by imaging vois in the intact kidney at higher resolution, and aligning this with our lower resolution scans, we further demonstrate that, akin to rat, and varying from the traditional hierarchy of the kidney vasculature observed in nephrology and anatomical textbooks, glomeruli in humans can originate from non - terminal arterioles. in further comparisons with the rat kidney vasculature, we found that although similar trends in vascular radius were seen, there was a significant difference in the change in radius with vessel order between species. this may be explained by the larger radii range in the human kidney between renal artery and afferent arterioles, relative to the volume of the human kidney; but could also be dependent on the difference in approach to calculation of the strahler order for each study. we also found that the exponent for radial scaling is closer to the wbe model ( 0. 5 ) than murray ’ s law value of 0. 33. this is broadly in alignment with previous work, where exponents of 0. 47 – 0. 58 were found for trees with vascular diameters ≥200 µm and 70 – 20≥ µm, respectively. wide variation between theoretical exponents and those derived from real imaging data is widely accepted and often attributed to the complexity of real vessels including factors such as mechanical strain, the elastic nature of arteries during pulsatile flow and turbulent flow patterns. specific to the kidney, while murray ’ s law or the wbe model assume idealised flow - optimised network, or ideal fractal scaling, kidneys likely exhibit non - optimal but functional scaling due to their high - resistance, low - compliance vascular network which is needed to support hemodynamic fluctuations due to changes in glomerular filtration and autoregulation. however, it should also be noted that due to the ex vivo nature of hip - ct, and the consequent lack of vascular tone, extracting such radial scaling laws from these data may have additional sources of error compared to in vivo imaging techniques. deviations from theoretical laws support the idea that vascular systems adapt based on tissue - specific demands rather than universal optimisation principles. this idea can be further supported by examining regional heterogeneity of vascular morphology in different anatomical zones of the kidney. the segmentation of hilar, medullary, intramedullary and cortical zones of hip - ct images from the same kidney support this hypothesis. for example, the increased inter - vessel distance observed within the medulla, as compared to the cortex, is pertinent. the medulla experiences physiological hypoxia, and increased inter - vessel distance, paired with the oxygen diffusion limit, provides a potential anatomical rational for this phenomenon, in addition to the unique solute and gas exchange mechanisms that take part in this region of the kidney. the data provided in this study, and resultant insights into how morphology of the kidney vasculature varies by different renal compartments, could shed light on the mechanisms underpinning the unique cellular and molecular adaptations of specialised endothelia across the kidney vascular network. our pipeline and the hip - ct data provide a framework to potentially study how the vasculature within each anatomical compartments is differentially affected by kidney disease, with potential for understanding the basis of vascular rarefaction and pathological hypoxia. further studies with higher resolution hip - ct or with microfill of the human kidney could potentially preserve vessel radius more ac curate ly and resolve capillaries allowing extension of the work. such information is important to acquire in human samples, as it could potentially influence simulations of haemodynamics, oxygenation or drug delivery; and generation of synthetic vessel trees for in silico experiments. the human kidney vasculature is exquisitely specialised to meet the physiological demands of the kidney. underpinning this specialisation is the cellular and molecular heterogeneity of endothelial beds within the renal vasculature, of which we are gaining an increasing understanding due to the advent of improved techniques such as single - cell and spatially - resolved transcriptomics. the rapid and recent advances in our understanding of cellular and molecular heterogeneity of the kidney vasculature has not been matched by structural insights, likely because of limitations in imaging technologies. we have overcome many of these limitations using hip - ct, where the exceptional contrast, coupled with appreciable spatial resolution at scale, allows us to capture and segment the 3d vascular architecture of an intact human kidney. furthermore, within high - resolution vois, hip - ct allows glomeruli and afferent arterioles to be segmented and, in selected cases, be connected back to the vascular tree of the intact whole organ. robust and reproducible analysis of vascular networks relies on the careful application of a multi - stage image processing pipeline, which we have outlined in this paper. we have developed an approach which utilises multiple annotators and comparison to higher resolution scans to validate segmentation accuracy as a crucial first step. following segmentation, we have developed a skeletonisation approach, which can be scaled to large datasets, and also provides corrections for radius estimation when portions of the vasculature have collapsed. finally, we applied a truncated strahler ordering to the vessel spatial graph, providing a meaningful ordering system with respect to known anatomical vessel descriptions, as well as facilitating quantification of individual vessels within the vascular hierarchy. by developing and applying this pipeline, we have produced quantitative vascular branching metrics from an intact human organ for the first time. these metrics exceed other studies on cadaveric human kidney cast and dye injections, which report arterial branches corresponding to truncated strahler orders 7 – 9. we provide quantitative comparison between the human kidney vasculature and that of the rat, the latter of which has been key for inputs to generate biophysical models of kidney haemodynamics. the quantitative analysis pipeline performed in this paper serves multiple purposes. first, it allows the whole kidney vasculature dataset to be represented in a single spatial graph, comprising only kilobytes of data. this spatial graph, which is provided as supplementary data, is readily quantifiable. whereas prior simulations of kidney haemodynamics and perfusion have relied on seminal μct studies performed in rat, we provide, for the first time, a map of the kidney arterial network from renal artery to interlobular arteries. we demonstrated our segmentation approach to be ac curate, with 97 % of vessels of > 50 µm radius captured across the intact human kidney. these data thus provide vital inputs for biophysical modelling of kidney physiology. the data also serves as a reference to study kidney diseases, in which vascular rarefaction is a pathophysiological hallmark. the pipeline described could be used to generate vascular maps from multiple kidneys, or other human organs, potentiating spatial ‘ atlases ’ of human organ vasculature across healthy and pathological contexts. beyond these, our openly available dataset has immediate practical applications, such as providing inputs for bioprinting and tissue engineering of artificial kidneys or planning surgical resection of kidney tumours whilst preserving kidney function. these datasets can also be used as a tool for medical education and training, as well as for the creation and advancement of surgical methods. there are several limitations of this work. firstly, the low throughput of hip - ct vascular segmentation warrants discussion. here, we present the complete analysis from a single kidney as a framework for future studies of kidneys in health and disease or other intact human organs.