ISO/IEC 9594-8:2020 Information technology — Open systems interconnection — Part 8: The Directory: Public-key and attribute certificate frameworks

ISO/IEC 9594-8:2020 Information technology — Open systems interconnection — Part 8: The Directory: Public-key and attribute certificate frameworks
https://www.iso.org/standard/80325.html
https://webstore.iec.ch/preview/info_isoiec9594-8%7Bed9.0%7Den.pdf

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# Foreword
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This document was prepared by ITU-T as ITU-T X.509 (10/2019) and drafted in accordance with
its editorial rules, in collaboration with Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information
technology, Subcommittee SC 6, Telecommunications and information exchange between systems.
This ninth edition cancels and replaces the eighth edition (ISO/IEC 9594-8:2017), which has been
technically revised.
A list of all parts in the ISO/IEC 9594 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body.
A complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
SECTION 1 – General ............................................................................................................................................... 1
1 Scope .............................................................................................................................................................. 1
2 Normative references...................................................................................................................................... 1
2.1 Identical Recommendations | International Standards ........................................................................ 1
2.2 Paired Recommendations | International Standards equivalent in technical content ........................... 2
2.3 Recommendations ............................................................................................................................... 2
2.4 Other references .................................................................................................................................. 2
3 Definitions ...................................................................................................................................................... 3
3.1 OSI Reference Model security architecture definitions....................................................................... 3
3.2 Baseline identity management terms and definitions .......................................................................... 3
3.3 Directory model definitions ................................................................................................................ 3
3.4 Access control framework definitions ................................................................................................. 3
3.5 Public-key and attribute certificate definitions .................................................................................... 3
4 Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................................. 7
5 Conventions .................................................................................................................................................... 8
6 Frameworks overview .................................................................................................................................... 8
6.1 Digital signatures ................................................................................................................................ 9
6.2 Public-key cryptography and cryptographic algorithms...................................................................... 10
6.3 Distinguished encoding of basic encoding rules ................................................................................. 12
6.4 Applying distinguished encoding ........................................................................................................ 12
6.5 Using repositories ................................................................................................................................ 13
SECTION 2 – PUBLIC-KEY CERTIFICATE FRAMEWORK ............................................................................... 14
7 Public keys and public-key certificates .......................................................................................................... 14
7.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 14
7.2 Public-key certificate........................................................................................................................... 14
7.3 Public-key certificate extensions ......................................................................................................... 17
7.4 Types of public-key certificates .......................................................................................................... 18
7.5 Trust anchor ........................................................................................................................................ 18
7.6 Entity relationship ............................................................................................................................... 19
7.7 Certification path ................................................................................................................................. 19
7.8 Generation of key pairs ....................................................................................................................... 21
7.9 Public-key certificate creation ............................................................................................................. 21
7.10 Certificate revocation list .................................................................................................................... 22
7.11 Uniqueness of names ........................................................................................................................... 25
7.12 Indirect CRLs ...................................................................................................................................... 25
7.13 Repudiation of a digital signing .......................................................................................................... 26
8 Trust models ................................................................................................................................................... 27
8.1 Three-cornered trust model ................................................................................................................. 27
8.2 Four cornered trust model ................................................................................................................... 27
9 Public-key certificate and CRL extensions ..................................................................................................... 28
9.1 Policy handling .................................................................................................................................... 29
9.2 Key and policy information extensions ............................................................................................... 31
9.3 Subject and issuer information extensions .......................................................................................... 38
9.4 Certification path constraint extensions .............................................................................................. 41
9.5 Basic CRL extensions ......................................................................................................................... 45
9.6 CRL distribution points and delta CRL extensions ............................................................................. 52
9.7 Authorization and validation list extensions ....................................................................................... 57
9.8 Alternative cryptographic algorithms and digital signature extensions ............................................... 58
10 Delta CRL relationship to base ....................................................................................................................... 59
11 Authorization and validation lists ................................................................................................................... 60
11.1 Authorization and validation list concept ............................................................................................ 60
11.2 The authorizer ..................................................................................................................................... 60
11.3 Authorization and validation list syntax .............................................................................................. 61
11.4 Multiple cryptographic algorithms for authorization and validation list ............................................. 62
12 Certification path processing procedure ......................................................................................................... 63
12.1 Path processing inputs ......................................................................................................................... 63
12.2 Path processing outputs ....................................................................................................................... 63
12.3 Path processing variables .................................................................................................................... 64
12.4 Initialization step ................................................................................................................................. 64
12.5 Public-key certificate processing ......................................................................................................... 65
13 PKI directory schema ..................................................................................................................................... 67
13.1 PKI directory object classes and name forms ...................................................................................... 67
13.2 PKI directory attributes ....................................................................................................................... 68
13.3 PKI directory matching rules .............................................................................................................. 72
13.4 PKI directory syntax definitions.......................................................................................................... 77
SECTION 3 – ATTRIBUTE CERTIFICATE FRAMEWORK ................................................................................ 80
14 Attribute certificates ....................................................................................................................................... 80
14.1 General ................................................................................................................................................ 80
14.2 Attribute certificate syntax .................................................................................................................. 81
14.3 Multiple cryptographic algorithms for attribute certificates ................................................................ 83
14.4 Delegation paths .................................................................................................................................. 83
14.5 Attribute certificate revocation lists .................................................................................................... 84
15 Attribute authority, source of authority and certification authority relationship ............................................ 86
15.1 Privilege in attribute certificates .......................................................................................................... 87
15.2 Privilege in public-key certificates ...................................................................................................... 87
16 PMI models .................................................................................................................................................... 87
16.1 General model ..................................................................................................................................... 87
16.2 Control model...................................................................................................................................... 89
16.3 Delegation model ................................................................................................................................ 90
16.4 Group assignment model ..................................................................................................................... 90
16.5 Roles model ......................................................................................................................................... 91
16.6 Recognition of Authority Model ......................................................................................................... 93
16.7 XML privilege information attribute ................................................................................................... 96
16.8 Permission attribute and matching rule ............................................................................................... 97
17 Attribute certificate and attribute certificate revocation list extensions ......................................................... 97
17.1 Basic privilege management extensions .............................................................................................. 98
17.2 Privilege revocation extensions ........................................................................................................... 101
17.3 Source of authority extensions ............................................................................................................ 107
17.4 Role extensions ................................................................................................................................... 109
17.5 Delegation extensions ......................................................................................................................... 110
17.6 Recognition of authority extensions .................................................................................................... 114
17.7 Use of alternative digital signature algorithm and digital signature extensions .................................. 117
18 Delegation path processing procedure ............................................................................................................ 118
18.1 Basic processing procedure ................................................................................................................. 118
18.2 Role processing procedure .................................................................................................................. 119
18.3 Delegation processing procedure ........................................................................................................ 119
19 PMI directory schema..................................................................................................................................... 121
19.1 PMI directory object classes ............................................................................................................... 121
19.2 PMI directory attributes ...................................................................................................................... 123
19.3 PMI general directory matching rules ................................................................................................. 125
Annex A – Public-key and attribute certificate frameworks ...................................................................................... 127
Annex B – Reference definition of cryptographic algorithms ................................................................................... 155
Annex C Certificate extension attribute types .......................................................................................................... 162
C.1 Certificate extension attribute concept ................................................................................................ 162
C.2 Formal specification for certificate extension attribute types .............................................................. 162
Annex D – External ASN.1 modules ......................................................................................................................... 171
Annex E – CRL generation and processing rules ...................................................................................................... 180
E.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 180
E.2 Determine parameters for CRLs .......................................................................................................... 181
E.3 Determine CRLs required ................................................................................................................... 182
E.4 Obtain CRLs........................................................................................................................................ 183
E.5 Process CRLs ...................................................................................................................................... 183
Annex F – Examples of delta CRL issuance.............................................................................................................. 187
Annex G – Privilege policy and privilege attribute definition examples ................................................................... 189
G.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 189
G.2 Sample syntaxes .................................................................................................................................. 189
G.3 Privilege attribute example .................................................................................................................. 193
Annex H – An introduction to public key cryptography ......................................................................................... 194
Annex I – Examples of use of certification path constraints ..................................................................................... 196
I.1 Example 1: Use of basic constraints .................................................................................................... 196
I.2 Example 2: Use of policy mapping and policy constraints ................................................................. 196
I.3 Use of name constraints extension ...................................................................................................... 196
Annex J – Guidance on determining for which policies a certification path is valid ................................................. 205
J.1 Certification path valid for a user-specified policy required ............................................................... 205
J.2 Certification path valid for any policy required .................................................................................. 206
J.3 Certification path valid regardless of policy ....................................................................................... 206
J.4 Certification path valid for a user-specific policy desired, but not required ....................................... 206
Annex K – Key usage certificate extension issues .................................................................................................... 207
Annex L – Deprecated extensions ............................................................................................................................. 208
L.1 CRL scope extension ........................................................................................................................... 208
Annex M – Directory concepts .................................................................................................................................. 211
M.1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................... 211
M.2 The directory attribute concept............................................................................................................ 211
M.3 Basic directory concepts ...................................................................................................................... 211
M.4 Subtrees ............................................................................................................................................... 212
M.5 Directory distinguished names ............................................................................................................ 212
M.6 Directory schema ................................................................................................................................ 213
Annex N – Considerations on strong authentication ................................................................................................. 214
N.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 214
N.2 One-way authentication ....................................................................................................................... 215
N.3 Two-way authentication ...................................................................................................................... 215
N.4 Three-way authentication .................................................................................................................... 216
N.5 Five-way authentication (initiated by A) ............................................................................................. 217
N.6 Five-way authentication (initiated by B) ............................................................................................. 218
Annex O – Alphabetical list of information item definitions .................................................................................... 220
Annex P – Amendments and corrigenda ................................................................................................................... 223
Bibliography .............................................................................................................................................................. 224

# Introduction
Many applications have requirements for security to protect against threats to the communication of information. Virtually
all security services are dependent upon the identities of the communicating parties being reliably known, i.e.,
authenticated.
This Recommendation | International Standard defines a framework for public-key certificates. This framework includes
the specification of data objects used to represent the public-key certificates themselves, as well as revocation notices for
issued public-key certificates that should no longer be trusted. It defines some critical components of a public-key
infrastructure (PKI), but it does not define a PKI in its entirety. However, this Recommendation | International Standard
provides the foundation upon which full PKIs and their specifications can be built.
Similarly, this Recommendation | International Standard defines a framework for attribute certificates. This framework
includes the specification of data objects used to represent the attribute certificates themselves, as well as revocation
notices for issued attribute certificates that should no longer be trusted. It defines some critical components of a privilege
management infrastructure (PMI), but it does not define a PMI in its entirety. However, this Recommendation |
International Standard provides the foundation upon which full PMIs and their specifications can be built.
Directory schema definitions allow PKI and PMI information to be represented in a directory according to the
specification found in the Directory Specifications (Rec. ITU-T X.500 | ISO/IEC 9594-1, Rec. ITU-T X.501 | ISO/IEC
9594-2, Rec. ITU-T X.511 | ISO/IEC 9594-3, Rec. ITU-T X.518 | ISO/IEC 9594-4, Rec. ITU-T X.519 | ISO/IEC 9594-5,
Rec. ITU-T X.520 | ISO/IEC 9594-6, Rec ITU-T X.521 | ISO/IEC 9594-7 and Rec. ITU-T X.525 | ISO/IEC 9594-9) or
according to the lightweight directory access protocol (LDAP) specification.
This Recommendation | International Standard provides the foundation frameworks upon which industry profiles can be
defined by other standards groups and industry forums. Many of the features defined as optional in these frameworks may
be mandated for use in certain environments through profiles. This ninth edition technically revises and enhances the
eighth edition of this Recommendation | International Standard.
This ninth edition specifies versions 1, 2 and 3 of public-key certificates, versions 1 and 2 of certificate revocation lists
and version 2 of attribute certificates.
The extensibility function was added in an earlier edition with version 3 of the public-key certificate and with version 2
of the certificate revocation list and was incorporated into the attribute certificate from its initial inception.
Annex A, which is an integral part of this Recommendation | International Standard, provides the ASN.1 modules which
contain all of the definitions associated with the frameworks.
Annex B, which is not an integral part of this Recommendation | International Standard, lists object identifiers assigned
to cryptographic algorithms defined by other specifications. It is provided for easy reference and import into other ASN.1
modules.
Annex C, which is an integral part of this Recommendation | International Standard, provides definitions for how
certificate extension types may be represented by directory attribute types.
Annex D, which is not an integral part of this Recommendation | International Standard, includes extracts of external
ASN.1 modules referenced by this Recommen
-->

# 2 Normative references

## 2.1 Identical Recommendations | International Standards
– Recommendation ITU-T X.411 (1999) | ISO/IEC 10021-4:2003, Information technology – Message Handling Systems (MHS) – Message Transfer System: Abstract Service Definition and Procedures.
– Recommendation ITU-T X.500 (2019) | ISO/IEC 9594-1:2020, Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – The Directory: Overview of concepts, models and services.
– Recommendation ITU-T X.501 (2019) | ISO/IEC 9594-2:2020, Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – The Directory: Models.
– Recommendation ITU-T X.511 (2019) | ISO/IEC 9594-3:2020, Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – The Directory: Abstract service definition.
– Recommendation ITU-T X.518 (2019) | ISO/IEC 9594-4:2020, Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – The Directory: Procedures for distributed operation.
– Recommendation ITU-T X.519 (2019) | ISO/IEC 9594-5:2020, Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – The Directory: Protocol specifications.
– Recommendation ITU-T X.520 (2019) | ISO/IEC 9594-6:2020, Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – The Directory: Selected attribute types.
– Recommendation ITU-T X.521 (2019) | ISO/IEC 9594-7:2020, Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – The Directory: Selected object classes.
– Recommendation ITU-T X.525 (2019) | ISO/IEC 9594-9:2020, Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – The Directory: Replication.
– Recommendation ITU-T X.660 (2011) | ISO/IEC 9834-1:2012, Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Procedures for the operation of OSI Registration Authorities: General procedures and top arcs of the International Object Identifier tree.
– Recommendation ITU-T X.680 (2015) | ISO/IEC 8824-1:2015, Information technology – Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1): Specification of basic notation.
– Recommendation ITU-T X.681 (2015) | ISO/IEC 8824-2:2015, Information technology – Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1): Information object specification.
– Recommendation ITU-T X.682 (2015) | ISO/IEC 8824-3:2015, Information technology – Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1): Constraint specification.
– Recommendation ITU-T X.683 (2015) | ISO/IEC 8824-4:2015, Information technology – Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1): Parameterization of ASN.1 specifications.
– Recommendation ITU-T X.690 (2015) | ISO/IEC 8825-1:2015, Information technology – ASN.1 encoding rules: Specification of Basic Encoding Rules (BER), Canonical Encoding Rules (CER) and Distinguished Encoding Rules (DER).
– Recommendation ITU-T X.812 (1995) | ISO/IEC 10181-3:1996, Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Security frameworks for open systems: Access control framework.
– Recommendation ITU-T X.813 (1996) | ISO/IEC 10181-4:1997, Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – Security frameworks for open systems: Non-repudiation framework.
– Recommendation ITU-T X.841 (2000) | ISO/IEC 15816:2002, Information technology – Security techniques – Security information objects for access control.
## 2.2 Paired Recommendations | International Standards equivalent in technical content
– Recommendation ITU-T X.800 (1991), Security architecture for Open Systems Interconnection for CCITT applications.
ISO 7498-2:1989, Information processing systems – Open Systems Interconnection – Basic Reference Model – Part 2: Security Architecture.
## 2.3 Recommendations
– Recommendation ITU-T X.1252 (2010), Baseline identity management terms and definitions. 
## 2.4 Other references
IETF RFC 791 (1981), Internet Protocol.
IETF RFC 822 (1982), Standard for the Format of ARPA Internet Text Messages.
IETF RFC 1630 (1994), Universal Resource Identifiers in WWW: A Unifying Syntax for the Expression of Names and Addresses of Objects on the Network as used in the World-Wide Web.
IETF RFC 3492 (2003), Punycode: A Bootstring encoding of Unicode for Internationalized Domain Names in Applications (IDNA).
IETF RFC 4511 (2006), Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP): The Protocol.
IETF RFC 4523 (2006), Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) Schema Definitions for X.509
Certificates.
IETF RFC 5280 (2008), Internet X.509 Public Key Infrastructure Certificate and Certificate Revocation
List (CRL) Profile.
IETF RFC 5890 (2010), Internationalized Domain Names for Applications (IDNA): Definitions and
Document Framework.
IETF RFC 5914 (2010), Trust Anchor Format.
This is a preview - click here to buy the full publication

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ISO/IEC 9594-8:2020 (E)
– IETF RFC 6960 (2013), X.509 Internet Public Key Infrastructure Online Certificate Status Protocol – OCSP.

# Bibliography

—	Recommendation CCITT X.509 (1988) | ISO/IEC 9594-8:1990, The Directory – Authentication Framework.
—	Recommendation ITU-T X.509 (1993) | ISO/IEC 9594-8:1993, Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – The Directory: Authentication Framework.
—	Recommendation ITU-T X.509 (1997) | ISO/IEC 9594-8:1998, Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – The Directory: Authentication Framework.
—	Recommendation ITU-T X.509 (2000) | ISO/IEC 9594-8:2001, Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – The Directory: Public-key and attribute certificate frameworks.
—	Recommendation ITU-T X.509 (2005) | ISO/IEC 9594-8:2005, Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – The Directory: Public-key and attribute certificate frameworks.
—	Recommendation ITU-T X.509 (2008) | ISO/IEC 9594-8:2008, Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – The Directory: Public-key and attribute certificate frameworks.
—	Recommendation ITU-T X.509 (2012) | ISO/IEC 9594-8:2014, Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – The Directory: Public-key and attribute certificate frameworks.
—	Recommendation ITU-T X.509 (2016) | ISO/IEC 9594-8:2017, Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – The Directory: Public-key and attribute certificate frameworks.
—	Recommendation ITU-T X.691 (2015) | ISO/IEC 8825-2:2015, Information technology – ASN.1 encoding rules: Specification of Packed Encoding Rules (PER).
—	ISO 4217:2015, Currency codes.
—	ISO/IEC 9798-1;2010, Information technology – Security techniques – Entity authentication – Part 1: General.
—	ISO/IEC 9798-3:1998, Information technology – Security techniques – Entity authentication – Part 3: Mechanisms using digital signature techniques.
—	ISO/IEC 10646:2012, Information technology – Universal Coded Character Set (UCS).
—	ISO/IEC 11770-1:2010, Information technology – Security techniques – Key management – Part 1: Framework.
—	IETF RFC 2460, Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6) – Specification.
—	Diffie, W., Hellman, M.E. (1976). New directions in cryptography, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, IT-22, No. 6.


# 参考資料
@kazuo_reve 自動車の故障診断に関連するプログラマーになりたての方が参照するとよさそうな情報
https://qiita.com/kazuo_reve/items/f773b320dcbf2ab316da

@kazuo_reve AUTOSARのClassic PlatformとAdaptive PlatformにおけるDiagnosticsの違いを整理
https://qiita.com/kazuo_reve/items/05c179d705c69286b94a

## 自己参照
ISO Road vehicles Diagnostics 規格調査中　100規格、100記事をめざして。
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/51e29d318585a4219985

ISO Diagnostics 文献（Normative Reference and Bibliography）集め
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/535a0144a343df2c99df

ISO Diagnostics 用語定義(Terms and Definition)と短縮名(short name)集め

https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/83cae62d1cb528c3c816


ISO/IEC OSIに学ぶ

https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/89562c52f37d6bf0a80d

ISO 14229-1:2020 Road vehicles — Unified diagnostic services (UDS) — Part 1: Application layer
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/3231d9fea536d1b9b1f7

国際規格のNormative Reference
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/b94b6055997119ac2d9a

@kazuo_reveさんの「自動車の故障診断に関連するプログラマーになりたての方が参照するとよさそうな情報」の読み方
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/0c6b8373f93ce52def33

@kazuo_reve「AUTOSARのClassic PlatformとAdaptive PlatformにおけるDiagnosticsの違いを整理」で慌てて
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/d3ff6aba9b7402e8bde8

# 参考資料
私のAdvent Calendar 2022 ーー はじめたきっかけ、1月のふりかえり、今後の展望
https://qiita.com/torifukukaiou/items/891db4e40a7f6194af56

## 自己参照
今、Calendar2021を書いている理由
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/dca73e903785bea2a106


<この項は書きかけです。順次追記します。>
This article is not completed. I will add some words and/or centences in order.
Este artículo no está completo. Agregaré algunas palabras en orden.

## 知人資料
' @kazuo_reve 私が効果を確認した「小川メソッド」
https://qiita.com/kazuo_reve/items/a3ea1d9171deeccc04da

' @kazuo_reve 新人の方によく展開している有益な情報
https://qiita.com/kazuo_reve/items/d1a3f0ee48e24bba38f1

' @kazuo_reve Vモデルについて勘違いしていたと思ったこと
https://qiita.com/kazuo_reve/items/46fddb094563bd9b2e1e

## 自己記事一覧
Qiitaで逆リンクを表示しなくなったような気がする。時々、スマフォで表示するとあらわることがあり、完全に削除したのではなさそう。2024年４月以降、せっせとリンクリストを作り、統計を取って確率を説明しようとしている。2025年２月末を目標にしていた。

一覧の一覧( The directory of directories of mine.) Qiita(100)
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/7eb0e006543886138f39

仮説（0）一覧（目標100現在40）
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/f000506fe1837b3590df

Qiita(0)Qiita関連記事一覧（自分）
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Error一覧 error(0)
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/48b6cbc8d68eae2c42b8

C++ Support(0)　
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/8720d26f762369a80514

Coding(0) Rules, C, Secure, MISRA and so on
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/400725644a8a0e90fbb0

Ethernet 記事一覧　Ethernet(0)
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/88d35e99f74aefc98794

Wireshark 一覧 wireshark(0)、Ethernet(48) 
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/fbed841f61875c4731d0

線網（Wi-Fi）空中線(antenna)(0) 記事一覧(118/300目標)
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/5e5464ac2b24bd4cd001

なぜdockerで機械学習するか 書籍・ソース一覧作成中 (目標100)
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/ddd12477544bf5ba85e2

プログラムちょい替え（0）一覧:4件
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/296d87ef4bfd516bc394

言語処理100本ノックをdockerで。python覚えるのに最適。:10+12
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/7e7eb7c543e0c18438c4

Python(0)記事をまとめたい。
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/088c57d70ab6904ebb53

安全（0）安全工学シンポジウムに向けて: 21
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/c5d78f3def8195cb2409

プログラマによる、プログラマのための、統計(0)と確率のプログラミングとその後
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/6e9897eb641268766909

転職(0)一覧
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/f77520d378d33451d6fe

技術士(0)一覧
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/ce4ccf4eb9c5600b89ea

Reserchmap(0) 一覧
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/506c79e562f406c4257e

物理記事　上位100
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/66e90fe31fbe3facc6ff

量子(0) 計算機, 量子力学 
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/1cd954cb0eed92879fd4

数学関連記事１００
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/d8dadb49a6397e854c6d

coq(0) 一覧
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/d22f9995cf2173bc3b13

統計(0)一覧
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/80d3b221807e53e88aba

図(0) state, sequence and timing. UML and お絵描き 
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/60440a882146aeee9e8f

色(0) 記事100書く切り口 
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/22331c0335ed34326b9b

品質一覧 
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/2b99b8e9db6d94b2e971

言語・文学記事　１００
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/42d58d5ef7fb53c407d6

医工連携関連記事一覧
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/6ab51c12ba51bc260a82

水の資料集(0)　方針と成果
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/f5dbb30087ea732b52aa

自動車　記事　１００
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/f7f0b9ab36569ad409c5

通信記事１００
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/1d67de5e1cd207b05ef7

日本語（０）一欄
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/7498dcfa3a9ba7fd1e68

英語(0) 一覧
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/680e3f5cbf9430486c7d

音楽　一覧(0) 
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/b6e5f42bbfe3bbe40f5d

「@kazuo_reve 新人の方によく展開している有益な情報」確認一覧 
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/b9380888d1e5a042646b

鉄道（０）鉄道のシステム考察はてっちゃんがてつだってくれる
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/faa4ea03d91d901a618a

OSEK OS設計の基礎　OSEK(100)
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/7528a22a14242d2d58a3

coding (101) 一覧を作成し始めた。omake:最近のQiitaで表示しない5つの事象
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/20667f09f19598aedb68

官公庁・学校・公的団体（NPOを含む）システムの課題、官（０）
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/04ee6eaf7ec13d3af4c3

「はじめての」シリーズ　 ベクタージャパン　
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/2e41634f6e21a3cf74eb

AUTOSAR(0)Qiita記事一覧, OSEK(75)
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/89c07961b59a8754c869

プログラマが知っていると良い「公序良俗」
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/9fe7c0dfac2fbd77a945

LaTeX(0) 一覧　
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/e3f7dafacab58c499792

自動制御、制御工学一覧（０）
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/7767a4e19a6ae1479e6b

Rust(0) 一覧　
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/5e8bb080ba6ca0281927

programの本質は計画だ。programは設計だ。
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/c8545a769c246a458c27

登壇直後版 色使い(JIS安全色) Qiita Engineer Festa 2023〜私しか得しないニッチな技術でLT〜 スライド編 0.15
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/f0d3070d839f4f735b2b

プログラマが知っていると良い「公序良俗」
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/9fe7c0dfac2fbd77a945

逆も真：社会人が最初に確かめるとよいこと。OSEK(69)、Ethernet(59)
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/39afe4a728a31b903ddc

統計の嘘。仮説（127）
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/63b48ecf258a3471c51b

自分の言葉だけで論理展開できるのが天才なら、文章の引用だけで論理展開できるのが秀才だ。仮説（136）
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/97cf07b9e24f860624dd

参考文献駆動執筆(references driven writing)・デンソークリエイト編
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/b27b3f58b8bf265a5cd1

「何を」よりも「誰を」。１０年後のために今見習いたい人たち
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/8045978b16eb49d572b2

Qiitaの記事に３段階または５段階で到達するための方法
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/6e9298296852325adc5e

出力(output)と呼ばないで。これは状態(state)です。
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/80b8b5913b2748867840

祝休日・謹賀新年 2025年の目標
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/dfa34827932f99c59bbc

Qiita 1年間をまとめた「振り返りページ」＠2024
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/ed6be239119c99b15828

2024 参加・主催Calendarと投稿記事一覧 Qiita(248)
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/d80b8fbac2496df7827f

主催Calendar2024分析 Qiita(254)
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/15807336d583076f70bc

Calendar 統計
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/e315558dcea8ee3fe43e

LLM 関連 Calendar 2024 
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/c36033cf66862d5496fa

Large Language Model Related Calendar 
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/3beb0bc3fb71e3ae6d66

博士論文 Calendar 2024 を開催します。 
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/51601357efbcaf1057d0

博士論文(0)関連記事一覧
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/8f223a760e607b705e78

coding (101) 一覧を作成し始めた。omake:最近のQiitaで表示しない5つの事象
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/20667f09f19598aedb68

あなたは「勘違いまとめ」から、勘違いだと言っていることが勘違いだといくつ見つけられますか。人間の間違い(human error(125))の種類と対策
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/ae391b77fffb098b8fb4

プログラマの「プログラムが書ける」思い込みは強みだ。３つの理由。仮説（168）統計と確率(17) , OSEK(79)
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/bc5dd86e414de402ec29

出力(output)と呼ばないで。これは状態(state)です。
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/80b8b5913b2748867840

これからの情報伝達手段の在り方について考えてみよう。炎上と便乗。
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/71a09077ac195214f0db

ISO/IEC JTC1 SC7 Software and System Engineering
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/48b43f0f6976a078d907

アクセシビリティの知見を発信しよう！（再び）
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/03457eb9ee74105ee618

統計論及確率論輪講（再び）
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/590874ccfca988e85ea3

読者の心をグッと惹き寄せる7つの魔法
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/b1b5e89bd5c0a211d862

「@kazuo_reve 新人の方によく展開している有益な情報」確認一覧
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/b9380888d1e5a042646b

ソースコードで議論しよう。日本語で議論するの止めましょう（あるプログラミング技術の議論報告）
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/8b9811c80f3338c6c0b0

脳内コンパイラの3つの危険
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/7025cf2d7bd9f276e382

心理学の本を読むよりはコンパイラ書いた方がよくね。仮説（34）
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/fa715732cc148e48880e

NASAを超えるつもりがあれば読んでください。
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/e81669f9cb53109157f6

データサイエンティストの気づき!「勉強して仕事に役立てない人。大嫌い!!」『それ自分かも?』ってなった!!! 
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/d85830d58d8dd7f71d07

「ぼくの好きな先生」「人がやらないことをやれ」プログラマになるまで。仮説（37）　
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/53e4bded9fe5f724b3c4

なぜ経済学徒を辞め、計算機屋になったか（経済学部入学前・入学後・卒業後対応） 転職(1)  
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/06335a1d24c099733f64    

プログラミング言語教育のXYZ。 仮説（52） 
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/1950c5810fb5c0b07be4

【24卒向け】9ヶ月後に年収１０００万円を目指す。二つの関門と三つの道。
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/fb5bff147193f726ad25

「【25卒向け】Qiita Career Meetup for STUDENT」予習の勧め
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/00eadb8a6e738cb6336f

大学入試不合格でも筆記試験のない大学に入って卒業できる。卒業しなくても博士になれる。
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/74adec99f396d64b5fd5

全世界の不登校の子供たち「博士論文」を書こう。世界子供博士論文遠隔実践中心 安全(99)
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/912d69032c012bcc84f2

日本のプログラマが世界で戦える16分野。仮説(53),統計と確率(25) 転職(32)、Ethernet(58)
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/a7e634a996cdd02bc53b

小川メソッド　覚え（書きかけ）
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/3593d72eca551742df68

DoCAP（ドゥーキャップ）って何ですか？
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/47e0e6509ab792c43327

views 20,000越え自己記事一覧
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/58e8bd6450957cdecd81

Views１万越え、もうすぐ１万記事一覧 最近いいねをいただいた213記事
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/d2b805717a92459ce853

amazon 殿堂入りNo1レビュアになるまで。仮説(102)
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/83259d18921ce75a91f4

100以上いいねをいただいた記事16選
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/f8d958d9084ffbd15d2a

水道局10年(1976,4-1986,3)を振り返る
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/707fcf6fae230dd349bf

小川清最終講義、最終講義（再）計画, Ethernet(100) 英語(100) 安全(100)
https://qiita.com/kaizen_nagoya/items/e2df642e3951e35e6a53

＜この記事は個人の過去の経験に基づく個人の感想です。現在所属する組織、業務とは関係がありません。＞
This article is an individual impression based on my individual experience. It has nothing to do with the organization or business to which I currently belong.
Este artículo es una impresión personal basada en mi experiencia personal. No tiene nada que ver con la organización o empresa a la que pertenezco actualmente.
### 文書履歴(document history)
ver. 0.01 初稿 20220212
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いいね　💚、フォローをお願いします。
#### Thank you very much for reading to the last sentence.
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#### Muchas gracias por leer hasta la última oración.
Por favor, haz clic en el ícono Me gusta 💚 y sígueme para tener una vida feliz.