. The opening of the Lutheran Swiss Basel Mission in 1834 was an important step towards industrialisation. Missionaries set up printing presses, textile mills and factories that made Mangalore tiles. When Canara (part of the Madras Presidency until this time) was split into North Canara and South Canara in 1859, Mangalore became the headquarters of South Canara,:\u200a5\u200a which remained under Madras Presidency while in 1862, North Canara was transferred to the Bombay Presidency.:\u200a6"}, {"Context": "Mangalore Later modern and contemporary history", "Knowledge": "LOC New Mangalore Port, LOC India, ORG Southern Railway, ORG Mangalore Chemicals & Fertilizers Limited, LOC Mangalore, LOC Karnataka, LOC Middle East, LOC Bombay, LOC Mysore State, LOC Arabian Sea, LOC Bangalore", "Response": "On 23 May 1866, a municipal council for Mangalore with responsibility for civic amenities and urban planning was mandated by the Madras Town Improvement Act (1865).:\u200a178\u200a The Italian Jesuits who arrived in the city in 1878, played an important role in the city's education, economy, health, and social welfare. Mangalore was linked to the Southern Railway in 1907 and the subsequent proliferation of motor vehicles in India further increased trade and communication between the city and the rest of the country. Mangalore was a major source of educated workers to Bombay, Bangalore, and the Middle East by the early 20th century.The States Reorganisation Act (1956) led to Mangalore being incorporated into the newly created Mysore State, which was later renamed Karnataka.:\u200a415\u200a Mangalore is the seventh-largest port of India, giving the state access to the Arabian Sea coastline. Between 1970 and 1980, Mangalore experienced significant growth with the opening of New Mangalore Port in 1974 and commissioning of Mangalore Chemicals & Fertilizers Limited in 1976. The late 20th and early 21st centuries saw Mangalore develop as a commercial and petrochemical hub."}, {"Context": "Mangalore Geography", "Knowledge": "LOC Gurupura, LOC India, LOC Dakshina Kannada, LOC Mangalore, LOC Karnataka, LOC Netravati, ORG Geological Survey of India, LOC Arabian Sea, LOC Western Ghats", "Response": "Mangalore is located on the western coast of India at 12.87\u00b0N 74.88\u00b0E\ufeff / 12.87; 74.88 in Dakshina Kannada district, Karnataka state. It has an average elevation of 22 m (72 ft) above mean sea level. The city is the administrative headquarters of Dakshina Kannada district and is the state's largest coastal urban centre.\n\nMangalore is bounded by the Arabian Sea to its west and by the Western Ghats to its east. As a municipal entity the city spans 170 km2 (65.64 sq mi). The Netravati and Gurupura rivers encircle the city; the Gurupura flows around the north and the Netravati flows around the south of the city. The rivers form an estuary in the south-western region of the city, from where they flow into the Arabian Sea. Coconut, palm, and ashoka trees comprise the primary vegetation of the city.The city's topography consists of a plain that stretches up to 30 km (18.64 mi) from the coast and undulating, hilly terrain towards the east near the Western Ghats. The local geology is characterised by hard laterite in hilly tracts and sandy soil along the seashore. The Geological Survey of India has identified Mangalore as a moderately earthquake-prone urban centre and categorised the city in the Seismic III Zone."}, {"Context": "Mangalore Climate", "Knowledge": "LOC India, LOC Panambur, LOC Mangalore, ORG IMD, LOC Bajpe, LOC Arabian Sea, LOC Western Ghats, ORG India Meteorological Department", "Response": "Under the K\u00f6ppen climate classification, Mangalore has a tropical monsoon climate and is under the direct influence of the Arabian Sea branch of the southwest monsoon. It receives about 95 percent of its total annual rainfall between May to September but remains extremely dry from December to March. Humidity is approximately 75 percent on average and peaks during June, July and August. The maximum average humidity is 93 percent in July and average minimum humidity is 56 percent in January. Mangalore experiences moderate to gusty winds during day time and gentle winds at night. The driest and least humid months are from December to February. During this time of year temperatures during the day stay below 34 \u00b0C (93 \u00b0F) and drop to about 19 \u00b0C (66 \u00b0F) at night. The lowest temperature recorded at Panambur is 15.6 \u00b0C (60 \u00b0F) on 8 January 1992 and at Bajpe it is 15.9 \u00b0C (61 \u00b0F) on 19 November 1974. According to the India Meteorological Department (IMD), the temperature in Mangalore has never reached 40 \u00b0C (104 \u00b0F). The summer gives way to the monsoon season, when the city experiences the highest precipitation of all urban centres in India due to the influence of the Western Ghats. The rains subside in September but there is occasional rainfall in October. The highest rainfall recorded in a 24-hour period is 330.8 mm (13 in) on 22 June 2003. In 1994, Mangalore recorded its highest annual rainfall at 5,018.52 mm (198 in)."}, {"Context": "Mangalore Economy", "Knowledge": "ORG BPCL, ORG Tata Consultancy Services, ORG Mphasis ' Business Process Outsourcing, LOC Soorya Infratech, ORG Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Limited, LOC Mangalore, ORG TCS, ORG Mangalore Chemicals and Fertilizers, ORG BASF, LOC Padur, ORG Infosys, ORG Hindustan Unilever, LOC Dakshina Kannada, LOC Karnataka, ORG Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Ltd., ORG MRPL, LOC Tannirbavi, ORG BSL, ORG Kudremukh Iron Ore Company Ltd., LOC Special Economic Zone, ORG Indian Oil Corporation Limited, ORG Mangalore University, LOC Ganjimutt, ORG HPCL, ORG Bharati Shipyard Ltd, LOC SEZ, LOC New Mangalore, LOC Mudipu, ORG MCF, ORG Bharati Defence and Infrastructure Limited, LOC New Mangalore Port, ORG Total Oil India Limited, LOC India, ORG KIOCL, ORG Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd., ORG EPIP, ORG Export Promotion Investment Park, ORG BPO, ORG IOCL, ORG Mangalore Customs Commissionerate, ORG Cognizant", "Response": "Industrial, commercial, agricultural processing, and port-related activities comprise this city's economy. The New Mangalore Port is India's seventh-largest container port. It handles 75 percent of India's coffee exports and the bulk of its cashew nuts. The Mangalore Customs Commissionerate collected a revenue of \u20b94.47 billion (US$55.98 million) during 2012\u201313 and \u20b927.91 billion (US$349.53 million) during December 2018. During 2012\u201313, MRPL and MCF contributed \u20b9501 million (US$6.27 million) and \u20b9373 million (US$4.67 million), respectively, to the state's revenue. Dakshina Kannada district has the highest percentage of workers employed in industry and the second-highest industry-to-district GDP ratio in Karnataka. Imports through New Mangalore port include crude oil, edible oil, liquefied petroleum gas, and timber.\n\nThe city's major chemical industries include BASF, Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Limited (MRPL), Mangalore Chemicals and Fertilizers (MCF), Kudremukh Iron Ore Company Ltd. (KIOCL), Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Ltd. (HPCL), Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd. (BPCL), Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL), Total Oil India Limited,  and Hindustan Unilever. The Indian government has built 5.33 million tons of strategic crude oil storage at Mangalore and Padur to ensure energy security. Out of the 5 million metric tonnes (MMT) storage, 1.5 MMT is stored at Mangalore. Bharati Shipyard Ltd (BSL) (now known as Bharati Defence and Infrastructure Limited) has established a shipbuilding site near Tannirbavi in Mangalore.\n\nMajor information technology (IT) and outsourcing companies like Infosys, Cognizant, and  have their offices at Mangalore. Mphasis' Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) has a branch in this city. IT parks Export Promotion Investment Park (EPIP) at Ganjimutt and Special Economic Zone (SEZ) near Mangalore University have been constructed. An IT park called Soorya Infratech park is situated in Mudipu. Tata Consultancy Services (TCS) has planned to invest \u20b9500 crore (US$62.62 million) and set up its office at Karnad near Mangalore. KEONICS has planned to build an IT park at Derebail in Mangalore, similar to Electronic City, spanning an area of 100 acres.Centre for Entrepreneurship Opportunities and Learning (CEOL) is a startup incubation centre situated in the city. Corporation Bank, Canara Bank, and Vijaya Bank were the three nationalised banks established in Mangalore during the first half of the 20th century. Mangalore is the headquarters of Corporation Bank and Karnataka Bank. The Mangalore Catholic Co-operative Bank (MCC Bank) Ltd., Mangalore Cooperative Town Bank Ltd., and SCDCC Bank were the scheduled banks established in Mangalore. \nSyngene International which is a contract research arm of Biocon, has set up its manufacturing plant at Mangalore. Old Mangalore Port is a fishing port located at Bunder, Mangalore, where a large number of mechanised boats anchor. The traffic at this port was 122,000 tonnes during the years 2003\u201304. New Mangalore Port handled over 100,000 Twenty-foot equivalent units of containers during the years 2017\u201318. Fishing is a traditional occupation and the products are sold in the surrounding regions. Mangalorean firms have a major presence in the tile, beedi, coffee and cashew nut industries although the tile industry has declined because concrete is preferred in modern construction. The Albuquerque tile factory in Mangalore is one of India's oldest red-roof-tile manufacturing factories. The city's suburb Ullal produces hosiery and coir yarns while beedi rolling is an important source of revenue to many of the city's residents."}, {"Context": "Mangalore Demographics", "Knowledge": "LOC Mangalore", "Response": "In 2021 the population of Mangalore city was 724,159. According to the 2011 Indian census, the male literacy rate was 96.49 percent and the female literacy rate was 91.63 percent. About 8.5 percent of the population was under the age of six years. The death rate and Infant mortality rate were at 3.7 percent and 1.2 percent respectively. About 7726 people lived in slums in Mangalore city which was 1.55 percent of the total population. The Human Development Index (HDI) of Mangalore city was 0.83 in 2015."}, {"Context": "Mangalore Religions", "Knowledge": "ORG Bunts, ORG Vishwakarma, LOC Masjid Zeenath Baksh, ORG Billavas, ORG Ganigas, ORG Mogaveera, ORG Devadiga, ORG Padmashali, LOC Mangalore, ORG Daivadnyas, LOC Karnataka, ORG Mangalorean Christian Community", "Response": "Hinduism is the largest religion in Mangalore, and Devadiga, Mogaveera, Billavas, Ganigas, Bunts, Vishwakarma, Padmashali, Brahmins, and Daivadnyas are the major communities among Hindus. Christians form a sizeable section of Mangalorean society; Mangalorean Catholics comprise the city's largest Christian community. Protestants in Mangalore typically speak Tulu and Kannada. Anglo-Indians were also part of the Mangalorean Christian Community. Mangalore has one of the highest percentage of Muslims in Karnataka cities. Most Muslims in Mangalore are Bearys who speak the Beary language. Most of them follow the Shafi'i school of Fiqh (Islamic Jurisprudence). Mangalore also has a small group of Urdu-speaking Dakhini Muslims. The Masjid Zeenath Baksh at Mangalore is one of the oldest mosques in the Indian subcontinent."}, {"Context": "Mangalore Languages", "Knowledge": "LOC Kudla, LOC Beary, LOC Tulu, LOC Mangaluru, LOC Mangalapuram, LOC Mangalore, LOC Karnataka, LOC Kodial", "Response": "Mangalore is a multi-lingual city where several prominent regional languages such as Tulu, Konkani, Kannada, and Beary are spoken. The city is known as Kudla in Tulu, Kodial in Konkani, Maik\u0101la in Beary, Mangalapuram in Malayalam, and Mangaluru in Kannada. Among most of the residents of the city, Kudla is the most commonly used name to refer to it. There are also smaller communities of Tuluva Jains, Gujaratis, Tamils, and Marathis. Tulu is a predominant language in Mangalore and Kannada is the administrative language of Mangalore, but the city is multi-cultural. According to the 2011 Census, Tulu is spoken as a first language by 33.7% of the population, Konkani by 14.03%, Kannada by 12.45%, Malayalam by 5.64%, and other languages are spoken by 34.18%. Unlike other cities in Karnataka where Kannada is a primary language, Kannada is the third most spoken language, Tulu is predominant language in Mangalore, and Konkani is the second most spoken language in Mangalore."}, {"Context": "Mangalore Civic administration", "Knowledge": "LOC Udupi Lok, LOC Mangalore, ORG Western Range Police, ORG MUDA, LOC Surathkal, LOC Dakshina Kannada, LOC Karnataka, ORG Karnataka Legislative Assembly, PER Inspector General of Police, LOC Netravati River, PER IGP, ORG MCC, ORG MSCL, LOC Mangalore City South, ORG Mangalore Smart City Limited, ORG Mangalore City Police Department, ORG Mangalore City Corporation, LOC Mangalore City North, LOC Vamanjoor, LOC Lalbagh, ORG Mangalore Urban Development Authority, ORG Lok Sabha", "Response": "Mangalore has a city area of 170 km2 (65.64 sq mi). Municipal limits begin at Surathkal in the north, Netravati River bridge in the south, the western coast, and Vamanjoor in the east. Mangalore City Corporation (MCC) came into existence in 1980; it is the municipal corporation in charge of the city's civic and infrastructural assets.\nThe MCC council consists of 60 elected representatives which are called corporators, one from each of the city's 60 wards. A corporator from the ruling majority party is selected to be the mayor. MCC's headquarters are at Lalbagh. Mangalore Urban Development Authority (MUDA) manages the planning, urban growth, and expansion of the city. The District Commissioner is the chairperson of MUDA. The 44 projects which are listed as part of the Smart Cities Mission programme are managed by Mangalore Smart City Limited (MSCL).Until the Delimitation commission's revised the Lok Sabha and the legislative constituencies, Mangalore contributed two members to the Lok Sabha; one for the southern part of the city that fell under the Mangalore Lok Sabha constituency and another for the northern part of the city that fell under the Udupi Lok Sabha constituency. After the delimitation of parliamentary constituencies in 2008, Mangalore Lok Sabha constituency was replaced with Dakshina Kannada Lok Sabha constituency, resulting in Mangalore being represented by one Member of Parliament (MP). Additionally Mangalore sends three members to the Karnataka Legislative Assembly from Mangalore City South, Mangalore City North, and Mangalore. The Mangalore City Police Department is headed by a Commissioner of Police. Mangalore is also the headquarters of the Western Range Police, which covers the western districts of Karnataka and is headed by an Inspector General of Police (IGP)."}, {"Context": "Mangalore Healthcare", "Knowledge": "LOC Yenepoya Hospital, LOC Yenepoya, LOC Deralakatte, ORG Hospital, LOC Wenlock, ORG KMC, ORG Father Muller Charitable Institutions, LOC AJ, LOC Mangalore, ORG AJ, LOC Gulf, LOC Wenlock Hospital, ORG FMCI, LOC United States", "Response": "The city is served by various hospitals such as the KMC Hospitals, Father Muller Charitable Institutions (FMCI), AJ Hospital, and Wenlock Hospital. Wenlock Hospital, a teaching hospital of KMC Mangalore has around 1000 beds and caters to the healthcare needs of the neighboring districts. Mangalore is a hub for medical tourism and receives patients from foreign countries. From 2017\u201319, around 240 foreign nationals were treated in three hospitals across the city. Approximately 50 per cent of the patients (the foreign nationals) arrived in 2018 and 2019. KMC, AJ, and Yenepoya Hospitals have received the highest number of foreign patients, including those from the United States. At Yenepoya Hospital, 68 foreign nationals have availed treatment during 2017\u201319. The largest inflow of foreign patients into Mangalore is from the Gulf countries. Deralakatte is a main healthcare hub of Mangalore."}, {"Context": "Mangalore Utility services", "Knowledge": "ORG Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited, ORG KPTCL, LOC Mangalore, ORG Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited, ORG Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Limited, ORG Airtel, ORG Mangalore Electricity Supply Company, LOC Dakshina Kannada Telecom District, ORG Suez Environnement, LOC Karnataka, ORG MRPL, LOC Netravati River, ORG MCC, ORG Mangalore Chemicals & Fertilizers, ORG MESCOM, ORG Karnataka Urban Development and Coastal Environment Management Project, ORG MCF, LOC Thumbe, ORG KUDCEMP, LOC Vamanjoor, ORG DataOne", "Response": "In Mangalore, electricity is regulated by the Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited (KPTCL) and distributed through Mangalore Electricity Supply Company (MESCOM). Major state-owned enterprises such as Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Limited (MRPL) and Mangalore Chemicals & Fertilizers (MCF) operate their own captive power plants.Potable water is supplied to the city from a vented dam that was constructed across the Netravati River at Thumbe, 14 km (9 mi) from Mangalore. The Karnataka Urban Development and Coastal Environment Management Project (KUDCEMP) aims to improve safe water supply systems also reducing leakage and losses in the city's distribution system. The distribution and rehabilitation of the drinking water in the city are handled by the French company Suez Environnement. Mangalore's official refuse disposal site is in Vamanjoor. The city generates an average of 175 tonnes per day of waste, which is handled by the MCC's health department.Mangalore is the headquarters of the Dakshina Kannada Telecom District, the second largest telecom district in Karnataka. Fixed-line telecom services are provided alongside GSM and Code division multiple access (CDMA) mobile services. Prominent broadband internet service providers in the city include Airtel and DataOne by Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited."}, {"Context": "Mangalore Education", "Knowledge": "LOC Udupi, ORG NIOS, ORG CBSE, LOC Deralakatte, LOC Nitte, ORG National Assessment and Accreditation Council, ORG Regional Academy Centre for Space, ORG RAC - S, LOC Mangalore, ORG Manipal College Of Dental Sciences, LOC Kodagu, ORG Karnataka State Board, LOC Dakshina Kannada, ORG Central Board of Secondary Education, LOC Kanachur, ORG ISRO, LOC South India, ORG Mangalore University, ORG Father Mullers, ORG NITK, ORG Kasturba Medical College, ORG ICSE, ORG Indian Certificate of Secondary Education, LOC Yenepoya, LOC Mannagudda, LOC India, ORG National Institute of Open Schooling, ORG Corporation Bank, ORG MCODS", "Response": "The districts of Dakshina Kannada and Udupi are considered to be a major education corridor in India. Deralakatte is a University and Medical town in Mangalore where Universities like Mangalore University, Nitte, Yenepoya, Father Mullers, and Kanachur are situated. In schools and colleges which are below university-level, the media of instruction are mostly English and Kannada, and English is used for teaching in universities.\n Schools and colleges in Mangalore are either government-run or are operated by private trusts and individuals. Schools are affiliated with either the Karnataka State Board, Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE), the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE), or the National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS) boards.\nHere are some of the earliest schools and colleges established in Mangalore, and their years of establishment\nKasturba Medical College which was established in 1953, was India's first private medical college and Manipal College Of Dental Sciences (MCODS) was established in the city in 1987. A public library run by the Corporation Bank is located at Mannagudda. Mangalore University was established on 10 September 1980 to fulfil the higher-education needs of Dakshina Kannada, Udupi and Kodagu districts. It is a National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC)-accredited, four-star-level institution. NITK houses South India's first Regional Academy Centre for Space (RAC-S) which was launched by ISRO."}, {"Context": "Mangalore Transport", "Knowledge": "LOC National, LOC Tumkur, ORG National Highways Development Project, LOC Mangalore, ORG DKBOA, LOC Maharashtra, ORG ACI, LOC Middle East, ORG NHAI, LOC Bangalore, ORG KSRTC JnNurm, LOC Panvel, LOC NH, LOC Surathkal, LOC Karnataka, ORG NHDP, ORG Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation, LOC Bajpe, LOC Mysore, LOC Shimoga, ORG National Highways Authority of India, ORG Canara Bus Operators Association, LOC BC Road, LOC Tamil Nadu, LOC Vellore, LOC Kenjar, ORG Airports Council International, ORG IXE, LOC New Mangalore Port, ORG KSRTC, ORG Dakshina Kannada Bus Operators ' Association, LOC India, ORG CBOA, LOC Mangalore International Airport, LOC Kanyakumari, ORG VOML", "Response": "Mangalore is the only city in Karnataka to have all modes of transport\u2014air, road, rail and sea.\n\nMangalore International Airport (IATA: IXE, ICAO: VOML) is located near Bajpe-Kenjar and about 13 km (8 mi) north-east of Mangalore city centre. It operates regular scheduled flights to major cities in India and the Middle East. It is the second-largest and second-busiest airport in Karnataka. New terminals and runways at the airport accommodate both cargo and passenger requirements. This airport is accredited by the Airports Council International (ACI) under the Airport Health Accreditation (AHA) programme. State-government-run buses connect the city with the airport.Five National Highways pass through Mangalore. NH-66 (previously known as NH-17), which runs from Panvel, Maharashtra, to Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu, passes through Mangalore in a north\u2013south direction. NH-75 (previously known as NH-48) runs eastward to Bangalore and Vellore. NH-169 (previously known as NH-13) runs north-east from Mangalore to Shimoga. NH-73, a 315 km (196 mi)-long National Highway connects Mangalore to Tumkur. NH-275 also connects Mangalore with Bangalore via Mysore. National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) is upgrading the national highways connecting New Mangalore Port to Surathkal on NH-66 and BC Road junction on NH-75. Under the port connectivity programme of the National Highways Development Project (NHDP), a 37.5 km (23 mi) stretch of these highways will be widened from two lanes to four.Mangalore's city bus service is dominated by private operators, which operate routes that extend beyond the city's boundary. Bus services from Mangalore are operated by the Dakshina Kannada Bus Operators' Association (DKBOA) and Canara Bus Operators Association (CBOA). Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC) also runs bus services in the city. Two distinct sets of routes for the buses exist; city routes are covered by city buses while intercity routes are covered by service and express buses. KSRTC also operates long-distance bus services that connect Mangalore with other parts of the state. KSRTC JnNurm green city buses operate within the city limits.\n\nRail connectivity in Mangalore was established in 1907; the city was the starting point of India's longest rail route. The city has three railway stations; Mangalore Central at Hampankatta, Mangalore Junction at Padil, and Surathkal railway station. A railway track built through the Western Ghats connects Mangalore with Sakleshpur and Hassan. The broad gauge track connecting Mangalore to Bangalore via Hassan was opened to freight traffic in May 2006 and passenger traffic in December 2007. Mangalore is also connected to Chennai, Mumbai, Pune, Bhatkal, Karwar, Surat, Ajmer, and Margao through the Konkan Railway.Mangalore Harbour has shipping, storage, and logistical services; New Mangalore Port handles dry, bulk and fluid cargoes, and is equipped to handle petroleum oil lubricants, crude products and LPG containers. The Indian Coast Guard has a station at New Mangalore Port. The artificial harbour is India's seventh largest container port and the only major port in Karnataka. Electronic visa (e-visa) facilities are available for travellers arriving in India at New Mangalore Port."}, {"Context": "Mangalore Music and dance", "Knowledge": "LOC Mangalore, LOC Tulu", "Response": "Many classical dance forms and folk art are practised in Mangalore. Yakshagana is a night-long dance and drama performance while Pilivesha (tiger dance), a folk dance unique to the city, is performed during Dasara and Krishna Janmashtami. Karadi Vesha (bear dance) is another well-known dance that is performed during Dasara.Paddanas, ballad-like epics passed on verbally through generations, are sung by a community of impersonators in Tulu and are usually accompanied by the rhythmic drum beats. The Bearys' unique traditions are reflected in folk songs such as Kolkai (sung during Kolata, a valour folk-dance during which sticks are used as props), Unjal Pat (traditional lullaby), Moilanji Pat and Oppune Pat (sung at weddings). The Evkaristik Purshanv (Konkani: Eucharistic procession) is an annual Catholic religious procession that is held on the first Sunday of each year."}, {"Context": "Mangalore Festivals", "Knowledge": "ORG Milan, LOC Mangaluru, LOC Sri Venkatramana Temple, PER Kalenja, LOC Tulu, LOC Mangalore, LOC Kerala, ORG Goud Saraswat Brahmin, PER Naga Devatha, ORG Tuluva", "Response": "Most of the popular Indian festivals are celebrated, the most important are Dasara, Diwali, Christmas, Easter, Eid and Ganesh Chaturthi. Kodial Theru, also known as Mangaluru Rathotsava (chariot festival) is unique to the Goud Saraswat Brahmin community and is celebrated at the city's Sri Venkatramana Temple.The Mangalore Catholic community's unique festivals include Monti Fest (Mother Mary's feast), which celebrates the Nativity feast and the blessing of new harvests. The Jain Milan, a committee that consists of Jain families, organises the annual Jain food festival, while Mosaru Kudike (curd pots feast), which is part of Krishna Janmashtami festival is celebrated by the whole community. Special night prayers called Taraveeh (rest and relaxation) are offered in mosques during the month of Ramadan.Aati, a festival worshiping Kalenja, a patron spirit of the city, is during the Aashaadha month of Hindu calendar. Festivals such as Karavali Utsav (coastal festival) and Kudlotsava (Tulu: festival of Mangalore) are celebrated with national and state-level performances in dance, drama and music. Bhuta Kola (spirit worship) is usually performed by the Tuluva community at night. Bhuta Kola is similar to Theyyam in Kerala. Nagaradhane (snake worship) is performed in praise of Naga Devatha (the serpent king), who is said to be the protector of all snakes. Kori Katta, an ancient ritual associated with the Hindu temples in rural areas, a religious and spiritual cockfight, is held at the temples when permission is given by police."}, {"Context": "Mangalore Cuisine", "Knowledge": "LOC Mangalore", "Response": "Mangalorean cuisine is largely influenced by South Indian cuisine; several local cuisines are unique to the diverse communities of the region. Coconut, curry leaves, ginger, garlic, and chili are common ingredients in Mangalorean curries. Well-known Mangalorean dishes include kori rotti, neer dosa, pundi (rice ball), patrode, golibaje and Mangalore buns. Mangalorean cuisine is also known for fish and chicken dishes like bangude pulimunchi (spicy sour silver-grey mackerels), boothai gasi (sardine semi-gravy), anjal fry, Mangalorean Chicken Sukka, and Chicken Ghee Roast. Due to Mangalore being a coastal city, fish is a staple of most people's diet. The Konkani Hindu community's specialties include daali thoy (lentil curry), bibbe-upkari (tender cashew-nut curry), val val (coconut-milk-based curry), ambat (vegetable-based coconut curry), avnas ambe sasam (pineapple-mango fruit salad), kadgi chakko (raw jackfruit-coconut curry), paagila podi (spine gourd fries), and chane gashi (chickpea curry). Mangalorean Catholics' dish sanna-dukra maas (sanna\u2014idli fluffed with toddy or yeast; dukra maas\u2014pork), pork bafat, sorpotel, and mutton biryani of the Beary Muslims are well-known dishes. Pickles such as happala, sandige, and puli munchi are unique to Mangalore. Shendi (toddy) which is a country liquor prepared from coconut flower sap, is popular. Vegetarian cuisine, also known as Udupi cuisine, is known throughout the state and region."}, {"Context": "Mangalore Media", "Knowledge": "ORG Kannik, ORG The Hindu, ORG Madipu, ORG Samyukta Karnataka, ORG Mangalore News, ORG V4 News, ORG Malayala Manorama, LOC United Karnataka, ORG VRL Group, LOC Mangalore, LOC Kannada, ORG Karavali Ale, ORG All India Radio, ORG Samparka, ORG Namma Kudla, ORG Malayalam Entertainer, ORG Jayakirana, LOC Beary, ORG Posa Kural, ORG AIR, ORG Times of India, ORG Sanjevani, PER Hermann M\u00f6gling, ORG Mogaveera, ORG Evening Voice, LOC Tulu, ORG Deccan Herald, ORG Independent India, ORG Vijaya Karnataka, ORG Swatantra Bharata, ORG Morning Voice, ORG Guardian, ORG Karnataka, ORG Vijayavani, ORG Manipal Press Ltd, ORG Kannada Prabha, ORG Indian News, ORG Raknno, ORG Konkani Treasure, ORG Daijiworld, ORG Voice of Victory, ORG Victory, ORG Hosa Digantha, PER Ferdinand Kittel, ORG Mangaluru Samachara, LOC Basel, ORG Voice of the People, ORG Kodial Khabar, ORG New Horizon, ORG Rays of Victory, ORG Kannada Radiance, ORG Friend, ORG Namma TV, ORG Varthabharathi, ORG Spandana, ORG Konknni Dirvem, ORG Jyothi, ORG Canara TV, ORG Doordarshan, ORG Prajavani, ORG Madhyamam, ORG Mangaluru Mitra, ORG V4 Digital, ORG Udayavani, ORG The New Indian Express, ORG Saphala", "Response": "Mangaluru Samachara, the first ever newspaper in Kannada, was published in 1843 by Hermann M\u00f6gling of the Basel Mission. The first Kannada-to-English dictionary was published in Mangalore by Ferdinand Kittel in 1894. Major national English-language newspapers such as Times of India, The Hindu, The New Indian Express, Deccan Herald and Daijiworld publish localised Mangalore editions. Madipu (Esteem), Mogaveera, Samparka (Contact) and Saphala (Success) are the well-known Tulu periodicals in Mangalore.Popular Konkani language periodicals published in the city are Raknno (Guardian), Konknni Dirvem (Konkani Treasure) and Kannik (Offering). Beary periodicals published in Mangalore include Jyothi (Light) and Swatantra Bharata (Independent India). Kannada-language newspapers are Udayavani (Morning Voice) by Manipal Press Ltd, Vijaya Karnataka (Victory of Karnataka) and Vijayavani (Voice of Victory) by VRL Group, Prajavani (Voice of the People), Kannada Prabha (Kannada Radiance), Varthabharathi (Indian News), Samyukta Karnataka (United Karnataka), and Hosa Digantha (New Horizon). The city's evening newspapers include Karavali Ale (Waves from the Coast), Mangaluru Mitra (Friend of Mangalore), Sanjevani (Evening Voice), and Jayakirana (Rays of Victory) are also published in the city. The Konkani-language newspaper Kodial Khabar (Mangalore News) is published fortnightly. Malayalam newspapers such as Malayala Manorama (Malayalam Entertainer) and Madhyamam (Medium) publish localised Mangalore editions.The state-run, nationally broadcast television channel Doordarshan provides national and local television coverage. \nCable television also provides channels from independently owned private networks. Canara TV and V4 Digital infotech network, local Multi System Operators, transmits daily video news channels, live events and cultural programmes to the city through local channels. Multiple local television channels broadcast programmes and news in Tulu, Konkani, Beary and Kannada; these include Namma TV, V4 News and Spandana. Tulu channels are Namma Kudla and Posa Kural. All India Radio (AIR) has a studio at Kadri and broadcasts to Mangalore on 100.3 MHz. Mangalore's private FM stations include Radio Mirchi 98.3 FM, Big 92.7 FM and Red 93.5 FM. Radio SARANG 107.8 is a community radio station that is run by St. Aloysius College.Mangalore is home to the Tulu film industry which releases one film per month on average. Popular Tulu films include Kadala Mage (Son of the Sea) and Suddha (The Cleansing Rites). Tulu dramas which are mostly played in the Town Hall at Hampankatta, are very popular. Mangalore hosted the Tulu film festivals in 2006 and 2015."}, {"Context": "Mangalore Sports and pastimes", "Knowledge": "LOC Udupi, LOC Pilikula Nisargadhama, LOC Mangalore, LOC B. R. Ambedkar Cricket Stadium, ORG Karnataka State Cricket Association, ORG Fiza Developers, ORG Karnataka Premier League, LOC Kodagu, LOC Mangala Stadium, LOC Dakshina Kannada, ORG SAI, ORG MPL, LOC Nehru Maidan, ORG Dakshina Kannada District Football Association, ORG MSC, LOC NMPT, PER Lokesh Rahul, ORG Mangalore United, ORG Mangalore Premier League, ORG Sports Authority of India, ORG Mangalore Sports Club, PER Budhi Kunderan, LOC U S Mallya Indoor Stadium, ORG KSCA, ORG KPL, LOC India, PER Ravi Shastri, LOC Vamanjoor, ORG DKDFA, ORG South Kanara District Chess Association, ORG Karnataka Regional Cricket Academy, ORG SKDCA, LOC Mangalore Zone, ORG KL Rahul", "Response": "Cricket is a popular sport in Mangalore. Local cricket stadia include Mangala Stadium and B.R. Ambedkar Cricket Stadium (near NMPT). The Sports Authority of India (SAI) has a sports training centre at Mangala Stadium. Mangalore United is a Karnataka Premier League (KPL) franchise owned by Fiza Developers. Mangalore Premier League (MPL) is a cricket tournament organised by Karnataka Regional Cricket Academy. Nehru Maidan is an important local venue that hosts domestic, inter-school and intercollegiate tournaments. Mangalore Sports Club (MSC) has been elected as the institutional member for the Mangalore Zone of the Karnataka State Cricket Association (KSCA). Lokesh Rahul, commonly known as KL Rahul and Budhi Kunderan, a former Indian wicket-keeper are from Mangalore. Ravi Shastri, who represented India for several years in international cricket as an all-rounder and captained the team, is of Mangalorean descent.Football is also a popular sport in the city and is usually played in the maidans (grounds); the Nehru Maidan is the most popular venue for domestic tournaments. Dakshina Kannada District Football Association (DKDFA) annually organises the Independence Day Cup, which is played on Independence Day at district football grounds adjacent to Nehru Maidan. Schools and colleges from across Dakshina Kannada, Udupi and Kodagu districts participate and the matches are conducted under seven categories for children and young adults in education. Chess is a popular indoor pastime in the city. Mangalore is the headquarters of South Kanara District Chess Association (SKDCA), which has hosted two All India Open Chess tournaments. Other sports such as tennis, squash, billiards, badminton, table tennis and golf are played in clubs and gymkhanas in Mangalore. Pilikula Nisargadhama, an integrated theme park, has an 18-hole golf course at Vamanjoor. U S Mallya Indoor Stadium offers sporting facilities for badminton and basketball players."}, {"Context": "Mangalore Tourism", "Knowledge": "LOC Rosario Cathedral, LOC Pilikula Nisargadhama, LOC Someshwara, LOC Saavira Kambada Basadi, LOC Mahatma Gandhi Park, LOC Swami Vivekananda Planetarium, LOC Panambur, LOC Sasihithlu, LOC Mangalore, LOC Kotekar, LOC Hazrat Shareef ul Madni, LOC Corporation Bank Park, LOC Gurupura River, LOC Pilikula, LOC Boloor, LOC Arise Awake Park, LOC Nehru Maidan, PER Tipu Sultan, LOC Sultan Battery, LOC St Aloysius Chapel, LOC Bunder, LOC NITK, LOC Karangalpady, LOC Tagore Park, LOC Tannirbavi Tree Park, LOC Tannirbhavi, LOC Kadri Park, LOC Ullal, LOC Kadri Manjunath Temple, LOC Mangaladevi Temple, LOC Batapady, LOC Light House Hill, LOC Tannirbhavi Beach, LOC Gandhinagar, LOC Milagres Church, LOC Sri Gokarnatheswara temple, LOC Moodabidri, LOC Mannagudda, LOC India, LOC Adyar, LOC Zeenath Baksh Jumma Masjid, LOC Dargah, LOC Arabian Sea, LOC Western Ghats, LOC Thannirbhavi", "Response": "Mangalore lies between the Arabian Sea and the Western Ghats. The city's temples and buildings include the Mangaladevi Temple, Kadri Manjunath Temple, St Aloysius Chapel, the Rosario Cathedral, Milagres Church, Dargah of Hazrat Shareef ul Madni at Ullal, and the Zeenath Baksh Jumma Masjid in Bunder.The city is known for beaches such as Panambur, Tannirbhavi, NITK beach, Sasihithlu beach, Someshwara beach, Ullal beach, Kotekar beach and Batapady beach. Panambur and Thannirbhavi beaches attract tourists from across the country. Panambur beach has facilities including food stalls, jet ski rides, boating and dolphin viewing; trained beach lifeguards and patrol vehicles ensure the safety of visitors.\n\nSaavira Kambada Basadi is situated in Moodabidri,  34 km (21 mi) north-east of Mangalore. The Sultan Battery watch tower built by Tipu Sultan is situated in Boloor on the banks of Gurupura River; visitors can take the ferry across the river to Tannirbhavi Beach. Adyar waterfalls is on the city's outskirts about 12 km (7.5 mi) from Mangalore city centre.\nThe city has developed and maintains public parks such as Pilikula Nisargadhama, Kadri Park, Tagore Park at Light House Hill, Mahatma Gandhi Park at Gandhinagar in Mannagudda, Tannirbavi Tree Park, Arise Awake Park at Karangalpady, and Corporation Bank Park at Nehru Maidan. Pilikula, which occupies 370 acres (150 ha), has a zoo, botanical garden, lake, water park (manasa), Swami Vivekananda Planetarium, science centre, and a 50-acre (20 ha) 18-hole golf course. Swami Vivekananda Planetarium is the first 3D planetarium in India with an 8K resolution display.Mangalore Dasara, a ten-day festival held at Sri Gokarnatheswara temple attracts devotees from across India. Mangaladevi Temple attracts devotees from all over the country during Navaratri."}, {"Context": "Mangalore Sister cities", "Knowledge": "LOC Delta, LOC Mangalore, LOC Canada, LOC Hamilton", "Response": "Mangalore is twinned with two Canadian cities:\n\n Hamilton, Canada, since 1968\n Delta, Canada, since 2010"}, {"Context": "Mumbai Introduction", "Knowledge": "LOC Bombay State, ORG JNPT, LOC Mumbai Metropolitan Region, LOC India, ORG Mumbai Port Trust, LOC Maharashtra, ORG Portuguese, PER Catherine Braganza, PER Charles II of England, LOC Arabian Sea, LOC Bombay, ORG Samyukta Maharashtra Movement, ORG Hornby Vellard, ORG East India Company, ORG Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation, LOC Mumbai, LOC Konkan", "Response": "Mumbai (English:  (listen), Marathi: [\u02c8mumb\u0259i]; also known as Bombay \u2014 the official name until 1995) is the capital city of the Indian state of Maharashtra and the de facto financial centre of India. With an estimated city proper population of 12.5 million (1.25 crore) living under the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation, Mumbai is the most populous city in India. Mumbai is the centre of the Mumbai Metropolitan Region, the sixth most populous metropolitan area in the world with a population of over 23 million (2.3 crore). Mumbai lies on the Konkan coast on the west coast of India and has a deep natural harbour. In 2008, Mumbai was named an alpha world city.The seven islands that constitute Mumbai were earlier home to communities of Marathi language-speaking Koli people. For centuries, the seven islands of Bombay were under the control of successive indigenous rulers before being ceded to the Portuguese Empire, and subsequently to the East India Company in 1661, through the dowry of Catherine Braganza when she was married off to Charles II of England. During the mid-18th century, Bombay was reshaped by the Hornby Vellard project, which undertook reclamation of the area between the seven islands from the sea. Along with construction of major roads and railways, the reclamation project, completed in 1845, transformed Bombay into a major seaport on the Arabian Sea. Bombay in the 19th century was characterised by economic and educational development. During the early 20th century it became a strong base for the Indian independence movement. Upon India's independence in 1947 the city was incorporated into Bombay State. In 1960, following the Samyukta Maharashtra Movement, a new state of Maharashtra was created with Bombay as the capital.Mumbai is the financial, commercial, and the entertainment capital of India. It is also one of the world's top ten centres of commerce in terms of global financial flow, generating 6.16% of India's GDP, and accounting for 25% of industrial output, 70% of maritime trade in India (Mumbai Port Trust and JNPT), and 70% of capital transactions to India's economy. The city houses important financial institutions and the corporate headquarters of numerous Indian companies and multinational corporations. It is also home to some of India's premier scientific and nuclear institutes. The city is also home to Bollywood and Marathi cinema industries. Mumbai's business opportunities attract migrants from all over India."}, {"Context": "Mumbai Etymology", "Knowledge": "LOC Kathiawar, PER Gaspar Correia, LOC Koli, LOC \u0aae\u0ac1\u0a82\u0aac\u0a88, LOC Maharashtra, PER Ali Muhammad Khan, LOC Mumbai, LOC Mumbadevi, LOC Bombaim, LOC Bombeye, LOC Monbaym, LOC Bombay, LOC Galajunkja, LOC B\u00f4a Bahia, LOC \u092e\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0908, LOC Bombain, LOC Tana, LOC Mombayn, LOC Manbai, LOC Mah\u0101, LOC Mumb\u0101, LOC Gujarat, ORG des, PER Mumba, LOC Maiambu, LOC Bon Bahia, LOC Thane, LOC Central Gujarat, LOC Mombaym, LOC Bomba, LOC Bambaye, LOC Kakamuchee, LOC Bombaym, LOC Bombaiim, PER Duarte Barbosa, PER Louis Rousselet, PER Mumbadevi, LOC Mombaim, LOC Boon Bay", "Response": "The name Mumbai (Marathi: \u092e\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0908, Gujarati: \u0aae\u0ac1\u0a82\u0aac\u0a88, Hindi: \u092e\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0908) derived from Mumb\u0101 or Mah\u0101-Amb\u0101\u2014the name of the patron goddess (kuladevata) Mumbadevi of the native Koli community\u2014and \u0101'\u012b meaning \"mother\" in the Marathi language, which is the mother tongue of the Koli people and the official language of Maharashtra. The Koli people originated in Kathiawar and Central Gujarat, and according to some sources they brought their goddess Mumba with them from Kathiawar (Gujarat), where she is still worshipped. However, other sources disagree that Mumbai's name was derived from the goddess Mumba.\n\nThe oldest known names for the city are Kakamuchee and Galajunkja; these are sometimes still used. In 1508, Portuguese writer Gaspar Correia used the name \"Bombaim\" in his Lendas da \u00cdndia (Legends of India). This name possibly originated as the Galician-Portuguese phrase bom baim, meaning \"good little bay\", and Bombaim is still commonly used in Portuguese. In 1516, Portuguese explorer Duarte Barbosa used the name Tana-Maiambu: Tana appears to refer to the adjoining town of Thane and Maiambu to Mumbadevi.Other variations recorded in the 16th and the 17th centuries include: Mombayn (1525), Bombay (1538), Bombain (1552), Bombaym (1552), Monbaym (1554), Mombaim (1563), Mombaym (1644), Bambaye (1666), Bombaiim (1666), Bombeye (1676), Boon Bay (1690), and Bon Bahia. After the English gained possession of the city in the 17th century, the Portuguese name was anglicised as Bombay. Ali Muhammad Khan, imperial dewan or revenue minister of the Gujarat province, in the Mirat-i Ahmedi (1762) referred to the city as Manbai.The French traveller Louis Rousselet, who visited in 1863 and 1868, states in his book L'Inde des Rajahs, which was first published in 1877: \"Etymologists have wrongly derived this name from the Portuguese B\u00f4a Bahia, or (French: \"bonne bai\", English: \"good bay\"), not knowing that the tutelar goddess of this island has been, from remote antiquity, Bomba, or Mumba Devi, and that she still ... possesses a temple\".By the late 20th century, the city was referred to as Mumbai or Mambai in Marathi, Konkani, Gujarati, Kannada and Sindhi, and as Bambai in Hindi. The Government of India officially changed the English name to Mumbai in November 1995. This came at the insistence of the Marathi nationalist Shiv Sena party, which had just won the Maharashtra state elections, and mirrored similar name changes across the country and particularly in Maharashtra. According to Slate magazine, \"they argued that 'Bombay' was a corrupted English version of 'Mumbai' and an unwanted legacy of British colonial rule.\" Slate also said \"The push to rename Bombay was part of a larger movement to strengthen Marathi identity in the Maharashtra region.\" While the city is still referred to as Bombay by some of its residents and by some Indians from other regions, mention of the city by a name other than Mumbai has been controversial, resulting in emotional outbursts, sometimes of a violently political nature."}, {"Context": "Mumbai People from Mumbai", "Knowledge": "LOC Mumbai", "Response": "A resident of Mumbai is called Mumbaikar ( pronounced [mumb\u0259ik\u0259\u027e] ) in Marathi, in which the suffix -kar means a resident of. The term had been in use for quite some time but it gained popularity after the official name change to Mumbai. Older terms such as Bombayite are also in use."}, {"Context": "Mumbai Early history", "Knowledge": "LOC Old Woman ' s Island, LOC Koli, ORG Sultanate, PER Pathare Prabhus, LOC Magadha, LOC Delhi, PER Ashoka, ORG Western, LOC Mumbai, LOC Western India, PER Chalukyas, LOC Colaba, ORG Muslim, LOC Mahim, LOC Little Colaba, LOC Heptanesia, PER Satavahanas, PER Rashtrakutas, LOC Andheri, LOC Mahikawati, LOC Mazagaon, LOC Parel, PER Mauryas, LOC Konkan, LOC Walkeshwar Temple, PER Bhimdev, LOC Jogeshwari Caves, LOC Saurashtra, PER Vakataka, LOC Isle of Bombay, LOC Banganga Tank, LOC Gujarat, LOC Islands, PER Ptolemy, LOC Kanheri Caves, LOC Elephanta Caves, LOC Mahakali, LOC Worli, PER Satraps, PER Abhira, LOC Borivali, PER Kalachuris, PER Shilaharas, LOC A Cluster, LOC Kandivali, LOC Maurya Empire", "Response": "Mumbai is built on what was once an archipelago of seven islands: Isle of Bombay, Parel, Mazagaon, Mahim, Colaba, Worli, and Old Woman's Island (also known as Little Colaba). It is not exactly known when these islands were first inhabited. Pleistocene sediments found along the coastal areas around Kandivali in northern Mumbai suggest that the islands were inhabited since the South Asian Stone Age. Perhaps at the beginning of the Common Era, or possibly earlier, they came to be occupied by the Koli fishing community.In the 3rd century BCE, the islands formed part of the Maurya Empire, during its expansion in the south, ruled by the Buddhist emperor Ashoka of Magadha. The Kanheri Caves in Borivali were excavated from basalt rock in the first century CE, and served as an important centre of Buddhism in Western India during ancient Times. The city then was known as Heptanesia (Ancient Greek: A Cluster of Seven Islands) to the Greek geographer Ptolemy in 150 CE. The Mahakali Caves in Andheri were cut out between the 1st century BCE and the 6th century CE.Between the 2nd century BCE and 9th century CE, the islands came under the control of successive indigenous dynasties: Satavahanas, Western Satraps, Abhira, Vakataka, Kalachuris, Konkan Mauryas, Chalukyas and Rashtrakutas, before being ruled by the Shilaharas from 810 to 1260. Some of the oldest edifices in the city built during this period are the Jogeshwari Caves (between 520 and 525), Elephanta Caves (between the sixth to seventh century), Walkeshwar Temple (10th century), and Banganga Tank (12th century).\n\nKing Bhimdev founded his kingdom in the region in the late 13th century and established his capital in Mahikawati (present day Mahim). The Pathare Prabhus, among the earliest known settlers of the city, were brought to Mahikawati from Saurashtra in Gujarat around 1298 by Bhimdev. The Delhi Sultanate annexed the islands in 1347\u201348 and controlled it until 1407. During this time, the islands were administered by the Muslim Governors of Gujarat, who were appointed by the Delhi Sultanate.The islands were later governed by the independent Gujarat Sultanate, which was established in 1407. The Sultanate's patronage led to the construction of many mosques, prominent being the Haji Ali Dargah in Worli, built in honour of the Muslim saint Haji Ali in 1431. From 1429 to 1431, the islands were a source of contention between the Gujarat Sultanate and the Bahmani Sultanate of Deccan. In 1493, Bahadur Khan Gilani of the Bahmani Sultanate attempted to conquer the islands but was defeated."}, {"Context": "Mumbai Portuguese and British rule", "Knowledge": "LOC Byculla, PER John IV of Portugal, ORG English East India Company, PER Sultan Bahadur Shah, LOC Portuguese Empire, LOC Dharavi, LOC Gloria Church, PER Catherine, LOC Castella de Aguada, PER Charles, LOC Bombaim, LOC Mahim, LOC St. John the Baptist Church, LOC Bombay Castle, LOC England, PER Koli, LOC Andheri, LOC Bassein, LOC Bombay, LOC Mazagaon, LOC Mughal Empire, LOC Parel, ORG English Empire, LOC Wadala, PER Rickloffe van, PER Yakut Khan, PER Catherine of Braganza, LOC St. Michael ' s Church, LOC Seven Islands of Bombay, LOC Gujarat, LOC Madh Fort, LOC Castelo da Aguada, LOC St. Andrew ' s Church, LOC Worli, PER Humayun, LOC India, LOC Salsette, PER Charles II, ORG Dutch Empire, LOC Bandra Fort, ORG Mughal Empire, LOC Bandra, LOC Sion", "Response": "The Mughal Empire, founded in 1526, was the dominant power in the Indian subcontinent during the mid-16th century. Growing apprehensive of the power of the Mughal emperor Humayun, Sultan Bahadur Shah of Gujarat was obliged to sign the Treaty of Bassein with the Portuguese Empire on 23 December 1534. According to the treaty, the Seven Islands of Bombay, the nearby strategic town of Bassein and its dependencies were offered to the Portuguese. The territories were later surrendered on 25 October 1535.\n\nThe Portuguese were actively involved in the foundation and growth of their Roman Catholic religious orders in Bombay. They called the islands by various names, which finally took the written form Bombaim. The islands were leased to several Portuguese officers during their regime. The Portuguese Franciscans and Jesuits built several churches in the city, prominent being the St. Michael's Church at Mahim (1534), St. John the Baptist Church at Andheri (1579), St. Andrew's Church at Bandra (1580), and Gloria Church at Byculla (1632). The Portuguese also built several fortifications around the city like the Bombay Castle, Castella de Aguada (Castelo da Aguada or Bandra Fort), and Madh Fort. The English were in constant struggle with the Portuguese vying for hegemony over Bombay, as they recognised its strategic natural harbour and its natural isolation from land attacks. By the middle of the 17th century the growing power of the Dutch Empire forced the English to acquire a station in western India. On 11 May 1661, the marriage treaty of Charles II of England and Catherine of Braganza, daughter of King John IV of Portugal, placed the islands in possession of the English Empire, as part of Catherine's dowry to Charles. However, Salsette, Bassein, Mazagaon, Parel, Worli, Sion, Dharavi, and Wadala still remained under Portuguese possession. From 1665 to 1666, the English managed to acquire Mahim, Sion, Dharavi, and Wadala.\n\nIn accordance with the Royal Charter of 27 March 1668, England leased these islands to the English East India Company in 1668 for a sum of \u00a310 per annum. The population quickly rose from 10,000 in 1661, to 60,000 in 1675. The islands were subsequently attacked by Yakut Khan, the Muslim Koli admiral of the Mughal Empire, in October 1672, Rickloffe van Goen, the Governor-General of Dutch India on 20 February 1673, and Siddi admiral Sambal on 10 October 1673.In 1687, the English East India Company transferred its headquarters from Surat to Bombay. The city eventually became the headquarters of the Bombay Presidency. Following the transfer, Bombay was placed at the head of all the company's establishments in India. Towards the end of the 17th century, the islands again suffered incursions from Yakut Khan in 1689\u201390. The Portuguese presence ended in Bombay when the Marathas under Peshwa Baji Rao I captured Salsette in 1737, and Bassein in 1739.\nBy the middle of the 18th century, Bombay began to grow into a major trading town, and received a huge influx of migrants from across India. Later, the British occupied Salsette on 28 December 1774. With the Treaty of Surat (1775), the British formally gained control of Salsette and Bassein, resulting in the First Anglo-Maratha War. The British were able to secure Salsette from the Marathas without violence through the Treaty of Purandar (1776), and later through the Treaty of Salbai (1782), signed to settle the outcome of the First Anglo-Maratha War.\n\nFrom 1782 onwards, the city was reshaped with large-scale civil engineering projects aimed at merging all the seven islands of Bombay into a single amalgamated mass by way of a causeway called the Hornby Vellard, which was completed by 1784. In 1817, the British East India Company under Mountstuart Elphinstone defeated Baji Rao II, the last of the Maratha Peshwa in the Battle of Khadki. Following his defeat, almost the whole of the Deccan Plateau came under British suzerainty, and was incorporated into the Bombay Presidency. The success of the British campaign in the Deccan marked the end of all attacks by native powers.By 1845, the seven islands coalesced into a single landmass by the Hornby Vellard project via large scale land reclamation. On 16 April 1853, India's first passenger railway line was established, connecting Bombay to the neighbouring town of Thana (now Thane). During the American Civil War (1861\u20131865), the city became the world's chief cotton-trading market, resulting in a boom in the economy that subsequently enhanced the city's stature.The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 transformed Bombay into one of the largest seaports on the Arabian Sea. In September 1896, Bombay was hit by a bubonic plague epidemic where the death toll was estimated at 1,900 people per week. About 850,000 people fled Bombay and the textile industry was adversely affected. While the city was the capital of the Bombay Presidency, the Indian independence movement fostered the Quit India Movement in 1942 and the Royal Indian Navy mutiny in 1946."}, {"Context": "Mumbai Independent India", "Knowledge": "LOC Bombay Presidency, LOC Hutatma Chowk, LOC Nariman Point, LOC Maharashtra, LOC Bombay Suburban District, ORG City and Industrial Development Corporation, LOC Mumbai, ORG Bombay Citizens ' Committee, ORG Bombay Metropolitan Region Development Authority, LOC New Bombay, LOC Bombay City, LOC Maharashtra State, ORG BMRDA, LOC Raigad, ORG Congress, LOC Bombay, ORG Government of Maharashtra, ORG Greater Bombay Municipal Corporation, LOC Central Provinces, LOC Gujarat, ORG States Reorganisation Committee, LOC Hyderabad State, LOC Martyr ' s Square, LOC Bombay State, LOC Thane, LOC India, LOC Flora Fountain, LOC Cuffe Parade, LOC Berar, ORG CIDCO, ORG Lok Sabha", "Response": "After India's independence in 1947, the territory of the Bombay Presidency retained by India was restructured into Bombay State. The area of Bombay State increased, after several erstwhile princely states that joined the Indian union were integrated into the state. Subsequently, the city became the capital of Bombay State. In April 1950, Municipal limits of Bombay were expanded by merging the Bombay Suburban District and Bombay City to form the Greater Bombay Municipal Corporation.The Samyukta Maharashtra movement to create a separate Maharashtra state including Bombay was at its height in the 1950s. In the Lok Sabha discussions in 1955, the Congress party demanded that the city be constituted as an autonomous city-state. The States Reorganisation Committee recommended a bilingual state for Maharashtra\u2013Gujarat with Bombay as its capital in its 1955 report. Bombay Citizens' Committee, an advocacy group of leading Gujarati industrialists lobbied for Bombay's independent status.\nFollowing protests during the movement in which 105 people died in clashes with the police, Bombay State was reorganised on linguistic lines on 1 May 1960. Gujarati-speaking areas of Bombay State were partitioned into the state of Gujarat. Maharashtra State with Bombay as its capital was formed with the merger of Marathi-speaking areas of Bombay State, eight districts from Central Provinces and Berar, five districts from Hyderabad State, and numerous princely states enclosed between them. As a memorial to the martyrs of the Samyukta Maharashtra movement, Flora Fountain was renamed as Hutatma Chowk (Martyr's Square) and a memorial was erected. The following decades saw massive expansion of the city and its suburbs. In the late 1960s, Nariman Point and Cuffe Parade were reclaimed and developed. The Bombay Metropolitan Region Development Authority (BMRDA) was established on 26 January 1975 by the Government of Maharashtra as an apex body for planning and co-ordination of development activities in the Bombay metropolitan region. In August 1979, a sister township of New Bombay was founded by the City and Industrial Development Corporation (CIDCO) across the Thane and Raigad districts to help the dispersal and control of Bombay's population. The textile industry in Bombay largely disappeared after the widespread 1982 Great Bombay Textile Strike, in which nearly 250,000 workers in more than 50 textile mills went on strike. Mumbai's defunct cotton mills have since become the focus of intense redevelopment. Industrial development began in Mumbai. When its economy started focusing on the fields of petrochemicals, electronics, electronics and automobile. In 1954 Hindustan Petroleum comissoned Mumbai Refinery at Trombay and BPCL Refinery.The Jawaharlal Nehru Port, which handles 55\u201360% of India's containerized cargo, was commissioned on 26 May 1989 across the creek at Nhava Sheva with a view to de-congest Bombay Harbour and to serve as a hub port for the city. The geographical limits of Greater Bombay were coextensive with municipal limits of Greater Bombay. On 1 October 1990, the Greater Bombay district was bifurcated to form two revenue districts namely, Bombay City and Bombay Suburban, though they continued to be administered by same Municipal Administration.The years from 1990 to 2010 saw an increase in violence and terrorism activities. Following the demolition of the Babri Masjid in Ayodhya, the city was rocked by the Hindu-Muslim riots of 1992\u201393 in which more than 1,000 people were killed. In March 1993, a series of 13 coordinated bombings at several city landmarks by Islamic extremists and the Bombay underworld resulted in 257 deaths and over 700 injuries. In 2006, 209 people were killed and over 700 injured when seven bombs exploded on the city's commuter trains. In 2008, a series of ten coordinated attacks by armed terrorists for three days resulted in 173 deaths, 308 injuries, and severe damage to several heritage landmarks and prestigious hotels. The three coordinated bomb explosions in July 2011 that occurred at the Opera house, Zaveri Bazaar and Dadar were the latest in the series of terrorist attacks in Mumbai which resulted in 26 deaths and 130 injuries.Mumbai is the commercial capital of India and has evolved into a global financial hub. For several decades it has been the home of India's main financial services companies, and a focus for both infrastructure development and private investment. From being an ancient fishing community and a colonial centre of trade, Mumbai has become South Asia's largest city and home of the world's most prolific film industry."}, {"Context": "Mumbai Geography", "Knowledge": "LOC Navi Mumbai, LOC Mumbai Metropolitan Region, LOC Sashti Island, LOC Bhatsa Dam, LOC Greater Mumbai, LOC Maharashtra, LOC Sanjay Gandhi National Park, LOC South Mumbai, LOC Mumbai, ORG Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai, LOC Vasai Creek, LOC Mumbai Suburban, LOC Raigad, LOC Tansa, ORG Mumbai Port Trust, LOC Vihar, LOC Konkan, ORG MCGM, LOC Island City, LOC Vihar Lake, LOC Lower Vaitarna, LOC Powai, LOC Salsette Island, LOC Powai \u2013 Kanheri, LOC Palghar, LOC Northern Mumbai, LOC Tulsi Lake, LOC Ulhas River, LOC Thane, ORG Atomic Energy Commission, LOC India, LOC Salsette, LOC Thane Creek, ORG Defence, LOC Upper Vaitarna, LOC Tulsi, LOC Borivali National Park, LOC Arabian Sea", "Response": "Mumbai is on a narrow peninsula on the southwest of Salsette Island, which lies between the Arabian Sea to the west, Thane Creek to the east and Vasai Creek to the north. Mumbai's suburban district occupies most of the island. Navi Mumbai is east of Thane Creek and Thane is north of Vasai Creek. Mumbai consists of two distinct regions: Mumbai City district and Mumbai Suburban district, which form two separate revenue districts of Maharashtra. The city district region is also commonly referred to as the Island City or South Mumbai. The total area of Mumbai is 603.4 km2 (233 sq mi). Of this, the island city spans 67.79 km2 (26 sq mi), while the suburban district spans 370 km2 (143 sq mi), together accounting for 437.71 km2 (169 sq mi) under the administration of Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai (MCGM). The remaining areas belong to various Defence establishments, the Mumbai Port Trust, the Atomic Energy Commission and the Borivali National Park, which are out of the jurisdiction of the MCGM. The Mumbai Metropolitan Region which includes portions of Thane, Palghar and Raigad districts in addition to Greater Mumbai, covers an area of 4,355 km2 (1681.5 sq mi).\nMumbai lies at the mouth of the Ulhas River on the western coast of India, in the coastal region known as the Konkan. It sits on Salsette Island (Sashti Island), which it partially shares with the Thane district. Mumbai is bounded by the Arabian Sea to the west. Many parts of the city lie just above sea level, with elevations ranging from 10 m (33 ft) to 15 m (49 ft); the city has an average elevation of 14 m (46 ft). Northern Mumbai (Salsette) is hilly, and the highest point in the city is 450 m (1,476 ft) at Salsette in the Powai\u2013Kanheri ranges. The Sanjay Gandhi National Park (Borivali National Park) is located partly in the Mumbai suburban district, and partly in the Thane district, and it extends over an area of 103.09 km2 (39.80 sq mi).Apart from the Bhatsa Dam, there are six major lakes that supply water to the city: Vihar, Lower Vaitarna, Upper Vaitarna, Tulsi, Tansa and Powai. Tulsi Lake and Vihar Lake are located in Borivili National Park, within the city's limits. The supply from Powai lake, also within the city limits, is used only for agricultural and industrial purposes. Three small rivers, the Dahisar River, Poinsar (or Poisar) and Ohiwara (or Oshiwara) originate within the park, while the polluted Mithi River originates from Tulsi Lake and gathers water overflowing from Vihar and Powai Lakes. The coastline of the city is indented with numerous creeks and bays, stretching from the Thane creek on the\neastern to Madh Marve on the western front. The eastern coast of Salsette Island is covered with large mangrove swamps, rich in biodiversity, while the western coast is mostly sandy and rocky.Soil cover in the city region is predominantly sandy due to its proximity to the sea. In the suburbs, the soil cover is largely alluvial and loamy. The underlying rock of the region is composed of black Deccan basalt flows, and their acidic and basic variants dating back to the late Cretaceous and early Eocene eras. Mumbai sits on a seismically active zone owing to the presence of 23 fault lines in the vicinity. The area is classified as a Seismic Zone III region, which means an earthquake of up to magnitude 6.5 on the Richter magnitude scale may be expected."}, {"Context": "Mumbai Climate", "Knowledge": "LOC Juhu, LOC Island City, ORG World Bank, LOC Mumbai", "Response": "Mumbai has a tropical climate, specifically a tropical wet and dry climate (Aw) under the K\u00f6ppen climate classification. It varies between a dry period extending from October to May and a wet period peaking in June. The cooler season from December to February is followed by the hotter season from March to May. The period from June to about the end of September constitutes the south west monsoon season, and October and November form the post-monsoon season.Between June and September, the South-west monsoon rains occur in Mumbai. Pre-monsoon showers are received in May. Occasionally, north-east monsoon showers occur in October and November. The maximum annual rainfall ever recorded was 3,452 mm (136 in) for 1954. The highest rainfall recorded in a single day was 944 mm (37 in) on 26 July 2005. The average total annual rainfall is 2,213.4 mm (87 in) for the Island City, and 2,502.3 mm (99 in) for the suburbs.The average annual temperature is 27 \u00b0C (81 \u00b0F), and the average annual precipitation is 2,213 mm (87 in). In the Island City, the average maximum temperature is 31 \u00b0C (88 \u00b0F), while the average minimum temperature is 24 \u00b0C (75 \u00b0F). In the suburbs, the daily mean maximum temperature range from 29 \u00b0C (84 \u00b0F) to 33 \u00b0C (91 \u00b0F), while the daily mean minimum temperature ranges from 16 \u00b0C (61 \u00b0F) to 26 \u00b0C (79 \u00b0F). The record high is 42.2 \u00b0C (108 \u00b0F) set on 14 April 1952, and the record low is 7.4 \u00b0C (45 \u00b0F) set on 27 January 1962.Tropical cyclones are rare in the city, The worst cyclone to ever impact Mumbai was the one in 1948 where gusts reached 151 km/h (94 mph) in Juhu. The storm left 38 people dead and 47 missing. The storm reportedly impacted Mumbai for 20 hours and left the city devastated.\nMumbai is prone to monsoon floods, caused due to climate change that is affected by heavy rains and high tide in the sea, according to the World Bank, unplanned drainage system and informal settlement is a key factor of frequent floods in Mumbai. Among other causes of flooding in Mumbai is its geographic location, Mumbai urban is in peninsular form, (a land-filled area that connects seven islands) a low laying area, compared to its suburb that sits on an elevated location, Over the past few decades, the new informal settlements were formed in the suburbs, causing a rapid increase in population, Improper waste management, and drainage congestion. The rainwater from these areas heavily flows towards low-lying urban areas consisting of some slums and high-rise buildings. As a result, slums are either swamped, washed away, or collapse causing heavy casualties, and post-flood water logging lasts for a long time that causing blockage of railway lines-(most frequently used public transport in Mumbai), traffic snarl, inundated roads, and sub-merged bylanes. Over the past few decades, the frequency of floods in Mumbai is enormous, the 2005 Mumbai floods are characterized by 500-1000 deaths, household displacements, damaged infrastructure-(including heritage sites), and a financial loss of US$ 1.2 billion. In the process of reducing floods in Mumbai, the Maharashtra government adopted a flood mitigation plan; according to which the drainage system will be restructured, restoration of Mithi River, and re-establishment of informal settlements. Local civic body Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC) authorities are assigned to forecast and issue eviction notices while BMC along with NGO's prepare for the evacuation of slum dwellers to temporary safe camps."}, {"Context": "Mumbai Air pollution", "Knowledge": "LOC Government, ORG IIT Bombay, LOC India, ORG Aerosol and Air Quality Research Facility, ORG WHO, ORG Central Pollution Control Board, ORG McKelvey School of Engineering, ORG Washington University, LOC St. Louis, ORG World Health Organization, LOC Mumbai, LOC United States", "Response": "Air pollution is a major issue in Mumbai. According to the 2016 World Health Organization Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution Database, the annual average PM2.5 concentration in 2013 was 63 \u03bcg/m3, which is 6.3 times higher than that recommended by the WHO Air Quality Guidelines for the annual mean PM2.5. The Central Pollution Control Board for the Government of India and the Consulate General of the United States, Mumbai monitor and publicly share real-time air quality data. In December 2019, IIT Bombay, in partnership with the McKelvey School of Engineering of Washington University in St. Louis, launched the Aerosol and Air Quality Research Facility to study air pollution in Mumbai, among other Indian cities."}, {"Context": "Mumbai Economy", "Knowledge": "LOC Mumbai Metropolitan Region, ORG Reliance, ORG LIC, LOC Nariman Point, ORG Santacruz Electronic, ORG Bandra Kurla Complex, LOC Mumbai, LOC Bangalore, ORG NSE, LOC Hyderabad, ORG Reserve Bank of India, ORG SBI, ORG State Bank of India, ORG BKC, ORG RBI, ORG Life Insurance Corporation of India, ORG Larsen & Toubro, LOC Pune, ORG Fortune Global, ORG SEBI, LOC India, ORG BSE, ORG National Stock Exchange of India, ORG Securities and Exchange Board of India, ORG Godrej, ORG Tata Group, ORG Bombay Stock Exchange", "Response": "Mumbai is India's second largest city (by population) and is the financial and commercial capital of the country as it generates 6.16% of the total GDP. It serves as an economic hub of India; as of 2006, Mumbai contributed 10% of the nation's factory employment, 25% of industrial output, 33% of income tax collections, 60% of customs duty collections, 20% of central excise tax collections, 40% of foreign trade, and \u20b940 billion (equivalent to \u20b9110 billion or US$1.4 billion in 2020) in corporate taxes. Along with the rest of India, Mumbai has witnessed an economic boom since the liberalisation of 1991, the finance boom in the mid-nineties and the IT, export, services and outsourcing boom in the 2000s. Although Mumbai had prominently figured as the hub of economic activity of India in the 1990s, the Mumbai Metropolitan Region's contribution to India's GDP is currently declining.Recent estimates of the economy of the Mumbai Metropolitan Region is estimated to be $606.625 billion (PPP metro GDP) ranking it either the most or second-most productive metro area of India. Many of India's numerous conglomerates (including Larsen & Toubro, State Bank of India (SBI), Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC), Tata Group, Godrej and Reliance), and five of the Fortune Global 500 companies are based in Mumbai. This is facilitated by the presence of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE), the National Stock Exchange of India (NSE), and financial sector regulators such as the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI).Until the 1970s, Mumbai owed its prosperity largely to textile mills and the seaport, but the local economy has since then diversified to include finance, engineering, diamond-polishing, healthcare and information technology.\nThe key sectors contributing to the city's economy are: finance, gems & jewellery, leather processing, IT and ITES, textiles, petrochemical, electronics manufacturing, automobiles, and entertainment. Nariman Point and Bandra Kurla Complex (BKC) are Mumbai's major financial centres. Despite competition from Bangalore, Hyderabad and Pune, Mumbai has carved a niche for itself in the information technology industry. The Santacruz Electronic Export Processing Zone (SEEPZ) and the International Infotech Park (Navi Mumbai) offer excellent facilities to IT companies.State and central government employees make up a large percentage of the city's workforce. Mumbai also has a large unskilled and semi-skilled self-employed population, who primarily earn their livelihood as hawkers, taxi drivers, mechanics, and other such blue collar professions. The port and shipping industry is well established, with Mumbai Port being one of the oldest and most significant ports in India. Dharavi, in central Mumbai, has an increasingly large recycling industry, processing recyclable waste from other parts of the city; the district has an estimated 15,000 single-room factories.As of 2022, Mumbai is home to the eighth-highest number of billionaires of any city. With a total wealth of around $960 billion, it is the richest Indian city and one of the richest cities in the world. As of 2008, the Globalization and World Cities Study Group (GaWC) has ranked Mumbai as an \"Alpha world city\", third in its categories of Global cities. Mumbai is the third most expensive office market in the world, and was ranked among the fastest cities in the country for business startup in 2009."}, {"Context": "Mumbai Civic administration", "Knowledge": "LOC Mumbai Metropolitan Region, ORG IPS, LOC Greater Mumbai, LOC Brihanmumbai, ORG Indian, ORG Maharashtra Police, ORG Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation, LOC Mumbai, ORG Bombay Municipal Corporation, ORG Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai, LOC Mumbai Suburban, LOC Colaba, ORG Home Ministry, ORG BMC, ORG Mumbai Fire Brigade, ORG District Collector, ORG Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority, ORG Mumbai Police, ORG IAS, LOC Dahisar, ORG MMRDA, LOC India, LOC Mulund, ORG Mumbai Traffic Police, LOC Mumbai City, LOC Mankhurd", "Response": "Greater Mumbai (or Brihanmumbai), an area of 603 km2 (233 sq mi), consisting of the Mumbai City and Mumbai Suburban districts, extends from Colaba in the south, to Mulund and Dahisar in the north, and Mankhurd in the east. Its population as per the 2011 census was 12,442,373.It is administered by the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC) (sometimes referred to as the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai), formerly known as the Bombay Municipal Corporation (BMC). The BMC is in charge of the civic and infrastructure needs of the metropolis. The mayor, who serves for a term of two and a half years, is chosen through an indirect election by the councillors from among themselves.The municipal commissioner is the chief executive officer and head of the executive arm of the municipal corporation. All executive powers are vested in the municipal commissioner who is an Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officer appointed by the state government. Although the municipal corporation is the legislative body that lays down policies for the governance of the city, it is the commissioner who is responsible for the execution of the policies. The commissioner is appointed for a fixed term as defined by state statute. The powers of the commissioner are those provided by statute and those delegated by the corporation or the standing committee.The Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation was ranked 9th out of 21 cities for best governance & administrative practices in India in 2014. It scored 3.5 on 10 compared to the national average of 3.3.\n\nThe two revenue districts of Mumbai come under the jurisdiction of a District Collector. The collectors are in charge of property records and revenue collection for the central government, and oversee the national elections held in the city.\nThe Mumbai Police is headed by a police commissioner, who is an Indian Police Service (IPS) officer. The Mumbai Police is a division of the Maharashtra Police, under the state Home Ministry. The city is divided into seven police zones and seventeen traffic police zones, each headed by a deputy commissioner of police. The Mumbai Traffic Police is a semi-autonomous body under the Mumbai Police. The Mumbai Fire Brigade, under the jurisdiction of the municipal corporation, is headed by the chief fire officer, who is assisted by four deputy chief fire officers and six divisional officers. The Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA) is responsible for infrastructure development and planning of Mumbai Metropolitan Region.Mumbai is the seat of the Bombay High Court, which exercises jurisdiction over the states of Maharashtra and Goa, and the Union Territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu. Mumbai also has two lower courts, the Small Causes Court for civil matters, and the Sessions Court for criminal cases. Mumbai also has a special Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (TADA) court for people accused of conspiring and abetting acts of terrorism in the city."}, {"Context": "Mumbai Politics", "Knowledge": "ORG All India Majlis - e - Ittehadul Muslimeen, LOC South Central, ORG Congress Party, ORG Hindutva Cause, ORG MP, ORG Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha, LOC South, ORG Democratic Front, ORG Bhartiya Janata Party, ORG Bahujan Samaj Party, LOC Maharashtra, ORG Indian National Congress, ORG Assembly, ORG Maharashtra Navnirman Sena, ORG Bombay Municipal Corporation, LOC Mumbai, LOC North, ORG Maharashtra, ORG NCP, LOC North West, LOC North East, ORG Congress, LOC Bombay, ORG SP, ORG Bharatiya Janata Party, ORG Shiv Sena, ORG BSP, ORG Nationalist Congress Party, LOC North Central, ORG B, ORG MNS, ORG Indian Parliament, ORG Samajwadi Party, ORG MLA, ORG Marathi Cause, ORG BJP, ORG AIMIM, PER Balasaheb Thackeray, ORG Lok Sabha", "Response": "Mumbai had been a traditional stronghold and birthplace of the Indian National Congress, also known as the Congress Party. The first session of the Indian National Congress was held in Bombay from 28 to 31 December 1885. The city played host to the Indian National Congress six times during its first 50 years, and became a strong base for the Indian independence movement during the 20th century.The 1960s saw the rise of regionalist politics in Bombay, with the formation of the Shiv Sena on 19 June 1966, under the leadership of Balasaheb Thackeray out of a feeling of resentment about the relative marginalisation of the native Marathi people in Bombay. Shiv Sena switched from 'Marathi Cause' to larger 'Hindutva Cause' in 1985 and joined hands with Bhartiya Janata Party (BJP) in the same year. The Congress had dominated the politics of Bombay from independence until the early 1980s, when the Shiv Sena won the 1985 Bombay Municipal Corporation elections.In 1989, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), a major national political party, forged an electoral alliance with the Shiv Sena to dislodge the Congress in the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly elections. In 1999, several members left the Congress to form the Nationalist Congress Party (NCP) but later allied with the Congress as part of an alliance known as the Democratic Front. Other parties such as Maharashtra Navnirman Sena (MNS), Samajwadi Party (SP), Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP), All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen (AIMIM) and several independent candidates also contest elections in the city.In the Indian national elections held every five years, Mumbai is represented by six parliamentary constituencies: North, North West, North East, North Central, South Central, and South. A member of parliament (MP) to the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Indian Parliament, is elected from each of the parliamentary constituencies. In the 2019 national election, all six parliamentary constituencies were won by the BJP and Shiv Sena in alliance, with both parties winning three seats each.In the Maharashtra state assembly elections held every five years, Mumbai is represented by 36 assembly constituencies. A member of the legislative assembly (MLA) to the Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha (legislative assembly) is elected from each of the assembly constituencies. In the 2019 state assembly election, out of the 36 assembly constituencies, 16 were won by the BJP, 11 by the Shiv Sena, 6 by the Congress, 2 by the NCP and one by independent candidate.Elections are also held every five years to elect corporators to power in the MCGM. The Corporation comprises 227 directly elected Councillors representing the 24 municipal wards, five nominated Councillors having special knowledge or experience in municipal administration, and a mayor whose role is mostly ceremonial. In the 2012 municipal corporation elections, out of the 227 seats, the Shiv Sena-BJP alliance secured 107 seats, holding power with the support of independent candidates in the MCGM, while the Congress-NCP alliance bagged 64 seats. The tenure of the mayor, deputy mayor, and municipal commissioner is two and a half years."}, {"Context": "Mumbai Public transport", "Knowledge": "LOC South Mumbai, ORG Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport, ORG BEST, ORG Metro, ORG Monorail, ORG Suburban, ORG Mumbai Suburban Railway, LOC Mumbai", "Response": "Public transport systems in Mumbai include the Mumbai Suburban Railway, Monorail, Metro, Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport (BEST) buses, black-and-yellow meter taxis, auto rickshaws and ferries. Suburban railway and BEST bus services together accounted for about 88% of the passenger traffic in 2008. Auto rickshaws are allowed to operate only in the suburban areas of Mumbai, while taxis are allowed to operate throughout Mumbai, but generally operate in South Mumbai. Taxis and rickshaws in Mumbai are required by law to run on compressed natural gas (CNG), and are a convenient, economical, and easily available means of transport."}, {"Context": "Mumbai Railway", "Knowledge": "LOC Churchgate, ORG Western Railway, LOC Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, ORG Indian Railways, LOC Mumbai, LOC Andheri, ORG Mumbai Suburban Railway, ORG Locals, LOC Mumbai Central, ORG Mumbai Monorail, LOC Lokmanya Tilak Terminus, LOC Dadar, LOC Bandra Terminus, LOC India, LOC Borivali, ORG CR, LOC Victoria Terminus, ORG WR, ORG Central Railway, ORG Mumbai Metro", "Response": "The Mumbai Suburban Railway, popularly referred to as Locals forms the backbone of the city's transport system. It is operated by the Central Railway and Western Railway zones of the Indian Railways. Mumbai's suburban rail systems carried a total of 63 lakh (6.3 million) passengers every day in 2007. Trains are overcrowded during peak hours, with nine-car trains of rated capacity 1,700 passengers, actually carrying around 4,500 passengers at peak hours. The Mumbai rail network is spread at an expanse of 319 route kilometres. 191 rakes (train-sets) of 9 car and 12 car composition are utilised to run a total of 2,226 train services in the city.The Mumbai Monorail and Mumbai Metro have been built and are being extended in phases to relieve overcrowding on the existing network. The Monorail opened in early February 2014. The first line of the Mumbai Metro opened in early June 2014.Mumbai is the headquarters of two zones of the Indian Railways: the Central Railway (CR) headquartered at Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (formerly Victoria Terminus), and the Western Railway (WR) headquartered at Churchgate. Mumbai is also well connected to most parts of India by the Indian Railways. Long-distance trains originate from Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, Dadar, Lokmanya Tilak Terminus, Mumbai Central, Bandra Terminus, Andheri and Borivali."}, {"Context": "Mumbai Bus", "Knowledge": "LOC Thane, LOC Navi Mumbai, LOC London, ORG Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation, ORG BEST, ORG ST, ORG TMT, ORG MSRTC, LOC Maharashtra, ORG Navi Mumbai Municipal Transport, ORG Thane Municipal Transport, ORG NMMT, LOC Mumbai, LOC Mira - Bhayandar", "Response": "Mumbai's bus services carried over 55 lakh (5.5 million) passengers per day in 2008, which dropped to 28 lakh (2.8 million) in 2015. Public buses run by BEST cover almost all parts of the metropolis, as well as parts of Navi Mumbai, Mira-Bhayandar and Thane. The BEST operates a total of 4,608 buses with CCTV cameras installed, ferrying 45 lakh (4.5 million) passengers daily over 390 routes. Its fleet consists of single-decker, double-decker, vestibule, low-floor, disabled-friendly, air-conditioned and Euro III compliant diesel and compressed natural gas powered buses. BEST introduced air-conditioned buses in 1998. BEST buses are red in colour, based originally on the Routemaster buses of London.Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation (MSRTC, also known as ST) buses provide intercity transport connecting Mumbai with other towns and cities of Maharashtra and nearby states. The Navi Mumbai Municipal Transport (NMMT) and Thane Municipal Transport (TMT) also operate their buses in Mumbai, connecting various nodes of Navi Mumbai and Thane to parts of Mumbai.Buses are generally favoured for commuting short to medium distances, while train fares are more economical for longer distance commutes.The Mumbai Darshan is a tourist bus service which explores numerous tourist attractions in Mumbai. Bus Rapid Transit System (BRTS) lanes have been planned throughout Mumbai. Though 88% of the city's commuters travel by public transport, Mumbai still continues to struggle with traffic congestion. Mumbai's transport system has been categorised as one of the most congested in the world."}, {"Context": "Mumbai Water", "Knowledge": "LOC Navi Mumbai, ORG Gateway of India, LOC Belapur, ORG CBD, LOC Mumbai", "Response": "Water transport in Mumbai consists of ferries, hovercraft and catamarans. Services are provided by both government agencies as well as private partners. Hovercraft services plied briefly in the late 1990s between the Gateway of India and CBD Belapur in Navi Mumbai. They were subsequently scrapped due to lack of adequate infrastructure."}, {"Context": "Mumbai Road", "Knowledge": "LOC National, LOC National Highway, LOC Pune Expressway, LOC Delhi, LOC Mumbai Expressway, LOC Mumbai, LOC Panvel, LOC Eastern Freeway, LOC Bhayander, LOC Konkan Expressway, LOC Worli Sea, LOC Chennai, LOC Western Express Highway, LOC Eastern Express Highway, LOC Thane, LOC Pune, LOC Mahim Causeway, LOC India, LOC Bandra, LOC Nagpur Expressway, LOC Sion Panvel Expressway, LOC Sion", "Response": "Mumbai is served by National Highway 48, National Highway 66, National Highway 160 and National Highway 61. The Mumbai\u2013Chennai and Mumbai\u2013Delhi prongs of the Golden Quadrilateral system of National Highways start from the city. The Mumbai-Pune Expressway was the first expressway built in India. The Eastern Freeway was opened in 2013. The Bandra-Worli Sea Link bridge, along with Mahim Causeway, links the island city to the western suburbs. The three major road arteries of the city are the Eastern Express Highway from Sion to Thane, the Sion Panvel Expressway from Sion to Panvel and the Western Express Highway from Bandra to Bhayander. Mumbai has approximately 1,900 km (1,181 mi) of roads. There are five tolled entry points to the city by road.Mumbai had about 721,000 private vehicles as of March 2014, 56,459 black and yellow taxis as of 2005, and 106,000 auto rickshaws, as of May 2013.Mumbai has currently only one expressway\u2013the Mumbai\u2013Pune Expressway, which directly connects Mumbai with Pune. In the coming years, the great metropolis will be connected with more expressways. They are as follows:\n\nDelhi\u2013Mumbai Expressway: Under construction since March 2019, to be completed by December 2023.\nMumbai\u2013Nagpur Expressway: Under construction since January 2019, to be completed by December 2023.\nKonkan Expressway: Proposed."}, {"Context": "Mumbai Air", "Knowledge": "LOC India, LOC Kopra - Panvel, LOC Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport, LOC Sahar International Airport, ORG Bombay Flying Club, ORG Pawan Hans, LOC Juhu Aerodrome, LOC Navi Mumbai International", "Response": "The Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport (formerly Sahar International Airport) is the main aviation hub in the city and the second busiest airport in India in terms of passenger traffic. It handled 36.6 million (3.66 crore) passengers and 694,300 tonnes of cargo during FY 2014\u20132015. An upgrade plan was initiated in 2006, targeted at increasing the capacity of the airport to handle up to  40 million (4 crore) passengers annually and the new terminal T2 was opened in February 2014.The proposed Navi Mumbai International airport to be built in the Kopra-Panvel area has been sanctioned by the Indian Government and will help relieve the increasing traffic burden on the existing airport.The Juhu Aerodrome was India's first airport, and now hosts the Bombay Flying Club and a heliport operated by state-owned Pawan Hans."}, {"Context": "Mumbai Sea", "Knowledge": "LOC Navi Mumbai, LOC India, LOC Jawaharlal Nehru Port, LOC Ferry Wharf, ORG Mumbai Port Trust, ORG Western Naval Command, ORG Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust, ORG Indian Navy, LOC Mazagaon, LOC Mumbai Port, LOC Mumbai", "Response": "Mumbai is served by two major ports, Mumbai Port Trust and Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust, which lies just across the creek in Navi Mumbai. Mumbai Port has one of the best natural harbours in the world, and has extensive wet and dry dock accommodation facilities. Jawaharlal Nehru Port, commissioned on 26 May 1989, is the busiest and most modern major port in India. It handles 55\u201360% of the country's total containerised cargo. Ferries from Ferry Wharf in Mazagaon allow access to islands near the city.The city is also the headquarters of the Western Naval Command, and also an important base for the Indian Navy."}, {"Context": "Mumbai Utility services", "Knowledge": "LOC Navi Mumbai, ORG MTNL, ORG Tata Power, ORG Bhandup, LOC Kalyan, LOC Deonar, ORG Airtel, ORG Western Railway, ORG Loop Mobile, ORG Reliance Communications, LOC Mumbai, ORG BEST, LOC Tansa, ORG Tata Indicom, LOC Vihar, ORG Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport, ORG MCGM, LOC Mahavitaran, ORG Mahanagar Gas Limited, LOC Bhandup, ORG Idea Cellular, ORG Reliance Energy, LOC Worli, ORG Vodafone Essar, LOC India, LOC Mulund, LOC Tulsi, LOC Bandra, LOC Gorai, ORG Maharashtra State Electricity Distribution Co. Ltd, ORG CDMA, LOC Asia", "Response": "Under colonial rule, tanks were the only source of water in Mumbai, with many localities having been named after them. The MCGM supplies potable water to the city from six lakes, most of which comes from the Tulsi and Vihar lakes. The Tansa lake supplies water to the western suburbs and parts of the island city along the Western Railway. The water is filtered at Bhandup, which is Asia's largest water filtration plant. India's first underground water tunnel was completed in Mumbai to supply water to the Bhandup filtration plant.About 700 million (70 crore) litres of water, out of a daily supply of 3.5 billion (350 crore) litres, is lost by way of water thefts, illegal connections and leakages, per day in Mumbai. Almost all of Mumbai's daily refuse of 7,800 metric tonnes, of which 40 metric tonnes is plastic waste, is transported to dumping grounds in Gorai in the northwest, Mulund in the northeast, and to the Deonar dumping ground in the east. Sewage treatment is carried out at Worli and Bandra, and disposed of by two independent marine outfalls of 3.4 km (2.1 mi) and 3.7 km (2.3 mi) at Bandra and Worli respectively.Electricity is distributed by the Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport (BEST) undertaking in the island city, and by Reliance Energy, Tata Power, and the Maharashtra State Electricity Distribution Co. Ltd (Mahavitaran) in the suburbs. Power supply cables are underground, which reduces pilferage, thefts and other losses.Cooking gas is supplied in the form of liquefied petroleum gas cylinders sold by state-owned oil companies, as well as through piped natural gas supplied by Mahanagar Gas Limited.The largest telephone service provider is the state-owned MTNL, which held a monopoly over fixed line and cellular services up until 2000, and provides fixed line as well as mobile WLL services. Mobile phone coverage is extensive, and the main service providers are Vodafone Essar, Airtel, MTNL, Loop Mobile, Reliance Communications, Idea Cellular and Tata Indicom. Both GSM and CDMA services are available in the city. Mumbai, along with the area served by telephone exchanges in Navi Mumbai and Kalyan is classified as a Metro telecom circle. Many of the above service providers also provide broadband internet and wireless internet access in Mumbai. As of 2014, Mumbai had the highest number of internet users in India with 16.4 million (1.64 crore) users."}, {"Context": "Mumbai Architecture", "Knowledge": "LOC Elephanta Caves, LOC Oval Maidan, LOC Miami, LOC India, ORG MHCC, LOC Shanghai, LOC Gateway of India, LOC New York, LOC West, ORG Mumbai Heritage Conservation Committee, LOC Marine Drive, LOC Victorian, LOC Art, LOC Victoria Terminus, LOC Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, LOC Mumbai, LOC Art Deco Ensemble, LOC Bombay University", "Response": "The architecture of the city is a blend of Gothic Revival, Indo-Saracenic, Art Deco, and other contemporary styles. Most of the buildings during the British period, such as the Victoria Terminus and Bombay University, were built in Gothic Revival style. Their architectural features include a variety of European influences such as German gables, Dutch roofs, Swiss timbering, Romance arches, Tudor casements, and traditional Indian features. There are also a few Indo-Saracenic styled buildings such as the Gateway of India. Art Deco styled landmarks can be found along the Marine Drive and west of the Oval Maidan. Mumbai has the second largest number of Art Deco buildings in the world after Miami. In the newer suburbs, modern buildings dominate the landscape. Mumbai has by far the highest number of skyscrapers in India, with 956 existing skyscrapers and 272 under construction as of 2009.\n\nThe Mumbai Heritage Conservation Committee (MHCC), established in 1995, formulates special regulations and by-laws to assist in the conservation of the city's heritage structures. Mumbai has three UNESCO World Heritage Sites, the Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, the Elephanta Caves and the Victorian and Art Deco Ensemble. In the south of Mumbai, there are colonial-era buildings and Soviet-style offices. In the east are factories and some slums. On the West coast are former-textile mills being demolished and skyscrapers built on top. There are 237 buildings taller than 100 m, compared with 327 in Shanghai and 855 in New York."}, {"Context": "Mumbai Demographics", "Knowledge": "LOC Mumbai Metropolitan Region, LOC Karachi, LOC Dharavi, LOC Orangi Town, LOC Earth, LOC Greater Mumbai, LOC Maharashtra, LOC Mumbaikar, LOC Asia, LOC Mumbai, ORG MCGM", "Response": "According to the 2011 census, the population of Mumbai city was 12,479,608. The population density is estimated to be about 20,482 persons per square kilometre. The living space is 4.5 square metres per person. Mumbai Metropolitan Region was home to 20,748,395 people by 2011. Greater Mumbai, the area under the administration of the MCGM, has a literacy rate of 94.7%, higher than the national average of 86.7%. The number of slum-dwellers in the Mumbai Metropolitan Region is estimated to be 90 lakh (9 million), up from 60 lakh (6 million) in 2001 which constitutes approximately 41.8% of the region.The sex ratio in 2011 was 838 females per 1,000 males in the island city, 857 in the suburbs, and 848 as a whole in Greater Mumbai, all numbers lower than the national average of 914 females per 1,000 males. The low sex ratio is partly because of the large number of male migrants who come to the city to work.\n\nResidents of Mumbai call themselves Mumbaikar, Mumbaiite, Bombayite or Bombaiite.\nMumbai suffers from the same major urbanization problems seen in many fast growing cities in developing countries: poverty and unemployment. With available land at a premium, Mumbai residents often reside in cramped, relatively expensive housing, usually far from workplaces, and therefore requiring long commutes on crowded mass transit, or clogged roadways. Many of them live close to bus or train stations, although suburban residents spend significant time travelling southward to the main commercial district. Dharavi, Asia's second largest slum (if Karachi's Orangi Town is counted as a single slum) is located in central Mumbai and houses between 800,000 and 10 lakh (one million) people in 2.39 km2 (0.92 sq mi), making it one of the most densely populated areas on Earth with a population density of at least 334,728 persons per square kilometre.The number of migrants to Mumbai from outside Maharashtra during the 1991\u20132001 decade was 11.2 lakh (1.12 million), which amounted to 54.8% of the net addition to the population of Mumbai.The number of households in Mumbai is forecast to rise from 42 lakh (4.2 million) in 2008 to 66 lakh (6.6 million) in 2020. The number of households with annual incomes of 20 lakh (2 million) rupees will increase from 4% to 10% by 2020, amounting to 660,000 families. The number of households with incomes from 10 to 20 lakh (1\u20132 million) rupees is also estimated to increase from 4% to 15% by 2020. According to the 2016 report of the Central Pollution Control Board, Mumbai is the noisiest city in India, ahead of Lucknow, Hyderabad and Delhi."}, {"Context": "Mumbai Ethnic groups and religions", "Knowledge": "LOC Mumbai, LOC Israel, LOC India, PER Antiochus IV Epiphanes, LOC Greater Iran, LOC Persia, LOC Greater Mumbai, ORG Dawoodi, LOC Bombay, LOC Konkan, LOC Greater Mumbai Area", "Response": "The religious groups represented in Greater Mumbai as of 2011 include Hindus (65.99%), Muslims (20.65%), Buddhists (4.85%), Jains (4.10%), Christians (3.27%) and Sikhs (0.49%). The linguistic/ethnic demographics in the Greater Mumbai Area are: Maharashtrians (32%), Gujaratis (20%), with the rest hailing from other parts of India.Native Christians include East Indian Catholics, who were converted by the Portuguese during the 16th century, while Goan and Mangalorean Catholics also constitute a significant portion of the Christian community of the city. Jews settled in Bombay during the 18th century. The Bene Israeli Jewish community of Bombay, who migrated from the Konkan villages, south of Bombay, are believed to be the descendants of the Jews of Israel who were shipwrecked off the Konkan coast, probably in the year 175 BCE, during the reign of the Greek ruler, Antiochus IV Epiphanes. Mumbai is also home to the largest population of Parsi Zoroastrians in the world, numbering about 60,000, however their population is declining rapidly. Parsis migrated to India from Greater Iran following the Muslim conquest of Persia in the seventh century. The oldest Muslim communities in Mumbai include the Dawoodi Bohras, Ismaili Khojas, and Konkani Muslims."}, {"Context": "Mumbai Language", "Knowledge": "LOC India, LOC Suburbs, LOC Uttar Pradesh, LOC Bihar, LOC Mumbai", "Response": "Marathi is the official and working language of the bureaucracy along with English and Hindi. Mumbai has a large polyglot population like all other metropolitan cities of India. Sixteen major languages of India are spoken in Mumbai, with the most common being Marathi and its dialect East Indian. Marathi, and its dialect, as a single language is spoken by 32.24% of the population around 4,396,870 people. Hindi is spoken by 25.90% of the population around 3,582,719 people, making it the second largest dominant language in Mumbai. Many Hindi speakers are workers from Uttar Pradesh and Bihar who migrate seasonally to Mumbai to work as labourers. Gujarati with 2,640,990 speakers is spoken by 20.4% of the population.Other languages spoken include Urdu by 11.69% of the population. English is extensively spoken and is the principal language of the city's white collar workforce. A colloquial form of Hindi, known as Bambaiya \u2013 a blend of Hindi, Marathi, Gujarati, Konkani, Urdu, Indian English and some invented words \u2013 is spoken on the streets.Tamil, Kannada, Telugu, Malayalam, Odia, Punjabi, Sindhi, Tulu, Assamese, Bengali, Bhojpuri are other minority languages spoken in Mumbai.\nIn the Suburbs, Marathi is spoken by 36.78% of the population and Gujarati by 31.21%."}, {"Context": "Mumbai Food", "Knowledge": "LOC Mumbai", "Response": "Mumbai has a variety of street food, including the Vada pav."}, {"Context": "Mumbai Culture", "Knowledge": "LOC Victoria Gardens, LOC The Prince of Wales Museum, ORG Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, ORG National Academy of Letters, LOC Vastu Sangrahalaya, LOC South Mumbai, ORG Dadasaheb Phalke, LOC Jehangir Art, LOC Mumbai, ORG National Gallery of Modern Art, PER Anant Kanekar, ORG Gallery, LOC Jijamata Udyaan, PER Mohan Apte, ORG Asiatic Society of Bombay, PER Aravind Adiga, PER Gangadhar Gadgil, LOC Hollywood, LOC India, LOC Eid, ORG Sahitya, PER Salman Rushdie", "Response": "Mumbai's culture offers a blend of traditional and cosmopolitan festivals, food, entertainment, and night life. The city's cosmopolitan and urban-centric modern cultural offerings are comparable to other world capitals. Mumbai bears the distinction of being the most cosmopolitan city of India. Its history as a major trading centre and the expansion of an education middle class has led to a diverse range of cultures, religions, and cuisines coexisting in the city. The variety and abundance of restaurants, cinemas, theatres, sports events and museums are a product of Mumbai's unique cosmopolitan culture.Mumbai is the birthplace of Indian cinema\u2014Dadasaheb Phalke laid the foundations with silent movies followed by Marathi talkies\u2014and the oldest film broadcast took place in the early 20th century. Mumbai also has a large number of cinema halls that feature Bollywood, Marathi and Hollywood movies. The Mumbai International Film Festival and the award ceremony of the Filmfare Awards, the oldest and prominent film awards given for Hindi film industry in India, are held in Mumbai. Despite most of the professional theatre groups that formed during the British Raj having disbanded by the 1950s, Mumbai has developed a thriving \"theatre movement\" tradition in Marathi, Hindi, English, and other regional languages.Contemporary art is featured in both government-funded art spaces and private commercial galleries. The government-funded institutions include the Jehangir Art Gallery and the National Gallery of Modern Art. Built in 1833, the Asiatic Society of Bombay is one of the oldest public libraries in the city. The Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya (formerly The Prince of Wales Museum) is a renowned museum in South Mumbai which houses rare ancient exhibits of Indian history.Mumbai has a zoo named Jijamata Udyaan (formerly Victoria Gardens), which also harbor's a garden. The rich literary traditions of the city have been highlighted internationally by Booker Prize winners Salman Rushdie, Aravind Adiga. Marathi literature has been modernized in the works of Mumbai-based authors such as Mohan Apte, Anant Kanekar, and Gangadhar Gadgil, and is promoted through an annual Sahitya Akademi Award, a literary honor bestowed by India's National Academy of Letters.\n\nMumbai residents celebrate both Western and Indian festivals. Diwali, Holi, Eid, Christmas, Navratri, Good Friday, Dussera, Moharram, Ganesh Chaturthi, Durga Puja and Maha Shivratri are some of the popular festivals in the city. The Kala Ghoda Arts Festival is an exhibition of a world of arts that encapsulates works of artists in the fields of music, dance, theatre, and films. A week-long annual fair known as Bandra Fair, starting on the following Sunday after 8 September, is celebrated by people of all faiths, to commemorate the Nativity of Mary, mother of Jesus, on 8 September.The Banganga Festival is a two-day music festival, held annually in the month of January, which is organised by the Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation (MTDC) at the historic Banganga Tank in Mumbai. The Elephanta Festival\u2014celebrated every February on the Elephanta Islands\u2014is dedicated to classical Indian dance and music and attracts performers from across the country. Public holidays specific to the city and the state include Maharashtra Day on 1 May, to celebrate the formation of Maharashtra state on 1 May 1960, and Gudi Padwa which is the New Year's Day for Marathi people.\nBeaches are a major tourist attraction in the city. The major beaches in Mumbai are Girgaum Chowpatty, Juhu Beach, Dadar Chowpatty, Gorai Beach, Marve Beach, Versova Beach, Madh Beach, Aksa Beach, and Manori Beach. Most of the beaches are unfit for swimming, except Girgaum Chowpatty and Juhu Beach. Essel World is a theme park and amusement centre situated close to Gorai Beach, and includes Asia's largest theme water park, Water Kingdom. Adlabs Imagica opened in April 2013 is located near the city of Khopoli off the Mumbai-Pune Expressway."}, {"Context": "Mumbai Media", "Knowledge": "ORG Zee 24 Taas, ORG Sony, ORG Star Plus, ORG Loksatta, ORG Bombay Samachar, ORG ABP Majha, ORG Navakaal, ORG Union Government, ORG Saptahik Sakaal, ORG IBN - Lokmat, ORG DD Sahyadri, ORG Colors TV, ORG Direct, ORG Star Pravah, ORG Lokmat, LOC Bollywood, ORG All India Radio, ORG Lokrajya, LOC Mumbai, ORG Pay TV, ORG Mid - day, ORG Balshastri Jambhekar, ORG Bloomberg UTV, ORG The Times of India, ORG ETV Marathi, ORG Maharashtra Times, ORG Star Sports, ORG DNA India, ORG Mumbai Chaufer, ORG Sirius, ORG Dish TV, ORG Zee Business, ORG Mi Marathi, ORG Sakaal, ORG ET Now, ORG Zee Talkies, LOC Gujarati, ORG Saamana, ORG FM, ORG to - Home, ORG Hindustan Times, ORG Zee TV, ORG The Indian Express, ORG ESPN, ORG Chitralekha, ORG Grihashobhika, ORG Bombay Durpan, ORG Doordarshan, ORG All Marathi, ORG Zee Marathi, ORG CNBC Awaaz, ORG Sahara Samay, ORG CAS, ORG Tata Sky, ORG Lokprabha, LOC Asia", "Response": "Mumbai has numerous newspaper publications, television and radio stations. Marathi dailies enjoy the maximum readership share in the city and the top Marathi language newspapers are Maharashtra Times, Navakaal, Lokmat, Loksatta, Mumbai Chaufer, Saamana and Sakaal. Popular Marathi language magazines are Saptahik Sakaal, Grihashobhika, Lokrajya, Lokprabha & Chitralekha. Popular English language newspapers published and sold in Mumbai include The Times of India, Mid-day, Hindustan Times, DNA India, and The Indian Express. Newspapers are also printed in other Indian languages. Mumbai is home to Asia's oldest newspaper, Bombay Samachar, which has been published in Gujarati since 1822. Bombay Durpan, the first Marathi newspaper, was started by Balshastri Jambhekar in Mumbai in 1832.Numerous Indian and international television channels can be watched in Mumbai through one of the Pay TV companies or the local cable television provider. The metropolis is also the hub of many international media corporations, with many news channels and print publications having a major presence. The national television broadcaster, Doordarshan, provides two free terrestrial channels, while three main cable networks serve most households.The wide range of cable channels available includes Zee Marathi, Zee Talkies, ETV Marathi, Star Pravah, Mi Marathi, DD Sahyadri (All Marathi channels), news channels such as ABP Majha, IBN-Lokmat, Zee 24 Taas, sports channels like ESPN, Star Sports, National entertainment channels like Colors TV, Sony, Zee TV and Star Plus, business news channels like CNBC Awaaz, Zee Business, ET Now and Bloomberg UTV. News channels entirely dedicated to Mumbai include Sahara Samay Mumbai. Zing a popular Bollywood gossip channel is also based out of Mumbai. Satellite television (DTH) has yet to gain mass acceptance, due to high installation costs. Prominent DTH entertainment services in Mumbai include Dish TV and Tata Sky.There are twelve radio stations in Mumbai, with nine broadcasting on the FM band, and three All India Radio stations broadcasting on the AM band. Mumbai also has access to Commercial radio providers such as Sirius. The Conditional Access System (CAS) started by the Union Government in 2006 met a poor response in Mumbai due to competition from its sister technology Direct-to-Home (DTH) transmission service.Bollywood, the Hindi film industry based in Mumbai, produces around 150\u2013200 films every year. The name Bollywood is a blend of Bombay and Hollywood. The 2000s saw a growth in Bollywood's popularity overseas. This led filmmaking to new heights in terms of quality, cinematography and innovative story lines as well as technical advances such as special effects and animation. Studios in Goregaon, including Film City, are the location for most movie sets. The city also hosts the Marathi film industry which has seen increased popularity in recent years, and TV production companies. Mumbai is a hub of Indian film making. Several other Indian language films such as Bengali, Bhojpuri, Gujarati, Malayalam, Tamil, Kannada, Telugu and Urdu are also occasionally shot in Mumbai. Slumdog Millionaire, an English language British film, was shot entirely in Mumbai and has garnered 8 Oscar awards."}, {"Context": "Mumbai Schools", "Knowledge": "ORG NIOS, ORG CBSE, ORG CISCE, ORG National Institute of Open Schooling, ORG MSBSHSE, ORG Maharashtra State Board, ORG Central Board for Secondary Education, LOC Asia, ORG All - India Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations, LOC Mumbai, ORG MCGM", "Response": "Schools in Mumbai are either \"municipal schools\" (run by the MCGM) or private schools (run by trusts or individuals), which in some cases receive financial aid from the government. The schools are affiliated with either of the following boards:\n\nMaharashtra State Board (MSBSHSE)\nThe All-India Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE)\nThe National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS)\nThe Central Board for Secondary Education (CBSE)\nThe International Baccalaureate (IB)\nThe International General Certificate of Secondary Education (IGCSE). Marathi or English is the usual language of instruction.The primary education system of the MCGM is the largest urban primary education system in Asia. The MCGM operates 1,188 primary schools imparting primary education to 485,531 students in eight languages (Marathi, Hindi, Gujarati, Urdu, English, Tamil, Telugu, and Kannada). The MCGM also imparts secondary education to 55,576 students through its 49 secondary schools."}, {"Context": "Mumbai Higher education", "Knowledge": "LOC Russia, ORG Seth G. S. Medical College, ORG Washington University, LOC Brazil, LOC Mumbai, ORG Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute, ORG Business Insider, ORG Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, ORG Grant Medical College, ORG India Today, ORG UDCT, ORG QS, LOC China, ORG VJTI, LOC U, LOC America, LOC South Africa, ORG Computer, ORG Institute of Chemical Technology, LOC St. Louis, ORG Jamshedjee Jeejeeb, ORG UICT, ORG SNDT Women ' s University, ORG University of Mumbai, LOC India, ORG Thadomal Shahani Engineering College, ORG IIT Bombay", "Response": "Under the 10+2+3/4 plan, students complete ten years of schooling and then enrol for two years in junior college, where they select one of three streams: arts, commerce, or science. This is followed by either a general degree course in a chosen field of study, or a professional degree course, such as law, engineering and medicine. Most colleges in the city are affiliated with the University of Mumbai, one of the largest universities in the world in terms of the number of graduates.The University of Mumbai is one of the premier universities in India. It was ranked 41 among the Top 50 Engineering Schools of the world by America's news broadcasting firm Business Insider in 2012 and was the only university in the list from the five emerging BRICS nations viz Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa. Moreover, the University of Mumbai was ranked 5th in the list of best universities in India by India Today in 2013 and ranked at 62 in the QS BRICS University rankings for 2013, a ranking of leading universities in the five BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa).\nIts strongest scores in the QS University Rankings: BRICS are for papers per faculty (8th), employer reputation (20th) and citations per paper (28th).\nIt was ranked 10th among the top Universities of India by QS in 2013. With 7 of the top ten Indian Universities being purely science and technology universities, it was India's 3rd best Multi Disciplinary University in the QS University ranking.\n\nThe Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT Bombay), Mumbai, Institute of Chemical Technology (formerly UDCT / UICT), Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute (VJTI), which are India's premier engineering and technology schools, along with SNDT Women's University are the autonomous universities located in Mumbai. In April 2015, IIT Bombay launched the first U.S.-India joint EMBA program alongside Washington University in St. Louis. Thadomal Shahani Engineering College is the first and the oldest private engineering college affiliated to the federal University of Mumbai and is also pioneered to be the first institute in the city's university to offer undergraduate level courses in Computer Engineering, Information Technology, Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology. Grant Medical College established in 1845 and Seth G.S. Medical College are the leading medical institutes affiliated with Sir Jamshedjee Jeejeebhoy Group of Hospitals and KEM Hospital respectively. Mumbai is also home to National Institute of Industrial Engineering (NITIE), Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies (JBIMS), Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies (NMIMS), S P Jain Institute of Management and Research, Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS) and several other management schools. Government Law College and Sydenham College, respectively the oldest law and commerce colleges in India, are based in Mumbai. The Sir J. J. School of Art is Mumbai's oldest art institution.\nIt also has one of the best law schools or universities of the country which is National Law Universities (NLU).\nMumbai is home to two prominent research institutions: the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), and the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC). The BARC operates CIRUS, a 40 MW nuclear research reactor at their facility in Trombay.Bombay Veterinary College now Mumbai Veterinary College is the oldest and premier Veterinary College of India and Asia. Its foundation stone is laid in the year of 1886.\nThe ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE) is a Deemed to be University and institution of higher learning for fisheries science in Mumbai, India. CIFE has over four decades of leadership in human resource development with its alumni aiding in the development of fisheries and aquaculture worldwide, producing notable contributions to research and technological advancements to its credit. The institute is one of four deemed to be universities operating under the Indian Council for Agricultural Research (ICAR); the other three being the Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), the [National Dairy Research Institute] (NDRI) and the Indian Agriculture Research Institute (IARI)"}, {"Context": "Mumbai Sports", "Knowledge": "LOC London, ORG Kenkre FC, LOC Wankhede Stadium, ORG Mumbai City FC, ORG Mumbai Indians, ORG Vodafone, ORG Chennai Smashers, ORG BCCI, LOC Delhi, LOC Mumbai, LOC Mumbai Football Arena, ORG Mumbai Gladiators, ORG Mumbai, LOC Mahindra Hockey Stadium, ORG U Mumba, ORG Indian Super League, ORG IPL, ORG Board of Control for Cricket in India, ORG Mumbai Rockets, LOC Brabourne Stadium, ORG Mumbai Magicians, ORG Pro Kabaddi, LOC National Sports Club of India, ORG Mumbai Marines, LOC Pune, ORG Indian Premier League, LOC Cooperage Ground, LOC India, ORG Delhi Dashers, ORG Mumbai Le, ORG Hyderabad Hunters, ORG Delhi Acers, LOC Bombay Gymkhana", "Response": "Cricket is more popular than any other sport in Mumbai. It is home to the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) and Indian Premier League (IPL). Mumbai's first-class team Mumbai cricket team has won 41 Ranji Trophy titles, the most by any team. The city based Mumbai Indians compete in the Indian Premier League. Mumbai has two international cricket grounds, the Wankhede Stadium and the Brabourne Stadium. The first cricket test match in India was played in Mumbai at the Bombay Gymkhana. The biggest cricketing event to be staged in the city so far is the final of the 2011 ICC Cricket World Cup which was played at the Wankhede Stadium. Mumbai and London are the only two cities to have hosted both a World Cup final and the final of an ICC Champions Trophy which was played at the Brabourne Stadium in 2006.Football is another popular sport in the city, with the FIFA World Cup and the English Premier League being followed widely. The Mumbai City FC of Indian Super League plays their home matches at the Mumbai Football Arena. While the I-League club Kenkre FC uses the Cooperage Ground as home ground. When the Elite Football League of India was introduced in August 2011, Mumbai was noted as one of eight cities to be awarded a team for the inaugural season.\nMumbai's first professional American football franchise, the Mumbai Gladiators, played its first season, in Pune, in late 2012.In Hockey, Mumbai is home to the Mumbai Marines and Mumbai Magicians in the World Series Hockey and Hockey India League respectively. Matches in the city are played at the Mahindra Hockey Stadium.The Indian Badminton League (IBL), now known as the Premier Badminton League is also visiting Mumbai since its inaugural edition in 2013 when the final was held in Mumbai's National Sports Club of India. In the second season, the final of the 2016 Premier Badminton League was held between home-squad Mumbai Rockets and the Delhi Dashers (formerly Delhi Acers), the visitors eventually claiming the title. The opening ceremony was also held in Mumbai while the finals in Delhi.\nIn the 2017 Premier Badminton League (also known as Vodafone PBL 2017 for sponsorship reasons) the Mumbai Rockets beat the Hyderabad Hunters 3\u20131 to proceed to the final. In the final they lost 3\u20134 to the Chennai Smashers.\nU Mumba is the team representing Mumbai in the country's professional Kabaddi league, Pro Kabaddi. The Mumbai Leg of Pro Kabaddi is held at the NSCI, Worli.\nRugby is another growing sport in Mumbai with league matches being held at the Bombay Gymkhana from June to November.Every February, Mumbai holds derby races at the Mahalaxmi Racecourse. Mcdowell's Derby is also held in February at the Turf Club in Mumbai. In March 2004, the Mumbai Grand Prix was part of the F1 powerboat world championship, and the Force India F1 team car was unveiled in the city, in 2008. In 2004, the annual Mumbai Marathon was established as a part of \"The Greatest Race on Earth\". Mumbai had also played host to the Kingfisher Airlines Tennis Open, an International Series tournament of the ATP World Tour, in 2006 and 2007.Mumbai will host the 140th IOC Session in 2023.\nRegional and Professional Sports Teams from Mumbai\n\nFormer Regional and Professional Sports Teams from Mumbai"}, {"Context": "Mumbai Sister cities", "Knowledge": "LOC Los Angeles, LOC Fiji, LOC Russia, LOC Stuttgart, LOC South Korea, LOC Germany, LOC Japan, LOC Busan, LOC St. Petersburg, LOC Shanghai, LOC Zagreb, LOC Honolulu, LOC Yokohama, LOC Croatia, LOC China, LOC Ukraine, LOC Jakarta, LOC Madagascar, LOC Antananarivo, LOC Spain, LOC U. S. Nadi, LOC New York City, ORG Hindustan Times, LOC Barcelona, LOC Odessa, LOC U. S., LOC Indonesia", "Response": "Source: Hindustan Times\nAntananarivo, Madagascar\nBarcelona, Spain\nBusan, South Korea\nHonolulu, U.S.\nJakarta, Indonesia\nLos Angeles, U.S.\nNadi, Fiji\nNew York City, U.S.\nOdessa, Ukraine\nShanghai, China\nSt. Petersburg, Russia\nStuttgart, Germany\nYokohama, Japan\nZagreb, Croatia"}, {"Context": "Munnar Introduction", "Knowledge": "LOC Munnar, LOC Kashmir, LOC Kerala, LOC Idukki, LOC Western Ghats, LOC South India", "Response": "Munnar (IPA: [mu\u02d0n\u032a\u02d0\u0250\u02d0r]) is a town and hill station in the Idukki district of the southwestern Indian state of Kerala. Munnar is situated at around 1,600 metres (5,200 ft) above mean sea level, in the Western Ghats mountain range. Munnar is also called the \"Kashmir of South India\" and is a popular honeymoon destination."}, {"Context": "Munnar Etymology", "Knowledge": "LOC Mudhirapuzha, LOC Kundali, LOC Nallathanni, LOC Munnar", "Response": "The name Munnar is believed to mean \"three rivers\", referring to its location at the confluence of the Mudhirapuzha, Nallathanni and Kundali rivers."}, {"Context": "Munnar History", "Knowledge": "LOC Ceylon, PER Henry Turn, PER Arthur Wellesley, ORG KDHC, LOC Ghats, LOC South, LOC Travancore, LOC Malayarayan, PER Suppan Chetty, PER John Daniel Munro, PER Munro, LOC Cardamom Hills, LOC Periyar, ORG Kannan Devan Hills Corporation, LOC Madras Presidency, ORG American Direct Tea Trading Company Ltd., LOC Bodinayakanur, PER AW Turner, PER Charles Trevelyan, PER Tippu Sultan, PER Douglas Hamilton, LOC Devikulam, PER Hamilton, LOC Tamil Nadu, PER Benjamin Swayne Ward, LOC Munnar, PER Duke of Wellington, LOC Madras, LOC Muthuvan, PER Alaganan Chetty, LOC Western Ghats", "Response": "The region has been inhabited by hunter-gatherer tribals like the Malayarayan and Muthuvan for thousands of years. Tradition states that Colonel Arthur Wellesley, later the Duke of Wellington, was the first British person to pass through Munnar during Tippu Sultan's campaign in Travancore, but this is unsubstantiated. The first survey of the terrain was undertaken by Benjamin Swayne Ward in 1816\u20131817, who followed the Periyar into the Western Ghats and established a camp at the confluence of three rivers, from which the name of Munnar is derived.It was to be nearly 50 years later that Sir Charles Trevelyan, Governor of Madras, instructed Col. Douglas Hamilton to explore the hill country in the western part of the Madras Presidency, requesting special advice on the feasibility of establishing sanatoria for the British in the South and of developing revenue- earning projects without endangering the environment, as had happened in Ceylon where coffee had destroyed not only the rain forest but also paddy cultivation in the north-central rice bowl of ancient Ceylon. Hamilton climbed throughout the Ghats in Munnar region. 15 years later, John Daniel Munro noted that much of Munnar's land was suitable for coffee plantations. Munro, Henry Turn and his half-brother AW Turner obtained ownership of the Cardamom Hills from the Raja of Travancore and began clearing forest around Devikulam in 1879. Soon many other Europeans began establishing tea plantations in the area throughout the 1880s. Early plantations had few facilities and were mainly huts of straw. Most labourers on the tea estates were Dalits from present-day Tamil Nadu.Eventually roads were opened to the lowlands and in Bodinayakanur in western Madras Presidency, planters got provisions from a local headman - Suppan Chetty. He and his son, Alaganan Chetty (later an MLA) would continue providing supplies to the tea estates in the region. By 1894, 26 estates were established in the hills but all were facing losses. In 1897, a separate company, Kannan Devan Hills Corporation (KDHC) was registered to operate the tea estates which was later taken over by the American Direct Tea Trading Company Ltd., who owned 26 estates, most with coffee and some with cinchona, almost all in the area except for a few in the lower areas.\nIn 1900, a ropeway was built and eventually monorails were installed for easier transport of goods to the plains. In 1901, P. R. Buchanan took over as General Manager and began the most extensive clearing of jungles for plantations. In 1908, construction started on a new railway which opened in 1909. By 1911, around 16,000 acres of the region was under cultivation.\nIn 1924, a flood swept through Munnar, damaged the road and destroyed the rail track. In its place it was decided to create a ropeway to transport tea. In 1930, this in turn was replaced by a modern road that made transport much easier. By 1952, almost 28,000 acres of land was under cultivation. After Independence, Indian planters took over. In 1964, the KDHC which owned most tea estates was acquired by Tata and Finlay who started the first instant tea factory in the country. In 1971, the Kerala government wanted to reforest all land in the hills not used for plantations. However negotiations that followed resulted in Tata keeping most of the land, leaving it with 57,000 acres.\nTo this day, most tea estate labourers are landless. In the early 2000s, the Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi, a Dalit outfit from Tamil Nadu, started demanding land for the labourers, started making inroads into Kerala. In 2009, VS Achuthanandan promised his support for providing land to the mainly Tamil Dalit estate labourers. However, the process became very slow and as of 2018, most families still hand no land.The former Kunda Valley Railway in Munnar was destroyed by a flood in 1924, but tourism officials are considering reconstructing the railway line to attract tourists."}, {"Context": "Munnar Geography", "Knowledge": "LOC Sevenmallay, LOC Munnar", "Response": "The region in and around Munnar varies in height from 1,450 meters (4,760 ft) to 2,695 meters (8,842 ft) above mean sea level. The temperature ranges between 5 \u00b0C (41 \u00b0F) and 25 \u00b0C (77 \u00b0F) in winter and 15 \u00b0C (59 \u00b0F) and 25 \u00b0C (77 \u00b0F) in summer. Temperatures as low as \u22124 \u00b0C (25 \u00b0F) have been recorded in the Sevenmallay region of Munnar.K\u00f6ppen-Geiger climate classification system classifies it as subtropical highland (Cwb)."}, {"Context": "Munnar Road", "Knowledge": "LOC Dhanushkodi, LOC Aluva, LOC Udumalpettu, LOC Munnar, LOC N. H 49, LOC Kochi, LOC Cochin, LOC Neriyamangalam, LOC Ernakulam, LOC Varkala, LOC Tamil Nadu, LOC Adimali, LOC Trivandrum", "Response": "Munnar is well connected by both National highways, state highways and rural roads. The town lies in the Kochi - Dhanushkodi National highway (N.H 49), about 130 km (81 mi) from Cochin, 31 km (19 mi) from Adimali, 85 km (53 mi) from Udumalpettu in Tamil Nadu and 60 km (37 mi) from Neriyamangalam.\nDistance from major cities & tourist destinations.\n\nAluva - 109 km\nVarkala - 245km\nTrivandrum - 280km\nfrom Kochi - Ernakulam - 150 km"}, {"Context": "Munnar Railway", "Knowledge": "ORG KSRTC, LOC Udumalaipettai, LOC Aluva Railway Station, LOC Aluva, LOC Munnar, LOC Ernakulam, ORG Kerala State Road Transport Corporation", "Response": "The nearest major railway stations are at Ernakulam (126 km) and Aluva (110 km).  Kerala State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC) bus stand is walking distance from Aluva Railway Station, and buses are available for Munnar every hour. The Nearest functioning Railway station is at Udumalaipettai."}, {"Context": "Munnar Airport", "Knowledge": "LOC Munnar, LOC Madurai, LOC Cochin International Airport, LOC Coimbatore", "Response": "The nearest airport is Cochin International Airport, which is 110 kilometres (68 mi) away. The Coimbatore and Madurai airports is 165 kilometres (103 mi) from Munnar."}, {"Context": "Munnar Administration", "Knowledge": "LOC Pallivasal, LOC Marayoor, LOC Munnar, LOC Mankulam, LOC Kuttampuzha, LOC Devikulam, LOC Coimbatore", "Response": "The panchayath of Munnar formed in 1961 January 24 is divided into 21 wards for administrative convenience. Coimbatore district lies in the north, Pallivasal in south, Devikulam and Marayoor in east and Mankulam, Kuttampuzha panchayaths in the west."}, {"Context": "Munnar Demographics", "Knowledge": "LOC Kerala, LOC Munnar Panchayat, LOC Munnar Grama Panchayat", "Response": "As of 2011 Indian census, Munnar Grama Panchayat had a total population of 32,039. 16,061 were males. and 15,968 were females, with 7,968 families total residing therein. Children represented in the age group of 0-6 were 2,916 (9.1% of the total population), which constitutes 1,478 males and 1,438 females. Munnar Panchayat had an overall literacy rate of 84.85%, substantially lower than the Kerala state average of 94.00%. Male literacy stands at 91.05% and Female literacy was 78.64%."}, {"Context": "Munnar Flora and fauna", "Knowledge": "LOC Kurinjimala Sanctuary, LOC Anamudi Shola National Park, LOC Munnar, LOC Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary, LOC Amaravati, LOC Manjampatti Valley, LOC Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary, LOC Pampadum Shola National Park, LOC Eravikulam National Park, LOC Palani Hills National Park", "Response": "Most of the native flora and fauna of Munnar have disappeared due to severe habitat fragmentation resultant from the creation of the plantations. However, some species continue to survive and thrive in several protected areas nearby, including the new Kurinjimala Sanctuary to the east, the Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary, Manjampatti Valley and the Amaravati reserve forest of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary to the north east, the Eravikulam National Park and Anamudi Shola National Park to the north, the Pampadum Shola National Park to the south and the proposed Palani Hills National Park to the east."}, {"Context": "Munnar Endemic species", "Knowledge": "", "Response": "These protected areas are especially known for several threatened and endemic species including Nilgiri Thar, the grizzled giant squirrel, the Nilgiri wood-pigeon, elephant, the gaur, the Nilgiri langur,  the sambar, and the neelakurinji (that blossoms only once in twelve years)."}, {"Context": "Munnar Land ownership", "Knowledge": "", "Response": "There has been action to address the problems of property takeovers by the land mafia that have, according to successive governments, plagued the area. In 2011, the government estimated that 20,000 hectares of land had been illegally appropriated and launched a campaign of evictions that had first been mooted in 2007."}, {"Context": "Mussoorie Introduction", "Knowledge": "LOC Dhanaulti, LOC Mussoorie, LOC Shiwalik, LOC The Queen of the Hills, LOC Landour, LOC Doon Valley, LOC Garhwal, LOC Jharipani, LOC Lal Tibba, LOC Camel, LOC New Delhi, LOC Barlowganj, LOC Uttarakhand, LOC Dehradun", "Response": "Mussoorie is a hill station and a municipal board, near Dehradun city in the Dehradun district of the Indian state of Uttarakhand. It is about 35 kilometres (22 mi) from the state capital of Dehradun and 290 km (180 mi) north of the national capital of New Delhi. The hill station is in the foothills of the Garhwal Himalayan range. The adjoining town of Landour, which includes a military cantonment, is considered part of \"greater Mussoorie\", as are the townships of Barlowganj and Jharipani.Mussoorie is at an average altitude of 2,005 metres (6,578 ft). To the northeast are the Himalayan snow ranges, and to the south, the Doon Valley and Shiwalik ranges. The second highest point is the original Lal Tibba in Landour, with a height of over 2,275 m (7,464 ft). Mussoorie is popularly known as The Queen of the Hills.In the recent years, Mussoorie has again gained popularity as an upcoming travel destination with many attractions such as Camel's back road, Dhanaulti, Lal Tibba, etc. Uttarakhand Government reported 3.02 million (30.23 Lacs) travelers to Mussoorie in 2019."}, {"Context": "Mussoorie History", "Knowledge": "ORG Survey of India, LOC Mussoorie, PER George Everest, PER Umer Singh Thapa, ORG ONGC, PER John Mackinnon, LOC Dimapur, LOC Queen of the Hills, LOC Tel Bhawan, LOC Dehra, LOC Garhwal, PER Young, ORG Gorkhas, LOC Doon, PER India, ORG Gurkha Regiment, LOC Saharanpur, LOC Back Road, LOC Young Road, LOC Gorkhas, LOC Ireland, LOC Camel, LOC Darjeeling, ORG East India Company, ORG The Old Brewery, PER Surveyor General, PER Shore, ORG Mackinnon & Co., PER Henry Bohle, LOC Mansuri, PER Frederick Young, LOC Dehradun", "Response": "Mussoorie has long been known as Queen of the Hills. The name Mussoorie is often attributed to a derivation of mans\u016br, a shrub which is indigenous to the area. The town is often referred to as Mansuri by Indians.In 1803 the Gorkhas under Umer Singh Thapa conquered the Garhwal and the Dehra, whereby Mussoorie was established. On 1 November 1814, a war broke out between the Gorkhas and the British. Dehradun and Mussoorie were evacuated by the Gorkhas by the year 1815 and were annexed to the district of Saharanpur by 1819.\nMussoorie as a resort was established in 1825 by Captain Young, a British military officer. With Mr Shore, the resident Superintendent of Revenues at Dehradun, he explored the present site and jointly constructed a shooting lodge. Lt. Frederick Young of the East India Company came to Mussoorie to shoot game. He built a hunting lodge (shooting box) on the Camel's Back Road, and became a magistrate of Doon in 1823. He raised the first Gurkha Regiment and planted the first potatoes in the valley. His tenure in Mussoorie ended in 1844, after which he served in Dimapur and Darjeeling, later retiring as a General and returning to Ireland. There are no memorials to commemorate Young in Mussoorie. However, there is a Young Road in Dehradun on which ONGC's Tel Bhawan stands.In 1832, Mussoorie was the intended terminus of the Great Trigonometric Survey of India that began at the southern tip of the country. Although unsuccessful, the Surveyor General of India at the time, George Everest, wanted the new office of the Survey of India to be based in Mussoorie; a compromise location was Dehradun, where it remains. The same year the first beer brewery at Mussoorie was established by Sir Henry Bohle as \"The Old Brewery\". The brewery opened and closed twice before it was re-established by Sir John Mackinnon as Mackinnon & Co. in 1850.By 1901, Mussoorie's population had grown to 6,461, rising to 15,000 in the summer. Earlier, Mussoorie was approachable by road from Saharanpur, 58 miles (93 km) away. Accessibility became easier in 1900 with the railway coming to Dehradun, thus shortening the road trip to 21 miles (34 km).\n\nThe Nehru family, including Nehru's daughter Indira (later Indira Gandhi) were frequent visitors to Mussoorie in the 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s, and stayed at the Savoy Hotel. They also spent time in nearby Dehradun, where Nehru's sister Vijayalakshmi Pandit ultimately settled full-time.On 20 April 1959, during the 1959 Tibetan Rebellion, the 14th Dalai Lama took up residence at Mussoorie, this until April 1960 when he relocated to Dharamsala in Himachal Pradesh, where the Central Tibetan Administration is today headquartered.\nThe first Tibetan school was established in Mussoorie in 1960. Tibetans settled mainly in Happy Valley. Today, about 5,000 Tibetans live in Mussoorie."}, {"Context": "Mussoorie Geography and climate", "Knowledge": "LOC Lal Tibba, LOC Himalaya, LOC Mussoorie", "Response": "Mussoorie has an average elevation of about 2,005 metres (6,578 ft). The highest point is \"Lal Tibba\", at a height of about 2,275 m (7,464 ft), although the name Lal Tibba is now also used to describe a lookout point, a short distance from the peak.\nMussoorie has a fairly typical subtropical highland climate (K\u00f6ppen Cwb) for the mid-altitude Himalaya. Summers are warm and very wet, with July and August averaging approximately 660 millimetres (26 in) of rain per month due to orographic lift of the extremely moist monsoonal air. The pre-monsoon seasons in April and May is warm and generally dry and clear, giving way to heavy rainfall from mid-June, while the post-monsoon season is also dry and clear but substantially cooler. In winter, rainfall is a little more frequent than in the pre-and post-monsoon seasons, and the general weather cool and partly cloudy. Mussoorie usually receives a few spells of snowfall in December, January and February, although the number of snowy days has come down in recent years due to a combination of local and global factors, such as deforestation, construction activity and global warming. Between October to February the town shows the rare \"winterline\" phenomenon."}, {"Context": "Mussoorie Government", "Knowledge": "ORG Council, ORG Mussoorie Dehradun Development Board, ORG Mussoorie Municipal Council, ORG MDDA", "Response": "The Mussoorie Municipal Council is the civic or urban local body that governs the city. It is essentially the city government and differs from the MDDA (Mussoorie Dehradun Development Board), which is a state run organisation.\nThis corporation consists of 13 wards and is headed by a Chairman who presides over a deputy chairman and 12 other corporators representing the wards. The Chairman is elected directly through a first-past-the-post voting system and the deputy chairman is elected by the corporators from among their numbers.\nThe Council is composed of elected officials like the mayor and corporators, administrative officials, like the Executive Officer and technical officers who have expertise in various domains."}, {"Context": "Mussoorie Demographics", "Knowledge": "ORG Nagar Palika Parishad, LOC Uttarakhand, LOC Mussoorie", "Response": "As of 2011 India census, Mussoorie had a population of 30,118. Males constitute 55% of the population and females 45%. Mussoorie has an average literacy rate of 89%, higher than the national average of 75%: male literacy is 94%, and female literacy is 84%. In Mussoorie, 9% of the population is under 6 years of age. In Mussoorie Nagar Palika Parishad, female sex ratio is of 812 against the state average of 963. Moreover, the child sex ratio in Mussoorie is around 918 compared to Uttarakhand state average of 890."}, {"Context": "Mussoorie Landmarks", "Knowledge": "LOC Mussoorie", "Response": "Tourism, concentrated during summer and winter, is the most significant segment of the Mussoorie economy."}, {"Context": "Mussoorie Bhadraj Temple", "Knowledge": "LOC Greenfield, LOC Yamuna Valley, LOC Bhadraj Temple, PER Balram, LOC Banderpunch, PER Sri Krishna, LOC Chaukhamba", "Response": "Bhadraj Temple is a famous temple in Yamuna Valley. It is dedicated to Lord Balram (brother of Sri Krishna). People visit here to go trekking and for camping. Greenfield is a safe place for camping here. There are views of the Chaukhamba and Banderpunch peaks."}, {"Context": "Mussoorie Dhanaulti", "Knowledge": "LOC Dhanaulti, LOC Doon Valley, LOC Mussoorie, LOC Garhwal Himalayas", "Response": "Dhanaulti is a hill station located 24 km (15 mi) away from Mussoorie. The Doon Valley and snow-covered Garhwal Himalayas can be viewed from there."}, {"Context": "Mussoorie Camel's Back Road", "Knowledge": "LOC Himalayas, LOC Mall Road, LOC Camel ' s Back Road, LOC St Mary ' s", "Response": "Camel's Back Road incorporates a nature walk. The road, which takes its name from a rocky outcrop in the shape of a camel's hump, contains hotels, motels, and a cemetery. The oldest Christian church in the Himalayas, St Mary's, is above Mall Road."}, {"Context": "Mussoorie Lal Tibba", "Knowledge": "LOC Dalai Hills Mussoorie, LOC Mussoorie, LOC Kedarnath, LOC Banderpunch, LOC Dalai HIlls Mussoorie, LOC Badrinath, LOC Lal Tibba, LOC Happy Valley, LOC Depot Hill", "Response": "Lal Tibba, also called Depot Hill because of its former use as a military depot, is the highest point in Mussoorie with an altitude of 2,275 m (7,464 ft), with views over the town and its surroundings. A Japanese telescope, with views of Himalayan ranges including Badrinath, Kedarnath, Banderpunch, was installed at Lal Tibba in 1967.Dalai HIlls Mussoorie\nThe Dalai Hills Mussoorie and Happy Valley are two of the most impressive and beautiful places in Mussoorie. It takes about 400 meters walk from the Tibetan temple in Happy Valley to reach [1]"}, {"Context": "Mussoorie Gun Hill", "Knowledge": "LOC Mussoorie, ORG Mussoorie Municipal Board, PER Hukam Singh Pawar, LOC Lal Tibba, LOC Mall, LOC Gun Hill", "Response": "Gun Hill is the second highest point of Mussoorie, at an altitude of 2,024 m (6,640 ft) and at 30.4953\u00b0N 78.0745\u00b0E\ufeff / 30.4953; 78.0745, and is accessed by cable car constructed from the Mall road. The cable car was constructed by the efforts of Mr. Hukam Singh Pawar when he was the Chairman, Mussoorie Municipal Board. At Gun Hill is a cannon previously used to sound midday time for the local inhabitants.. It is the second-highest spot after Lal Tibba."}, {"Context": "Mussoorie Kempty Falls", "Knowledge": "LOC Yamuna Bridge Road, LOC Chakrata, LOC Mussoorie, LOC Kempty, LOC Kempty Falls, LOC Camp Tea", "Response": "The Kempty Falls, 12 m (40 ft) high and 1,400 m (4,500 ft) above sea level, is 15 km (9.3 mi) from Mussoorie, accessed by track and ropeway from Mussoorie-Yamuna Bridge Road. The Britishers on their way to and from Mussoorie to Chakrata camped at the falls for tea and therefore the name Camp Tea became Kempty."}, {"Context": "Mussoorie Lake Mist", "Knowledge": "LOC Kempty, LOC Kempty Falls, LOC Mussoorie, LOC Lake Mist", "Response": "About 5 km (3 mi) before Kempty Falls on the Mussoorie-Kempty road is Lake Mist, through which flows the Kempty river with its numerous small waterfalls. The resort of Lake Mist provides accommodation, restaurant facilities and boating."}, {"Context": "Mussoorie Municipal Garden", "Knowledge": "LOC Municipal Garden, LOC Waverly Convent School", "Response": "The Municipal Garden provides an artificial mini-lake with paddle boats. It is 4 km (2.5 mi) by road transport and 2 km (1 mi) via Waverly Convent School road on foot."}, {"Context": "Mussoorie Mussoorie Lake", "Knowledge": "ORG City Board, LOC Mussoorie, LOC Doon Valley, LOC Mussoorie Lake, ORG Mussoorie Dehradun Development Authority, LOC Dehradun", "Response": "The newly developed (1994) Mussoorie Lake was built by City Board and Mussoorie Dehradun Development Authority. The lake, providing pedal boats and views of Doon Valley and nearby villages, is 6 km (3.5 mi) from Mussoorie on the Mussoorie-Dehradun road."}, {"Context": "Mussoorie Bhatta Falls", "Knowledge": "LOC Dehradun Road, LOC Bhatta, LOC Mussoorie, LOC Bhatta Falls", "Response": "Bhatta Falls are 7 km (4.5 mi) from Mussoorie on the Mussoorie-Dehradun Road near the village of Bhatta. The falls are 3 km (2 mi) by foot from Bhatta which can also be reached by ropeway started around in 2019"}, {"Context": "Mussoorie Jharipani Fall", "Knowledge": "LOC Jharipani, LOC Jharipani Fall, LOC Mussoorie", "Response": "Jharipani Fall is on the Mussoorie-Jharipani road, 8.5 km (5.5 mi) from Mussoorie."}, {"Context": "Mussoorie Mossy Fall", "Knowledge": "LOC Barlowganj, LOC Balahisar, LOC Mossy Fall, LOC Mussoorie", "Response": "Mossy Fall is surrounded by a dense forest and is 7 km (4.5 mi) from Mussoorie, and is accessed via Barlowganj or Balahisar."}, {"Context": "Mussoorie Sir George Everest's House", "Knowledge": "LOC Haathi Paon, LOC Park Estate, LOC India, PER George Everest, LOC Doon Valley, LOC Mt. Everest, LOC Library Bazaar, LOC Aglar River, LOC Gandhi Chowk", "Response": "At Park Estate are the remains of the building and laboratory of Sir George Everest, the Surveyor-General of India from 1830 to 1843. It is after George Everest that the world's highest peak Mt. Everest is named. It is 6 km (3.5 mi) from Gandhi Chowk and a scenic walk from Library Bazaar, although accessible by road transport to at least Haathi Paon. The place provides a view of Doon Valley on one side and a panoramic view of the Aglar River valley and the peaks of the Himalayan ranges on the other."}, {"Context": "Mussoorie Happy Valley", "Knowledge": "LOC Himalayas, LOC Mussoorie, LOC Landour, LOC Lal Tibba, ORG IAS Academy, LOC Happy Valley, LOC Library Point", "Response": "Happy Valley lies on the western side of Library Point. The tourist attraction includes Tibetan sanctuaries, a municipal garden, and the IAS Academy. Lal Tibba is a further tourist attraction in the cantonment of Landour near Mussoorie, and overlooks the Himalayas."}, {"Context": "Mussoorie Nag Devta Temple", "Knowledge": "PER Shiva, LOC Nag Devta Temple, LOC Mussoorie, LOC Doon Valley, LOC Cart Mackenzie Road, LOC Dehradun", "Response": "The ancient Nag Devta Temple is dedicated to Snake God Lord Shiva, It is on Cart Mackenzie Road about 6 km (3.5 mi) from Mussoorie on the road to Dehradun. There is vehicular access to the temple, which provides a view of Mussoorie and the Doon Valley."}, {"Context": "Mussoorie Jwalaji Temple (Benog Hill)", "Knowledge": "PER Durga, LOC Mussoorie, LOC Benog Hill, LOC Jwalaji Temple, LOC Aglar River", "Response": "At an altitude of 2,240 m (7,350 ft) Jwalaji Temple is 9 km (5.5 mi) west from Mussoorie, and cannot be accessed by vehicle although a motor road goes most of the way from Mussoorie. It is at the top of Benog Hill and contains an idol of the Goddess Durga; from the temple is a view of the valley of the Aglar River."}, {"Context": "Mussoorie Cloud End", "Knowledge": "LOC Cloud End, LOC Mussoorie", "Response": "Cloud End is surrounded by thick deodar forest. The bungalow, built-in 1835 by a British major, was one of the first four buildings in Mussoorie and has been converted to a hotel."}, {"Context": "Mussoorie Van Chetna Kendra", "Knowledge": "LOC Van Chetna Kendra, LOC Library Point", "Response": "Van Chetna Kendra, a 339 hectares (840 acres) sanctuary 11 km (7 mi) to the south from Library Point, was established in 1993. It is significant for the extinct bird species Mountain Quail (Pahari Bater), last spotted in 1876."}, {"Context": "Mussoorie Benog Wildlife Sanctuary", "Knowledge": "LOC Library Point", "Response": "The sanctuary, about 6.3 km (3.9 mi) from Library Point and open to the public, provides a woodland habitat for indigenous birds, and animals."}, {"Context": "Mussoorie Mall Road", "Knowledge": "LOC Mussoorie, LOC Mall Road, LOC Library, LOC Picture Palace, LOC Mall", "Response": "Mall Road, with architectural evidence of a colonial past, is a shopping area at the centre of Mussoorie, and contains shops, cafes, video game establishments, skating rinks, a nearby Tibetan market place, and a Methodist church. The Mall road starts from Picture Palace in the east to Library point towards the west."}, {"Context": "Mussoorie Soham Heritage and Art Centre", "Knowledge": "LOC Uttarakhand, LOC Bala Hisar", "Response": "Bala Hisar is a museum in Uttarakhand that showcases cultural heritage of the state in different art forms."}, {"Context": "Mussoorie Education and services", "Knowledge": "ORG CBSE, ORG Northern Railway, LOC Mussoorie, LOC Landour, ORG Oak Grove School, ORG Patrician Brothers, LOC Delhi, LOC Woodstock, LOC Ooty, LOC Indian Subcontinent, LOC New Delhi, LOC South India, ORG Woodstock School, ORG Hebron School, ORG Kodaikanal International School, LOC Manor House, ORG Guru Nanak, LOC Waverly, LOC India, ORG Convent of Jesus and Mary Hampton, ORG Emmanuel Hospital Association, ORG Landour Community Hospital, ORG Convent of Jesus and Mary, ORG Wynberg - Allen, LOC Uttarakhand, ORG St. George ' s College, ORG East Indian Railway", "Response": "There is a Christian institution called the Landour Community Hospital. It is a small mission hospital run by the Emmanuel Hospital Association, Delhi catering to the medical needs of the people on the hills for the last 75 years.The schools include Convent of Jesus and Mary, Waverly (1845), St. George's College (1853), Woodstock School (1854), Oak Grove School (1888), Wynberg-Allen (1888), Guru Nanak Fifth Centenary (1969), and Convent of Jesus and Mary Hampton Court.\n\nSt. George's College, Mussoorie (founded in 1853) is amongst the oldest and most reputed schools in the country. It has been run by the Patrician Brothers since 1893. Spread over 400 acres (1.6 km2), the school is popularly referred to as 'Manor House'. Over the years, its alumni have made distinguished contributions in several fields, especially in serving the armed forces of the nation. The school's imposing facade stands out as one of the main architectural attractions of Mussoorie.\n\nWoodstock School is a Christian, international, co-educational, residential school in Landour, a small hill station contiguous with the town of Mussoorie, Uttarakhand, India. The school traces its origin to the 1850s when a group of English ladies were enlisted by British officers and American missionaries to provide a Protestant education for girls.Woodstock is among the most well-known boarding schools of the Indian Subcontinent, said by some to be currently the best international school in India. (Others are the Kodaikanal International School and the Hebron School, Ooty, both in South India.) The school has a campus spread over an area of about 250 acres (1 km2) and is in a forest region with a variety of flora including pine, rhododendron, and oak. The terrain of the campus has an altitude range of 350 metres (1,150 ft) from its lowest point to the highest point. Classes at Woodstock begin from ECP (Early Childhood Program) and follow up to grade 12.\n\nOak Grove School stands out from the other notable institutions of Mussoorie for two reasons. First, it is affiliated with the CBSE, New Delhi, which is a rarity amongst the residential schools of Mussoorie. Second, it is a secular government-aided school, run by the Northern Railway. The school was founded in 1888 by the East Indian Railway (EIR) and passed to the Indian Railways when railways were nationalised after Independence. It has three semi-independent wings and is on two hills in Jharipani, 8 km (5 mi) from Mussoorie town, near the famous Jharipani fall.\n\nWynberg Allen School, established in 1888, is a well-known school which ranks amongst the finest in the country. In Kanpur, during the year 1887, a group of friends, Mr. Alfred Powell, Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Foy and Brigadier J H Condon met and decided to set up a school in Mussoorie. The school was built at Jabarkhet along the Tehri road and was later shifted to the present Wynberg Estate. The object was to provide for and give to children, wholly or partly of European descent, an education based on Protestant Christian principles; to maintain such children; and to give them an academic and practical training conducive to economic welfare and happiness. It now accommodates students of all descents.The school consists of two branches\u2014the Junior branch (Wynberg) and the Senior branch (Allen) and accommodates around 700 children. The school has four houses: Allen, Powell, Foy and Condon. A student from the institution is referred to as an \"Alwynin.\"\n\nThe Convent of Jesus and Mary, Waverley, Mussoorie was established in 1845 by the Religious Sisters of Jesus and Mary Mussoorie Educational Society.\nThe school is conducted by the Religious Sisters of Jesus and Mary. It is an all-girls school and perhaps the oldest Convent school in India. Waverley is at an elevation of 7,000 feet (2,100 m) above sea level on one of the healthiest, most extensive and well wooded hills of Mussoorie. The Jesus and Mary congregation was the first congregation of Sisters to come to the north in 1842 at the invitation of Bishop Borghi the Vicar Apostolic of the Agra Mission. The Archbishop requested the sisters to come to Mussoorie to start a school for girls. In 1845 the sisters came to Mussoorie. The estate of Waverley belonging to an Italian gentleman had just come into the market and the nuns bought it. That year saw the commencement of one of the most important Catholic educational institutions in the North of India. Thousands of girls, Catholic and non-Catholic alike, have since passed through Waverley. The small inadequate bungalow which was all the accommodation at first offered, has given place to a group of tastefully conceived buildings which dominate the town of Mussoorie.\n\nGuru Nanak Fifth Centenary School (GNFCS) is another one of Mussoorie's well-known schools and one of the best boarding establishments in India. Previously owned by the Seventh-day Adventists and known from 1922\u20131969 as Vincent Hill School, GNFCS purchased the land and extensive buildings and founded an international school in the sacred memory of Sri Guru Nanak Dev Ji, on the occasion of His 500th birth anniversary, celebrated in November 1969. The girls are housed at Shangri La at 6,750 feet (2,057 m) above sea level on an 11-acre (45,000 m2) plot, wooded with cypress, cedar and oak, on the south and west, facing the snow clad Himalayan peaks, to the north. The boys are at Vincent Hill: It is 3 km (2 mi) from the Library Chowk. Surrounded by picturesque scenery and upgrading the old Vincent Hill School, it comprises a campus spread over 45 acres (180,000 m2). The GNFCS prepares students in accordance with the 10+2 formula for school education, for the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (10 year course) examination and the Indian School Certificate (12 year course) examination.\nOther schools in Mussourie include Mussoorie International School (founded in 1984), Mussoorie Modern School, Tibetan Homes, CST Mussoorie and St Clares Convent School.\n\nMussorie has the Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration, the premier training institute for officers of the Indian Foreign Service, Indian Administrative Service and other civil services. This unique institute is about 2 km (1 mi) from Gandhi Chowk.\nThe library area houses the premier academy of the Indo-Tibetan Border Police Force, an elite central police organization belonging to the Government of India. It is a well-respected institute for training ITBP officer recruits patrolling the porous borders. The academy was moved to this location in 1978, consequent upon reorganization of the force, and located at two separate patches of land known as Cainville Estate (Adminb wing) and Astel estate (Combat wing) The academy has grown over the years so as to take friendly foreign countries officers as its trainees. State-of-the-art facilities have been established here in order to provide the latest modern training to its trainees. The academy has a helipad, synthetic tennis courts, modern computer labs and simulators, and one of the best libraries in town.The Academy also serves the local inhabitants as the first-responder in any major or minor rescue and relief work, be it a traffic accident, or a cable car mishap. ITBP has provided much needed relief immediately. They have been instrumental in assisting the town's local administration in preserving the green cover of this exotic hill station. The Academy is headed by M. C. Bhatt, IG, at present, with Sh Satyendra Kumar as Commandant."}, {"Context": "Mussoorie Economy", "Knowledge": "LOC Mussoorie, LOC Punjab, LOC Uttar Pradesh, ORG EVisa, LOC New Delhi, LOC Haryana, LOC Uttarakhand", "Response": "The economy in Mussoorie is primarily dependent on tourism. Tourists come primarily from New Delhi, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and other northern states. In Mussoorie itself, there were 2,794,108 domestic tourist arrivals and 1865 foreign arrivals in 2017. There is a projected 58.5% growth forecast in foreign tourist arrivals due to EVisa nationally. Educational institutions are another contributor to the local economy. The Uttarakhand Government has created investment proposals for the development of a mountain forest resort and a development of ropeways in order to boost tourism in the region. The ropeway which was inaugurated on 6 March 2019 is being built at a cost of \u20b93 billion (US$38 million) and is expected to be completed by 2022."}, {"Context": "Mussoorie Transport", "Knowledge": "LOC Northern India, LOC Jolly Grant, LOC Mussoorie, LOC Dehradun, LOC Purkul Gaon, LOC Delhi, LOC Gangotri, LOC Yamunotri", "Response": "Mussoorie is connected by road to Delhi and major cities. It is called the \"Gateway\" to Yamunotri and Gangotri shrines of Northern India. The nearest Airport Jolly Grant in Dehradun is 60 km (37 mi) away from the city The closest rail station is Dehradun. Within Mussoorie are taxis and buses. A ropeway between Purkul Gaon, Dehradun and Mussoorie is in the works. This rope way is projected to reduce traffic congestion and increase tourist footfall to Mussoorie."}, {"Context": "Mussoorie Notable people", "Knowledge": "PER Anita Desai, PER Nayantara Sahgal, PER Saeed Jaffrey, PER Victor Banerjee, PER Saira Banu Jamila, PER Ruskin Bond, PER Gavin Stephen Alter, PER Tom Alter, PER Martha Chen", "Response": "Ruskin Bond\nTom Alter\nAnita Desai\nSaira Banu\nJamila Gavin\nStephen Alter\nNayantara Sahgal\nMartha Chen\nVictor Banerjee\nSaeed Jaffrey"}, {"Context": "Mysore Introduction", "Knowledge": "LOC Mysuru, LOC Mysore Palace, ORG Wadiyar, ORG Mysore Dosa, LOC \u0cae\u0cc8\u0cb8\u0cc2\u0cb0\u0cc1, LOC Bangalore, ORG Mysore Masala Dosa, ORG Mysore City Corporation, PER Tipu, ORG Mysore Sandal Soap, LOC \u02c8ma\u026a\u02c8su\u02d0\u027eu, LOC Karnataka, LOC Mysore, LOC Chamundi Hills, LOC Kingdom, ORG Mysore Paints, LOC City, PER Wadiyar, PER Hyder Ali, LOC India, ORG Mysore Peta, ORG Mysore Pak, ORG Mysore Dasara", "Response": "Mysore ( (listen)), officially Mysuru (Kannada: \u0cae\u0cc8\u0cb8\u0cc2\u0cb0\u0cc1, [\u02c8ma\u026a\u02c8su\u02d0\u027eu] (listen)), is a metropolitan city in the southern Indian state of Karnataka. It is the third-most populous and third-largest city in the state, and is one of the cleanest cities in India. It is the seat of the Wadiyar dynasty and was the capital of the Kingdom of Mysore for almost six centuries, from 1399 until 1947. It is currently the headquarters of Mysore district and Mysore division. Known for its heritage structures and palaces, including the famous Mysore Palace, and noted for its culture, Mysore is popularly known as the \"City of Palaces\", the \"Heritage City\", and the \"Cultural Capital of Karnataka\". For its pristine and calm ambience, it is also known as \"Pensioners' Paradise\".Mysore is situated at the foothills of the Chamundi Hills. At an altitude of 770 m (2,530 ft) above mean sea level, the city of Mysore is geographically located at 12\u00b0 18\u2032 26\u2033 north latitude and 76\u00b0 38\u2032 59\u2033 east longitude. It is about 145 km (90.1 mi) southwest of the state's capital, Bangalore, and spreads across an area of 152.05 km2 (59 sq mi).Most of the city's development during modern times could be attributed to the maharajas of Mysore and the Wadiyar dynasty, who were patrons of art and culture. Hyder Ali and Tipu, when they were briefly in power in succession, also contributed significantly to the economic growth of the city and the kingdom by planting mulberry trees and silk in the region, and fighting four wars against the British. In present days, the Mysore City Corporation is responsible for the civic administration of the city.\nDuring the Dasara festivals, Mysore receives hundreds of thousands of tourists from around the world. The city is also the namesake to various art forms and culture, such as Mysore Dasara and Mysore painting; eateries such as the sweet delicacy Mysore Pak, breakfasts like Mysore Dosa and Mysore Masala Dosa; brands such as Mysore Sandal Soap, Mysore Paints; and styles and cosmetics such as Mysore Peta, a traditional silk turban, and the Mysore silk saris. Mysore is also known for betel leaves and its own special variety of jasmine flower fondly referred to as \"Mysore Mallige\". Tourism is a lifeline industry for the city alongside the traditional industries. Mysore's intracity public transportation includes bus and intercity public transportation includes rail, bus, and air."}, {"Context": "Mysore Etymology", "Knowledge": "LOC Mahish\u016bru, LOC Mysuru, LOC Mysore Kingdom, ORG Government of Karnataka, LOC Chamundeshwari, ORG Government of India, PER Mahishasura, PER Mah\u00ed\u0161haka, LOC Mais\u016bru, LOC Mahis\u016bru, LOC Mahishapura, PER Mahisha, LOC Mysore, LOC Chamundi Hills", "Response": "The name Mysore is an anglicised form of Mahish\u016bru, which means \"the abode of Mahisha\" in the vernacular Kannada. The common noun Mahisha, in Sanskrit, means buffalo; in this context, however, Mahisha refers to Mahishasura, a mythical demon who could assume the form of either a human or a buffalo, and who, according to Hindu mythology, ruled the ancient parts of Mysore Kingdom, known in Sanskrit as Mah\u00ed\u0161haka, centred at Mahishapura. He was killed by the goddess Chamundeshwari, whose temple is situated atop the Chamundi Hills, after whom it is named. 'Mahishapura' later became Mahis\u016bru (a name which, even now, the royal family uses), and finally came to be anglicised as Mysore by the British and Mais\u016bru/Mysuru in the vernacular Kannada language.In December 2005, the Government of Karnataka announced its intention to change the anglicised name of the city to Mysuru. This was approved by the Government of India in October 2014, and Mysore was renamed, along with twelve other cities, on 1 November 2014."}, {"Context": "Mysore History", "Knowledge": "LOC Mysore Palace, PER Wodeyar, PER Wodeyar Krishnaraja III, ORG Nizam, LOC Vijayanagara Empire, PER Chamaraja Wodeyar III, LOC Mysore Kingdom, LOC Mahish\u016bru Fort, PER Narasaraja Wodeyar, LOC Srirangapatna, LOC Mayash\u016bru, LOC Karnataka, LOC Deccan, PER Tipu Sultan, LOC Hyderabad, LOC Madras Presidency, LOC Mysore, LOC Kingdom of Mysore, PER Narasaraja Wodeyar I, ORG British Crown, LOC Tamil Nadu, LOC Puragere, LOC Seringapatam, PER Hyder Ali, PER Chamaraja Wodeyar IV, PER Chikka Devaraja Wodeyar", "Response": "The site where Mysore Palace now stands was occupied by a village named Puragere at the beginning of the 16th century.:\u200a281\u200a The Mahish\u016bru Fort was constructed in 1524 by Chamaraja Wodeyar III (1513\u20131553),:\u200a257\u200a who passed on the dominion of Puragere to his son Chamaraja Wodeyar IV (1572\u20131576). Since the 16th century, the name of Mayash\u016bru has commonly been used to denote the city.:\u200a31\u200a The Kingdom of Mysore, governed by the Wodeyar family, initially served as a vassal state of the Vijayanagara Empire. With the decline of that empire after the Battle of Talikota in 1565, the Mysore Kingdom gradually achieved independence, and by the time of King Narasaraja Wodeyar (1637), it had become a sovereign state.:\u200a228\u200a Seringapatam, near Mysore, the present-day Srirangapatna, was the capital of the kingdom beginning in 1610.:\u200a257\u200a The 17th century saw a steady expansion of its territory and, under Narasaraja Wodeyar I and Chikka Devaraja Wodeyar,  the kingdom annexed large areas of what is now southern Karnataka and parts of Tamil Nadu, to become a powerful state in the southern Deccan.\nThe kingdom reached the height of its military power and dominion in the latter half of the 18th century, under the de facto rulers Hyder Ali and his son Tipu Sultan. The latter demolished parts of Mysore to remove legacies of the Wodeyar dynasty.:\u200a257\u200a During this time, the kingdom of Mysore came into conflict with the Marathas, the British, and the Nizam of Hyderabad, leading to the four Anglo-Mysore wars, success in the first two of which was followed by defeat in the third and fourth. After Tipu Sultan's death in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War in 1799, the capital of the kingdom was moved back to Mysore from Seringapatam,:\u200a249\u200a and the kingdom was distributed by the British to their allies of the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War. Part of the kingdom was annexed into the Madras Presidency, another to the Nizam of Hyderabad. The landlocked interior of the defeated kingdom of Mysore was turned into a princely state under the suzerainty of the British Crown,:\u200a249\u200a with the five-year-old Wodeyar Krishnaraja III as titular ruler and with Purnaiah, who had served under Tipu, as chief minister or Diwan and Lt. Col. Barry Close as Resident. The British took control of Mysore's foreign policy and insisted on an annual tribute for maintaining a standing British army at Mysore. Purnaiah is credited with improving Mysore's public works. In 1831, claiming there was maladministration, the British took direct control of the princely state. For the next fifty years, the kingdom of Mysore was under the direct rule of British Commissioners, and in 1831 the city of Mysore lost its status as the administrative centre, when the British Commissioner moved the capital to Bangalore.:\u200a251\u200aIn 1876\u201377, towards the end of the period of direct British rule, Mysore suffered from the Great Famine of 1876\u20131878, in which nearly a fifth of the population died. In 1881, Maharaja Chamaraja Wadiyar X was given control of Mysore, in a process called rendition, but with a resident British officer and a diwan to handle the Maharaja's administration, and the city of Mysore regained its status as the capital.:\u200a254\u200a The Mysore municipality was established in 1888 and the city was divided into eight wards.:\u200a283\u200a In 1897 an outbreak of bubonic plague killed nearly half of the population of the city. With the establishment of the City Improvement Trust Board (CITB) in 1903, Mysore became one of the first cities in Asia to undertake planned urban development. Public demonstrations and meetings were held there during the Quit India movement and other phases of the Indian independence movement.Until the independence of British India (which did not include Mysore) in 1947, Mysore remained a Princely State within the British Indian Empire, with the Wodeyars continuing their rule. After Indian Independence, Mysore city remained as part of the Mysore State, now known as Karnataka. Jayachamarajendra Wodeyar, then king of Mysore, was allowed to retain his titles and was nominated as the Rajapramukh (appointed governor) of the state. He died in September 1974 and was cremated in Mysore. Over the years, Mysore became well known as a centre for tourism; the city remained largely peaceful, except for occasional riots related to the Kaveri River Water Dispute. Among the events that took place in Mysore and made national headlines were a fire at a television studio that claimed 62 lives in 1989, and the sudden deaths of many animals at the Mysore Zoo."}, {"Context": "Mysore Area and extent", "Knowledge": "LOC Karanji Lake, LOC Lingambudhi, LOC Chamarajanagara, LOC Kaveri River, LOC Mandya, LOC India, LOC Kaveri, LOC Kerala, LOC Kukkarahalli, LOC Karnataka, LOC Mercara, LOC Tamil Nadu, LOC Karanji, LOC Kabini River, LOC Mysore, LOC Chamundi Hills", "Response": "Mysore is located at 12.30\u00b0N 74.65\u00b0E\ufeff / 12.30; 74.65 and has an average altitude of 770 metres (2,526 ft). It is spread across an area of 286.05 km2 (110 sq mi):\u200a4\u200a at the base of the Chamundi Hills in the southern region of Karnataka. Mysore is the southernmost city of Karnataka and is a neighbouring city of the states of Kerala and Tamil Nadu in the south, flanked by the state cities Mercara, Chamarajanagara, and Mandya. People in and around Mysore extensively use Kannada as a medium of language. Mysore has several lakes, such as the Kukkarahalli, the Karanji, and the Lingambudhi lakes. Mysore has The Biggest 'Walk-Through Aviary' called Karanji Lake in India. In 2001, total land area usage in Mysore city was 39.9% residential, 16.1% roads, 13.74% parks and open spaces, 13.48% industrial, 8.96% public property, 3.02% commercial, 2.27% agriculture and 2.02 water.:\u200a35\u200a The city is located between two rivers: the Kaveri River that flows through the north of the city and the Kabini River, a tributary of the Kaveri, that lies to the south."}, {"Context": "Mysore Climate", "Knowledge": "LOC Mysore", "Response": "Mysore has a tropical savanna climate (Aw) bordering on a hot semi-arid climate (BSh) under the K\u00f6ppen climate classification. The main seasons are Summer from March to May, the monsoon season from June to October and winter from November to February. The highest temperature recorded in Mysore was 39.4 \u00b0C (103 \u00b0F) on 4 April 1917, and the lowest was 7.7 \u00b0C (46 \u00b0F) on 16 January 2012. The city's average annual rainfall is 798.6 mm (31.4 in)."}, {"Context": "Mysore Administration and utilities", "Knowledge": "ORG Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission, ORG Chamundeshwari Electricity Supply Corporation, LOC Krishnaraja, ORG Mysore City Corporation, ORG MUDA, LOC Narasim, LOC Kaveri, LOC Karnataka, ORG Mysore Urban Development Authority, LOC Chamaraja, LOC Belavatha, LOC Mysore, LOC Kesare, LOC Kabini, LOC Belagola, LOC Outer Ring Road, ORG Legislative assembly of Karnataka, LOC India, ORG Urban Development Ministry, LOC Malalavadi, LOC Dalavai", "Response": "The civic administration of the city is managed by the Mysore City Corporation, which was established as a municipality in 1888 and converted into a corporation in 1977. Overseeing engineering works, health, sanitation, water supply, administration and taxation, the corporation is headed by a Mayor, who is assisted by commissioners and council members.:\u200a43\u200a The city is divided into 65 wards and the council members (also known as corporators) are elected by the citizens of Mysore every five years. The council members, in turn, elect the mayor. The annual budget of the corporation for the year 2011\u20132012 was \u20b94.27 billion (equivalent to \u20b97.5 billion or US$94 million in 2020). Among 63 cities covered under the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission, Mysore City Corporation was adjudged the second best city municipal corporation and was given the \"Nagara Ratna\" award in 2011.Urban growth and expansion is managed by the Mysore Urban Development Authority (MUDA), which is headed by a commissioner. Its activities include developing new layouts and roads, town planning and land acquisition. One of the major projects undertaken by MUDA is the creation of an Outer Ring Road to ease traffic congestion. Citizens of Mysore have criticised MUDA for its inability to prevent land mafias and ensure lawful distribution of housing lands among city residents. The Chamundeshwari Electricity Supply Corporation is responsible for electric supply to the city.Drinking water for Mysore is sourced from the Kaveri and Kabini rivers.:\u200a53\u200a The city got its first piped water supply when the Belagola project was commissioned in 1896. As of 2011, Mysore gets 193,000 cubic metres (42.5 million imperial gallons) of water per day. Mysore sometimes faces water crises, mainly during the summer months (March\u2013June) and in years of low rainfall. The city has had an underground drainage system since 1904. The entire sewage from the city drains into four valleys: Kesare, Malalavadi, Dalavai and Belavatha.:\u200a56\u200a In an exercise carried out by the Urban Development Ministry under the national urban sanitation policy, Mysore was rated the second cleanest city in India in 2010 and the cleanest in Karnataka.The citizens of Mysore elect five representatives to the Legislative assembly of Karnataka through the constituencies of Chamaraja, Krishnaraja, Narasimharaja, Hunsur and Chamundeshwari. Mysore city, being part of the larger Mysore Lok Sabha constituency, also elects one member to the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Indian Parliament. The politics in the city is dominated by three political parties: the Indian National Congress (INC), the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), and the Janata Dal (Secular) (JDS)."}, {"Context": "Mysore Demographics", "Knowledge": "ORG Mysore City Corporation, LOC Bogadi, LOC Bangalore, LOC India, LOC Metropolitan, ORG United Nation, LOC Rammanahalli, LOC Kadakola, LOC Karnataka, LOC Mysuru Metropolitan Area, ORG Hootagalli City Municipal Council, LOC Srirampura, LOC Mysore, ORG National Crime Records Bureau of India", "Response": "As of 2011, Mysore city had an estimated population of 920,550 consisting of 461,042 males and 459,508 females, making it the third most populous city in Karnataka Mysore urban agglomeration is the second largest urban agglomeration in the state and is home to 1,060,120 people, consisting of 497,132 males and 493,762 females. According to 2011 census, Mysore was the largest non-metropolitan city in India and had the highest basic infrastructure index of 2.846. Mysore is estimated to have crossed 1 million in 2017 making it a Metropolitan city. For the year 2022, the projected population of Mysuru Metropolitan Area, which includes Mysore City Corporation, Hootagalli City Municipal Council, and Bogadi, Srirampura, Rammanahalli and Kadakola Town Panchayats is 1,261,000, as per the United Nation's World Urbanization Prospects - 2018. The gender ratio of the city is 1000 females to every 1000 males and the population density is 6,910.5 per square kilometre (17,898/sq mi). According to the census of 2001, 73.65% of the city population are Hindus, 21.92% are Muslims, 2.71% are Christians, 1.13% are Jains and the remainder belong to other religions. The population exceeded 100,000 in the census of 1931 and grew by 20.5 per cent in the decade 1991\u20132001. As of 2011, the literacy rate of the city is 86.84 per cent, which is higher than the state's average of 75.6 per cent.Kannada is the most widely spoken language in the city. Approximately 19% of the population live below the poverty line, and 9% live in slums. According to the 2001 census, 35.75% of the population in the urban areas of Karnataka are workers, but only 33.3% of the population of Mysore are. Members of Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes constitute 15.1% of the population. According to the National Crime Records Bureau of India, the number of cognizable crime incidents reported in Mysore during 2010 was 3,407 (second in the state, after Bangalore's 32,188), increasing from 3,183 incidents reported in 2009.The residents of the city are known as Mysoreans in English and Mysoorinavaru in Kannada. The dispute between Karnataka and Tamil Nadu over the sharing of Kaveri river water often leads to minor altercations and demonstrations in the city. Growth in the information technology industry in Mysore has led to a change in the city's demographic profile; likely strains on the infrastructure and haphazard growth of the city resulting from the demographic change have been a cause of concern for some of its citizens."}, {"Context": "Mysore Education", "Knowledge": "PER S. L. Bhyrappa, ORG Mysore Sanskrit P\u0101tha\u015bh\u0101la, PER Adiga, LOC Chamarajanagar, PER U, LOC Hassan, ORG Industrial School, ORG National Institute of Engineering, PER Kuvempu, LOC Karnataka, LOC Mysore, ORG Central Food Technological Research Institute, ORG All India Institute of Speech and Hearing, ORG Maharani ' s Women ' s College, ORG Central Institute of Indian Languages, ORG Maharaja ' s College, ORG Chamarajendra Technical Institute, ORG University of Mysore, PER Narayana Murthy, ORG Gopalakrishna, ORG Manasagangotri, ORG N., LOC Mandya, LOC India, PER R, ORG ., ORG . Ananthamurthy, ORG Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, ORG Mysore Medical College, ORG Defence Food Research Laboratory", "Response": "Before the advent of the European system of education in Mysore, Agraharas (Brahmin quarters) provided Vedic education to Hindus, and madrassas provided schooling for Muslims.:\u200a459\u200a Modern education began in Mysore when a free English school was established in 1833. Maharaja's College was founded in 1864. A high school exclusively for girls was established in 1881 and was later renamed Maharani's Women's College. The Industrial School, the first institute for technical education in the city, was established in 1892; this was followed by the Chamarajendra Technical Institute in 1913.:\u200a601\u200a While the modern system of education have made inroads, colleges such as the Mysore Sanskrit P\u0101tha\u015bh\u0101la, established in 1876, still continue to provide Vedic education.:\u200a595\u200aThe education system was enhanced by the establishment of the University of Mysore in 1916. This was the sixth university to be established in India and the first in Karnataka. It was named  Manasagangotri (\"fountainhead of the Ganges of the mind\") by the poet Kuvempu. The university caters to the districts of Mysore, Mandya, Hassan and Chamarajanagar in Karnataka. About 127 colleges, with a total of 53,000 students, are affiliated with the university. Its alumni include Kuvempu, Gopalakrishna Adiga, S. L. Bhyrappa, U. R. Ananthamurthy and N.R. Narayana Murthy. Engineering education began in Mysore with the establishment in 1946 of the National Institute of Engineering, the second oldest engineering college in the state. The Mysore Medical College, founded in 1924, was the first medical college to be started in Karnataka and the seventh in India. National institutes in the city include te Central Food Technological Research Institute, the Central Institute of Indian Languages, the Defence Food Research Laboratory, and the All India Institute of Speech and Hearing.:\u200a18\u200a The city houses a campus multi-campus, multi-disciplinary private deemed university, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham."}, {"Context": "Mysore Economy", "Knowledge": "ORG Larsen & Toubro Infotech, LOC Bidar, ORG ArisGlobal, ORG Reid and Taylor, LOC Hootagalli, LOC Mysore Industrial, ORG Excelsoft Technologies, ORG Mysore Sandalwood Oil Factory, LOC Bangalore, ORG Infosys, ORG Nestle India ltd, ORG JK Tyre, LOC Mall of Mysore, ORG Asian Paints, LOC Karnataka, LOC Belawadi, ORG Triveni Engineering, ORG Jubiliant, LOC Mysore, ORG KIADB, ORG TVS, LOC Nanjangud, LOC Belagola, ORG Karnataka Industrial Areas Development Board, ORG Sri Krishnarajendra Mills, LOC Hebbal, LOC India, ORG Wipro, ORG AT & S India Pvt Ltd, LOC Peenya", "Response": "Tourism and IT are the major industries in Mysore. The city attracted about 3.15 million tourists in 2010. Mysore has traditionally been home to industries such as weaving, sandalwood carving, bronze work and the production of lime and salt. It has many big IT companies like Infosys and Wipro. The planned industrial growth of the city and the state was first envisaged at the Mysore economic conference in 1911. This led to the establishment of industries such as the Mysore Sandalwood Oil Factory in 1917 and the Sri Krishnarajendra Mills in 1920.:\u200a270,\u200a278\u200a Mysore has emerged as an industrial hub in Karnataka next to Bangalore. Mysore is part of the Bidar-Mysore Industrial Corridor. Major drivers of the economy are tourism, finance, manufacturing and industry which includes chemicals, petrochemicals, machinery, automobile, engineering, textiles and food processing sectors. A new industrial corridor plan is underway between Mysore and Bangalore.For the industrial development of the city, the Karnataka Industrial Areas Development Board (KIADB) has established four industrial areas in and around Mysore, in the Belagola, Belawadi, Hebbal and Hootagalli areas. One of the major industrial areas near Mysore is Nanjangud which will be a satellite town to Mysore. Nanjangud industrial area hosts a number of industries like AT&S India Pvt Ltd, Nestle India ltd, Reid and Taylor, Jubiliant, TVS, and Asian Paints. Nanjangud Industrial area also boasts being 2nd highest VAT / Sales Taxpayer which is more than \u20b94 billion (US$50 million) after Peenya which is in state capital Bangalore. JK Tyre has its manufacturing facility in Mysore. The city has emerged as a hub of automobile industries in Karnataka.\nThe major software companies in Mysore are Infosys, ArisGlobal, Larsen & Toubro Infotech, Excelsoft Technologies and Triveni Engineering. The growth of the information technology industry in the first decade of the 21st century has resulted in the city emerging as the second largest software exporter in Karnataka (as of), next to Bangalore. Mysore also has many shopping malls, including the Mall of Mysore which is one of the largest malls in India and Karnataka. Retail is also a major part of the economy in Mysore.\nMysore also hosts many central government organizations like CFTRI, DFRL, CIPET, BEML, RMP (Rare Material Project), RBI Note printing Press and RBI Paper Printing Press."}, {"Context": "Mysore Culture", "Knowledge": "PER Raja Wodeyar I, LOC Jumboo Savari, LOC Mysore Palace, LOC Amba Vilas, PER Jayalakshammanni, LOC City of Palaces, ORG Vijayanagar, LOC Rajendra Vilas, PER Chamaraja Wodeyar, LOC Jaganmohana Palace, LOC Karnataka, LOC Jayalakshmi Vilas Mansion, PER Chamundeshwari, LOC Lalitha Mahal, LOC Jayalakshmi Vilas, LOC Government of Karnataka, LOC Mysore, LOC Bannimantapa", "Response": "Referred to as the cultural capital of Karnataka, Mysore is well known for the festivities that take place during the period of Dasara; the state festival of Karnataka. The Dasara festivities, which are celebrated over a ten-day period, were first introduced by King Raja Wodeyar I in 1610. On the ninth day of Dasara, called Mahanavami, the royal sword is worshipped and is taken on a procession of decorated elephants, camels and horses. On the tenth day, called Vijayadashami, the traditional Dasara procession (locally known as Jumboo Savari) is held on the streets of Mysore which usually falls in the month of September or October. The idol of the goddess Chamundeshwari is placed on a golden mantapa on the back of a decorated elephant and taken on a procession, accompanied by tabla, dance groups, music bands, decorated elephants, horses and camels. The procession starts from the Mysore Palace and culminates at a place called Bannimantapa, where the banni tree (Prosopis spicigera) is worshipped. The Dasara festivities culminate on the night of Vijayadashami with a torchlight parade, known locally as Panjina Kavayatthu.Mysore is called the City of Palaces because of several ornate examples in the city. Among the most notable are Amba Vilas, popularly known as Mysore Palace; Jaganmohana Palace, which also serves as an art gallery; Rajendra Vilas, also known as the summer palace; Lalitha Mahal, which has been converted into a hotel; and Jayalakshmi Vilas.:\u200a87\u201388\u200a The palace of Mysore burned down in 1897, and the present structure was built on the same site. Amba Vilas palace exhibits an Indo-Saracenic style of architecture on the outside, but a distinctly Hoysala style in the interior.:\u200a82\u200a Even though the Government of Karnataka maintains the Mysore palace, a small portion has been allocated for the erstwhile royal family to live in. The Jayalakshmi Vilas Mansion was constructed by Sri Chamaraja Wodeyar for his daughter Jayalakshammanni. It is now a museum dedicated to folk culture and artifacts of the royal family.\n\nThe Mysore painting style is an offshoot of the Vijayanagar school of painting, and King Raja Wodeyar (1578\u20131617 CE) is credited with having been its patron.:\u200a1\u200a The distinctive feature of these paintings is the gesso work, to which gold foil is applied.:\u200a3\u200a Mysore is known for rosewood inlay work; around 4,000 craftsmen were involved in this art in 2002. The city lends its name to the Mysore silk sari, a women's garment made with pure silk and gold zari (thread). Mysore Peta, the traditional indigenous turban worn by the erstwhile rulers of Mysore, is worn by men in some traditional ceremonies. A notable local dessert that traces its history to the kitchen in the Mysore palace is Mysore pak.\nMysore is the location of the International Ganjifa Research Centre, which researches the ancient card game Ganjifa and the art associated with it. The Chamarajendra Academy of Visual Arts (CAVA) offers education in visual art forms such as painting, graphics, sculpture, applied art, photography, photojournalism and art history. The Rangayana repertory company performs plays and offers certificate courses in subjects related to theatre. Kannada writers Kuvempu, Gopalakrishna Adiga and U. R. Ananthamurthy were educated in Mysore and served as professors at the Mysore University. R. K. Narayan, a popular English-language novelist and creator of the fictional town of Malgudi, and his cartoonist brother R. K. Laxman spent much of their life in Mysore."}, {"Context": "Mysore Road", "Knowledge": "ORG KSRTC, LOC National, ORG MUDA, ORG Mysore City Transport Corporation, LOC State, ORG MCTC, LOC Kerala, LOC H, LOC Kote, LOC Mangalore, LOC Tamil Nadu, ORG Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation, LOC Mysore, LOC Gundlupet, LOC Bangalore", "Response": "Mysore is connected by National Highway NH-212 to the state border town of Gundlupet, where the road forks into the states of Kerala and Tamil Nadu.:\u200a1\u200a State Highway 17, which connects Mysore to Bangalore, was upgraded to a four-lane highway in 2006, reducing travel time between the two cities. A project was planned in 1994 to construct a new expressway to connect Bangalore and Mysore. After numerous legal hurdles, it remains unfinished as of 2012. State Highway 33 and National Highway 275 which connect Mysore to H D Kote and Mangalore respectively. The Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC) and other private agencies operate buses both within the city and between cities. A new division of KSRTC called Mysore City Transport Corporation (MCTC) has been proposed. Within the city, buses are cheap and popular means of transport, auto-rickshaws are also available and tongas (horse-drawn carriages) are popular with tourists.\nMysore also has a 42.5-kilometre (26.4 mi) long ring road that is being upgraded to six lanes by the MUDA. Mysore has implemented Intelligent Transport System (ITS) to manage its city buses and ferrying commuters."}, {"Context": "Mysore Trin Trin PBS", "Knowledge": "ORG United Nations, LOC India", "Response": "A public bicycle sharing system, Trin Trin, funded partially by the United Nations is popular mode of transport. It is a government project. It is the first public bike-sharing system throughout India. The key objective of Trin Trin is to encourage local commuters, as well as visitors, to use the bicycle in preference to motorized modes of travel and thereby help scale down the multifarious environmental and road-traffic hazards, enhance conveyance convenience, and make local daily commutes economical for the common citizen."}, {"Context": "Mysore Rail", "Knowledge": "LOC Mysore Junction, PER Narendra Modi, LOC Chamarajanagara, LOC Bengaluru, LOC Naganahalli, LOC Mysore Railway Junction, ORG MEMU, LOC Chamarajanagar, LOC Bengalore, LOC Naganahali, ORG South Western Railway Zone, LOC Mangalore, LOC Chennai, LOC Ashokpuram, LOC Chamarajapuram, LOC Mysore, LOC Bangalore", "Response": "Mysore railway station has three lines, connecting it to Bangalore, Mangalore, and Chamarajanagar. The first railway line established in the city was the Bengalore\u2013Mysore Junction metre gauge line, which was commissioned in 1882. Railway lines that connect the city to Chamarajanagara and Mangalore are unelectrified single track and the track that connects to Bengaluru is electrified double track. Mysore Railway Junction comes under the jurisdiction of South Western Railway Zone. Within the city limits of Mysore, there are two small stations in the line which connects Chamarajanagara. They are Ashokpuram and Chamarajapuram. The fastest train to serve the city is the Shatabdi Express which goes to Chennai via Bangalore. A satellite terminal is planned at Naganahalli to reduce congestion in the main railway station. On 20 June 2022, Prime Minister Narendra Modi laid the foundation to upgrade the present city railway junction with \u20b9385 crore, to construct another 3 platforms, 4 pit lines and 4 stabiling line to make 9 platforms in the city junction and Naganahali station to built coach complex and MEMU hub and two more platforms to solve congestion in the city railway junction."}, {"Context": "Mysore Air", "Knowledge": "LOC Kochi, LOC Bangalore Airport, LOC Mandakalli, LOC Mangalore, LOC Goa, LOC Hubli, LOC Chennai, LOC Hyderabad, LOC Mysore Airport, LOC Mysore, LOC Bangalore", "Response": "Mysore Airport is a domestic airport and is located near the village of Mandakalli, 10 kilometres  10 km (6 mi) south of the centre of the city. It was built by the kings of Mysore in early 1940s. Mysore Airport currently serves the city of Mysore and is connected to multiple domestic locations including Bangalore, Chennai, Goa, Hubli, Hyderabad, Kochi and Mangalore.  The current runway is not able to handle big flights and hence a runway expansion is about to take place expanding the runway from 1.7 km to 2.8 km and will be upgraded to international airport after the expansion. The nearest International airport is Bangalore Airport."}, {"Context": "Mysore Media", "Knowledge": "ORG Akashvani, ORG of India, PER Wodeyar, ORG Star TV, ORG All India Radio, ORG Gyan Vani, LOC Bangalore, LOC Government, ORG AIR, ORG Akashavani, PER Bhashyam Bhashyacharya, LOC Mysore, ORG Red FM, ORG BIG FM, ORG Radio Mirchi, PER M. Venkatakrishnaiah, ORG Mysooru Vrittanta Bodhini, LOC India, ORG Sudharma, ORG Doordarshan, LOC Vontikoppal, PER M. V. Gopalaswamy", "Response": "Newspaper publishing in Mysore started in 1859 when Bhashyam Bhashyacharya began publishing a weekly newspaper in Kannada called the Mysooru Vrittanta Bodhini, the first of a number of weekly newspapers published in the following three decades. A well-known Mysore publisher during Wodeyar rule was M. Venkatakrishnaiah, known as the father of Kannada journalism, who started several news magazines. Many local newspapers are published in Mysore and carry news mostly related to the city and its surroundings, and national and regional dailies in English and Kannada are available, as in the other parts of the state. Sudharma, the only Indian daily newspaper in Sanskrit, is published in Mysore.Mysore was the location of the first private radio broadcasting station in India when Akashavani (voice from the sky) was established in the city on 10 September 1935 by M.V. Gopalaswamy, a professor of psychology, at his house in the Vontikoppal area of Mysore, using a 50-watt transmitter. The station was taken over by the princely state of Mysore in 1941 and was moved to Bangalore in 1955. In 1957, Akashvani was chosen as the official name of All India Radio (AIR), the radio broadcaster of the Government of India. The AIR station at Mysore broadcasts an FM radio channel at 100.6 MHz, and Gyan Vani broadcasts on 105.6. BIG FM, Radio Mirchi and Red FM are the three private FM channels operating in the city.Mysore started receiving television broadcasts in the early 1980s, when Doordarshan (public service broadcaster of the Indian government) started broadcasting its national channel all over India. This was the only channel available to Mysoreans until Star TV started satellite channels in 1991. Direct-to-home channels are now available in Mysore."}, {"Context": "Mysore Sports", "Knowledge": "PER Javagal Srinath, PER Krishnaraja Wodeyar III, PER Rahul Ganapathy, LOC India, PER Wodeyar, PER Reeth Abraham, LOC Maharaja ' s College Hostel, PER Prahlad Srinath, LOC Mysore, PER Sagar Kashyap, LOC Bangalore", "Response": "The Wodeyar kings of Mysore were patrons of games and sports. King Krishnaraja Wodeyar III had a passion for indoor games. He invented new board games and popularised the ganjifa card game. Malla-yuddha (traditional wrestling) has a history in Mysore dating back to the 16th century. The wrestling competition held in Mysore during the Dasara celebrations attracts wrestlers from all over India. An annual sports meeting is organised there during the Dasara season too.In 1997 Mysore and Bangalore co-hosted the city's biggest sports event ever, the National Games of India. Mysore was the venue for six sports: archery, gymnastics, equestrianism, handball, table tennis and wrestling. Cricket is by far the most popular sport in Mysore. The city has five established cricket grounds. Javagal Srinath, who represented India for several years as its frontline fast bowler, comes from Mysore. Other prominent sportsmen from the city are Prahlad Srinath, who has represented India in Davis Cup tennis tournaments; Reeth Abraham, a national champion in the heptathlon and a long jump record holder; Sagar Kashyap, the youngest Indian to officiate at the Wimbledon Championships; and Rahul Ganapathy, a national amateur golf champion. The Mysore race course hosts a racing season each year from August through October. India's first youth hostel was formed in the Maharaja's College Hostel in 1949."}, {"Context": "Mysore Tourism", "Knowledge": "LOC Folk Lore Museum, LOC Blue Lagoon, LOC Mysore Palace, LOC Mudumalai National Park, PER Ashtanga, LOC Lalitha Mahal, LOC Regional Museum of Natural History, LOC Oriental Research Institute, LOC Ooty, LOC Sultan Bathery, LOC Melkote, LOC Chamundeshwari Temple, LOC Srirangapatna, LOC Jaganmohana Palace, LOC Mysore, LOC Himavad Gopalaswamy Betta hill, LOC KRS, LOC Chamundi Hills, LOC Ranganathaswamy Temple, PER K. Pattabhi Jois, LOC Mysore Zoo, LOC Madikeri, LOC Somanathapura, LOC Brindavan Gardens, LOC Sand Sculpture Museum, LOC Amba Vilas Palace, LOC St. Philomena ' s Church, LOC Railway Museum, LOC Talakad. B R Hills, LOC Karanji, LOC B R Hills, LOC Tamil Nadu, LOC Wesley ' s Cathedral, LOC Mandya, LOC Ranganathittu, LOC Nagarahole National Park, LOC India, LOC Krishnarajasagar Dam, LOC Kokrebellur, LOC Kukkarahalli, LOC Blue Lagoon Lake, LOC Jayalakshmi Vilas, LOC Mandya District, LOC Mandya. Bandipur National Park", "Response": "Mysore is a major tourist destination in its own right and serves as a base for other tourist attractions in the vicinity. The city receives many tourists during the ten-day Dasara festival. One of the most visited monuments in India, the Amba Vilas Palace, or Mysore Palace, is the centre of the Dasara festivities. The Jaganmohana Palace, The Sand Sculpture Museum the Jayalakshmi Vilas and the Lalitha Mahal are other palaces in the city. Chamundeshwari Temple, atop the Chamundi Hills, and St. Philomena's Church, Wesley's Cathedral are notable religious places in Mysore.\n\nThe Mysore Zoo, established in 1892, the Karanji, Kukkarahalli and the Blue Lagoon Lake are popular recreational destinations. Blue Lagoon is a lake with a mini island located behind the KRS water dam, from which it is mesmerising to watch the sunset and sunrise. Mysore has the Regional Museum of Natural History, the Folk Lore Museum, the Railway Museum and the Oriental Research Institute. The city is a centre for yoga-related health tourism that attracts domestic and foreign visitors, particularly those who, for years, came to study with the late Ashtanga vinyasa yoga guru K. Pattabhi Jois.A short distance from Mysore city is the neighbouring Mandya District's Krishnarajasagar Dam and the adjoining Brindavan Gardens, where a musical fountain show is held every evening. Places of historic importance close to Mysore are Mandya District's Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangapatna. And other historical places are Somanathapura and Talakad. B R Hills, Himavad Gopalaswamy Betta hill and the hill stations of Ooty, Sultan Bathery and Madikeri are close to Mysore. Popular destinations for wildlife enthusiasts near Mysore include the Nagarahole National Park, the wildlife sanctuaries at Melkote, Mandya and B R Hills and the bird sanctuaries at Ranganathittu, Mandya and Kokrebellur, Mandya. Bandipur National Park and Mudumalai National Park in Tamil Nadu, which are sanctuaries for gaur, chital, elephants, tigers, leopards and other threatened species, lie between 60 and 100 kilometres (37 and 62 mi) to the south. Other tourist spots near Mysore include the religious locations of Nanjanagud and Bylakuppe and the waterfalls at neighbouring districts of Mandya's Shivanasamudra."}, {"Context": "Mysore Sister cities", "Knowledge": "LOC Ohio, LOC Cincinnati, LOC New Hampshire, LOC Nashua, LOC United States", "Response": "Cincinnati, Ohio, United States (2012)Nashua, New Hampshire, United States (2016)"}, {"Context": "Mysore Bibliography", "Knowledge": "ORG University of Minnesota Press, PER Rao, LOC Bangalore, PER C. Hayavadana, PER Afried, LOC Coorg, PER Suryanath U., PER Deve Gowda, LOC Minneapolis, PER Rice, LOC Karnataka, PER B. L., LOC Hyderabad, LOC New Delhi, LOC Mysore, ORG Government Press, PER Ixigo Javare Gowda, PER Nair, ORG Jupiter books, ORG 8166, PER Raman, ORG Mysore Government Press, ORG Asian Educational Services, PER Janaki, LOC India, ORG Orient Longman, LOC US, PER Kamath", "Response": "Popular Museums in Mysore\u2014Ixigo\nJavare Gowda, Deve Gowda (1998) [1998]. Village Names of Mysore District: An Analytical Study. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. ISBN 81-206-1390-2.\nKamath, Suryanath U. (2001) [1980]. A concise history of Karnataka: from pre-historic times to the present. Bangalore: Jupiter books. LCCN 80905179. OCLC 7796041.\nNair, Janaki (2011). Mysore Modern: Rethinking the Region Under Princely Rule. Minneapolis, US: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 978-0-8166-7383-4.\nRaman, Afried (1994). Bangalore \u2013 Mysore. Hyderabad, India: Orient Longman. ISBN 0-86311-431-8. Retrieved 25 September 2007.\nRao, C. Hayavadana (1927). Mysore Gazetteer. Bangalore: Government Press, Mysore state.\nRice, B. L. (1876). Mysore and Coorg: Mysore, by districts. Mysore: Mysore Government Press. Retrieved 29 February 2012.\nRice, B. L. (2001) [1897]. Mysore Gazetteer Compiled for Government-vol 1. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. ISBN 81-206-0977-8."}, {"Context": "Nagpur Introduction", "Knowledge": "ORG Bombay High Court, ORG Oxford, ORG Union Ministry of Urban Development, ORG RSS, ORG Swachh Bharat Mission, LOC India, LOC Nagpur, LOC Orange City, LOC Deekshabhoomi, LOC Maharashtra, ORG Institute for Competitiveness, ORG ABP News - Ipsos, LOC Vidarbha", "Response": "Nagpur (pronunciation: [na\u02d0\u0261pu\u02d0\u027e]) is the third largest city and the winter capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra and is the most developed city in the region of Vidarbha. It is the 13th largest city in India by population and according to an Oxford's Economics report, Nagpur is projected to be the fifth fastest growing city in the world from 2019 to 2035 with an average growth of 8.41%. It has been proposed as one of the Smart Cities in Maharashtra and is one of the top ten cities in India in Smart City Project execution.In the latest rankings of 100 developing smart cities given by the Union Ministry of Urban Development, Nagpur stood first in Maharashtra state and second in India. Known as the \"Orange City\", Nagpur has officially become the greenest, safest and most technologically developed city in the Maharashtra state.Nagpur is the seat of the annual winter session of the Maharashtra state assembly. It is a major commercial and political center of the Vidarbha region of Maharashtra.In addition, the city derives unique importance from being an important location for the Dalit Buddhist movement and the headquarters for the Hindu organization RSS. Nagpur is also known for the Deekshabhoomi, which is graded an A-class tourism and pilgrimage site, the largest hollow stupa among all the Buddhist stupas in the world. The regional branch of Bombay High Court is also situated within the city.According to a survey by ABP News-Ipsos, Nagpur was identified as the best city in India topping in livability, greenery, public transport, and health care indices in 2013. The city was adjudged the 20th cleanest city in India and the top mover in the western zone as per Swachh Sarvekshan 2016. It was awarded as the best city for innovation and best practice in Swachh Sarvekshan 2018. It was also declared as open defecation free in January 2018 under Swachh Bharat Mission.  It is also one of the safest cities for women in India. The city also ranked 25th in Ease of Living index 2020 among 111 cities in India. It was ranked the 8th most competitive city in the country by the Institute for Competitiveness for the year 2017.It is famous for Nagpur oranges and is sometimes known as the Orange City for being a major trade center of oranges cultivated in large part of the region. It is also called the Tiger Capital of India or the Tiger Gateway of India as many tiger reserves are located in and around the city and also hosts the regional office of National Tiger Conservation Authority. The city was founded in 1702 by the Gond King Bakht Buland Shah of Deogarh and later became a part of the Maratha Empire under the royal Bhonsale dynasty. The British East India Company took over Nagpur in the 19th century and made it the capital of the Central Provinces and Berar. After the first re-organisation of states, the city lost its status as the capital. Following the informal Nagpur Pact between political leaders, it was made the second capital of Maharashtra."}, {"Context": "Nagpur Etymology", "Knowledge": "LOC Fanindrapura, LOC Nagpore, LOC Nagpur, PER B. R. Ambedkar, LOC Great, ORG Fanindramani, LOC Mahal, LOC Nag", "Response": "Nagpur is named after the Great river Nag which flows through the city. The old Nagpur city (today called 'Mahal') is situated on north banks of the river Nag. The suffix pur means \"city\" in many Indian languages.One of the earlier names of Nagpur was \"Fanindrapura\". It derives its origin from the Marathi word fana (\u092b\u0923; meaning hood of a cobra). Nagpur's first newspaper was named Fanindramani, which means a jewel that is believed to be suspended over a cobra's hood. It is this jewel that lights up the darkness, hence the name of the newspaper. B. R. Ambedkar claimed that both the city and the river are named after the 'Nags' who were opponents of the Indo-Aryans. During British rule, the name of the city was spelt and pronounced as \"Nagpore\"."}, {"Context": "Nagpur Early and medieval history", "Knowledge": "PER Vindhyasakti, LOC Rastrakuta, ORG Gupta Empire, LOC Maratha Empire, LOC Drugdhamna, ORG Vakatakas, ORG Vakataka, PER Paramara, LOC Mhada, LOC Madhya Pradesh, PER Lakshmadeva, PER Allauddin Khilji, LOC Malwa, LOC Devagiri, LOC Devali, PER Prithvisena I, LOC Mughal Empire, LOC Nagpura, PER Krsna III, PER Yadavas, LOC Visaya, LOC Nandivardhana, ORG Rashtrakutas, LOC Chhindwara, LOC Yadava Kingdom, LOC Nagardhan, ORG Badami Chalukyas, ORG Tughlaq Dynasty, LOC Nagpur, LOC Deogiri, LOC Mehir, LOC Wardha, LOC Gond, LOC Deogarh, ORG Vakataka Dynasty, LOC Nagpur Kingdom", "Response": "Human existence around present-day Nagpur can be traced back 3000 years to the 8th century BCE. Mehir burial sites at the Drugdhamna (near the Mhada colony) indicate that the megalithic culture existed around Nagpur and is still followed. The first reference to the name \"Nagpur\" is found in a 10th-century copper-plate inscription discovered at Devali in the neighbouring Wardha district. The inscription is a record of grant of a village situated in the Visaya (district) of Nagpura-Nandivardhana during the time of the Rastrakuta king Krsna III in the Saka year 862 (940 CE).Towards the end of the 3rd century, King Vindhyasakti is known to have ruled the Nagpur region. In the 4th century, the Vakataka Dynasty ruled over the Nagpur region and surrounding areas and had good relations with the Gupta Empire. The Vakataka king Prithvisena I moved his capital to Nagardhan (ancient name Nandivardhana), 38 km (24 mi) from Nagpur. After the Vakatakas, the region came under the rule of the Hindu kingdoms of the Badami Chalukyas, the Rashtrakutas. The Paramaras or Panwars of Malwa appear to have controlled the Nagpur region in the 11th century. A prashasti inscription of the Paramara king Lakshmadeva (r. c. 1086\u20131094) has been found at Nagpur. Subsequently, the region came under the Yadavas of Devagiri. In 1296, Allauddin Khilji invaded the Yadava Kingdom after capturing Deogiri, after which the Tughlaq Dynasty came to power in 1317.\nIn the 17th century, the Mughal Empire conquered the region, however during Mughal era, regional administration was carried out by the Gond kingdom of Deogarh in the Chhindwara district of the modern-day state of Madhya Pradesh. In the 18th century, Bhonsles of the Maratha Empire established the Nagpur Kingdom based in the city."}, {"Context": "Nagpur Modern history", "Knowledge": "PER Akbar Shah, PER Parsaji, PER Bhakt Buland Shah, LOC Chhattisgarh, PER Mudhoji II Bhosale, ORG Peshwa, LOC Chanda, PER Wali Shah, PER Chand Sultan, LOC Sitabuldi, PER Raghoji II Bhosale, PER Raghoji II, PER Burhan Shah, PER Bakht Buland, PER Mudhoji, PER Raghoji III, PER Raghoji Bhosale, PER Raghoji III Bhosale, LOC Nagpur, LOC Berar, LOC Deogarh, PER Bakht Buland Shah", "Response": "The king who actually founded Nagpur was Bakht Buland Shah of Deogarh. An able administrator, he incentivised large-scale immigration of Marathi Hindu cultivators to increase economic activity. After Bhakt Buland Shah, the next Raja of Deogarh was Chand Sultan, who resided principally in the country below the hills, fixing his capital at Nagpur, which he turned into a walled town. On Chand Sultan's death in 1739, Wali Shah, an illegitimate son of Bakht Buland, usurped the throne and Chand Sultan's widow invoked the aid of the Maratha leader Raghoji Bhosale of Berar in the interest of her sons Akbar Shah and Burhan Shah. The usurper was put to death and the rightful heirs placed on the throne. After 1743, a series of Maratha rulers came to power, starting with Raghoji Bhosale, who conquered the territories of Deogarh, Chanda and Chhattisgarh by 1751.Nagpur was burnt substantially in 1765 and again partially in 1811 by marauding Pindaris. However, the development of the city of Nagpur continued. In 1803 Raghoji II Bhosale joined the Peshwa against the British in the Second Anglo-Maratha War, but the British prevailed. After Raghoji II's death in 1816, his son Parsaji was deposed and murdered by Mudhoji II Bhosale. Despite the fact that he had entered into a treaty with the British in the same year, Mudhoji joined the Peshwa in the Third Anglo-Maratha War in 1817 against the British but suffered a defeat at Sitabuldi in present-day Nagpur. The fierce battle was a turning point as it laid the foundations of the downfall of the Bhosales and paved the way for the British acquisition of Nagpur city. Mudhoji was deposed after a temporary restoration to the throne, after which the British placed Raghoji III Bhosale, the grandchild of Raghoji II, on the throne. During the rule of Raghoji III (which lasted until 1840), the region was administered by a British resident. In 1853, the British took control of Nagpur after Raghoji III died without leaving an heir.\n\nFrom 1853 to 1861, the Nagpur Province (which consisted of the present Nagpur region, Chhindwara, and Chhattisgarh) became part of the Central Provinces and Berar and came under the administration of a commissioner under the British central government, with Nagpur as its capital. Berar was added in 1903. The advent of the Great Indian Peninsula Railway (GIP) in 1867 spurred its development as a trade centre. Tata group started its first textile mill at Nagpur, formally known as Central India Spinning and Weaving Company Ltd. The company was popularly known as \"Empress Mills\" as it was inaugurated on 1 January 1877, the day queen Victoria was proclaimed Empress of India.The non-co-operation movement was launched in the Nagpur session of 1920. The city witnessed a Hindu\u2013Muslim riot in 1923 which had profound impact on K. B. Hedgewar, who in 1925 founded the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), a Hindu nationalist organisation in Mohitewada Mahal, Nagpur with an idea of creating a Hindu nation. After the 1927 Nagpur riots RSS gained further popularity in Nagpur and the organisation grew nationwide."}, {"Context": "Nagpur After Indian independence", "Knowledge": "LOC Central Provinces, LOC India, LOC Gowari, LOC Nagpur, LOC Berar, LOC Maharashtra, LOC Gujarat, PER B. R. Ambedkar, LOC Madhya Pradesh, LOC Bombay", "Response": "After India gained independence in 1947, Central Provinces and Berar became a province of India. In 1950, the Central Provinces and Berar was reorganised as the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh with Nagpur as its capital. When the Indian states were reorganised along the linguistic lines in 1956, Nagpur and Berar regions were transferred to the state of Bombay, which was split into the states of Maharashtra and Gujarat in 1960. At a formal public ceremony held on 14 October 1956 in Nagpur, B. R. Ambedkar and his supporters converted to Buddhism, which started the Dalit Buddhist movement that is still active. In 1994, the city of Nagpur witnessed its most violent day in modern times: in the Gowari stampede, police fired on Gowari protestors demanding Scheduled Tribe status and caused a mass panic.Nagpur completed 300 years of establishment in the year 2002. A big celebration was organised to mark the event."}, {"Context": "Nagpur Topography", "Knowledge": "LOC Gondwana, LOC Chandigarh, LOC Ambazari Lake, LOC India, LOC Gorewada Lake, LOC Sonegaon, LOC Gandhisagar Lakes, LOC Nagpur, LOC Pilli Nadi, LOC Telankhedi lake, LOC Deccan, LOC Chennai, LOC Indian, LOC New Delhi, LOC Kanhan River, LOC Kolkata, LOC Mumbai, LOC Nag", "Response": "Nagpur is located at the exact centre of the Indian subcontinent, close to the geometric center of the quadrilateral connecting the four major metros of India, viz. Chennai, Mumbai, New Delhi and Kolkata. The city has the Zero Mile Stone locating the geographical centre of India, which was used by the British to measure all distances within the Indian subcontinent.\n\nThe city lies on the Deccan plateau of the Indian subcontinent and has a mean altitude of 310.5 meters above sea level. The underlying rock strata are covered with alluvial deposits resulting from the flood plain of the Kanhan River. In some places, these give rise to granular sandy soil. In low-lying areas, which are poorly drained, the soil is alluvial clay with poor permeability characteristics. In the eastern part of the city, crystalline metamorphic rocks such as gneiss, schist and granites are found, while in the northern part yellowish sandstones and clays of the lower Gondwana formations are found.\nNagpur city is dotted with natural and artificial lakes. The largest lake is Ambazari Lake. Other natural lakes include Gorewada Lake and Telankhedi lake. Sonegaon and Gandhisagar Lakes are artificial, created by the city's historical rulers. Nag river, Pilli Nadi, and nallas form the natural drainage pattern for the city. Nagpur is known for its greenery and was adjudged the cleanest and second greenest in India after Chandigarh in 2010."}, {"Context": "Nagpur Climate", "Knowledge": "LOC Nagpur", "Response": "Nagpur has tropical wet and dry climate (Aw in K\u00f6ppen climate classification) with dry conditions prevailing for most of the year. It receives about 163 mm of rainfall in June. The amount of rainfall is increased in July to 294 mm. Gradual decrease of rainfall has been observed from July to August (278 mm) and September (160 mm). The highest recorded daily rainfall was 304 mm on 14 July 1994. Summers are extremely hot, lasting from March to June, with May being the hottest month. Winter lasts from November to February, during which temperatures drop below 10 \u00b0C (50 \u00b0F). The highest recorded temperature in the city was 47.9 \u00b0C on 29 May 2013, while the lowest was 3.5 \u00b0C on 29 December 2018."}, {"Context": "Nagpur Extreme weather", "Knowledge": "ORG National Resources Defense Council, LOC Nagpur", "Response": "The average number of heat wave days occurring in Nagpur in the summer months of March, April and May is 0.5, 2.4 and 7.2 days, respectively. May is the most uncomfortable and hottest month with, for example, 20 days of heat waves being experienced in 1973, 1988 and 2010. The summer season is characterised by other severe weather activity like thunderstorms, dust storms, hailstorms and squalls. Generally, hailstorms occur during March and dust storms during March and April. These occur infrequently (1 per 10 days). Squalls occur more frequently with 0.3 per day in March and April rising to 0.8 per day in May. Due to the heat waves in the city the Indian government with the help of New York-based National Resources Defense Council has launched a heat wave program since March 2016."}, {"Context": "Nagpur Administration", "Knowledge": "ORG Bombay High Court, LOC Nagpur South, LOC Nagpur South West, LOC Central Provinces, LOC Maharashtra State, LOC Nagpur Lok, LOC Nagpur West, LOC Nagpur East, LOC Nagpur, LOC Berar, LOC Vidhan Bhavan, ORG Nagpur Pact, LOC Nagpur North, LOC Nagpur Central, LOC Vidarbha", "Response": "Nagpur was the capital of Central Provinces and Berar for 100 years. After the State Reorganisation in 1956, Nagpur and Vidarbha region become part of the new Maharashtra State. With this Nagpur lost the capital status and hence a pact was signed between leaders, the Nagpur Pact. According to the pact, one session of state legislature and the state legislative council takes place in Vidhan Bhavan, Nagpur.:\u200a671\u200aUsually the winter session takes place in the city exception being in 1966, 1971 and 2018 when the monsoon session took place in the city.  Nagpur has a district court and its own bench of the Bombay High Court which was established on 9 January 1936. The city consists of six Vidhan Sabha constituencies namely Nagpur West, Nagpur South, Nagpur South West, Nagpur East, Nagpur North and Nagpur Central. These constituencies are part of the Nagpur Lok Sabha constituency."}, {"Context": "Nagpur Local government", "Knowledge": "ORG Nagpur Improvement Trust, LOC Nehru Nagar, LOC Ashi Nagar, ORG Indian Administrative Service, ORG sanitation, ORG Nagpur Municipal Corporation, ORG Nagpur Municipal Council, ORG IAS, PER Dayashankar Tiwari, ORG Municipal Council for Nagpur, LOC Hanuman Nagar, ORG Corporation, LOC Mangalwari, LOC Sataranjipura, LOC Lakkadganj, LOC Gandhi Baugh, ORG Standing Committee, LOC Dhantoli, ORG Municipal Corporation, LOC Nagpur, ORG NIT, LOC Dharampeth, LOC Laxmi Nagar, ORG NMC", "Response": "The Municipal Council for Nagpur was established in 1864. At that time, the area under the jurisdiction of the Nagpur Municipal Council was 15.5 km2 and the population was 82,000. The duties entrusted to the Nagpur Municipal Council were to maintain cleanliness and arrange for street lights and water supply with government assistance. The Municipal Corporation came into existence in March 1951. Nagpur is administered by the Nagpur Municipal Corporation (NMC), which is a democratically elected civic governing body. The Corporation elects a Mayor who along with a Deputy Mayor heads the organisation. The mayor carries out the activities through various committees such as the Standing Committee, health and sanitation committee, education committee, water works, public works, public health and market committee. Since January 2021, the mayor of Nagpur is Dayashankar Tiwari, The administrative head of the corporation is the Municipal Commissioner, an Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officer appointed by the state government. The Municipal Commissioner along with the Deputy Municipal Commissioners, carry out various activities related to engineering, health and sanitation, taxation and its recovery. Various departments such as public relations, library, health, finance, buildings, slums, roads, street lighting, traffic, establishment, gardens, public works, local audit, legal services, waterworks, education, octroi and fire services manage their specific activities. The activities of NMC are administered by its zonal offices. There are 10 zonal offices in Nagpur \u2013 Laxmi Nagar, Dharampeth, Hanuman Nagar, Dhantoli, Nehru Nagar, Gandhi Baugh, Sataranjipura, Lakkadganj, Ashi Nagar and Mangalwari. These zones are divided into 145 wards. Each ward is represented by a corporator, a majority of whom are elected in local elections. NMC has various departments including healthcare, education, and a fire brigade dedicated for each service and project of the city.Nagpur Improvement Trust (NIT) is a local planning authority which works with the NMC and carries out the development of the civic infrastructure and new urban areas on its behalf. NIT is headed by a chairman, an Indian Administrative Service Officer appointed by the state government.  Since the 1990s the urban agglomeration had rapidly expanded beyond the city's municipal boundaries. This growth had presented challenges for the future growth of the city and its fringes in an organised manner. With a view of achieving balanced development within the region, the Nagpur Improvement Trust (NIT) was notified as the Special Planning Authority (SPA) for the Nagpur Metropolitan Area (NMA) and entrusted with the preparation of a Statutory Development Plan as per provisions of the MRTP Act, 1966. The notified NMA comprises areas outside the Nagpur city and includes 721 villages under 9 tehsils of the Nagpur District spreading across an area of 3,567 km2. In 1999, the government of Maharashtra declared that the Nagpur Metropolitan Area shall comprise all of Nagpur city, Nagpur Gramin (rural areas near Nagpur), Hingna, Parseoni, Mauda and Kamptee Taluka and parts of Savner, Kalmeshwar, Umred and Kuhi. The boundaries of the \"Metro region\" around the municipal corporation limits of the city have been defined as per the notification. In 2002, the government extended the jurisdiction of the Nagpur Improvement Trust (NIT) by 25 to 40 kilometres. This new area was defined under clause 1(2) of NIT Act-1936 as \"Nagpur Metropolitan Area\". Maharashtra State Cabinet in 2016 had paved the way for NIT to become Nagpur Metropolitan Region Development Authority (NMRDA) NMRDA was notified by the Government of Maharashtra in March 2017. NMRDA has been made on the lines of Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority. NMRDA has been mandated to monitor development in the metropolis comprising 721 villages across nine tehsils in the district. The body is headed by Metropolitan Commissioner, an Indian Administrative Service Officer appointed by the state government as was with the NIT chairman. Currently, NIT is the planning authority for developing projects around the city in land owned by it.The Maharashtra government had appointed Larsen & Toubro (L&T) as the implementation partner to convert Nagpur into the country's first large scale, integrated, smart city. The state government had also decided to develop the city complete with five hubs, from textile centres to defence sector. Nagpur was selected from Maharashtra among other cities under Government of India's Smart Cities Mission. City was selected in the third round of selection. For the implementation of the projects under Smart Cities Mission a special purpose vehicle was formed which was named Nagpur Smart and Sustainable City Development Corporation Ltd.Nagpur Police is headed by a Police Commissioner who is of the rank of Additional Director General of Police of Maharashtra Police. Nagpur Police is divided into 5 Zones, each headed by a Deputy Commissioner of Police, while traffic zones are divided into eleven zones each headed by an inspector. The State C.I.D Regional Headquarter, State Reserve Police Force and Regional Police Training School are situated at Nagpur."}, {"Context": "Nagpur Utility services", "Knowledge": "ORG Orange City Water Private Limited, LOC Gorewada, ORG AG Enviro Infra Project Pvt Ltd, ORG Nagpur Fire Brigade, ORG Vishwaraj Infrastructure Ltd., ORG SNDL, ORG Gandhibagh, ORG Veolia Water India Pvt. Ltd, ORG Spanco Nagpur Discom Ltd., ORG Civil Lines, ORG BVG India, ORG Nagpur Municipal Corporation, ORG OCW, ORG MSEDCL, ORG India Post, ORG Mahal, ORG Kanak Resources Management Ltd., ORG MSEB, LOC Nagpur, ORG Congress Nagar, ORG Nagpur Bin Free Project, ORG NMC", "Response": "Originally, all the utility services of the city were carried out by NMC departments, but from 2008 onwards privatisation had started for major utility services. The Orange City Water Private Limited (OCW), a joint venture of Veolia Water India Pvt. Ltd and Vishwaraj Infrastructure Ltd., manages the water supply for the city as well as Nagpur Municipal Corporation's water treatment plants at Gorewada, all the elevated service reservoirs, ground service reservoirs, master balancing reservoirs commonly known as water tanks. This joint venture was established in November 2011 and was awarded the contract to execute 24x7 water supply project and operational and maintenance of waterworks for 25 years. Kanak Resources Management Ltd. was awarded the contract for garbage collection in the city as per Nagpur Bin Free Project in 2009 by NMC. It was replaced by AG Enviro Infra Project Pvt Ltd and BVG India in 2019. In electricity supply, which was first managed by MSEB was then replaced by MSEDCL. After some years the distribution franchisee system was introduced to reduce the losses in the divisions and so Spanco Nagpur Discom Ltd.(SNDL) was awarded the distribution franchisee for 15 years to manage three of the four divisions from Nagpur Urban circle namely, Civil Lines, Mahal and Gandhibagh on 23 February 2011 by MSEDCL. The power distribution and maintenance for the fourth division i.e. Congress Nagar division was still managed by MSEDCL. As SNDL mounted losses it intimated MSEDCL to takeover the franchises as it was unable to maintain the franchisee areas under it. MSEDCL thus took over all the Nagpur urban circle areas as in September 2019. Nagpur Fire Brigade has nine fire stations at various locations in the city. India Post which is a governmental postal department has two head post offices and many post offices and sub-post offices at various locations in the city and are part of the logistics services in the city along with various other private operators."}, {"Context": "Nagpur Health care", "Knowledge": "LOC Unani, ORG Union Government, LOC Chhattisgarh, LOC Delhi, ORG State Government, LOC Madhya Pradesh, LOC Mahal, ORG ABP News - Ipsos, LOC Immamwada, LOC Mumbai, ORG AIIMS, LOC Panchpaoli Maternity Hospital, LOC Sadar, LOC Hyderabad, ORG Central Government, ORG World Health Organization, LOC Isolation Hospital, LOC Orissa, LOC Andhra Pradesh, LOC LAD square, LOC Uttar Pradesh, LOC Kolkata, LOC Telangana, LOC Pune, ORG UNICEF, LOC Panchpaoli, LOC Indira Gandhi Rugnalaya, LOC Nagpur, LOC MIHAN, LOC Central India, ORG NMC", "Response": "NMC in collaboration with Central Government, State Government, UNICEF, World Health Organization and Non-governmental organisation conducts and maintains various health schemes in the city. City health line is an initiative started by NMC dedicated to the health of citizens of Nagpur. This includes providing computerised comparative information and action in the field to local citizens. NMC runs three indoor patient hospitals including Indira Gandhi Rugnalaya at LAD square, Panchpaoli Maternity Hospital in Panchpaoli and Isolation Hospital in Immamwada. Besides, the civic body runs three big diagnostic centres at Mahal, Sadar and also at Indira Gandhi Rugnalaya. Apart from these, NMC has 57 outpatient dispensaries (OPDs), including 23 health posts sanctioned under Union Government's schemes, 15 allopathy hospitals, 12 ayurvedic hospitals, three homoeopathy hospitals, three naturopathy hospitals and one Unani hospital. In 2013, ABP News-Ipsos declared Nagpur the country's best city for health care services. The city is home to numerous hospitals, some run by the government and some private and consists of various super-specialty and multi-specialty ones. Recently various cancer speciality hospitals providing treatment until tertiary care for cancer patients have been established in the city making it a natural medical hub for nearby areas and boosting healthcare system in the city. Nagpur is a health hub for Central India and caters to a large geographical area arbitrarily bounded by Delhi in the north, Kolkata in the east, Mumbai-Pune in the west and Hyderabad in the south. People from Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Uttar Pradesh, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana regularly come to Nagpur for their health needs. Nagpur boasts of super-specialty physicians and surgeons serving its population in both public sector government-run hospitals and well equipped private hospitals catering to all strata of society. AIIMS has also been established in MIHAN, Nagpur.According to 2005 National Family Health Survey, Nagpur has a fertility rate of 1.9 which is below the replacement level.:\u200a46,\u200a47\u200a The infant mortality rate was 43 per 1,000 live births, and the mortality rate for children under five was 50 per 1,000 live births. :\u200a47,\u200a48\u200a About 57% slum and 72% non-slum children have received all the mandatory vaccines which include BCG, measles and full courses of polio and DPT.:\u200a48,\u200a49\u200a  In Nagpur, 78 percent of poor children are anaemic, including 49 percent who have moderate to severe anaemia.:\u200a55\u200a About 45% of children under five years of age and 31% of women are underweight.:\u200a54,\u200a55\u200a The poor people from the city mostly cite the reason of the lack of a nearby facility, poor quality of care and excessive waiting time for not visiting any government hospitals for treatment.:\u200a61\u200a According to the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4) of 2015-16 for Nagpur, households having improved drinking water source is 95.3%, households having improved sanitation facility is 77.3% and households having clean fuel for cooking is 87.6%. Health Insurance coverage among households in the city are 19.5%. Female sterilisation is more prominent than male sterilisation in Nagpur. Institutional births in the city is 97%. Children below 5 years who are anaemic are 43.50%, while women and men in the age group of 15 to 49 years who are anaemic are 45.00% and 21.20%, respectively."}, {"Context": "Nagpur Military establishments", "Knowledge": "LOC Vayusena Nagar, ORG Officers Training Academy for National Cadets Corps, LOC Maharashtra, ORG Army, ORG Gajraj, ORG National Academy of Defence Production for Group A, LOC Uttar Maharashtra, ORG Department of Post, ORG Brigade of the Guards. Guards, LOC Kamptee, ORG Army Postal Service, LOC Gujarat, LOC Sitabuldi Fort, ORG National Civil Defence College, ORG Indian Air Force, LOC India, LOC Nagpur, ORG Maintenance Command of Indian Air Force, ORG Ambajhari, ORG Indian Army, LOC Kamptee Cantonment, ORG IAF", "Response": "Nagpur is an important city for the Indian armed forces. Maintenance Command of Indian Air Force has its current headquarters at Vayusena Nagar in Nagpur. It houses Mi-8 helicopters and the IAF carriers IL-76 and handles the maintenance, repair, and operations of all aircraft, helicopters and other equipment.The ordnance factory and staff college of ordnance factory Ambajhari and National Academy of Defence Production for Group A officer of ordnance factories are in the western part of the city. Sitabuldi Fort is managed by the Uttar Maharashtra and Gujarat sub area hq.of the Indian Army and citizens are allowed to visit the premises on Republic day, Maharashtra day and Independence day.The 'raison d'\u00eatre' for Kamptee, the military cantonment, is still operational. Kamptee Cantonment houses the Officers Training Academy for National Cadets Corps, which is the only one of its kind. It is also the regimental centre of one of the oldest and most respected regiments in the Indian Army, the Brigade of the Guards. Guards, located at Kamptee, are the only regiment in the Indian Army which have won two PVC (Param Veer Chakra), the highest gallantry awarded to soldiers for wartime operations. There are also other military establishments and a well equipped military hospital to care for the health of the armed forces personnel. The Army Postal Service centre is also operational in the cantonment since 1948, to provide training to personnel of Department of Post who volunteer themselves for the Army. Nagpur's National Civil Defence College provides civil defence and disaster management training to pupils from all over India and abroad. Indian Air Force's IL-76 transport planes nicknamed \"Gajraj\" are also based in Nagpur."}, {"Context": "Nagpur Population", "Knowledge": "LOC Nagpur", "Response": "As of the 2011 census, Nagpur municipality has a population of 2,405,665. The total population constitute, 1,225,405 males and 1,180,270 females. The total children (ages 0\u20136) are 247,078, of whom 128,290 are boys and 118,788 are girls. Children form 10.27% of total population of Nagpur. The total number of slums number 179,952, in which 859,487 people reside. This is around 35.73% of the total population of Nagpur. The municipality has a sex ratio of 963 females per 1,000 males and child sex ratio of 926 girls per 1,000 boys. 1,984,123 people are literate, of whom 1,036,097 are male and 948,026 are female. Average literacy rate of Nagpur city are 91.92%. Men are 94.44% and women are 89.31% literate."}, {"Context": "Nagpur Religion", "Knowledge": "LOC Deekshabhoomi, LOC Nagpur", "Response": "Hinduism is the majority religion in Nagpur city with 69.46% followers. Buddhism is the second most popular religion in Nagpur city with 15.57% following it. Nagpur is famous for the Buddhist site of Deekshabhoomi. In Nagpur city, Islam is followed by 11.95%, Christianity by 1.15%, Jainism by 0.90% and Sikhism by 0.68%. Around 0.10% stated 'Other Religion' and approximately 0.20% stated 'No Particular Religion'."}, {"Context": "Nagpur Language", "Knowledge": "LOC Nagpur", "Response": "Marathi is the most-spoken language, spoken by 60.63% of the population. Hindi and Urdu are the second and third largest languages, spoken by 22.74% and 6.36% of the population respectively. Other languages spoken in Nagpur include Chhattisgarhi (2.29%), Sindhi (1.79%), Gujarati (1.16%) and Punjabi (0.91%). There are also small numbers of Telugu, Bengali and Gondi speakers in the city."}, {"Context": "Nagpur Economy", "Knowledge": "ORG Baidyanath, ORG Orange City, ORG Vicco, LOC Maharashtra, LOC Koshti, LOC Mumbai, ORG Haldiram, ORG Explosives & Ammunition, ORG Koradi Thermal Power Station, ORG Reserve Bank of India, ORG Dinshaws, ORG Nagpur Orange Grower ' s Association, ORG NOGA, ORG Maharashtra Agro Industrial Development Corporation, LOC Vidarbha, LOC Pune, ORG Suruchi International, LOC India, LOC Nagpur, ORG Khaparkheda Thermal Power Station, ORG Solar Industries, ORG Actchawa", "Response": "Nagpur is an emerging metropolis. Nagpur's nominal GDP was estimated to be around \u20b9 1,406,860 million in 2019\u201320, making it the largest economic center in entire central India. Nagpur district has a per-capita GDP of \u20b9 270,617 as of 2019-20 financial year, being the highest in the central India In 2004, it was ranked the fastest-growing city in India in terms of the number of households with an annual income of \u20b910 million or more. Nagpur has been the main centre of commerce in the region of Vidarbha since its early days and is an important trading location. Although, Nagpur's economic importance gradually declined relative to Mumbai and Pune after the merging of Vidarbha into Maharashtra because of a period of neglect by the state government, the city's economy later recovered.\n\nThe city is important for the banking sector as it hosts the regional office of Reserve Bank of India, which was opened on 10 September 1956. The Reserve Bank of India has two branches in Nagpur, one of which houses India's entire gold assets. Sitabuldi market in central Nagpur, known as the heart of the city, is the major commercial market area.Nagpur is home to ice-cream manufacturer Dinshaws, Indian dry food manufacturer Haldiram's, Indian ready-to-cook food manufacturer Actchawa, spice manufacturer Suruchi International, Ayurvedic products company Vicco and Baidyanath. and Explosives & Ammunition company Solar Industries.For centuries, Nagpur has been famous for its orange gardens in the country, hence the name \"Orange City\". Orange cultivation has been expanding and it is the biggest marketplace for oranges in the country. The Maharashtra Agro Industrial Development Corporation has its multi fruit processing division called Nagpur Orange Grower's Association (NOGA) which has an installed capacity of 4,950 MT of fruits per annum. Orange is also exported to various regions in the country as well to other countries. Nagpur is also famous for the cotton and silk which is woven by its large Koshti population of handloom weavers which are around 5,000.Nagpur and the Vidarbha region have a very prominent power sector as compared to the rest of Maharashtra. Koradi Thermal Power Station and Khaparkheda Thermal Power Station are two major thermal power stations located near Nagpur and operated by MSPGCL. NTPC has a super thermal power plant called Mauda Super Thermal Power Station in Mauda around 40 km from Nagpur and Vidarbha Industries Power Limited (a subsidiary of Reliance Power) is situated at Butibori\n\nThe Multi-modal International Hub Airport at Nagpur (MIHAN) is an ongoing project for the Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport, Nagpur. The government of Maharashtra formed a special purpose entity, Maharashtra Airport Development Company, for the development of MIHAN. \n\nProminent Information Technology companies such as TCS, Tech Mahindra, HCL, GlobalLogic, Persistent Systems, Infosys and Hexaware are located at various IT parks in Nagpur . Tata Advanced Systems, erstwhile TAL Manufacturing Solutions, has its facility in the SEZ for manufacturing structural components for Boeing and Airbus. Air India Engineering Services Limited and AAR-Indamer have their MRO Facility in the SEZ. Dassault Reliance Aerospace Limited (DRAL) and Thales Reliance Defence System also have their manufacturing facilities in MIHAN. Pharmaceutical company Lupin also has its facility in the SEZ.Apart from MIHAN SEZ the city has three prominent MIDC areas nearby. The Butibori industrial area is one of the largest in Asia in terms of area. The estate's largest unit is Indo Rama Synthetics, which manufactures synthetic polyester yarn. Other units in Butibori include the power transmission company Gammon India Limited (T & D), Gammon India Ltd. (Infra), KEC, Calderys India, Unitech Power Transmissions Limited, ACC Nihon Castings Ltd and Electrolux. CEAT Tyres has its tyre manufacturing plant in Butibori The Hingna industrial estate on the western fringes of the city is made up of around 900 small and medium industrial units. The major ones among them are the tractor manufacturing plant of Mahindra and Mahindra, casting units of NECO Ltd., Candico), Bharat Containers making aluminium aerosol cans Pix Transmissions, and Sanvijay Rolling & Engineering Ltd. (SREL). Kalmeshwar MIDC has 164 industrial plots. JSW Steel, KTM Textile, ESAB India Ltd, ZIM Pharma Ltd, Metlok Pvt. Ltd., Unijuels life sciences, Chemfield Pharmaceuticals Private Ltd., Minex Injection Product Private Ltd., Minex Metallurgical Co.Ltd. and Porohit Textile are a few big names.\nOwing to rich natural resources in the region, mining is a major activity. Several government organisations related to the mining industry are based in Nagpur, which includes Western Coalfields Limited (one of the eight fully owned subsidiaries of Coal India Limited), MOIL and Indian Bureau of Mines."}, {"Context": "Nagpur Education", "Knowledge": "ORG CBSE, ORG CMAT, ORG Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, ORG N. K. P. Salve Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, ORG Kavikulaguru Kalidas Sanskrit University, ORG Central Board for Secondary Education, ORG Nagpur University, ORG IB, ORG The International Baccalaureate, ORG Government, ORG Government Medical College, ORG Government Dental College, PER Stephen Hislop, ORG College of Agriculture, ORG CET, ORG CLAT, ORG GMCH, ORG Nagpur, ORG Maharashtra National Law University, LOC Main, ORG Indira Gandhi Government Medical College, ORG Maharashtra University of Health Sciences, ORG Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education, ORG Morris, ORG JEE, ORG GMAT, ORG ICSE, ORG CAT, ORG Indian Certificate of Secondary Education, ORG MHT, ORG All India Institute of Medical Sciences, ORG Vasantrao Naik Government Institute of Arts and Social Sciences, ORG NEET, ORG GATE, LOC Nagpur, ORG Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University, ORG Hislop College, ORG MBBS, LOC Central India, ORG Government Ayurvedic College, ORG NMC", "Response": "Nagpur is a major education hub in Central India.There are two types of schools in the city. NMC (Government) run schools and private schools run by trusts. These schools follow the 10+2+3/4 plan (15 years of schooling leading to the first degree), the first ten years constituting school education consisting of four years primary level, three years of upper primary level and three years of high school level with a public examination at the end of tenth class and 12th class constituting the Secondary and Higher Secondary Board Examination, respectively. This is followed by either a general degree course in a chosen field of study or a professional degree course, such as law, engineering and medicine. These schools are governed by either of the following boards: Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education, Central Board for Secondary Education (CBSE), Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE) and The International Baccalaureate (IB).\nAdmission to professional graduation colleges in Nagpur is through MHT-CET, JEE (Main), CAT, CLAT, GATE, CMAT, GMAT and NEET.\nNagpur has four state universities: Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University (founded in 1923 as Nagpur University, one of the oldest in the country and having more than 600 affiliated colleges), Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University, Kavikulaguru Kalidas Sanskrit University and Maharashtra National Law University.\nHislop College established in 1883 is one of the oldest college in Nagpur, named after Scottish missionary Stephen Hislop (1817\u20131863), who was a noted evangelist, educationist and geologist. Vasantrao Naik Government Institute of Arts and Social Sciences (established in 1885 as Morris college) is an old college in the city. College of Agriculture is another old college in the city, founded in 1906 by the then British Government. It is one of the first five agriculture colleges in the country.\nNagpur has four government medical colleges: Government Medical College, Indira Gandhi Government Medical College, Nagpur, Government Dental College and Government Ayurvedic College, and also a private MBBS institute, N. K. P. Salve Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center. Medical colleges in the city are affiliated to Maharashtra University of Health Sciences. All India Institute of Medical Sciences has been established in 2018 and it has started its classes from GMCH campus temporarily until its own campus gets constructed.\n\nMost engineering colleges in the city are affiliated with Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University. Laxminarayan Institute of Technology (established 1942) is a chemical engineering and technology institute located in Nagpur and managed directly by Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University. Government Polytechnic, Nagpur (established 1914) is one of the oldest polytechnic in India. Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, located in the city, is the only NIT in Maharashtra. Indian Institute of Information Technology has been established as a PPP with TCS and Ceinsys (erstwhile ADCC Infocad) as industry partners in 2016. Other prominent engineering colleges in the city include G. H. Raisoni College of Engineering Nagpur, Shri Ramdeobaba College of Engineering and Management, Kavikulguru Institute of Technology and Science, KDK College of Engineering, Yeshwantrao Chavan College of Engineering and Government College of Engineering, Cummins College Of Engineering For Women, Nagpur.Nagpur has two major management institutes, Indian Institute of Management established in 2015 and Institute of Management Technology, private management college, established in 2004. IIM, Nagpur initially started batches at VNIT Campus since the construction of the IIM building was ongoing at MIHAN. Former President Ramnath Kovind inaugurated the permanent campus of IIM Nagpur on 8 May 2022.  Symbiosis International University has its campus in the city which contains two of its institute namely Symbiosis Institute of Business Management and Symbiosis Law School. G.S. College of Commerce and Economics, established in 1945, is the first commerce institute in the region to get autonomous status.Nagpur also has other centrally funded institutes like National Power Training Institute, Central Institute for Cotton Research, Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research, Central Power Research Institute, National Academy of Direct Taxes, National Civil Defence College, National Research Centre for Citrus, Petroleum and Explosives Safety Organisation, and National Environmental Engineering Research Institute.\nGovernment Chitrakala Mahavidyalaya is also a premier institute in the city. Nagpur also has an IGNOU and YCMOU regional centre."}, {"Context": "Nagpur Cultural events and literature", "Knowledge": "ORG Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, PER Senasaheb Subha Chhatrapati Raghuji Bapusaheb Bhonsle III, ORG Government of, LOC Mominpura, ORG South -, ORG Vidarbha Rashtrabhasha Prachar Samiti, ORG Pune Film Foundation, LOC Maharashtra, ORG Saptak, LOC Hansapuri, LOC Central, LOC Jhajjar, LOC Nagpur Central Museum, LOC Masjid, PER Mohammad Saaduddin, PER Ghulam Ali, ORG Nagpur Municipal Corporation, LOC Yeshwant Stadium, ORG Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation, ORG Jhajjar Bagh, PER Kotwal, ORG Zone Cultural Centre, ORG Aadim Samvidhan Sanrakshan Samiti, LOC Vidarbha, PER Subedar, LOC India, ORG RTMNU, LOC Aina - e Mahal, LOC Nagpur, ORG Vidarbha Sahitya Sangh, PER Mohammad Saladuddin, ORG Sahitya, ORG Vidarbha", "Response": "The city contains people from other Indian states as well as people belonging to the world's major faiths, and yet is known for staying calm during communal conflicts in India. Nagpur plays host to cultural events throughout the year. Cultural and literary societies in Nagpur include Vidarbha Sahitya Sangh (for development of Marathi), Vidarbha Rashtrabhasha Prachar Samiti (promotion and spreading Hindi) and Vidarbha Hindi Sahitya Sammelan (for promoting Hindi). Marathi Sahitya Sammelan, the conference on Marathi Literature were held twice in Nagpur city. Nagpur also hosts the annual Orange City Literature festival since 2019 and Vidarbha Literary Fest since 2020, featuring local and international authors. Nagpur is the head office of Aadim Samvidhan Sanrakshan Samiti (working for the rights of scheduled tribes).\nThe South-Central Zone Cultural Centre also sponsors cultural events in Nagpur city, such as the Orange City Craft Mela and Folk Dance Festival, Vidarbha which is noted for its numerous folk-dances such as the human tiger. Newspapers are published from Nagpur in Marathi, English and Hindi. In addition, the Government of Maharashtra organises a week-long Kalidas Festival, a series of music and dance performances, by national level artists. Nagpur Municipal Corporation in partnership with Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation organises Nagpur Mohotsav at Yeshwant Stadium, in which many distinguish artists participate.  The Nagpur Municipal Corporation also organises the Orange City International Film Festival (OCIFF) annually, in association with Saptak, Pune Film Foundation, Vidarbha Sahitya Sangh, and Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University (RTMNU).The Nagpur Central Museum (est. 1863) maintains collections are mainly for Vidarbha region.\nThree brothers Ghulam Ali (Kotwal), Mohammad Saaduddin (Subedar) and Mohammad Saladuddin (Minister and Kotwal) from Jhajjar are remembered as great scholars of Urdu and Persian during the reign of Maharaja Senasaheb Subha Chhatrapati Raghuji Bapusaheb Bhonsle III. They founded 'Jhajjar Bagh' at Hansapuri (Now Mominpura). In this location, they built their residence 'Aina-e Mahal', a well and a Masjid (now Masjid Ahle Hadith). 'Jhajjar Bagh' also known as 'Subedar ka Bada' was located where nowadays Mohammad Ali Road at Mominpura, Jamia Masjid, Mohammad Ali Sarai and Furqania Madrasa are located.The state government has approved a new safari park of international standards besides Gorewada Lake. In 2013 NMC erected the gigantic Namantar Shahid Smarak in memory of Namantar Andolan martyrs.The Orange City LGBTQ Pride March is also held annually in Nagpur, along with the Nagpur LGBT Queer Carnival during the pride month"}, {"Context": "Nagpur Religious places and festivals", "Knowledge": "LOC Jama Masjid, LOC 1008 Shantinath Digamber Bhagwan, LOC Sri Poddareshwar Ram Mandir, LOC Dussera, LOC Mominpura, LOC Tajpur, LOC Bohri Jamatkhana, PER Ambedkar, LOC Dussehra, LOC Ladpura, LOC Diwali, LOC Dhamma Chakra Pravartan Din, LOC Tekdi Ganesh Mandir, LOC Kirana oli Jain, LOC Deekshabhoomi, LOC Durga Puja, LOC Itwari, LOC Sengan Jain, ORG Maharashtra Government, LOC Ganesh Chaturthi, LOC Shri Mahalaxmi Devi temple, LOC Holi, LOC Koradi, LOC Mahavir Jayanti, PER Tajuddin Muhammad Badruddin, LOC Tajabad, LOC Parwarpura Jain, LOC Swayambhu, LOC Guru Nanak Jayanti, LOC India, LOC Nagpur, LOC Moharram, LOC Durga puja, LOC Eid E Milad, LOC Vijayadashami, LOC Juna oli", "Response": "Deekshabhoomi, the largest hollow stupa or the largest dome shaped monument and an important place of the Buddhist movement is,  located in Nagpur. Every year on the day of Vijayadashami, i.e. Dussehra, followers of Ambedkar visit Deekshabhoomi to mark the conversion ceremony of Ambedkar and his followers in Nagpur into Buddhism that took place on 14 October 1956. It has been given 'A' grade tourist place status by Maharashtra Government in March 2016. 14 April, which is the birthdate of Ambedkar, is celebrated as Ambedkar Jayanti.\nJainism has a good presence in Nagpur. There are nearly 30 Jain temples. The old ones are Sengan Jain temple Ladpura, Parwarpura Jain temple, Kirana oli Jain temple, and Juna oli Jain temple. In west Nagpur Shri 1008 Shantinath Digamber Bhagwan temple is situated.\n\nThe most famous temple in Nagpur is Tekdi Ganesh Mandir, and is said to be one of the Swayambhu (\"self-manifested\") temples in the city. Sri Poddareshwar Ram Mandir and Shri Mahalaxmi Devi temple of Koradi are important Hindu temples.Religious events are observed in the city throughout the year. Ram Navami is celebrated in Nagpur with shobha yatra with a procession of floats depicting events from the Ramayana. Processions are also held on important festivals of other religions such as Dhamma Chakra Pravartan Din, Vijayadashami, Eid E Milad, Guru Nanak Jayanti, Mahavir Jayanti, Durga puja, Ganesh Chaturthi and Moharram. Like the rest of India, Nagpurkars celebrate major Hindu festivals like Diwali, Holi and Dussera with enthusiasm. Celebrations lasting for several days are held on Ganesh Chaturthi and Durga Puja festivals in virtually every small locality in the city.\n\nThe city also contains a sizeable Muslim population, and famous places of worship for Muslims include the Jama Masjid-Mominpura and Bohri Jamatkhana-Itwari. The most famous shrine (dargah) of Tajuddin Muhammad Badruddin is at Tajabad. Annual Urs is celebrated in great enthusiasm and unity on 26th of Muharram. Nagpur Is also called as Tajpur as the holy shirine of Sufi Saint Baba Tajuddin.\nThe St. Francis De Sales Cathedral is located in Sadar as well as the All Saints Cathedral church. There are many south Indian temples in Nagpur like Sarveshwara Devalayam, where all south Indian festivals are celebrated like Sitarama Kalyanam, Radha Kalyanam Dhanurmasa celebration with Andal Kalyanam, Balaji temple in seminary hills where every year Bramhotsavam to Lord Balaji and Lord Kartikeya is celebrated here. There are 2 Ayyapa temples, one at Ayyapa Nagar and the other at Harihara Nagar, Raghvendraswami Mutt, Murugananda Swami Temple at Mohan Nagar, Nimishamba Devi temple Subramanyiam devastanam at Sitabuldi and many more such south Indian temples are here in Nagpur as there is quite a good populations of south Indians in Nagpur.\n\nMarbat Festival is a unique festival for Nagpur and is organised every year a day after the bullock festival of 'Pola'. The tradition of taking out the Marbat processions of 'kali' (black) and 'pivli' (yellow) Marbats (idols), started in 1880 in the eastern part of the city. A number of 'badgyas' (mascots), representing contemporary symbols of evil, comprise another feature of the annual processions. This festival dates back to the 19th century when the Bhonsla dynasty ruled.There is a Parsi Zoroastrian Agiary (Dar-e-Meher) in Nagpur, where the Parsi New Year is celebrated by the Parsi community in Nagpur."}, {"Context": "Nagpur Arts and crafts", "Knowledge": "LOC Nagpur, ORG Royal House of the Bhonsales", "Response": "The tradition of painting in Nagpur was patronised by the Royal House of the Bhonsales as well as common people. Illustrated manuscripts, including of the Bhagavat, Jnaaneshwari, Shakuntala, and Geeta, and the folk patachitras related to some festivals are available besides murals. The community of artists was called chitaris (painters), and this community has today turned to sculpt.\nTextile was once an important industry in Nagpur. Good quality cotton was produced in abundant quantities thanks to a suitable soil and climate. With the introduction of the railways, cotton sales and goods transport flourished. Besides cotton textiles, silk and wool weaving was also practised in the district. Silk sarees and pagota, patka, dhoti, and borders were woven with the silk thread."}, {"Context": "Nagpur Cuisine", "Knowledge": "LOC Nagpur, LOC Mominpura, LOC Maharashtra, LOC Santra, LOC Vidharbha, PER Sanjeev Kapoor", "Response": "The Vidharbha region has its own distinctive cuisine known as the Varhadi cuisine or Saoji cuisine. Saoji or Savji cuisine was the main cuisine of the Savji community. This traditional food is famous for its spicy taste. The special spices used in the gravy include black pepper, dry coriander, bay leaves, grey cardamom, cinnamon, cloves, and ample use of poppy seeds. Non-vegetarian food especially chicken and mutton are commonly eaten in Saoji establishments in Nagpur. There are numerous Savji bhojanalays in Nagpur which are so popular in Maharashtra that the renowned Indian chef Sanjeev Kapoor once featured Savji mutton on one of his TV shows and the recipe is listed on his website. Nagpur is also famous for its oranges, which have some typical qualities have recently begun to attract international attention. Numerous beverages are made out of the oranges. Santra Barfi is also a famous dish, arising from orange which is produced locally in Nagpur. Mominpura is a majority Muslim area of the city and it is famous for its Mughal dishes and Biryani. The city is also famous for rare black chickens called Kadaknath Chicken which are cooked in varhadi style.Nagpur is also famous for tarri poha, a variety of flattened rice, and has many food joints; each having their own way of preparing and serving it. Samosas are also famous in Nagpur and is available at many restaurants and food spots. Another famous food is Patodi and Kadhi."}, {"Context": "Nagpur Tiger reserves", "Knowledge": "LOC India, LOC Tadoba National Park, LOC NH44, LOC Umred Karhandla Wildlife Sanctuary, LOC Nagpur, LOC Jabalpur, LOC Tiger, LOC Melghat Tiger Reserve, LOC Bor Wildlife Sanctuary, ORG Pench Tiger Reserve, LOC Kanha Tiger Reserve, LOC Gorewada, LOC Seminary Hills, LOC Navegaon National Park", "Response": "Nagpur is surrounded by many tiger reserves and acts as a gateway, hence called Tiger capital of India. Tiger reserves such as Pench Tiger Reserve is situated around 100 km from the city and can be reached through NH44 in Nagpur Jabalpur road. Tadoba National Park is situated south of the city and is around 141 km from the city. Umred Karhandla Wildlife Sanctuary, Bor Wildlife Sanctuary, Navegaon National Park, Melghat Tiger Reserve and Kanha Tiger Reserve are the other tiger reserves which are located at a radius of 200 km from the city. The city has its own reserved forest area at Seminary Hills and Gorewada."}, {"Context": "Nagpur Zoos, Gardens and Lakes", "Knowledge": "ORG MoEFCC, LOC Satpuda Botanical Garden, LOC Zilpi Lake, LOC Children ' s Traffic Park, ORG Central Zoo Authority, LOC Sonegaon, LOC Ambazari Garden, LOC Sitabuldi, LOC Sakkardara Lake, LOC Futala Lake, LOC Ambazari Lake, LOC Gorewada Lake, LOC Japanese Garden, ORG Essel Group, LOC Gorewada Zoo, LOC Telankhedi Garden, LOC Maharajbagh, ORG Forest Development Corporation of Maharashtra, LOC Shukrawari Lake, LOC Khindsi Lake", "Response": "Maharajbagh zoo is an existing zoo which is located in the heart of the city near Sitabuldi and consists of a variety of animals. The zoo is going through fund crunches and does not have a proper plan for which the Central Zoo Authority had derecognised the zoo in November 2018. Its recognition has since been extended under the directions from MoEFCC. Gorewada Zoo is an upcoming international zoo project which is being set up beside Gorewada Lake It is being jointly developed by Forest Development Corporation of Maharashtra and Essel Group.The city consist of various natural and man made lakes. Khindsi Lake, Ambazari Lake and Gorewada Lake are the natural lakes of the city while Futala Lake, Shukrawari Lake, Sakkardara Lake, Zilpi Lake and Sonegaon lake are the man made lakes. Futala Lake is being redeveloped and the world'd second largest Lighting and Musical fountain is constructed in the lake. It will be available for a public show on tickets. The city also has various gardens which consist of Ambazari Garden, Telankhedi Garden, Satpuda Botanical Garden, Japanese Garden and Children's Traffic Park."}, {"Context": "Nagpur Divyang Park", "Knowledge": "LOC Divyang Park, ORG of Social justice and Empowerment, LOC Maharashtra, PER Virendra Kumar, ORG Divyangjans, ORG Union", "Response": "Virendra Kumar, Union Minister of Social justice and Empowerment 26 August 2022 announced that the central government with the help of the state government will create Maharashtra's First ever \"Divyang Park\" and the procedure in this endeavor has started. This park will be peculiar and will have different types of facilities for Divyangjans such as textiles pathways, smell, and touch gardens, sensory gardens, Skill training facilities, sports, rehabilitation facilities, and infotainment."}, {"Context": "Nagpur Religious places", "Knowledge": "LOC Dragon Palace, LOC Savner, LOC Ramtek, LOC Dragon Palace Temple, LOC Gurudwara Guru Nanak Darbar, LOC Swayambhu temple, LOC Ramtek Fort Temple, LOC Adasa Ganpati Temple, LOC Deekshabhoomi, LOC Balaji Temple, PER Lord Ganesha, LOC Sai Baba Mandir, LOC Nagpur Railway Station, LOC Shri Shantinath Digambar Jain Mandir, LOC All Saints Cathedral, LOC Kamptee, LOC Koradi, LOC Telankhedi Hanuman Temple, LOC Shri Poddareshwar Ram Temple, PER B. R. Ambedkar, LOC Baba Tajjuddin Dargah, LOC Vidarbha, LOC India, LOC Nagpur, LOC Shree Ganesh Mandir Tekdi, PER Ram Nath Kovind, LOC Wardha, LOC Koradi Temple, LOC Swaminarayan Temple", "Response": "Nagpur boasts many religious structures that hold importance for differing religious beliefs. Deekshabhoomi and Dragon Palace are important religious places for Buddhists across India and the world. Deekshabhoomi is the place where B. R. Ambedkar with millions of his followers embraced Buddhism in the year 1956. Dragon Palace Temple is situated at Kamptee which is around 15 km (9.3 mi) from the city. It also has a state of the art Vipassana centre which was inaugurated by President of India Ram Nath Kovind on 22 September 2017. Other prominent religious structures include Ramtek Fort Temple at Ramtek which is a temple built inside a fort and is 55 km (34 mi) away from Nagpur, Adasa Ganpati Temple located near Savner is one of the eight Ashta Vinayaks in Vidarbha, Baba Tajjuddin Dargah, Shri Shantinath Digambar Jain Mandir at Ramtek, Shree Ganesh Mandir Tekdi, located near Nagpur Railway Station and one of the Swayambhu temple of Lord Ganesha, Sai Baba Mandir at Wardha road, Telankhedi Hanuman Temple, Swaminarayan Temple, Koradi Temple, located at Koradi, Shri Poddareshwar Ram Temple, Balaji Temple, All Saints Cathedral and Gurudwara Guru Nanak Darbar."}, {"Context": "Nagpur Museums", "Knowledge": "LOC Dwarka River Farms, LOC Fun N Food Village, LOC High Land Park, LOC Amusement Park, LOC Nagpur Central Museum, LOC Science on a Sphere, LOC Narrow Gauge Rail Museum, LOC Fun Planet, LOC Central India, LOC Raman Science Centre", "Response": "The city also has some museums which are Nagpur Central Museum and Narrow Gauge Rail Museum. Raman Science Centre is a premium Science Centre of Central India, that has of late become a must see feature on the city's tourist landscape with many scientific experimental edutainment installations which also has a planetarium and a unique facility called the Science on a Sphere inside. Amusement parks such as Fun N Food Village, High Land Park, Fun Planet and Dwarka River Farms and Amusement Park are located in the city."}, {"Context": "Nagpur Sports", "Knowledge": "ORG IFFC, ORG Western India Football Association, ORG Deccan Chargers, LOC Wardha Road, ORG BCCI, LOC Maharashtra, ORG Board of Control for Cricket, ORG Vidarbha Hockey Association, ORG Lokmat Group, ORG NDFA, LOC Vidarbha Hockey Association Stadium, LOC Yeshwant Stadium, LOC Wardha road, ORG Vidarbha Cricket Association, ORG Mohali, LOC Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium, ORG Hockey India, ORG Nagpur District Football Association, LOC Vidarbha, LOC Jamtha, ORG VCA, LOC Vidarbha Cricket Association Ground, LOC India, LOC Nagpur, LOC Civil Lines, ORG Kings XI Punjab, ORG Vidarbha, ORG Indian Friends Football Club", "Response": "Nagpur is a big center for cricket in Vidarbha owing to the presence of the Vidarbha Cricket Association. Vidarbha Cricket Association (VCA) is the governing body of cricket activities in the Vidarbha region in Maharashtra. It is affiliated to the Board of Control for Cricket in India. Nagpur is one of the few Indian cities that has more than one international cricket stadium, the older one being the Vidarbha Cricket Association Ground situated in Civil Lines, and the new one, the Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium, inaugurated in 2008 is situated in Jamtha, Wardha Road on the outskirts of the city.Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium has been built on Wardha road with a seating capacity of 45,000 people at a cost of \u20b975 crore (US$9.4 million). It is one of the fifteen test cricket venues in the country. Vidarbha Cricket Association Ground has been the venue for the 1987 Reliance World Cup and 1996 Wills World Cup. Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium has been the venue for the 2011 Cricket World Cup and 2016 ICC World Twenty20. The stadium also hosts certain matches of the Indian Premier League and had been the home city for the now defunct Deccan Chargers in the 2010 season and was also the home city for Kings XI Punjab along with Mohali in the 2016 season. Vidarbha Cricket Association also has a cricket academy at the main centre in Vidarbha Cricket Association Ground and three more centres. It also has its own cricket teams which play in various formats as mandated by BCCI. The Vidarbha cricket team had won the Ranji Trophy and Irani Cup consecutively in 2017-18 and 2018-19 season.\n\nVidarbha Hockey Association is a body governing field hockey in the Vidarbha Region and is affiliated to Hockey India as an associate member. Vidarbha Hockey Association Stadium is the hockey ground owned and managed by Vidarbha Hockey Association.\nNagpur District Football Association(NDFA) is the district governing body for football in Nagpur, Maharashtra and is affiliated with the Western India Football Association, the state sports governing body. The Nagpur District Football Association is a district level football body and conducts various matches among the schools and clubs. It has its own league. NDFA Elite division Champions League, another football tournament, was held at Nagpur annually since 2010 until 2014 by Lokmat Group in Yeshwant Stadium.   Indian Friends Football Club(IFFC), Rabbani, Rahul CLub and Young Muslim Football Club (YMFC) are renowned football clubs in the city. Other clubs include, Rabbani Club, Rahul Club, City Police, South East Central Railway, Qidwai Club, SRPF, New Globe and City Club. Nagpur FC has its own Football Academy in Dhanwate National College, Congress Nagar. Slum Soccer is a social initiative started by Vijay Barse for young runaways and former drug addicts to rehabilitate them through football.Badminton tournaments in the city are organised by Nagpur District Badminton Association (NDBA) which is affiliated to Maharashtra Badminton Association which in turn is a member of Badminton Association of India. Nagpur District Table Tennis Association organises table tennis tournaments at district level and is affiliated to Maharashtra Table Tennis Association. The city also has a divisional sports complex which consist of Indoor stadium and other gymnastic facilities.The city's major indoor arena is Vivekananda Nagar Indoor Sports Complex located near Mankapur.  The arena hosts several political events, concerts and sports events like badminton, basketball, lawn tennis.\nThe city also has various running events, for general public, organised by various institutions."}, {"Context": "Nagpur Media", "Knowledge": "ORG Lord Buddha TV, ORG Loksatta, ORG Divya Marathi, ORG Dis, ORG My FM, ORG DD Sahyadri, ORG Awaaz India TV, LOC Maharashtra, ORG Mirchi Love FM, ORG Airtel, ORG All India Radio, ORG Big FM, ORG Employment News, ORG Gyan Vani, ORG BCN, ORG Nava RashtraSakal, ORG Tarun Bharat, PER Gopal Krishna Gokhale, ORG The Times of India, ORG Punya Nagari, ORG Red FM, ORG Maharashtra Times, ORG Sakal, ORG DD Free Dish, ORG Radio Mirchi, ORG 6, ORG In Cable, ORG Nagpur Today News, ORG The Economic Times, ORG Radio City, ORG DD National, ORG GTPL, ORG Diamond Cable Network, ORG UCN, ORG Lokmat Samachar, ORG Government of India, ORG The Indian Express, LOC Nagpur, ORG asNava Bharat, ORG Dainik Bhaskar, LOC Civil Lines, ORG Doordarshan, ORG Hitavada, ORG Vividh Bharati, LOC Central India, ORG DD News", "Response": "The Hitavada is the largest selling broadsheet English daily newspaper of Central India. It was founded in 1911 by freedom fighter Gopal Krishna Gokhale in Nagpur. Other English dailies circulated in the city include The Times of India, The Indian Express, The Economic Times and Marathi dailies circulated in city include Nava RashtraSakal. Lokmat'newspaper in Nagpur,'Tarun Bharat, Deshonatti, Maharashtra Times, Punya Nagari, Lokshahi is Marathi news channel in Maharashtra, Sakal, Nagpur-news.in, Nagpur Today News, Divya Marathi and Loksatta are other Marathi dailies available. Hindi newspapers such asNava Bharat, Dainik Bhaskar and Lokmat Samachar are also circulated. Employment News, which is published weekly, is also circulated in Hindi, English and Urdu.All India Radio is the oldest radio broadcaster in the city and has its office in the Civil Lines area. Vividh Bharati, the entertainment radio station, and Gyan Vani, the educational radio station, are the FM radio stations of All India Radio and are available in the frequency 100.6 FM & 107.8 FM, respectively. Other private FM broadcasting channels with their frequencies include Radio City at 91.1 FM, Red FM at 93.5 FM, My FM at 94.3 FM, Radio Mirchi at 98.3 FM, Mirchi Love FM at 91.9 FM and Big FM at 92.7 FM.Television broadcasting in Nagpur began on 15 August 1982 with the launch of Doordarshan, the Government of India's public service broadcaster. It transmits DD National and DD News, which are free-to-air terrestrial television channels and one regional satellite channel called DD Sahyadri. Private satellite channels started in the 1990s.:\u200a6\u200a Lord Buddha TV and Awaaz India TV are Free-to-air television which are based in the city and are available in various cable operators and DTH platforms Satellite TV channels are accessible via cable subscription, direct-broadcast satellite services or internet-based television. Cable TV operators or multi system operators in the city include UCN, GTPL, In Cable, BCN and Diamond Cable Network. All the DTH operators in the country are available in the city viz. Airtel digital TV, DD Free Dish, Dish TV, Sun Direct, D2h and Tata Play.The city also has its own Regional DTH operator UCN which serves the Vidarbha region of Maharashtra headquartered in the city itself.Broadband Internet service is available in the city and is provided by various Internet service providers. Wi-Fi is available in major educational institutions and certain areas in the city, including government institutions under Smart City plan by NSSCDCL. As of 2023, 3G services in the city are provided by BSNL, Airtel and Vodafone Idea Limited while 4G services in the city are provided by Airtel, Jio, Vodafone Idea Limited and BSNL. and 5G services in the city are provided by Airtel and Jio"}, {"Context": "Nagpur Rail", "Knowledge": "LOC Itwari Railway Station, LOC South, ORG Indian Railways, LOC Itwari, LOC Motibagh, LOC Lucknow, LOC Bombay, LOC Calcutta, LOC Ajni, LOC Northern, LOC North Eastern, PER Frank, LOC Godhani, LOC Bhusaval, LOC Garib, LOC Ajni Railway Station, LOC Kalamna, LOC India, LOC Nagpur, ORG East Central Railway Zone, ORG Central Railway", "Response": "Railways started in Nagpur way back in 1867 when portion of Bombay-Bhusaval-Nagpur line was opened for traffic and train service from Nagpur to Calcutta was started in 1881. Today, a total of 254 trains stop at Nagpur railway station. These include passenger, express, mail, Duronto, Rajdhani, Garib Rath trains. Of these 65 are daily trains and 22 terminate/originate from Nagpur. Almost 1.6 lakh passengers board/leave Nagpur Railway Station Nagpur railway station, one of the oldest and busiest Stations of India was inaugurated in its present from on 15 January 1925 by the then Governor Sir Frank. Apart from the Nagpur railway station, Ajni Railway Station and Itwari Railway Station are the important stations of the city. Other railway stations in the city include Ajni, Motibagh, Kalamna, Itwari and Godhani. Nagpur-Ajni rail route which is just three km (1.9 mi) long, is the shortest train run in Indian Railways primarily meant for crew to travel from Nagpur station to the workshop at Ajni.The city is the divisional headquarters for the Central Railway and South East Central Railway Zone of Indian Railways. Nagpur is a city with two divisional headquarters, a rare distinction it shares with Lucknow, which has headquarters for two different divisions in Northern Railway zone and North Eastern Railway zone."}, {"Context": "Nagpur Nagpur Metro Rail", "Knowledge": "ORG Nagpur Metro, ORG Nagpur Metro Rail Corporation Ltd., PER Narendra Modi, PER Devendra Fadnavis, ORG Nagpur Improvement Trust, PER Nitin Gadkari, LOC Maharashtra, ORG Maharashtra Metro Rail Corporation Limited", "Response": "The Nagpur Metro project was announced by the state government of Maharashtra with the expenses of INR 4,400 Cr and 3,800 Cr for its first phase which consists of two corridors \u2013 north\u2013south corridor and east\u2013west corridor of 39.4 km (24.5 mi).The site inspection began in March 2012 with initiatives from Nagpur Improvement Trust. The project is executed by a SPV called Maharashtra Metro Rail Corporation Limited (erstwhile Nagpur Metro Rail Corporation Ltd.). In July 2015, the project was approved by the government of Maharashtra. Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated operations on Nagpur Metro on 7 March 2019 via video conferencing along with Maharashtra Chief Minister Devendra Fadnavis and Union Cabinet Minister Nitin Gadkari.On 15 August 2022, Nagpur Metro made the record for single-day ridership of 90,758 passengers."}, {"Context": "Nagpur Nagpur broad-gauge Metro Rail", "Knowledge": "LOC Nagpur, LOC Bhandara, LOC Narkhed, LOC Wardha, LOC Ramtek", "Response": "The Nagpur broad-gauge Metro is a commuter rail project planned Nagpur and extending up to adjacent districts of Wardha and Bhandara. The project is estimated to cost INR 418 Cr and consists of four routes, each originating from Nagpur and terminating at Narkhed, Ramtek, Wardha and Bhandara."}, {"Context": "Nagpur Road", "Knowledge": "LOC National, LOC Sri Lanka, LOC Savner, LOC Solapur, ORG MSRTC, LOC Kharagpur, ORG Aapli Bus, ORG NHAI, LOC Dhule, LOC Mumbai, LOC Asian, LOC Matara, LOC NH, LOC Latur, LOC Tuljapur, LOC Sitabuldi, ORG Nagpur Municipal Corporation, LOC Ganeshpeth, LOC Narsinghpur, ORG Nagpur, LOC Bamanbore, LOC Yavatmal, LOC Sangli, LOC Gujarat, LOC Aurangabad, LOC Butibori, LOC Chhindwara, ORG Sthanak, LOC Kolkata, LOC Vidarbha, ORG Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation, LOC India, LOC Nanded, LOC Nagpur, LOC Jhansi Rani Square, LOC Kolhapur, LOC Srinagar, LOC MorBhawan, LOC Kanyakumari, LOC Wardha, LOC Agra", "Response": "Nagpur is a major junction for roadways as India's two major national highways, Srinagar-Kanyakumari (National Highway 44) and Mumbai-Kolkata (National Highway 53 pass through the city. National Highway 47 connects Nagpur to Bamanbore in Gujarat. Nagpur is at the junction of two Asian Highways namely AH43 Agra to Matara, Sri Lanka and AH46 connecting Kharagpur, India to Dhule, India. The highway to Mumbai via Aurangabad, a shorter route, was re-built on the national highway basis. This highway significantly reduces the distance travelled by NH 6 and NH 3 between two cities. In 2009, NHAI announced the extension of the existing NH 204 to Nagpur via Kolhapur-Sangli- Solapur-Tuljapur-Latur-Nanded-Yavatmal-Wardha and connecting it to the NH-7 at Butibori near Nagpur. The entire NH 204 highway has been included in the national highway mega projects for upgradation to 4-lanes, which is now completed. One more national highway NH-547 Savner-Chhindwara-Narsinghpur has connected with NH 47 at Savner near Nagpur providing another optional connectivity with the northern part of India.\nMaharashtra State Road Transport Corporation (MSRTC) runs cheaper transport service for intercity, interstate, and intrastate travel. It has two bus stations in Nagpur: Nagpur Bus Sthanak (CBS-1) at Ganeshpeth and MorBhawan (CBS-2) at Jhansi Rani Square, Sitabuldi. It operates 1600 daily services from CBS-1 to long and short distances within the state and to places in other surrounding states. It also operates 750 daily services from CBS-2 to short distances within Vidarbha.\nThe Nagpur Municipal Corporation through its bus operators (three red and one green) plies 487 buses, by which over 1.60 lakh people commute. The city bus operation is named as Aapli Bus (your bus). The operators consist of diesel, ethanol and CNG run buses. A total of 5,500 trips of 123 routes are covered by city buses. A common mobility card, called MAHA-CARD, has also been issued which will help people commute with buses and  the metro rail. A Green bus project featuring India's first ethanol-powered buses was established in August 2014.Nagpur is connected directly with Shirdi with the help of Mumbai\u2013Nagpur Expressway, since December 2021. After the expressway gets fully completed by December 2023, Nagpur will be directly connected with the state capital, Mumbai. Other expressways which will link Nagpur in the coming years are Nagpur\u2013Goa Expressway, Nagpur\u2013Hyderabad\u2013Bengaluru Expressway and Hyderabad\u2013Nagpur\u2013Indore Expressway.\nOther local transport include Autorickshaws and private taxi operators under Ola Cabs and Uber cabs."}, {"Context": "Nagpur Air transport", "Knowledge": "LOC Indore, ORG Qatar Airways, LOC Delhi, ORG Airports Authority of India, LOC Mumbai, LOC Bangalore, ORG Star Air, LOC Sharjah, LOC Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport, LOC Lucknow, LOC Hyderabad, ORG IndiGo, ORG Go First, LOC NAG, ORG Air Arabia, ORG Air India, LOC Doha, ORG INDRA, LOC Nagpur Airport, ORG VANP, LOC Belagavi, LOC Chennai, LOC Kolkata, LOC Pune, ORG ATC, LOC India, ORG Mihan India Private Limited, LOC Nagpur, LOC Ahmedabad, ORG MIPL, LOC Sonegaon Airport", "Response": "Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport (IATA: NAG, ICAO: VANP) is operated by Mihan India Private Limited (MIPL) and owned by Airports Authority of India.Nagpur's Air Traffic Control (ATC) is the busiest in India, with more than 300 flights flying over the city every day in 2004. In October 2005, Nagpur's Sonegaon Airport was declared an international airport and was renamed Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport.Nagpur is well connected by direct flights to Mumbai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Lucknow, Kolkata, Bangalore, Pune, Chennai, Indore, Ahmedabad and Belagavi operated by Air India, IndiGo, Go First and Star Air. Air Arabia operates a 4 times a week to and fro flight between Nagpur and Sharjah and Qatar Airways operates a daily direct flight to and from Doha.The Nagpur Airport has received Special Achievement Award 2012\u20132013 from Airports Authority of India. Nagpur became the first airport in India to commission the INDRA system and also has ADS-B system. No other airport in the country had commissioned INDRA yet. Nagpur Airport became the first airport in the country to receive an ISO 27000 certificate. In fact, Nagpur is not only the first in India but also the first in world to be certified for Air navigation service provider (ANSP). There are seven airports in the world which have ISO 27000, but none of them have it for ANSP.The government of India has identified Nagpur Airport as one of the safe airports for diverted flights and emergency landing. In fact, many flights have used the airport during emergencies. This is because all international and domestic airlines had already been informed by the government to go to Nagpur during emergencies. The availability of excellent fire fighting equipment, air traffic control equipment with latest radar, along with availability of good hospitals and hotels in the city, made the airport a good choice during emergencies.Nagpur Airport has an annual capacity of 10 lakh passengers, but it handles more passengers than its capacity. Airport expansion and improvement of service is in the cards and privatisation of the airport has been proposed by the government."}, {"Context": "Nagpur Sister cities", "Knowledge": "LOC Jinan, LOC Shandong, LOC China", "Response": "Jinan, Shandong, China"}, {"Context": "Nainital Introduction", "Knowledge": "LOC Himalayas, LOC India, LOC Nainital, LOC Kumaon, ORG High Court, LOC Dehradun, LOC Raj Bhavan, LOC New Delhi, LOC Naina Peak, LOC Deopatha, LOC Ayarpatha, LOC Naint\u0101l, LOC Uttarakhand, LOC United Provinces, LOC Jagbeer", "Response": "Nainital (Kumaoni: Naint\u0101l; pronounced [n\u025bn\u02d0ta\u02d0l]) is a city and headquarters of Nainital district of Kumaon division, Uttarakhand, India. It is the judicial capital of Uttarakhand, the High Court of the state being located there and is the headquarters of an eponymous district. It also houses the Governor of Uttarakhand, who resides in the Raj Bhavan. Nainital was the summer capital of the United Provinces.\nNainital is located in the Kumaon foothills of the Jagbeer Himalayas at a distance of 285 km (177 mi) from the state capital Dehradun and 345 km (214 mi) from New Delhi, the capital of India. Situated at an altitude of 1,938 metres (6,358 ft) above sea level, the city is set in a valley containing an eye-shaped lake, approximately two miles in circumference, and surrounded by mountains, of which the highest are Naina Peak (2,615 m (8,579 ft)) on the north, Deopatha (2,438 m (7,999 ft)) on the west, and Ayarpatha (2,278 m (7,474 ft)) on the south. From the tops of the higher peaks, \"magnificent views can be obtained of the vast plain to the south, or of the mass of tangled ridges lying north, bound by the great snowy range which forms the central axis of the Himalayas.\" The hill station attracts tourists round the year."}, {"Context": "Nainital Topography", "Knowledge": "LOC Himalayas, LOC Handibandi, LOC India, LOC Devpata, LOC Nainital, LOC Kumaon, LOC Ayarpata, LOC Chini, LOC Naina Peak, LOC Nainital Lake, LOC Sher ka Danda, LOC Balia Nala, LOC Alma, LOC New Delhi, LOC Dehradun, LOC Lariya Kanta, LOC Pashandevi", "Response": "The town of Nainital covers a total area of 11.73 km2 (4.53 sq mi), and is located at 29.38\u00b0N 79.45\u00b0E\ufeff / 29.38; 79.45, at an average elevation of 2,084 metres (6,837 ft) above sea level. The slopes of the nearby mountains are most populated, with an altitude ranging from 1,940\u20132,100 m (6,360\u20136,890 ft). The highest point nearby is the Naina Peak, with an height of 2,619 m (8,593 ft). The town is located in the Kumaon foothills of the outer Himalayas at a distance of 285 km (177 mi) from the state capital Dehradun and 345 km (214 mi) from New Delhi, the capital of India.\n\nThe town is set in a valley around the Nainital Lake - an eye-shaped lake, which is located at an altitude of 1,940 m (6,350 ft) from sea level. The lake is 1,433 m (1,567 yd) long and 463 m (506 yd) wide, and is approximately two miles in circumference. The bed of the lake is at a depth of 85 m (93 yd) near Pashandevi, the deepest point of the lake. The lake is deduced to have been formed tectonically. Balia Nala, which is the main stream feeding the lake is along a fault line and the subsequent streams align parallel to major joints and faults. 26 major drains feed the lake including the 3 perennial drains.\nNainital is surrounded by the mountains of Ayarpata (2,344 m (7,689 ft)), Devpata (2,435 m (7,989 ft)), Handibandi (2,180 m (7,153 ft)), Chini, (2,612 m (8,568 ft)), Alma (2,430 m (7,980 ft)), Lariya Kanta (2,482 m (8,144 ft)) and Sher ka Danda (2,398 m (7,869 ft))."}, {"Context": "Nainital Geology", "Knowledge": "LOC Nainital, LOC Tal, LOC Alma, LOC Krol", "Response": "The Krol group of rocks, comprising slates, marls, sandstones, limestones and dolomites with a few small dykes intrusives, is the dominant geological formation of Nainital's surroundings, although, Nodules, laminae and stringers of phosphatic material, followed upward by the purple-green shales intercalated with muddy fine-grained sandstone and siltstone; recognised as the Tal Formation; are also prevalent. The region has a complex geological framework; the rocks are fragile and newly formed. The town is completely located in the catchment area of the Nainital lake, which has highly folded and faulted rocks due to polyphase deformation.\nLandslides are a frequent occurrence in the hill slopes surrounding the lake, which are steep. The slopes are highly vulnerable to landslides and mass movement due to various geological and human factors. The first known landslip occurred in Nainital in 1866 on Alma hill, and in 1879 there was a larger one at the same spot. The greatest landslide in Nainital occurred on 18 September 1880, on the slope which rising from the north of the flats ends at Alma peak, and resulted in 151 people being buried under the debris. Another heavy landslip occurred on 17 August 1898 outside the Nainital valley."}, {"Context": "Nainital Climate", "Knowledge": "LOC Nainital", "Response": "Nainital experiences a subtropical highland climate (Cwb) according to K\u00f6ppen\u2013Geiger climate classification system as the town's climate is influenced by the elevation. The town is a bit dry during winter and very wet during summer due to South Asian monsoon system. The lowest precipitation total occurs in November with total 7.9 millimetres (0.31 in), while the highest precipitation total occurs in July with total 725 millimetres (28.5 in). Like most places in temperate region, Nainital has relatively cool summer. The hottest month is July with temperature ranging from 16.4 \u00b0C (61.5 \u00b0F) to 23.5 \u00b0C (74.3 \u00b0F), while the coldest month is January with temperature ranging from 1.7 \u00b0C (35.1 \u00b0F) to 10.7 \u00b0C (51.3 \u00b0F). The highest temperature ever recorded in Nainital was 30 \u00b0C (86 \u00b0F) recorded on 18 June 1972, while the lowest temperature was \u22125.6 \u00b0C (21.9 \u00b0F) recorded on 17 January 1953.The winter season in Nainital commences by mid-November and lasts till mid-March. The temperature gradually declines from the month of November onwards and January is the coldest month. Frost and mist are common features in the months of December and January. Occasionally widespread rainfall also occurs due to western disturbance, with snow occurring on peaks higher than 2000m. The winter rainfall is sometimes associated with cyclonic activities. The temperature, however, shows an increasing trend by the end of February or the first half of March. By mid-March, there is a progressive rise in temperature, which indicates the onset of the summer season. While days get slightly warmer; the nights continue to be cool. There is a constant increase in temperature during May and early June when the highest temperature is recorded. The months of March and April are also associated with the occurrence of hailstorms, which brings a short spell of cold.\nThe onset of the summer in the hills is relatively earlier than the plains and is also very lengthy and humid. The mean temperature in July and August goes down and humidity rises abruptly during this season. The monsoon usually begins by mid-May when the rain strikes and continue until mid-October. Nainital, due to its proximity to the outermost high ranges of the Himalaya, receives high annual rainfall. Generally, by mid-September, the monsoon gets weakened and rain occurs generally after long intervals. With the retreat of the monsoon, the winds blow in a reverse direction. The weather during the post-monsoon months is characterized by bright skies. It is in fact a transition between the rains and the winters and with reduced rainfall, the monthly temperature records a progressive decline till mid-January."}, {"Context": "Nainital Flora and fauna", "Knowledge": "LOC Nainital", "Response": "The areas around Nainital (in the middle Himalayan ranges up to 2,000 m (6,600 ft), a temperate zone), is rich in flora  (typical temperate climate plants) and fauna. The trees and bushes grown in the region (lake's basin) with their botanical and common Indian names (in parenthesis) are : Quercus leucotrichophora Oak (Banj), Aesculus indica (Pangar or Horse chestnuts), Juglans regia (Akhrot or walnut), Populus ciliata (Hill Pipal, a sacred tree), Fraxinus micrantha (Ash tree or Angu), Platanus orientalis (Chinar), Rubus lasiocarpus (Hisalu), Rosa moschata (Kunj or Musk rose), Berberis asiatica (Kilmora), Cupressus torulosa (Surai or Himalayan cypress), Rhododendron arboreum (Buruns), Cedrus deodara (Deodar), Salix acmophylla  (Weeping Willow), and Pinus (Pine).Several species of medicinal flora and horticulture plants have also been found in the lake. The Aquatic Macrophytic vegetation include Potamogeton pectinatus, Potamogeton crispus, Polygonum glabrum, Polygonum amphibium and Polygonum hydropiper (Water pepper). The fishes found in the lake are generally carps Mahseer, and the mirror carp which breed several times during one spawning season during May to September. Two species of Mahaseer fish viz., Tor tor: The red finned mahseer and the Tor putitora: The yellow finned mahseer, a food fish which grows to varying sizes from 20 to 60 cm (7.87 to 23.62 inches) are found. Three species of Hill Trout are found in the lake: the Schizothorax sinuatus, Schizothorax richardsoni and Schizothorax plagiostornus. The imported fish bred in the lake is Mirror carp or Cyprinus carpio. Gambusia affinis also called Mosquitofish has been introduced in the lake as a biocontrol measure to control Mosquito larvae."}, {"Context": "Nainital Demographics", "Knowledge": "LOC Nainital, LOC Uttarakhand", "Response": "As of the 2011 Indian census, Nainital had a population of 41,377. Males constitute 52.3% of the population and females 47.7%, which gives the town a sex ratio of 911 women per every 1000 men, which is less than the Uttarakhand state average of 963 women per every 1000 men. The population density was 3527.45 people per square km. There were 9,329 housing units in the town at an average density of 795.31 households per square km. 9.54% of the population is under 6 years of age. In 2011, Nainital had an average literacy rate of 92.93%, higher than the Uttarakhand state average of 78.82% - around 96.09% males and 89.47% females in the town are literate.A special Census taken in September 1880, at the height of the tourism season, returned a total population of 10,054 for the town. However, the official Census in February 1881 returned the population, then at its lowest, at 6,576. The population slightly rose in the following decade, rising to 8,455 in 1891. After dropping to 7,609 in 1901, it remained steady in the coming two decades; 10,270 in 1911 and 11,230 in 1921. The population took another drop, when the 1931 and 1941 censuses returned a population of 9,741 and 9,539 respectively, but has seen a continuous rise since then, with subsequent census reports returning a population of 12350 in 1951, 14495 in 1961, 23986 in 1971, 24835 in 1981, 29837 in 1991, 38630 in 2001, and 41377 in 2011.\n\nHinduism is the largest religion in Nainital, with 85.61% of residents identifying as Hindus in the 2011 Census. The town's religious profile is highly diverse, Nainital has a significant number of people from Muslim, Sikh and Christian communities. Islam is second most popular religion in town of Nainital with approximately 11.91% following it. Christianity is followed by 0.92%, Jainism by 0.01%, Sikhism by 0.75% and Buddhism by 0.77%. Approximately 0.02% of the population were either atheists or followed 'no particular religion'. Nainital in 1880 had a population of 10,054, which consisted of 6,862 Hindus, 1,748 Muslims, 1,348 Europeans, 34 Eurasians, 57 Native Christians and 5 \u2018others\u2019. Kumaonis form the major part of the town's population along with people from all over India.\nA person from Nainital is called Naint\u0101lw\u0101l in Kumaoni. W\u0101l is the Kumaoni term for resident."}, {"Context": "Nainital Languages", "Knowledge": "", "Response": "Hindi is the official language, while Sanskrit is the additional official language of the town.Kumaoni is the native language and is the most spoken language in the town. Hindi and English also serve as lingua franca between locals and tourists/outsiders."}, {"Context": "Nainital Mythology", "Knowledge": "PER Shiva, PER Vishnu, PER Sati, PER Nain, PER Shakti, LOC Sudarshana Chakra, LOC Naini Mata Temple, LOC Naini Lake, LOC Nain - tal, PER Goddess, LOC Naina Devi Temple", "Response": "It is believed that the Naini Lake is one of the 51 Shakti Peeths, based on the story of the death of the goddess Sati. Out of grief and sorrow, Shiva carried Sati's body, reminiscing about their moments as a couple, and roamed around the universe with it. Vishnu had cut her body into 52 body parts, using his Sudarshana Chakra, which fell on Earth to become sacred sites where all the people can pay homage to the Goddess. The spot where Sati's right eye (or Nain) fell, came to be called Nain-tal or lake of the eye. The goddess Shakti is worshiped at the Naina Devi Temple, known by locals as Naini Mata Temple on the north shore of the present day lake."}, {"Context": "Nainital Early History", "Knowledge": "LOC Bhimtal, LOC Kingdom, PER Katyuri, LOC Ramgarh, PER Chand, PER Balo Kalyan Chand, LOC Koshi, LOC Nainital, LOC Kumaon, PER Trilok Chand, LOC Suyal, PER Udyan Chand, LOC Kota, LOC Khasia, ORG Khasiya, PER Khasiya, PER Kirat Chand, PER Katyuris", "Response": "Nainital has historically been a part of the Kumaon region. After the fall of Katyuri Dynasty in 10th century, Kumaon was divided into several small princely states, and the region around Nainital was under various branches of a Khasiya family. The first dynasty to achieve consolidated dominance over Kumaon after the Katyuris was the Chand dynasty, but it took many centuries and Nainital and its surroundings were one of the last areas to be absorbed. Trilok Chand had built a fort at Bhimtal in the thirteenth century, But at that time, Nainital itself was not under the Chand rule, and was situated near the western border of the Kingdom. During the reign of Udyan Chand, the western boundary of the Chand kingdom extended to the Koshi and Suyal rivers, but Ramgarh and Kota were still under the former Khasia rule. Kirat Chand, who ruled from 1488 to 1503 was finally able to establish authority over Nainital and the surrounding region. The Khasia chiefs made an attempt to regain their independence in 1560, when they enjoyed a brief moment of success under the leadership of a Khasiya of Ramgarh, but were later subdued with ruthlessness by Balo Kalyan Chand."}, {"Context": "Nainital Founding and the landslip of 1880", "Knowledge": "LOC Naini Tal, LOC Anyar -, PER P. Barron, LOC Alma Hill, LOC Shahjahanpur, LOC Deopatta, LOC Cottage, ORG Belvedere, LOC Victoria, LOC Nainital, LOC Pilgrim Lodge, LOC China, LOC Alma, ORG Ashdale, ORG Bengal Artillery, LOC Kumaon Hills, PER Madden, LOC Anyarpatta Aashish, LOC Himalayas, LOC St. John, LOC Kumaoni, LOC Wilderness, LOC United Provinces", "Response": "The Kumaon Hills came under British rule after the Anglo-Nepalese War (1814\u201316). The hill station town of Naini Tal was founded only in 1841, with the construction of the first European house (Pilgrim Lodge) by P. Barron, a sugar trader from Shahjahanpur. In his memoir, he wrote: \"It is by far the best site I have witnessed in the course of a 1,500 miles (2,400 km) trek in the Himalayas.\" In 1846, when a Captain Madden of the Bengal Artillery visited Naini Tal, he recorded that \"houses were rapidly springing up in most parts of the settlement: some towards the crest of the military ranges were nearly 7,500 ft (2,300 m) above sea level: the rugged and woody Anyarpatta \nAashish\n(Anyar-patt \u2013 in Kumaoni means \u2013 complete blackout. The reason for this nomenclature by the locals was because there were minimal sun rays due to its location and dense forests) was being gradually planted and that the favourite sites were on the undulating tract of forest land which stretched back from the head of the lake to the base of China and Deopatta (Camel's Hump). The church, St. John(1846) in the Wilderness, was one of the earliest buildings in Nainital, followed by Belvedere, Alma lodge, Ashdale Cottage(1860)...\" Soon, the town became a health resort favoured by British soldiers and by colonial officials and their families trying to escape the heat of the plains. Later, the town became the summer residence of the governor of the United Provinces.\n\nOn 18 September 1880 a landslide ('the landslip of 1880') occurred at the north end of the town, burying 151 people. The first known landslide had occurred in 1866(old Victoria hotel was destroyed), and in 1869 there was a larger one at the same spot, Alma Hill, but \"the great slip\" occurred on \"Saturday 18 September 1880.\"\"During Friday(17th) and Saturday(18th), 33 inches of rain fell, of which 20 inches (510 mm) to 25 in (640 mm) fell during the 40 hours preceding Saturday evening, and the downpour still lasted and continued till the evening of the next day. This heavy fall made the whole hillside one mass of semi-fluid matter, and required little to set in motion. The motive power was a shock of a minor earthquake, which was felt on that day itself by competent observers in the Bhabar below and Nainital itself. On the site of the Slip was the Victoria Hotel and its offices, and below it was the Hindu temple of \"naina devi\" and the Assembly Rooms, both by the side of the lake, and Bell's shop, which was close to the temple. Initial slip started around 10 am of 18 September, taking away western wing of the Victoria Hotel and portion of the hotel's out-houses. Tragically, most of the people were not moved much further away from the spot of the morning slip. At quarter to two the major landslip occurred and within few seconds all the buildings mentioned above were destroyed and made into an unrecognizable heap of rubble and much of it was swept into the lake.\"The number of dead and missing were 108 Indian and 43 Europeans, along with numerous people who narrowly escaped. (See poem by Hannah Battersby on the page Literary references to Nainital.) The Assembly Rooms and the Naina Devi Temple were destroyed in the disaster. A recreation area known as 'The Flats' was later built on the site and a new temple was erected. To prevent further disasters, storm water drains were constructed and building bylaws were made stricter."}, {"Context": "Nainital Civic Administration", "Knowledge": "LOC Nainital", "Response": "The municipal board of Nainital had its origin in 1845, when the provisions of the Act I of 1842 were sanctioned by the government in the town, which then applied to approximately two thirds of the total population.:\u200a90"}, {"Context": "Nainital Politics", "Knowledge": "PER Ajay Bhatt, LOC Nainital - Udhamsingh Nagar, LOC Nainital, ORG Congress, ORG BJP, PER Harish Rawat, LOC Uttarakhand, ORG Lok Sabha, ORG Indian Parliament", "Response": "Nainital town is represented in the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Indian Parliament, by a representative elected from the Nainital-Udhamsingh Nagar Constituency. Ajay Bhatt (politician), from BJP, is the current Member of Parliament from Nainital-Udhamsingh Nagar. He won the 2019 Indian general elections by 3,39,096 votes against Harish Rawat from the Congress, who was also the former chief minister of the state. Prior to the delimitation of the Loksabha Constituencies of Uttarakhand in 2008, the town was a part of the Nainital Lok Sabha constituency. Generally considered a Congress Stronghold, the Congress has registered a victory from Nainital eight times since 1951. While the BJP has won this seat three times, several other political parties have also managed three victories."}, {"Context": "Nainital Education", "Knowledge": "ORG Birla Vidya Mandir, ORG All Saints ' College, ORG St. Mary ' s Convent High School, LOC Nainital, ORG St. Joseph ' s College, ORG Diocesan Girls ' High School, ORG Diocesan Boys ' School, ORG Ramnee, ORG Halett War School, ORG High Court, ORG SEM, LOC Uttarakhand, ORG Philander Smith, ORG Sherwood College", "Response": "In the latter half of the 19th century a number of \"European\" schools for boys and girls were founded in Nainital. During the Victorian and Edwardian eras, students in these schools consisted largely of children of the British colonial officials or soldiers. The Diocesan Girls' High School, now known as All Saints' College, was established in 1869, near where the High Court of Uttarakhand stands today. By 1906, there were over half a dozen such schools, including the Diocesan Boys' School (later renamed Sherwood College) and the Philander Smith's college (later renamed Halett War School, currently Birla Vidya Mandir).\nSt. Joseph's College, Nainital (popularly known as SEM), a day-boarding and residential school built by Irish brothers. in 1888, celebrated its 125th anniversary in 2013. Another important school for girls, St. Mary's Convent High School, Nainital (popularly known as Ramnee), was established in 1878, and celebrated its 125th anniversary in year 2003."}, {"Context": "Nainital Roadways", "Knowledge": "LOC Bajpur, LOC National Highway 87, LOC Nainital, LOC National Highway 109, LOC State Highway 13, LOC Haldwani", "Response": "Nainital can be reached by the National Highway 109 (previously National Highway 87) from Haldwani, 40 km (25 mi) away, or by State Highway 13 from Bajpur, 60 km (37 mi) away."}, {"Context": "Nainital Airways", "Knowledge": "ORG Air Heritage, ORG Deccan Charters, LOC Pantnagar, LOC Nainital, ORG Alliance Air, LOC Delhi, LOC Rudrapur, LOC Pithoragarh, LOC Dehradun", "Response": "The nearest airport is in Pantnagar near Rudrapur, about 71 km (44 mi) from Nainital. Alliance Air, Air Heritage and Deccan Charters are the three carriers, that connect the airport to Delhi, Dehradun and Pithoragarh."}, {"Context": "Nainital Railways", "Knowledge": "LOC Kathgodam, LOC Haldwani", "Response": "The closest major railway station is Kathgodam, on the outskirts of Haldwani, which is connected with almost all major cities of the country."}, {"Context": "Nainital Tourism", "Knowledge": "LOC Hanumangarhi, LOC Nainital, LOC Kumaon, LOC Himalaya Darshan & Echo Zone, LOC Pt. G. B. Pant High Altitude Zoo, LOC Naina Peak, LOC Nainital Lake", "Response": "A popular hill station, Nainital has numerous tourist spots including Nainital Lake, Naina Peak 8622ft, Himalaya Darshan & Echo Zone, Hanumangarhi and Pt. G.B. Pant High Altitude Zoo, Nainital. Nainital is Kumaon's most well known hill station, and its premier tourist destination"}, {"Context": "Nainital Nainital Yacht Club", "Knowledge": "ORG Nainital Yacht Club, ORG Boat House Club, LOC India", "Response": "The Nainital Yacht Club, situated along the lake, is run by the Boat House Club. It is the highest yacht club in India and among the highest clubs in the world. It was founded in 1910 by the British and, till 1970, was only open to members. Today, tourists can pay for a sailing session on the yachts."}, {"Context": "Nainital Jama Masjid", "Knowledge": "LOC Jama Masjid, LOC Nainital, LOC Mallital, LOC Mecca", "Response": "The Jama Masjid of Nainital is located in Mallital area of Nainital is a mosque which was built in 1882 during the British Era for Muslims around Nainital. Over the main entrance one can see Arabic inscriptions. The most notable feature is the mihrab where a niche shows the direction towards Mecca."}, {"Context": "Nainital Naina Devi Temple", "Knowledge": "LOC Naini, PER Naina Devi", "Response": "Temple of Naina Devi is located at the upper end of Naini lake. This temple is dedicated to the goddess of the town Naina Devi. Its complex becomes the location of the Nanda Devi Mela festival which held every year on Nandashtami during September."}, {"Context": "Nainital St John Wilderness Church", "Knowledge": "LOC St. John in the Wilderness, PER St. John the Baptist, LOC Nainital", "Response": "St. John in the Wilderness is one of the oldest and finest churches in Nainital. The Church is dedicated to St. John the Baptist. This Anglican Church was built in 1846 and is one of the earliest buildings erected in Nainital."}, {"Context": "Nainital The Mall Road", "Knowledge": "LOC Nainital, LOC Mall Road", "Response": "The Mall Road is a shopping area in Nainital. It has many shops, restaurants and road side sellers. Tourists can buy a souvenir and have a good food here."}, {"Context": "Nainital Eco Cave Gardens", "Knowledge": "LOC Eco Cave Gardens, LOC Mall Road", "Response": "Eco Cave Gardens is a cluster of naturally formed rocky caves. It is close to the Mall Road. It has 6 caves formed in the shape of animals. Tourists can visit the caves from 9.30 a.m. to 5.30 p.m. every day of the week."}, {"Context": "Nainital Naina Peak", "Knowledge": "LOC Nainital, LOC Himalayas, LOC Naina Peak", "Response": "Naina Peak is a sightseeing place situated at an altitude of 2611 meters. It gives a view of the Himalayas range and a birdseye view of Nainital."}, {"Context": "Nainital Libraries", "Knowledge": "LOC ARIES Observatory Library, LOC Nainital, LOC Durga Lal Shah Municipal Public Library, ORG Uttarakhand Academy of Administration, Library and Documentation Center, LOC Mall, LOC Kumaon University Library, LOC Mallital", "Response": "There are a number of libraries in the Nainital area. Among them are the Durga Lal Shah Municipal Public Library on the Mall, founded in 1934, the Uttarakhand Academy of Administration, Library and Documentation Center, Mallital, the ARIES Observatory Library, and the Kumaon University Library, Nainital."}, {"Context": "Nainital Notable people", "Knowledge": "LOC National, PER Rajendra K. Pachauri, ORG Planning Commission of India, PER Ram Kapoor, PER Narayan Dutt Tiwari, PER Ismay, PER Lalit Modi, ORG Army, PER Danny Denzongpa, PER Eric Maturin, PER Amitabh Bachchan, PER Billy Arjan Singh, PER Sukirti Kandpal, ORG Sherwood, ORG NATO, LOC Bangalore, ORG Park, LOC Gurney House, LOC Birla Vidya Mandir, PER Shivani, LOC Nainital, LOC Karnataka, PER Sam Manekshaw, PER Orde Charles Wingate, LOC Burma, ORG Sherwood College, PER Sudhir Kakar, ORG IPL, ORG Birla Vidya Mandir, LOC Andhra Pradesh, PER Jim Corbett, PER Manish Pandey, PER Dalip Tahil, PER Nirmal Pandey, LOC College, LOC Uttar Pradesh, PER Krishna Chandra Pant, PER Govind Ballabh Pant, PER Percy Hobart, PER Anup Jalota, ORG Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, PER Som Nath Sharma, PER Hamida Saiduzzafar, ORG Indian Premier League, PER Hastings Ismay, PER Sonam Bajwa, PER Kabir Bedi, LOC India, LOC British India, PER B K Goyal, ORG St. Joseph ' s College, PER Naseeruddin Shah, LOC Uttarakhand, PER Elsie Inglis", "Response": "Amitabh Bachchan, Bollywood actor. Educated at Sherwood College.\nSonam Bajwa, Indian actress.\nKabir Bedi, Bollywood actor. Educated at Sherwood College.\nJim Corbett, hunter of man-eating tigers, author, conservationist and namesake of Jim Corbett National Park. Educated at St. Joseph's College and lived in Gurney House.\nDanny Denzongpa, Bollywood actor studied in Birla Vidya Mandir\nB K Goyal, cardiologist, educated at Birla Vidya Mandir\nPercy Hobart, British major general and military engineer\nElsie Inglis, physician and social reformer\nHastings Ismay, 1st Baron Ismay, first secretary general of NATO\nAnup Jalota, singer\nSukirti Kandpal, TV actress\nSudhir Kakar, renowned psychoanalyst\nField Marshal Sam Manekshaw, Indian Army Chief of Staff during Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. Educated at Sherwood College.\nEric Maturin, British actor\nLalit Modi, Indian Premier League (IPL) chairman. Educated at St. Joseph's College.\nRajendra K. Pachauri, chairman of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change\nManish Pandey, cricketer who plays for Karnataka and Bangalore\nNirmal Pandey, Bollywood actor and singer\nRam Kapoor, TV actor. Educated at Sherwood College.\nGovind Ballabh Pant, statesman and leader of India's independence movement, first Indian Premier of British India, the first Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh and the third Home Minister of India\nKrishna Chandra Pant, former Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission of India. Educated at St. Joseph's College.\nHamida Saiduzzafar, ophthalmologist\nNaseeruddin Shah, Bollywood actor. Educated at St. Joseph's College.\nMajor Som Nath Sharma, India's first Param Vir Chakra award winner. Educated at Sherwood College.\nShivani, Hindi poet\nBilly Arjan Singh, Tiger conservationist of India, Educated in Nainital.\nDalip Tahil, Bollywood actor. Educated at Sherwood College.\nNarayan Dutt Tiwari, Indian leader and politician, former Governor of Andhra Pradesh, former Chief Minister of Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh, and former Finance Minister of India.\nOrde Charles Wingate, British general and commander of the Chindits in Burma during World War II"}, {"Context": "Nainital Notable Hotels in Nainital", "Knowledge": "LOC Nainital, LOC Nainital Hotel, LOC Uttrakhand", "Response": "Hotel Suman Paradise, Nainital Hotel in Nainital. Uttrakhand."}, {"Context": "Nalanda Introduction", "Knowledge": "PER Xuanzang, ORG Nalanda mahavihara, LOC Nalanda, LOC India, LOC Pataliputra, PER Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji, ORG Government of India, ORG Nalanda University, LOC Shantideva, LOC China, LOC Magadha, LOC Rajagriha, LOC Patna, PER Bakhtiyar Khilj, PER Yijing, LOC N\u0101land\u0101, LOC Bihar, LOC Rajgir", "Response": "Nalanda (N\u0101land\u0101, pronounced [na\u02d0l\u0259n\u032ad\u032aa\u02d0]) was a renowned mahavihara (Buddhist monastic university) in ancient Magadha (modern-day Bihar), India. Considered by historians to be the world's first residential university and among the greatest centers of learning in the ancient world, it was located near the city of Rajagriha (now Rajgir) and about 90 kilometres (56 mi) southeast of Pataliputra (now Patna). Operating from 427 until 1197 CE, Nalanda played a vital role in promoting the patronage of arts and academics during the 5th and 6th century CE, a period that has since been described as the \"Golden Age of India\" by scholars. Before it was destroyed and burned much of its facilities at the beginning of the twelfth century by the Islamic invader Bakhtiyar Khilj, Nalanda held over 9 million texts.Nalanda was established during the Gupta Empire era, and was supported by numerous Indian and Javanese patrons \u2013 both Buddhists and non-Buddhists. Over some 750 years, its faculty included some of the most revered scholars of Mahayana Buddhism. Nalanda mahavihara taught six major Buddhist schools and philosophies such as Yogachara and Sarvastivada as well as subjects such as grammar, medicine, logic and mathematics. The university was also a major source of the 657 Sanskrit texts carried by pilgrim Xuanzang and the 400 Sanskrit texts carried by Yijing to China in the 7th century, which influenced East Asian Buddhism. Many of the texts composed at Nalanda played an important role in the development of Mahayana and Vajrayana Buddhism including the Mahavairocana Tantra and the Bodhisattvacary\u0101vat\u0101ra of Shantideva. It was sacked and destroyed by the troops of Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji, partly restored thereafter, and continued to exist till about 1400 CE. Today, it is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.In 2010, the Government of India passed a resolution to revive the famous university, and a contemporary institute, Nalanda University, was established at Rajgir. It has been listed as an \"Institute of National Importance\" by the Government of India."}, {"Context": "Nalanda Location", "Knowledge": "LOC Gidhi, LOC 120, LOC NH 31, LOC Indrapushkarani, LOC Nalanda, LOC India, LOC Bihar, ORG Nava Nalanda Mahavihara, LOC Bodh Gaya, LOC Indrapuskarani, LOC Patna, LOC Panashokar, LOC Rajgir, LOC Bargaon", "Response": "Nalanda is about 16 kilometres (10 mi) north of the city of Rajgir and about 90 kilometres (56 mi) southeast of Patna, connected via NH 31, 20 and 120 to India's highway network. It is about 80 kilometres (50 mi) northeast of Bodh Gaya \u2013 another important Buddhist site in Bihar. The Nalanda archaeological site is spread over a large area to the northwest of Bargaon (Nalanda) village, and is between the historical manmade lakes Gidhi, Panashokar and Indrapuskarani. On the south bank of the Indrapushkarani lake is the Nava Nalanda Mahavihara \u2013 a university founded in its memory."}, {"Context": "Nalanda Etymology", "Knowledge": "PER Xuanzang, PER Nalanda, LOC Nalanda, PER Hiranand Sastri, PER Taranatha, LOC N\u0101land\u0101, LOC \u0928\u093e\u0932\u0928\u094d\u0926\u093e, LOC Nalendra", "Response": "According to the early 7th-century Tang dynasty Chinese pilgrim, Xuanzang, the local tradition explains that the name N\u0101land\u0101 (Hindi/Magahi: \u0928\u093e\u0932\u0928\u094d\u0926\u093e) came from a n\u0101ga (serpent deity in Indian religions) whose name was Nalanda. He offers an alternate meaning \"charity without intermission\", from \"na-alam-da\"; however, this split does not mean this. Hiranand Sastri, an archaeologist who headed the excavation of the ruins, attributes the name to the abundance of n\u0101las (lotus-stalks) in the area and believes that Nalanda would then represent the giver of lotus-stalks.In some Tibetan sources, including the 17th-century work of Taranatha, Nalanda is referred to as Nalendra, and is likely synonymous with Nala, Nalaka, Nalakagrama found in Tibetan literature."}, {"Context": "Nalanda Early history of the city of Nalanda (1200 BCE\u2013300 CE)", "Knowledge": "LOC Juafardih, LOC Nalanda, LOC India, PER Mahavira, PER Scharfe, LOC Nalakagrama, PER Shariputra, PER Mahavastu, LOC Nalaka, PER Maha, LOC Magadha, LOC Rajagriha, LOC Pavarika, PER Ashoka, LOC Rajgir, PER Buddha", "Response": "The history of Nalanda in the 1st-millennium BCE is linked to the nearby city of Rajagriha (modern Rajgir) \u2013 the capital of Magadha and on the trade routes of ancient India. Early Buddhist texts state that Buddha visited a town near Rajagriha called Nalanda on his preregrinations. He delivered lectures in a nearby mango grove named Pavarika and one of his two chief disciples, Shariputra, was born in the area and later attained nirvana there. These Buddhist texts were written down centuries after the death of the Buddha, are not consistent in either the name or the relative location. For example, texts such as the Mahasudassana Jataka states that Nalaka or Nalakagrama is about a yojana (10 miles) from Rajagriha, while texts such as Mahavastu call the place Nalanda-gramaka and place it half a yojana away. A Buddhist text Nikayasamgraha does state that emperor Ashoka established a vihara (monastery) at Nalanda. However, archaeological excavations so far have not yielded any monuments from Ashoka period or from another 600 years after his death.Chapter 2.7 of the Jaina text Sutrakritanga states that Nalanda is a \"suburb\" of capital Rajagriha, has numerous buildings, and this is where Mahavira (6th/5th century BCE) spent fourteen varshas \u2013 a term that refers to a traditional retreat during monsoons for the monks in Indian religions. This is corroborated in the Kalpasutra, another cherished text in Jainism. However, other than the mention of Nalanda, Jaina texts do not provide further details, nor were they written down for nearly a millennium after Mahavira's death. Like the Buddhist texts, this has raised questions about reliability and whether the current Nalanda is same as the one in Jaina texts. According to Scharfe, though the Buddhist and Jaina texts generate problems with place identification, it is \"virtually certain\" that the modern Nalanda is near or the site these texts are referring to.Archaeological excavations at sites near Nalanda, such as the Juafardih site about 3 kilometers away, have yielded black ware and other items. These have been carbon dated to about 1200 BCE. This suggests that the region around Nalanda in Magadha had a human settlement centuries before the birth of the Mahavira and the Buddha."}, {"Context": "Nalanda Faxian visit (399\u2013412 CE)", "Knowledge": "LOC Nalanda, LOC China, PER Faxian, LOC India", "Response": "When Faxian, a Chinese Buddhist pilgrim monk, visited the city of Nalanda, there probably was no university yet. Faxian had come to India to acquire Buddhist texts, and spent 10 years in India in the early fifth century, visiting major Buddhist pilgrimage sites including the Nalanda area. He also wrote a travelogue, which inspired other Chinese and Korean Buddhists to visit India over the centuries; in it he mentions many Buddhist monasteries and monuments across India. However, he makes no mention of any monastery or university at Nalanda even though he was looking for Sanskrit texts and took a large number of them from other parts of India back to China. Combined with a lack of any archaeological discoveries of pre-400 CE monuments in Nalanda, the silence in Faxian's memoir suggests that Nalanda monastery-university did not exist around 400 CE."}, {"Context": "Nalanda Foundation (5th century)", "Knowledge": "PER Scharfe, PER Gupta, LOC Taxila, PER Lakshmi, PER Shivalinga, PER Kumaragupta I, PER Xuanzang, PER Vikramashila, PER Andrea Pinkney, PER Shakraditya, PER Durga, LOC Nalanda, PER Baladitya, PER Vajra, PER Budhagupta, PER Hartmut Scharfe, PER \u015aakr\u0101ditya, PER Tathagatagupta, PER Ganesha", "Response": "Nalanda's dateable history begins in the 5th century. A seal discovered at the site identifies a monarch named Shakraditya (\u015aakr\u0101ditya) as its founder and attributes the foundation of a sangharama (monastery) at the site to him. This is corroborated by the Chinese pilgrim Xuanzang travelogue. The tradition of formalized Vedic learning \"helped to inspire the formation of large teachings centres,\" such as Nalanda, Taxila, and Vikramashila.In the Indian tradition and texts, kings were called by many epithets and names. Scholars such as Andrea Pinkney and Hartmut Scharfe conclude that Shakraditya is same as Kumaragupta I. He was one of the kings in the Hindu dynasty of the Guptas. Further, numismatic evidence discovered at Nalanda corroborate that Kumaragupta I was the founder patron of the Nalanda monastery-university.\n\nHis successors, Budhagupta, Tathagatagupta, Baladitya, and Vajra, later extended and expanded the institution by building additional monasteries and temples. Nalanda, thus flourished through the 5th and 6th centuries under the Guptas. These Gupta-era contributions to Nalanda are corroborated by the numerous Buddhist and Hindu seals, artwork, iconography and inscriptions discovered at Nalanda, which are in the Gupta-style and Gupta-era scripts. During this period, the Gupta kings were not the only patrons of Nalanda. They reflect a broad and religiously diverse community of supporters. It is remarkable, states Scharfe, that \"many donors were not Buddhists; the emblems on their seals show Lakshmi, Ganesha, Shivalinga and Durga\"."}, {"Context": "Nalanda Post-Gupta dynasty (550\u2013600 CE)", "Knowledge": "PER Xuanzang, LOC Shiva, LOC Surya, LOC Nalanda, LOC Kanyakubja, LOC Buddha, PER Yijing, PER Harsha, LOC Nalanda Mahavihara, PER Asher, LOC Kannauj, PER \u015a\u012bl\u0101ditya", "Response": "After the decline of the Guptas, the most notable patron of the Nalanda Mahavihara was Harsha (known as \u015a\u012bl\u0101ditya in some Buddhist records). He was a seventh-century emperor with a capital at Kannauj (Kanyakubja). According to Xuanzang, Harsha was a third generation Hindu king from the Vaishya caste, who built majestic Buddhist viharas, as well as three temples \u2013 Buddha, Surya and Shiva, all of the same size. He states (c. 637 CE), \"a long succession of kings\" had built up Nalanda till \"the whole is truly marvellous to behold\".In accordance with the ancient Indian traditions of supporting temples and monasteries, inscriptions found at Nalanda suggest that it received gifts, including grants of villages by kings to support its work. Harsha himself granted 100 villages and directed 200 households from each of these villages to supply the institution's monks with requisite daily supplies such as of rice, butter, and milk. This supported over 1,500 faculty and 10,000 student monks at Nalanda. These numbers, however, may be exaggerated. They are inconsistent with the much lower numbers (over 3000) given by Yijing, another Chinese pilgrim who visited Nalanda a few decades later. According to Asher, while the excavated Nalanda site is large and the number of viharas so far found are impressive, they simply cannot support 10,000 or more student monks. The total number of known rooms and their small size is such that either the number of monks must have been far less than Xuanzang's claims or the Nalanda site was many times larger than numerous excavations have so far discovered and what Xuanzang describes."}, {"Context": "Nalanda Xuanzang's visit (630\u2013643 CE)", "Knowledge": "PER Xuanzang, LOC Nalanda, LOC India, ORG Mahavihara, PER Shilabhadra, LOC China, LOC Sangharama, ORG Yogachara, PER Mokshadeva", "Response": "Xuanzang travelled around India between 630 and 643 CE, visiting Nalanda in 637 and 642, spending a total of around two years at the monastery. He was warmly welcomed in Nalanda where he received the Indian name of Mokshadeva and studied under the guidance of Shilabhadra, the venerable head of the institution at the time. He believed that the aim of his arduous overland journey to India had been achieved as in Shilabhadra he had at last found an incomparable teacher to instruct him in Yogachara, a school of thought that had then only partially been transmitted to China. Besides Buddhist studies, the monk also attended courses in grammar, logic, and Sanskrit, and later also lectured at the Mahavihara.In the detailed account of his stay at Nalanda, the pilgrim describes the view out of the window of his quarters thus,\nMoreover, the whole establishment is surrounded by a brick wall, which encloses the entire convent from without. One gate opens into the great college, from which are separated eight other halls standing in the middle (of the Sangharama). The richly adorned towers, and the fairy-like turrets, like pointed hill-tops are congregated together. The observatories seem to be lost in the vapours (of the morning), and the upper rooms tower above the clouds.\n\nXuanzang returned to China with 657 Sanskrit texts and 150 relics carried by 20 horses in 520 cases. He translated 74 of the texts himself."}, {"Context": "Nalanda Yijing's visit (673\u2013700 CE)", "Knowledge": "PER Xuanzang, LOC Sri Lanka, LOC Nalanda, LOC India, PER Faxian, LOC China, LOC Korea, PER Yijing, LOC Nalanda Mahavihara, LOC Southeast Asia", "Response": "In the thirty years following Xuanzang's return, no fewer than eleven travellers from China and Korea are known to have visited Nalanda, including the monk Yijing. Unlike Faxian and Xuanzang, Yijing followed the sea route around Southeast Asia and Sri Lanka. He arrived in 673 CE, and stayed in India for fourteen years, ten of which he spent at the Nalanda Mahavihara. When he returned to China in 695, he had with him 400 Sanskrit texts and 300 grains of Buddha relics which were subsequently translated in China.Unlike Xuanzang, who also described the geography and culture of seventh-century India, Yijing's account primarily concentrates on the practice of Buddhism in India and detailed descriptions of the customs, rules, and regulations of the monks at the monastery. In his chronicle, Yijing notes that revenues from 200 villages (as opposed to 100 in Xuanzang's time) had been assigned toward the maintenance of Nalanda. He described there being eight vihara with as many as 300 cells. According to him, Nalanda monastery has numerous daily Nikaya procedures and rules for the monks. He gives many examples. In one subsection he explains that the monastery has ten great pools. The morning begins with the ghanta (bell) being rung. Monks take their bathing sheets and go to one of these pools. They bathe with their underwear on, then get out slowly to avoid disturbing anyone else. They wipe their bodies, then wrap this 5 foot long and 1.5 foot wide sheet around the waist, change their clothes with this wrap in place. Then rinse, wring and dry the sheet. The entire procedure, says Yijing, is explained in the Buddhist Nikaya procedures. The day must begin with bathing, but bathing after meals is forbidden. The Nalanda Nikaya has many such daily procedures and rituals set out for the monks to follow."}, {"Context": "Nalanda Korean and Tibetan pilgrims (650\u20131400 CE)", "Knowledge": "LOC Bengal, PER Hyon - gak, PER Kyom - ik, LOC Magadha, LOC Bihar, ORG Silla, PER Xuanzang, LOC Prajnavarman, LOC Nepal, PER Hyon - jo, PER Yingji, PER Sambhota, LOC Nalanda, ORG \uc2e0\ub77c, PER Hye - ryun, LOC Tibet, LOC India, LOC Korea, LOC Sikkim, PER Thonmi Sambhota", "Response": "In addition to Chinese pilgrims, Buddhist pilgrims from Korea also visited India about the same time as Xuanzang and Yingji. The Chinese travelogues about India became known in the 19th century and have been well published. After mid-20th century, the Korean pilgrim journeys have come to light. For example, monks such as Kyom-ik began visiting Indian monasteries by the mid-6th century. They too carried Indian texts and translated them, producing 72 chuan of translated texts. In the mid-7th century, the Silla (Korean: \uc2e0\ub77c) monk Hyon-jo visited and stayed at several Indian monasteries, including three years at Nalanda, his visit corroborated by Yingji. He sent his students Hye-ryun and Hyon-gak to Nalanda for studies, the latter died at Nalanda. They adopted Indian names to interact with the fellow students; for example, Hye-ryun was known as Prajnavarman and it is this name that is found in the records. According to Korean records, monks visited India through the ninth century \u2013 despite arduous travel challenges \u2013 to study at various monasteries, and Nalanda was the most revered.In and after the 7th century, Tibetan monks such as Thonmi Sambhota came to Nalanda and other Indian monasteries to study, not only Buddhism, but Sanskrit language, grammar and other subjects. Sambhota is credited with applying the principles of Sanskrit and its grammar to remodel Tibetan language and its script. It was after Sambhota's first return from Nalanda that the Tibetan king adopted Buddhism and committed to making it the religion of his people. Tibetan monks lived closer to Nepal, Sikkim and eastern India, with simpler travel itineraries than the Koreans and others. Tibetans continued to visit Magadha during the Pala era, and beyond through the 14th century, thereby participated in the crucible of ideas at Nalanda and other monasteries in Bihar and Bengal. However, after the 8th century, it was the esoteric mandala and deities-driven Vajrayana Buddhism that increasingly dominated the exchange. After the Islamic conquest, the destruction and the demise of Nalanda, other monasteries and Buddhist culture from the plains of Bihar and Bengal, the brand memory of \"Nalanda\" remained the most revered in Tibet. In 1351, Tibetans committed to recreating a monastery in the heart of Tibet, staffing it with monk-scholars from diverse Buddhist schools, and name it the \"Nalanda monastery\" in the honor of the ancient Nalanda, according to the Blue Annals (Tibetan: \u0f51\u0f7a\u0f56\u0f0b\u0f50\u0f7a\u0f62\u0f0b\u0f66\u0f94\u0f7c\u0f53\u0f0b\u0f54\u0f7c). This institution emerged north of Lhasa in 1436 through the efforts of Rongt\u00f6n Maw\u00e9 Sengge, then expanded in the 15th century. It is now called the Tibetan Nalanda, to distinguish it from this site."}, {"Context": "Nalanda Pala dynasty (750\u20131200 CE)", "Knowledge": "LOC Sumatra, PER Xuanzang, PER Shailendra King, LOC Suvarnadvipa, LOC Somapura, LOC Nalanda, LOC India, PER Dharmapala, LOC Vikramashila, ORG Palas, PER Gopala, LOC Jagaddala, PER Balaputradeva, LOC Indonesia, PER Viradeva, LOC Odantapura, PER Devapala", "Response": "The Palas established themselves in eastern regions of India in mid-8th century and reigned until the last quarter of the 12th century. They were a Buddhist dynasty. However, under the Palas, the traditional Mahayana Buddhism of Nalanda that inspired East Asian pilgrims such as Xuanzang was superseded by the then newly emerging Vajrayana tradition, a Tantra-imbibed, eros- and deity-inclusive esoteric version of Buddhism. Nalanda continued to get support from the Palas, but they subscribed to Vajrayana Buddhism and they were prolific builders of new monasteries on Vajrayana mandala ideas such as those at Jagaddala, Odantapura, Somapura, and Vikramashila. Odantapura was founded by Gopala, the progenitor of the royal line, only 9.7 kilometres (6 mi) from Nalanda. These competing monasteries, some just a few kilometers away from Nalanda likely drew away a number of learned monks from Nalanda.Inscriptions, literary evidence, seals, and ruined artwork excavated at the Nalanda site suggest that Nalanda remained active and continued to thrive under the Palas. Kings Dharmapala and Devapala were active patrons. A number of 9th-century metallic statues containing references to Devapala have been found in its ruins as well as two notable inscriptions. The first, a copper plate inscription unearthed at Nalanda, details an endowment by the Shailendra King, Balaputradeva of Suvarnadvipa (Sumatra in modern-day Indonesia). This Srivijayan king, \"attracted by the manifold excellences of Nalanda\" had built a monastery there and had requested Devapala to grant the revenue of five villages for its upkeep, a request which was granted. The Ghosrawan inscription is the other inscription from Devapala's time and it mentions that he received and patronised a learned Vedic scholar named Viradeva who was later elected the head of Nalanda.Inscriptions issued between the 9th and 12th centuries attest gifts and support to Nalanda for the upkeep of the monastery, maintenance of the monks, copying of palm leaf manuscripts (necessary for preservation given the Indian tropical climate). One inscription also mentions the destruction of a Nalanda library of manuscripts by fire, and support for its restoration. Another 10th-century inscription quotes Bhadracari of the Sautrantikas tradition, attesting the activity of diverse schools of Buddhism at Nalanda. Another Nalanda inscription from the 11th century mentions a gift of \"revolving bookcase\".While the Palas continued to patronize Nalanda liberally, the fame and influence of Nalanda helped the Palas. The Srivijaya kingdom of southeast Asia maintained a direct contact with Nalanda and the Palas, thus influencing the 9th to 12th century art in Sumatra, Java, southern Thailand and regions that actively traded with the Srivijaya kingdom. The influence extended to the Indonesian Shailendra dynasty. The Indonesian bronzes and votive tablets from this period show the creativity of its people, yet the iconographic themes overlap with those found at Nalanda and nearby region. Monks from Indonesia, Myanmar and other parts of southeast Asia came to Nalanda during the Pala rule."}, {"Context": "Nalanda Destruction under Bakhtiyar Khalji (c. 1200 CE)", "Knowledge": "LOC Odantapura Vihar, PER Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji, PER Damien Keown, LOC Bihar, PER Charles Prebish, LOC Bihar Sharif, PER Peter Harvey, PER Minhaj - i - Siraj, ORG Ghurid, LOC Vihara, PER Bakhtiyar Khalji, PER Donald Mitchell, LOC Vihar, LOC Nalanda, LOC Tibet, PER Muhammad - i - Bakht - yar, PER Samsamuddin, PER Steven Darian, PER Muhammad - i Bakhtiyar Khalji, PER Stephen Berkwitz", "Response": "The troops of the Ghurid dynasty general Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji destroyed and began the demise of Nalanda and other monasteries near it, such as the Odantapura Vihar (now called Bihar Sharif) about 6 miles away from Nalanda. This destruction is corroborated by three sources, which are congruent but contain uncertainties that raise some questions as well a minor dispute about the exact date. The first evidence is from a Muslim historian. The second are the records found in Tibet of Buddhist monks from the 13th century onwards. The third evidence is archaeological, where layers of charcoal deposits were discovered covering ruins, remains of the Nalanda libraries, and other damaged artworks. Buddhist studies scholars and historians such as Peter Harvey, Charles Prebish, Damien Keown, Donald Mitchell, Steven Darian, Stephen Berkwitz and others attribute Nalanda's destruction to Bakhtiyar Khalji.The first evidence is from the Persian historian, Minhaj-i-Siraj who in his Tabaqat-i Nasiri writes of a loot and massacre near Bihar Sharif:\nMuhammad-i-Bakht-yar, by the force of his intrepidity, threw himself into the postern of the gateway of the place, and they captured the fortress, and acquired great booty. The greater number of the inhabitants of that place were Brahmans, and the whole of those Brahmans had their heads shaven; and they were all slain. There were a great number of books there; and, when all these books came under the observation of the Musalmans, they summoned a number of Hindus that they might give them information respecting the import of those books; but the whole of the Hindus had been killed. On becoming acquainted [with the contents of those books], it was found that the whole of that fortress and city was a college, and in the Hindustani tongue, they call a college [\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0647] Vihar.\n\nThis record of Minhaj-i-Siraj is not an eyewitness account, but it is an account of Samsamuddin who was with Muhammad-i Bakhtiyar Khalji, and Minhaj-i-Siraj merely summarizes it. The above abridged quote refers to an attack on a Buddhist monastery (the \"Bihar\" or Vihara) and its monks (the shaved Brahmans). Minhaj-i-Siraj record dates it to 1193 CE, prefaces the above quoted sentences with \"Khalji had already been busy a year or two in this region\" before this attack, and mentions the sack of a college-monastery in the context of an Islamic conquest of Bihar Sharif region, but he does not explicitly state it was Nalanda. It could have been one of several monasteries near Nalanda. However, considering that these two Mahaviharas were only a few kilometres apart and little qualms about the massacre of clean shaven residents there, it is very likely that Minhaj-i-Siraj summary is not an extensive record and both befell a similar fate. The other great Mahaviharas of the age such as Vikramshila and later, Jagaddala, also met their ends at the hands of the Turks at around the same time.The Tibetan records are the second source of the events at Nalanda in the late 12th century and much of the 13th century. These were the decades of widespread systematic destruction of monasteries in this region, and historical records in Tibet affirm that monks from Nalanda and nearby monasteries such as the Vikramashila monastery who \"survived the slaughter, fled to Tibet\", according to Scharfe. Among the Tibetan records, the most useful is the biography of the Tibetan monk-pilgrim, Dharmasvamin discovered in 1936 and in bsdus-yig style, Tibetan script. It is useful because Dharmasvamin met the fleeing monks and famous scholars during his studies from about mid 1200s to 1226, he had learnt Indian languages and Sanskrit, he walked to and stayed in Nepal starting in 1226 and visited Bihar about 1234, including spending one monsoon season in Nalanda. He described the condition in the decades after the sack of Nalanda and other Buddhist monasteries in Magadha-region of India. His account states that the destruction of Nalanda was not an accident or misunderstanding but a part of the widespread destruction of Buddhist monasteries and monuments including a destruction of Bodhgaya. The vast manuscript libraries of Magadha had been mostly lost. Other Tibetan monks and he had shifted to Nepal, as the place to study, copy and move manuscripts to Tibet. According to his account, the Turushka-Qarluq (Turk) conquest extended from about 1193 to 1205, the destruction was systematic with \"Turushka soldiers razing a monastery to the ground and throwing the stones into Ganges river\", states Roerich. The fear of persecution was strong in the 1230s, and his colleagues dissuaded him from going to Magadha. According to George Roerich, \"his [Chag lo-tsa-ba Chos-rje-dpal, Dharmasvamin] account conveys something of the anxiety of [the Buddhist community of] those days.\"Chapter 10 of Dharmasvamin's biography describes Nalanda in c. 1235 CE. Dharmasvamin found it \"largely damaged and deserted\". Despite the perils, some had re-gathered and resumed the scholastic activities in Nalanda, but at a vastly smaller scale and with donations from a wealthy Brahmin layperson named Jayadeva. His account states:\n\nThere resided a venerable and learned monk who was more than ninety years old, the Guru and Mahapandita Rahulasribhadra. Raja Buddhasena of Magadha honored this Guru and four  other Panditas, and about seventy venerable ones (monks).\nWhile he stayed there for six months under the tutelage of Rahula Shribhadra, Dharmasvamin makes no mention of the legendary library of Nalanda which possibly did not survive the initial wave of Turkic attacks. He also states that some structures had survived, with \"eighty small viharas, built of bricks and many left undamaged\" but \"there was absolutely no one to look after them\". He recites the arrest of their patron and lay-supporter Jayadeva by Muslim soldiers who threaten to kill him for honoring (supporting) the monks of Nalanda. Jayadeva sends them a message that the Turushka soldiers are sure to kill \"Guru [Rahulasribhadra] and his disciples\" and they should \"flee!\".Dharmasvamin also provides an eyewitness account of an attack on the derelict Mahavihara by the Muslim soldiers stationed at nearby Odantapura (now Bihar Sharif) which had been turned into a military headquarters. Only the Tibetan and his nonagenarian instructor stayed behind and hid themselves while the rest of the monks fled. Another Tibetan source is that of Lama Taranatha, but this is from the late 16th century, and it is unclear what its sources were. The Taranatha account about Buddhism in India repeats the legendary accounts of Nalanda from the Buddha and Ashoka periods found in Xuanzang and other sources, then shifts to centuries of the 2nd-millennium. It describes Islamic raids in 12th-century India, states that whole of Magadha fell to the Turushka (Turks, a common term for Muslims in historic Indic and Tibetan texts). Their armies, asserts Taranatha, destroyed Odantapuri as well as Vikramashila. Given the hundreds of years of gap between the events and Taranatha's account, and no clear chain of sources within the Tibetan tradition of record keeping, its reliability is questionable.The third evidence is the discovery of thick layer of ashes and charcoal discovered during the archaeological excavations on the uppermost strata, inscribed artwork and soil, and this layer was found over many buildings separated by some distance. This suggests that Nalanda's destruction was accompanied with a widespread fire after the mid-12th century. This corroborates Dharmasvamin account of the destruction.Tibetan texts such as the 18th-century work named Pag sam jon zang and 16th/17th-century Taranatha's account include fictional Tibetan legends. These include stories such as a king Cingalaraja had brought \"all Hindus and Turuskas [Muslims]\" up to Delhi under his control, and converted from Brahmanism to Buddhism under the influence of his queen, and he restoring the monasteries. Others state that a southern king built thousands of monasteries and temples again, Muslim robbers murdered this king, thereafter Nalanda was repaired by Mudita Bhadra and a minister named Kukutasiddha erected a temple there. One describes the tale of two angry Tirthika (Brahmanical) monks, who gain magical powers by tantric siddha, spread ashes that erupt a fire that destroyed one of Nalanda's three libraries \u2013 Ratnodadhi, but magical water poured out of a manuscript that prevented damage and learned Buddhist monks rewrote the texts that were damaged. However, there is no evidence for the existence of such a king (or sultan), minister, Muslim robbers, thousands of Buddhist monuments built in India between the 13th and 19th century, or of any significant Nalanda repairs in or after the 13th century.Johan Elverskog \u2013 a scholar of religious studies and history, states that it is incorrect to say Nalanda's end was sudden and complete by about 1202, because it continued to have some students well into the 13th century. Elverskog, relying on Arthur Waley's 1932 paper, states that this is confirmed by the fact a monk ordained in 13th-century Nalanda traveled to the court of Khubilai Khan. He adds that it is wrong to say that Buddhism ended in India around the 13th or 14th century or earlier, because \"[Buddha] Dharma survived in India at least until the 17th-century\"."}, {"Context": "Nalanda Impact of its destruction and influence on Tibetan Buddhist Tradition", "Knowledge": "PER Vibh\u016bticandra, PER Tropu Lotsawa, PER D\u0101na\u015b\u012bla, LOC Nalanda Monastery, LOC Kashmir, PER J\u012bvagupta, LOC Tsethang, PER K\u0101lacakra, PER K\u0101lacandra, PER Sugata\u015br\u012b, PER Shakyashri Bhadra, LOC Nalanda, PER Jayadatta, PER Sri Asoka, PER Maitreya, PER Mah\u0101bodhi, LOC Tibet, LOC East Asia, PER Dhy\u0101nabhadra, PER Dalai Lama, PER Khro - phu Lo - tsa - ba Byams - pa dpal, PER Nagarjuna, PER Surapala", "Response": "The last throne-holder of Nalanda, Shakyashri Bhadra of Kashmir, fled to Tibet in 1204 at the invitation of the Tibetan translator Tropu Lotsawa (Khro-phu Lo-tsa-ba Byams-pa dpal). Some of the surviving Nalanda books were taken by fleeing monks to Tibet. He took with him several Indian masters: Sugata\u015br\u012b, (an expert in Madhyamaka and Praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101); Jayadatta (Vinaya); Vibh\u016bticandra (grammar and Abhidharma), D\u0101na\u015b\u012bla (logic), Sa\u1e45gha\u015br\u012b (Candavy\u0101kara\u1e47a), J\u012bvagupta (books of Maitreya), Mah\u0101bodhi,(Bodhicary\u0101vat\u0101ra); and K\u0101lacandra (K\u0101lacakra).Tibetan Buddhist tradition is regarded to be a continuation of the Nalanda tradition. The Dalai Lama states:\nTibetan Buddhism is not an invention of the Tibetans. Rather, it is quite clear that it derives from the pure lineage of the tradition of the Nalanda Monastery. The master Nagarjuna hailed from this institution, as did many other important philosophers and logicians...\nThe Dalai Lama refers to himself as a follower of the lineage of the seventeen Nalanda masters.An Astasahasrika Prajnaparamita Sutra manuscript preserved at the Tsethang monastery has superbly painted and well preserved wooden covers and 139 leaves. According to its colophon it was donated by the mother of the great pandita Sri Asoka in the second year of the reign of King Surapala, at the very end of the 11th century.\nNalanda still continued to operate into the 14th century as the Indian monk, Dhy\u0101nabhadra was said to have been a monk at Nalanda prior to his travels in East Asia."}, {"Context": "Nalanda Under the East India Company and British Empire (1800\u20131947)", "Knowledge": "LOC Bargaon, PER Chandra, LOC Nalanda, ORG Archaeological Survey of India, PER Markham Kittoe, PER Ghosh, PER Sastri, PER Alexander Cunningham, PER Francis Buchanan - Hamilton, PER Kuraishi, PER Page, ORG ASI, PER Spooner", "Response": "After its decline, Nalanda was largely forgotten until Francis Buchanan-Hamilton surveyed the site in 1811\u20131812 after locals in the vicinity drew his attention to some Buddhist and Brahmanical images and ruins in the area. He, however, did not associate the mounds of earth and debris with famed Nalanda. That link was established by Major Markham Kittoe in 1847. Alexander Cunningham and the newly formed Archaeological Survey of India conducted an official survey in 1861\u20131862. Systematic excavation of the ruins by the ASI did not begin until 1915 and ended in 1937. The first four excavations were led by Spooner between 1915 and 1919. The next two were led by Sastri in 1920 and 1921. The next seven seasons of archaeological excavations through 1928 were led by Page. These efforts were not merely digging, observation and cataloging of discoveries, they included conservation, restoration and changes to the site such as drainage to prevent damage to unearthed floors. After 1928, Kuraishi led two seasons of excavations, Chandra led the next four. The last season was led by Ghosh, but the excavations were abbreviated in 1937 for financial reasons and budget cuts. Chandra and final ASI team leaders noted that the \"long row of monasteries extend further into the modern village of Bargaon\" and the \"extent of entire monastic establishment can only be determined by future excavations\"."}, {"Context": "Nalanda Post\u2013independence (Post-1947)", "Knowledge": "ORG Government of Bihar, ORG Nalanda University, LOC Japan, PER Rajendra Prasad, LOC Bihar, LOC New Nalanda Mahavihara, LOC China, LOC Nalanda, LOC Australia, LOC Nava Nalanda Mahavihara, LOC Vietnam, ORG Nalanda International University, LOC India, ORG Government of India, LOC Singapore, LOC New Zealand, LOC Malaysia, LOC Rajgir, ORG Parliament, LOC Asia", "Response": "Post independence, the second round of excavation and restoration took place between 1974 and 1982. In 1951, the Nava Nalanda Mahavihara (New Nalanda Mahavihara), a modern centre for Pali and Buddhism in the spirit of the ancient institution, was founded by the Government of Bihar near Nalanda's ruins at the suggestion of Rajendra Prasad, India's first president. It was deemed to be a university in 2006.1 September 2014 saw the commencement of the first academic year of a modern Nalanda University, with 15 students, in nearby Rajgir. Nalanda University (also known as Nalanda International University) is an international and research-intensive university located in the historical city of Rajgir in Bihar, India. It was established by an Act of Parliament to emulate the famous ancient university of Nalanda, which functioned between the 5th and 13th centuries. The idea to resurrect Nalanda University was endorsed in 2007 at the East Asia Summit, represented mostly by Asian countries including China, Singapore, Japan, Malaysia and Vietnam, apart from Australia and New Zealand, and as such, the university is seen as one of the flagship projects of the Government of India. It has been designated as an \"Institution of National Importance\" by the Parliament, and began its first academic session on 1 September 2014. Initially set up with temporary facilities in Rajgir, a modern campus spanning over 160 hectares (400 acres) is expected to be finished by 2020. This campus, upon completion, will be the largest of its kind in India, and one of the largest in Asia."}, {"Context": "Nalanda The Mahavihara", "Knowledge": "LOC Nalanda, LOC China, LOC Korea, LOC Japan, LOC Persia, LOC Nalanda Mahavihara, LOC Tibet, LOC Turkey, LOC Indonesia", "Response": "While its excavated ruins today only occupy an area of around 488 metres (1,600 ft) by 244 metres (800 ft) or roughly 12 hectares, Nalanda Mahavihara occupied a far greater area in medieval times. The subjects taught at Nalanda covered every field of learning, and it attracted pupils and scholars from Korea, Japan, China, Tibet, Indonesia, Persia and Turkey."}, {"Context": "Nalanda The university", "Knowledge": "LOC Delhi Sultanate, LOC Taxila, PER Yijing, ORG Mamluk dynasty, LOC Kannauj, PER Shailendra, PER Xuanzang, PER Vincent Smith, LOC China, PER Bakhtiyar Khalji, LOC Nalanda Archaeological Museum, LOC Nalanda, ORG Archaeological Survey of India, LOC Mahavihara, PER Harsha, LOC Tibet, LOC Central Asia, LOC India, ORG Vikramashila, LOC Pala Empire, LOC Korea, LOC Indonesia, LOC Asia", "Response": "At its peak the school attracted scholars and students from near and far, with some travelling from Tibet, China, Korea, and Central Asia. The highly formalised methods of Buddhist studies helped the establishment of large teaching institutions such as Taxila, Nalanda, and Vikramashila, which are often characterised as India's early universities. Archaeological evidence also notes contact with the Shailendra dynasty of Indonesia, one of whose kings built a monastery in the complex. Nalanda flourished under the patronage of the Gupta Empire in the 5th and 6th centuries, and later under Harsha, the emperor of Kannauj. The liberal cultural traditions inherited from the Gupta age resulted in a period of growth and prosperity until the ninth century CE. The subsequent centuries were a time of gradual decline, a period during which the tantric developments of Buddhism became most pronounced in eastern India under the Pala Empire.Much of our knowledge of Nalanda comes from the writings of pilgrim monks from Asia, such as Xuanzang and Yijing, who travelled to the Mahavihara in the 7th century CE. Vincent Smith remarked that \"a detailed history of Nalanda would be a history of Mahayanist Buddhism.\" Many of the names listed by Xuanzang in his travelogue as alumni of Nalanda are the names of those who developed the overall philosophy of Mahayana. All students at Nalanda studied Mahayana, as well as the texts of the eighteen (Hinayana) sects of Buddhism. Their curriculum also included other subjects, such as the Vedas, logic, Sanskrit grammar, medicine, and Samkhya.Nalanda was destroyed three times but was rebuilt only twice. It was ransacked and destroyed by an army of the Mamluk dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate under Bakhtiyar Khalji in c.\u20091202 CE. While some sources note that the Mahavihara continued to function in a makeshift fashion after this attack, it was eventually abandoned altogether and forgotten until the 19th century, when the site was surveyed and preliminary excavations were conducted by the Archaeological Survey of India. Systematic excavations commenced in 1915, which unearthed eleven monasteries and six brick temples neatly arranged on grounds 12 hectares (30 acres) in area. A trove of sculptures, coins, seals, and inscriptions have also been discovered in the ruins, many of which are on display in the Nalanda Archaeological Museum, situated nearby. Nalanda is now a notable tourist destination, and a part of the Buddhist tourism circuit.\nOn 25 November 2010, the Indian government, through an Act of Parliament, 'resurrected' the ancient university through the Nalanda University Bill, with which they chose to create a new and unrelated Nalanda University relatively nearby. It has been designated as an \"International University of National Importance,\" and has accordingly been subject to intense government oversight, with both of its past chancellors explicitly citing Government actions for them leaving their post and courses being shut down due to members of the ruling party disapproving of them."}, {"Context": "Nalanda The library", "Knowledge": "LOC Ratnodadhi, LOC Nalanda, LOC Mahavihara, LOC Sea of Jewels, LOC Dharmaganja, LOC Ratnaranjaka, PER Panini, PER Yijing, LOC Ocean of Jewels, LOC Ratnasagara", "Response": "It is evident from the large numbers of texts that Yijing carried back with him after his 10-year residence at Nalanda, that the Mahavihara must have featured a well-equipped library. Traditional Tibetan sources mention the existence of a great library at Nalanda named Dharmaganja (Piety Mart) which comprised three large multi-storeyed buildings, the Ratnasagara (Ocean of Jewels), the Ratnodadhi (Sea of Jewels), and the Ratnaranjaka (Jewel-adorned). Ratnodadhi was nine storeys high and housed the most sacred manuscripts including the Prajnyaparamita Sutra and the Guhyasamaja.The exact number of volumes in the Nalanda library is not known, but it is estimated to have been in the hundreds of thousands. When a Buddhist scholar at Nalanda died, his manuscripts were added to the library collection. The library not only collected religious manuscripts but also had texts on such subjects as grammar, logic, literature, astrology, astronomy, and medicine. The Nalanda library must have had a classification scheme which was possibly based on a text classification scheme developed by the Sanskrit linguist, Panini. Buddhist texts were most likely divided into three classes based on the Tripitaka's three main divisions: the Vinaya, Sutra, and the Abhidhamma."}, {"Context": "Nalanda Curriculum", "Knowledge": "PER Xuanzang, LOC Nalanda, PER Asanga, PER Nagarjuna Chittamatra, LOC Mahavihara, PER Shilabhadra, PER Hwui - Li, PER Frazier", "Response": "In his biography of Xuanzang, Hwui-Li states that all the students of Nalanda studied the Great Vehicle (Mahayana) as well as the works of the eighteen (Hinayana) sects of Buddhism. In addition to these, they studied other subjects such as the Vedas, Hetuvidy\u0101 (Logic), Shabdavidya (Grammar and Philology), Chikitsavidya (Medicine), the works on magic (the Atharvaveda), and Samkhya. According to Frazier, the Vedic studies included Vedic texts and ritual, but also the different theoretical disciplines associated with the limbs or the sciences of the Vedas, which included disciplines such as linguistics, law, astronomy and reasoning.Xuanzang himself studied a number of these subjects at Nalanda under Shilabhadra and others. Besides Theology and Philosophy, frequent debates and discussions necessitated competence in Logic. A student at the Mahavihara had to be well-versed in the systems of Logic associated with all the different schools of thought of the time as he was expected to defend Buddhist systems against the others. Other subjects believed to have been taught at Nalanda include law, astronomy, and city-planning.Tibetan tradition holds that there were \"four doxographies\" (Standard Tibetan: grub-mtha) which were taught at Nalanda:\nSarvastivada Vaibhashika\nSarvastivada Sautrantika\nMadhyamaka, the Mahayana philosophy of Nagarjuna\nChittamatra, the Mahayana philosophy of Asanga and VasubandhuIn the 7th century, Xuanzang recorded the number of teachers at Nalanda as being around 1510. Of these, approximately 1000 were able to explain 20 collections of sutras and shastras, 500 were able to explain 30 collections, and only 10 teachers were able to explain 50 collections. Xuanzang was among the few who were able to explain 50 collections or more. At this time, only the abbot Shilabhadra had studied all the major collections of sutras and shastras at Nalanda."}, {"Context": "Nalanda Administration", "Knowledge": "PER Vih\u0101rap\u0101la, PER Xuanzang, PER Yijing, LOC Nalanda", "Response": "The Chinese monk Yijing wrote that matters of discussion and administration at Nalanda would require assembly and consensus on decisions by all those at the assembly, as well as resident monks:\nIf the monks had some business, they would assemble to discuss the matter. Then they ordered the officer, Vih\u0101rap\u0101la, to circulate and report the matter to the resident monks one by one with folded hands. With the objection of a single monk, it would not pass. There was no use of beating or thumping to announce his case. In case a monk did something without consent of all the residents, he would be forced to leave the monastery. If there was a difference of opinion on a certain issue, they would give reason to convince (the other group). No force or coercion was used to convince.\nXuanzang also noted:\nThe lives of all these virtuous men were naturally governed by habits of the most solemn and strictest kind. Thus in the seven hundred years of the monastery's existence no man has ever contravened the rules of the discipline. The king showers it with the signs of his respect and veneration and has assigned the revenue from a hundred cities to pay for the maintenance of the religious."}, {"Context": "Nalanda Influence on Buddhism", "Knowledge": "LOC Sri Lanka, LOC Japan, ORG Nalanda Buddhist Institute, PER Padmasambhava, PER Shantarakshita, ORG Nalanda College, ORG Nalanda Buddhist Education Foundation, LOC Samye, PER Khri - sron - deu - tsan, LOC China, LOC Nalanda Mahavihara, PER Ron Epstein, ORG Nalanda Buddhist Society, LOC Nalanda, LOC Colombo, LOC Tibet, LOC Vietnam, PER Kamalashila, PER Dharmakirti, LOC Bhutan, LOC Korea, LOC Malaysia, LOC Indonesia", "Response": "A vast amount of what came to comprise Tibetan Buddhism, both its Mahayana and Vajrayana traditions, stems from the teachers and traditions at Nalanda. Shantarakshita, who pioneered the propagation of Buddhism in Tibet in the 8th century was a scholar of Nalanda. He was invited by the Tibetan king, Khri-sron-deu-tsan, and established the monastery at Samye, serving as its first abbot. He and his disciple Kamalashila (who was also of Nalanda) essentially taught Tibetans how to do philosophy. Padmasambhava, who was also invited from Nalanda Mahavihara by the king in 747 CE, is credited as a founder of Tibetan Buddhism.The scholar Dharmakirti (c.\u20097th century), one of the Buddhist founders of Indian philosophical logic, as well as one of the primary theorists of Buddhist atomism, taught at Nalanda.Other forms of Buddhism, such as the Mahayana Buddhism followed in Vietnam, China, Korea and Japan, flourished within the walls of the ancient school. A number of scholars have associated some Mahayana texts such as the Shurangama Sutra, an important sutra in East Asian Buddhism, with the Buddhist tradition at Nalanda. Ron Epstein also notes that the general doctrinal position of the sutra does indeed correspond to what is known about the Buddhist teachings at Nalanda toward the end of the Gupta period when it was translated.Several Buddhist institutions overseas have chosen to call themselves Nalanda to acknowledge Nalanda's influence. These include Nalanda Buddhist Society in Malaysia and Nalanda College, Colombo, Sri Lanka, Nalanda Buddhist Education Foundation, Indonesia, Nalanda Buddhist Institute, Bhutan"}, {"Context": "Nalanda World Heritage Sites Recognization", "Knowledge": "ORG Nalanda, LOC Indian Subcontinent, LOC India, LOC State of Bihar, LOC Nalanda Mahavihara", "Response": "The Nalanda Mahavihara site is in the State of Bihar, in north-eastern India. It comprises the archaeological remains of a monastic and scholastic institution dating from the 3rd century BCE to the 13th century CE. It includes stupas, shrines, viharas (residential and educational buildings) and important art works in stucco, stone and metal. Nalanda stands out as the most ancient university of the Indian Subcontinent. It engaged in the organized transmission of knowledge over an uninterrupted period of 800 years. The historical development of the site testifies to the development of Buddhism into a religion and the flourishing of monastic and educational traditions."}, {"Context": "Nalanda Historical figures associated with Nalanda", "Knowledge": "PER Marpa \u015a\u0101ntarak\u1e63ita, PER Mahavira, ORG Yog\u0101c\u0101ra, PER M\u0101dhyamika Shantideva, PER Yijing, PER Buddhaguhya, PER Aryabhata Aryadeva, PER Xuanzang Vajrabodhi, PER Nalanda Maitripada, PER Vasubandhu, ORG Yogacarya, LOC Nalanda, PER Shariputra, PER Chandrakirti, PER Shunyata Naropa, PER Asanga Xuanzang, ORG Bodhisattvacarya, ORG Logic, PER Buddha, PER Atisha, PER Mahasiddha Nagarjuna, PER Nagarjuna Dharmakirti, PER Tilopa, PER Shilabhadra, PER Dharmapala Dhy\u0101nabhadra Dignaga, PER Kamala\u015b\u012bla, PER Nagarjuna Asanga", "Response": "Traditional sources state that Nalanda was visited by both Mahavira and the Buddha in c. 6th and 5th century BCE. It is also the place of birth and nirvana of Shariputra, one of the famous disciples of Buddha.Other historical figures associated with Nalanda include:\n\nAryabhata\nAryadeva, student of Nagarjuna\nAsanga, proponent of the Yogacarya school \nAtisha, Mahayana and Vajrayana scholar\nBuddhaguhya, Vajrayana Buddhist monk and scholar \nChandrakirti, student of Nagarjuna\nDharmakirti, logician\nDharmapala\nDhy\u0101nabhadra\nDignaga, founder of Buddhist Logic\nKamala\u015b\u012bla, abbot of Nalanda\nMaitripada, Indian Buddhist Mahasiddha\nNagarjuna, formaliser of the concept of Shunyata\nNaropa, student of Tilopa and teacher of Marpa\n\u015a\u0101ntarak\u1e63ita, founder of Yog\u0101c\u0101ra-M\u0101dhyamika\nShantideva, composer of the Bodhisattvacarya\nShilabhadra, the teacher of Xuanzang\nVajrabodhi, 7th\u20138th century Indian esoteric monk and one of the patriarchs of Chinese Esoteric Buddhism and Shingon Buddhism\nVasubandhu, brother of Asanga \nXuanzang, Chinese Buddhist traveller\nYijing, Chinese Buddhist traveller"}, {"Context": "Nalanda Excavated remains", "Knowledge": "LOC Nalanda, ORG Archaeological Survey of India, PER Markham Kittoe, LOC Monastery, LOC Temple, PER Alexander Cunningham, PER Francis Buchanan - Hamilton, ORG ASI", "Response": "After its decline, Nalanda was largely forgotten until Francis Buchanan-Hamilton surveyed the site in 1811\u20131812 after locals in the vicinity drew his attention to a vast complex of ruins in the area. He, however, did not associate the mounds of earth and debris with famed Nalanda. That link was established by Major Markham Kittoe in 1847. Alexander Cunningham and the newly formed Archaeological Survey of India conducted an official survey in 1861\u20131862. Systematic excavation of the ruins by the ASI did not begin until 1915 and ended in 1937. The second round of excavation and restoration took place between 1974 and 1982.The remains of Nalanda today extend some 488 metres (1,600 ft) north to south and around 244 metres (800 ft) east to west. Excavations have revealed eleven monasteries (also known as vihara) and six major brick temples arranged in an ordered layout. A 30 m (100 ft) wide passage runs from north to south with the temples to its west and the monasteries to its east. Most structures show evidence of multiple periods of construction with new buildings being raised atop the ruins of old ones. Many of the buildings also display signs of damage by fire on at least one occasion.The map gives the layout of the excavated structures. Temple 3 in the south was the most imposing structure. Temple 12, 13, 14 face the monasteries and face east. With the exception of those designated 1A and 1B, the monasteries all face west with drains emptying out in the east and staircases positioned in the south-west corner of the buildings. Temple 2 was to the east.\n\nAll the monasteries at Nalanda are very similar in layout and general appearance. Their plan involves a rectangular form with a central quadrangular court which is surrounded by a verandah which, in turn, is bounded by an outer row of cells for the monks \u2013 a typical design of vihara architecture. The central cell facing the entrance leading into the court is a shrine chamber. Its strategic position means that it would have been the first thing that drew the eye when entering the edifice. With the exception of those designated 1A and 1B, the monasteries all face west with drains emptying out in the east and staircases positioned in the south-west corner of the buildings.Monastery 1 is considered the oldest and the most important of the monastery group and shows as many as nine levels of construction. Its lower monastery is believed to be the one sponsored by Balaputradeva, the Srivijayan king, during the reign of Devapala in the 9th century (see Nalanda copper-plate of Devapala). The building was originally at least 2 storeys high and contained a colossal statue of a seated Buddha.\n\nTemple no. 3 (also termed Sariputta Stupa) is the most iconic of Nalanda's structures with its multiple flights of stairs that lead all the way to the top. The temple was originally a small structure which was built upon and enlarged by later constructions. Archaeological evidence shows that the final structure was a result of at least seven successive such accumulations of construction. The fifth of these layered temples is the most interesting and the best preserved with four corner towers of which three have been exposed. The towers as well as the sides of the stairs are decorated with exquisite panels of Gupta-era art depicting a variety of stucco figures including Buddha and the Bodhisattvas, scenes from the Jataka tales. The temple is surrounded by numerous votive stupas some of which have been built with bricks inscribed with passages from sacred Buddhist texts. The apex of Temple no. 3 features a shrine chamber which now only contains the pedestal upon which an immense statue of Buddha must have once rested. According to Win Maung, the stupa was influenced by Gupta architecture, which itself had Kushana era influences. In a shrine near the bottom of the staircase, a large image of Avalotiteshvar was found which was eventually moved to the museum.\n\nTemple no. 2 notably features 211 sculptured religious and secular panels. These include Shiva, Parvati, Kartikeya, and Gajalakshmi, Kinnaras playing musical instruments, various representations of Makaras, as well as human couples in amorous postures, as well as scenes of art and of everyday life. Susan Huntington and Bhaskara Misra \u2013 scholars of Indian architecture and arts, state Temple 2 as a Hindu temple. However, Huu Phuoc Le \u2013 a scholar of Buddhist architecture, questions this purely \"Hindu affiliation\", stating that it could be a temple based on the mandala principles, and one reflecting \"Hindu-Buddhist syncretism\" of the 8th to 12th century when Shaiva and Shakti deities were integrated into Vajrayana Buddhism. The site of Temple no. 13 features a brick-made smelting furnace with four chambers. The discovery of burnt metal and slag suggests that it was used to cast metallic objects.\nTo the north of Temple 13 lie the remains of Temple no. 14. An enormous image of the Buddha was discovered here. The image's pedestal features fragments of the only surviving exhibit of mural painting at Nalanda.To the east of Temple 2, lie the remains of Sarai Temple in the recently excavated Sarai Mound. This multi-storeyed Buddhist temple with many stupas and shrines was enclosed by a massive wall enclosure. The remains in the sanctum suggest that the Buddha statue was around 24 metres (80 ft) high.\nNumerous sculptures, as well as many murals, copper plates, inscriptions, seals, coins, plaques, potteries and works in stone, bronze, stucco, and terracotta, have been unearthed within the ruins of Nalanda. The Buddhist sculptures discovered notably include those of the Buddha in different postures, Avalokiteshvara, Jambhala, Manjushri, Marichi, and Tara. Brahmanical idols of Vishnu, Shiva-Parvathi, Ganesha, Mahishasura Mardini, and Surya have also been found in the ruins.A Black Buddha temple (termed by locals as the Telia Bhairav, \"tel\" refers to use of oil) is near Temple 14 with has an ancient large black Buddha image in bhumisparha mudra. This the same temple termed Baithak Bhairab in Cunningham's 1861\u201362 ASI report."}, {"Context": "Nalanda Surviving Nalanda manuscripts", "Knowledge": "ORG Asia Society, PER Surapala, LOC Nalanda, LOC India, LOC Yarlung Museum, LOC On ke ru Lha khang monastery, LOC Tibet, PER Asoka, PER Buton, LOC Tsetang, LOC Los Angeles County Museum of Art", "Response": "Fleeing monks took some of the Nalanda manuscripts. A few of them have survived and are preserved in collections such as those at:\n\nLos Angeles County Museum of Art Folios from a Dharanisamgraha, circa 1075.\nAsia Society This Ashtasahasrika Prajnaparamita manuscript records, in Sanskrit and Tibetan, the history of the manuscript from its creation at the famous Nalanda monastery in India through its use in Tibet by the compiler of the first Tibetan canon of Buddhism, Buton.\nYarlung Museum, Tsetang (From the On ke ru Lha khang monastery) Astasahahasrika Prajnaparamita Sanskrit palm-leaf manuscript, with 139 leaves and painted wooden covers. According to the colophon, this manuscript was donated by the mother of the great pandita Sri Asoka in the second year of the reign of King Surapala at end of the 11th century."}, {"Context": "Nalanda Nalanda inscriptions", "Knowledge": "PER Suvarnadvipa, PER Vipulshrimitra, LOC Nalanda, PER Yashovarman, LOC Sarai, PER Sailendra, PER Baladitya, PER Hirananda Shastri, PER Murnavarman, LOC Nalanda Museum, PER Balaputradeva, PER Buddha", "Response": "A number of inscriptions were found during the excavation, which are now preserved in the Nalanda Museum. These include:\n\nSon of a minister of Yashovarman donated to the temple built by king Baladitya. 8th cent CE, basalt slab found in monastery 1.\nMurnavarman constructed an 24-metre-high (80 ft) brass image of Buddha. 7th cent CE, basalt slab, found in Sarai mound.\nMonk Vipulshrimitra built a monastery. Basalt slab, later half of 12th cent, found in the uppermost level of Monastery 7.\nDonation of Balaputradeva, the king of Suvarnadvipa of Sailendra dynasty. 860 CE Copperplate found by Hirananda Shastri in 1921 in the antechamber of Monastery 1 at Nalanda."}, {"Context": "Nalanda Tourism", "Knowledge": "LOC Nalanda", "Response": "Nalanda is a popular tourist destination in the state attracting a number of Indian and overseas visitors. It is also an important stop on the Buddhist tourism circuit."}, {"Context": "Nalanda Nalanda Archaeological Museum", "Knowledge": "ORG Archaeological Survey of India, LOC Rajgir, LOC Nalanda", "Response": "The Archaeological Survey of India maintains a museum near the ruins for the benefit of visitors. The museum, opened in 1917, exhibits the antiquities that have been unearthed at Nalanda as well as from nearby Rajgir. Out of 13,463 items, only 349 are on display in four galleries."}, {"Context": "Nalanda Xuanzang Memorial Hall", "Knowledge": "LOC Xuanzang Memorial Hall", "Response": "The Xuanzang Memorial Hall is an Indo-Chinese undertaking to honour the famed Buddhist monk and traveller. A relic, comprising a skull bone of the Chinese monk, is on display in the memorial hall."}, {"Context": "Nalanda Nalanda Multimedia Museum", "Knowledge": "LOC Nalanda Multimedia Museum, LOC Nalanda", "Response": "Another museum adjoining the excavated site is the privately run Nalanda Multimedia Museum. It showcases the history of Nalanda through 3-D animation and other multimedia presentations."}, {"Context": "Nalanda Bibliography", "Knowledge": "LOC London, ORG George Allen and Unwin Ltd, PER Basham, PER Sukumar, ORG Nand Kishore, PER Scharfe, PER Rene, PER Amalananda, ORG Taylor & Francis, ORG Orion Press, PER Maulana, PER Chos - dar, PER Dharmasvamin, ORG Har - Anand Publications, PER Hartmut, LOC New Delhi, PER Minhaj - ud - Din, PER Anant Sadashiv, PER Ray, PER Chandra, PER JA Underwood, LOC Nalanda, PER Chag Lo Tsa - ba Chos - rje - dpal, PER Himanshu Prabha, ORG Archaeological Survey of India, PER Pal, PER A. L., PER Ghosh, ORG Picador, PER Asher, PER Grousset, PER George Roerich, PER Sayantani, PER Buddha, PER Frederick M., PER H. G. Raverty, ORG Brill, LOC India, PER Altekar, PER Upasaka, ORG Marga, PER Dutt, PER Satish, LOC South Asia", "Response": "Asher, Frederick M. (2015). Nalanda: Situating the Great Monastery. Marga. ISBN 978-93-83243-07-5.\nMinhaj-ud-Din, Maulana (1881). Tabakat-i-Nasiri \u2013 A General History of the Muhammadan Dynasties of Asia Including Hindustan. Translated by Major H. G. Raverty. p. 552.\nDutt, Sukumar (1962). Buddhist Monks And Monasteries of India: Their History And Contribution To Indian Culture. London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd (Reprinted 1988). ISBN 978-81-208-0498-2.\nChandra, Satish (2004). Volume 1 of Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals. Har-Anand Publications. ISBN 978-8124110645.\nGhosh, Amalananda (1965). A Guide to Nalanda (5 ed.). New Delhi: The Archaeological Survey of India.\nScharfe, Hartmut (2002). Education in Ancient India. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Vol. 16. Brill. ISBN 9789004125568.\nBasham, A. L. (1954). The wonder that was India: a survey of the history and culture of the Indian sub-continent before the coming of the Muslims. London: Picador. ISBN 978-0330439091.\nChos-dar, Upasaka (1959). Biography of Dharmasvamin (Chag Lo Tsa-ba Chos-rje-dpal), a Tibetan Monk Pilgrim. Translated by George Roerich. The account was narrated by Dharmasvamin to his student, Chos-dar.\nAltekar, Anant Sadashiv (1965). Education in Ancient India. Nand Kishore. ISBN 978-8182054929.\nGrousset, Rene (1971) [First published in French in 1929]. In the Footsteps of the Buddha. Translated from French by JA Underwood. Orion Press. ISBN 978-0-7661-9347-5.\nRay, Himanshu Prabha (2018). Decolonising Heritage in South Asia: The Global, the National and the Transnational. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-429-80286-7.\nPal, Sayantani (2019). \"Village Seals of Nalanda\". Pratna Samiksha. 10: 95\u201397.\nKrishnan, G.P. (2016). Nalanda, Srivijaya and Beyond: Re-exploring Buddhist Art in Asia. Asian Civilisations Museum, Singapore. ISBN 978-981-09-9912-4.\nAmartya Sen (2014). \"The Contemporary Relevance of Buddha\". Ethics & International Affairs. 28 (1): 15\u201327. doi:10.1017/S0892679414000033. S2CID 143579443.\nJoshi, Lal Mani (1977). Studies in the Buddhistic Culture of India During the Seventh and Eighth Centuries A.D. Motilal Banarsidass Publications. ISBN 978-8120802810.\nWriggins, Sally Hovey (1996). Xuanzang : a Buddhist pilgrim on the Silk Road. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-8133-2801-0.\nWink, Andr\u00e9 (2002). Al-Hind: the making of the Indo-Islamic world. Vol. 1 (3rd ed.). Boston, MA: Brill. ISBN 978-0-391-04173-8.\nSharma, Suresh Kant (2005). Encyclopaedia of Higher Education: Historical survey-pre-independence period. Mittal Publications. ISBN 978-8183240178.\nKhurshid, Anis (January 1972). \"Growth of libraries in India\". International Library Review. 4 (1): 21\u201365. doi:10.1016/0020-7837(72)90048-9.\nSastri, Hiranand (1986) [First published in 1942]. Nalanda and its Epigraphic Material. New Delhi: Sri Satguru Publications. ISBN 978-8170300137.\nSastri, Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta (1988) [1967]. Age of the Nandas and Mauryas (2nd ed.). Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. ISBN 978-8120804661.\nTaher, Mohamed; Davis, Donald Gordon (1994). Librarianship and library science in India : an outline of historical perspectives. New Delhi: Concept Pub. Co. ISBN 978-8170225249.\nBhatt, Rakesh Kumar (1995). History and Development of Libraries in India. Mittal Publications. ISBN 978-8170995821.\nMookerji, Radha Kumud (1998) [First published in 1951]. Ancient Indian Education: Brahmanical and Buddhist (2 ed.). Motilal Banarsidass Publications. ISBN 978-8120804234.\nPrasad, Chandra Shekhar (1988). \"Nalanda vis-\u00e0-vis the Birthplace of \u015a\u0101riputra\". East and West. 38 (1/4): 175\u2013188. JSTOR 29756860.\nPatel, Jashu; Kumar, Krishan (2001). Libraries and Librarianship in India. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780313294235.\nCollins, Randall (2000). The sociology of philosophies: a global theory of intellectual change. Volume 30, Issue 2 of Philosophy of the social sciences. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-00187-9.\nBeal, Samuel (2000) [First published in 1911]. The life of Hiuen-Tsiang. Trubner's Oriental Series. Vol. 1 (New ed.). London: Routledge. ISBN 9781136376290.\nHumphreys, Christmas (1987). The Wisdom of Buddhism. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0700701971.\nWayman, Alex (1984). Buddhist Insight: Essays. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-8120806757.\nKulke, Hermann; Rothermund, Dietmar (2004). A History of India (Fourth ed.). Routledge.\nMonroe, Paul (2000). Paul Monroe's encyclopaedia of history of education, Volume 1. Genesis Publishing. ISBN 978-8177550917.\nWalser, Joseph (2005). N\u0101g\u0101rjuna in Context: Mah\u0101y\u0101na Buddhism and Early Indian Culture. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0231131643.\nPinkney, Andrea M (2014). \"Looking West to India: Asian education, intra-Asian renaissance, and the Nalanda revival\". Modern Asian Studies. Cambridge University Press. 49 (1): 111\u2013149. doi:10.1017/s0026749x13000310. S2CID 144865654.\nLe, Huu Phuoc (2010). Buddhist Architecture. Grafikol. pp. 58\u201366. ISBN 978-0984404308.\nFrazier, Jessica, ed. (2011). The Continuum companion to Hindu studies. London: Continuum. ISBN 978-0-8264-9966-0.\nJarzombek, Mark M.; Prakash, Vikramaditya; Ching, Francis D.K. (2011). A Global History of Architecture. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0470902455.\nBuswell, Robert E. Jr.; Lopez, Donald S. Jr. (2013). The Princeton dictionary of Buddhism. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9781400848058.{{cite book}}:  CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)\nKim, Jinah (2013). Receptacle of the Sacred: Illustrated Manuscripts and the Buddhist Book Cult in South Asia. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520273863.\nSmith, F Harold (2013). The Buddhist Way of Life. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-02930-2.\nWalton, Linda (2015). \"Educational institutions\" in The Cambridge World History Vol. 5. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-19074-9."}, {"Context": "Nanded Introduction", "Knowledge": "LOC India, LOC Nanded, PER Guru Gobind Singh, LOC Maharashtra, PER Guru Granth Sahib, LOC Marathwada", "Response": "Nanded is a city in Maharashtra state, India. It is the tenth largest city in the state and the seventy-ninth most populous city in India. It is the second largest city in Marathwada region. It is the district headquarters of Nanded district.\nThe last Sikh Guru, Guru Gobind Singh spent his last days in Nanded and passed his guruship to the sacred text Guru Granth Sahib before his death there in 1708."}, {"Context": "Nanded Location", "Knowledge": "LOC Hingoli district, LOC Waghala, LOC New Nanded, LOC Bidar, LOC India, LOC Nanded, LOC Yavatmal district, LOC Godavari, LOC Latur, LOC Nizamabad, LOC Nirmal, LOC Karnataka, LOC Parbhani district, LOC Adilabad, LOC Old Nanded, LOC Telangana, LOC Kamareddy", "Response": "Nanded is located on the banks of river Godavari in west-central India. Nanded district borders Latur district, Parbhani district and Hingoli district to the west and Yavatmal district to the north. The district is bordered by the Nizamabad, Kamareddy, Nirmal and Adilabad districts of Telangana state to the east and Bidar district of Karnataka state to the south.\nNanded has two parts: Old Nanded 20.62 square kilometres (7.96 sq mi) occupies the north bank of the Godavari river; New Nanded, to the south of the river, 31.14 square kilometres (12.02 sq mi) encompasses Waghala and neighbourhoods."}, {"Context": "Nanded Etymology", "Knowledge": "PER Shiva, LOC Nandigr\u0101ma, LOC Nanded, LOC Nandita\u1e6da, LOC \u0928\u0902\u0926\u093f\u0924\u091f, LOC Godavari, LOC Washim, LOC Nandi", "Response": "From a copper plate inscription found at Washim, a town approximately 150 kilometres (93 mi) north of Nanded, archaeologists deduce the city was formerly known as Nandita\u1e6da (Marathi: \u0928\u0902\u0926\u093f\u0924\u091f).  Another name was Nandigr\u0101ma. Folklore suggests that the name \"Nanded\" developed from Nandi the Vahana of Shiva. Shiva was said to have performed penance on the banks (Ta\u1e6da) of the Godavari river. This \"Nandi-ta\u1e6da\" later became \"Nanded\"."}, {"Context": "Nanded History", "Knowledge": "LOC Sri Lanka, PER Bharat, PER Bahadur Shah, PER Ashoka, PER Krishna III, LOC Nizam State, PER Mughal Badshah, PER Vishnupant Shesa, PER Vaman Pandit, PER Nanda, ORG Andhrabhrtyas, PER Guru Gobind Singh, LOC Karnataka, LOC Hyderabad, PER Sikander Jah, PER Guru, ORG Hazur Sahib, LOC Golconda, LOC Hyderabad State, LOC Telangana, LOC Malkheda, LOC Bidah Subah, PER Guru Nanak, PER Bahadur Shah I, LOC Kandhar Fort, LOC India, LOC Kandhar, ORG Indian Armed Forces, LOC Nanded, PER Raghunath Shesa, PER Ranjit Singh, ORG Satvahanas, PER Shah Jahan, LOC Maurya Empire", "Response": "Nanded is mentioned in Mahabharata as place of Bharat's maternal grandparents. In the 1st century CE, power in the area lay with the Andhrabhrtyas and Satvahanas. In the 5th and 4th centuries BCE, Nanded was ruled by the Nanda dynasty. In the 3rd century BCE (about 272 to 231 BCE), it was part of the Maurya Empire under Ashoka. Local irrigation practices and Nanded itself are recorded in the treatise, Leela Charitra (late 1200s CE). Nanded was the birthplace of three Marathi poet-saints\u2014Vishnupant Shesa, Raghunath Shesa, and Vaman Pandit Construction of Kandhar Fort, located in Kandhar, is attributed to the Rashtrakuta king Krishna III of Malkheda who ruled around 10th century CE.\nFrom 1636, Nanded was the centre of governance of Nizam State, which includes present-day Telangana and Karnataka, and was an imperial province of the Mughal Badshah (emperor) Shah Jahan. In 1657, Nanded merged into Bidah Subah. Guru Nanak (1469 \u2013 1539 CE) passed through Nanded on his way to Sri Lanka. Guru Gobind Singh (1666 \u2013 1708 CE) arrived in Nanded with the Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah I (1643 \u2013 1712 CE) near the end of August in 1707 CE. When Bahadur Shah moved on to Golconda, Guru Gobind Singh remained in Nanded. Guru Gobind Singh proclaimed he was the last (tenth) living guru and established the sacred text, the Guru Granth Sahib as an eternal \"living\" leader. Guru Gobind Singh died without a lineal descendant due to the martyrdom of his four sons.In 1725, Nanded became part of Hyderabad State. In about 1835, Maharaja Ranjit Singh commissioned the construction of a gurdwara at Nanded with the financial aid of Sikander Jah (3rd Nizam of hyderabad) It was built on the site of Guru Gobind Singh's cremation. The gurdwara is part of the Hazur Sahib.\nAfter India gained independence in 1947, the Indian Armed Forces annexed Hyderabad and ended the rule of the Nizam in Operation Polo, making Nanded part of the new Hyderabad State. Nanded remained part of the Hyderabad state until 1956 when it was included in the Bombay Presidency.\nOn 1 May 1960, Maharashtra state was created on a linguistic basis and the Marathi dominant Nanded district became part of Maharashtra. In December 2022, 25 Nanded district villages renewed their demand to merge with Telangana."}, {"Context": "Nanded Geography", "Knowledge": "LOC Nanded, LOC Deccan, LOC Godavari", "Response": "Nanded urban area is 63.22 square kilometres (24.41 sq mi). Nanded is built on the Deccan Traps lava flows of the upper cretaceous to lower eocene eras. The lava flows are overlain by thin alluvial deposits. The lava flows are horizontal and each flow has two distinct units. The highly weathered vesicular trap and underlying weathered jointed and fractured massive trap constitutes the main water-yielding zones. The soil is mostly formed from igneous rocks and are black, medium black, shallow and calcareous types having different depths and profiles. Godavari river passes through the city."}, {"Context": "Nanded Demographics", "Knowledge": "LOC Nanded", "Response": "As of the 2011 census, Nanded had a population of 550,564. The municipality had a gender ratio of 924 females per 1,000 males. 12.4 percent of the population were under six years old. Effective literacy was 87.40 percent. 81.74 percent of women were literate. Male literacy was 92.68 percent."}, {"Context": "Nanded Road", "Knowledge": "LOC Sangareddy, LOC Solapur, ORG MSRTC, LOC Kalyan, LOC Maharashtra, LOC Ratnagiri, LOC NH, LOC Latur, ORG TSRTC, LOC Degloor, LOC Yavatmal, LOC Sangli, LOC Akola, LOC Hingoli, LOC Telangana, LOC Nanded, LOC Nagpur, LOC Ahmednagar, LOC Kolhapur, LOC Washim, LOC Nirmal, LOC Wardha, LOC Parbhani", "Response": "Nanded lies on NH 61 (Kalyan\u2013Ahmednagar\u2013Parbhani\u2013Nanded\u2013Nirmal), NH 361 (Nagpur\u2013Wardha-Yavatmal\u2013Nanded-Latur\u2013Solapur\u2013Sangli\u2013Kolhapur\u2013Ratnagiri) and NH 161 (Akola\u2013Washim\u2013Hingoli\u2013Nanded\u2013Degloor\u2013Sangareddy). MSRTC buses connect Nanded to many cities of the Maharashtra state. TSRTC buses connect Nanded to some cities of the Telangana state."}, {"Context": "Nanded Rail", "Knowledge": "LOC Hazur Sahib Nanded, LOC Nanded, LOC South Central Railway, LOC South Central Railway Zone, LOC Maltekdi, LOC Secunderabad \u2013 Manmad, ORG Indian Railways, LOC SCR", "Response": "Hazur Sahib Nanded railway station is located on the Secunderabad\u2013Manmad line of Nanded railway division of the South Central Railway Zone (SCR). Nanded railway division is one of the six railway divisions under South Central Railway zone of Indian Railways. Around 48 trains arrive and depart each day from this station. Maltekdi railway station is another railway station serving city of Nanded."}, {"Context": "Nanded Air", "Knowledge": "LOC Shri Guru Gobind Singh Ji Airport, LOC Nanded, LOC Amritsar, LOC Hyderabad, LOC Jalgaon, ORG TruJet, LOC Mumbai, ORG Air India", "Response": "The Shri Guru Gobind Singh Ji Airport, Nanded is served by daily TruJet flights to Hyderabad, Mumbai and Jalgaon. Air India operates flights to Amritsar."}, {"Context": "Nanded Economy", "Knowledge": "LOC Nanded, ORG Regional Cotton Research Center, ORG Krishi Vidyapeeth, LOC Parbhani", "Response": "Crops grown around Nanded include cotton, bananas, sugarcane, mangoes, soya beans, sweet limes, Grapes, Papaya, and sorghum (jawar). Nanded has a Regional Cotton Research Center to support the Cotton-growing industry. There is an agricultural school operational under the aegis of Krishi Vidyapeeth of Parbhani.\nTourism is supported by 10 million annual visitors who are mostly religious pilgrims."}, {"Context": "Nanded Education", "Knowledge": "ORG Shri Guru Gobind Singhji Institute of Engineering and Technology, LOC Nanded, ORG SRTMU, ORG Dr. Shankarrao Chavan Government Medical College, LOC Aurangabad, ORG Marathwada University, ORG Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University, ORG Marathwada", "Response": "On 17 September 1994, the Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University (SRTMU) was established in Nanded after a restructuring of the Marathwada University in Aurangabad. The university supervises the educational activities in senior colleges in four districts of Marathwada division.\nNotable educational institutions in Nanded include the Dr. Shankarrao Chavan Government Medical College and Shri Guru Gobind Singhji Institute of Engineering and Technology."}, {"Context": "Nanded Governance", "Knowledge": "ORG Nanded - Waghala Municipal Corporation, PER Sunil Lahane, LOC Nanded, ORG NWCMC", "Response": "The city of Nanded is managed by the Nanded-Waghala Municipal Corporation (NWCMC). The corporation consists of 81 democratically elected members. The Municipal Commissioner is the Chief Executive of the corporation. Sunil Lahane is the current Chief Executive of the corporation."}, {"Context": "Nanded Nanded fort", "Knowledge": "LOC Godavari, LOC Nanded Fort, LOC Nandgiri Fort", "Response": "Nanded Fort, also known as Nandgiri Fort is a fort located on the banks of Godavari river. The Godavari river encloses the fort on three sides. The fort has been converted into a garden to attract tourists. There is a water tank constructed in the fort."}, {"Context": "Nanded Mandir", "Knowledge": "LOC Vishnupuri Shani Mandir, LOC Junna Kautha, LOC Mahurgarh Siddheshwar Mandir, LOC Govardhan Ghat, LOC Shree Nagar Shri, LOC Devinagar Ganpati Mandir, LOC Trikut Hanuman Mandir, LOC Ram Ghat, LOC Mondha Yagyavalkya Vedpathshala Saraswati Mandir, LOC Jagdamba Mata Mandir, LOC Shiva Mandir, LOC Kaleshwar Mandir, LOC Hottal, LOC Ahir Samaj Mahamai Mata Mandir, PER Yadav, LOC Godavari River, LOC Trikut Datta Mandir, LOC Urvashi Ghat, LOC Trikut Rajput Sangh Renuka Mata Mandir, LOC Hemadpanti, PER Senapati, LOC Tadkhel, LOC Tadkhel Shri Narsinh Mandir, LOC Degloor Taluka", "Response": "The Vedic rituals are regularly performed on the ghats of Godavari River which include Urvashi Ghat, Ram Ghat, and Govardhan Ghat.\nKaleshwar Mandir, Vishnupuri\nShani Mandir, Mondha\nYagyavalkya Vedpathshala Saraswati Mandir, Shree Nagar\nShri Yadav Ahir Samaj Mahamai Mata Mandir, Devinagar\nGanpati Mandir, Trikut\nHanuman Mandir, Trikut\nDatta Mandir, Trikut\nRajput Sangh Renuka Mata Mandir, Mahurgarh\nSiddheshwar Mandir, Hottal \u2013 built during the Chalukya era, an example of Hemadpanti temple architecture.\nShiva Mandir, Tadkhel, Degloor Taluka \u2013 built with large stones displaying scripture by the Hindu king, Senapati.\nJagdamba Mata Mandir, Tadkhel\nShri Narsinh Mandir, Junna Kautha."}, {"Context": "Nanded Gurdwara", "Knowledge": "ORG Panj, LOC Hazur Sahib, PER Sangat, PER Baba Banda Singh Bahadur, PER Guru Gobind Singh, LOC Tekdi Gurdwara, LOC Gurdwara Bhajangarh, LOC Gurdwara, PER Shikaar, PER Baoli, LOC Gurdwara Banda Ghat, PER Mata, PER Guru Nanak, LOC Gurdwara Nanakpuri, LOC Ghat, PER Maal, PER Ranjit Singh, PER Heera, LOC Gurdwara Nagina Ghat", "Response": "Hazur Sahib was built by Maharaja Ranjit Singh. It is one of the Panj Takht, the five seats of higher authority for Sikhs. It is built at the site of cremation of Guru Gobind Singh. His remains and weapons are preserved at the site.\nGurdwara Nagina Ghat Sahib\nGurdwara Banda Ghat Sahib (Baba Banda Singh Bahadur)\nGurdwara Shikaar Ghat Sahib\nGurdwara Baoli Sahib\nGurdwara Heera Ghat\nGurdwara Mata Sahib\nGurdwara Maal Tekdi\nGurdwara Sangat Sahib\nGurdwara Nanakpuri Sahib (place of Guru Nanak)\nGurdwara Bhajangarh Sahib"}, {"Context": "Nanded Church", "Knowledge": "LOC Methodist Church Bethel AG Church, ORG Pentecostal Mission, LOC St. Francis De Sales Catholic Church, LOC Bethesda Ministries Church", "Response": "St. Francis De Sales Catholic Church\nMethodist Church\nBethel AG Church\nThe Pentecostal Mission (Church)\nBethesda Ministries Church"}, {"Context": "Nanded Notable people", "Knowledge": "ORG JIH, PER Kamalkishor Kadam, PER Banda Singh Bahadur, PER Syed Sadatullah Husaini, PER Amir, PER Datta Bhagat, ORG BAMU, ORG Jamaat - e - Islami Hind, PER Vaman Pandit, LOC Nanded, PER Guru Gobind Singh, PER Shankarrao Chavan, LOC Maharashtra, PER Narhar Ambadas Kurundkar, PER Ashok Chavan, PER Prataprao Govindrao Chikhalikar, LOC Nanded Loksabha, PER Nagnath Lalujirao Kottapalle", "Response": "Banda Singh Bahadur, a Sikh military commander.\nDatta Bhagat, an Ambedkarite author.\nAshok Chavan, former Chief Minister of Maharashtra state and former Member of Parliament of the Nanded Loksabha constituency.\nShankarrao Chavan, the former Chief minister and former Home minister of Maharashtra state.\nPrataprao Govindrao Chikhalikar, current Member of Parliament and former MLA\nSyed Sadatullah Husaini,  president (Amir) of Jamaat-e-Islami Hind (JIH).\nKamalkishor Kadam, a former minister of education.\nNagnath Lalujirao Kottapalle, former Vice-chancellor of BAMU, an educationalist and an author.\nNarhar Ambadas Kurundkar, a scholar, critic and author.\nVaman Pandit, a Marathi scholar and a poet.\nGuru Gobind Singh, the last Sikh Guru who died in Nanded."}, {"Context": "Nashik Introduction", "Knowledge": "ORG Exxelia, LOC Godavari, LOC Nashik, ORG Atlas Copco, LOC Maharashtra, ORG United Spirits Limited, LOC Mumbai, ORG Jyoti Structures, ORG Mahindra Ugine Steel, LOC Nashik Valley, ORG XLO India Limited, ORG Everest Industries, ORG KSB Pumps, ORG Crompton Greaves, ORG Gabriel India, ORG GlaxoSmithKline, ORG Mahindra, ORG CEAT Limited, ORG Graphite India, ORG Perfect Circle Industries, ORG Robert Bosch GmbH, ORG Indian Oil Corporation, ORG Shalimar Paints, ORG Hindustan Coca - Cola, ORG Samsonite, LOC Nasik, ORG Epcos, ORG Jindal Polyster, ORG Larsen & Toubro, LOC Pune, ORG VIP Industries, LOC India, ORG Siemens, ORG ThyssenKrupp, ORG Jindal Saw, ORG Kirlosker Oil Engines, ORG Mahindra Sona, ORG Hindustan Unilever Limited", "Response": "Nashik (, Marathi: [na\u02d0\u0283ik] , also called as Nasik (listen)) is a city in the northern region of the Indian state of Maharashtra. Situated on the banks of river Godavari, Nashik is the third largest city of Maharashtra after Mumbai and Pune. District population of Nashik is around 80 lakhs. Mumbai\u2013Pune\u2013Nashik is known as the golden triangle of Maharashtra state. Nashik is well known for being one of the Hindu pilgrimage sites of the Kumbh Mela, which is held every 12 years. Nashik is located about 190 km north of state capital Mumbai. The city is called the \"Wine Capital of India\" as more than half of India's vineyards and wineries are located here. Around 90% of all Indian wine comes from the Nashik Valley.Nashik is one of the fastest-growing cities in India. It has been a major industrial center in automobile hub. The city houses companies like Exxelia, Atlas Copco, Robert Bosch GmbH, CEAT Limited, Crompton Greaves, Graphite India, ThyssenKrupp, Epcos, Everest Industries, Gabriel India, GlaxoSmithKline, Hindustan Coca-Cola, Hindustan Unilever Limited, Jindal Polyster, Jyoti Structures, Kirlosker Oil Engines, KSB Pumps, Larsen & Toubro, Mahindra and Mahindra, Mahindra Sona, United Spirits Limited, Perfect Circle Industries, Mahindra Ugine Steel, Samsonite, Shalimar Paints, Siemens, VIP Industries, Indian Oil Corporation, XLO India Limited and Jindal Saw, among others."}]