KDD2019 チュートリアルT11: Fake News Research: Theories, Detection Strategies, and Open Problems


[まとめページへのリンク](https://qiita.com/kotaaaa/items/4f144d660d504cc091cf)

チュートリアル
T11: Fake News Research: Theories, Detection Strategies, and Open Problems
Reza Zafarani, Xinyi Zhou, Kai Shu, Huan Liu
Tutorial page: https://www.fake-news-tutorial.com/
Slide: https://docs.wixstatic.com/ugd/f31d05_9a90deb47a04427d98d35444f5b6fe45.pdf
(Reza Zafaran)
Introduction
- 
- Research backgraound 
- What is fake news 
- Related concepts 
- Fundamental theories.

## Research background 


fake news is now viewed as one of the greatest threats to democracy, justice, public trust, freedom of expression, journalism, Economy.
Political aspects :may have had as impact on brexirs referendum 
2016 US presidencial aspect
Economic aspect.: Barak onbama was injured in an explosion wiped out $130 billion in stock value.

Social /psycological Aspects 
For fake news, it is relatively easier to obtain public trust.
Validity effect 
Confirmation bias
Peer pressure 
Why is more attracting more public attention recently 
created Faster and cheaper 
The rise of social media 
social media accelerates dissemination of fake news.
 
## What is fake news , Related concepts 
Fake news is intentionally and verifiably 
Fake news 
Authenticity : false , intention :bad, News: Yes
False news 
Authenticity : false , intention :unknown, News: Yes

## Fundamental theories.
Fundamental human cognition and behaivior theories developed across various disciplines such as philothophy, social science, and economic s provides invaluables insight for fake news studies .
Style based fundamental theories.
Propagation-based fundamental theories.: studying fake news based on how It spreads.
#### "Fake news is incorrect but hard to correct”
User-based fundamental theories.: studying fake news from perspective of user: how users engage with (or can play) 

## Fake news detection (outline)

- Knowledge based Fake news detection 
- Style based Fake news detection 
- Propagation -based Fake news detection 
- Credibility based Fake news detection 
- Fake-news datasets & tools 

Knowledge based Fake news detection 
Its is also known as fact-checking 
Manual-fact-checking
Expert-based manual fact-checkning
Fact-checkers: one or several domain-experts, 
Crowd-sourced manual fact-checking 
Fact-checkers: large-individual 

Politifact, the Washington post fact checker , fact check scopes truthfiction, fullfaxt, hoxxstlayer 

Expert-based manual fact-checking 
Croud-sourced manual fact-checking 
Automatic fact-checking 
How to represent “knowledge”

### Stage1: fact extraction

T1: Entity resolution (duplication/record linkage)
T2: Time recording to remove outdated knowledge
T3: knowledge fusion to handle conflicts (often in open-source knowledge extraction)
T4: credibility 
T5: knowledge inference/Link prediction to infer news facts based on knowns ones
Relation machine learning: latent feature models,,, malcof random field

### Stage2: fact checking: comparing knowledge between articles and knowledge graphs.
Knowledge inference for unknown SPO triples: illustrated studies.

Shortest path based method
discriminative path-based method
Knowledge inference

(Xinyi Zhou)
Fake news detection 
Fake news : 

- A survey of research 
- Detection methods 
- oppotunities

##### Style-based fake news detection 
The good 
It can detect fake news before propagation 
It can detect “real” fake news...

The way to detect 
Style representaion 
Style classification 
Traditional ML : SVM, RF, XGboost
DL Framework

- Multi-modal 
- Explainable representative
- performance 

Fake news early detection : A theory-driven model

- Interpretability 
- Empirical relations
Writing style 
Level: lexicon, feature: BOWs
Level: syntax, feature: POS tags CFGs,
Level: discourse, feature: POS tags RRs
Frequency: absolute? Standardized ? Relatives by using TF-IDF.

- Multi-modal 
- Event-invariant
Input: imagem text
decoder: Fake-news detector Event-discrimitor 

#### Propagation-based Fake News Detection

The challenges

- Algorism transparency : writing style can be manipulated 
- Golden datasets with reliable lables: multi-label , domain lanuguage, 
- Diffrent types of fake news:
- Model explain-ability

The good: Massive auxiliary information can be utilized for comprehensive detecting
News cascade
Homogenous Network
Stance Network

#### Credibility based Fake news detection 

Headline Credibility & Clickbait detection 
User credibility & Bot detection

- Low > Malicious users
- User credibility score > susceptible users: Unintentionally engage in fake news activity 
- High > insusceptible users: immure to fake news

The challenges

- Fake news early detection 
- Empirical relationship between fake news and clickbait
- Assessing user intention in fake news activities
(Kai Shu)
###### Beyond News Contents: The Role of Social Context for Fake News Detection
Fake News Detection – Multi-Source : A typical news dissemination system on social media

- Entity: publishers, news, social engagement.
Tri-Relationship Embedding (TriFN)
- News contents embedding
- Social contexts embedding
> we jointly combine news content embedding and social context embedding for fake news detection

Datasets: FakeNewsNet with information for news contents, social context and ground truth labels from fact-checking websites
## Summary 

- Social context information brings additional signals to fake news detection 
- It is important to capture the relations among publishers, news pieces, and users to detect fake news 
- The proposed TriFN framework is effective to model tri-relationships through heterogeneous network embedding

Unsupervised Fake News Detection: A Generative Approach
Unsupervised Fake News Detection
- news detection method by modeling user opinions and user credibility
Model:
The hierarchical user engagement structure: We build a hierarchical user engagement structure for each news

Deep Headline Generation for Clickbait Detection
Background:
Existing approaches: extracting hand-crafted linguistic features or building sophisticated predictive models such as deep neural networks
Problem: 
Scale: datasets with labels are often limited 
Distribution: imbalanced distribution of clickbaits and non-clickbaits
Headline Generation from Documents
Goal: Generate stylized headlines that also preserve document contents
Model: Generator Learning: a document autoencoder , a headline generator
Discriminator Learning: a transfer discriminator , a style discriminator , a pair discriminator
Summary:
We study the problem of generating clickbaits/nonclickbaits from original documents for clickbait detection 
We propose a novel deep generative model with adversarial learning

###### Fake News Datasets & Tools
Data repository: FakeNewsNet, [Github], [Kaggle], [Paper]

##### Additional 
KDD2019 Poster session 
dEFEND: Explainable Fake News Detection

A new framework for the Novel problem of explainable fake news detection 
Achieve higher saccuracy than the state-of-the-art fake  news detection method
Discover explainable news sentences and user comments to understand