NoeFlandre/osm-polygon-wikidata-only huggingface dataset:
Forte da Ínsua

Die neuzeitliche Festung Forte da Ínsua liegt auf der kleinen Insel Ínsua in der Gemeinde União das Freguesias de Moledo e Cristelo im Kreis Caminha im Nordwesten Portugals. Lage Die Festung liegt auf der etwa 600 × 250 m kleinen Insel Ínsua oder Ínsua de Santo Isidro rund 350 m westlich der portugiesischen Küste im Mündungsgebiet des portugiesisch-spanischen Grenzflusses Minho (spanisch Rio Miño). Die nur wenige Meter über dem Meeresspiegel liegende Insel besteht zum überwiegenden Teil aus Granitklippen, nur östlich zum Festland ist ein kleiner Sandstrand vorhanden, der das Anlanden von Booten erlaubt. Geschichte Mit der Gründung eines Franziskanerklosters im Jahre 1392 wird die Insel erstmals erwähnt. Die erste Festung der Insel, von der heute keine Spuren mehr erhalten sind, wurde zur gleichen Zeit im Auftrag von Johann I. (portugiesisch D. João I) errichtet. Sowohl die Festung als auch das Kloster wurden in den folgenden Jahrhunderten mehrfach erweitert und umgebaut. Ihre heutige Form erhielt die Festung in den Jahren 1649–1676 durch den Gouverneur D. Diogo de Lima, der den Bau einer neuen Festung veranlasste, die die gestiegenen Befestigungsanforderungen erfüllen sollte. Während der französischen Invasion 1807 wurde die Insel von spanischen und französischen Truppen besetzt. 1843 wurde das Kloster aufgegeben und die Festung komplett vom Militär übernommen. Der letzte Gouverneur der Festung wurde 1909 benannt. Ein Jahr später, im Jahr 1910, wurde sie als Monumento Nacional eingetragen und geschützt. Festung Der fast quadratische Innenraum der Festung von 50 × 55 m wird durch die nördliche und westliche Bastion sowie die südliche und östliche Halbbastion zu einem sternförmigen Grundriss von etwa 90 × 100 m erweitert. Die Flanken der Bastionen sind nicht eingezogen, sondern stoßen fast rechtwinkelig auf die jeweiligen Kurtinen. Die südöstliche Kurtine ist mittig zusätzlich durch eine Zwischenbastion ohne Flanken geschützt. Der Nordostkurtine ist ein Ravelin vorgelagert, das den kleinen Strand, den Haupteingang zur Festung sowie die auf der Insel entspringende Süßwasserquelle schützt. Die Unterkünfte sowie Verwaltungs- und Versorgungsbauten der Besatzung grenzen im Innenraum unmittelbar an die Festungsmauern, da der überwiegende Teil des Innenraums durch das Kloster eingenommen wird, das seinerseits durch eine eigene Klostermauer gegen den militärischen Komplex abgegrenzt ist. Einzelnachweise Literatur Júlio Gil u. Augusto Cabrita: Os mais belos castelos e fortalezas de Portugal. Lissabon 1986 (portugiesisch). Weblinks Forte da Insua Vista aérea 4K. Abgerufen am 11. Februar 2018 (portugiesisch, Luftbildfilm der Festung).
Fuerte de Ínsua

El Fuerte de Ínsua es una fortificación ubicada en la feligresía de Moledo, en Caminha, en el distrito de Viana del Castelo, Portugal. La insua de Santo Isidro está situada en la desembocadura del río Miño, a doscientos metros de la costa. Antecedentes Esta pequeña isla fue utilizada como lugar de culto. En época cristiana había en ella una pequeña ermita, bajo la invocación de Nuestra Señora de la Ínsua. La fortaleza original Durante el reinado de Juan I de Portugal, franciscanos de Galicia levantaron en la isla un monasterio entre los años 1388 y 1392. Algunos autores datan en esa época la primera defensa local. El rey Manuel I de Portugal reformó y amplió esa defensa en 1512, al igual que haría años más tarde Felipe I de Portugal. Sin embargo no existen vestigios de esas estructuras añadidas. El fuerte setecentista Situado en una región fronteriza estratégica para el acceso a Caminha, la actual estructura se debe al contexto de la Guerra de la Restauración de la independencia portuguesa, durante el reinado de Juan IV de Portugal, mandada construir entre 1649 y 1652 por Diogo de Lima. Reparado y reforzado en los siglos siguientes, fue abandonado hasta que en 1940 pasó a manos del Ministério de las Finanças de Portugal. Actualmente está en condiciones precarias de conservación, se registró la pérdida de los soportes de madera de los tejados y de las tejas, de los azulejos seiscentistas, de las pinturas y de las imágenes de la capilla. La estructura puede ser visitada por el público, siendo la travesía hasta la isla hecha por pequeñas embarcaciones locales. Características El fuerte presenta planta cuadrangular con baluartes en los vértices. Un revellín protege el portón de armas. En torno al terraplén, al lado de las murallas, se encuentran los depósitos y barracones de la tropa. En el centro estarían las edificaciones de servicio: Casa de Comando y cuartel de la tropa, cocina y capilla. Un pozo de agua potable abastecía a la guarnición, compuesta por un Gobernador (comandante) y doce plazas, renovadas semanalmente. Ese pozo destaca por situarse en el mar, siendo uno de los tres únicos existentes en el mundo con esa característica. Bibliografía Gil, J. y cabrita, La: Los más bellos castillos y fortalezas de Portugal. Editorial Verbo, 1996. ISBN 972-22-1135-8
Fort D. Luís I.

Das Forte de D. Luís I, vor allem bekannt als Fort von Caxias oder Gefängnis von Caxias, ist ein ehemaliges Fort der Lissabonner Befestigungsanlage. Seit 1916 wird das Fort als Gefängnis genutzt und erlangte in der Zeit des Estado Novo Bekanntheit als das Hauptgefängnis der staatlichen Geheimpolizei PIDE/DGS, die dort die Mehrheit der politischen Gefangenen inhaftierte. Geschichte Die Arbeiten für das Fort begannen 1879 als Teil der Lissabonner Befestigungs- und Verteidigungsanlagen (Campo Entrincheirado de Lisboa) und konnten 1886 abgeschlossen werden. Das Fort trug zunächst den Namen „Forte de Caxias“ (Fort von Caxias). 1901 ließ der portugiesische Staat das Fort zu Ehren des 1889 verstorbenen Königs D. Luís I. nach ihm umbenennen. Ab 1916 verlor das Fort seine Funktion als Stützpunkt der Lissabonner Verteidigungslinie und wurde vom Staat fortan als Gefängnis genutzt. Zunächst waren vor allem nicht gehorsame Soldaten des 1. Regiments der Infanterie (1916) inhaftiert, später auch Markträuber, streikende Bauarbeiter sowie 63 Angestellte der staatlichen Post, die im September 1917 aus Solidarität mit 900 auf dem Boot Lourenço Marques festgehaltenen Kollegen streikten. Mit dem Übergang in einen faschistischen Staat (Estado Novo) wurde der nördliche Teil des Forts ab Januar 1935 als politisches Gefängnis genutzt, ab 1960 galt es als Hochsicherheitsgefängnis. Es wurde als das größte Gefängnis der PIDE in Portugal bekannt und war besonders für seine Grausamkeit der PIDE und ihre Foltermethoden berüchtigt. Zahlreiche Widerstandskämpfer waren dort inhaftiert, eine Flucht gelang praktisch nie. Lediglich im Dezember 1961 gelang acht inhaftierten Kommunisten eine Flucht. Während der Geschehnisse der Nelkenrevolution im April 1974 war das Gefängnis von Caxias ein bewusstes Ziel der Demonstrierenden. Am Morgen des 26. April wurden alle Insassen befreit. Nach einer längeren Zeit ohne Funktion erhielt die Generaldirektion für Justizvollzug (Direcção-Geral dos Serviços Prisionais) im Dezember 1988 das Gebäude zurück und nutzte fortan den Nordteil wieder als Hochsicherheitsgefängnis. Der Südteil wurde ab 1995 wieder unter anderem als Krankenstation für Angestellte wie Häftlinge genutzt. In jüngster Zeit wurde das Gefängnis vor allem durch zahlreiche Fluchtversuche bekannt, zuletzt flohen 2017 drei Häftlinge über ein Fenster aus der Anstalt. Zudem soll das Gefängnis zu den zehn am stärksten genutzten Justizvollzugsanstalten des Landes gehören und konstant überbelegt sein – 2017 waren 518 Personen in der Anstalt inhaftiert, obwohl die maximale Belegungszahl nur mit 334 angegeben wird. Weblinks Informationsseite zum derzeitigen Gefängnis von Caxias (portugiesisch) José Hipólito dos Santos: Um Natal na prisão de Caxias (1962), [Ein Weihnachten im Gefängnis von Caxias (1962)], Erinnerungsbericht eines Inhaftierten (portugiesisch) Einzelnachweise
Fort of King Luís I

The Fort of King Luís I (Forte D. Luís I), also referred to as the Fort of Caxias (Forte de Caxias) and the Fort-prison of Caxias (Forte-prisão de Caxias), is located in the parish of Caxias, in the municipality of Oeiras in the Lisbon district of Portugal. It presently functions as a prison. Built between 1879 and 1886 it was intended as one of a number of forts, known as the Campo Entrincheirado of Lisbon, that formed a defensive perimeter that followed the boundaries of Lisbon at the time. It consisted of two separate strongholds, the north and the south. Originally called the Fort of Caxias, it was renamed as the Fort of King Luís I in 1901 in honour of the king who died in 1889. The fort was first used as a prison in 1916 when a group of soldiers who mutinied were arrested. In 1917 it was used to house construction workers who had gone on strike and in the same year telegraph workers on strike were also held there. From 1935 the southern part of the fort was used by the Estado Novo dictatorship as a political prison, which included torture chambers, and this continued until Portugal’s Carnation Revolution, when its doors were opened on April 25, 1974. It was subsequently used briefly to detain right-wing politicians. The fort was transferred to Portugal’s Prison Service in December 1988. Although the fort was not generally used by the Estado Novo to accommodate the communist party’s top leaders, who were mainly held in the Peniche Fortress, it did witness a mass escape on 4 December 1961 when eight communist party members were able to escape in an armoured car, which they succeeded in smashing through the main gate. The driver had taken a long time gaining the confidence of the guards by convincing them that he had rejected communism and was now on their side. In this way he was able to gain access to the vehicle, which was normally used for President Salazar. Past prisoners References
Établissement pénitentiaire de Caxias

L'établissement pénitentiaire de Caxias est un hôpital-prison proche de Lisbonne, aux alentours du village de Caxias, dans la municipalité de Oeiras. Elle est célèbre pour avoir été une prison politique durant l’Estado Novo, ou étaient détenus les opposants au régime, pour la plupart des militants communistes et socialistes. Après la révolution des Œillets, pendant la période révolutionnaire de 1974-75, elle a servi à emprisonner ceux qui étaient considérés « réactionnaires ». On y utilisait les plus récentes découvertes techniques conçues par la CIA. Détenus notables Le tueur en série franco-algérien Sid Ahmed Rezala y sera incarcéré en 2000. Notes et références Liens externes (pt) Site officiel How the CIA Taught the Portuguese to Torture, par Christopher Reed. Portail de l’histoire Portail de la prison Portail du Portugal
Forte de D. Luís I

O Forte Rei D. Luís I ou simplesmente Forte D. Luís I, também referido como Forte de Caxias, Prisão de Caxias e Forte-Prisão de Caxias, localiza-se na freguesia de Caxias, município de Oeiras, distrito de Lisboa, em Portugal. História Integrante do Campo Entrincheirado de Lisboa, foi iniciado em 1879 com o nome de Forte de Caxias, sendo concluído em 1886. Em 1901 recebeu o nome de Forte Rei D. Luís I, em homenagem ao falecido soberano, D. Luís I de Portugal. Em 1916 passou a ser utilizado como estabelecimento prisional, ali sendo detidos soldados insubordinados do Regimento de Infantaria N.º 1. No ano seguinte, recebe assaltantes de mercearias (maio de 1917), grevistas da construção civil (9 a 18 de julho), e 63 dos 84 funcionários dos telégrafos-postais (3 a 12 de setembro) em greve desde 1 de setembro de 1917, solidários com os seus 900 colegas detidos a bordo do navio "Lourenço Marques", nas águas do rio Tejo. Com a implantação do Estado Novo Português, o reduto sul do forte passou a ser utilizado como prisão política (24 de janeiro de 1935), tendo-se destacado como a que maior número de presos políticos acolheu até à sua desativação com a Revolução dos Cravos (1974). A fuga mais emblemática ocorreu a 4 de Dezembro de 1961, quando oito dirigentes e militantes do PCP (designadamente Domingos Abrantes, que em 2013 contou, no Museu do Caramulo, os detalhes da fuga) ali presos conseguiram escapar utilizando um Chrysler Imperial blindado que estivera ao serviço de Salazar. Em pleno período do PREC e após a falhada Manifestação de 28 de Setembro de 1974, esteve ao serviço da COPCON para prender políticos de direita. O forte foi cedido à Direcção-Geral dos Serviços Prisionais em dezembro de 1988, tendo entrado em funcionamento, nessa data, o Reduto Norte. O Reduto Sul, após obras de adaptação, entrou em funcionamento em 1995. Características Na sua origem, era uma fortificação permanente, que compreendia dois redutos: Norte e Sul. Atualmente no Reduto Sul, para além dos alojamentos dos reclusos, está instalada ma enfermaria - que serve todo o Estabelecimento Prisional -, gabinetes médicos, refeitório e copa, para além de uma biblioteca, um ginásio, salas de aula, dois recreios, campos de jogos, alojamento dos guardas e estruturas de apoio. Ver também Cadeia do Aljube Campo do Tarrafal Forte de Peniche Referências Ligações externas Prisão de Caxias - Reduto Sul in Caxias.org MEDEIROS, Pedro. "Prisões Políticas Portuguesas". in Centro de Documentação 25 de Abril.
Fort São João Baptista (Vila do Conde)

Fort São João Baptista (Forte de São João Baptista in Portuguese), also known as Fort of Nossa Senhora da Assunção (Forte da Nossa Senhora da Assunção in Portuguese), is located at the mouth of the river Ave, in the town of Vila do Conde, district of Porto, in Portugal. It is currently in good condition and open for visitors. History Initially named Nossa Senhora da Assunção, it has long been known by the name São João Baptista. Construction of the fort commenced in the 1570s, by order of the Constable of Portugal and lord of Vila do Conde, the Duke of Guimarães Dom Duarte, and were directed by Filipe Terzi. Its main role was to defend the rivermouth and the town from pirate attacks. The fort was completed on 28 January 1641 and its first commander was Manuel Gaio Carneiro. The fort was renovated in 1796. After the Portuguese Civil War, the fort lost its military purpose and its garrison was removed. Almost abandoned in the 20th century, it was requalified from 1982 to 1998 as a hotel unit (with 8 rooms), with a project by the architects Paulo Lobo and Amadeo Mandolesi, and resources from the Tourism Fund and the municipality. It opened its doors as a hotel in 1999. The concession's object was short-lived, however, as a few years later, it became an open-air nightclub, open only in the summer. The concession, renewed up to the limit, ended in May 2020. In February 2020, the Chamber opened a new competition, which would be canceled, as the winning proposal (Eskada group) intended to continue with the disco. In February 2021, a new contest was launched. The idea is that the Fort will once again become a hotel, restaurant and beverage establishment. The property must allow visits to the public, host events involving local associations/institutions and be open all year round. The public tender for the concession of the fort for a period of 15 years has a base price of 2.04 million euros. It has been classified as a Property of Public Interest since October 6, 1967. Features The structure has a pentagon shape with pentagon bastions at the edges, in the Vauban style. The walls are made of sloped stone, topped by vertical parapets. In three of the five bastions, watchtowers have a quadrangular plan. The bastions are named: Santo António, Santa Bárbara, São Francisco, São João and Nossa Senhora da Guia. Around the square of weapons, under the shelter of the walls, are distributed the service buildings: Command quarters, barracks, magazine and warehouse. There is a cistern in the center of the courtyard. At the edges of the courtyard are located the ramps that allowed the artillery to be brought up to the bastions. Gallery References
Fort of Nossa Senhora da Guia (Cascais)

The Fort of Nossa Senhora da Guia is located in Cascais, Lisbon District in Portugal. It was built during the Portuguese Restoration War (1640-1668), becoming operational in 1646. The site, which preserves some parts of the fort, is now occupied by a maritime laboratory under control of the Faculty of Sciences of the University of Lisbon. History Located at the landing place on July 28, 1580 of Spanish troops under the command of Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba, the fort of Nossa Senhora da Guia was one of the series aimed at defending Lisbon that stretched from the Tower of Belem close to Lisbon to Cabo da Roca on the Atlantic coast. It was built between 1640 and 1646 in the reign of John IV of Portugal, under the supervision of António Luís de Meneses, 1st Marquis of Marialva (1640-1656). In 1646 it was armed with artillery and the garrison consisted of a corporal, three gunners and twelve soldiers. The fort followed the same rectangular plan used for most of the other forts built along the Cascais coast in the same period. It was able to crossfire with the Fort of São Jorge at Oitavos to the WNW. Its space was divided into two distinct areas, the battery and the accommodation area. By the mid-1700s the structure was already beginning to show signs of degradation, and the 1755 Lisbon earthquake caused further damage. Some restoration was carried out in the 1760s but the main repairs were carried out between 1793 and 1796. At this time the fort was modernized, merlons were built and six openings in the walls were made so that cannons could be used. Work also included remodeling of the internal organization of the fort. Four bartizans were also added, one each in the northwestern and northeastern corners, and another two facing the sea. In 1796 the garrison consisted of just one corporal and two soldiers. By September 1805 it was garrisoned mainly by military invalids and from the end of 1813 it was garrisoned mostly by veterans. Further improvements were carried out in 1829 in the context of the Portuguese Civil War (1828-1834). Additional restoration work was necessary in 1831 and 1832, when the artillery pieces were also restored. In 1832 the garrison consisted of one officer, one corporal, 4 infantrymen and 8 gunners. However the fort was abandoned in 1833 when the army of Miguel I withdrew. See also List of forts References Media related to Forte de Nossa Senhora da Guia (Cascais) at Wikimedia Commons
Forte de Nossa Senhora da Natividade

O Forte de Nossa Senhora da Natividade, 38° 57′ 56″ N, 9° 25′ 09″ O, localiza-se na Ericeira, concelho de Mafra, Distrito de Lisboa, em Portugal. História Foi erguido em 1706 sob o reinado de Pedro II de Portugal, para defesa do porto de pesca e praia dos Pescadores. Em 1821 encontrava-se abandonado e em mau estado de conservação, ainda em consequência da Guerra Peninsular. O relatório de inspeção em 1823 informa que o lado sul do forte desabara parcialmente e que se encontravam arruinadas as duas rodas dos reparos das duas peças de artilharia. No ano seguinte (1824), encontrava-se guarnecido por um sargento e cinco soldados da 6ª Companhia de Veteranos. Um Ofício Régio, datado de 1829, determinou que o forte desse salvas nos dias de festividades. Em 1831 foram substituídas as peças de artilharia de bronze, do calibre 12. Posteriormente, em 1886 registou-se o desabamento de parte da muralha de sustentação do forte. Em 1891 as suas dependências passaram a abrigar a guarnição da Guarda Fiscal. No século XX, após campanha de recuperação empreendida pela Junta de Turismo da Ericeira e pela Câmara Municipal de Mafra, o forte foi aberto ao público em 1976. Características Apresenta planta no formato de um "U" irregular, com volumetria escalonada, culminando com cobertura em terraço. É composto por uma bateria lajeada a oeste, guarnecida por parapeito simples com canhoneiras (com capacidade para 4 ou 5 peças de artilharia), pelos edifícios dos quartéis (três, com tetos abobadados) e pelo paiol. No muro pelo lado de terra rasga-se o portão de armas, em arco de volta perfeita de cantaria encimado por lápide e pedra de armas real.
Fort of Nossa Senhora das Mercês de Catalazete

The Fort of Nossa Senhora das Mercês de Catalazete, also known as the Fort of Catalazete, is located on the right bank of the River Tagus estuary in the municipality of Oeiras in the Lisbon District of Portugal. The fort dates back to 1762, when a small battery was erected on a site between the Fort of São Julião da Barra and the Fort of Santo Amaro do Areeiro, with the purpose of strengthening the defence provided by those two forts. History Built at the time of the Spanish–Portuguese War (1762-63) and the Seven Years' War (1756-63), which involved all European powers, the Fort of Catalazete had an irregular pentagonal design. It initially consisted solely of a masonry parapet, which had been completed by 1763 when an inspection visit reported a garrison with nine firearms, two of 40-gauge bronze and seven of 24-gauge iron. An inspection in 1777 reported that it was still open on the land side (northwest). At this time it was given to a farming family to guard and maintain, while still having artillery and bullets on site. Conservation work was carried out in 1793 and a report from 1796 indicated there were ten 24-gauge pieces. In 1804 it was garrisoned by two corporals and thirteen soldiers. Unlike other maritime strongholds at the time, it remained garrisoned and equipped after the Peninsular War ended in 1814. During the Portuguese Civil War (1828-34), the Fort of Catalazete was guarded by a sergeant, a corporal and twenty artillery soldiers. In 1831 its 36-Caliber pieces responded with 17 shots to the fire of the French fleet that, under the command of Admiral Roussin, entered the River Tagus in 1831, going on to anchor in the port of Lisbon, where it captured eight ships and imposed on Miguel I of Portugal a humiliating surrender. This appears to have been the only time the fort was involved in combat. The fort was deactivated in the middle of the 19th century, when it was inhabited by a single veteran soldier. In 1888 the premises were leased for nine years to a private individual who converted the fort into his residence. He was evicted in 1897 for having failed to pay the rent and a new tenant identified. During the Estado Novo dictatorship (1926-68) the Fort of Catalazete was used by the families of military officials. It was considerably damaged by waves during a strong cyclone-like windstorm that had a direct hit on Lisbon on February 15-16, 1941. Repairs were carried out in 1942 as part of the landscaping for the new Lisbon to Cascais road, known as the Marginal. Following considerable dispute about its use in the 1950s, it became a holiday camp in 1959 for the Mocidade Portuguesa, a government-established youth group, which converted it to use as a youth hostel in 1962. Since 1977, it has been occupied by the Portuguese Association of Youth Hostels. References