ps プロセスを表示

# BSD形式(ps aux)
+ select

`       a      Lift the BSD-style "only yourself" restriction, which is
              imposed upon the set of all processes when some BSD-style
              (without "-") options are used or when the ps personality
              setting is BSD-like.  The set of processes selected in
              this manner is in addition to the set of processes
              selected by other means.  An alternate description is
              that this option causes ps to list all processes with a
              terminal (tty), or to list all processes when used
              together with the x option.`
              
`       x      Lift the BSD-style "must have a tty" restriction, which
              is imposed upon the set of all processes when some
              BSD-style (without "-") options are used or when the ps
              personality setting is BSD-like.  The set of processes
              selected in this manner is in addition to the set of
              processes selected by other means.  An alternate
              description is that this option causes ps to list all
              processes owned by you (same EUID as ps), or to list all
              processes when used together with the a option.`
+ format

`       u      Display user-oriented format.`
```
[linuxstudy@xxxx ~]$  ps aux
USER        PID %CPU %MEM    VSZ   RSS TTY      STAT START   TIME COMMAND
root          1  0.0  0.2 128408  6068 ?        Ss   16:38   0:08 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd --switched-root --system --deserialize 22
root          2  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S    16:38   0:00 [kthreadd]
root          4  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S<   16:38   0:00 [kworker/0:0H]
                            :
                            :
postfix   14339  0.0  0.1  91992  4112 ?        S    20:44   0:00 pickup -l -t unix -u
linuxst+  14341  0.2  1.8 2663820 54840 ?       Sl   20:44   0:01 /usr/lib64/firefox/firefox -contentproc -childID 108 -isForBrowser -prefsLen 36639 -prefMapSize 218551 -jsInitLen 277276 -parentBuildID 20230620114511 -appDir /usr/lib64/firefox/browser 3156 tab
linuxst+  14548  0.1  1.5 2649976 43532 ?       Sl   20:47   0:00 /usr/lib64/firefox/firefox -contentproc -childID 116 -isForBrowser -prefsLen 36639 -prefMapSize 218551 -jsInitLen 277276 -parentBuildID 20230620114511 -appDir /usr/lib64/firefox/browser 3156 tab
linuxst+  14569  0.1  1.5 2649976 43612 ?       Sl   20:47   0:00 /usr/lib64/firefox/firefox -contentproc -childID 117 -isForBrowser -prefsLen 36639 -prefMapSize 218551 -jsInitLen 277276 -parentBuildID 20230620114511 -appDir /usr/lib64/firefox/browser 3156 tab
linuxst+  14572  0.1  1.5 2649976 43508 ?       Sl   20:47   0:00 /usr/lib64/firefox/firefox -contentproc -childID 118 -isForBrowser -prefsLen 36639 -prefMapSize 218551 -jsInitLen 277276 -parentBuildID 20230620114511 -appDir /usr/lib64/firefox/browser 3156 tab
root      14699  0.1  0.0      0     0 ?        S    20:52   0:00 [kworker/0:3]
root      14716  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S    20:53   0:00 [kworker/u256:2]
root      14750  0.0  0.0 108056   356 ?        S    20:54   0:00 sleep 60
linuxst+  14773  0.0  0.0 155452  1868 pts/0    R+   20:55   0:00 ps aux
linuxst+  14774  0.0  0.0 108352   688 pts/0    R+   20:55   0:00 tail -10
```
VSZ, RSS, TTY, STATの意味
```
       vsz         VSZ       virtual memory size of the process in KiB
                             (1024-byte units).  Device mappings are
                             currently excluded; this is subject to
                             change.  (alias vsize).       rss         RSS       resident set size, the non-swapped
                             physical memory that a task has used (in
                             kiloBytes).  (alias rssize, rsz).
       rss         RSS       resident set size, the non-swapped
                             physical memory that a task has used (in
                             kiloBytes).  (alias rssize, rsz).
       tname       TTY       controlling tty (terminal).  (alias
                             tt, tty).
PROCESS STATE CODES
       Here are the different values that the s, stat and state output
       specifiers (header "STAT" or "S") will display to describe the
       state of a process:

               D    uninterruptible sleep (usually IO)
               R    running or runnable (on run queue)
               S    interruptible sleep (waiting for an event to
                    complete)
               T    stopped by job control signal
               t    stopped by debugger during the tracing
               W    paging (not valid since the 2.6.xx kernel)
               X    dead (should never be seen)
               Z    defunct ("zombie") process, terminated but not
                    reaped by its parent

       For BSD formats and when the stat keyword is used, additional
       characters may be displayed:

               <    high-priority (not nice to other users)
               N    low-priority (nice to other users)
               L    has pages locked into memory (for real-time and
                    custom IO)
               s    is a session leader
               l    is multi-threaded (using CLONE_THREAD, like NPTL
                    pthreads do)
               +    is in the foreground process group

```

# UNIX形式(ps -ef)
+ select 

`       -e     Select all processes.  Identical to -A.`
+ format 

`       -f     Do full-format listing. This option can be combined with
              many other UNIX-style options to add additional columns.
              It also causes the command arguments to be printed.  When
              used with -L, the NLWP (number of threads) and LWP
              (thread ID) columns will be added.  See the c option, the
              format keyword args, and the format keyword comm.
`
```
[linuxstudy@xxxx ~]$ ps -ef
UID         PID   PPID  C STIME TTY          TIME CMD
root          1      0  0 16:38 ?        00:00:08 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd --switched-root --system --deserialize 22
root          2      0  0 16:38 ?        00:00:00 [kthreadd]
root          4      2  0 16:38 ?        00:00:00 [kworker/0:0H]
root          6      2  0 16:38 ?        00:00:03 [ksoftirqd/0]
root          7      2  0 16:38 ?        00:00:00 [migration/0]
                                :
                                :
postfix   14339   1569  0 20:44 ?        00:00:00 pickup -l -t unix -u
linuxst+  14548   3156  0 20:47 ?        00:00:00 /usr/lib64/firefox/firefox -contentproc -childID 116 -isForBrowser -prefsLen 36639 -prefMapSize 218551 -jsInitLen 277276 -parentBuildID 20230620114511 -appDir /usr/lib64/firefox/browser 3156 tab
linuxst+  14569   3156  0 20:47 ?        00:00:00 /usr/lib64/firefox/firefox -contentproc -childID 117 -isForBrowser -prefsLen 36639 -prefMapSize 218551 -jsInitLen 277276 -parentBuildID 20230620114511 -appDir /usr/lib64/firefox/browser 3156 tab
linuxst+  14572   3156  0 20:47 ?        00:00:00 /usr/lib64/firefox/firefox -contentproc -childID 118 -isForBrowser -prefsLen 36639 -prefMapSize 218551 -jsInitLen 277276 -parentBuildID 20230620114511 -appDir /usr/lib64/firefox/browser 3156 tab
root      14699      2  0 20:52 ?        00:00:00 [kworker/0:3]
root      14716      2  0 20:53 ?        00:00:00 [kworker/u256:2]
root      14816      2  0 20:57 ?        00:00:00 [kworker/0:0]
root      14824    901  0 20:57 ?        00:00:00 sleep 60
linuxst+  14838   3076  0 20:58 pts/0    00:00:00 ps -ef
linuxst+  14839   3076  0 20:58 pts/0    00:00:00 tail -10
```
+ PPID      parent process ID.
+ TIME      cumulative CPU time

出力行数
```
[linuxstudy@xxxx ~]$ ps au  | wc -l
5
[linuxstudy@xxxx ~]$ ps xu  | wc -l
89
[linuxstudy@xxxx ~]$ ps -ef | wc -l
239
[linuxstudy@xxxx ~]$ ps aux  | wc -l
239
```
```
PS(1)                        User Commands                        PS(1)



NAME
       ps - report a snapshot of the current processes.

SYNOPSIS
       ps [options]

DESCRIPTION
       ps displays information about a selection of the active
       processes.  If you want a repetitive update of the selection and
       the displayed information, use top(1) instead.

       This version of ps accepts several kinds of options:

       1   UNIX options, which may be grouped and must be preceded by a
           dash.
       2   BSD options, which may be grouped and must not be used with
           a dash.
       3   GNU long options, which are preceded by two dashes.

       Options of different types may be freely mixed, but conflicts
       can appear.  There are some synonymous options, which are
       functionally identical, due to the many standards and ps
       implementations that this ps is compatible with.

       Note that "ps -aux" is distinct from "ps aux".  The POSIX and
       UNIX standards require that "ps -aux" print all processes owned
       by a user named "x", as well as printing all processes that
       would be selected by the -a option.  If the user named "x" does
       not exist, this ps may interpret the command as "ps aux" instead
       and print a warning.  This behavior is intended to aid in
       transitioning old scripts and habits.  It is fragile, subject to
       change, and thus should not be relied upon.

       By default, ps selects all processes with the same effective
       user ID (euid=EUID) as the current user and associated with the
       same terminal as the invoker.  It displays the process ID
       (pid=PID), the terminal associated with the process (tname=TTY),
       the cumulated CPU time in [DD-]hh:mm:ss format (time=TIME), and
       the executable name (ucmd=CMD).  Output is unsorted by default.

       The use of BSD-style options will add process state (stat=STAT)
       to the default display and show the command args (args=COMMAND)
       instead of the executable name.  You can override this with the
       PS_FORMAT environment variable. The use of BSD-style options
       will also change the process selection to include processes on
       other terminals (TTYs) that are owned by you; alternately, this
       may be described as setting the selection to be the set of all
       processes filtered to exclude processes owned by other users or
       not on a terminal.  These effects are not considered when
       options are described as being "identical" below, so -M will be
       considered identical to Z and so on.

       Except as described below, process selection options are
       additive.  The default selection is discarded, and then the
       selected processes are added to the set of processes to be
       displayed.  A process will thus be shown if it meets any of the
       given selection criteria.

EXAMPLES
       To see every process on the system using standard syntax:
          ps -e
          ps -ef
          ps -eF
          ps -ely

       To see every process on the system using BSD syntax:
          ps ax
          ps axu

       To print a process tree:
          ps -ejH
          ps axjf

       To get info about threads:
          ps -eLf
          ps axms

       To get security info:
          ps -eo euser,ruser,suser,fuser,f,comm,label
          ps axZ
          ps -eM

       To see every process running as root (real & effective ID) in
       user format:
          ps -U root -u root u

       To see every process with a user-defined format:
          ps -eo pid,tid,class,rtprio,ni,pri,psr,pcpu,stat,wchan:14,comm
          ps axo stat,euid,ruid,tty,tpgid,sess,pgrp,ppid,pid,pcpu,comm
          ps -Ao pid,tt,user,fname,tmout,f,wchan

       Print only the process IDs of syslogd:
          ps -C syslogd -o pid=

       Print only the name of PID 42:
          ps -q 42 -o comm=

SIMPLE PROCESS SELECTION
       a      Lift the BSD-style "only yourself" restriction, which is
              imposed upon the set of all processes when some BSD-style
              (without "-") options are used or when the ps personality
              setting is BSD-like.  The set of processes selected in
              this manner is in addition to the set of processes
              selected by other means.  An alternate description is
              that this option causes ps to list all processes with a
              terminal (tty), or to list all processes when used
              together with the x option.

       -A     Select all processes.  Identical to -e.

       -a     Select all processes except both session leaders (see
              getsid(2)) and processes not associated with a terminal.

       -d     Select all processes except session leaders.

       --deselect
              Select all processes except those that fulfill the
              specified conditions (negates the selection).  Identical
              to -N.

       -e     Select all processes.  Identical to -A.

       g      Really all, even session leaders.  This flag is obsolete
              and may be discontinued in a future release.  It is
              normally implied by the a flag, and is only useful when
              operating in the sunos4 personality.

       -N     Select all processes except those that fulfill the
              specified conditions (negates the selection).  Identical
              to --deselect.

       T      Select all processes associated with this terminal.
              Identical to the t option without any argument.

       r      Restrict the selection to only running processes.

       x      Lift the BSD-style "must have a tty" restriction, which
              is imposed upon the set of all processes when some
              BSD-style (without "-") options are used or when the ps
              personality setting is BSD-like.  The set of processes
              selected in this manner is in addition to the set of
              processes selected by other means.  An alternate
              description is that this option causes ps to list all
              processes owned by you (same EUID as ps), or to list all
              processes when used together with the a option.

PROCESS SELECTION BY LIST
       These options accept a single argument in the form of a
       blank-separated or comma-separated list.  They can be used
       multiple times.  For example: ps -p "1 2" -p 3,4

       -123   Identical to --pid 123.

       123    Identical to --pid 123.

       -C cmdlist
              Select by command name.  This selects the processes whose
              executable name is given in cmdlist.

       -G grplist
              Select by real group ID (RGID) or name.  This selects the
              processes whose real group name or ID is in the grplist
              list.  The real group ID identifies the group of the user
              who created the process, see getgid(2).

       -g grplist
              Select by session OR by effective group name.  Selection
              by session is specified by many standards, but selection
              by effective group is the logical behavior that several
              other operating systems use.  This ps will select by
              session when the list is completely numeric (as sessions
              are).  Group ID numbers will work only when some group
              names are also specified.  See the -s and --group
              options.

       --Group grplist
              Select by real group ID (RGID) or name.  Identical to -G.

       --group grplist
              Select by effective group ID (EGID) or name.  This
              selects the processes whose effective group name or ID is
              in grplist.  The effective group ID describes the group
              whose file access permissions are used by the process
              (see getegid(2)).  The -g option is often an alternative
              to --group.

       p pidlist
              Select by process ID.  Identical to -p and --pid.

       -p pidlist
              Select by PID.  This selects the processes whose process
              ID numbers appear in pidlist.  Identical to p and --pid.

       --pid pidlist
              Select by process ID.  Identical to -p and p.

       --ppid pidlist
              Select by parent process ID.  This selects the processes
              with a parent process ID in pidlist.  That is, it selects
              processes that are children of those listed in pidlist.

       q pidlist
              Select by process ID (quick mode).  Identical to -q and
              --quick-pid.

       -q pidlist
              Select by PID (quick mode).  This selects the processes
              whose process ID numbers appear in pidlist.  With this
              option ps reads the necessary info only for the pids
              listed in the pidlist and doesn't apply additional
              filtering rules. The order of pids is unsorted and
              preserved. No additional selection options, sorting and
              forest type listings are allowed in this mode.  Identical
              to q and --quick-pid.

       --quick-pid pidlist
              Select by process ID (quick mode).  Identical to -q and
              q.

       -s sesslist
              Select by session ID.  This selects the processes with a
              session ID specified in sesslist.

       --sid sesslist
              Select by session ID.  Identical to -s.

       t ttylist
              Select by tty.  Nearly identical to -t and --tty, but can
              also be used with an empty ttylist to indicate the
              terminal associated with ps.  Using the T option is
              considered cleaner than using t with an empty ttylist.

       -t ttylist
              Select by tty.  This selects the processes associated
              with the terminals given in ttylist.  Terminals (ttys, or
              screens for text output) can be specified in several
              forms: /dev/ttyS1, ttyS1, S1.  A plain "-" may be used to
              select processes not attached to any terminal.

       --tty ttylist
              Select by terminal.  Identical to -t and t.

       U userlist
              Select by effective user ID (EUID) or name.  This selects
              the processes whose effective user name or ID is in
              userlist.  The effective user ID describes the user whose
              file access permissions are used by the process (see
              geteuid(2)).  Identical to -u and --user.

       -U userlist
              Select by real user ID (RUID) or name.  It selects the
              processes whose real user name or ID is in the userlist
              list.  The real user ID identifies the user who created
              the process, see getuid(2).

       -u userlist
              Select by effective user ID (EUID) or name.  This selects
              the processes whose effective user name or ID is in
              userlist.

              The effective user ID describes the user whose file
              access permissions are used by the process (see
              geteuid(2)).  Identical to U and --user.

       --User userlist
              Select by real user ID (RUID) or name.  Identical to -U.

       --user userlist
              Select by effective user ID (EUID) or name.  Identical to
              -u and U.

OUTPUT FORMAT CONTROL
       These options are used to choose the information displayed by
       ps.  The output may differ by personality.

       -c     Show different scheduler information for the -l option.

       --context
              Display security context format (for SELinux).

       -f     Do full-format listing. This option can be combined with
              many other UNIX-style options to add additional columns.
              It also causes the command arguments to be printed.  When
              used with -L, the NLWP (number of threads) and LWP
              (thread ID) columns will be added.  See the c option, the
              format keyword args, and the format keyword comm.

       -F     Extra full format.  See the -f option, which -F implies.

       --format format
              user-defined format.  Identical to -o and o.

       j      BSD job control format.

       -j     Jobs format.

       l      Display BSD long format.

       -l     Long format.  The -y option is often useful with this.

       -M     Add a column of security data.  Identical to Z (for
              SELinux).

       O format
              is preloaded o (overloaded).  The BSD O option can act
              like -O (user-defined output format with some common
              fields predefined) or can be used to specify sort order.
              Heuristics are used to determine the behavior of this
              option.  To ensure that the desired behavior is obtained
              (sorting or formatting), specify the option in some other
              way (e.g.  with -O or --sort).  When used as a formatting
              option, it is identical to -O, with the BSD personality.

       -O format
              Like -o, but preloaded with some default columns.
              Identical to -o pid,format,state,tname,time,command or
              -o pid,format,tname,time,cmd, see -o below.

       o format
              Specify user-defined format.  Identical to -o and
              --format.

       -o format
              User-defined format.  format is a single argument in the
              form of a blank-separated or comma-separated list, which
              offers a way to specify individual output columns.  The
              recognized keywords are described in the STANDARD FORMAT
              SPECIFIERS section below.  Headers may be renamed (ps -o
              pid,ruser=RealUser -o comm=Command) as desired.  If all
              column headers are empty (ps -o pid= -o comm=) then the
              header line will not be output.  Column width will
              increase as needed for wide headers; this may be used to
              widen up columns such as WCHAN (ps -o pid,wchan=WIDE-
              WCHAN-COLUMN -o comm).  Explicit width control (ps opid,
              wchan:42,cmd) is offered too.  The behavior of ps -o
              pid=X,comm=Y varies with personality; output may be one
              column named "X,comm=Y" or two columns named "X" and "Y".
              Use multiple -o options when in doubt.  Use the PS_FORMAT
              environment variable to specify a default as desired;
              DefSysV and DefBSD are macros that may be used to choose
              the default UNIX or BSD columns.

       s      Display signal format.

       u      Display user-oriented format.

       v      Display virtual memory format.

       X      Register format.

       -y     Do not show flags; show rss in place of addr.  This
              option can only be used with -l.

       Z      Add a column of security data.  Identical to -M (for
              SELinux).

OUTPUT MODIFIERS
       c      Show the true command name.  This is derived from the
              name of the executable file, rather than from the argv
              value.  Command arguments and any modifications to them
              are thus not shown.  This option effectively turns the
              args format keyword into the comm format keyword; it is
              useful with the -f format option and with the various
              BSD-style format options, which all normally display the
              command arguments.  See the -f option, the format keyword
              args, and the format keyword comm.

       --cols n
              Set screen width.

       --columns n
              Set screen width.

       --cumulative
              Include some dead child process data (as a sum with the
              parent).

       e      Show the environment after the command.

       f      ASCII art process hierarchy (forest).

       --forest
              ASCII art process tree.

       h      No header.  (or, one header per screen in the BSD
              personality).  The h option is problematic.  Standard BSD
              ps uses this option to print a header on each page of
              output, but older Linux ps uses this option to totally
              disable the header.  This version of ps follows the Linux
              usage of not printing the header unless the BSD
              personality has been selected, in which case it prints a
              header on each page of output.  Regardless of the current
              personality, you can use the long options --headers and
              --no-headers to enable printing headers each page or
              disable headers entirely, respectively.

       -H     Show process hierarchy (forest).

       --headers
              Repeat header lines, one per page of output.

       k spec Specify sorting order.  Sorting syntax is
              [+|-]key[,[+|-]key[,...]].  Choose a multi-letter key
              from the STANDARD FORMAT SPECIFIERS section.  The "+" is
              optional since default direction is increasing numerical
              or lexicographic order.  Identical to --sort.

                      Examples:
                      ps jaxkuid,-ppid,+pid
                      ps axk comm o comm,args
                      ps kstart_time -ef

       --lines n
              Set screen height.

       -n namelist
              Set namelist file.  Identical to N.  The namelist file is
              needed for a proper WCHAN display, and must match the
              current Linux kernel exactly for correct output.  Without
              this option, the default search path for the namelist is:

                      $PS_SYSMAP
                      $PS_SYSTEM_MAP
                      /proc/*/wchan
                      /boot/System.map-$(uname -r)
                      /boot/System.map
                      /lib/modules/$(uname -r)/System.map
                      /usr/src/linux/System.map
                      /System.map

       n      Numeric output for WCHAN and USER (including all types of
              UID and GID).

       N namelist
              Specify namelist file.  Identical to -n, see -n above.

       --no-headers
              Print no header line at all.  --no-heading is an alias
              for this option.

       O order
              Sorting order (overloaded).  The BSD O option can act
              like -O (user-defined output format with some common
              fields predefined) or can be used to specify sort order.
              Heuristics are used to determine the behavior of this
              option.  To ensure that the desired behavior is obtained
              (sorting or formatting), specify the option in some other
              way (e.g.  with -O or --sort).

              For sorting, obsolete BSD O option syntax is
              O[+|-]k1[,[+|-]k2[,...]].  It orders the processes
              listing according to the multilevel sort specified by the
              sequence of one-letter short keys k1,k2, ...  described
              in the OBSOLETE SORT KEYS section below.  The "+" is
              currently optional, merely re-iterating the default
              direction on a key, but may help to distinguish an O sort
              from an O format.  The "-" reverses direction only on the
              key it precedes.

       --rows n
              Set screen height.

       S      Sum up some information, such as CPU usage, from dead
              child processes into their parent.  This is useful for
              examining a system where a parent process repeatedly
              forks off short-lived children to do work.

       --sort spec
              Specify sorting order.  Sorting syntax is
              [+|-]key[,[+|-]key[,...]].  Choose a multi-letter key
              from the STANDARD FORMAT SPECIFIERS section.  The "+" is
              optional since default direction is increasing numerical
              or lexicographic order.  Identical to k.  For example: ps
              jax --sort=uid,-ppid,+pid

       w      Wide output.  Use this option twice for unlimited width.

       -w     Wide output.  Use this option twice for unlimited width.

       --width n
              Set screen width.

THREAD DISPLAY
       H      Show threads as if they were processes.

       -L     Show threads, possibly with LWP and NLWP columns.

       m      Show threads after processes.

       -m     Show threads after processes.

       -T     Show threads, possibly with SPID column.

OTHER INFORMATION
       --help section
              Print a help message.  The section argument can be one of
              simple, list, output, threads, misc or all.  The argument
              can be shortened to one of the underlined letters as in:
              s|l|o|t|m|a.

       --info Print debugging info.

       L      List all format specifiers.

       V      Print the procps-ng version.

       -V     Print the procps-ng version.

       --version
              Print the procps-ng version.

NOTES
       This ps works by reading the virtual files in /proc.  This ps
       does not need to be setuid kmem or have any privileges to run.
       Do not give this ps any special permissions.

       This ps needs access to namelist data for proper WCHAN display.
       For kernels prior to 2.6, the System.map file must be installed.

       CPU usage is currently expressed as the percentage of time spent
       running during the entire lifetime of a process.  This is not
       ideal, and it does not conform to the standards that ps
       otherwise conforms to.  CPU usage is unlikely to add up to
       exactly 100%.

       The SIZE and RSS fields don't count some parts of a process
       including the page tables, kernel stack, struct thread_info, and
       struct task_struct.  This is usually at least 20 KiB of memory
       that is always resident.  SIZE is the virtual size of the
       process (code+data+stack).

       Processes marked <defunct> are dead processes (so-called
       "zombies") that remain because their parent has not destroyed
       them properly.  These processes will be destroyed by init(8) if
       the parent process exits.

       If the length of the username is greater than the length of the
       display column, the numeric user ID is displayed instead.

       Commands options such as ps -aux are not recommended as it is a
       confusion of two different standards.  According to the POSIX
       and UNIX standards, the above command asks to display all
       processes with a TTY (generally the commands users are running)
       plus all processes owned by a user named "x".  If that user
       doesn't exist, then ps will assume you really meant "ps aux".

PROCESS FLAGS
       The sum of these values is displayed in the "F" column, which is
       provided by the flags output specifier:

               1    forked but didn't exec
               4    used super-user privileges

PROCESS STATE CODES
       Here are the different values that the s, stat and state output
       specifiers (header "STAT" or "S") will display to describe the
       state of a process:

               D    uninterruptible sleep (usually IO)
               R    running or runnable (on run queue)
               S    interruptible sleep (waiting for an event to
                    complete)
               T    stopped by job control signal
               t    stopped by debugger during the tracing
               W    paging (not valid since the 2.6.xx kernel)
               X    dead (should never be seen)
               Z    defunct ("zombie") process, terminated but not
                    reaped by its parent

       For BSD formats and when the stat keyword is used, additional
       characters may be displayed:

               <    high-priority (not nice to other users)
               N    low-priority (nice to other users)
               L    has pages locked into memory (for real-time and
                    custom IO)
               s    is a session leader
               l    is multi-threaded (using CLONE_THREAD, like NPTL
                    pthreads do)
               +    is in the foreground process group

OBSOLETE SORT KEYS
       These keys are used by the BSD O option (when it is used for
       sorting).  The GNU --sort option doesn't use these keys, but the
       specifiers described below in the STANDARD FORMAT SPECIFIERS
       section.  Note that the values used in sorting are the internal
       values ps uses and not the "cooked" values used in some of the
       output format fields (e.g.  sorting on tty will sort into device
       number, not according to the terminal name displayed).  Pipe ps
       output into the sort(1) command if you want to sort the cooked
       values.

       KEY   LONG         DESCRIPTION
       c     cmd          simple name of executable
       C     pcpu         cpu utilization
       f     flags        flags as in long format F field
       g     pgrp         process group ID
       G     tpgid        controlling tty process group ID
       j     cutime       cumulative user time
       J     cstime       cumulative system time
       k     utime        user time

       m     min_flt      number of minor page faults
       M     maj_flt      number of major page faults
       n     cmin_flt     cumulative minor page faults
       N     cmaj_flt     cumulative major page faults
       o     session      session ID
       p     pid          process ID
       P     ppid         parent process ID
       r     rss          resident set size
       R     resident     resident pages
       s     size         memory size in kilobytes
       S     share        amount of shared pages
       t     tty          the device number of the controlling tty
       T     start_time   time process was started
       U     uid          user ID number
       u     user         user name
       v     vsize        total VM size in KiB
       y     priority     kernel scheduling priority

AIX FORMAT DESCRIPTORS
       This ps supports AIX format descriptors, which work somewhat
       like the formatting codes of printf(1) and printf(3).  For
       example, the normal default output can be produced with this: ps
       -eo "%p %y %x %c".  The NORMAL codes are described in the next
       section.

       CODE   NORMAL   HEADER
       %C     pcpu     %CPU
       %G     group    GROUP
       %P     ppid     PPID
       %U     user     USER
       %a     args     COMMAND
       %c     comm     COMMAND
       %g     rgroup   RGROUP
       %n     nice     NI
       %p     pid      PID
       %r     pgid     PGID
       %t     etime    ELAPSED
       %u     ruser    RUSER
       %x     time     TIME
       %y     tty      TTY
       %z     vsz      VSZ

STANDARD FORMAT SPECIFIERS
       Here are the different keywords that may be used to control the
       output format (e.g. with option -o) or to sort the selected
       processes with the GNU-style --sort option.

       For example: ps -eo pid,user,args --sort user

       This version of ps tries to recognize most of the keywords used
       in other implementations of ps.

       The following user-defined format specifiers may contain spaces:
       args, cmd, comm, command, fname, ucmd, ucomm,
       lstart, bsdstart, start.

       Some keywords may not be available for sorting.


       CODE        HEADER    DESCRIPTION








       %cpu        %CPU      cpu utilization of the process in "##.#"
                             format.  Currently, it is the CPU time
                             used divided by the time the process has
                             been running (cputime/realtime ratio),
                             expressed as a percentage.  It will not
                             add up to 100% unless you are lucky.
                             (alias pcpu).

       %mem        %MEM      ratio of the process's resident set size
                             to the physical memory on the machine,
                             expressed as a percentage.  (alias pmem).

       args        COMMAND   command with all its arguments as a
                             string. Modifications to the arguments may
                             be shown.  The output in this column may
                             contain spaces.  A process marked
                             <defunct> is partly dead, waiting to be
                             fully destroyed by its parent.  Sometimes
                             the process args will be unavailable; when
                             this happens, ps will instead print the
                             executable name in brackets.  (alias
                             cmd, command).  See also the comm format
                             keyword, the -f option, and the c option.
                             When specified last, this column will
                             extend to the edge of the display.  If ps
                             can not determine display width, as when
                             output is redirected (piped) into a file
                             or another command, the output width is
                             undefined (it may be 80, unlimited,
                             determined by the TERM variable, and so
                             on).  The COLUMNS environment variable or
                             --cols option may be used to exactly
                             determine the width in this case.  The w
                             or -w option may be also be used to adjust
                             width.

       blocked     BLOCKED   mask of the blocked signals, see
                             signal(7).  According to the width of the
                             field, a 32 or 64-bit mask in hexadecimal
                             format is displayed.  (alias
                             sig_block, sigmask).

       bsdstart    START     time the command started.  If the process
                             was started less than 24 hours ago, the
                             output format is " HH:MM", else it is "
                             Mmm:SS" (where Mmm is the three letters of
                             the month).  See also
                             lstart, start, start_time, and stime.

       bsdtime     TIME      accumulated cpu time, user + system.  The
                             display format is usually "MMM:SS", but
                             can be shifted to the right if the process
                             used more than 999 minutes of cpu time.

       c           C         processor utilization. Currently, this is
                             the integer value of the percent usage
                             over the lifetime of the process.  (see
                             %cpu).

       caught      CAUGHT    mask of the caught signals, see signal(7).
                             According to the width of the field, a 32
                             or 64 bits mask in hexadecimal format is
                             displayed.  (alias sig_catch, sigcatch).

       cgroup      CGROUP    display control groups to which the
                             process belongs.


       class       CLS       scheduling class of the process.  (alias
                             policy, cls).  Field's possible values
                             are:

                                      -   not reported
                                      TS  SCHED_OTHER
                                      FF  SCHED_FIFO
                                      RR  SCHED_RR
                                      B   SCHED_BATCH
                                      ISO SCHED_ISO
                                      IDL SCHED_IDLE
                                      DLN SCHED_DEADLINE
                                      ?   unknown value

       cls         CLS       scheduling class of the process.  (alias
                             policy, cls).  Field's possible values
                             are:

                                      -   not reported
                                      TS  SCHED_OTHER
                                      FF  SCHED_FIFO
                                      RR  SCHED_RR
                                      B   SCHED_BATCH
                                      ISO SCHED_ISO
                                      IDL SCHED_IDLE
                                      DLN SCHED_DEADLINE
                                      ?   unknown value

       cmd         CMD       see args.  (alias args, command).

       comm        COMMAND   command name (only the executable name).
                             Modifications to the command name will not
                             be shown.  A process marked <defunct> is
                             partly dead, waiting to be fully destroyed
                             by its parent.  The output in this column
                             may contain spaces.  (alias ucmd, ucomm).
                             See also the args format keyword, the -f
                             option, and the c option.
                             When specified last, this column will
                             extend to the edge of the display.  If ps
                             can not determine display width, as when
                             output is redirected (piped) into a file
                             or another command, the output width is
                             undefined (it may be 80, unlimited,
                             determined by the TERM variable, and so
                             on).  The COLUMNS environment variable or
                             --cols option may be used to exactly
                             determine the width in this case.  The
                             w or -w option may be also be used to
                             adjust width.

       command     COMMAND   See args.  (alias args, command).

       cp          CP        per-mill (tenths of a percent) CPU usage.
                             (see %cpu).

       cputime     TIME      cumulative CPU time, "[DD-]hh:mm:ss"
                             format.  (alias time).

       drs         DRS       data resident set size, the amount of
                             physical memory devoted to other than
                             executable code.

       egid        EGID      effective group ID number of the process
                             as a decimal integer.  (alias gid).



       egroup      EGROUP    effective group ID of the process.  This
                             will be the textual group ID, if it can be
                             obtained and the field width permits, or a
                             decimal representation otherwise.  (alias
                             group).

       eip         EIP       instruction pointer.

       esp         ESP       stack pointer.

       etime       ELAPSED   elapsed time since the process was
                             started, in the form [[DD-]hh:]mm:ss.

       etimes      ELAPSED   elapsed time since the process was
                             started, in seconds.

       euid        EUID      effective user ID (alias uid).

       euser       EUSER     effective user name.  This will be the
                             textual user ID, if it can be obtained and
                             the field width permits, or a decimal
                             representation otherwise.  The n option
                             can be used to force the decimal
                             representation.  (alias uname, user).

       f           F         flags associated with the process, see the
                             PROCESS FLAGS section.  (alias
                             flag, flags).

       fgid        FGID      filesystem access group ID.  (alias
                             fsgid).

       fgroup      FGROUP    filesystem access group ID.  This will be
                             the textual group ID, if it can be
                             obtained and the field width permits, or a
                             decimal representation otherwise.  (alias
                             fsgroup).

       flag        F         see f.  (alias f, flags).

       flags       F         see f.  (alias f, flag).

       fname       COMMAND   first 8 bytes of the base name of the
                             process's executable file.  The output in
                             this column may contain spaces.

       fuid        FUID      filesystem access user ID.  (alias fsuid).

       fuser       FUSER     filesystem access user ID.  This will be
                             the textual user ID, if it can be obtained
                             and the field width permits, or a decimal
                             representation otherwise.

       gid         GID       see egid.  (alias egid).

       group       GROUP     see egroup.  (alias egroup).

       ignored     IGNORED   mask of the ignored signals, see
                             signal(7).  According to the width of the
                             field, a 32 or 64 bits mask in hexadecimal
                             format is displayed.  (alias
                             sig_ignore, sigignore).

       ipcns       IPCNS     Unique inode number describing the
                             namespace the process belongs to. See
                             namespaces(7).


       label       LABEL     security label, most commonly used for
                             SELinux context data.  This is for the
                             Mandatory Access Control ("MAC") found on
                             high-security systems.

       lstart      STARTED   time the command started.  See also
                             bsdstart, start, start_time, and stime.

       lsession    SESSION   displays the login session identifier of a
                             process, if systemd support has been
                             included.

       luid        LUID      displays Login ID associated with a
                             process.

       lwp         LWP       light weight process (thread) ID of the
                             dispatchable entity (alias spid, tid).
                             See tid for additional information.

       machine     MACHINE   displays the machine name for processes
                             assigned to VM or container, if systemd
                             support has been included.

       maj_flt     MAJFLT    The number of major page faults that have
                             occurred with this process.

       min_flt     MINFLT    The number of minor page faults that have
                             occurred with this process.

       mntns       MNTNS     Unique inode number describing the
                             namespace the process belongs to. See
                             namespaces(7).

       netns       NETNS     Unique inode number describing the
                             namespace the process belongs to. See
                             namespaces(7).

       ni          NI        nice value. This ranges from 19 (nicest)
                             to -20 (not nice to others), see nice(1).
                             (alias nice).

       nice        NI        see ni.(alias ni).

       nlwp        NLWP      number of lwps (threads) in the process.
                             (alias thcount).

       nwchan      WCHAN     address of the kernel function where the
                             process is sleeping (use wchan if you want
                             the kernel function name).  Running tasks
                             will display a dash ('-') in this column.

       ouid        OWNER     displays the Unix user identifier of the
                             owner of the session of a process, if
                             systemd support has been included.

       pcpu        %CPU      see %cpu.  (alias %cpu).

       pending     PENDING   mask of the pending signals. See
                             signal(7).  Signals pending on the process
                             are distinct from signals pending on
                             individual threads.  Use the m option or
                             the -m option to see both.  According to
                             the width of the field, a 32 or 64 bits
                             mask in hexadecimal format is displayed.
                             (alias sig).



       pgid        PGID      process group ID or, equivalently, the
                             process ID of the process group leader.
                             (alias pgrp).

       pgrp        PGRP      see pgid.  (alias pgid).

       pid         PID       a number representing the process ID
                             (alias tgid).

       pidns       PIDNS     Unique inode number describing the
                             namespace the process belongs to. See
                             namespaces(7).

       pmem        %MEM      see %mem.  (alias %mem).

       policy      POL       scheduling class of the process.  (alias
                             class, cls).  Possible values are:

                                      -   not reported
                                      TS  SCHED_OTHER
                                      FF  SCHED_FIFO
                                      RR  SCHED_RR
                                      B   SCHED_BATCH
                                      ISO SCHED_ISO
                                      IDL SCHED_IDLE
                                      DLN SCHED_DEADLINE
                                      ?   unknown value

       ppid        PPID      parent process ID.

       pri         PRI       priority of the process.  Higher number
                             means lower priority.

       psr         PSR       processor that process is currently
                             assigned to.

       rgid        RGID      real group ID.

       rgroup      RGROUP    real group name.  This will be the textual
                             group ID, if it can be obtained and the
                             field width permits, or a decimal
                             representation otherwise.

       rss         RSS       resident set size, the non-swapped
                             physical memory that a task has used (in
                             kiloBytes).  (alias rssize, rsz).

       rssize      RSS       see rss.  (alias rss, rsz).

       rsz         RSZ       see rss.  (alias rss, rssize).

       rtprio      RTPRIO    realtime priority.

       ruid        RUID      real user ID.

       ruser       RUSER     real user ID.  This will be the textual
                             user ID, if it can be obtained and the
                             field width permits, or a decimal
                             representation otherwise.

       s           S         minimal state display (one character).
                             See section PROCESS STATE CODES for the
                             different values.  See also stat if you
                             want additional information displayed.
                             (alias state).



       sched       SCH       scheduling policy of the process.  The
                             policies SCHED_OTHER (SCHED_NORMAL),
                             SCHED_FIFO, SCHED_RR, SCHED_BATCH,
                             SCHED_ISO, SCHED_IDLE and SCHED_DEADLINE
                             are respectively displayed as 0, 1, 2, 3,
                             4, 5 and 6.

       seat        SEAT      displays the identifier associated with
                             all hardware devices assigned to a
                             specific workplace, if systemd support has
                             been included.

       sess        SESS      session ID or, equivalently, the process
                             ID of the session leader.  (alias
                             session, sid).

       sgi_p       P         processor that the process is currently
                             executing on.  Displays "*" if the process
                             is not currently running or runnable.

       sgid        SGID      saved group ID.  (alias svgid).

       sgroup      SGROUP    saved group name.  This will be the
                             textual group ID, if it can be obtained
                             and the field width permits, or a decimal
                             representation otherwise.

       sid         SID       see sess.  (alias sess, session).

       sig         PENDING   see pending.  (alias pending, sig_pend).

       sigcatch    CAUGHT    see caught.  (alias caught, sig_catch).

       sigignore   IGNORED   see ignored.  (alias ignored, sig_ignore).

       sigmask     BLOCKED   see blocked.  (alias blocked, sig_block).

       size        SIZE      approximate amount of swap space that
                             would be required if the process were to
                             dirty all writable pages and then be
                             swapped out.  This number is very rough!

       slice       SLICE     displays the slice unit which a process
                             belongs to, if systemd support has been
                             included.

       spid        SPID      see lwp.  (alias lwp, tid).

       stackp      STACKP    address of the bottom (start) of stack for
                             the process.

       start       STARTED   time the command started.  If the process
                             was started less than 24 hours ago, the
                             output format is "HH:MM:SS", else it is
                             "  Mmm dd" (where Mmm is a three-letter
                             month name).  See also
                             lstart, bsdstart, start_time, and stime.

       start_time  START     starting time or date of the process.
                             Only the year will be displayed if the
                             process was not started the same year ps
                             was invoked, or "MmmDD" if it was not
                             started the same day, or "HH:MM"
                             otherwise.  See also
                             bsdstart, start, lstart, and stime.



       stat        STAT      multi-character process state.  See
                             section PROCESS STATE CODES for the
                             different values meaning.  See also
                             s and state if you just want the first
                             character displayed.

       state       S         see s. (alias s).

       suid        SUID      saved user ID.  (alias svuid).

       supgid      SUPGID    group ids of supplementary groups, if any.
                             See getgroups(2).

       supgrp      SUPGRP    group names of supplementary groups, if
                             any.  See getgroups(2).

       suser       SUSER     saved user name.  This will be the textual
                             user ID, if it can be obtained and the
                             field width permits, or a decimal
                             representation otherwise.  (alias svuser).

       svgid       SVGID     see sgid.  (alias sgid).

       svuid       SVUID     see suid.  (alias suid).

       sz          SZ        size in physical pages of the core image
                             of the process.  This includes text, data,
                             and stack space.  Device mappings are
                             currently excluded; this is subject to
                             change.  See vsz and rss.

       tgid        TGID      a number representing the thread group to
                             which a task belongs (alias pid).  It is
                             the process ID of the thread group leader.

       thcgr       THCGR     display control groups to which the thread
                             belongs.

       thcount     THCNT     see nlwp.  (alias nlwp).  number of kernel
                             threads owned by the process.

       tid         TID       the unique number representing a
                             dispatchable entity (alias lwp, spid).
                             This value may also appear as: a process
                             ID (pid); a process group ID (pgrp); a
                             session ID for the session leader (sid); a
                             thread group ID for the thread group
                             leader (tgid); and a tty process group ID
                             for the process group leader (tpgid).

       time        TIME      cumulative CPU time, "[DD-]HH:MM:SS"
                             format.  (alias cputime).

       tname       TTY       controlling tty (terminal).  (alias
                             tt, tty).

       tpgid       TPGID     ID of the foreground process group on the
                             tty (terminal) that the process is
                             connected to, or -1 if the process is not
                             connected to a tty.

       trs         TRS       text resident set size, the amount of
                             physical memory devoted to executable
                             code.

       tt          TT        controlling tty (terminal).  (alias
                             tname, tty).


       tty         TT        controlling tty (terminal).  (alias
                             tname, tt).

       ucmd        CMD       see comm.  (alias comm, ucomm).

       ucomm       COMMAND   see comm.  (alias comm, ucmd).

       uid         UID       see euid.  (alias euid).

       uname       USER      see euser.  (alias euser, user).

       unit        UNIT      displays unit which a process belongs to,
                             if systemd support has been included.

       user        USER      see euser.  (alias euser, uname).

       userns      USERNS    Unique inode number describing the
                             namespace the process belongs to. See
                             namespaces(7).

       utsns       UTSNS     Unique inode number describing the
                             namespace the process belongs to. See
                             namespaces(7).

       uunit       UUNIT     displays user unit which a process belongs
                             to, if systemd support has been included.

       vsize       VSZ       see vsz.  (alias vsz).

       vsz         VSZ       virtual memory size of the process in KiB
                             (1024-byte units).  Device mappings are
                             currently excluded; this is subject to
                             change.  (alias vsize).

       wchan       WCHAN     name of the kernel function in which the
                             process is sleeping, a "-" if the process
                             is running, or a "*" if the process is
                             multi-threaded and ps is not displaying
                             threads.


ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
       The following environment variables could affect ps:

       COLUMNS
          Override default display width.

       LINES
          Override default display height.

       PS_PERSONALITY
          Set to one of posix, old, linux, bsd, sun, digital...  (see
          section PERSONALITY below).

       CMD_ENV
          Set to one of posix, old, linux, bsd, sun, digital...  (see
          section PERSONALITY below).

       I_WANT_A_BROKEN_PS
          Force obsolete command line interpretation.

       LC_TIME
          Date format.

       PS_COLORS
          Not currently supported.

       PS_FORMAT
          Default output format override. You may set this to a format
          string of the type used for the -o option.  The DefSysV and
          DefBSD values are particularly useful.

       PS_SYSMAP
          Default namelist (System.map) location.

       PS_SYSTEM_MAP
          Default namelist (System.map) location.

       POSIXLY_CORRECT
          Don't find excuses to ignore bad "features".

       POSIX2
          When set to "on", acts as POSIXLY_CORRECT.

       UNIX95
          Don't find excuses to ignore bad "features".

       _XPG
          Cancel CMD_ENV=irix non-standard behavior.

       In general, it is a bad idea to set these variables.  The one
       exception is CMD_ENV or PS_PERSONALITY, which could be set to
       Linux for normal systems.  Without that setting, ps follows the
       useless and bad parts of the Unix98 standard.

PERSONALITY
       390        like the OS/390 OpenEdition ps
       aix        like AIX ps
       bsd        like FreeBSD ps (totally non-standard)
       compaq     like Digital Unix ps
       debian     like the old Debian ps
       digital    like Tru64 (was Digital Unix, was OSF/1) ps
       gnu        like the old Debian ps
       hp         like HP-UX ps
       hpux       like HP-UX ps
       irix       like Irix ps
       linux      ***** recommended *****
       old        like the original Linux ps (totally non-standard)
       os390      like OS/390 Open Edition ps
       posix      standard
       s390       like OS/390 Open Edition ps
       sco        like SCO ps
       sgi        like Irix ps
       solaris2   like Solaris 2+ (SunOS 5) ps
       sunos4     like SunOS 4 (Solaris 1) ps (totally non-standard)
       svr4       standard
       sysv       standard
       tru64      like Tru64 (was Digital Unix, was OSF/1) ps
       unix       standard
       unix95     standard
       unix98     standard

SEE ALSO
       pgrep(1), pstree(1), top(1), proc(5).

STANDARDS
       This ps conforms to:

       1   Version 2 of the Single Unix Specification
       2   The Open Group Technical Standard Base Specifications,
           Issue 6
       3   IEEE Std 1003.1, 2004 Edition
       4   X/Open System Interfaces Extension [UP XSI]
       5   ISO/IEC 9945:2003

AUTHOR
       ps was originally written by Branko Lankester ⟨lankeste@fwi.uva.
       nl⟩.  Michael K. Johnson ⟨johnsonm@redhat.com⟩ re-wrote it sig‐
       nificantly to use the proc filesystem, changing a few things in
       the process.  Michael Shields ⟨mjshield@nyx.cs.du.edu⟩ added the
       pid-list feature.  Charles Blake ⟨cblake@bbn.com⟩ added
       multi-level sorting, the dirent-style library, the device
       name-to-number mmaped database, the approximate binary search
       directly on System.map, and many code and documentation
       cleanups.  David Mossberger-Tang wrote the generic BFD support
       for psupdate.  Albert Cahalan ⟨albert@users.sf.net⟩ rewrote ps
       for full Unix98 and BSD support, along with some ugly hacks for
       obsolete and foreign syntax.

       Please send bug reports to ⟨procps@freelists.org⟩.  No subscrip‐
       tion is required or suggested.



procps-ng                      July 2014                          PS(1)
```