The single Ion question

Edward A. Guggenheim- The single Ion question. Logic philosophy and theology point to a creator:
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“ In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.”
“Pre-Socratic philosophy, famously translated Logos as "Logic": "In the beginning was the Logic, and the Logic was with God and the Logic was God."

What does philosopy and logic have in common?
Philosophers and theologians translate “intellectualism” to  the vernacular. They cut through the fog to find the absolute truth of the matter.
“Philo” is love and “sophe” is wisdom, a philosopher is a person who loves wisdom. “Wisdom….is the ability to think and act using knowledge, experience, understanding, common sense and insight” 
The attributes of wisdom are:
“Compassion”
“Unbiased judgment.”
“Experience”
“Self-knowledge” or the ability to learn or seek absolute truth.
“Benevolence”
“Ethics” 
“Faith”  
In the old times philosophy and theology were seen as the queen and science its servant. In modern times, logics is still part of the deductive and inductive reasoning of the scientific method.
Logic uses deduction from inductive and deductive reasoning finding absolute truth, meaning we might not have all the information, but logic leads us to the right conclusion. Have you heard the Carl Sagan argument about “The dragon in my garage”, Here is a short quote. “

The dragon in my garage fallacy from an atheist.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=frI5y6tNsZg
“Imagine that things had gone otherwise.  The dragon is invisible, all right, but footprints are being made in the flour as you watch.  Your infrared detector reads off-scale.  The spray paint reveals a jagged crest bobbing in the air before you.  No matter how skeptical you might have been about the existence of dragons -- to say nothing about invisible ones -- you must now acknowledge that there's something here, and that in a preliminary way it's consistent with an invisible, fire-breathing dragon.”

Mr. Sagan argues about those things we cannot see but must be real. Think about the “un-caused cause”. We cannot see God, but we know about the laws that can only come from intelligent design.  The cosmological argument. Link:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gqN87vzauRM
Roman 1:20 “For since the creation of the world God’s invisible qualities—his eternal power and divine nature—have been clearly seen, being understood from what has been made, so that people are without excuse.” 
The problem:
Take for example the Single ion problem: Some scholar had said: “it is impossible to count-out a single part of a total aggregate and say is irrelevant.”
This is the logic in my simple terms:

The problem stated again:
“Single‐ion activities are widely considered to be either unmeasurable or physically meaningless.”
Basically they are saying 100 pennies make a dollar, but we cannot count one penny. One penny is meaningless.  “.... chemists, biologists, other scientists, and engineers simply cannot give up the idea of single‐ion activities.” So deduct the existence of “single-ions”



The contradiction.
Aggregate A+A+A+A+A=5A (Sum of the parts) it is logical is a measurement. But single (A) cannot be measure or does not exist what? (unlogical) 

This is my energy single unit equation.
E=E1+E2=E3…….  
E is the total energy   (E=Energy) / Total sum of it parts. (E1+E2+E3……)

How do we measure single ions? How do we separate total energy from its parts? 

Chemist  need help from physics to solve this problem. 
“However, chemists have never been able to give up the idea of single ion activities.” “Nevertheless, the concept of single ion activities continues to be discussed in the literature, and at least one author purports to define single ion activities in terms of purely thermodynamic quantities.”

Energy as thermodynamic quantities:
How do chemist separate ions? Using the McMillan-Mayer solution theory.
“The second depends on ionic solution theory for a guide to a reasonable separation of the mean activity coefficients of electrolytes into their ionic contributions”

Conclusion: 

Scientists deduce the existence of a single ion by knowing about the aggregate ions. Atheism, typically attacks the Christian, but they never know the reason to what cause the universe.  

See Link= The "Straw Man" Fallacy https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v5vzCmURh7o

What I like about this logic problem is the assumption about aggregate ions. Scientist deduct there must be a single ion. Christian do the same thing about God as the single cause. 



Wrong assumption 
“The prevailing view that single ion activities are immeasurable, or perhaps even physically meaningless, has its roots in the work of Guggenheim in the late 1920s. So does the wrong Idea about the big bang or the “Inflation” theory. The theory explains the expansion not the cause.
Thank you.


“Never have I seen a man with a fighter plane do what Nishizawa would do with his zero. His acrobatics were all at once breathtaking, brilliant, totally unpredictable, impossible, and heard stirring to witness 
Saburo Sakai”

“Never have I seen A man do what Jesus Christ would do with his logic. His wisdom were all at once breathtaking, brilliant, totally unpredictable, impossible, to copy”
Paraphrase by: Ahtle from Mr. Sakai quote”


Works Cited
The Dragon In My Garage, www.godlessgeeks.com/LINKS/Dragon.htm.
Libretexts. “3.5: Thermodynamic Quantities.” Physics LibreTexts, Libretexts, 10 Sept. 2020, phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Thermodynamics_and_Statistical_Mechanics/Book:_Statistical_Mechanics_(Styer)/03:_Thermodynamics/3.05:_Thermodynamic_Quantities.
“Logos (Christianity).” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 8 Dec. 2020, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logos_(Christianity)#:~:text=e-,In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was,and the Word was God.&text=The Gospel of John begins,of debate in Western Christianity.
Rockwood, Alan L. “Meaning and Measurability of Single‐Ion Activities, the Thermodynamic Foundations of PH, and the Gibbs Free Energy for the Transfer of Ions between Dissimilar Materials.” Chemistry Europe, John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd, 27 Apr. 2015, chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/cphc.201500044.
“Theologian Definition and Meaning: Collins English Dictionary.” Theologian Definition and Meaning | Collins English Dictionary, HarperCollins Publishers Ltd, www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/theologian#:~:text=A theologian is someone who,, religion, and religious beliefs.
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1021/bk-1989-0390.ch010?src=recsys