Merkit

The Merkit (; Mongolian: [ˈmircɪt]; lit. 'Wise Ones') was one of the five major tribal confederations of Mongol or Turkic origin in the 12th-century Mongolian Plateau. The Merkits lived in the basins of the Selenga and lower Orkhon River (modern south Buryatia, Bulgan Province and Selenge Province). After a struggle of over 20 years, they were defeated in 1200 by Genghis Khan and their lands were incorporated into the Mongol Empire. Etymology The word Merkit (Merged) with a hard "g" is a plural form derived from the Mongolian word mergen (мэргэн), which means both "wise" and "skillful marksperson", e.g. adept in the use of bow and arrow. The word is also used in many phrases in which it connotes magic, oracles, divination, augury, or religious power. Mongolian language has no clear morphological or grammatical distinction between nouns and adjectives, so mergen may mean "a sage" as much as "wise" or mean "skillful" just as much as "a master". Merged becomes plural as in "wise ones" or "skillful markspeople". In the general sense, mergen usually denotes someone who is skillful and wise in their affairs. Three Merkits The Merkits were a confederation of three tribes, inhabiting the basin of the Selenga and Orkhon Rivers. The Uduyid Merkits lived in Buur-kheer, near the lower Orkhon River; The Uvas Merkits lived in Tar, between the Orkhon and Selenge Rivers; The Khaad Merkits ("Kings" Merkits) lived in Kharaji-kheer, on the Selenge River. Relations The Merkits established contact with the Mongol Confederation and Keraites. They were related to Naimans, Khitans, Telengits and Kirghiz. According to Rashid al-Din Hamadani, the Merkits were a branch of the Mongols. Western European authors of the 13th century mention the Merkits. They believed that they shared a similar appearance and spoke the same language with other Mongol tribes. Conflict with Genghis Khan Temüjin's mother Hoelun, originally from the Olkhonud, had been engaged to the Merkit warrior Yehe Chiledu. She was abducted by Temüjin's father Yesugei, while being escorted home by Yehe Chiledu. In turn, Temüjin's new wife Börte was kidnapped by Merkit raiders from their campsite by the Onon river around 1181 and given to one of their warriors the brother of Yehe Chiledu named Chilger-Bökö who may have forcibly married her. Temüjin, supported by his brother (not blood-related) Jamukha and his khan etseg ('khan father') Toghrul of the Keraites, attacked the Merkit and rescued Börte within the year. The Merkits were dispersed after this attack. Shortly thereafter she gave birth to a son named Jochi. Temüjin accepted Jochi as his eldest son, but the question lingered throughout Jochi's life of whether he was the son of Genghis Khan or Chilger-Bökö. These incidents caused a strong animosity between Temüjin's family and the Merkits. From 1191 to 1207, Temujin fought the Merkits five times. By the time he had united the other Mongol tribes and received the title Genghis Khan in 1206, the Merkits seem to have disappeared as an ethnic group. Those who survived were absorbed by other Mongol (Oirats, Buryats, Khalkhas) and Turkic tribes (Kazakhs, Kyrgyz) and others who fled to the Kipchaks mixed with them. In 1215–1218, Jochi and Subutai crushed the remnants of them under their former leader Toqto'a Beki's family. The Mongols clashed with the Kankalis or the Kipchaks because they had sheltered the Merkit. Genghis Khan had a Merkit khatun (queen) named Khulan. She died while Mongol forces besieged Ryazan in 1236. Late Merkits A few Merkits achieved prominent positions among the Mongols. Great Khan Guyuk's beloved khatun Oghul Qaimish, who was a regent from 1248 to 1251, was a Merkit woman. The traditionalist Bayan and his nephew Toqto'a served as grand chancellors of the Yuan dynasty. Notes References