OctoReasoner/verl_codeql1_aggressive_filtered huggingface dataset:
system: You are an expert security code reviewer. You will be shown a source code file. Your task is to name the single function or class that contains the specified CWE vulnerability.

OUTPUT FORMAT: Respond with the exact function or class name (no parentheses, no qualifiers, no module prefixes), wrapped in \boxed{...}. Example: `\boxed{salted_hmac}`. Output the boxed name ONLY -- no explanation, no other text.

user: ```python
import uuid

from flask import Flask, Markup, Response, redirect, render_template, request
import markdown

from config import set_app_config
from utils import S3Interface, validate_form_data


app = Flask(__name__)
set_app_config(app)

s3 = S3Interface(app)


@app.route('/', defaults={'uuid': None}, methods=['GET'])
@app.route('/<string:uuid>', methods=['GET'])
def index(uuid):
    if uuid is None:
        with open("README.md") as md:
            readme = Markup(markdown.markdown(md.read()))
        return render_template("base.html", **{"readme": readme})
    else:
        try:
            data = s3.load(uuid)
        except Exception as e:
            return Response(f"Bad Request: {e}", status=400)
        else:
            return render_template(
                "anchor-aid.html",
                **{"site": data["site"], "search": data["search"]}
            )


@app.route('/create', methods=['POST'])
def create():
    form_data = request.form.to_dict()

    # Add <scheme>:// if not there already
    validated_form_data = validate_form_data(form_data)
    if not validated_form_data:
        return Response("Bad Request", status=400)

    key = str(uuid.uuid4())
    s3.dump(key, form_data)
    return redirect(f"./{key}")

```

Name the function or class in this code that contains a `CWE-209: Generation of Error Message Containing Sensitive Information` vulnerability.
Answer: index
system: You are an expert security code reviewer. You will be shown a source code file along with a multi-select question listing several CWE (Common Weakness Enumeration) categories. Your task is to identify which of the listed CWEs are present in the code.

OUTPUT FORMAT: Respond with the letter(s) of all correct options, sorted alphabetically and comma-separated, wrapped in a single \boxed{...}. Examples: `\boxed{A}` for one correct, `\boxed{A,C}` for two, `\boxed{A,C,E}` for three. Output the boxed answer ONLY -- no explanation, no other text.

user: ```python
#!/usr/bin/env python3
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
Created on Sat Mar 30 16:57:19 2019

@author: gaurav


"""

##########################################################################################
# importing
import re


##########################################################################################
# Global Variables
negations_dic = {"isn't":"is not", "aren't":"are not", "wasn't":"was not", "weren't":"were not",
                "haven't":"have not","hasn't":"has not","hadn't":"had not","won't":"will not",
                "wouldn't":"would not", "don't":"do not", "doesn't":"does not","didn't":"did not",
                "can't":"can not","couldn't":"could not","shouldn't":"should not","mightn't":"might not",
                "mustn't":"must not"}




def get_from_file():
    
    fileName = 'song_text.txt'
    
    file_obj = open(fileName, 'r')
    
    lines = file_obj.readlines()

    song_text = ''
    
    for line in lines:
        song_text += line
        
    for key in negations_dic:    
        song_text = song_text.replace(key, negations_dic[key])    
    
    song_text = song_text.lower()
    
    song_text = song_text.replace('\n',' ')
    song_text = song_text.replace('  ',' ')
    song_text = song_text.replace('   ',' ')
        
    song_text = re.sub('[^a-zA-z0-9\s]','',song_text)
    
    return song_text





##########################################################################################

def lyrics_processing(lyrics):

    song_text = ''

    for line in lyrics:
        song_text += line
        
    for key in negations_dic:    
        song_text = song_text.replace(key, negations_dic[key])    
    
    song_text = song_text.lower()    

    song_text = song_text.replace('\n',' ')
    song_text = song_text.replace('  ',' ')
    song_text = song_text.replace('   ',' ')
        
    song_text = re.sub('[^a-zA-z0-9\s]','',song_text)    
    #print(song_text)
    
    
    return song_text




```

Which of the following CWE vulnerability categories are present in this code? Multiple options may be correct.

  A) CWE-215: Insertion of Sensitive Information Into Debugging Code
  B) CWE-89: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an SQL Command ('SQL Injection')
  C) CWE-78: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection')
  D) CWE-943: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements in Data Query Logic
  E) CWE-643: Improper Neutralization of Data within XPath Expressions ('XPath Injection')
  F) CWE-20: Improper Input Validation
Answer: F
system: You are an expert security code reviewer. You will be shown a source code file. Your task is to name the single function or class that contains the specified CWE vulnerability.

OUTPUT FORMAT: Respond with the exact function or class name (no parentheses, no qualifiers, no module prefixes), wrapped in \boxed{...}. Example: `\boxed{salted_hmac}`. Output the boxed name ONLY -- no explanation, no other text.

user: ```python
import asyncio
import json
import os
from flask import Flask, g, session, redirect, request, url_for, jsonify
from requests_oauthlib import OAuth2Session
from urllib.parse import urlparse

API_ENDPOINT = "https://discordapp.com/api/v6"
API_AUTH_URL = API_ENDPOINT + "/oauth2/authorize"
API_TOKEN_URL = API_ENDPOINT + "/oauth2/token"
config_path = os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__)) + "/../config.json"
config = json.load(open(config_path))

parsed_redirect_uri = urlparse(config["redirect_uri"])
use_secure_callback = parsed_redirect_uri.scheme == "https"
port = parsed_redirect_uri.netloc.split(":")[1]
ssl_context = (config["crt_path"], config["key_path"]) if use_secure_callback else None

flask_app = Flask(__name__)
flask_app.config["SECRET_KEY"] = config["client_secret"]

def token_updater(token):
    session["oauth2_token"] = token

def make_session(token = None, state = None, scope = None):
    return OAuth2Session(
        client_id = config["client_id"],
        token = token,
        state = state,
        scope = scope,
        redirect_uri = config["redirect_uri"],
        auto_refresh_kwargs = {
            "client_id": config["client_id"],
            "client_secret": config["client_secret"],
        },
        auto_refresh_url = API_TOKEN_URL,
        token_updater = token_updater
    )

@flask_app.route("/")
def index():
    scope = request.args.get(
        "scope",
        "identify email connections guilds guilds.join"
    )
    discord = make_session(scope = scope.split(" "))
    auth_url, state = discord.authorization_url(API_AUTH_URL)
    session["oauth2_state"] = state
    return redirect(auth_url)

@flask_app.route(parsed_redirect_uri.path)
def callback():
    if request.values.get("error"):
        return request.values["error"]
    discord = make_session(state = session.get("oauth2_state"))
    token = discord.fetch_token(
        API_TOKEN_URL,
        client_secret = config["client_secret"],
        authorization_response = request.url
    )
    print(token)
    session["oauth2_token"] = token
    return redirect(url_for(".me"))

@flask_app.route("/me")
def me():
    discord = make_session(token=session.get('oauth2_token'))
    user = discord.get(API_ENDPOINT + '/users/@me').json()
    guilds = discord.get(API_ENDPOINT + '/users/@me/guilds').json()
    connections = discord.get(API_ENDPOINT + '/users/@me/connections').json()
    return jsonify(user=user, guilds=guilds, connections=connections)

flask_app.run("0.0.0.0", port, debug = False, ssl_context = ssl_context)

```

Name the function or class in this code that contains a `CWE-79: Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')` vulnerability.
Answer: callback
system: You are an expert security code reviewer. You will be shown a source code file along with a multiple-choice question listing several function or class names from that file. Your task is to identify which one contains the specified CWE vulnerability.

OUTPUT FORMAT: Respond with the single letter of the correct option, wrapped in \boxed{...}. Example: `\boxed{B}`. Output the boxed letter ONLY -- no explanation, no other text.

user: ```python
import os
import argparse

import requests
from pathlib import Path
from PIL import Image


IMAGES_PATH = os.path.join("images",'')


def get_image(url):
    response = requests.get(url, verify=False)
    response.raise_for_status()

    image = response.content

    return image


def save_image(image, filename, images_path):
    Path(images_path).mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)

    image_path = images_path + filename
    with open(image_path, 'wb') as file:
        file.write(image)


def get_file_extension(filename):
    file_extension = filename.split('.')[-1]

    return file_extension


def resize_images(images_path, image_resolution):
    """Resize images for your resolution

    Some image extension, like .tif can't use .save method in Pillow,
    if it's format not RGB. Thats why this function convert all images to
    RGB format.
    """
    resized_images_folder_name = 'resized_images'
    resized_images_path = os.path.join(images_path, resized_images_folder_name, '')
    Path(resized_images_path).mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)

    images_names = os.listdir(images_path)
    images_names.remove(resized_images_folder_name)

    for image_name in images_names:
        image = Image.open(images_path + image_name)
        image.thumbnail(image_resolution)
        resized_image_name = 'resized_{}.jpg'.format(image_name.split('.')[0])

        rgb_im = image.convert('RGB')
        rgb_im.save(resized_images_path + resized_image_name , format="JPEG")


def main():
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
        description='This script resize downloads images. All images must be in the images folder of your script root directory.'
    )
    parser.add_argument('--width', help='Input required images width. Default width: 1080')
    parser.add_argument('--height', help='Input required images height. Default height: 1080')
    args = parser.parse_args()

    image_width = args.width if args.width else 1080
    image_height = args.height if args.height else 1080

    image_resolution = (image_width, image_height)
    resize_images(IMAGES_PATH, image_resolution)  #be carefull, this function convert image to RGB format.


if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

```

Which of the following functions or classes contains a `CWE-295: Improper Certificate Validation` vulnerability?

  A) get_file_extension
  B) main
  C) get_image
  D) resize_images
Answer: C
system: You are an expert security code reviewer. You will be shown a source code file along with a multiple-choice question listing several function or class names from that file. Your task is to identify which one contains the specified CWE vulnerability.

OUTPUT FORMAT: Respond with the single letter of the correct option, wrapped in \boxed{...}. Example: `\boxed{B}`. Output the boxed letter ONLY -- no explanation, no other text.

user: ```python
#!/usr/bin/env python

import os
import json
from flask import (Flask, request, jsonify)

app = Flask(__name__)
port = int(os.getenv("PORT", 18080))

def logMsg(args):
    print "[Instance: %s] %s" % (str(os.getenv("CF_INSTANCE_INDEX", 0)), args)

# Handle JSON
# Simulate adding a "sentiment" attribute
@app.route('/', methods = ['POST', 'GET'])
def jsonHandler():
  obj = request.get_json(force=True)
  obj['sentiment'] = { 'score': 0.4, 'magnitude': 0.9 }
  logMsg(json.dumps(obj))
  return json.dumps(obj)

@app.route('/status')
def test():
    return "STATUS_OK"

if __name__ == '__main__':
    app.run(host='0.0.0.0', port=port, threaded=True, debug=False)


```

Which of the following functions or classes contains a `CWE-79: Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')` vulnerability?

  A) test
  B) logMsg
  C) jsonHandler
Answer: C
system: You are an expert security code reviewer. You will be shown a source code file. Your task is to name the single function or class that contains the specified CWE vulnerability.

OUTPUT FORMAT: Respond with the exact function or class name (no parentheses, no qualifiers, no module prefixes), wrapped in \boxed{...}. Example: `\boxed{salted_hmac}`. Output the boxed name ONLY -- no explanation, no other text.

user: ```python
#!/usr/bin/env python

import os
import json
from flask import (Flask, request, jsonify)

app = Flask(__name__)
port = int(os.getenv("PORT", 18080))

def logMsg(args):
    print "[Instance: %s] %s" % (str(os.getenv("CF_INSTANCE_INDEX", 0)), args)

# Handle JSON
# Simulate adding a "sentiment" attribute
@app.route('/', methods = ['POST', 'GET'])
def jsonHandler():
  obj = request.get_json(force=True)
  obj['sentiment'] = { 'score': 0.4, 'magnitude': 0.9 }
  logMsg(json.dumps(obj))
  return json.dumps(obj)

@app.route('/status')
def test():
    return "STATUS_OK"

if __name__ == '__main__':
    app.run(host='0.0.0.0', port=port, threaded=True, debug=False)


```

Name the function or class in this code that contains a `CWE-79: Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')` vulnerability.
Answer: jsonHandler
system: You are an expert security code reviewer. You will be shown a source code file along with a multi-select question listing several CWE (Common Weakness Enumeration) categories. Your task is to identify which of the listed CWEs are present in the code.

OUTPUT FORMAT: Respond with the letter(s) of all correct options, sorted alphabetically and comma-separated, wrapped in a single \boxed{...}. Examples: `\boxed{A}` for one correct, `\boxed{A,C}` for two, `\boxed{A,C,E}` for three. Output the boxed answer ONLY -- no explanation, no other text.

user: ```python
from datetime import timedelta, datetime
import requests
from requests.packages.urllib3.exceptions import InsecureRequestWarning
from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth
from pprint import pprint
import yaml
import json

requests.packages.urllib3.disable_warnings(InsecureRequestWarning)

def get_token():
 url = 'https://' + my_variables_in_yaml['northstar']['ip'] + ':8443/oauth2/token'
 data_to_get_token = {"grant_type":"password","username":authuser,"password":authpwd}
 r = requests.post(url, data=json.dumps(data_to_get_token), auth=(authuser, authpwd), headers=headers, verify=False)
 return str('Bearer ' + r.json()['access_token'])

def import_variables_from_file():
 my_variables_file=open('variables.yml', 'r')
 my_variables_in_string=my_variables_file.read()
 my_variables_in_yaml=yaml.load(my_variables_in_string)
 my_variables_file.close()
 return my_variables_in_yaml

def get_node_index(qqqq):
 url = url_base + '1/topology/1/nodes'
 r = requests.get(url, headers=headers, verify=False)
 for i in r.json():
  if i['hostName'] == qqqq:
   node_index = i['nodeIndex']
 return node_index

my_variables_in_yaml=import_variables_from_file()
authuser = my_variables_in_yaml['northstar']['username']
authpwd = my_variables_in_yaml['northstar']['password']

headers = { 'content-type' : 'application/json'}

headers = {'Authorization':get_token(), 'Accept' : 'application/json', 'Content-Type' : 'application/json'}

url_base = 'http://' + my_variables_in_yaml['northstar']['ip'] + ':8091/NorthStar/API/v2/tenant/'
maintenance_url = url_base + '1/topology/1/maintenances'

m = requests.get(maintenance_url, headers=headers, verify=False)
#m
#print m.json()
pprint(m.json())

```

Which of the following CWE vulnerability categories are present in this code? Multiple options may be correct.

  A) CWE-601: URL Redirection to Untrusted Site ('Open Redirect')
  B) CWE-918: Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)
  C) CWE-614: Sensitive Cookie in HTTPS Session Without 'Secure' Attribute
  D) CWE-732: Incorrect Permission Assignment for Critical Resource
  E) CWE-295: Improper Certificate Validation
  F) CWE-643: Improper Neutralization of Data within XPath Expressions ('XPath Injection')
Answer: E
system: You are an expert security code reviewer. You will be shown a source code file along with a multi-select question listing several CWE (Common Weakness Enumeration) categories. Your task is to identify which of the listed CWEs are present in the code.

OUTPUT FORMAT: Respond with the letter(s) of all correct options, sorted alphabetically and comma-separated, wrapped in a single \boxed{...}. Examples: `\boxed{A}` for one correct, `\boxed{A,C}` for two, `\boxed{A,C,E}` for three. Output the boxed answer ONLY -- no explanation, no other text.

user: ```python
#!/usr/bin/python3

import argparse
import random
import string


def generate_password(
        count,
        allow_lower=True, allow_upper=True,
        allow_digit=True, allow_punctuation=True):

    characters = ""

    if allow_lower:
        characters += string.ascii_lowercase
    if allow_upper:
        characters += string.ascii_uppercase
    if allow_digit:
        characters += string.digits
    if allow_punctuation:
        characters += string.punctuation

    password = ""
    for i in range(args.count):
        password += random.choice(characters)

    return password

if __name__ == "__main__":

    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser()
    parser.add_argument(
        "--count", "-c", type=int, default=8, help="Password length")
    parser.add_argument(
        "--no-lowercase", "-l", dest="allow_lower", action="store_false",
        help="Do no include lowercase letters")
    parser.add_argument(
        "--no-uppercase", "-u", dest="allow_upper", action="store_false",
        help="Do no include uppercase letters")
    parser.add_argument(
        "--no-digit", "-d", dest="allow_digit", action="store_false",
        help="Do no include digits")
    parser.add_argument(
        "--no-punctuation", "-p", dest="allow_punctuation",
        action="store_false", help="Do no include punctuation signs")
    parser.add_argument(
        "--output", "-o", help="Output file")

    args = parser.parse_args()

    password = generate_password(
        args.count, args.allow_lower, args.allow_upper, args.allow_digit,
        args.allow_punctuation)

    if args.output:
        f = open(args.output, "w")
        f.write(password)
        f.close()

    else:
        print(password)

```

Which of the following CWE vulnerability categories are present in this code? Multiple options may be correct.

  A) CWE-312: Cleartext Storage of Sensitive Information
  B) CWE-1004: Sensitive Cookie Without 'HttpOnly' Flag
  C) CWE-918: Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)
  D) CWE-74: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements in Output Used by a Downstream Component ('Injection')
  E) CWE-79: Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
  F) CWE-614: Sensitive Cookie in HTTPS Session Without 'Secure' Attribute
Answer: A
system: You are an expert security code reviewer. You will be shown a source code file along with a multiple-choice question listing several function or class names from that file. Your task is to identify which one contains the specified CWE vulnerability.

OUTPUT FORMAT: Respond with the single letter of the correct option, wrapped in \boxed{...}. Example: `\boxed{B}`. Output the boxed letter ONLY -- no explanation, no other text.

user: ```python
# Standard library imports...
import hashlib
import hmac
import requests

import logging

logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)


def create_account(user, password, server_location, shared_secret,
                   admin=False):
    """
    creates account
    https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/blob/master/synapse/_scripts/register_new_matrix_user.py

    Parameters
    ----------
    arg1 : str
        local part of the new user
    arg2 : str
        password
    arg3 : str
        url to homeserver
    arg4 : str
        Registration Shared Secret as set in the homeserver.yaml
    arg5 : bool
        register new user as an admin.
    Raises
    -------
    requests.exceptions.ConnectionError:
        can't connect to homeserver
    requests.exceptions.HTTPError:
        something with the communciation to the homeserver failed
    """
    nonce = _get_nonce(server_location)

    mac = hmac.new(
        key=str.encode(shared_secret),
        digestmod=hashlib.sha1,
    )

    mac.update(nonce.encode())
    mac.update(b'\x00')
    mac.update(user.encode())
    mac.update(b'\x00')
    mac.update(password.encode())
    mac.update(b'\x00')
    mac.update(b'admin' if admin else b'notadmin')

    mac = mac.hexdigest()

    data = {
        'nonce': nonce,
        'username': user,
        'password': password,
        'admin': admin,
        'mac': mac,
    }

    server_location = server_location.rstrip('/')

    r = requests.post('%s/_matrix/client/r0/admin/register' % (server_location),
                      json=data)
    r.raise_for_status()
    return r.json()


def _get_nonce(server_location):
    r = requests.get('%s/_matrix/client/r0/admin/register' % (server_location))
    r.raise_for_status()
    return r.json()['nonce']

```

Which of the following functions or classes contains a `CWE-327: Use of a Broken or Risky Cryptographic Algorithm` vulnerability?

  A) _get_nonce
  B) create_account
Answer: B
system: You are an expert security code reviewer. You will be shown a source code file. Your task is to name the single function or class that contains the specified CWE vulnerability.

OUTPUT FORMAT: Respond with the exact function or class name (no parentheses, no qualifiers, no module prefixes), wrapped in \boxed{...}. Example: `\boxed{salted_hmac}`. Output the boxed name ONLY -- no explanation, no other text.

user: ```python
# Standard library imports...
import hashlib
import hmac
import requests

import logging

logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)


def create_account(user, password, server_location, shared_secret,
                   admin=False):
    """
    creates account
    https://github.com/matrix-org/synapse/blob/master/synapse/_scripts/register_new_matrix_user.py

    Parameters
    ----------
    arg1 : str
        local part of the new user
    arg2 : str
        password
    arg3 : str
        url to homeserver
    arg4 : str
        Registration Shared Secret as set in the homeserver.yaml
    arg5 : bool
        register new user as an admin.
    Raises
    -------
    requests.exceptions.ConnectionError:
        can't connect to homeserver
    requests.exceptions.HTTPError:
        something with the communciation to the homeserver failed
    """
    nonce = _get_nonce(server_location)

    mac = hmac.new(
        key=str.encode(shared_secret),
        digestmod=hashlib.sha1,
    )

    mac.update(nonce.encode())
    mac.update(b'\x00')
    mac.update(user.encode())
    mac.update(b'\x00')
    mac.update(password.encode())
    mac.update(b'\x00')
    mac.update(b'admin' if admin else b'notadmin')

    mac = mac.hexdigest()

    data = {
        'nonce': nonce,
        'username': user,
        'password': password,
        'admin': admin,
        'mac': mac,
    }

    server_location = server_location.rstrip('/')

    r = requests.post('%s/_matrix/client/r0/admin/register' % (server_location),
                      json=data)
    r.raise_for_status()
    return r.json()


def _get_nonce(server_location):
    r = requests.get('%s/_matrix/client/r0/admin/register' % (server_location))
    r.raise_for_status()
    return r.json()['nonce']

```

Name the function or class in this code that contains a `CWE-327: Use of a Broken or Risky Cryptographic Algorithm` vulnerability.
Answer: create_account
system: You are an expert security code reviewer. You will be shown a source code file along with a multi-select question listing several CWE (Common Weakness Enumeration) categories. Your task is to identify which of the listed CWEs are present in the code.

OUTPUT FORMAT: Respond with the letter(s) of all correct options, sorted alphabetically and comma-separated, wrapped in a single \boxed{...}. Examples: `\boxed{A}` for one correct, `\boxed{A,C}` for two, `\boxed{A,C,E}` for three. Output the boxed answer ONLY -- no explanation, no other text.

user: ```python

import time
import pycurl
# from StringIO import StringIO
import glob
import os



# this function will push the data to Splash-tiles.com slot slt
#  pushtyp = 0 (plaintext in datafnam)
#          = 1 (image file imgfnam + any text in datafnam)
#          = 2 (HTML5 in datafnam)

#  token must be set to your Splash-tiles.com browser token

#  SSL verify is disabled must in case your device doesn't have updated SSL certs
#    you can enable if your device is up to date

def st_pushdata(pushtyp, datafnam, imgfnam, slt, token):
	fo = open(datafnam,"r")
	fdata = fo.read()
	fo.close


	# buf = StringIO()
	c = pycurl.Curl()
	c.setopt(pycurl.URL, 'https://splash-tiles.com/console/server/pushdata.php')
	if (pushtyp==2):
		#HTML5
		send = [("txt", fdata),
			("slot", slt),
			("typ","2"),
			("token", token),]
	elif (img):
		send = [("txt", fdata),
			("slot", slt),
			("token", token),
			("img", (pycurl.FORM_FILE, imgfnam)),]
	else:
		send = [("txt", fdata),
			("slot", slt),
			("token", token),]
		
	c.setopt(pycurl.HTTPPOST, send)
	c.setopt(pycurl.SSL_VERIFYPEER, 0)
	c.setopt(pycurl.SSL_VERIFYHOST, 0)
	# c.setopt(c.WRITEDATA, buf)
	c.setopt(pycurl.VERBOSE, 1)
	c.perform()

	print(c.getinfo(pycurl.RESPONSE_CODE))
	# print(buf.getvalue())
	c.close()


```

Which of the following CWE vulnerability categories are present in this code? Multiple options may be correct.

  A) CWE-327: Use of a Broken or Risky Cryptographic Algorithm
  B) CWE-200: Exposure of Sensitive Information to an Unauthorized Actor
  C) CWE-79: Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
  D) CWE-730: OWASP Top Ten 2004 Category A9 - Denial of Service
  E) CWE-78: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an OS Command ('OS Command Injection')
  F) CWE-295: Improper Certificate Validation
Answer: F
system: You are an expert security code reviewer. You will be shown a source code file along with a multiple-choice question listing several function or class names from that file. Your task is to identify which one contains the specified CWE vulnerability.

OUTPUT FORMAT: Respond with the single letter of the correct option, wrapped in \boxed{...}. Example: `\boxed{B}`. Output the boxed letter ONLY -- no explanation, no other text.

user: ```python
# coding=UTF-8
from __future__ import unicode_literals

from flask import Flask, request

import pprint

import json
import requests

app = Flask(__name__)

@app.route('/')
def homepage():
    return "Done"


###############
# Line API
###############
@app.route('/line', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
def line():
    url = "https://notify-api.line.me/api/notify"

    token = request.args.get('token')
    message = request.args.get('message')

    headers = {"Authorization" : "Bearer "+ token}

    payload = {"message" :  message}

    try:
        r = requests.post(url ,headers = headers ,params=payload)
    except Exception as ex:
        print('line_notify() error: ', str(ex))
        return 'ERROR'
    
    return 'Done'

@app.route('/line2', methods=['GET', 'POST'])
def line2():
    url = "https://notify-api.line.me/api/notify"

    print('--.__dict__--')
    pprint.pprint(request.__dict__)
    print('--.data--')
    pprint.pprint(request.data)
    print('--.form--')
    pprint.pprint(request.form)
    print('--.args--')
    pprint.pprint(request.args)
    print('----')

    '''
    token = request.form['token']
    message = request.form['message']
    print(token, message)
    '''
    data = json.loads(request.data)
    token = data['token']
    message = data['message']

    headers = {"Authorization" : "Bearer "+ token}

    payload = {"message" :  message}

    try:
        r = requests.post(url ,headers = headers ,params=payload)
    except Exception as ex:
        print('line_notify() error: ', str(ex))
        return 'ERROR: '+str(ex)
    
    return 'Done'

if __name__ == '__main__':
    app.run(debug=True, use_reloader=True)

```

Which of the following functions or classes contains a `CWE-209: Generation of Error Message Containing Sensitive Information` vulnerability?

  A) line
  B) line2
  C) homepage
Answer: B
system: You are an expert security code reviewer. You will be shown a source code file along with a multi-select question listing several CWE (Common Weakness Enumeration) categories. Your task is to identify which of the listed CWEs are present in the code.

OUTPUT FORMAT: Respond with the letter(s) of all correct options, sorted alphabetically and comma-separated, wrapped in a single \boxed{...}. Examples: `\boxed{A}` for one correct, `\boxed{A,C}` for two, `\boxed{A,C,E}` for three. Output the boxed answer ONLY -- no explanation, no other text.

user: ```python
from random import choice # Imports the choice function from random

alpha = ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e", "f", "g", "h", "i", "j", "k", "l", "m", "n", "o"]  # List of lowercase characters
# from a to o
alph_upper = ["A", "B", "C", "D", "E", "F", "G", "H", "I", "J", "K", "L", "M", "N", "O"]  # List of uppercase characters
# from A to O

file_name = "/Users/SAMUEL OLUBIYO O/Documents/strongpasswords.txt"  # file directory for the text file to contain
# the generated passwords
number = list(range(1, 11)) # List of numbers from 1 to 10
symbols = ["/", "@", "#", "$", "%", "&", "?", "*"]  # List of symbols

password_sequence = f"{choice(alpha)}{choice(alph_upper)}{choice(number)}{choice(symbols)}" \
                    f"{choice(number)}{choice(alpha)}{choice(symbols)}{choice(number)}{choice(alph_upper)}" \
                    f"{choice(symbols)}\n"

with open(file_name, "a") as file_object:  # appending the generated passwords to a text file
    file_object.write(password_sequence)
    print(password_sequence)

# Author: OLUBIYO SAMUEL A
# Github @ Lordsamdev




```

Which of the following CWE vulnerability categories are present in this code? Multiple options may be correct.

  A) CWE-22: Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')
  B) CWE-200: Exposure of Sensitive Information to an Unauthorized Actor
  C) CWE-89: Improper Neutralization of Special Elements used in an SQL Command ('SQL Injection')
  D) CWE-79: Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
  E) CWE-312: Cleartext Storage of Sensitive Information
  F) CWE-215: Insertion of Sensitive Information Into Debugging Code
Answer: E
system: You are an expert security code reviewer. You will be shown a source code file along with a multiple-choice question listing several function or class names from that file. Your task is to identify which one contains the specified CWE vulnerability.

OUTPUT FORMAT: Respond with the single letter of the correct option, wrapped in \boxed{...}. Example: `\boxed{B}`. Output the boxed letter ONLY -- no explanation, no other text.

user: ```python
#!/usr/bin/env python

"""Use Paramiko to retrieve the entire 'show version' output."""
from __future__ import print_function, unicode_literals
import paramiko
import time
from getpass import getpass

"""

1. Use Paramiko to retrieve the entire 'show version' output from pynet-rtr2. 


2. Use Paramiko to change the 'logging buffered <size>' configuration on pynet-rtr2. This will require that you enter into configuration mode.

pynet-rtr2 = 184.105.247.71
    username = pyclass
    password = 88newclass

"""

ip_addr = '184.105.247.71'
port = 22
username = 'pyclass'
password = '88newclass'
command = ('term len 0', 'conf term', 'logging buffered 7777', 'end')
MAX_BUFFER = 65535

def clear_buffer(remote_conn):
    """Clear any data in the receive buffer."""
    if remote_conn.recv_ready():
        return remote_conn.recv(MAX_BUFFER).decode('utf-8', 'ignore')


def disable_paging(remote_conn, cmd='terminal length 0'):
    """Disable output paging (i.e. --More--)."""
    cmd = cmd.strip()
    remote_conn.send(cmd + '\n')
    time.sleep(1)
    clear_buffer(remote_conn)


def send_command(remote_conn, cmd='', delay=1):
    """Send command down the channel. Retrieve and return the output."""
    if cmd != '':
        cmd = cmd.strip()
    remote_conn.send(cmd + '\n')
    time.sleep(delay)

    if remote_conn.recv_ready():
        return remote_conn.recv(MAX_BUFFER).decode('utf-8', 'ignore')
    else:
        return ''


def main():
    """Use Paramiko to retrieve the entire 'show version' output."""
    
    #try:
    #    ip_addr = raw_input("Enter IP address: ")
    #except NameError:
    #    ip_addr = input("Enter IP address: ")

    ip_addr = '184.105.247.71'
    username = 'pyclass'
    #password = getpass()
    password = '88newclass'
    port = 22

    remote_conn_pre = paramiko.SSHClient()
    remote_conn_pre.set_missing_host_key_policy(paramiko.AutoAddPolicy())

    remote_conn_pre.connect(ip_addr, port=port, username=username, password=password,
                            look_for_keys=False, allow_agent=False)
    remote_conn = remote_conn_pre.invoke_shell()

    time.sleep(1)
    clear_buffer(remote_conn)
    disable_paging(remote_conn)

    for item in command:
    	output = send_command(remote_conn, cmd=item)
    	print('\n>>>>')
    	print(output)
    	print('>>>>\n')


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

```

Which of the following functions or classes contains a `CWE-295: Improper Certificate Validation` vulnerability?

  A) clear_buffer
  B) main
  C) send_command
  D) disable_paging
Answer: B
system: You are an expert security code reviewer. You will be shown a source code file. Your task is to name the single function or class that contains the specified CWE vulnerability.

OUTPUT FORMAT: Respond with the exact function or class name (no parentheses, no qualifiers, no module prefixes), wrapped in \boxed{...}. Example: `\boxed{salted_hmac}`. Output the boxed name ONLY -- no explanation, no other text.

user: ```python
#!/usr/bin/env python

"""Use Paramiko to retrieve the entire 'show version' output."""
from __future__ import print_function, unicode_literals
import paramiko
import time
from getpass import getpass

"""

1. Use Paramiko to retrieve the entire 'show version' output from pynet-rtr2. 


2. Use Paramiko to change the 'logging buffered <size>' configuration on pynet-rtr2. This will require that you enter into configuration mode.

pynet-rtr2 = 184.105.247.71
    username = pyclass
    password = 88newclass

"""

ip_addr = '184.105.247.71'
port = 22
username = 'pyclass'
password = '88newclass'
command = ('term len 0', 'conf term', 'logging buffered 7777', 'end')
MAX_BUFFER = 65535

def clear_buffer(remote_conn):
    """Clear any data in the receive buffer."""
    if remote_conn.recv_ready():
        return remote_conn.recv(MAX_BUFFER).decode('utf-8', 'ignore')


def disable_paging(remote_conn, cmd='terminal length 0'):
    """Disable output paging (i.e. --More--)."""
    cmd = cmd.strip()
    remote_conn.send(cmd + '\n')
    time.sleep(1)
    clear_buffer(remote_conn)


def send_command(remote_conn, cmd='', delay=1):
    """Send command down the channel. Retrieve and return the output."""
    if cmd != '':
        cmd = cmd.strip()
    remote_conn.send(cmd + '\n')
    time.sleep(delay)

    if remote_conn.recv_ready():
        return remote_conn.recv(MAX_BUFFER).decode('utf-8', 'ignore')
    else:
        return ''


def main():
    """Use Paramiko to retrieve the entire 'show version' output."""
    
    #try:
    #    ip_addr = raw_input("Enter IP address: ")
    #except NameError:
    #    ip_addr = input("Enter IP address: ")

    ip_addr = '184.105.247.71'
    username = 'pyclass'
    #password = getpass()
    password = '88newclass'
    port = 22

    remote_conn_pre = paramiko.SSHClient()
    remote_conn_pre.set_missing_host_key_policy(paramiko.AutoAddPolicy())

    remote_conn_pre.connect(ip_addr, port=port, username=username, password=password,
                            look_for_keys=False, allow_agent=False)
    remote_conn = remote_conn_pre.invoke_shell()

    time.sleep(1)
    clear_buffer(remote_conn)
    disable_paging(remote_conn)

    for item in command:
    	output = send_command(remote_conn, cmd=item)
    	print('\n>>>>')
    	print(output)
    	print('>>>>\n')


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

```

Name the function or class in this code that contains a `CWE-295: Improper Certificate Validation` vulnerability.
Answer: main
system: You are an expert security code reviewer. You will be shown a source code file. Your task is to name the single function or class that contains the specified CWE vulnerability.

OUTPUT FORMAT: Respond with the exact function or class name (no parentheses, no qualifiers, no module prefixes), wrapped in \boxed{...}. Example: `\boxed{salted_hmac}`. Output the boxed name ONLY -- no explanation, no other text.

user: ```python
from flask import render_template, Blueprint, request, make_response
import logging, json
from models import contact_email
from home import app
home_blueprint = Blueprint('home',__name__,url_prefix='/')

@app.route('/', methods=['GET','POST'])
def home():
    logging.info("Loading home page...")
    return render_template('index.html')

@app.route('/message/', methods=['POST'])
def message():
    logging.info("Received POST request to send email")
    logging.info(request.data)
    logging.info(json.loads(request.data))
    sentmail = contact_email(json.loads(request.data))
    if sentmail:
        return make_response("Message Sent!")
    else:
        return make_response("Message Send Failuire!"), 500

```

Name the function or class in this code that contains a `CWE-117: Improper Output Neutralization for Logs` vulnerability.
Answer: message
system: You are an expert security code reviewer. You will be shown a source code file along with a multiple-choice question listing several function or class names from that file. Your task is to identify which one contains the specified CWE vulnerability.

OUTPUT FORMAT: Respond with the single letter of the correct option, wrapped in \boxed{...}. Example: `\boxed{B}`. Output the boxed letter ONLY -- no explanation, no other text.

user: ```python
#!/use/bin/env python
"""Fetch and sync reveal.js resources
"""
import shutil
import sys
from pathlib import Path
from urllib.request import urlretrieve
import tarfile


def validate_dir_state(target: Path) -> bool:
    expected = [
        'sphinx_revealjs',
    ]
    actually = all([(target / e).exists() for e in expected])
    return actually


def download_release(target: Path, version: str = '3.8.0') -> Path:
    target.mkdir(exist_ok=True)
    url = f"https://github.com/hakimel/reveal.js/archive/{version}.tar.gz"
    dest = target / f"revealjs-{version}.tgz"
    if not dest.exists():
        urlretrieve(url, str(dest))
    return dest


def extract_archive(target: Path) -> Path:
    with tarfile.open(str(target)) as tr:
        dir_name = tr.getmembers()[0].name
        tr.extractall(str(target.parent))
        return target.parent / dir_name


if __name__ == '__main__':
    base_dir = Path.cwd()
    valid = validate_dir_state(base_dir)
    if not valid:
        print('Nooo')
        sys.exit(1)
    downloaded = download_release(base_dir / 'var')
    extracted = extract_archive(downloaded)
    src_list = [
        'css',
        'js',
        'lib',
        'plugin',
        'LICENSE',
    ]
    dest_base = base_dir / 'sphinx_revealjs' \
        / 'themes' / 'sphinx_revealjs' / 'static' / 'revealjs'
    for src_ in src_list:
        src = extracted / src_
        dest = dest_base / src_
        if src.is_dir():
            shutil.rmtree(dest)
            shutil.copytree(src, dest)
        else:
            dest.unlink()
            shutil.copy2(src, dest)

```

Which of the following functions or classes contains a `CWE-22: Improper Limitation of a Pathname to a Restricted Directory ('Path Traversal')` vulnerability?

  A) extract_archive
  B) download_release
  C) validate_dir_state
Answer: A
system: You are an expert security code reviewer. You will be shown a source code file along with a multi-select question listing several CWE (Common Weakness Enumeration) categories. Your task is to identify which of the listed CWEs are present in the code.

OUTPUT FORMAT: Respond with the letter(s) of all correct options, sorted alphabetically and comma-separated, wrapped in a single \boxed{...}. Examples: `\boxed{A}` for one correct, `\boxed{A,C}` for two, `\boxed{A,C,E}` for three. Output the boxed answer ONLY -- no explanation, no other text.

user: ```python
# main.py
# -------------------------
# Fall 2014; Alex Safatli
# -------------------------
# Webapp interface.

import webapp2, jinja2, os, cgi, hearthstone, json
from drafter import drafter
from gameMode import gameModeContext

VERSIONTYPE = 'Beta'
VERSION = 5
JINJA_ENVIRONMENT = jinja2.Environment(
    loader = jinja2.FileSystemLoader(os.path.dirname(__file__)))

class MainPage(webapp2.RequestHandler):
    def get(self):
    
        # Get parameters from form elements.
        hero  = cgi.escape(self.request.get('hero'))
        gmode = cgi.escape(self.request.get('mode'))
        opt   = cgi.escape(self.request.get('option'))
        gold  = cgi.escape(self.request.get('gold'))
                
        # Set values in case of empty input.
        if hero == '' or hero == 'random': hero = None
        if gmode == '': gmode = 'arena'
                        
        # Set dummy object.
        draft = None
        
        # If a type was provided from input...
        if True:
            # Instantiate and provide a draft.
            draft = drafter(preferred_hero=hero,mode=gmode,tag={'faction':opt,'gold':gold})
            hero, draftsets = draft.get()
            
        # Jinja template value and handling.
        mode = gameModeContext(gmode,opt)
        template_values = {'mode':mode,'draft':draft,'hero':hero,\
            'classes':draft.collection.getHeroNames(),'version':VERSION,\
            'version_category':VERSIONTYPE}
        template = JINJA_ENVIRONMENT.get_template('index.html')
        
        # Write to HTML file.
        self.response.write(template.render(template_values))
        
app = webapp2.WSGIApplication([('/', MainPage)],debug=True)

```

Which of the following CWE vulnerability categories are present in this code? Multiple options may be correct.

  A) CWE-312: Cleartext Storage of Sensitive Information
  B) CWE-326: Inadequate Encryption Strength
  C) CWE-79: Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
  D) CWE-732: Incorrect Permission Assignment for Critical Resource
  E) CWE-94: Improper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection')
  F) CWE-643: Improper Neutralization of Data within XPath Expressions ('XPath Injection')
Answer: C
system: You are an expert security code reviewer. You will be shown a source code file along with a multi-select question listing several CWE (Common Weakness Enumeration) categories. Your task is to identify which of the listed CWEs are present in the code.

OUTPUT FORMAT: Respond with the letter(s) of all correct options, sorted alphabetically and comma-separated, wrapped in a single \boxed{...}. Examples: `\boxed{A}` for one correct, `\boxed{A,C}` for two, `\boxed{A,C,E}` for three. Output the boxed answer ONLY -- no explanation, no other text.

user: ```python
#! /usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
#
# >>
#   stencil-blog, 2020
#   - blake
# <<

"""Define a valid configuration that a user's config file can be compared against."""

import os
import toml
import ujson as json
from typing import Dict

from jinja2 import Template

DEFAULT = {"source": "", "destination": "", "templates": ""}


def load_config(path: str) -> Dict:
    """Two-pass config loader.

    Can do replacement with self-defined keys on second pass, using Jinja templates.
    """
    if not os.path.exists(path):
        raise IOError(f"{path} does not exist")
    ext = os.path.splitext(path)[-1].lower()
    with open(path, "r") as fp:
        data = fp.read()
    if ext == ".json":
        fn = json.loads
    elif ext == ".toml":
        fn = toml.loads
    else:
        raise IOError(f"cannot load {path} with extension {ext}")
    conf = DEFAULT.copy()
    conf.update(fn(data))
    # do a second pass on the config file to do inline replacement of values
    conf = fn(Template(data).render(**conf))
    return conf

```

Which of the following CWE vulnerability categories are present in this code? Multiple options may be correct.

  A) CWE-1004: Sensitive Cookie Without 'HttpOnly' Flag
  B) CWE-312: Cleartext Storage of Sensitive Information
  C) CWE-776: Improper Restriction of Recursive Entity References in DTDs ('XML Entity Expansion')
  D) CWE-79: Improper Neutralization of Input During Web Page Generation ('Cross-site Scripting')
  E) CWE-614: Sensitive Cookie in HTTPS Session Without 'Secure' Attribute
  F) CWE-918: Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF)
Answer: D
system: You are an expert security code reviewer. You will be shown a source code file along with a multiple-choice question listing several function or class names from that file. Your task is to identify which one contains the specified CWE vulnerability.

OUTPUT FORMAT: Respond with the single letter of the correct option, wrapped in \boxed{...}. Example: `\boxed{B}`. Output the boxed letter ONLY -- no explanation, no other text.

user: ```python
# indeed_job_scraper.py
# https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eN_3d4JrL_w

import csv
from datetime import datetime
import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup

def get_url(position, location):
    """
    Generate the URL using job title/position and location
    """
    template = 'https://www.indeed.com/jobs?q={}&l={}'
    url = template.format(position, location)

    return url


def get_record(card):
    """
    Extract details from a job "card" from Indeed.com page.
    """
    atag = card.h2.a
    job_title = atag.get('title')
    job_url = 'https://www.indeed.com' + atag.get('href')

    company = card.find('span', {'class': 'company'}).text.strip()
    job_location = card.find('div', 'recJobLoc').get('data-rc-loc')
    job_summary = card.find('div', 'summary').text.strip()

    post_date = card.find('span', 'date').text
    today = datetime.today().strftime('%Y-%m-%d')

    # If salary range is not provided, set to empty string.
    try:
        job_salary = card.find('span', 'salaryText').text
    except (AttributeError):
        job_salary = ''
    
    record = (job_title, company, job_location, post_date, today, job_summary, job_salary, job_url)

    return record


def main(position, location):
    """
    Main program routine
    """
    records = []
    url = get_url(position, location)
    #url = get_url("it analyst", "Tulsa OK")

    while True:
        response = requests.get(url)
        print(response)

        soup = BeautifulSoup(response.text, 'html.parser')
        cards = soup.find_all('div', 'jobsearch-SerpJobCard')

        # Get list of records from each job "card" on page
        for card in cards:
            record = get_record(card)
            records.append(record)

        print(records[0])

        # Handle multiple pages of results
        try:
            url = 'https://www.indeed.com' + soup.find('a', {'aria-label': 'Next'}).get('href')  # Find 'Next' button on page
        except (AttributeError):
            break

    # Save results to CSV file
    output_file = "indeed_jobs_" + datetime.today().strftime('%Y_%m_%d') + ".csv"
    with open(output_file, 'w', newline='', encoding='utf-8') as f:
        writer = csv.writer(f)
        writer.writerow(['JobTitle', 'Company', 'Location', 'PostDate', 'ExtractDate', 'Summary', 'Salary', 'JobUrl'])
        writer.writerows(records)

if __name__ == "__main__":
    main("Information Technology", "Tulsa, OK")
```

Which of the following functions or classes contains a `CWE-312: Cleartext Storage of Sensitive Information` vulnerability?

  A) get_record
  B) get_url
  C) main
Answer: C