ラズパイ5 2023年10月更新 bookworm ⑧ リベンジ pythonでグラフィック・ディスプレイを利用

第3回の記事
　　[ラズパイ5 2023年10月更新 bookworm ③ pipが使えない！ pythonでグラフィック・ディスプレイを利用](https://qiita.com/jamjam/items/f96c041d9c10d229af9f)
では、グラフィック・ディスプレイAdafruit 2.0" 320x240 Color IPS TFT Displayを、仮想環境で使うことができませんでした。
　ここでは、力ずくで、動かします。

 ### 仮想環境に入る

 　envtftという仮想環境を作り、入ります。

 ```shell
 yoshi@ras05:~ $ python -m venv envtft
yoshi@ras05:~ $ source envtft/bin/activate
(envtft) yoshi@ras05:~ $ 
```

　ライブラリ（モジュール）は空っぽです。
```shell
(envtft) yoshi@ras05:~ $ pip list
Package    Version
---------- -------
pip        23.0.1
setuptools 66.1.1
```
　この仮想環境で、st7789ライブラリをpipを使ってインストールします。

 ### st7789ライブラリのインストール

```shell
 (envtft) yoshi@ras05:~ $ pip install st7789
Looking in indexes: https://pypi.org/simple, https://www.piwheels.org/simple
Collecting st7789
  Using cached https://www.piwheels.org/simple/st7789/ST7789-0.0.4-py3-none-any.whl (8.4 kB)
Installing collected packages: st7789
Successfully installed st7789-0.0.4
```

```shell
envtft) yoshi@ras05:~ $ pip list
Package    Version
---------- -------
pip        23.0.1
setuptools 66.1.1
ST7789     0.0.4
```

　実行に必要な、pillow、numpy、spidev、RPi.GPIOをインストールします。

```shell
(envtft) yoshi@ras05:~ $ pip list
Package    Version
---------- -------
numpy      1.26.4
pillow     10.2.0
pip        23.0.1
RPi.GPIO   0.7.1
setuptools 66.1.1
spidev     3.6
ST7789     0.0.4
```
　次の表示プログラムst7789a.pyを動かします。

 ```python
 from PIL import Image
from PIL import ImageDraw
from PIL import ImageFont

import ST7789

MESSAGE = "Hello World!"
print(MESSAGE)

#display_type == "dhmini":
disp = ST7789.ST7789(
    height=240,
    width=320,
    rotation=0,
    port=0,
    cs=0,
    dc=22,
    rst=25,
    backlight=None,
    spi_speed_hz=80 * 1000 * 1000,
)


# Initialize display.
disp.begin()

WIDTH = disp.width
HEIGHT = disp.height
img = Image.new('RGB', (WIDTH, HEIGHT), color=(255, 0, 0))

draw = ImageDraw.Draw(img)

font = ImageFont.truetype("/usr/share/fonts/truetype/dejavu/DejaVuSans-Bold.ttf", 30)

draw.text((20,20),MESSAGE, font=font, fill=(255,255,255))

disp.display(img)
```

　エラーが出ます。
 
 ```shell
 (envtft) yoshi@ras05:~ $ python st7789a.py
Hello World!
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/yoshi/st7789a.py", line 11, in <module>
    disp = ST7789.ST7789(
           ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
  File "/home/yoshi/envtft/lib/python3.11/site-packages/ST7789/__init__.py", line 139, in __init__
    GPIO.setup(dc, GPIO.OUT)
RuntimeError: Cannot determine SOC peripheral base address

```

　このエラーは、ラズパイ5ではGPIOをアクセスするライブラリのRPi.GPIOが対応していないためです。ラズパイでは、gapiozeroライブラリをつかうべしという話が見つかります。そこで、/home/yoshi/envtft/lib/python3.11/site-packages/ST7789/\_\_init\_\_.pyのRPi.GPIOを利用しているところを、gapiozeroライブラリのコマンドで置き換えました。
 　実行すると、二つのエラーが出ました。一つは、rpi-lgpioをインストールすると消えましたが、もう一つ残っています。
  　GPIOの操作は、rst（リセット信号）、dc信号をON/OFFしているだけです。なので、subprocess.run(）で、export /sys。。。/gpio1のようなGPIOを直にON/OFFしようと書き替えました。しかし、このexport操作は、ラズパイ5では使えなくなっていることがわかりました。
   　使えるのはpinctrlですね。新しいshellで使えるコマンドです。GPIOの操作は、このコマンドに書き換えました。

```python: __init__.py
# Copyright (c) 2014 Adafruit Industries
# Author: Tony DiCola
#
# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
# of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
# in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
# to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
# copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
# furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
#
# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
# all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
#
# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
# IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
# FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
# AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
# LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
# OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
# THE SOFTWARE.
import numbers
import time
import numpy as np

import spidev
# import RPi.GPIO as GPIO

import subprocess

__version__ = '0.0.4'

BG_SPI_CS_BACK = 0
BG_SPI_CS_FRONT = 1

SPI_CLOCK_HZ = 16000000

ST7789_NOP = 0x00
ST7789_SWRESET = 0x01
ST7789_RDDID = 0x04
ST7789_RDDST = 0x09

ST7789_SLPIN = 0x10
ST7789_SLPOUT = 0x11
ST7789_PTLON = 0x12
ST7789_NORON = 0x13

ST7789_INVOFF = 0x20
ST7789_INVON = 0x21
ST7789_DISPOFF = 0x28
ST7789_DISPON = 0x29

ST7789_CASET = 0x2A
ST7789_RASET = 0x2B
ST7789_RAMWR = 0x2C
ST7789_RAMRD = 0x2E

ST7789_PTLAR = 0x30
ST7789_MADCTL = 0x36
ST7789_COLMOD = 0x3A

ST7789_FRMCTR1 = 0xB1
ST7789_FRMCTR2 = 0xB2
ST7789_FRMCTR3 = 0xB3
ST7789_INVCTR = 0xB4
ST7789_DISSET5 = 0xB6

ST7789_GCTRL = 0xB7
ST7789_GTADJ = 0xB8
ST7789_VCOMS = 0xBB

ST7789_LCMCTRL = 0xC0
ST7789_IDSET = 0xC1
ST7789_VDVVRHEN = 0xC2
ST7789_VRHS = 0xC3
ST7789_VDVS = 0xC4
ST7789_VMCTR1 = 0xC5
ST7789_FRCTRL2 = 0xC6
ST7789_CABCCTRL = 0xC7

ST7789_RDID1 = 0xDA
ST7789_RDID2 = 0xDB
ST7789_RDID3 = 0xDC
ST7789_RDID4 = 0xDD

ST7789_GMCTRP1 = 0xE0
ST7789_GMCTRN1 = 0xE1

ST7789_PWCTR6 = 0xFC


class ST7789(object):
    """Representation of an ST7789 TFT LCD."""

    def __init__(self, port, cs, dc, backlight=None, rst=None, width=240,
                 height=240, rotation=90, invert=True, spi_speed_hz=4000000,
                 offset_left=0,
                 offset_top=0):
        """Create an instance of the display using SPI communication.

        Must provide the GPIO pin number for the D/C pin and the SPI driver.

        Can optionally provide the GPIO pin number for the reset pin as the rst parameter.

        :param port: SPI port number
        :param cs: SPI chip-select number (0 or 1 for BCM
        :param backlight: Pin for controlling backlight
        :param rst: Reset pin for ST7789
        :param width: Width of display connected to ST7789
        :param height: Height of display connected to ST7789
        :param rotation: Rotation of display connected to ST7789
        :param invert: Invert display
        :param spi_speed_hz: SPI speed (in Hz)

        """
        if rotation not in [0, 90, 180, 270]:
            raise ValueError("Invalid rotation {}".format(rotation))

        if width != height and rotation in [90, 270]:
            raise ValueError("Invalid rotation {} for {}x{} resolution".format(rotation, width, height))

        # GPIO.setwarnings(False)
        # GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BCM)

        self._spi = spidev.SpiDev(port, cs)
        self._spi.mode = 0
        self._spi.lsbfirst = False
        self._spi.max_speed_hz = spi_speed_hz

        self._dc = dc
        self._rst = rst
        self._width = width
        self._height = height
        self._rotation = rotation
        self._invert = invert

        self._offset_left = offset_left
        self._offset_top = offset_top

        # Set DC as output.
        # GPIO.setup(dc, GPIO.OUT)

        # Setup backlight as output (if provided).
        self._backlight = backlight
        if backlight is not None:
            # GPIO.setup(backlight, GPIO.OUT)
            # GPIO.output(backlight, GPIO.LOW)
            # time.sleep(0.1)
            # GPIO.output(backlight, GPIO.HIGH)
            pass

        # Setup reset as output (if provided).
        if rst is not None:
            # GPIO.setup(rst, GPIO.OUT)
            pass

        self.reset()
        self._init()

    def send(self, data, is_data=True, chunk_size=4096):
        """Write a byte or array of bytes to the display. Is_data parameter
        controls if byte should be interpreted as display data (True) or command
        data (False).  Chunk_size is an optional size of bytes to write in a
        single SPI transaction, with a default of 4096.
        """
        # Set DC low for command, high for data.
        # GPIO.output(self._dc, is_data)
        if is_data:
            isdata='dh'
        else:
            isdata='dl'
        msg = 'pinctrl set '+ str(self._dc) + ' op ' + isdata
        subprocess.run(msg,shell=True)

        # Convert scalar argument to list so either can be passed as parameter.
        if isinstance(data, numbers.Number):
            data = [data & 0xFF]
        # Write data a chunk at a time.
        for start in range(0, len(data), chunk_size):
            end = min(start + chunk_size, len(data))
            self._spi.xfer(data[start:end])

    def set_backlight(self, value):
        """Set the backlight on/off."""
        if self._backlight is not None:
            # GPIO.output(self._backlight, value)
            pass

    @property
    def width(self):
        return self._width if self._rotation == 0 or self._rotation == 180 else self._height

    @property
    def height(self):
        return self._height if self._rotation == 0 or self._rotation == 180 else self._width

    def command(self, data):
        """Write a byte or array of bytes to the display as command data."""
        self.send(data, False)

    def data(self, data):
        """Write a byte or array of bytes to the display as display data."""
        self.send(data, True)

    def reset(self):
        print("Reset the display, if reset pin is connected.")
        if self._rst is not None:
            msg = 'pinctrl set '+ str(self._rst) + ' op dh'
            # msg = 'pinctrl set 25 op dh'
            subprocess.run(msg,shell=True)
            time.sleep(0.500)
            msg = 'pinctrl set '+ str(self._rst) + ' op dl'
            # msg = 'pinctrl set 25 op dl'
            subprocess.run(msg,shell=True)
            time.sleep(0.500)
            msg = 'pinctrl set '+ str(self._rst) + ' op dh'
            # msg = 'pinctrl set 25 op dh'
            subprocess.run(msg,shell=True)
            time.sleep(0.500)

    def _init(self):
        # Initialize the display.

        self.command(ST7789_SWRESET)    # Software reset
        time.sleep(0.150)               # delay 150 ms

        self.command(ST7789_MADCTL)
        self.data(0x70)

        self.command(ST7789_FRMCTR2)    # Frame rate ctrl - idle mode
        self.data(0x0C)
        self.data(0x0C)
        self.data(0x00)
        self.data(0x33)
        self.data(0x33)

        self.command(ST7789_COLMOD)
        self.data(0x05)

        self.command(ST7789_GCTRL)
        self.data(0x14)

        self.command(ST7789_VCOMS)
        self.data(0x37)

        self.command(ST7789_LCMCTRL)    # Power control
        self.data(0x2C)

        self.command(ST7789_VDVVRHEN)   # Power control
        self.data(0x01)

        self.command(ST7789_VRHS)       # Power control
        self.data(0x12)

        self.command(ST7789_VDVS)       # Power control
        self.data(0x20)

        self.command(0xD0)
        self.data(0xA4)
        self.data(0xA1)

        self.command(ST7789_FRCTRL2)
        self.data(0x0F)

        self.command(ST7789_GMCTRP1)    # Set Gamma
        self.data(0xD0)
        self.data(0x04)
        self.data(0x0D)
        self.data(0x11)
        self.data(0x13)
        self.data(0x2B)
        self.data(0x3F)
        self.data(0x54)
        self.data(0x4C)
        self.data(0x18)
        self.data(0x0D)
        self.data(0x0B)
        self.data(0x1F)
        self.data(0x23)

        self.command(ST7789_GMCTRN1)    # Set Gamma
        self.data(0xD0)
        self.data(0x04)
        self.data(0x0C)
        self.data(0x11)
        self.data(0x13)
        self.data(0x2C)
        self.data(0x3F)
        self.data(0x44)
        self.data(0x51)
        self.data(0x2F)
        self.data(0x1F)
        self.data(0x1F)
        self.data(0x20)
        self.data(0x23)

        if self._invert:
            self.command(ST7789_INVON)   # Invert display
        else:
            self.command(ST7789_INVOFF)  # Don't invert display

        self.command(ST7789_SLPOUT)

        self.command(ST7789_DISPON)     # Display on
        time.sleep(0.100)               # 100 ms

    def begin(self):
        """Set up the display

        Deprecated. Included in __init__.

        """
        pass

    def set_window(self, x0=0, y0=0, x1=None, y1=None):
        """Set the pixel address window for proceeding drawing commands. x0 and
        x1 should define the minimum and maximum x pixel bounds.  y0 and y1
        should define the minimum and maximum y pixel bound.  If no parameters
        are specified the default will be to update the entire display from 0,0
        to width-1,height-1.
        """
        if x1 is None:
            x1 = self._width - 1

        if y1 is None:
            y1 = self._height - 1

        y0 += self._offset_top
        y1 += self._offset_top

        x0 += self._offset_left
        x1 += self._offset_left

        self.command(ST7789_CASET)       # Column addr set
        self.data(x0 >> 8)
        self.data(x0 & 0xFF)             # XSTART
        self.data(x1 >> 8)
        self.data(x1 & 0xFF)             # XEND
        self.command(ST7789_RASET)       # Row addr set
        self.data(y0 >> 8)
        self.data(y0 & 0xFF)             # YSTART
        self.data(y1 >> 8)
        self.data(y1 & 0xFF)             # YEND
        self.command(ST7789_RAMWR)       # write to RAM

    def display(self, image):
        """Write the provided image to the hardware.

        :param image: Should be RGB format and the same dimensions as the display hardware.

        """
        # Set address bounds to entire display.
        self.set_window()

        # Convert image to 16bit RGB565 format and
        # flatten into bytes.
        pixelbytes = self.image_to_data(image, self._rotation)

        # Write data to hardware.
        for i in range(0, len(pixelbytes), 4096):
            self.data(pixelbytes[i:i + 4096])

    def image_to_data(self, image, rotation=0):
        if not isinstance(image, np.ndarray):
            image = np.array(image.convert('RGB'))

        # Rotate the image
        pb = np.rot90(image, rotation // 90).astype('uint16')

        # Mask and shift the 888 RGB into 565 RGB
        red   = (pb[..., [0]] & 0xf8) << 8
        green = (pb[..., [1]] & 0xfc) << 3
        blue  = (pb[..., [2]] & 0xf8) >> 3

        # Stick 'em together
        result = red | green | blue

        # Output the raw bytes
        return result.byteswap().tobytes()
```

　実行します。

```shell
(envtft) yoshi@ras05:~ $ python st7789a.py
Hello World!
```
　めでたく動きました。

 ![IMGP2127.png](https://qiita-image-store.s3.ap-northeast-1.amazonaws.com/0/407635/e6ce42bf-87a3-95db-97fb-49a5ac00ed0b.png)