NoeFlandre/osm-polygon-wikidata-only huggingface dataset:
Political Security Directorate

The Political Security Directorate (PSD, Arabic: إدارة الأمن السياسي, romanized: Idarat al-Amn al-Siyasi) was an intelligence service of Ba'athist Syria. It was divided into an Internal Security Department and an External Security Department. Intelligence division was affiliated to the Ministry of Interior. Its activities involved the surveillance of the satellite parties of National Progressive Front and was active against the Syrian opposition. It monitored literature, print publications, political dissent, and all media outlets. This intelligence service was headed by Major General Ghaith Shafeeq Deeb from 5 February 2021 until December 2024. Organization The Political Intelligence Directorate was supervised by the Ministry of Interior. The PSD was also controlled by former President Bashar al-Assad through the National Security Bureau of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party Central Command. It was divided into two departments: Internal Security Department (ISD) Investigative Branch Operations Branch External Security Department (ESD) Arab Affairs Branch Refugee Affairs Branch Zionist and Jewish Affairs Branch Directors Ahmad Sa'id Salih (Early 80s —1987) Adnan Badr Hassan (1987–2002) Ghazi Kanaan (2002–2004) Muhammad Mansoura (2004–2009) Mohammed Dib Zaitoun (2009 – 25 July 2012) Rustum Ghazali (25 July 2012 – 24 April 2015) Head of Investigative branch: Brig. Gen. Makhmoud al-Khattib (2011). Head of Operations branch: Brig. Gen. Mohamed Heikmat Ibrahim (2011). Nasser Muhammad Al-Ali (24 April 2015–2017) Mohammad Khaled al-Rahmoun (2017–26 November 2018) Hossam Louka (26 November 2018–July 2019) Nasser Muhammad Al-Ali (July 2019–5 February 2021) Ghaith Shafeeq Deeb (5 February 2021–December 2024) Regional Directors Rif Dimashq branch: Brig. Gen. Sameer al-Sheikh (1993–2005) Aleppo branch: Brig. Gen. Akram Ali Muhammad (2009–2013) Daraa branch: Brig. Gen. Atef Najib (2011), the European Union sanctioned him on 9 May 2011 for "being responsible for the violence against protesters in Daraa during the Syrian uprising". He was replaced by Brig. Gen. Nasser al-Ali. Damascus branch: Brig. Gen. Riad al-Shahada (2020–2024) Other Syrian intelligence agencies National Security Bureau General Intelligence Directorate Military Intelligence Directorate Air Force Intelligence Directorate References
Direction de la sécurité politique (Syrie)

La Direction de la sécurité politique (en arabe : إدارة الأمن السياسي, Idarat al-Amn al-Siyasi) est un ancien service de renseignement de la Syrie actif durant la période Baasiste. Le service est actif contre l'opposition et participe à la gestion des centres de détention. Il prend part activement à la répression violente du soulèvement révolutionnaire commencé au printemps 2011, et plusieurs de ses responsables sont placés sous sanctions internationales. Le service de la Direction de la sécurité politique est divisé en un département de sécurité intérieure et un département de sécurité extérieure. Il surveille notamment l'expression de l'opposition et de la dissidence politique, les partis politiques enregistrés et tous les médias du pays. Le service est dissous à la chute du régime Assad. Historique et dirigeants De 1987 à 2002, le chef de la Direction de la sécurité politique est Adnan Badr Hassan, un syrien de confession alaouite originaire d'al-Mukharram, près de Homs. Hassan est, remplacé en 2002 par Ghazi Kanaan, remplacé en 2004 par Muhammad Mansoura. En 2011, c'est Mohammed Dib Zaitoun, un syrien de confession alaouite, qui dirige le service ; il est placé sous sanctions européennes. En 2012, il est remplacé par Rustum Ghazali, puis par Nasser al-Ali en 2015, après la mort de Ghazali. Ce dernier est également placé sous sanctions internationales. Après la chute du régime Assad, tous les services de renseignement syriens, dont la Direction de la sécurité politique, sont dissous par le gouvernement de transition mené par Ahmed al-Charaa. Chefs de la direction de la sécurité politique Ahmad Sa'id Salih (passé - 1987) Adnan Badr Hassan (1987 - 2002) Ghazi Kanaan (2002 - 2004) Muhammad Mansoura (2004 - 2009) Mohammed Dib Zaitoun (2009 - juillet 2012), Rustum Ghazali (juillet 2012 - avril 2015) Nasser Ali (avril 2015 - 2017) Mohammad al-Rahmoun (2017 - novembre 2018) Husam (Muhammad) Louka (novembre 2018 - juillet 2019) Directeurs de branches Chef de la section des enquêtes : général de brigade Makhmoud al-Khattib (2011). Chef de la division des opérations : général de brigade Mohamed Heikmat Ibrahim (2011). Chefs régionaux de la direction de la sécurité politique Le chef du Service de la sécurité politique de chaque gouvernorat est considéré comme le premier responsable de la sécurité de ce gouvernorat après le gouverneur. Branche de Deraa : Atef Najib (2011), l'Union européenne le place sous sanctions internationales pour « être responsable de la violence contre les manifestants à Daraa pendant le soulèvement syrien ». Il est remplacé par le général de brigade Nasser al-Ali. Articles connexes Autres services de renseignement syriens Direction générale de la Sécurité, Idarat al-Amn al-Amm Service de renseignement de l'armée de l'air Shu'bat al-Mukhabarat al-'Askariyya, Direction de l'Intelligence militaire Divers Services de renseignement syriens Prisons et centres de détention en Syrie Références Portail du renseignement Portail de la Syrie
Управление политической безопасности

Управление политической безопасности (араб. شعبة الأمن السياسي‎) — одна из спецслужб разведывательного сообщества Сирийской Арабской Республики. В её компетенцию входит выявление организованной политической деятельности, направленной против интересов действующей власти, включая наблюдение и надзор за диссидентами, а также за деятельностью иностранцев, находящихся в стране, и их контактами с местными жителями. Также осуществляет контроль за печатными изданиями и содержанием аудио-видео продукции. В 2012—2015 годах управление возглавлял Рустум Газа́ли, суннит по вероисповеданию. Руководители Управления политической безопасности Ахмад Саид Салих (? — 1987) Аднан Бадр Хассан (1987—2002) Гази Канаан (2002—2004) Мухаммад Мансура (2004—2009) Мухаммад Диб Зайтаун (2009 — июль 2012) Рустум Газа́ли (июль 2012 — апрель 2015). Примечания
Управління політичної безпеки

Управління політичної безпеки (Idarat al-Amn al-Siyasi) — одна із спецслужб розвідувального співтовариства Сирії. До її компетенції входить виявлення організованої політичної діяльності, спрямованої проти інтересів існуючого режиму, включаючи спостереження і нагляд за дисидентами, а також за діяльністю іноземців, які перебувають в країні, і їх контактами з місцевими жителями. Також здійснює контроль за друкованими виданнями і змістом аудіо-відео продукції. У 2012—2015 роках управління очолював Рустум Газалі, суніт за віросповіданням. Див. також Головне управління безпеки Військова розвідка Сирії Повітряні розвідувальні сили Примітки
Mosque of Prophet Huri

The Mosque of the Prophet Huri or Nebi Huri Mosque (Arabic: مسجد النبي هوري; Kurmanji Kurdish: Mizgefta Pêxemberê Hurî) is a mosque and mausoleum located at the archeological site of Cyrrhus near Afrin, Syria. It was formerly known as the Nebi Huri Mausoleum (ضريح النبي هوري) as well. It is built around a Roman-period hexagonal tower tomb which was converted into an Islamic shrine or mausoleum during the Mamluk period. Nebi Huri Nebi Huri was a Sufi saint, whom the locals believed had the abilities to grant the wishes of anyone who was sincere. Other traditions cite the name of Nebi Huri as being "Prophet Huri" as an Islamicized version of Uriah the Hittite who was a military general for the army of King David. However, the tomb is actually that of a military commander who worked under the Roman Empire. History Roman era The building was originally a hexagonal tower tomb, dated to have been built during the 2nd or 3rd century BCE, during the rule of the Roman Empire. It is also described as being a tomb for a Roman military commander. The site surrounding the tomb, and possibly the tomb itself, was damaged in 1140 CE, during Crusader rule, by a huge earthquake. Mamluk era In 1303 CE, during the rule of the Mamluk Sultanate, the tower tomb was given a new attribution to a saint named Nebi Huri. The Roman cemetery next to the tomb became used for Muslim burials. In the same year, the tower tomb was converted into a Muslim shrine, and its bottom level became known as the grave of Nebi Huri. In 1314 CE, a mosque was built next to the tower tomb by Ala ad-Din ibn Altunbugha, the Mamluk governor of Aleppo. Ottoman era In 1875, during Ottoman rule, the old Mamluk-era mosque was demolished and a new mosque building replaced it. The mosque was used as a congregational mosque, where the Friday prayers were performed. It was a prominent site of visit by the residents of nearby villages. Modern history The tower tomb was damaged and looted during the Afrin offensive in 2018. It was reported that soldiers of the Free Syrian Army ransacked the tomb looking for treasure. They had also overturned the wooden cenotaph over the tomb of Nebi Huri, and threw rubbish all over the tomb's floor. Precious items were allegedly stolen from the places around the tomb as well. In 2020, after the wars in that region had ended, Turkish authorities reconstructed the Nebi Huri mausoleum. It was also incorporated into part of a larger mosque complex, known as "Mosque of the Prophet Huri", but several artefacts which remained at the site were destroyed and removed. The Turkish renovations added a wooden balcony to the mosque, but the minbar of the mosque was replaced with a new wooden one which was more evocative of Ottoman architecture. The restoration efforts by the Turkish government were criticized as an attempt to "Ottoman-nize" Syrian history and heritage, because historical heritage was removed and destroyed during the renovation. Gallery See also Syrian Civil War SDF insurgency in northern Syria Afrin offensive (January–March 2018) Sunni Islam in Syria List of mosques in Syria References
Marota City

Marota City (Arabic: ماروتا سيتي) is an under-construction development project in Damascus, Syria. It is a mixed-use development project near Umayyad Square. The project is viewed as a post-war reconstruction efforts to progress Syria after the years-long civil war, which was started in 2011. The project provides 110,000 job opportunities and 27,000 permanent job opportunities. The project site is located on the side of international road of Damascus, which connects to Lebanon and Jordan. The project symbolizes post-war reconstruction of Syria. However, it has been also met with criticism. Project The project involves the reconstruction of mixed-used buildings, which provides 12,000 housing units for an estimated 60,000 residents. Marota City, the new district in Damascus, is supposed to host modern real estate developments within a space of 2,149,000 square meters. It includes gardens, water and sports spaces, administrative, and investment and commercial buildings, including two health centers, a fire station, 17 schools and kindergartens, five places of worship, and a floor car park. References
Militärflugplatz Abu z-Zuhur

Der Militärflugplatz Abu z-Zuhur liegt östlich von Abu z-Zuhur, Provinz Idlib. Syrischer Bürgerkrieg Der Flugplatz wurde im Syrischen Bürgerkrieg seit September 2012 von einer islamistischen Allianz aus der dschihadistisch-salafistischen Terrororganisation al-Nusra-Front, der dschihadistischen Dschaisch al-Fatah sowie der ebenfalls dschihadistischen Islamischen Turkestan-Partei belagert. Ende August 2015 nahm diese zunächst den Einfahrtsbereich ein und eroberte am 9. September 2015 schließlich den gesamten Flugplatz. Nach der Einnahme wurden gefangene Soldaten der syrischen Armee auf dem Flugplatz ermordet. Dabei wurden 56 Menschen getötet. Am 9. Januar 2018 erreichten die syrische Armee und ihre Verbündeten, von Süden kommend, im Zuge einer Offensive den Flugplatz. Am 20. Januar 2018 erlangte die syrische Armee die Kontrolle über das Gelände des Flughafens zurück. Einzelnachweise
Abu al-Duhur Air Base

Abu al-Duhur Air Base (sometimes spelled Abu ad-Duhur) is a major Syrian Air Force air base. The airbase is located about 5 km east of Abu al-Duhur, in Idlib Governorate. Syrian Civil War During the Syrian Civil War, rebel groups had taken control of significant territory within the vicinity of Abu al-Duhur Air Base beginning in 2012. After surrounding the airbase for nearly three years, and killing at least 56 government soldiers in an early morning attack, the al-Nusra Front took control of the airbase in September 2015. A video showed a number of fighter jets that had been out of service for several years mostly pulled to the side of the aprons, and rocket launchers. On 10 January 2018, the Syrian army and allies recaptured the air base. Over the course of the Syrian Civil War, the airbase was completely destroyed and rendered useless. On 30 November 2024, rebel groups led by Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham recaptured the air base along with Shaheed Suad Al-Kayari Airport. See also List of Syrian Air Force bases Siege of Abu al-Duhur Airbase References
Абу-эд-Духур (аэродром)

Абу-эд-Духур (араб. أبو الظهور‎) — аэродром сирийских арабских ВВС, расположенный восточнее города Абу-эд-Духур мухафаза Идлиб. В ходе гражданской войны в стране в течение 3 лет был в осаде. За контроль над авиабазой развернулись ожесточённые бои между правительственными войсками и террористическими группировками. Захвачен боевиками Джабхат ан-Нусры 9 сентября 2015 года. Освобождён Сирийской Армией 20 января 2018. История До войны на аэродроме базировалась 678 эскадрилья, на вооружении которой были МиГ-23МС, МиГ-23МФ и МиГ-23УБ, и неизвестной эскадрильи, вооружение которой МиГ-21МФ, МиГ-21бис и МиГ-21УМ. В 2005 году самолёты МиГ-23МС были списаны. Из боеготовых машин на авиабазе остались: МиГ-23МФ-2 МиГ-23УБ и МиГ-21- около 3-4 машин. Первое серьёзное боестолкновение произошло 30 апреля 2013 года, когда боевики проникли на территорию базы. После этого вплоть до сентября 2015 года авиабазу оборонял батальон спецназа, всего около 300 человек. 9 сентября 2015 года группе защитников из 40 человек удалось выйти к своим войскам, в ходе этой операции погиб командир базы, генерал Инсан аз-Зухури, возглавлявший прорыв. Все способные летать самолёты были перебазированы на аэродром Хама, часть авиационного вооружения достались боевикам. В начале января 2018 сирийскими штурмовыми отрядами «Силы тигра» был осуществлён прорыв обороны группировки террористов Хайат Тахрир Аш Шам, 10 января «Силы Тигра» заняли Аэродром, однако на следующий день были выбиты террористами Хайят Тахрир аш Шам. После недели подготовки 20 января Сирийская арабская армия, штурмовые отряды «Силы Тигра» и Хезболла возобновили атаки на авиабазу, предприняв новый штурм, после которого авиабаза была освобождена от боевиков Хайят Тахрир аш-Шам. Примечания Ссылки Авиабаза Абу аз-Зухур
Mezzeh Air Base

Mezzeh Air Base (Arabic: مطار المزة العسكري; also spelled Mazzeh) is an air base located in Mezzeh, Damascus, Syria, south-west of the old centre of Damascus. It had one runway of 8,258 feet (2,517 m) length, at elevation 2,407 feet (734 m). History During World War II the Mazzeh airfield was a military base for the Vichy French air force, which also permitted Germany to use its bases. On 19 May 1941, British aircraft attacked the airfield, destroying some modern Potez 63 aircraft as well some older Potez 25 biplanes. After Syrian independence in 1946, Mazzeh became a base for the Syrian Air Force. "By the end of 1957 the SAF had two operational MiG-17 squadrons defending the capital from their base at al-Mezze near Damascus." In 1966, it became also the Defense Companies headquarters. On 13 October 1973, during the Yom Kippur War, the Israeli Air Force bombed al-Mazzah airbase, targeting helicopters and infrastructure to disrupt Syrian troop movements. Syrian civil war In mid-2013 the airbase was described by the BBC as "an important strategic installation [which] plays a significant role in distributing the government's military supplies." Reuters reported in mid-2013 that it was "used by Syria's elite Republican Guard, Special Forces and Air Force Intelligence, [and] also serves as a private airport for the Assad family." It also said that during the Syrian civil war the base was "used to fire rockets and artillery at rebellious Sunni Muslim neighbourhoods on the edge of the capital." Mezzeh Air Base was also used by the Syrian regime as a jail to imprison opponents during the Syrian civil war. Various inquiries and investigations reported that acts of torture and possible war crimes were committed in the jails of Mezzeh Air Base. The airbase was subject to an attack that was blamed on Israel by Syrian authorities on 13 January 2017. Post-Assad regime and conversion to civilian airport On 8 December 2024, shortly after Damascus fell, it was targeted by Israeli airstrikes, most likely to prevent the appropriation of strategic weapons by Syrian rebels, destroying it. In July 2025, the General Authority of Civil Aviation announced that the airbase will be converted into a civilian airport, primarily intended for private aircraft operations. See also List of Syrian Air Force bases References
Mezzeh Military Airport

Mezzeh Military Airport (engelska: Mazzeh Military Airport) är en flygplats i Syrien. Den ligger i provinsen Damaskus, i den sydvästra delen av landet, 7 kilometer sydväst om huvudstaden Damaskus. Mezzeh Military Airport ligger 728 meter över havet. Terrängen runt Mezzeh Military Airport är kuperad åt nordväst, men åt sydost är den platt. Runt Mezzeh Military Airport är det ganska tätbefolkat, med 75 invånare per kvadratkilometer.. Närmaste större samhälle är Damaskus, 7,5 kilometer nordost om Mezzeh Military Airport. Runt Mezzeh Military Airport är det i huvudsak tätbebyggt. Kommentarer Källor
Wadi International University

Die Wadi International University (WIU; arabisch جامعة الوادي الدولية الخاصة, DMG Ǧāmiʿat al-Wādī ad-duwaliyya al-ḫāṣṣa) vormals Wadi German Syrian University (WGSU) ist eine private deutsch-syrische Universität im Wadi an-Nadara zwischen den syrischen Städten Homs und Tartus. Geschichte Am 18. September 2005 wurde die private Wadi German Syrian University eröffnet, was durch einen Erlass Baschar al-Assads von 2001, in dem er die Gründung privater Universitäten erlaubte, ermöglicht wurde. Die von einflussreichen syrischen Geschäftsleuten und Akademikern gegründete Wadi Company für Bildung und Wissenschaft und deutsche Initiatoren wie die Deutsch Syrische Gesellschaft für Wissenschaft und Technik, die Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg und die Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg mit Unterstützung des Deutschen Akademischen Austauschdienstes ermöglichten dieses Projekt. Unter der Federführung der Universität Magdeburg, insbesondere Claus Rautenstrauch, dem Vizepräsidenten für Lehre und Forschung, wurden die Aufbauorganisation, die Entwicklung von Curricula sowie der Aufbau eines Qualitätsmanagementsystems für Forschung und Lehre realisiert. 2007 wurde der Kooperationsvertrag mit der WGSU erweitert. Studiengänge (Bachelor) Business Informatics Computer Engineering Business Administration E-Marketing E-Banking Management and E-Business Architecture Kritik Das Ergebnis einer unabhängigen Evaluierung durch vier international erfahrene Wissenschaftler offenbarte unüberwundene Fehlentwicklungen und Problemfelder, durch welche trotz aller Erfolge des Projektes die Qualitätsstandards für eine DAAD-Förderung nicht mehr sichergestellt werden konnten. Aus diesem Grund wurde die Förderung durch den DAAD zum Ende des Studienjahres 2007/08 eingestellt. Einzelnachweise Weblinks Wadi International University (englisch) Aufbau und Weiterentwicklung der privaten Wadi German-Syrian University (PDF; 223 kB)
Wadi International University

Wadi International University (Arabic: جامعة الوادي الدولية الخاصة), commonly referred to as the German Syrian University, is a private, internationally oriented university, located in Wadi al-Nasara in Syria. The university was founded by German Syrian immigrants living in Germany with strong connections to German higher education institutions. The university was initially named as WGSU, Wadi German Syrian University, but was later changed to WIU, Wadi International University. WIU made strong agreements with multiple German universities such as Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, University of Oldenburg and Brandenburg University of Technology, to support its faculties and to distinguish itself from other private universities in Syria. WIU is the only university in Syria that teaches its programs in English. The university offers ten bachelor degrees, and is organized into three faculties. WIU has a student body of approximately 2500 undergraduate students. Dual degrees WIU made agreements with multiple German universities such as Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, University of Oldenburg and Brandenburg University of Technology, to offer dual degrees in many of its bachelors. In order to achieve the dual degrees, prospective students have to finish a semester at the German university, which resulted in an exchange student program. Every year a number of students from the different departments travel to Germany to finish their respective semester in order to achieve the dual degree. The engineering and management students mostly attend the Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg and the architecture student attend the Brandenburg University of Technology. Organization The university has Four faculties: Faculty of Dentistry Faculty of Engineering Faculty of Management Faculty of Pharmacy The university offers bachelor degrees in the following majors: Dentistry (5 year program) Computer Engineering (5 Year program) Communications Engineering (5 Year program) Business Informatics (5 Year program) Architecture (5 Year program) Civil Engineering (5 Year program) Business Administration (4 Year program) E-Marketing (4 Year program) E-Banking (4 Year program) Management and E-Business (4 Year program) Pharmacy (5 Year program) References External links Official website Wadi International University on Facebook
Hama Castle

Hama Castle (Arabic: قلعة حماة) is a mostly-ruined fortress located in Hama, Syria, Located on the Orontes River. History The location is dated back to the Seleucids. Later on, it was taken by the Romans, until it was captured by Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah. It was later controlled by the Qarmatians, Mirdasids and the Seljuks. It was devastated during the 1157 Hama earthquake. Afterwards, it was rebuilt by the Zengids and Ayyubids, before it was destroyed by the Mongols in 1258. Sultan Baibars rebuilt it again, and by the Ottoman era, it had lost its strategic value and barely anything of it was left. It was excavated by a Danish expedition between 1931 and 1938. See also List of castles in Syria References Sources Shaw, Ian; Jameson, Robert (2008) [1999]. A Dictionary of Archaeology. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-75196-1.