建築英語


Greek architecture is renowned for its classical columns, symmetry, and proportion, exemplified by temples like the Parthenon. Roman architecture built upon Greek traditions, introducing innovations such as arches, vaults, and concrete construction that enabled the creation of impressive public buildings and infrastructure. Romanesque architecture, emerging in medieval Europe, is characterized by its rounded arches, heavy walls, and small windows, conveying a sense of solidity and durability. Gothic architecture followed, featuring pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and large stained-glass windows that allowed for soaring, light-filled spaces in cathedrals. The Renaissance marked a revival of classical principles, emphasizing balance, proportion, and harmony in both art and architecture. Baroque architecture then introduced a dramatic, ornate style with dynamic curves and intricate details that conveyed movement and grandeur. Modern architecture, evolving through the 20th century, embraced simplicity, functionality, and the use of new materials and technologies, leading to sleek, minimalist designs with an emphasis on clean lines and open spaces.


**RC Ramen Structure**  
The RC Ramen structure is a building system that uses reinforced concrete. In this system, columns, beams, and slabs form an integrated frame, providing excellent earthquake resistance, fire resistance, and durability. However, the structure tends to be heavy and requires a longer construction period, so careful planning regarding construction methods and timelines is essential.

**S Ramen Structure**  
The S Ramen structure employs a steel frame system. It is lightweight and allows for rapid construction, offering a high degree of design flexibility and adaptable space utilization. While it also provides strong earthquake resistance, additional measures for fire protection and anti-corrosion treatments are necessary.



Neoclassical architecture draws inspiration from the art and culture of ancient Greece and Rome. It emphasizes symmetry, proportion, and the use of classical elements such as columns, pediments, and domes. This style emerged as a reaction to the ornate Baroque and Rococo styles, aiming to evoke the ideals of order, simplicity, and civic virtue.

Modernism in architecture represents a break from traditional design, embracing new technologies and materials like steel, glass, and reinforced concrete. It is characterized by minimal ornamentation, open floor plans, and a focus on function over form. Modernist architects sought to create buildings that were efficient, clean, and suited to the needs of a rapidly changing society.

Functionalist architecture, a branch of Modernism, is based on the principle that a building’s design should be dictated solely by its purpose. Every element of the structure is meant to serve a practical function, leading to designs that are straightforward and utilitarian. This approach often results in minimalist aesthetics, with the belief that beauty emerges naturally from functionality.



The **International Style**, also known as the **International Movement**, is a major architectural style of modernism that emerged in the 1920s and 1930s and gained global influence after World War II. It is characterized by:

① **Architecture as Volume**: Buildings are designed to be seen as free, open volumes rather than as solid masses. The focus is on space and light, emphasizing the spatial experience and the building’s form as a continuous, flowing entity.

② **Regularity**: The design emphasizes systematic order and regular geometric forms. This regularity reflects an underlying logic in the spatial organization, often resulting in repetitive elements and grid-like structures that convey a sense of rationality.

③ **Avoidance of Decoration**: The style rejects unnecessary ornamentation in favor of clean, simple lines. Decoration is considered superfluous, and the true beauty of a building is thought to emerge from its form and function alone.

This approach not only underscores the aesthetic of minimalism but also champions functionality, clarity, and an honest expression of materials and construction techniques.



**Elementalism in Architecture**  
This approach emphasizes the use of basic, fundamental elements in design. Architects who subscribe to elementalism focus on reducing forms to their simplest components, aiming to reveal the essence of a structure through minimalistic and pure geometric forms.

**Constructivist Architecture**  
Originating in the early 20th century, constructivist architecture is characterized by a rational, geometric approach that often reflects industrial materials and techniques. It emphasizes the idea of construction as a process, where each element is deliberately arranged to serve both aesthetic and functional purposes.

**Organic Architecture**  
Organic architecture is inspired by natural forms and the integration of a building with its environment. It emphasizes harmony between the structure and its surroundings, often featuring flowing, asymmetrical forms and an emphasis on natural materials to create buildings that seem to grow naturally out of the landscape.

**Expressionist Architecture**  
Expressionist architecture is defined by its use of dynamic, often unconventional forms to evoke emotion and convey meaning. Buildings in this style frequently feature dramatic shapes, bold angles, and imaginative designs that break away from traditional forms, aiming to express the inner spirit or emotion of the architect.

**Modernism and Postmodernism**  
Modernism in architecture is marked by a focus on functionality, simplicity, and the rejection of unnecessary ornamentation. It embraces new technologies and materials, resulting in clean lines and rational forms. In contrast, postmodernism emerged as a reaction against modernism, reintroducing historical references, eclectic details, and irony. Postmodern architecture often combines elements from different styles and eras, emphasizing complexity and diversity in design.

**Art Nouveau and Art Deco**  
Art Nouveau is known for its organic, flowing lines and decorative motifs inspired by nature. This style often features asymmetrical compositions and intricate details that evoke a sense of movement and natural beauty. Art Deco, on the other hand, embraces a more geometric and streamlined aesthetic. It is characterized by symmetry, bold forms, and luxurious materials, conveying a sense of modernity and glamour through its decorative, yet structured, design elements.


**Early Modern Architecture and Modern Architecture**  
Early modern architecture refers to the period spanning the Renaissance through the Baroque eras. This era is characterized by the revival of classical principles, harmonious proportions, and richly decorative details. In contrast, modern architecture emerged with the industrial revolution and the advent of new technologies—most notably **steel frame construction**—which enabled innovative designs that prioritize functionality, minimal ornamentation, and the honest expression of materials.

**Neoclassical Architecture, Pinucharesque, Gothic, and Steel Frame Construction**  
**Neoclassical Architecture** revives the ideals of ancient Greece and Rome, emphasizing symmetry, proportion, and the use of classical orders. Its design principles aim for a refined, balanced aesthetic that reflects order and rationality.

The term **Pinucharesque** (a less commonly used term) appears to denote a stylistic variation within neoclassicism, characterized by a distinctive, perhaps more ornamental, interpretation of classical elements. It suggests a fusion of strict classical symmetry with added decorative nuances.

**Gothic Architecture** is known for its soaring verticality, pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and flying buttresses. This style creates an impression of lightness and upward movement, typical of medieval cathedrals, where structural ingenuity meets spiritual aspiration.

**Steel Frame Construction** revolutionized modern architecture. By using a framework of steel, buildings became lighter and more flexible in design, allowing for expansive window openings, open floor plans, and much taller structures. This method underpins many modern skyscrapers and exemplifies the shift towards functionality and efficiency in architectural design.

Together, these architectural styles illustrate the evolution from the richly decorated and historically inspired forms of early modern architecture to the innovative, material-driven, and function-oriented approach of modern construction.

Brutalism
Brutalism is characterized by its rugged, raw concrete construction and an emphasis on geometric, block-like forms. This style often exposes structural elements and mechanical systems, creating a stark and powerful aesthetic.

Deconstructivism
Deconstructivist architecture challenges traditional notions of form and order. It features fragmented, non-linear designs with dynamic angles and irregular shapes, often evoking a sense of chaos and unpredictability.


1. **Column**  
A column is a vertical structural element that supports loads from beams or slabs above. Columns are typically cylindrical or rectangular and are made of materials such as concrete, steel, or wood. They transfer weight and forces to the foundation of the building.

2. **Beam**  
A beam is a horizontal structural element that supports loads, typically from walls or columns. Beams resist bending and shear forces, and they are often made of steel, reinforced concrete, or timber. They play a crucial role in distributing weight across a structure.

3. **Slab**  
A slab is a flat, horizontal structural element that forms floors and ceilings in buildings. Slabs can be made from reinforced concrete or steel and are designed to bear loads from the upper floors, distribute them, and provide a stable surface.

4. **Arch**  
An arch is a curved structural element designed to support weight. It transfers the load from above to the supports on either side. Arches are commonly used in bridges, doorways, and windows. They distribute forces more efficiently than a straight beam and allow for wider spans.

5. **Dome**  
A dome is a curved, hemispherical roof structure that is supported by a circular base. It is a type of vaulted ceiling that distributes its load evenly. Domes are often used in large, open spaces such as churches, mosques, and government buildings.

6. **Vault**  
A vault is an arched structure used to cover a space, typically a ceiling or roof. Vaults are made up of multiple arches placed side by side. They are commonly found in cathedrals, basilicas, and other monumental buildings. Vaults allow for wider, more open spaces with greater strength and durability.

7. **Cantilever**  
A cantilever is a beam or structure that is supported at only one end, with the other end extending out into space. This creates an overhang without any support beneath it. Cantilevers are commonly used in bridges, balconies, and other structures where support from the ground is not possible or desirable.



Rigid Frame Structure - A structural system that provides stability by using rigid connections between beams and columns.
Platform Frame Construction - A wood-frame construction method where each floor is built separately and stacked.
Truss - A structural framework of interconnected triangles used to support roofs and bridges.
Slab - A flat, horizontal structural element made of concrete, steel, or wood.
Column - A vertical structural element that transfers loads from above to the foundation.
Beam - A horizontal structural element that resists bending and carries loads between columns.
Wall - A vertical structure that encloses spaces and supports loads in a building.
Foundation - The base structure of a building that transfers loads to the ground.
Reinforced Concrete - Concrete that is strengthened with embedded steel bars (rebar) to increase tensile strength.
Steel Structure - A construction system that uses steel components for structural support.
Wooden Structure - A building structure primarily composed of wood.
Prestressed Concrete - Concrete that has been pre-tensioned or post-tensioned to improve strength and performance.
Shell Structure - A curved, thin structure that efficiently distributes loads, often used in roofs.
Cantilever - A structural element supported at only one end, extending horizontally into space.
Arch - A curved structural element that spans an opening and transfers loads to its supports.
Dome - A rounded, hemispherical roof structure that distributes loads evenly.
Voided Slab - A lightweight concrete slab with voids to reduce material use while maintaining strength.
Rigid Connection - A joint that prevents rotation between connected structural members.
Pinned Connection - A joint that allows rotation but restricts translational movement.
Structural Analysis - The process of evaluating forces, stresses, and deformations in a structure.
Seismic Design - The engineering practice of designing buildings to withstand earthquakes.
Base Isolation Structure - A system that separates the building from ground motion to reduce earthquake effects.
Vibration Control Structure - A system that uses dampers to reduce building vibrations from earthquakes or wind.
Stress - The internal force per unit area within a structural element.
Displacement - The movement of a structure due to applied loads.
Bending Moment - The force that causes a beam to bend under load.
Shear Force - A force that causes sliding failure within a structure.
Axial Force - A force that acts along the axis of a structural member.
Support Point - A location where a structure is fixed or supported.
Wind Load - The force exerted by wind pressure on a building or structure