`gem install middleman` を実行するとエラー 「ERROR: Failed to build gem native extension.」

# TL;DR

`sudo apt install build-essential` で解決した。

# 環境

* Ubuntu 22.04
* Ruby 3.0.2p107 (Ubuntu 22.04 標準)

# 発生した事象

`sudo gem install middleman` を実行したところ、エラーが発生した。

```console
$ sudo gem install middleman
Fetching backports-3.24.1.gem
Fetching addressable-2.8.6.gem
Fetching activesupport-7.0.8.gem
Building native extensions. This could take a while...
ERROR:  Error installing middleman:
	ERROR: Failed to build gem native extension.

    current directory: /var/lib/gems/3.0.0/gems/ffi-1.16.3/ext/ffi_c
/usr/bin/ruby3.0 -I /usr/lib/ruby/vendor_ruby -r ./siteconf20240102-433292-z6i1fr.rb extconf.rb
checking for ffi.h... *** extconf.rb failed ***
Could not create Makefile due to some reason, probably lack of necessary
libraries and/or headers.  Check the mkmf.log file for more details.  You may
need configuration options.

Provided configuration options:
	--with-opt-dir
	--without-opt-dir
	--with-opt-include
	--without-opt-include=${opt-dir}/include
	--with-opt-lib
	--without-opt-lib=${opt-dir}/lib
	--with-make-prog
	--without-make-prog
	--srcdir=.
	--curdir
	--ruby=/usr/bin/$(RUBY_BASE_NAME)3.0
	--with-ffi_c-dir
	--without-ffi_c-dir
	--with-ffi_c-include
	--without-ffi_c-include=${ffi_c-dir}/include
	--with-ffi_c-lib
	--without-ffi_c-lib=${ffi_c-dir}/lib
	--enable-debug
	--disable-debug
	--enable-system-libffi
	--disable-system-libffi
	--with-libffi-config
	--without-libffi-config
	--with-pkg-config
	--without-pkg-config
	--with-ffi-dir
	--without-ffi-dir
	--with-ffi-include
	--without-ffi-include=${ffi-dir}/include
	--with-ffi-lib
	--without-ffi-lib=${ffi-dir}/lib
/usr/lib/ruby/3.0.0/mkmf.rb:471:in `try_do': The compiler failed to generate an executable file. (RuntimeError)
You have to install development tools first.
	from /usr/lib/ruby/3.0.0/mkmf.rb:613:in `try_cpp'
	from /usr/lib/ruby/3.0.0/mkmf.rb:1124:in `block in have_header'
	from /usr/lib/ruby/3.0.0/mkmf.rb:971:in `block in checking_for'
	from /usr/lib/ruby/3.0.0/mkmf.rb:361:in `block (2 levels) in postpone'
	from /usr/lib/ruby/3.0.0/mkmf.rb:331:in `open'
	from /usr/lib/ruby/3.0.0/mkmf.rb:361:in `block in postpone'
	from /usr/lib/ruby/3.0.0/mkmf.rb:331:in `open'
	from /usr/lib/ruby/3.0.0/mkmf.rb:357:in `postpone'
	from /usr/lib/ruby/3.0.0/mkmf.rb:970:in `checking_for'
	from /usr/lib/ruby/3.0.0/mkmf.rb:1123:in `have_header'
	from extconf.rb:10:in `system_libffi_usable?'
	from extconf.rb:46:in `<main>'

To see why this extension failed to compile, please check the mkmf.log which can be found here:

  /var/lib/gems/3.0.0/extensions/x86_64-linux/3.0.0/ffi-1.16.3/mkmf.log

extconf failed, exit code 1

Gem files will remain installed in /var/lib/gems/3.0.0/gems/ffi-1.16.3 for inspection.
Results logged to /var/lib/gems/3.0.0/extensions/x86_64-linux/3.0.0/ffi-1.16.3/gem_make.out
```

```console
$ cat /var/lib/gems/3.0.0/extensions/x86_64-linux/3.0.0/ffi-1.16.3/mkmf.log
package configuration for libffi is not found
have_header: checking for ffi.h... -------------------- no

"x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc -o conftest -I/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/ruby-3.0.0 -I/usr/include/ruby-3.0.0/ruby/backward -I/usr/include/ruby-3.0.0 -I. -Wdate-time -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2   -g -O2 -ffile-prefix-map=/build/ruby3.0-ohOwi0/ruby3.0-3.0.2=. -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -fPIC conftest.c  -L. -L/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu -L. -Wl,-Bsymbolic-functions -Wl,-z,relro -Wl,-z,now -fstack-protector-strong -rdynamic -Wl,-export-dynamic     -lruby-3.0  -lm   -lc"
checked program was:
/* begin */
1: #include "ruby.h"
2: 
3: int main(int argc, char **argv)
4: {
5:   return !!argv[argc];
6: }
/* end */

"x86_64-linux-gnu-gcc -E -I/usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/ruby-3.0.0 -I/usr/include/ruby-3.0.0/ruby/backward -I/usr/include/ruby-3.0.0 -I. -Wdate-time -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2   -g -O2 -ffile-prefix-map=/build/ruby3.0-ohOwi0/ruby3.0-3.0.2=. -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Werror=format-security -fPIC  conftest.c -o conftest.i"
conftest.c:3:10: fatal error: ffi.h: No such file or directory
    3 | #include <ffi.h>
      |          ^~~~~~~
compilation terminated.
checked program was:
/* begin */
1: #include "ruby.h"
2: 
3: #include <ffi.h>
/* end */

--------------------
```

# 解決方法

`sudo apt install build-essential` で解決した。