OctoReasoner/verl_codeql1_aggressive_filtered huggingface dataset:
system: You are an expert security code reviewer. You will be shown a source code file along with a multiple-choice question listing several function or class names from that file. Your task is to identify which one contains the specified CWE vulnerability.

OUTPUT FORMAT: Respond with the single letter of the correct option, wrapped in \boxed{...}. Example: `\boxed{B}`. Output the boxed letter ONLY -- no explanation, no other text.

user: ```python
#!/usr/bin/env python

from __future__ import print_function

import argparse
from random import choice, shuffle
from string import (
    ascii_letters,
    ascii_lowercase,
    ascii_uppercase,
    digits,
    punctuation
)

LEGNTH = 10
MIN_LOWERCASE = 2
MIN_UPPERCASE = 2
MIN_DIGITS = 2
MIN_SPECIAL = 1


def mkpasswd(length=LEGNTH,
             min_lower=MIN_LOWERCASE,
             min_upper=MIN_UPPERCASE,
             min_digits=MIN_DIGITS,
             min_special=MIN_SPECIAL):
    lower = [choice(ascii_lowercase) for i in range(min_lower)]
    upper = [choice(ascii_uppercase) for i in range(min_upper)]
    nums = [choice(digits) for i in range(min_digits)]
    special = [choice(punctuation) for i in range(min_special)]

    minimum = min_lower + min_upper + min_digits + min_special
    remaining = (length - minimum) if length > minimum else 0
    rest = [choice(ascii_letters) for i in range(remaining)]

    result = upper + lower + nums + special + rest
    shuffle(result)

    return ''.join(result)


def main():
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
    parser.add_argument('-l',
                        '--length',
                        help='password length',
                        type=int,
                        default=LEGNTH)
    parser.add_argument('-c',
                        '--lower',
                        help='minimum number of lowercase characters',
                        type=int,
                        default=MIN_LOWERCASE)
    parser.add_argument('-C',
                        '--upper',
                        help='minimum number of UPPERCASE characters',
                        type=int,
                        default=MIN_UPPERCASE)
    parser.add_argument('-d',
                        '--digits',
                        help='minimum number of digits',
                        type=int,
                        default=MIN_DIGITS)
    parser.add_argument('-s',
                        '--special',
                        help='minimum number of special characters',
                        type=int,
                        default=MIN_SPECIAL)
    args = parser.parse_args()

    print(mkpasswd(args.length, args.lower,
          args.upper, args.digits, args.special))

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

```

Which of the following functions or classes contains a `CWE-312: Cleartext Storage of Sensitive Information` vulnerability?

  A) main
  B) mkpasswd
Answer: A
system: You are an expert security code reviewer. You will be shown a source code file. Your task is to name the single function or class that contains the specified CWE vulnerability.

OUTPUT FORMAT: Respond with the exact function or class name (no parentheses, no qualifiers, no module prefixes), wrapped in \boxed{...}. Example: `\boxed{salted_hmac}`. Output the boxed name ONLY -- no explanation, no other text.

user: ```python
#!/usr/bin/env python

from __future__ import print_function

import argparse
from random import choice, shuffle
from string import (
    ascii_letters,
    ascii_lowercase,
    ascii_uppercase,
    digits,
    punctuation
)

LEGNTH = 10
MIN_LOWERCASE = 2
MIN_UPPERCASE = 2
MIN_DIGITS = 2
MIN_SPECIAL = 1


def mkpasswd(length=LEGNTH,
             min_lower=MIN_LOWERCASE,
             min_upper=MIN_UPPERCASE,
             min_digits=MIN_DIGITS,
             min_special=MIN_SPECIAL):
    lower = [choice(ascii_lowercase) for i in range(min_lower)]
    upper = [choice(ascii_uppercase) for i in range(min_upper)]
    nums = [choice(digits) for i in range(min_digits)]
    special = [choice(punctuation) for i in range(min_special)]

    minimum = min_lower + min_upper + min_digits + min_special
    remaining = (length - minimum) if length > minimum else 0
    rest = [choice(ascii_letters) for i in range(remaining)]

    result = upper + lower + nums + special + rest
    shuffle(result)

    return ''.join(result)


def main():
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
    parser.add_argument('-l',
                        '--length',
                        help='password length',
                        type=int,
                        default=LEGNTH)
    parser.add_argument('-c',
                        '--lower',
                        help='minimum number of lowercase characters',
                        type=int,
                        default=MIN_LOWERCASE)
    parser.add_argument('-C',
                        '--upper',
                        help='minimum number of UPPERCASE characters',
                        type=int,
                        default=MIN_UPPERCASE)
    parser.add_argument('-d',
                        '--digits',
                        help='minimum number of digits',
                        type=int,
                        default=MIN_DIGITS)
    parser.add_argument('-s',
                        '--special',
                        help='minimum number of special characters',
                        type=int,
                        default=MIN_SPECIAL)
    args = parser.parse_args()

    print(mkpasswd(args.length, args.lower,
          args.upper, args.digits, args.special))

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

```

Name the function or class in this code that contains a `CWE-312: Cleartext Storage of Sensitive Information` vulnerability.
Answer: main
system: You are an expert security code reviewer. You will be shown a source code file. Your task is to name the single function or class that contains the specified CWE vulnerability.

OUTPUT FORMAT: Respond with the exact function or class name (no parentheses, no qualifiers, no module prefixes), wrapped in \boxed{...}. Example: `\boxed{salted_hmac}`. Output the boxed name ONLY -- no explanation, no other text.

user: ```python
from __future__ import print_function
from future.standard_library import install_aliases
install_aliases()

from urllib.parse import urlparse, urlencode
#from urllib.request import urlopen, Request
from urllib.error import HTTPError
import urllib.request
import json
import os
import datetime

from flask import Flask
from flask import request
from flask import make_response

# Flask app should start in global layout
app = Flask(__name__)


@app.route('/webhook', methods=['POST'])
def webhook():
    req = request.get_json(silent=True, force=True)

    print("Request:")
    print(json.dumps(req, indent=4))

    res = processRequest(req)

    res = json.dumps(res, indent=4)
    print("Response:")
    print(json.dumps(res, indent=4))
    r = make_response(res)
    r.headers['Content-Type'] = 'application/json'
    return r


def processRequest(req):
    if req.get("result").get("action") != "price":
        return {}
    baseurl = "https://www.alphavantage.co/query?function=TIME_SERIES_DAILY_ADJUSTED&symbol="
    alpha_query = makeAlphaQuery(req)
    if alpha_query is None:
        return {}
    alpha_url = baseurl + alpha_query[0] + "&apikey=KO6S7F5GV15OQ4G7"
    result1 = urllib.request.urlopen(alpha_url).read()
    data = json.loads(result1)
    res = makeWebhookResult(data,alpha_query[1])
    return res


def makeAlphaQuery(req):
    result = req.get("result")
    parameters = result.get("parameters")
    stock_symbol = str(parameters.get("stock_symbol"))
    date = str(parameters.get("date"))
    if stock_symbol is None:
        return None
    return [stock_symbol,date]


def makeWebhookResult(data,date):
    timeseries = data.get("Time Series (Daily)")
    ofdate = timeseries.get(str(date))
    closevalue = str(ofdate.get("4. close"))
    print(json.dumps(closevalue, indent=4))

    speech = "The value of the stock as on " + date + " is: " + closevalue
    print("Response:")
    print(speech)

    return {
        "speech": speech,
        "displayText": speech,
        # "data": data,
        # "contextOut": [],
        "source": "stockkbot"
    }


if __name__ == '__main__':
    port = int(os.getenv('PORT', 5000))

    print("Starting app on port %d" % port)

    app.run(debug=False, port=port, host='0.0.0.0')

```

Name the function or class in this code that contains a `CWE-918: Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)` vulnerability.
Answer: processRequest
system: You are an expert security code reviewer. You will be shown a source code file along with a multiple-choice question listing several function or class names from that file. Your task is to identify which one contains the specified CWE vulnerability.

OUTPUT FORMAT: Respond with the single letter of the correct option, wrapped in \boxed{...}. Example: `\boxed{B}`. Output the boxed letter ONLY -- no explanation, no other text.

user: ```python
#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

import urllib
import requests
from sign import Sign

class Request:
    timeout = 10
    version = 'SDK_PYTHON_1.1'
    def __init__(self, secretId, secretKey):
        self.secretId = secretId
        self.secretKey = secretKey

    def generateUrl(self, requestHost, requestUri, params, method = 'GET'):
        params['RequestClient'] = Request.version
        sign = Sign(self.secretId, self.secretKey)
        params['Signature'] = sign.make(requestHost, requestUri, params, method)
        params = urllib.urlencode(params)

        url = 'https://%s%s' % (requestHost, requestUri)
        if (method.upper() == 'GET'):
            url += '?' + params
        return url

    def send(self, requestHost, requestUri, params, files = {}, method = 'GET', debug = 0):
        params['RequestClient'] = Request.version
        sign = Sign(self.secretId, self.secretKey)
        params['Signature'] = sign.make(requestHost, requestUri, params, method)

        url = 'https://%s%s' % (requestHost, requestUri)

        if (method.upper() == 'GET'):
            req = requests.get(url, params=params, timeout=Request.timeout, verify=False)
            if (debug):
                print 'url:', req.url, '\n'
        else:
            req = requests.post(url, data=params, files=files, timeout=Request.timeout, verify=False)
            if (debug):
                print 'url:', req.url, '\n'

        if req.status_code != requests.codes.ok:
            req.raise_for_status()

        return req.text

def main():
    secretId = 123
    secretKey = 'test'
    params = {}
    request = Request(secretId, secretKey)
    print request.generateUrl('cvm.api.qcloud.com', '/v2/index.php', params)
    print request.send('cvm.api.qcloud.com', '/v2/index.php', params)

if (__name__ == '__main__'):
    main()

```

Which of the following functions or classes contains a `CWE-295: Improper Certificate Validation` vulnerability?

  A) send
  B) main
  C) generateUrl
  D) __init__
Answer: A
system: You are an expert security code reviewer. You will be shown a source code file. Your task is to name the single function or class that contains the specified CWE vulnerability.

OUTPUT FORMAT: Respond with the exact function or class name (no parentheses, no qualifiers, no module prefixes), wrapped in \boxed{...}. Example: `\boxed{salted_hmac}`. Output the boxed name ONLY -- no explanation, no other text.

user: ```python
#!/usr/bin/python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

import urllib
import requests
from sign import Sign

class Request:
    timeout = 10
    version = 'SDK_PYTHON_1.1'
    def __init__(self, secretId, secretKey):
        self.secretId = secretId
        self.secretKey = secretKey

    def generateUrl(self, requestHost, requestUri, params, method = 'GET'):
        params['RequestClient'] = Request.version
        sign = Sign(self.secretId, self.secretKey)
        params['Signature'] = sign.make(requestHost, requestUri, params, method)
        params = urllib.urlencode(params)

        url = 'https://%s%s' % (requestHost, requestUri)
        if (method.upper() == 'GET'):
            url += '?' + params
        return url

    def send(self, requestHost, requestUri, params, files = {}, method = 'GET', debug = 0):
        params['RequestClient'] = Request.version
        sign = Sign(self.secretId, self.secretKey)
        params['Signature'] = sign.make(requestHost, requestUri, params, method)

        url = 'https://%s%s' % (requestHost, requestUri)

        if (method.upper() == 'GET'):
            req = requests.get(url, params=params, timeout=Request.timeout, verify=False)
            if (debug):
                print 'url:', req.url, '\n'
        else:
            req = requests.post(url, data=params, files=files, timeout=Request.timeout, verify=False)
            if (debug):
                print 'url:', req.url, '\n'

        if req.status_code != requests.codes.ok:
            req.raise_for_status()

        return req.text

def main():
    secretId = 123
    secretKey = 'test'
    params = {}
    request = Request(secretId, secretKey)
    print request.generateUrl('cvm.api.qcloud.com', '/v2/index.php', params)
    print request.send('cvm.api.qcloud.com', '/v2/index.php', params)

if (__name__ == '__main__'):
    main()

```

Name the function or class in this code that contains a `CWE-295: Improper Certificate Validation` vulnerability.
Answer: send
system: You are an expert security code reviewer. You will be shown a source code file along with a multi-select question listing several CWE (Common Weakness Enumeration) categories. Your task is to identify which of the listed CWEs are present in the code.

OUTPUT FORMAT: Respond with the letter(s) of all correct options, sorted alphabetically and comma-separated, wrapped in a single \boxed{...}. Examples: `\boxed{A}` for one correct, `\boxed{A,C}` for two, `\boxed{A,C,E}` for three. Output the boxed answer ONLY -- no explanation, no other text.

user: ```python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
hyper/tls
~~~~~~~~~

Contains the TLS/SSL logic for use in hyper.
"""
import ssl
import os.path as path


# Right now we support draft 9.
SUPPORTED_PROTOCOLS = ['http/1.1', 'HTTP-draft-09/2.0']


# We have a singleton SSLContext object. There's no reason to be creating one
# per connection. We're using v23 right now until someone gives me a reason not
# to.
_context = None


# Work out where our certificates are.
cert_loc = path.join(path.dirname(__file__), '..', 'certs.pem')


def wrap_socket(socket, server_hostname):
    """
    A vastly simplified SSL wrapping function. We'll probably extend this to
    do more things later.
    """
    global _context

    if _context is None:
        _context = _init_context()

    if ssl.HAS_SNI:
        return _context.wrap_socket(socket, server_hostname=server_hostname)

    return _context.wrap_socket(socket)


def _init_context():
    """
    Creates the singleton SSLContext we use.
    """
    context = ssl.SSLContext(ssl.PROTOCOL_SSLv23)
    context.set_default_verify_paths()
    context.load_verify_locations(cafile=cert_loc)
    context.verify_mode = ssl.CERT_REQUIRED

    try:
        context.set_npn_protocols(SUPPORTED_PROTOCOLS)
    except (AttributeError, NotImplementedError):
        pass

    # We do our best to do better security
    try:
        context.options |= ssl.OP_NO_SSLv2
    except AttributeError:
        pass

    try:
        context.options |= ssl.OP_NO_COMPRESSION
    except AttributeError:
        pass

    return context

```

Which of the following CWE vulnerability categories are present in this code? Multiple options may be correct.

  A) CWE-601: URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
  B) CWE-1004: Sensitive Cookie Without 'HttpOnly' Flag
  C) CWE-732: Incorrect Permission Assignment for Critical Resource
  D) CWE-94: Improper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection')
  E) CWE-327: Use of a Broken or Risky Cryptographic Algorithm
  F) CWE-730: OWASP Top Ten 2004 Category A9 - Denial of Service
Answer: E
system: You are an expert security code reviewer. You will be shown a source code file. Your task is to name the single function or class that contains the specified CWE vulnerability.

OUTPUT FORMAT: Respond with the exact function or class name (no parentheses, no qualifiers, no module prefixes), wrapped in \boxed{...}. Example: `\boxed{salted_hmac}`. Output the boxed name ONLY -- no explanation, no other text.

user: ```python

import logging

import flask_restplus

import synonyms.models.synonym as synonym


__all__ = ['api']


api = flask_restplus.Namespace('Synonyms', description='Work with synonyms used in Solr')


@api.route('/<col>/<term>', methods=['GET'])
class _Synonyms(flask_restplus.Resource):
    @staticmethod
    def get(col, term):
        term = term.strip().lower()
        logging.debug('Doing {} search for "{}"'.format(col, term))

        results = synonym.Synonym.find(term, col)

        if not results:
            return {'message': 'Term \'{}\' not found in any synonyms list'.format(term)}, 404

        response_list = []
        for result in results:
            if col == 'synonyms_text':
                response_list.append(result.synonyms_text)
            # col == stems_text
            else:
                response_list.append(result.stems_text)
        print(response_list)
        return ('results', response_list), 200

```

Name the function or class in this code that contains a `CWE-117: Improper Output Neutralization for Logs` vulnerability.
Answer: get
system: You are an expert security code reviewer. You will be shown a source code file along with a multiple-choice question listing several function or class names from that file. Your task is to identify which one contains the specified CWE vulnerability.

OUTPUT FORMAT: Respond with the single letter of the correct option, wrapped in \boxed{...}. Example: `\boxed{B}`. Output the boxed letter ONLY -- no explanation, no other text.

user: ```python
from flask import Flask, request
import json
import urllib2

app = Flask(__name__)  

##Base URL for Giphy. Embeds rating, limit, and the beta API key.
giphyurl = "http://api.giphy.com/v1/gifs/search?api_key=dc6zaTOxFJmzC&limit=5&rating=g&q="  

##Slack variables to edit. Token from slash command and hook url from incoming webhook integration.
slacktoken = "INSERT-SLACK-TOKEN-HERE"
slackhookurl = "INSERT-SLACK-WEBHOOK-URL-HERE"

@app.route("/", methods=['POST'])
def root():

  ##Verify that toke is what we expect, if so, retrieve search string and replace space with plus.
  ##After, we'll query giphy for our search string
  if request.form['token'] == slacktoken:
    searchtext = request.form['text'].replace(" ","+")
    return_string = query_giphy(searchtext)
  else:
    return_string = "Something is broken!"

  ##Return results to Slack incoming webhook.
  req = urllib2.Request(slackhookurl)
  req.add_header('Content-Type', 'application/json')
  response = urllib2.urlopen(req, return_string)
  return ""

##Crafts a full rest query and retrieves the response from giphy. 
##Passes result to parse_results.
def query_giphy(searchtext):
  fullurl = giphyurl+searchtext
  response = urllib2.urlopen(fullurl).read()
  returnresponse = parse_results(response)
  return returnresponse

##Parse JSON results, up to 5 gifs. Looks for the first one that's < 2MB to return.
##If none are small enough, it just returns the first, most relevant result
##That gif will not expand in Slack
def parse_results(jsonresponse):
  user = request.form['user_name']
  channel = request.form['channel_id']
  searchstring = '/giphy++ ' + request.form['text']
  jsondict = json.loads(jsonresponse)

  gifiter = 0
  while gifiter < 5:
    if int(jsondict['data'][gifiter]['images']['original']['size']) <= 2097152:
      break
    gifiter += 1

  if gifiter == 5:
    gifiter = 0
  else:  
    gifurl = jsondict['data'][gifiter]['images']['original']['url']
    gifjson =  json.dumps({ 'username': user, 'channel': channel, 'text': searchstring+"\n"+gifurl })

  return gifjson

if __name__ == "__main__":
  app.run(host='0.0.0.0')

```

Which of the following functions or classes contains a `CWE-918: Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)` vulnerability?

  A) query_giphy
  B) root
  C) parse_results
Answer: A
system: You are an expert security code reviewer. You will be shown a source code file along with a multi-select question listing several CWE (Common Weakness Enumeration) categories. Your task is to identify which of the listed CWEs are present in the code.

OUTPUT FORMAT: Respond with the letter(s) of all correct options, sorted alphabetically and comma-separated, wrapped in a single \boxed{...}. Examples: `\boxed{A}` for one correct, `\boxed{A,C}` for two, `\boxed{A,C,E}` for three. Output the boxed answer ONLY -- no explanation, no other text.

user: ```python
#!/usr/bin/env python
import requests
from urllib3.exceptions import InsecureRequestWarning
import os

""" Retrieve a list of all the devices in NetBox. This will require
authentication. As in the previous task, create your headers manually and pass
them into your request"""

# Set the token based on the NETBOX_TOKEN environment variable
token = os.environ["NETBOX_TOKEN"]

requests.packages.urllib3.disable_warnings(category=InsecureRequestWarning)
BASE_URL = "https://netbox.lasthop.io/api/dcim/devices"

http_headers = {}
http_headers["accept"] = "application/json; version=2.4;"
http_headers["Authorization"] = f"Token {token}"

resp = requests.get(BASE_URL, headers=http_headers, verify=False)

devices = resp.json()["results"]
result = []
for device in devices:
    print("-" * 60)
    #   result.append(device["display_name"])
    print(device["display_name"])
    print("-" * 10)
    print("Location: {}".format(device["site"]["name"]))
    print("Vendor: {}".format(device["device_type"]["manufacturer"]["name"]))
    print("Status: {}".format(device["status"]["label"]))
    print("-" * 60)
    print("\n \n")

```

Which of the following CWE vulnerability categories are present in this code? Multiple options may be correct.

  A) CWE-200: Exposure of Sensitive Information to an Unauthorized Actor
  B) CWE-295: Improper Certificate Validation
  C) CWE-89: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an SQL Command ('SQL Injection')
  D) CWE-776: Improper Restriction of Recursive Entity References in DTDs ('XML Entity Expansion')
  E) CWE-601: URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
  F) CWE-327: Use of a Broken or Risky Cryptographic Algorithm
Answer: B
system: You are an expert security code reviewer. You will be shown a source code file along with a multiple-choice question listing several function or class names from that file. Your task is to identify which one contains the specified CWE vulnerability.

OUTPUT FORMAT: Respond with the single letter of the correct option, wrapped in \boxed{...}. Example: `\boxed{B}`. Output the boxed letter ONLY -- no explanation, no other text.

user: ```python
from param import ParamTree

from jinja2 import Environment, FileSystemLoader
import os
import logging


class RenderError(Exception):
    pass

def get_system_params(prefix="J2RENDER_"):

    system = {}

    env = os.environ

    for variable, value in os.environ.items():
        if variable.startswith(prefix):
            trimmed_variable = variable[len(prefix):]
            if trimmed_variable:
                system[trimmed_variable] = value
            else:
                logging.warning("Empty trimmed variable name for {0}={1}".format(variable, value))

    return system


class Render():

    TMPL_EXT = ['j2']

    def __init__(self, resources_path, params_path):
        self.resources_path = resources_path
        self.params_path = params_path

        self.resources = os.listdir(self.resources_path)
        self.param_tree = ParamTree(fileroot=self.params_path)

        self.system_params = get_system_params()

    def render_item(self, target, resource, item, **kwargs):
        if resource not in self.resources:
            raise RenderError("No resource {0}".format(resource))

        templates_path = os.path.join(self.resources_path, resource)
        J2Env = Environment(loader=FileSystemLoader(templates_path))

        target_params = self.param_tree.get_target_params(
            target=target,
        )
        item_params = self.param_tree.get_item_params(
            target=target,
            resource=resource,
            item=item,
        )

        item_params.update(self.system_params)

        rendered_data = []

        for template in J2Env.list_templates(extensions=self.TMPL_EXT):
            output_filename = os.path.join(
                    resource,
                    os.path.splitext(item)[0],
                    os.path.splitext(template)[0],
            )
            output_data = J2Env.get_template(template).render(
                target=target_params,
                item=item_params,
                **kwargs
            )

            rendered_data.append((output_filename, output_data))

        return rendered_data

```

Which of the following functions or classes contains a `CWE-79: Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')` vulnerability?

  A) Render
  B) render_item
  C) get_system_params
  D) __init__
Answer: B
system: You are an expert security code reviewer. You will be shown a source code file. Your task is to name the single function or class that contains the specified CWE vulnerability.

OUTPUT FORMAT: Respond with the exact function or class name (no parentheses, no qualifiers, no module prefixes), wrapped in \boxed{...}. Example: `\boxed{salted_hmac}`. Output the boxed name ONLY -- no explanation, no other text.

user: ```python
from param import ParamTree

from jinja2 import Environment, FileSystemLoader
import os
import logging


class RenderError(Exception):
    pass

def get_system_params(prefix="J2RENDER_"):

    system = {}

    env = os.environ

    for variable, value in os.environ.items():
        if variable.startswith(prefix):
            trimmed_variable = variable[len(prefix):]
            if trimmed_variable:
                system[trimmed_variable] = value
            else:
                logging.warning("Empty trimmed variable name for {0}={1}".format(variable, value))

    return system


class Render():

    TMPL_EXT = ['j2']

    def __init__(self, resources_path, params_path):
        self.resources_path = resources_path
        self.params_path = params_path

        self.resources = os.listdir(self.resources_path)
        self.param_tree = ParamTree(fileroot=self.params_path)

        self.system_params = get_system_params()

    def render_item(self, target, resource, item, **kwargs):
        if resource not in self.resources:
            raise RenderError("No resource {0}".format(resource))

        templates_path = os.path.join(self.resources_path, resource)
        J2Env = Environment(loader=FileSystemLoader(templates_path))

        target_params = self.param_tree.get_target_params(
            target=target,
        )
        item_params = self.param_tree.get_item_params(
            target=target,
            resource=resource,
            item=item,
        )

        item_params.update(self.system_params)

        rendered_data = []

        for template in J2Env.list_templates(extensions=self.TMPL_EXT):
            output_filename = os.path.join(
                    resource,
                    os.path.splitext(item)[0],
                    os.path.splitext(template)[0],
            )
            output_data = J2Env.get_template(template).render(
                target=target_params,
                item=item_params,
                **kwargs
            )

            rendered_data.append((output_filename, output_data))

        return rendered_data

```

Name the function or class in this code that contains a `CWE-79: Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')` vulnerability.
Answer: render_item
system: You are an expert security code reviewer. You will be shown a source code file along with a multiple-choice question listing several function or class names from that file. Your task is to identify which one contains the specified CWE vulnerability.

OUTPUT FORMAT: Respond with the single letter of the correct option, wrapped in \boxed{...}. Example: `\boxed{B}`. Output the boxed letter ONLY -- no explanation, no other text.

user: ```python
from flask import Blueprint, request, jsonify
from .classes.connection import ConnectionWrapper
from .utils.read_table import readtable

api_routes = Blueprint('api',__name__)

connections = []

def get_connection_by_id(id):
    conns = [conn for conn in connections if conn.id == id]
    if len(conns) > 0:
        return conns[0]
    
    return None

## Connections ##
@api_routes.route('/connection',methods=['GET'])
def get_connections():
    global connections
    infos = [conn.info for conn in connections]
    return jsonify(infos)

@api_routes.route('/connection/<id>',methods=['GET'])
def get_connection(id):
    global connections
    infos = [conn.info for conn in connections if conn.id == id]
    if len(infos) > 0:
        return infos[0]
    else:
        return {}

@api_routes.route('/connection',methods=['POST'])
def create_connection():
    global connections
    info = request.get_json()
    conn = ConnectionWrapper(**info)
    connections.append(conn)
    return conn.info

@api_routes.route('/connection/<id>',methods=['DELETE'])
def delete_connection(id):
    global connections
    conn = get_connection_by_id(id)
    if conn:
        conn.conn.close()
        connections.remove(conn)
        return conn.info
    else:
        return {}

## Calls ##
@api_routes.route('/bapi/<id>/<bapi>',methods=['GET','POST'])
def bapi_call_or_description(id, bapi):
    conn = get_connection_by_id(id)
    if conn:
        if request.method == 'GET': # Get function description
            pass 
        else: # Call the BAPI
            data = request.get_json()
            result = conn.conn.call(bapi,**data)
            return jsonify(result)
    else:
        return {
            'error': f'Connection id ({id}) does not exists !'
        }

@api_routes.route('/table/<id>/<table>', methods=['GET'])
def read_table(id, table):
    conn = get_connection_by_id(id)
    if conn:
        data = request.get_json()
        result = readtable(conn.conn, table, data.get('fields',[]), data.get('options',[]))
        return jsonify(result)
    else:
        return {}

```

Which of the following functions or classes contains a `CWE-79: Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')` vulnerability?

  A) get_connection_by_id
  B) get_connection
  C) bapi_call_or_description
  D) delete_connection
Answer: C
system: You are an expert security code reviewer. You will be shown a source code file. Your task is to name the single function or class that contains the specified CWE vulnerability.

OUTPUT FORMAT: Respond with the exact function or class name (no parentheses, no qualifiers, no module prefixes), wrapped in \boxed{...}. Example: `\boxed{salted_hmac}`. Output the boxed name ONLY -- no explanation, no other text.

user: ```python
from flask import Blueprint, request, jsonify
from .classes.connection import ConnectionWrapper
from .utils.read_table import readtable

api_routes = Blueprint('api',__name__)

connections = []

def get_connection_by_id(id):
    conns = [conn for conn in connections if conn.id == id]
    if len(conns) > 0:
        return conns[0]
    
    return None

## Connections ##
@api_routes.route('/connection',methods=['GET'])
def get_connections():
    global connections
    infos = [conn.info for conn in connections]
    return jsonify(infos)

@api_routes.route('/connection/<id>',methods=['GET'])
def get_connection(id):
    global connections
    infos = [conn.info for conn in connections if conn.id == id]
    if len(infos) > 0:
        return infos[0]
    else:
        return {}

@api_routes.route('/connection',methods=['POST'])
def create_connection():
    global connections
    info = request.get_json()
    conn = ConnectionWrapper(**info)
    connections.append(conn)
    return conn.info

@api_routes.route('/connection/<id>',methods=['DELETE'])
def delete_connection(id):
    global connections
    conn = get_connection_by_id(id)
    if conn:
        conn.conn.close()
        connections.remove(conn)
        return conn.info
    else:
        return {}

## Calls ##
@api_routes.route('/bapi/<id>/<bapi>',methods=['GET','POST'])
def bapi_call_or_description(id, bapi):
    conn = get_connection_by_id(id)
    if conn:
        if request.method == 'GET': # Get function description
            pass 
        else: # Call the BAPI
            data = request.get_json()
            result = conn.conn.call(bapi,**data)
            return jsonify(result)
    else:
        return {
            'error': f'Connection id ({id}) does not exists !'
        }

@api_routes.route('/table/<id>/<table>', methods=['GET'])
def read_table(id, table):
    conn = get_connection_by_id(id)
    if conn:
        data = request.get_json()
        result = readtable(conn.conn, table, data.get('fields',[]), data.get('options',[]))
        return jsonify(result)
    else:
        return {}

```

Name the function or class in this code that contains a `CWE-79: Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')` vulnerability.
Answer: bapi_call_or_description
system: You are an expert security code reviewer. You will be shown a source code file along with a multi-select question listing several CWE (Common Weakness Enumeration) categories. Your task is to identify which of the listed CWEs are present in the code.

OUTPUT FORMAT: Respond with the letter(s) of all correct options, sorted alphabetically and comma-separated, wrapped in a single \boxed{...}. Examples: `\boxed{A}` for one correct, `\boxed{A,C}` for two, `\boxed{A,C,E}` for three. Output the boxed answer ONLY -- no explanation, no other text.

user: ```python
# python的hashlib提供了常见的摘要算法, 如MD5, SHA1等等
# 摘要算法称为哈希算法, 散列算法, 它通过一个函数, 把任意长的数据
# 转化成一个长度固定的数据串(通常用16进制的字符串表示)
# 摘要函数是一个单项函数, 计算f(data)很容易, 但通过digest反推data却非常困难

import hashlib

md5 = hashlib.md5()
md5.update()
print(md5.hexdigest())
print(md5)
print(md5.__sizeof__())

md51 = hashlib.md5()
md51.update()
print(md51.hexdigest())

md51 = hashlib.md5()
md51.update()
md51.update()
print(md51.hexdigest())
print(dir(md51))

# MD5是最常见的摘要算法, 速度很快, 生成结果是固定的128bit字节, 通常用一个32位的16进制字符串表示
# 另一种常见的摘要算法是SHA1, 调用SHA1和MD5完全类似
import hashlib
sha1 = hashlib.sha1()
sha1.update()
sha1.update()
print(sha1.hexdigest()) # SHA1的结果是160字节的, 通常用一个40位的16进制字符串表示

# 摘要算法应用
# 正确的保存口令的方式不是存储用户的明文口令
# 而是存储用户口令的摘要, 防止数据库泄露而导致的口令泄露

# 先计算出常用口令的MD5值, 得到反推表, 对比数据库的MD5, 获取口令


# 加盐
# 通过添加一个复杂字符串
def calc_md5(password):
	return get_md5(password + 'the-Salt')
# 只要Salt不被黑客知道就很难通过MD5反推明文口令


# 根据用户输入的用户名和口令模拟用户注册, 计算更安全的MD5
db = {'bob', 12345}
username = 0

def get_md5(passwd):
	return 
def register(username, password):
	db[username] = get_md5(password + username + 'the-Salt')


# 根据修改后的MD5算法实现用户登陆的验证
def login(username, password):
	pass

import hashlib, random

def get_md5(s):
    return hashlib.md5(s.encode('utf-8')).hexdigest()
class User(object):
    def __init__(self, username, password):
        self.username = username
        self.salt = ''.join([chr(random.randint(48, 122)) for i in range(20)])
        self.password = get_md5(password + self.salt)
db = {
    'michael': User('michael', '123456'),
    'bob': User('bob', 'abc999'),
    'alice': User('alice', 'alice2008')
}
def login(username, password):
    user = db[username]
    return user.password == get_md5(password)
assert login('michael', '123456')
assert login('bob', 'abc999')
assert login('alice', 'alice2008')
assert not login('michael', '1234567')
assert not login('bob', '123456')
assert not login('alice', 'Alice2008')
print('ok')
```

Which of the following CWE vulnerability categories are present in this code? Multiple options may be correct.

  A) CWE-327: Use of a Broken or Risky Cryptographic Algorithm
  B) CWE-113: Improper Neutralization of CRLF Sequences in HTTP Headers ('HTTP Request/Response Splitting')
  C) CWE-643: Improper Neutralization of Data within XPath Expressions ('XPath Injection')
  D) CWE-22: Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
  E) CWE-215: Insertion of Sensitive Information Into Debugging Code
  F) CWE-1333: Inefficient Regular Expression Complexity
Answer: A
system: You are an expert security code reviewer. You will be shown a source code file along with a multiple-choice question listing several function or class names from that file. Your task is to identify which one contains the specified CWE vulnerability.

OUTPUT FORMAT: Respond with the single letter of the correct option, wrapped in \boxed{...}. Example: `\boxed{B}`. Output the boxed letter ONLY -- no explanation, no other text.

user: ```python
# python的hashlib提供了常见的摘要算法, 如MD5, SHA1等等
# 摘要算法称为哈希算法, 散列算法, 它通过一个函数, 把任意长的数据
# 转化成一个长度固定的数据串(通常用16进制的字符串表示)
# 摘要函数是一个单项函数, 计算f(data)很容易, 但通过digest反推data却非常困难

import hashlib

md5 = hashlib.md5()
md5.update()
print(md5.hexdigest())
print(md5)
print(md5.__sizeof__())

md51 = hashlib.md5()
md51.update()
print(md51.hexdigest())

md51 = hashlib.md5()
md51.update()
md51.update()
print(md51.hexdigest())
print(dir(md51))

# MD5是最常见的摘要算法, 速度很快, 生成结果是固定的128bit字节, 通常用一个32位的16进制字符串表示
# 另一种常见的摘要算法是SHA1, 调用SHA1和MD5完全类似
import hashlib
sha1 = hashlib.sha1()
sha1.update()
sha1.update()
print(sha1.hexdigest()) # SHA1的结果是160字节的, 通常用一个40位的16进制字符串表示

# 摘要算法应用
# 正确的保存口令的方式不是存储用户的明文口令
# 而是存储用户口令的摘要, 防止数据库泄露而导致的口令泄露

# 先计算出常用口令的MD5值, 得到反推表, 对比数据库的MD5, 获取口令


# 加盐
# 通过添加一个复杂字符串
def calc_md5(password):
	return get_md5(password + 'the-Salt')
# 只要Salt不被黑客知道就很难通过MD5反推明文口令


# 根据用户输入的用户名和口令模拟用户注册, 计算更安全的MD5
db = {'bob', 12345}
username = 0

def get_md5(passwd):
	return 
def register(username, password):
	db[username] = get_md5(password + username + 'the-Salt')


# 根据修改后的MD5算法实现用户登陆的验证
def login(username, password):
	pass

import hashlib, random

def get_md5(s):
    return hashlib.md5(s.encode('utf-8')).hexdigest()
class User(object):
    def __init__(self, username, password):
        self.username = username
        self.salt = ''.join([chr(random.randint(48, 122)) for i in range(20)])
        self.password = get_md5(password + self.salt)
db = {
    'michael': User('michael', '123456'),
    'bob': User('bob', 'abc999'),
    'alice': User('alice', 'alice2008')
}
def login(username, password):
    user = db[username]
    return user.password == get_md5(password)
assert login('michael', '123456')
assert login('bob', 'abc999')
assert login('alice', 'alice2008')
assert not login('michael', '1234567')
assert not login('bob', '123456')
assert not login('alice', 'Alice2008')
print('ok')
```

Which of the following functions or classes contains a `CWE-327: Use of a Broken or Risky Cryptographic Algorithm` vulnerability?

  A) get_md5
  B) User
  C) __init__
  D) register
Answer: A
system: You are an expert security code reviewer. You will be shown a source code file. Your task is to name the single function or class that contains the specified CWE vulnerability.

OUTPUT FORMAT: Respond with the exact function or class name (no parentheses, no qualifiers, no module prefixes), wrapped in \boxed{...}. Example: `\boxed{salted_hmac}`. Output the boxed name ONLY -- no explanation, no other text.

user: ```python
# python的hashlib提供了常见的摘要算法, 如MD5, SHA1等等
# 摘要算法称为哈希算法, 散列算法, 它通过一个函数, 把任意长的数据
# 转化成一个长度固定的数据串(通常用16进制的字符串表示)
# 摘要函数是一个单项函数, 计算f(data)很容易, 但通过digest反推data却非常困难

import hashlib

md5 = hashlib.md5()
md5.update()
print(md5.hexdigest())
print(md5)
print(md5.__sizeof__())

md51 = hashlib.md5()
md51.update()
print(md51.hexdigest())

md51 = hashlib.md5()
md51.update()
md51.update()
print(md51.hexdigest())
print(dir(md51))

# MD5是最常见的摘要算法, 速度很快, 生成结果是固定的128bit字节, 通常用一个32位的16进制字符串表示
# 另一种常见的摘要算法是SHA1, 调用SHA1和MD5完全类似
import hashlib
sha1 = hashlib.sha1()
sha1.update()
sha1.update()
print(sha1.hexdigest()) # SHA1的结果是160字节的, 通常用一个40位的16进制字符串表示

# 摘要算法应用
# 正确的保存口令的方式不是存储用户的明文口令
# 而是存储用户口令的摘要, 防止数据库泄露而导致的口令泄露

# 先计算出常用口令的MD5值, 得到反推表, 对比数据库的MD5, 获取口令


# 加盐
# 通过添加一个复杂字符串
def calc_md5(password):
	return get_md5(password + 'the-Salt')
# 只要Salt不被黑客知道就很难通过MD5反推明文口令


# 根据用户输入的用户名和口令模拟用户注册, 计算更安全的MD5
db = {'bob', 12345}
username = 0

def get_md5(passwd):
	return 
def register(username, password):
	db[username] = get_md5(password + username + 'the-Salt')


# 根据修改后的MD5算法实现用户登陆的验证
def login(username, password):
	pass

import hashlib, random

def get_md5(s):
    return hashlib.md5(s.encode('utf-8')).hexdigest()
class User(object):
    def __init__(self, username, password):
        self.username = username
        self.salt = ''.join([chr(random.randint(48, 122)) for i in range(20)])
        self.password = get_md5(password + self.salt)
db = {
    'michael': User('michael', '123456'),
    'bob': User('bob', 'abc999'),
    'alice': User('alice', 'alice2008')
}
def login(username, password):
    user = db[username]
    return user.password == get_md5(password)
assert login('michael', '123456')
assert login('bob', 'abc999')
assert login('alice', 'alice2008')
assert not login('michael', '1234567')
assert not login('bob', '123456')
assert not login('alice', 'Alice2008')
print('ok')
```

Name the function or class in this code that contains a `CWE-327: Use of a Broken or Risky Cryptographic Algorithm` vulnerability.
Answer: get_md5
system: You are an expert security code reviewer. You will be shown a source code file along with a multi-select question listing several CWE (Common Weakness Enumeration) categories. Your task is to identify which of the listed CWEs are present in the code.

OUTPUT FORMAT: Respond with the letter(s) of all correct options, sorted alphabetically and comma-separated, wrapped in a single \boxed{...}. Examples: `\boxed{A}` for one correct, `\boxed{A,C}` for two, `\boxed{A,C,E}` for three. Output the boxed answer ONLY -- no explanation, no other text.

user: ```python
from time import time
from django.http import HttpResponse
from django.shortcuts import render
from django.views import View
from SKR.google_speech import get_text
# Create your views here.

class TextView(View):

    def get(self, request):

        return render(request, "text.html")

    def post(self, request):
        file = request.FILES['audio_file']
        path = 'recording/' + str(time()) + file.name
        self.handle_uploaded_file(file, path)
        text = get_text(path)
        return HttpResponse(text)

    def handle_uploaded_file(self, f, path):
        with open(path, 'wb') as destination:
            for chunk in f.chunks():
                destination.write(chunk)



```

Which of the following CWE vulnerability categories are present in this code? Multiple options may be correct.

  A) CWE-74: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements in Output Used by a Downstream Component ('Injection')
  B) CWE-377: Insecure Temporary File
  C) CWE-776: Improper Restriction of Recursive Entity References in DTDs ('XML Entity Expansion')
  D) CWE-502: Deserialization of Untrusted Data
  E) CWE-22: Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
  F) CWE-611: Improper Restriction of XML External Entity Reference
Answer: E
system: You are an expert security code reviewer. You will be shown a source code file. Your task is to name the single function or class that contains the specified CWE vulnerability.

OUTPUT FORMAT: Respond with the exact function or class name (no parentheses, no qualifiers, no module prefixes), wrapped in \boxed{...}. Example: `\boxed{salted_hmac}`. Output the boxed name ONLY -- no explanation, no other text.

user: ```python
import re
import os
import sys
import json
import requests
import traceback
import url_normalize

sys.path.append("utils")
sys.path.append("extraction")
from page import Page
from urlutility import URLUtility

# Disable insecure warning
import requests
from requests.packages.urllib3.exceptions import InsecureRequestWarning
requests.packages.urllib3.disable_warnings(InsecureRequestWarning)

class Fetcher:
    def __init__(self):
        self.header = {'user-agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/42.0.2311.135 Safari/537.36'}
        self.max_html_size = 1000000 # discard exceptionally large files

    def fetch(self, urls, out_file, extraction=True):
        """
        Parameters:
        -----------
        urls: list of url. Each url represents a website

        Returns:
        --------
        list<website>: list of fetched websites
        """
        if os.path.exists(out_file):
            fetched_urls = []
            with open(out_file) as lines:
                for line in lines:
                    try:
                        jsobj = json.loads(line)
                        fetched_urls.append(jsobj['url'])
                    except:
                        traceback.print_exc()
            urls = [url for url in urls if url not in fetched_urls]

        print "Number of urls to fetch: ", len(urls)
        out = open(out_file, 'a+')

        for i, url in enumerate(urls):
            if (i+1)%20==0:
                print "Fetched ", i, " urls"
            try:
                res = requests.get(url, headers=self.header, verify=False, timeout=10)
                if res.status_code == 200:
                    page = Page(url)
                    if len(res.text)<self.max_html_size: 
                        page.add_html(res.text)
                        if extraction:
                            jspage = page.get_json_obj()
                        else:
                            jspage = {'url': url, 'html':res.text}
                        out.write(json.dumps(jspage) + '\n')
                else:
                    print res.status_code, url
            except:
                print "Failed to fetch ", url
                traceback.print_exc()
            
        out.close()

def test():
    fetcher = Fetcher()
    urls = ['http://nyu.edu', 'http://mit.edu']
    out_file = 'test_fetcher.json'
    fetcher.fetch(urls, out_file)

if __name__=="__main__":
    url_file = sys.argv[1]
    out_file = sys.argv[2]
    urls = URLUtility.load_urls(url_file)
    fetcher = Fetcher()
    fetcher.fetch(urls, out_file, True)

```

Name the function or class in this code that contains a `CWE-295: Improper Certificate Validation` vulnerability.
Answer: fetch
system: You are an expert security code reviewer. You will be shown a source code file along with a multiple-choice question listing several function or class names from that file. Your task is to identify which one contains the specified CWE vulnerability.

OUTPUT FORMAT: Respond with the single letter of the correct option, wrapped in \boxed{...}. Example: `\boxed{B}`. Output the boxed letter ONLY -- no explanation, no other text.

user: ```python
import io
import requests
from urllib import parse
import json

# flask
from flask import Flask, send_file, request  # redirect, Response

app = Flask(__name__)

API_KEY = "4_MY_EYES_ONLY"
map_types = ["satellite", "roadmap", "terrain", "hybrid"]


def get_satellite_image(url, lat, lng, key, zoom=15, map_type=0, size="600x300"):
    link = url + "center={},{}&zoom={}&size={}&maptype={}&key={}".format(
        lat, lng, zoom, size, map_types[map_type], key)
    r = requests.get(link)

    return r.content


@app.route('/satellite-image')
def imgsat():

    url = "https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/staticmap?"

    latitudes = request.args.get('lat').split(",")

    lat = sum([float(latitude) for latitude in latitudes])/len(latitudes)

    longitudes = request.args.get('lng').split(",")

    lng = sum([float(longitude) for longitude in longitudes])/len(longitudes)

    visible_string = "&visible="
    path_string = "&path=color:0x00000000|weight:5|fillcolor:0xFFFF0033|"
    params = ""

    for i in range(len(latitudes)):
        params = params + "{},{}".format(latitudes[i], longitudes[i]) + ("|" if i is not len(latitudes) - 1 else "")

    url = url + visible_string + params + path_string + params

    zoom = request.args.get('zoom', default=15, type=int)

    map_type = request.args.get('type', default=0, type=int)

    data = get_satellite_image(url, lat, lng, API_KEY, zoom, map_type)

    return send_file(io.BytesIO(data), mimetype='image/png')

```

Which of the following functions or classes contains a `CWE-22: Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')` vulnerability?

  A) imgsat
  B) get_satellite_image
Answer: A