HVDC Gotland

The HVDC Gotland, on the Swedish east coast, was the first fully commercial static plant for high-voltage direct current transmission (HVDC) in the world. Gotland 1 The first HVDC Gotland link (Gotland 1) went into service in 1954. It could transfer 20 megawatts over a 98-kilometer-long submarine cable between Västervik on the mainland and Ygne on the island of Gotland, with a voltage of 100 kV. Mercury arc valves were used in the static inverter. The Swedish company ASEA manufactured the connection for Vattenfall, the state-owned energy provider. In 1970 the service was re-engineered to a transmission capacity of 30 megawatts at a voltage of 150 kV by using the first thyristor module for HVDC applications. Gotland 2 However even this capacity was not high enough and in 1983 a new monopolar link, HVDC Gotland 2 with a transmission capacity of 130 MW and a transmission voltage of 150 kV was established. It consists of a 92.9 kilometers long cable with a single copper conductor of 800 mm2 cross section, from which 92 kilometres are submarine and 0.9 kilometres underground. Beside this, HVDC Gotland 2 has a 6.6 kilometres long overhead powerline section between Västervik static inverter plant and the Swedish Coast. It has 2 Aluminium conductors each with a cross section of 910 mm2, which are installed on wooden poles - perhaps the only HVDC powerline using such poles. Gotland 3 In 1987 HVDC Gotland 3, a further monopolar link, with a transmission capacity of 130 MW and transmission voltage of 150 kV was installed. It consists of a 98 kilometers long cable with a single copper conductor of 800 mm2 cross section. 92 kilometres of this cable are laid in the sea and 6 kilometres underground on land. Structure The grounding electrode of the Västervik Inverter Station is situated at Almvik on Östra Eknö, that of Ygne Inverter Station at Gravfält. Both electrodes are used for Gotland 2 and Gotland 3 and are situated in sea-water filled basins close to the sea. At Almvik there are 2 such basins, while Gravfält uses only one. The basin design of the electrodes prevents fishes from getting too close to the electrodes, which may harm them. The Almvik electrode is connected with Västervik Inverter Station by an 18.95 kilometres long line with 4 overhead line and 3 submarine cable sections for strait crossings. The overhead line sections, which have a total length of 17 kilometres are installed on wooden poles and consist of 2 Aluminium conductors each with 910 mm2 cross section. The total length of the cable sections amounts to 1.95 kilometres and consist of 2 cables each with 1000 mm2 cross section. The connection between Ygne Inverter Station and Gravfält Electrode has a length of 12.75 kilometres. It consists of a 12 kilometres long overhead line on wooden poles, which uses 2 Aluminium conductors each with 910 mm2 cross section and a 0.75 kilometres long underground cable consisting of 2 Aluminium conductors each with 1000 mm2 cross section. Sites Waypoints Overhead line on the Swedish Mainland 57.728830°N 16.649292°E﻿ / 57.728830; 16.649292 57.727991°N 16.651368°E﻿ / 57.727991; 16.651368 57.721153°N 16.651711°E﻿ / 57.721153; 16.651711 57.718387°N 16.653712°E﻿ / 57.718387; 16.653712 57.714237°N 16.654930°E﻿ / 57.714237; 16.654930 57.711793°N 16.660954°E﻿ / 57.711793; 16.660954 57.703025°N 16.676401°E﻿ / 57.703025; 16.676401 57.699976°N 16.680856°E﻿ / 57.699976; 16.680856 57.694865°N 16.689101°E﻿ / 57.694865; 16.689101 57.690854°N 16.699723°E﻿ / 57.690854; 16.699723 57.685483°N 16.713198°E﻿ / 57.685483; 16.713198 Electrode line on the Swedish Mainland 57.728787°N 16.647438°E﻿ / 57.728787; 16.647438 57.728739°N 16.646322°E﻿ / 57.728739; 16.646322 57.727696°N 16.644273°E﻿ / 57.727696; 16.644273 57.723468°N 16.640462°E﻿ / 57.723468; 16.640462 57.719535°N 16.639469°E﻿ / 57.719535; 16.639469 57.707652°N 16.638836°E﻿ / 57.707652; 16.638836 57.693538°N 16.635961°E﻿ / 57.693538; 16.635961 57.682696°N 16.639512°E﻿ / 57.682696; 16.639512 57.678121°N 16.638686°E﻿ / 57.678121; 16.638686 57.652599°N 16.625758°E﻿ / 57.652599; 16.625758 57.648288°N 16.623741°E﻿ / 57.648288; 16.623741 57.644944°N 16.622427°E﻿ / 57.644944; 16.622427 57.642119°N 16.621874°E﻿ / 57.642119; 16.621874 57.623802°N 16.637173°E﻿ / 57.623802; 16.637173 57.612707°N 16.653471°E﻿ / 57.612707; 16.653471 57.608089°N 16.659253°E﻿ / 57.608089; 16.659253 57.602916°N 16.670897°E﻿ / 57.602916; 16.670897 57.590618°N 16.685947°E﻿ / 57.590618; 16.685947 57.582124°N 16.688479°E﻿ / 57.582124; 16.688479 57.580045°N 16.691000°E﻿ / 57.580045; 16.691000 57.577408°N 16.693216°E﻿ / 57.577408; 16.693216 57.575285°N 16.696509°E﻿ / 57.575285; 16.696509 57.602782°N 16.671307°E﻿ / 57.602782; 16.671307 Electrode line on Gotland 57.577183°N 18.206276°E﻿ / 57.577183; 18.206276 57.572359°N 18.203154°E﻿ / 57.572359; 18.203154 57.549371°N 18.177180°E﻿ / 57.549371; 18.177180 57.529447°N 18.160883°E﻿ / 57.529447; 18.160883 57.510034°N 18.129324°E﻿ / 57.510034; 18.129324 57.513345°N 18.122211°E﻿ / 57.513345; 18.122211 57.516171°N 18.111793°E﻿ / 57.516171; 18.111793 See also Uno Lamm ASEA References The Gotland HVDC link https://web.archive.org/web/20051115122606/http://www.transmission.bpa.gov/cigresc14/Compendium/GOTLAND.htm https://web.archive.org/web/20051115122606/http://www.transmission.bpa.gov/cigresc14/Compendium/Gotland%20Pictures.pdf Extruded Cables for High-Voltage Direct-Current Transmission: Advances in Research and Development. Wiley-IEEE Press. 2013.