man

```
[linuxstudy@xxxx ~]$ man -f chmo      //完全一致検索
chmo: nothing appropriate.
[linuxstudy@xxxx ~]$ man -k chmo     //あいまい検索
chmod (1)            - change file mode bits
chmod (1p)           - change the file modes
chmod (2)            - change permissions of a file
chmod (3p)           - change mode of a file
fchmod (2)           - change permissions of a file
fchmod (3p)          - change mode of a file
fchmodat (2)         - change permissions of a file relative to a directory file descriptor
XkbLatchModifiers (3) - Latches and unlatches any of the eight real keyboard modifiers
[linuxstudy@xxxx ~]$ man -f chmod
chmod (1)            - change file mode bits
chmod (1p)           - change the file modes
chmod (2)            - change permissions of a file
chmod (3p)           - change mode of a file
```
```
MAN(1)                                               Manual pager utils                                              MAN(1)



NAME
       man - an interface to the on-line reference manuals

SYNOPSIS
       man  [-C file] [-d] [-D] [--warnings[=warnings]] [-R encoding] [-L locale] [-m system[,...]] [-M path] [-S list] [-e
       extension] [-i|-I] [--regex|--wildcard] [--names-only] [-a] [-u] [--no-subpages] [-P pager]  [-r  prompt]  [-7]  [-E
       encoding]  [--no-hyphenation] [--no-justification] [-p string] [-t] [-T[device]] [-H[browser]] [-X[dpi]] [-Z] [[sec‐
       tion] page ...] ...
       man -k [apropos options] regexp ...
       man -K [-w|-W] [-S list] [-i|-I] [--regex] [section] term ...
       man -f [whatis options] page ...
       man -l [-C file] [-d] [-D] [--warnings[=warnings]] [-R encoding] [-L locale] [-P pager] [-r prompt] [-7] [-E  encod‐
       ing] [-p string] [-t] [-T[device]] [-H[browser]] [-X[dpi]] [-Z] file ...
       man -w|-W [-C file] [-d] [-D] page ...
       man -c [-C file] [-d] [-D] page ...
       man [-?V]

DESCRIPTION
       man  is  the  system's  manual  pager. Each page argument given to man is normally the name of a program, utility or
       function.  The manual page associated with each of these arguments is then found and displayed. A section,  if  pro‐
       vided,  will  direct  man to look only in that section of the manual.  The default action is to search in all of the
       available sections, following a pre-defined order and to show only the first page found, even if page exists in sev‐
       eral sections.

       The table below shows the section numbers of the manual followed by the types of pages they contain.


       1   Executable programs or shell commands
       2   System calls (functions provided by the kernel)
       3   Library calls (functions within program libraries)
       4   Special files (usually found in /dev)
       5   File formats and conventions eg /etc/passwd
       6   Games
       7   Miscellaneous (including macro packages and conventions), e.g. man(7), groff(7)
       8   System administration commands (usually only for root)
       9   Kernel routines [Non standard]

       A manual page consists of several sections.

       Conventional  section  names include NAME, SYNOPSIS, CONFIGURATION, DESCRIPTION, OPTIONS, EXIT STATUS, RETURN VALUE,
       ERRORS, ENVIRONMENT, FILES, VERSIONS, CONFORMING TO, NOTES, BUGS, EXAMPLE, AUTHORS, and SEE ALSO.

       The following conventions apply to the SYNOPSIS section and can be used as a guide in other sections.


       bold text          type exactly as shown.
       italic text        replace with appropriate argument.
       [-abc]             any or all arguments within [ ] are optional.
       -a|-b              options delimited by | cannot be used together.
       argument ...       argument is repeatable.
       [expression] ...   entire expression within [ ] is repeatable.

       Exact rendering may vary depending on the output device.  For instance, man will usually not be able to render ital‐
       ics when running in a terminal, and will typically use underlined or coloured text instead.

       The  command  or function illustration is a pattern that should match all possible invocations.  In some cases it is
       advisable to illustrate several exclusive invocations as is shown in the SYNOPSIS section of this manual page.

EXAMPLES
       man ls
           Display the manual page for the item (program) ls.

       man -a intro
           Display, in succession, all of the available intro manual pages contained within the manual.  It is possible  to
           quit between successive displays or skip any of them.

       man -t alias | lpr -Pps
           Format  the manual page referenced by `alias', usually a shell manual page, into the default troff or groff for‐
           mat and pipe it to the printer named ps.  The default output for groff is usually PostScript.  man --help should
           advise as to which processor is bound to the -t option.

       man -l -Tdvi ./foo.1x.gz > ./foo.1x.dvi
           This command will decompress and format the nroff source manual page ./foo.1x.gz into a device independent (dvi)
           file.  The redirection is necessary as the -T flag causes output to be directed to stdout with  no  pager.   The
           output  could be viewed with a program such as xdvi or further processed into PostScript using a program such as
           dvips.

       man -k printf
           Search the short descriptions and manual page names for the keyword printf as regular expression.  Print out any
           matches.  Equivalent to apropos -r printf.

       man -f smail
           Lookup  the  manual  pages referenced by smail and print out the short descriptions of any found.  Equivalent to
           whatis -r smail.

OVERVIEW
       Many options are available to man in order to give as much flexibility as possible to the user.  Changes can be made
       to the search path, section order, output processor, and other behaviours and operations detailed below.

       If set, various environment variables are interrogated to determine the operation of man.  It is possible to set the
       `catch all' variable $MANOPT to any string in command line format with the exception that any spaces used as part of
       an  option's  argument  must  be escaped (preceded by a backslash).  man will parse $MANOPT prior to parsing its own
       command line.  Those options requiring an argument will be overridden by the same options found on the command line.
       To reset all of the options set in $MANOPT, -D can be specified as the initial command line option.  This will allow
       man to `forget' about the options specified in $MANOPT although they must still have been valid.

       The manual pager utilities packaged as man-db make extensive use of index database  caches.   These  caches  contain
       information  such  as  where  each  manual  page  can be found on the filesystem and what its whatis (short one line
       description of the man page) contains, and allow man to run faster than if it had to search the filesystem each time
       to  find the appropriate manual page.  If requested using the -u option, man will ensure that the caches remain con‐
       sistent, which can obviate the need to manually run software to update traditional whatis text databases.

       If man cannot find a mandb initiated index database for a particular manual page hierarchy, it will still search for
       the  requested manual pages, although file globbing will be necessary to search within that hierarchy.  If whatis or
       apropos fails to find an index it will try to extract information from a traditional whatis database instead.

       These utilities support compressed source nroff files having, by default, the extensions of .Z, .z and .gz.   It  is
       possible  to  deal  with  any  compression  extension, but this information must be known at compile time.  Also, by
       default, any cat  pages  produced  are  compressed  using  gzip.   Each  `global'  manual  page  hierarchy  such  as
       /usr/share/man  or /usr/X11R6/man may have any directory as its cat page hierarchy.  Traditionally the cat pages are
       stored under the same hierarchy as the man pages, but for reasons such as those  specified  in  the  File  Hierarchy
       Standard  (FHS),  it  may be better to store them elsewhere.  For details on how to do this, please read manpath(5).
       For details on why to do this, read the standard.

       International support is available with this package.  Native language manual pages are accessible (if available  on
       your  system)  via  use  of locale functions.  To activate such support, it is necessary to set either $LC_MESSAGES,
       $LANG or another system dependent environment variable to your language  locale,  usually  specified  in  the  POSIX
       1003.1 based format:

       <language>[_<territory>[.<character-set>[,<version>]]]

       If the desired page is available in your locale, it will be displayed in lieu of the standard (usually American Eng‐
       lish) page.

       Support for international message catalogues is also featured in this package and can be activated in the same  way,
       again  if  available.   If  you find that the manual pages and message catalogues supplied with this package are not
       available in your native language and you would like to supply them, please contact the maintainer who will be coor‐
       dinating such activity.

       For  information regarding other features and extensions available with this manual pager, please read the documents
       supplied with the package.

DEFAULTS
       man will search for the desired manual pages within the index database caches. If the -u option is  given,  a  cache
       consistency  check is performed to ensure the databases accurately reflect the filesystem.  If this option is always
       given, it is not generally necessary to run mandb after the caches are initially created,  unless  a  cache  becomes
       corrupt.  However, the cache consistency check can be slow on systems with many manual pages installed, so it is not
       performed by default, and system administrators may wish to run mandb every week or so to keep the  database  caches
       fresh.   To  forestall  problems  caused  by  outdated caches, man will fall back to file globbing if a cache lookup
       fails, just as it would if no cache was present.

       Once a manual page has been located, a check is performed to find out if a relative preformatted `cat' file  already
       exists  and  is  newer than the nroff file.  If it does and is, this preformatted file is (usually) decompressed and
       then displayed, via use of a pager.  The pager can be specified in a number of ways, or else will  fall  back  to  a
       default  is used (see option -P for details).  If no cat is found or is older than the nroff file, the nroff is fil‐
       tered through various programs and is shown immediately.

       If a cat file can be produced (a relative cat directory exists and has appropriate permissions), man  will  compress
       and store the cat file in the background.

       The  filters  are  deciphered  by a number of means. Firstly, the command line option -p or the environment variable
       $MANROFFSEQ is interrogated. If -p was not used and the environment variable was not set, the initial  line  of  the
       nroff  file is parsed for a preprocessor string.  To contain a valid preprocessor string, the first line must resem‐
       ble

       '\" <string>

       where string can be any combination of letters described by option -p below.

       If none of the above methods provide any filter information, a default set is used.

       A formatting pipeline is formed from the filters and the primary formatter (nroff or [tg]roff with -t) and executed.
       Alternatively,  if  an executable program mandb_nfmt (or mandb_tfmt with -t) exists in the man tree root, it is exe‐
       cuted instead.  It gets passed the manual source file, the preprocessor string, and optionally the device  specified
       with -T or -E as arguments.

OPTIONS
       Non  argument  options  that  are  duplicated either on the command line, in $MANOPT, or both, are not harmful.  For
       options that require an argument, each duplication will override the previous argument value.

   General options
       -C file, --config-file=file
              Use this user configuration file rather than the default of ~/.manpath.

       -d, --debug
              Print debugging information.

       -D, --default
              This option is normally issued as the very first option and resets man's behaviour to its default.   Its  use
              is  to  reset  those  options  that may have been set in $MANOPT.  Any options that follow -D will have their
              usual effect.

       --warnings[=warnings]
              Enable warnings from groff.  This may be used to perform sanity checks on the source text  of  manual  pages.
              warnings  is  a  comma-separated list of warning names; if it is not supplied, the default is "mac".  See the
              “Warnings” node in info groff for a list of available warning names.

   Main modes of operation
       -f, --whatis
              Equivalent to whatis.  Display a short description from the manual page,  if  available.  See  whatis(1)  for
              details.

       -k, --apropos
              Equivalent  to apropos.  Search the short manual page descriptions for keywords and display any matches.  See
              apropos(1) for details.

       -K, --global-apropos
              Search for text in all manual pages.  This is a brute-force search, and is likely to take some time;  if  you
              can,  you  should specify a section to reduce the number of pages that need to be searched.  Search terms may
              be simple strings (the default), or regular expressions if the --regex option is used.

       -l, --local-file
              Activate `local' mode.  Format and display local manual files instead of searching through the system's  man‐
              ual collection.  Each manual page argument will be interpreted as an nroff source file in the correct format.
              No cat file is produced.  If '-' is listed as one of the arguments, input will be  taken  from  stdin.   When
              this  option  is  not  used, and man fails to find the page required, before displaying the error message, it
              attempts to act as if this option was supplied, using the name as a filename and looking for an exact match.

       -w, --where, --path, --location
              Don't actually display the manual pages, but do print the location(s) of the source nroff files that would be
              formatted.

       -W, --where-cat, --location-cat
              Don't  actually  display  the  manual pages, but do print the location(s) of the cat files that would be dis‐
              played.  If -w and -W are both specified, print both separated by a space.

       -c, --catman
              This option is not for general use and should only be used by the catman program.

       -R encoding, --recode=encoding
              Instead of formatting the manual page in the usual way, output its source converted to the  specified  encod‐
              ing.   If  you  already know the encoding of the source file, you can also use manconv(1) directly.  However,
              this option allows you to convert several manual pages to a single  encoding  without  having  to  explicitly
              state the encoding of each, provided that they were already installed in a structure similar to a manual page
              hierarchy.

   Finding manual pages
       -L locale, --locale=locale
              man will normally determine your current locale by a call to the C function setlocale(3)  which  interrogates
              various environment variables, possibly including $LC_MESSAGES and $LANG.  To temporarily override the deter‐
              mined value, use this option to supply a locale string directly to man.  Note that it will  not  take  effect
              until  the search for pages actually begins.  Output such as the help message will always be displayed in the
              initially determined locale.

       -m system[,...], --systems=system[,...]
              If this system has access to other operating system's manual pages, they can be accessed using  this  option.
              To search for a manual page from NewOS's manual page collection, use the option -m NewOS.

              The  system specified can be a combination of comma delimited operating system names.  To include a search of
              the native operating system's manual pages, include the system name man in the argument string.  This  option
              will override the $SYSTEM environment variable.

       -M path, --manpath=path
              Specify  an  alternate  manpath  to  use.  By default, man uses manpath derived code to determine the path to
              search.  This option overrides the $MANPATH environment variable and causes option -m to be ignored.

              A path specified as a manpath must be the root of  a  manual  page  hierarchy  structured  into  sections  as
              described  in  the man-db manual (under "The manual page system").  To view manual pages outside such hierar‐
              chies, see the -l option.

       -S list, -s list, --sections=list
              List is a colon- or comma-separated list of `order specific' manual sections to search.   This  option  over‐
              rides the $MANSECT environment variable.  (The -s spelling is for compatibility with System V.)

       -e sub-extension, --extension=sub-extension
              Some  systems  incorporate large packages of manual pages, such as those that accompany the Tcl package, into
              the main manual page hierarchy.  To get around the problem of having two manual pages with the same name such
              as exit(3), the Tcl pages were usually all assigned to section l.  As this is unfortunate, it is now possible
              to put the pages in the correct section, and to  assign  a  specific  `extension'  to  them,  in  this  case,
              exit(3tcl).  Under normal operation, man will display exit(3) in preference to exit(3tcl).  To negotiate this
              situation and to avoid having to know which section the page you require resides in, it is  now  possible  to
              give  man  a sub-extension string indicating which package the page must belong to.  Using the above example,
              supplying the option -e tcl to man will restrict the search to pages having an extension of *tcl.

       -i, --ignore-case
              Ignore case when searching for manual pages.  This is the default.

       -I, --match-case
              Search for manual pages case-sensitively.

       --regex
              Show all pages with any part of either their names or their descriptions matching each  page  argument  as  a
              regular  expression, as with apropos(1).  Since there is usually no reasonable way to pick a "best" page when
              searching for a regular expression, this option implies -a.

       --wildcard
              Show all pages with any part of either their names or their descriptions matching each  page  argument  using
              shell-style  wildcards,  as  with  apropos(1)  --wildcard.   The  page argument must match the entire name or
              description, or match on word boundaries in the description.  Since there is usually  no  reasonable  way  to
              pick a "best" page when searching for a wildcard, this option implies -a.

       --names-only
              If the --regex or --wildcard option is used, match only page names, not page descriptions, as with whatis(1).
              Otherwise, no effect.

       -a, --all
              By default, man will exit after displaying the most suitable manual page it finds.  Using this option  forces
              man to display all the manual pages with names that match the search criteria.

       -u, --update
              This  option  causes  man to perform an `inode level' consistency check on its database caches to ensure that
              they are an accurate representation of the filesystem.  It will only have a useful effect if man is installed
              with the setuid bit set.

       --no-subpages
              By default, man will try to interpret pairs of manual page names given on the command line as equivalent to a
              single manual page name containing a hyphen or an underscore.  This supports the common pattern  of  programs
              that  implement  a number of subcommands, allowing them to provide manual pages for each that can be accessed
              using similar syntax as would be used to invoke the subcommands themselves.  For example:

                $ man -aw git diff
                /usr/share/man/man1/git-diff.1.gz

              To disable this behaviour, use the --no-subpages option.

                $ man -aw --no-subpages git diff
                /usr/share/man/man1/git.1.gz
                /usr/share/man/man3/Git.3pm.gz
                /usr/share/man/man1/diff.1.gz

   Controlling formatted output
       -P pager, --pager=pager
              Specify which output pager to use.  By default, man uses less -s.  This option overrides the $MANPAGER  envi‐
              ronment  variable,  which  in  turn overrides the $PAGER environment variable.  It is not used in conjunction
              with -f or -k.

              The value may be a simple command name or a command with arguments, and may use shell  quoting  (backslashes,
              single quotes, or double quotes).  It may not use pipes to connect multiple commands; if you need that, use a
              wrapper script, which may take the file to display either as an argument or on standard input.

       -r prompt, --prompt=prompt
              If a recent version of less is used as the pager, man will attempt  to  set  its  prompt  and  some  sensible
              options.  The default prompt looks like

               Manual page name(sec) line x

              where  name  denotes  the manual page name, sec denotes the section it was found under and x the current line
              number.  This is achieved by using the $LESS environment variable.

              Supplying -r with a string will override this default.  The string may contain the text $MAN_PN which will be
              expanded  to  the name of the current manual page and its section name surrounded by `(' and `)'.  The string
              used to produce the default could be expressed as

              \ Manual\ page\ \$MAN_PN\ ?ltline\ %lt?L/%L.:
              byte\ %bB?s/%s..?\ (END):?pB\ %pB\\%..
              (press h for help or q to quit)

              It is broken into three lines here for the sake of readability only.  For its meaning see the less(1)  manual
              page.   The prompt string is first evaluated by the shell.  All double quotes, back-quotes and backslashes in
              the prompt must be escaped by a preceding backslash.  The prompt string may end in an escaped $ which may  be
              followed by further options for less.  By default man sets the -ix8 options.

              If  you  want  to  override  man's prompt string processing completely, use the $MANLESS environment variable
              described below.

       -7, --ascii
              When viewing a pure ascii(7) manual page on a 7 bit terminal or terminal emulator, some  characters  may  not
              display  correctly when using the latin1(7) device description with GNU nroff.  This option allows pure ascii
              manual pages to be displayed in ascii with the latin1 device.  It will not translate any  latin1  text.   The
              following  table shows the translations performed: some parts of it may only be displayed properly when using
              GNU nroff's latin1(7) device.


              Description           Octal   latin1   ascii
              ─────────────────────────────────────────────
              continuation hyphen    255      ‐        -
              bullet (middle dot)    267      ·        o
              acute accent           264      ´        '
              multiplication sign    327      ×        x

              If the latin1 column displays correctly, your terminal may be set up for latin1 characters and this option is
              not necessary.  If the latin1 and ascii columns are identical, you are reading this page using this option or
              man did not format this page using the latin1 device description.  If the latin1 column is  missing  or  cor‐
              rupt, you may need to view manual pages with this option.

              This option is ignored when using options -t, -H, -T, or -Z and may be useless for nroff other than GNU's.

       -E encoding, --encoding=encoding
              Generate output for a character encoding other than the default.  For backward compatibility, encoding may be
              an nroff device such as ascii, latin1, or utf8 as well as a true character encoding such as UTF-8.

       --no-hyphenation, --nh
              Normally, nroff will automatically hyphenate text at line breaks even in words that do not  contain  hyphens,
              if it is necessary to do so to lay out words on a line without excessive spacing.  This option disables auto‐
              matic hyphenation, so words will only be hyphenated if they already contain hyphens.

              If you are writing a manual page and simply want to prevent nroff from hyphenating a word at an inappropriate
              point,  do  not  use this option, but consult the nroff documentation instead; for instance, you can put "\%"
              inside a word to indicate that it may be hyphenated at that point, or put "\%" at the start of a word to pre‐
              vent it from being hyphenated.

       --no-justification, --nj
              Normally,  nroff  will  automatically justify text to both margins.  This option disables full justification,
              leaving justified only to the left margin, sometimes called "ragged-right" text.

              If you are writing a manual page and simply want to prevent nroff from justifying certain paragraphs, do  not
              use  this  option,  but  consult the nroff documentation instead; for instance, you can use the ".na", ".nf",
              ".fi", and ".ad" requests to temporarily disable adjusting and filling.

       -p string, --preprocessor=string
              Specify the sequence of preprocessors to run before nroff or troff/groff.  Not all installations will have  a
              full  set  of  preprocessors.  Some of the preprocessors and the letters used to designate them are: eqn (e),
              grap (g), pic (p), tbl (t), vgrind (v), refer (r).  This option overrides the $MANROFFSEQ  environment  vari‐
              able.  zsoelim is always run as the very first preprocessor.

       -t, --troff
              Use  groff  -mandoc to format the manual page to stdout.  This option is not required in conjunction with -H,
              -T, or -Z.

       -T[device], --troff-device[=device]
              This option is used to change groff (or possibly troff's) output to be suitable for a device other  than  the
              default.  It implies -t.  Examples (provided with Groff-1.17) include dvi, latin1, ps, utf8, X75 and X100.

       -H[browser], --html[=browser]
              This  option  will  cause  groff  to produce HTML output, and will display that output in a web browser.  The
              choice of browser is determined by the optional browser argument if one is provided, by the $BROWSER environ‐
              ment  variable,  or  by  a compile-time default if that is unset (usually lynx).  This option implies -t, and
              will only work with GNU troff.

       -X[dpi], --gxditview[=dpi]
              This option displays the output of groff in a graphical window using the gxditview program.   The  dpi  (dots
              per  inch)  may  be  75,  75-12, 100, or 100-12, defaulting to 75; the -12 variants use a 12-point base font.
              This option implies -T with the X75, X75-12, X100, or X100-12 device respectively.

       -Z, --ditroff
              groff will run troff and then use an appropriate post-processor to produce output  suitable  for  the  chosen
              device.   If  groff -mandoc is groff, this option is passed to groff and will suppress the use of a post-pro‐
              cessor.  It implies -t.

   Getting help
       -?, --help
              Print a help message and exit.

       --usage
              Print a short usage message and exit.

       -V, --version
              Display version information.

EXIT STATUS
       0      Successful program execution.

       1      Usage, syntax or configuration file error.

       2      Operational error.

       3      A child process returned a non-zero exit status.

       16     At least one of the pages/files/keywords didn't exist or wasn't matched.

ENVIRONMENT
       MANPATH
              If $MANPATH is set, its value is used as the path to search for manual pages.

       MANROFFOPT
              The contents of $MANROFFOPT are added to the command line every time man invokes the formatter (nroff, troff,
              or groff).

       MANROFFSEQ
              If  $MANROFFSEQ  is  set,  its  value  is used to determine the set of preprocessors to pass each manual page
              through.  The default preprocessor list is system dependent.

       MANSECT
              If $MANSECT is set, its value is a colon-delimited list of sections and it is used to determine which  manual
              sections to search and in what order.

       MANPAGER, PAGER
              If $MANPAGER or $PAGER is set ($MANPAGER is used in preference), its value is used as the name of the program
              used to display the manual page.  By default, less -s is used.

              The value may be a simple command name or a command with arguments, and may use shell  quoting  (backslashes,
              single quotes, or double quotes).  It may not use pipes to connect multiple commands; if you need that, use a
              wrapper script, which may take the file to display either as an argument or on standard input.

       MANLESS
              If $MANLESS is set, man will not perform any of its usual processing to set up a prompt string for  the  less
              pager.   Instead,  the value of $MANLESS will be copied verbatim into $LESS.  For example, if you want to set
              the prompt string unconditionally to “my prompt string”, set $MANLESS to ‘-Psmy prompt string’.

       BROWSER
              If $BROWSER is set, its value is a colon-delimited list of commands, each of which in turn is used to try  to
              start a web browser for man --html.  In each command, %s is replaced by a filename containing the HTML output
              from groff, %% is replaced by a single percent sign (%), and %c is replaced by a colon (:).

       SYSTEM If $SYSTEM is set, it will have the same effect as if it had been specified as the argument to the -m option.

       MANOPT If $MANOPT is set, it will be parsed prior to man's command line and is expected to be in a  similar  format.
              As all of the other man specific environment variables can be expressed as command line options, and are thus
              candidates for being included in $MANOPT it is expected that they will become obsolete.  N.B. All spaces that
              should be interpreted as part of an option's argument must be escaped.

       MANWIDTH
              If  $MANWIDTH is set, its value is used as the line length for which manual pages should be formatted.  If it
              is not set, manual pages will be formatted with a line length appropriate to the current terminal  (using  an
              ioctl(2) if available, the value of $COLUMNS, or falling back to 80 characters if neither is available).  Cat
              pages will only be saved when the default formatting can be used, that is when the terminal  line  length  is
              between 66 and 80 characters.

       MAN_KEEP_FORMATTING
              Normally,  when  output is not being directed to a terminal (such as to a file or a pipe), formatting charac‐
              ters are discarded to make it easier to read the result without special tools.  However, if $MAN_KEEP_FORMAT‐
              TING  is  set to any non-empty value, these formatting characters are retained.  This may be useful for wrap‐
              pers around man that can interpret formatting characters.

       MAN_KEEP_STDERR
              Normally, when output is being directed to a terminal (usually to a pager), any error output from the command
              used  to  produce  formatted versions of manual pages is discarded to avoid interfering with the pager's dis‐
              play.  Programs such as groff often produce relatively minor error messages about typographical problems such
              as  poor  alignment,  which  are unsightly and generally confusing when displayed along with the manual page.
              However, some users want to see them anyway, so, if $MAN_KEEP_STDERR is set to  any  non-empty  value,  error
              output will be displayed as usual.

       LANG, LC_MESSAGES
              Depending on system and implementation, either or both of $LANG and $LC_MESSAGES will be interrogated for the
              current message locale.  man will display its messages in that locale (if available).  See  setlocale(3)  for
              precise details.

FILES
       /etc/man_db.conf
              man-db configuration file.

       /usr/share/man
              A global manual page hierarchy.

       /usr/share/man/index.(bt|db|dir|pag)
              A traditional global index database cache.

       /var/cache/man/index.(bt|db|dir|pag)
              An FHS compliant global index database cache.

SEE ALSO
       apropos(1),  groff(1),  less(1),  manpath(1),  nroff(1),  troff(1), whatis(1), zsoelim(1), setlocale(3), manpath(5),
       ascii(7), latin1(7), man(7), catman(8), mandb(8), the man-db package manual, FSSTND

HISTORY
       1990, 1991 - Originally written by John W. Eaton (jwe@che.utexas.edu).

       Dec 23 1992: Rik Faith (faith@cs.unc.edu) applied bug fixes supplied by Willem Kasdorp (wkasdo@nikhefk.nikef.nl).

       30th April 1994 - 23rd February 2000: Wilf. (G.Wilford@ee.surrey.ac.uk) has been  developing  and  maintaining  this
       package with the help of a few dedicated people.

       30th October 1996 - 30th March 2001: Fabrizio Polacco <fpolacco@debian.org> maintained and enhanced this package for
       the Debian project, with the help of all the community.

       31st March 2001 - present day: Colin Watson <cjwatson@debian.org> is now developing and maintaining man-db.



2.6.3                                                    2012-09-17                                                  MAN(1)
```