Baikonur Cosmodrome

The Baikonur Cosmodrome is a spaceport operated by Russia within Kazakhstan. Located in the Kazakh city of Baikonur, it is the largest operational space launch facility in terms of area. All Russian crewed spaceflights are launched from Baikonur. Situated in the Kazakh Steppe, some 90 metres (300 ft) above sea level, it is 200 kilometres (120 mi) to the east of the Aral Sea and 33 kilometres (21 mi) north of the Syr Darya. It is close to Töretam, a station on the Trans-Aral Railway. Russia, as the official successor state to the Soviet Union, has retained control over the facility since 1991; it originally assumed this role through the post-Soviet Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), but ratified an agreement with Kazakhstan in 2005 that allowed it to lease the spaceport until 2050. It is jointly managed by Roscosmos and the Russian Aerospace Forces. In 1955, the Soviet Ministry of Defense issued a decree and founded the Baikonur Cosmodrome. It was originally built as the chief base of operations for the Soviet space program. The Cosmodrome served as the launching point for Sputnik 1 and Vostok 1. The launchpad used for both missions was renamed "Gagarin's Start" in honour of Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin, who piloted Vostok 1 and became the first human in outer space. As of 2015 under Russian management, Baikonur is a spaceport, with numerous commercial, military, and scientific missions being launched annually. History Soviet era The Soviet government issued Scientific Research Test Range No. 5 (NIIP-5; Russian: 5-й Научно-Исследовательский Испытательный Полигон, Pyatyy Nauchno-Issledovatel'skiy Ispytatel'nyy Poligon) on 12 February 1955. It was actually founded on 2 June 1955, originally a test center for the world's first intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM), the R-7 Semyorka. NIIP-5 was soon expanded to include launch facilities for space flights. The site was selected by a commission led by General Vasily Voznyuk, influenced by Sergey Korolyov, the Chief Designer of the R-7 ICBM, and soon the man behind the Soviet space program. It had to be surrounded by plains, as the radio control system of the rocket required (at the time) receiving uninterrupted signals from ground stations hundreds of kilometres away. Additionally, the missile trajectory had to be away from populated areas. Also, it is advantageous to place space launch sites closer to the equator, as the surface of the Earth has higher rotational speed in such areas. Taking these constraints into consideration, the commission chose Tyuratam, a village in the heart of the Kazakh Steppe. The expense of constructing the launch facilities and the several hundred kilometres of new road and train lines made the Cosmodrome one of the most costly infrastructure projects undertaken by the Soviet Union. A supporting town was built around the facility to provide housing, schools, and infrastructure for workers. It was raised to city status in 1966 and named Leninsk (Russian: Ленинск).The American U-2 high-altitude reconnaissance plane found and photographed the Tyuratam missile test range for the first time on 5 August 1957. In April 1975, in preparation for the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project, the first NASA astronauts were allowed to tour the cosmodrome. Upon their return to the United States, the crews commented that on their evening flight to Moscow they had seen lights on launch pads and related complexes for more than 15 minutes, and according to astronaut Thomas Stafford, "that makes Cape Kennedy look very small." Name According to most sources, the name Baikonur was deliberately chosen in 1961 (around the time of Gagarin's flight) to misdirect the Western Bloc to a place about 320 kilometres (200 mi) northeast of the launch center, the small mining town and railway station of Baikonur near Jezkazgan. Leninsk, the closed city built to support the cosmodrome, was renamed Baikonur on 20 December 1995 by Boris Yeltsin. According to NASA's history of the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project, the name Baikonur was not chosen to misdirect, but was the name of the Tyuratam region before the establishment of the cosmodrome. Environmental impact Russian scientist Afanasiy Ilich Tobonov researched mass animal deaths in the 1990s and concluded that the mass deaths of birds and wildlife in the Sakha Republic were noted only along the flight paths of space rockets launched from the Baikonur cosmodrome. Dead wildlife and livestock were usually incinerated, and the participants in these incinerations, including Tobonov himself, his brothers and inhabitants of his native village of Eliptyan, commonly died from stroke or cancer. In 1997, the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation changed the flight path and removed the ejected rocket stages near Nyurbinsky District, Russia. Scientific literature collected data that indicated adverse effects of rockets on the environment and the health of the population. UDMH, a fuel used in some Russian rocket engines, is highly toxic. It is one of the reasons for acid rain and increased cancers in the local population near the cosmodrome. Valery Yakovlev, a head of the laboratory of ecosystem research of the State scientific-production union of applied ecology "Kazmechanobr", notes: "Scientists have established the extreme character of the destructive influence of the "Baikonur" space center on environment and population of the region: 11,000 tons of space scrap metal, polluted by especially toxic UDMH is still laying on the falling grounds". Scrap recovery is part of the local economy. Importance Many historic flights lifted off from Baikonur: the first operational ICBM; the first man-made satellite, Sputnik 1, on 4 October 1957; the first spacecraft to travel close to the Moon, Luna 1, on 2 January 1959; the first crewed and orbital flight by Yuri Gagarin on 12 April 1961; and the flight of the first woman in space, Valentina Tereshkova, in 1963. 14 cosmonauts of 13 other nations, including Czechoslovakia, East Germany, India and France launched from Baikonur under the Interkosmos program as well. In 1960, a prototype R-16 ICBM exploded before launch, killing over 100 people. Baikonur is also the site from which Venera 9 and Mars 3 were launched. Post-Soviet era Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Russian space program continued to operate from Baikonur under the auspices of the Commonwealth of Independent States. Russia wanted to sign a 99-year lease for Baikonur, but agreed to a US$115 million annual lease of the site for 20 years with an option for a 10-year extension. On 8 June 2005, the Russian Federation Council ratified an agreement between Russia and Kazakhstan extending Russia's rent term of the spaceport until 2050. The rent price – which remained fixed at US$115,000,000 per year – is the source of a long-running dispute between the two countries. In an attempt to reduce its dependency on Baikonur, Russia built the Vostochny Cosmodrome in Amur Oblast. Baikonur has been a major part of Russia's contribution to the International Space Station (ISS), as it is the only spaceport from which Russian missions to the ISS are launched. It is primarily the border's position (but to a lesser extent Baikonur's position at about the 46th parallel north) that led to the 51.6° orbital inclination of the ISS; the lowest inclination that can be reached by Soyuz boosters launched from Baikonur without flying over China. With the conclusion of NASA's Space Shuttle program in 2011, Baikonur became the sole launch site used for crewed missions to the ISS until the launch of Crew Dragon Demo-2 in 2020. In 2019, Gagarin's Start hosted three crewed launches, in March, July and September, before being shut down for modernisation for the new Soyuz-2 rocket with a planned first launch in 2023. The final launch from Gagarin's Start took place 25 September 2019. Gagarin's Start failed to receive funding (in part due to Russian invasion of Ukraine) to modernize it for the slightly larger Soyuz-2 rocket. In 2023, it was announced that the Russian and Kazakhstan authorities plan to deactivate the site as a space launch pad and turn it into a museum (in part for tourism purposes). On 7 March 2023, the Kazakh government seized control of the Baiterek launch complex, one of the launch sites at Baikonur Cosmodrome, banning numerous Russian officials from leaving the country and preventing the liquidation of assets by Roscosmos. One of the reasons for the seizure was due to Russia failing to pay a $29.7 million debt to the Kazakh government. The seizure came after Russia's relations with Kazakhstan became tense due to its ongoing invasion of Ukraine. On 27 November 2025, one of the cosmodrome's launchpads at Site 31/6 sustained significant damage following the launch of the Soyuz MS-28 rocket carrying three cosmonauts to the International Space Station. On March 3, 2026, Roscosmos announced the restoration of the damaged launchpad. Features Baikonur is fully equipped with facilities for launching both crewed and uncrewed spacecraft. It has supported several generations of Russian spacecraft: Soyuz, Proton, Tsyklon, Dnepr, Zenit and Buran. Downrange from the launchpad, spent launch equipment is dropped directly on the ground in the Russian far east where it is salvaged by the workers and the local population. List of launchpads Pad 1/5 (Gagarin's Start) (1957–2019): R-7, Vostok, Voskhod, Molniya, Soyuz – 45.920°N 63.342°E﻿ / 45.920; 63.342 Pad 31/6: R-7A, Vostok, Voskhod, Molniya, Soyuz, Soyuz-2 – 45.996°N 63.564°E﻿ / 45.996; 63.564 Pad 41/3: R-16 (Destroyed in 1960 explosion) – 45.975°N 63.660°E﻿ / 45.975; 63.660 Pad 41/4 : R-16 (1961–67) – 45.976°N 63.665°E﻿ / 45.976; 63.665 Pad 41/15: R-16, Kosmos 3 (1963–68) – 45.976°N 63.669°E﻿ / 45.976; 63.669 Pad 45/1: Zenit-2, Zenit-2M, Zenit-3M – 45.943°N 63.653°E﻿ / 45.943; 63.653 Pad 45/2 (Destroyed in 1990 explosion): Zenit 2 – 45.940°N 63.655°E﻿ / 45.940; 63.655 Pad 51: R-9 (1961–62) – 45.924°N 63.341°E﻿ / 45.924; 63.341 Pad 60/6: R-16 (1963–66) – 46.019°N 64.016°E﻿ / 46.019; 64.016 Pad 60/7: R-16 (1963–67) – 46.018°N 64.018°E﻿ / 46.018; 64.018 Pad 60/8: R-16 (1962–66) – 46.017°N 64.018°E﻿ / 46.017; 64.018 Pad 67/21: Tsyklon, R-36M, R-36O, MR-UR-100 Sotka (1963–72) – 45.989°N 63.705°E﻿ / 45.989; 63.705 Pad 67/22: Tsyklon, R-36, R-36O (1964–66) – 45.990°N 63.707°E﻿ / 45.990; 63.707 Pad 69: Tsyklon-2 Pad 70 (Destroyed in 1963 explosion): R-9 – 46.033°N 63.096°E﻿ / 46.033; 63.096 Pad 75: R-9 – 45.963°N 63.202°E﻿ / 45.963; 63.202 Pad 80/17: Tsyklon (1965) – 46.007°N 64.020°E﻿ / 46.007; 64.020 Pad 81/23 (81L) (inactive >2004): Proton-K – 46.074°N 62.978°E﻿ / 46.074; 62.978 Pad 81/24 (81P): Proton-K, Proton-M – 46.071°N 62.985°E﻿ / 46.071; 62.985 Pad 90/19 (90L) (inactive >1997): UR-200, Tsyklon-2 – 46.081°N 62.932°E﻿ / 46.081; 62.932 Pad 90/20 (90R) (inactive >2006): UR-200, Tsyklon-2 – 46.080°N 62.935°E﻿ / 46.080; 62.935 Pad 101: R-36M (1973–76) – 45.951°N 63.427°E﻿ / 45.951; 63.427 Pad 102: R-36M (1978) – 45.933°N 63.435°E﻿ / 45.933; 63.435 Pad 103: R-36M (1973–77) – 45.952°N 63.445°E﻿ / 45.952; 63.445 Pad 104: R-36M (1972–74) – 45.988°N 63.420°E﻿ / 45.988; 63.420 Pad 105: R-36M (1974–77) – 45.950°N 63.496°E﻿ / 45.950; 63.496 Pad 106: R-36M (1974–83) – 45.951°N 63.497°E﻿ / 45.951; 63.497 Pad 107: R-36 – 46.237°N 63.892°E﻿ / 46.237; 63.892 Pad 108: R-36 – 46.239°N 63.895°E﻿ / 46.239; 63.895 Pad 109/95: R-36M, Dnepr – 45.951°N 63.497°E﻿ / 45.951; 63.497 Pad 110/37 (110L) (inactive >1988): N1, Energia-Buran – 45.965°N 63.305°E﻿ / 45.965; 63.305 Pad 110/38 (110R) (inactive >1969): N1 – 45.962°N 63.310°E﻿ / 45.962; 63.310 Pad 130: UR-100 (1965) – 46.086°N 62.916°E﻿ / 46.086; 62.916 Pad 131: UR-100N, UR-100, Rokot (1965–90) – 46.072°N 62.956°E﻿ / 46.072; 62.956 Pad 132: UR-100NU (2001–02) – 46.037°N 63.048°E﻿ / 46.037; 63.048 Pad 140/18: R-36 (1965–78) – 45.997°N 63.553°E﻿ / 45.997; 63.553 Pad 141: R-36 – 45.910°N 63.349°E﻿ / 45.910; 63.349 Pad 142/34: R-36 (three silo complex) – 45.941°N 63.462°E﻿ / 45.941; 63.462 Pad 160: R-36O – 46.078°N 62.942°E﻿ / 46.078; 62.942 Pad 161/35: Tsyklon (1967–73) – 46.034°N 63.063°E﻿ / 46.034; 63.063 Pad 162/36: Tsyklon (1966–75) – 46.032°N 63.067°E﻿ / 46.032; 63.067 Pad 163: R-36O – 46.014°N 63.169°E﻿ / 46.014; 63.169 Pad 164: R-36O – 45.944°N 63.064°E﻿ / 45.944; 63.064 Pad 165: R-36O – 45.991°N 62.919°E﻿ / 45.991; 62.919 Pad 170: UR-MR-100 (1976–79) – 45.948°N 63.026°E﻿ / 45.948; 63.026 Pad 171: UR-100, UR-100N – 46.104°N 63.008°E﻿ / 46.104; 63.008 Pad 172: UR-MR-100 (1978–81) – 46.065°N 63.092°E﻿ / 46.065; 63.092 Pad 173: UR-MR-100 (1972–78) – 46.029°N 63.131°E﻿ / 46.029; 63.131 Pad 174: UR-100, UR-100K – 46.082°N 62.918°E﻿ / 46.082; 62.918 Pad 175/2: UR-100NU, Rokot, Strela – 46.051°N 62.987°E﻿ / 46.051; 62.987 Pad 175/59: Rokot, Strela – 46.052°N 62.986°E﻿ / 46.052; 62.986 Pad 176: UR-100 – 46.023°N 63.046°E﻿ / 46.023; 63.046 Pad 177: UR-MR-100, UR-MR-100U (1973–78) – 45.980°N 63.100°E﻿ / 45.980; 63.100 Pad 178: UR-100 – 46.025°N 62.891°E﻿ / 46.025; 62.891 Pad 179: UR-100 – 45.989°N 62.964°E﻿ / 45.989; 62.964 Pad 181: UR-MR-100U (1978–79) – 46.057°N 63.032°E﻿ / 46.057; 63.032 Pad 191/66: R-36O (1969–71) – 45.970°N 63.197°E﻿ / 45.970; 63.197 Pad 192: R-36O – 46.024°N 63.300°E﻿ / 46.024; 63.300 Pad 193: R-36O – 45.953°N 63.389°E﻿ / 45.953; 63.389 Pad 194: R-36O – 45.865°N 63.286°E﻿ / 45.865; 63.286 Pad 195: R-36O – 45.793°N 63.275°E﻿ / 45.793; 63.275 Pad 196: R-36O – 45.828°N 63.147°E﻿ / 45.828; 63.147 Pad 200/39 (200L): Proton-M/Proton-K – 46.040°N 63.032°E﻿ / 46.040; 63.032 Pad 200/40 (200R): Proton-K (inactive >1991) – 46.036°N 63.038°E﻿ / 46.036; 63.038 Pad 241: R-36O – 45.858°N 63.456°E﻿ / 45.858; 63.456 Pad 242: R-36O – 45.945°N 63.481°E﻿ / 45.945; 63.481 Pad 243: R-36O – 45.855°N 63.737°E﻿ / 45.855; 63.737 Pad 244: R-36O – 45.840°N 63.634°E﻿ / 45.840; 63.634 Pad 245: R-36O – 45.818°N 63.527°E﻿ / 45.818; 63.527 Pad 246: R-36O – 45.766°N 63.423°E﻿ / 45.766; 63.423 Pad 250 (inactive >1987): Energia – 46.008°N 63.305°E﻿ / 46.008; 63.305 Buran facilities As part of the Buran programme, several facilities were adapted or newly built for the Buran-class space shuttle orbiters: Site 110 – Used for the launch of the Buran-class orbiters. Like the assembly and processing hall at Site 112, the launch complex was originally constructed for the Soviet lunar landing program and later converted for the Energia-Buran program. Site 112 – Used for orbiter maintenance and to mate the orbiters to their Energia launchers (thus fulfilling a role similar to the VAB at KSC). The main hangar at the site, called MIK RN or MIK 112, was originally built for the assembly of the N1 Moon rocket. After cancellation of the N-1 program in 1974, the facilities at Site 112 were converted for the Energia-Buran program. It was here that orbiter 1K was stored after the end of the Buran program and was destroyed when the hangar roof collapsed in 2002. Site 251 – Used as Buran orbiter landing facility, also known as Yubileyniy Airfield (and fulfilling a role similar to the SLF at KSC). It features one runway, called 06/24, which is 4,500 metres (14,800 ft) long and 84 metres (276 ft) wide, paved with "Grade 600" high quality reinforced concrete. At the edge of the runway were two special mate–demate devices; PUA-100 was designed to lift Buran orbiters and complete Energia stages onto the Antonov An-225 Mriya carrier aircraft and the smaller PKU-50 was used with the Myasishchev VM-T Atlant and incomplete orbiters or segments of the Energia core stage. After arrival on one of the transport aircraft, an orbiter was loaded onto a transporter, which would carry the orbiter to the processing building at Site 254. A purpose-built orbiter landing control facility, housed in a large multi-store office building, was located near the runway. Yubileyniy Airfield was also used to receive heavy transport planes carrying elements of the Energia-Buran system. After the end of the Buran program, Site 251 was abandoned but later reopened as a commercial cargo airport. Besides serving Baikonur, Kazakh authorities also use it for passenger and charter flights from Russia. Site 254 – Built to service the Buran-class orbiters between flights (thus fulfilling a role similar to the OPF at KSC). Constructed in the 1980s as a special four-bay building, it also featured a large processing area flanked by several floors of test rooms. After cancellation of the Buran program it was adapted for pre-launch operations of the Soyuz and Progress spacecraft. Intra-site railway All Baikonur's logistics are based on its own intra-site 1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in) gauge railway network, which is the largest industrial railway on the planet. The railway is used for all stages of launch preparation, and all spacecraft are transported to the launchpads by the special Schnabel cars. Once part of the Soviet Railroad Troops, the Baikonur Railway is now served by a dedicated civilian state company. There are several rail links connecting the Baikonur Railway to the public railway of Kazakhstan and the rest of the world. On-site airports The Baikonur Cosmodrome has two on-site multi-purpose airports, serving both the personnel transportation needs and the logistics of space launches (including the delivery of the spacecraft by planes). There are scheduled passenger services from Moscow to the smaller Krayniy Airport (IATA: BXY, ICAO: UAOL), which however are not accessible to the public. The larger Yubileyniy Airport (Юбилейный аэропорт) (IATA: UAON) was where the Buran orbiter was transported to Baikonur on the back of the Antonov An-225 Mriya cargo aircraft. ICBM testing Although Baikonur has always been known around the world as the launch site of Soviet and Russian space missions, from its outset in 1955 and until the collapse of the USSR in 1991 the primary purpose of this center was to test liquid-fueled ballistic missiles. The official (and secret) name of the center was State Test Range No. 5 or 5 GIK. It remained under the control of the Soviet and Russian Ministry of Defense until the second half of the 1990s, when the Russian civilian space agency and its industrial contractors started taking over individual facilities. In 2006, the head of Roscosmos, Anatoly Perminov, said that the last Russian military personnel would be removed from the Baikonur facility by 2007. However, on 22 October 2008, an SS-19 Stiletto missile was test-fired from Baikonur, indicating this may not be the case. Future projects On 22 December 2004, Kazakhstan and Russia signed a contract establishing the "Russia–Kazakhstan Baiterek JV" joint venture, in which each country holds a 50% stake. The goal of the project was the construction of the Bayterek ("poplar tree") space launch complex, to facilitate operations of the Russian Angara rocket launcher. This was anticipated to allow launches with a payload of 26 tons to low Earth orbit, compared to 20 tons using the Proton system. An additional benefit would be that the Angara uses kerosene as fuel and oxygen as the oxidiser, which is less hazardous to the environment than the toxic fuels used by older boosters. The total expenditure on the Kazakh side was expected to be US$223 million over 19 years. As of 2010, the project was stalling due to insufficient funding, but it was thought that the project still had good chances to succeed because it would allow both parties – Russia and Kazakhstan – to continue the joint use of Baikonur even after the construction of Vostochny Cosmodrome. As of 2025, the first test launch of the Baiterek Rocket and Space Complex is scheduled for December 2025. Baikonur Museum The Baikonur Cosmodrome has a small museum, next to two small cottages, once residences of the rocket engineer Sergei Korolev and the first cosmonaut, Yuri Gagarin. Both cottages are part of the museum complex and have been preserved. The museum is home to a collection of space artefacts. A restored test article from the Soviet Buran programme sits next to the museum entrance. The only completed orbiter, which flew a single orbital test mission in 1988, was destroyed in a hangar collapse in 2002. For a complete list of surviving Buran vehicles and artefacts, see Buran programme § List of vehicles. The museum also houses photographs related to the cosmodrome's history, including images of all cosmonauts. Every crew of every expedition launched from Baikonur leaves behind a signed crew photograph that is displayed behind the glass. Baikonur's museum holds many objects related to Gagarin, including the ground control panel from his flight, his uniforms, and soil from his landing site, preserved in a silver container. One of the museum rooms also holds an older version of the Soyuz descent capsule. In 2021, the Baikonur space complex was named as one of the top 10 tourist destinations in Kazakhstan. In 2023, a plan was announced to add the Gagarin's Start launch complex to the museum complex at Baikonur. See also Vostochny Cosmodrome Plesetsk Cosmodrome Svobodny Cosmodrome Kapustin Yar References Further reading J. K. Golovanov, M., "Korolev: Facts and myths", Nauka, 1994, ISBN 5-02-000822-2 "Rockets and people" – B. E. Chertok, M: "mechanical engineering", 1999. ISBN 5-217-02942-0 (in Russian) "A breakthrough in space" – Konstantin Vasilyevich Gerchik, M: LLC "Veles", 1994, – ISBN 5-87955-001-X "At risk," – A. A. Toul, Kaluga, "the Golden path", 2001, – ISBN 5-7111-0333-1 : ignored ISBN errors (link) "Testing of rocket and space technology – the business of my life" Events and facts – A.I. Ostashev, Korolev, 2001.Bibliography 1996–2004 "Baikonur. Korolev. Yangel." – M. I. Kuznetsk, Voronezh: IPF "Voronezh", 1997, ISBN 5-89981-117-X "Look back and look ahead. Notes of a military engineer" – Rjazhsky A. A., 2004, SC. first, the publishing house of the "Heroes of the Fatherland" ISBN 5-91017-018-X. "Rocket and space feat Baikonur" – Vladimir Порошков, the "Patriot" publishers 2007. ISBN 5-7030-0969-3 "Unknown Baikonur" – edited by B. I. Posysaeva, M.: "globe", 2001. ISBN 5-8155-0051-8 "Bank of the Universe" – edited by Boltenko A. C., Kyiv, 2014., publishing house "Phoenix", ISBN 978-966-136-169-9 Mike Gruntman (2019), "From Tyuratam Missile Range to Baikonur Cosmodrome", Acta Astronautica, 155, Elsevier Ltd: 350–366, Bibcode:2019AcAau.155..350G, doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2018.12.021, S2CID 116406451 "I look back and have no regrets. " – Author: Abramov, Anatoly Petrovich: publisher "New format" Barnaul, 2022. ISBN 978-5-00202-034-8 External links Baikonur Cosmodrome historical note (in Russian) and historical pictures (2002) on buran.ru – NPO Molniya, maker of Russian space shuttle Buran RussianSpaceWeb.com on Baikonur 360° interactive panoramas of Baikonur Cosmodrome Baikonur: the town, the cosmodrome, the MetOp-A launch campaign "World's Oldest Space Launch Facility: The Baikonur Cosmodrome." Sometimes Interesting. 26 May 2014 Nedelin Disaster // RussianSpaceWeb.com (in English) Baikonur Cosmodrome at Memory Alpha