Erice

Erice (Italian: [ˈɛːritʃe]; Sicilian: Èrici [ˈɛːɾɪʃɪ]) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Trapani, Sicily, Italy. Situated on the summit of Monte Erice, the town's historic centre occupies the site of the ancient city of Eryx, whose Temple of Venus Erycina made it one of the principal religious centres of the western Mediterranean. The mountain has remained an important centre of religious devotion from antiquity to the present day. The historic centre retains its ecclesiastical architecture, medieval urban layout, and Elymian-Punic fortifications, with few modern interventions. Its elevated position made it a strategic stronghold overlooking the western Sicilian coastline and the Agro Ericino, its historic territory stretching from Monte Erice to the Gulf of Castellammare. Erice is home to the Ettore Majorana Foundation and Centre for Scientific Culture, an international centre for advanced scientific education and research associated with the Erice Statement on scientific responsibility and peace. The city's economy combines conference and educational activities with cultural, heritage and wine tourism, alongside agriculture in the surrounding area. The municipality includes both the hilltop centre and a number of modern lower districts along the Tyrrhenian coast and contiguous with the provincial capital Trapani, as well as hamlets in the Erice DOC wine-producing foothills. Erice is a member of I Borghi più belli d'Italia (The Most Beautiful Villages of Italy). History Antiquity The earliest occupation of the hilltop is debated, but settlement likely began in the early first millennium BCE. Under the Elymians, who called the site Iruka, the community established fortifications and a sanctuary on the summit. With the arrival of the Phoenicians in western Sicily during the early Iron Age (attested by the early 8th century BCE at nearby Motya) and, later, Carthaginian control (from the late 6th century BCE until the Roman annexation in 241 BCE), the settlement developed within a circuit now known as the Elymian–Punic walls. Excavations distinguish an Elymian phase and a Punic rebuilding, including squared blocks bearing Punic mason’s marks; the oldest quarter of the city preserves a capillary network of narrow, irregular lanes often interpreted as part of a defensive, escape-oriented layout. The Greeks (attested from the 5th century BCE) and Romans (after the Roman annexation in 241 BCE) called the settlement Eryx. Within the largely irregular historic street network, Via San Francesco is a notably straight alignment; Caracciolo has interpreted it as evidence of very ancient planning. Excavations and surveys document several ancient construction phases at the sanctuary on the summit. Medieval period The modern settlement of Erice began in the Norman period, when the summit was re-fortified as the Norman Castle of Venus. In the same centuries the kingdom’s ventures in Ifriqiya (1148–1160s) heightened the strategic weight of western Sicily’s heights and sea lanes, with Erice again serving as a defensive stronghold over the Strait of Sicily. During this period the town came to be known as Monte San Giuliano (by tradition since the Norman conquest). In later medieval sources it appears as a royal demesne (città demaniale): in 1413 its universitas petitioned for the royal appointment of a captain and castellan, underscoring direct crown control rather than feudal lordship. The 12th-century traveller Ibn Jubayr described Monte San Giuliano as rich in springs, cultivated fields, vineyards, and a fortress accessible by a bridge. The mountain's springs later supplied the medieval Acquedotto chiaramontano, built under the patronage of the Chiaramonte family to convey water from Monte Erice to Trapani. Monte San Giuliano held an intermediate status in the territorial hierarchy, positioned between a civitas and a casale, and was classified as a terra (land). The Norman fortress anchored the upper citadel, with the Balio Towers serving as its fortified gateway. A second hub formed around the Mother Church, and a third around the Palazzo Giuratorio, seat of the giurati (sworn civic magistrates). The town’s fabric coalesced around these three nodes, linked by the “Royal Road” (now Via Albertina degli Abati) and the “Great Road” (now Via Vittorio Emanuele II). Wealthy families consolidated plots by combining neighbouring properties. By the late 13th–14th centuries a parish network and several monastic houses reinforced this layout, further anchoring the three hubs (see Religious significance). Early modern and Bourbon period (16th–19th centuries) From the 1500s Sicily formed part of Habsburg Spain via the Crown of Aragon, governed as a Spanish viceroyalty. In 1713 the island passed to the House of Savoy under the Treaty of Utrecht; in 1720 Victor Amadeus II exchanged Sicily for Sardinia, transferring Sicily to the Habsburg monarchy. In practice, society remained strongly aristocratic: feudal and ecclesiastical estates dominated landholding and local power well into the modern era, especially in Sicily, where large latifundia and church property were prominent. Within this framework Erice prospered: its population rose from 7,657 in 1584 to about 12,000 by the late 1600s, and the town controlled much of the surrounding countryside. Many palaces and churches date to this period, and the patterned cobbled paving laid with small stones became a defining feature of the historic centre. To meet Spanish billeting obligations (posata), townspeople funded the Spanish Quarter, a barracks begun on the town’s northern edge in the early 17th century and abandoned in 1632, after which troops were housed in the Castle of Venus. In 1734 Charles of Bourbon conquered Naples and Sicily; Bourbon rule continued thereafter, and in December 1816 the two kingdoms were formally unified as the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, which lasted until 1860–61. Bourbon land policies redistributed parts of the demanio (public lands) through emphyteusis—long leases that transferred cultivation rights while reserving ultimate ownership—encouraging new rural settlements such as Custonaci and San Vito Lo Capo. As administrative functions consolidated in Trapani, noble families and residents relocated, and the hilltop town became increasingly depopulated and economically peripheral. In 1860, during the Sicilian phase of the Risorgimento, Erice supplied volunteers to Giuseppe Garibaldi’s campaign. Local patriot Giuseppe Coppola led the town’s volunteers—"875 men from Erice", as a civic plaque records—and fought at the Battle of Calatafimi before helping expel the Bourbon garrison from Trapani. Among the Ericine fallen was the physician Rocco La Russa Peraino, killed at the Ponte dell'Ammiraglio in Palermo on 27 May 1860; both men are commemorated by plaques in Erice. The suppression of monasteries by the Italian state after unification in the late 19th century further altered the town’s institutions and urban fabric. Villeggiatura and salons (c. 1870–1930s) From the late 19th century Erice entered a new phase of prosperity shaped by the culture of villeggiatura—the seasonal retreat of wealthy families to hill towns during the summer. The town’s altitude and cool breezes made it a favoured refuge from the heat of the lowlands, attracting not only residents of Trapani and Palermo but also expatriate Sicilian families from North Africa, including Tunis and Cairo. Institutional life shifted at this time: civic functions moved from the medieval Balio Towers to the newly built Palazzo Municipale, and a piazza was created in front of it as the town’s modern civic centre. The Balio complex was reimagined as a public garden under the patronage of Count Agostino Sieri Pepoli, who leased the towers in the 1870s, laid out the landscaped Balio Gardens, and constructed the neo-Gothic Pepoli Turret as a retreat for study and cultural exchange. The turret became a venue for cultural gatherings, hosting writers, scholars, and musicians of the period. By the early 20th century, civic cultural infrastructure expanded: the Cordici Museum was founded in 1876 and later housed (from 1939) in the upper floors of the town hall, in rooms that had formerly served as the municipal theatre, while the Vito Carvini Municipal Library was formed from suppressed convent collections after unification. These decades also marked the beginnings of organised tourism, with the appearance of guesthouses and small hotels catering to seasonal visitors. The Grand Hotel Igea, opened in 1927–28, attracted figures from Sicilian aristocratic, cultural, business, and political circles, and for many years was a symbol of tourism in Erice. Though the tradition of villeggiatura declined in the 20th century with changing patterns of mobility and leisure, the architecture and public spaces of this period remain distinctive features of Erice. In 1934 the town’s name was officially changed from Monte San Giuliano to Erice. During the Second World War, in 1943, a Luftwaffe operations post associated with Zerstörergeschwader 26 and Jagdgeschwader 27—units flying from nearby Trapani–Milo Airport—was positioned on the slopes of Monte Erice until Allied air raids forced its relocation. After the Allied landings in July 1943, elements of the 2nd Battalion, 505th Infantry Regiment (U.S. Seventh Army) advanced up Monte Erice; Italian forces occupying the ramparts surrendered after initial exchanges of fire. Erice ended the war largely unscathed, with its historic character intact. Intellectualism (since 1962) The post-war decades brought new accessibility: the Trapani-Erice Cable Car—first opened in 1956 and re-inaugurated on 8 July 2005—made the hilltop readily reachable for day-trippers and routine travel between the lower districts and the historic centre. In 1962 the physicist Antonino Zichichi founded the Ettore Majorana Foundation and Centre for Scientific Culture in Erice, establishing a year-round centre for international scientific schools and meetings. The Majorana Foundation has hosted residential schools and workshops that attracted scholars from around the world, including Nobel laureates such as Paul Dirac, Steven Weinberg, and Carlo Rubbia. Courses have ranged across disciplines—from particle physics to ethics, microelectronics, and nutrition—and have produced declarations such as the Erice Statement on the responsibilities of science. The Foundation’s science-for-peace vocation has been acknowledged internationally; the Erice initiatives drew the attention of world leaders including Ronald Reagan, Mikhail Gorbachev, Pierre Trudeau, Olof Palme and Sandro Pertini, and also led to the establishment of initiatives such as the Ettore Majorana–Erice–Science for Peace Prize. Erice has increasingly articulated an identity centred on science, peace, and intercultural dialogue. In March 2019, the municipality formally joined the Coordinamento Nazionale degli Enti Locali per la Pace e i Diritti Umani (National Coordination of Local Authorities for Peace and Human Rights), signalling an official civic commitment to the promotion of peace and human rights. This theme has also been reflected in the repurposing of the historic Pepoli Turret, traditionally a meeting place for intellectuals, which now houses a Peace Observatory described as a “Lighthouse of the Mediterranean”. Local policy documents have further promoted Erice as a “city of science and peace”, framing its modern cultural development around education, research, and initiatives fostering dialogue across the Mediterranean region. Since 1974, Erice has also hosted a branch campus of the University of Palermo in the Casa Santa district through a university consortium established by local authorities and later incorporated into the university’s territorial campus system. Alongside scientific and higher-education institutions, Erice has developed a modern educational role in applied disciplines linked to hospitality and cultural heritage. The Istituto di Istruzione Superiore Ignazio e Vincenzo Florio (a state hospitality and catering school; IPSEOA “Florio”) opened Officucina teaching labs at Palazzo Sales (the former Santa Teresa monastery). Later the school expanded its facilities in the historic centre, opening boarding facilities (convitto) in the former San Carlo monastery and the former Grand Hotel Igea. Religious significance Erice has been an important religious centre since antiquity. Monte Erice and its sanctuaries, sacred woodland, and associated cult traditions were linked at different periods with Elymian, Punic, Greek, Roman, Jewish and Christian forms of worship, forming one of the major religious centres of the western Mediterranean. Religious practices associated with the mountain continued through the medieval and modern periods, including pilgrimage traditions, Marian devotion, and civic-religious festivals. Pre-Christian origins A sanctuary on the summit of Monte Erice existed at least by the 6th century BCE and developed between Elymian, Phoenician and Greek cultural spheres. By the fifth century BCE, the indigenous Elymians living on the mountain maintained a sacred place on the summit. The sanctuary became closely associated with the Elymian city of Eryx and became known in the Greek world. In 415 BCE, people from nearby Segesta led Athenian visitors to the site and displayed silver bowls, ladles and incense burners there as evidence of wealth. Greek writers of the late fifth century BCE referred to it as the temple of Aphrodite at Eryx. Under Punic influence, the goddess worshipped at Eryx became associated with Astarte, linking the mountain sanctuary with wider Phoenician and western Mediterranean religious traditions. The sacred doves associated with Eryx formed part of ritual traditions connected with the goddess, including festivals linked to her symbolic movement across the sea between Sicily and North Africa. Archaeological evidence also points to a significant Punic religious presence at the site: excavations on Monte Erice uncovered a fragment of a Punic votive stele dedicated to Tanit and Baal Hammon, dated to the 4th–3rd centuries BCE. Religious activity on Monte Erice extended beyond the summit sanctuary and included a wider sacred landscape across the mountain slopes. Other cult sites included the Sanctuary of Demeter, while traditions associated the eastern slopes and the Piscina Apollinis spring with the worship of Apollo and with healing and purification rites. The wooded areas below the summit, later associated with the Bosco Sacro di Erice, were connected to the sanctuary enclosure by routes including the stairway leading toward the Runzi gate, described by modern archaeologists as part of the sacred topography of the mountain. Together these features suggest that ritual movement, landscape and natural features formed an important part of religious life on Monte Erice. Diodorus Siculus (1st century BCE) recounts a tale that the craftsman Daedalus built the wall on the crag by the temple and even fashioned a golden ram for the goddess at Mount Eryx. Strabo (early 1st century CE) notes the temple’s wide renown and says that in earlier times many attendants had been dedicated there by people from Sicily and from abroad. Together these accounts reflect the prominence of the hilltop sanctuary in Greek and wider Mediterranean writing. Roman veneration In Roman usage the goddess was called Venus Erycina (“Venus of Eryx”). A Roman coin from 57 BCE shows the sanctuary as a small temple with four front columns, set on a rocky summit within a walled precinct. Coin images are not architectural plans, but they suggest how Romans pictured the hilltop shrine. The prestige of the cult is also reflected in late Roman art. A 3rd–4th century mosaic from Ammaedara (modern Haïdra, Tunisia), commonly known as the Mosaic of the islands and cities of the Mediterranean, includes a depiction of Erice, labelled Erycos, alongside other places associated with the cult of Venus, such as Paphos. Although Venus herself is not depicted, her presence is evoked through associated imagery, including Cupids (Amores) shown fishing and swimming in the surrounding waters. Rome founded two public temples to Venus—one on the Capitoline Hill (dedicated 215 BCE) and another outside the Porta Collina on the Quirinal (vowed 184 BCE; dedicated 181 BCE). Both temples used the epithet "Erycina" ("of Eryx"). The Sicilian sanctuary stayed important: in 25 CE the people of Segesta asked Emperor Tiberius to restore the old temple on the mountain, and he agreed. Early Christianisation From late antiquity onward the old sanctuary declined as the summit was reused. A small church dedicated to Santa Maria della Neve (often rendered “Our Lady of the Snows”) was probably built within the former sacred area during the time of the Norman castle (11th–12th centuries); its ruins are still visible inside the Castle of Venus. From the 13th and 14th centuries, Erice (then known as Monte San Giuliano) saw new churches and monasteries founded with royal and baronial support. The town’s main church, the Chiesa Matrice (Chiesa di Maria Santissima Assunta), was built in 1314 under King Frederick III of Aragon, reportedly reusing material from the ancient temple of Venus Erycina. Baronial families backed new monasteries and churches. The Chiaramonte family are linked with the Santissimo Salvatore Benedictine house, set up in their former palace around 1290; the Ventimiglia family backed the Spirito Santo (San Francesco) convent, authorised by a papal bull of Pope Urban V in the 1360s. The pope also issued an edict at Avignon in 1365 to found the nearby San Pietro church. Erice is linked in Carmelite tradition with several figures. Blessed Luigi Rabatà (1443–1490) is generally said to have been born at the site of the Church of Sant'Isidoro. Nineteenth-century local historians also report that the palace later adapted as the Spirito Santo convent was traditionally considered the birthplace of Saint Albert of Trapani. Modern Carmelite scholarship, however, generally places Albert’s birth in Trapani rather than Erice. By the 1730s, Erice had at least thirty churches, along with six convents and three monasteries. Municipal “riveli” (tax censuses) from 1836–1839 record 204 declarations; clergy were the largest single group among registrants—38 priests, 6 parish priests, 6 canons, an archpriest, a friar, a vicar, 3 clerics and 3 nuns—and many two-storey “solerate” houses are listed as residences with rooms that often included a small domestic chapel. Modern devotion Erice remains a religious destination. The Diocese of Trapani has renovated and reopened churches as part of the project Erice – la Montagna del Signore (Mountain of the Lord), which aims both to conserve and restore the town’s church heritage and to keep the churches open longer “for the faithful and for visitors”. The churches are presented together as a “museo diffuso” (a distributed museum) and are open to visits on a ticketed schedule. Pilgrimage today often focuses on the Sant’Anna shrine on the lower slopes of the mountain. The footpath known as the Sentiero di Sant’Anna climbs from the valley cable car station up to the Santuario di Sant’Anna and on to Porta Trapani at the town gate; diocesan groups sometimes organise pilgrimages along these paths. Near the summit, the woodland below the Castle of Venus (Bosco dei Runzi) is being restored and signed as part of the municipal Bosco Sacro di Erice (Sacred Wood) project, reopening paths around the historic core; it is a municipal green belt rather than a distinct pilgrimage site. The nearby Porta Castellammare–Tre Chiese hiking route, part of the network of trails associated with the Club Alpino Italiano, links the ruins of the medieval churches Santa Maria Maddalena, Sant'Ippolito and Santa Maria Maggiore. Erice’s continuing religious prominence was underscored by a pastoral visit from Pope John Paul II during his Sicilian journey in May 1993, when he visited the town and met with the local community and participants at the Ettore Majorana Centre. In the Balio Gardens, the “Venus and the Bee” fountain (dated 1933) nods to the old cult in modern form. At the town's Cordici Museum (Museo Archeologico Storico-Artistico “Antonino Cordici”), an immersive video installation titled Venere Ericina tells the story of the ancient Erice cult to a generative fertility divinity—identified by the Romans as Venus—dating back to the Elymian period and continued by later colonisers; the projections cover the room’s walls and floor. Jewish community (medieval) In the 1400s Erice had a substantial Jewish community that helped drive the town’s growth. There were artisans such as blacksmiths, cotton workers and leather tanners, along with doctors and goldsmiths; together their work made the community largely self-sufficient in everyday goods. The Jewish quarter (giudecca) lay mainly between the parish church of Sant’Antonio Abate and the Spanish Quarter, extending east toward the “Fontanella” and down to a long-vanished stretch of the old town wall. In 1492, following the expulsion ordered by Ferdinand the Catholic, the quarter was largely abandoned and fell into ruin as families left or converted. The small church Madonna di Custonaci was formerly a synagogue before its conversion to a chapel, a fact once attested by a plaque that has since been lost. Geography Erice is located approximately 100 kilometres (62 miles) from the Sicilian capital, Palermo. Districts and urban structure The comune comprises the historic centre at an elevation of 750 metres (2,460 ft) atop Monte Erice and 12 officially recognised frazioni (hamlets or districts): Casa Santa, San Cusumano, Crocefissello and Pizzolungo on the coast, and Adragna, Baglio Rizzo, Ballata, Lenzi, Napola, Rigaletta, Specchia and Torretta in the foothills. Historically, the municipal territory also included neighbouring towns such as Valderice and San Vito Lo Capo, but its present boundaries were finalised in 1955. Until the mid-20th century, Erice’s territory was primarily rural, with an economy based on agriculture, grazing, and scattered farm settlements. From the 1950s onward, rapid urban expansion reshaped the lower districts. Casa Santa emerged as the municipality’s administrative and commercial hub, while the historic centre transitioned into a centre for tourism. Casa Santa hosts much of Erice's public infrastructure, including the main hospital, key sports facilities, the university campus, and the San Giuliano beachfront, with its beach clubs and associated hotels and tourist services. To the south-west, Casa Santa merges seamlessly into neighbouring Trapani, forming a single urban agglomeration across the municipal boundary. In 2010, a consultative referendum was held in Erice on a proposed unification with Trapani, but turnout was low and no changes resulted. Climate, land use and vegetation Erice experiences a Mediterranean climate, with heat moderated by its elevation. Summers are warm and dry, while winters are cool and wetter. The hilltop location of Erice results in more frequent fog and lower average temperatures than the coastal areas, contributing to a microclimate distinct from nearby Trapani. Much of the area around the historic centre is wooded with Mediterranean species such as Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis), holm oak (Quercus ilex), and cypress, interspersed with underbrush of myrtle, heather, and broom. Among the most notable green spaces is the Bosco Sacro di Erice, a semi-natural sacred grove with mythological and monastic associations that includes the Bosco dei Runzi, a forested area on the northeastern slope known for its biodiversity and shaded walking trails. In 2025, WWF Italy and the Italian Alpine Club (CAI) proposed the creation of a national park—the Parco Nazionale delle Isole Egadi e del Litorale Trapanese—that would extend along the Trapani coastline to include the coastal strip of Erice. The slopes of Monte Erice are crossed by a network of walking trails linking the historic centre with surrounding woodland and rural areas. Demographics As of 2025, the municipality of Erice had a population of about 25,661 inhabitants. Most residents live in the lower districts along the coastal plain adjoining Trapani, while the historic hilltop centre has a much smaller permanent population. Population figures for settlements are derived from ISTAT census locality data compiled by CityPopulation. Municipal totals correspond to ISTAT data. The comune has significantly more residents aged 65 and over than children under 15. Household patterns reflect the relatively old population, with a notable proportion of elderly residents living alone. Educational attainment is relatively widespread, with more than half of adults holding at least an upper-secondary qualification. Many residents commute outside the municipality for work or study. Foreign residents account for roughly one in eight inhabitants. Erice is also included among Italian municipalities with fewer than 30,000 inhabitants eligible for the "7% flat tax" incentive for foreign pensioners who transfer their residence to Italy, under Article 24-ter of the Income Tax Code, as amended by Law No. 34 of 11 March 2026. Administration Erice is administered as a comune (municipality) within the autonomous region of Sicily. It forms part of the Free municipal consortium of Trapani (Italian: libero consorzio comunale di Trapani), the intermediate local authority that in 2015 replaced the former Province of Trapani as part of a regional reform of provincial bodies. The municipality is governed by a mayor (sindaco), a municipal executive (giunta comunale), and a municipal council (consiglio comunale), all elected in accordance with Italian local government law. Erice is a member of the Unione dei Comuni Elimo-Ericini, an intermunicipal union comprising Buseto Palizzolo, Custonaci, Paceco, San Vito Lo Capo and Valderice, reflecting the historical ties of the Agro Ericino. Economy and tourism The economy of Erice is increasingly driven by tourism, supported by heritage investment and conference activity, alongside traditional agriculture centred on wine and olive production. Tourism and hospitality Tourism in Erice has grown significantly in recent years. A 2025 study by the Centro Studi Conflavoro projected a 25.7% increase in summer visitors compared with 2024, reflecting a wider resurgence of tourism in Italian hill towns and rural borghi. The study attributed Erice’s rising popularity to its elevated location, offering cooler summer temperatures, together with its medieval townscape, panoramic views, and appeal to visitors seeking authentic and climate-tempered destinations. The town’s tourism offering is supported by strong transport connections and a diversified visitor landscape. Erice lies close to Trapani–Birgi Airport, the Port of Trapani and regional connections via Trapani railway station, while the Trapani–Erice Cable Car provides a direct connection between the coastal districts and the historic hilltop centre. In addition to heritage tourism, the town has a 1 km stretch of sandy beachfront along the Tyrrhenian coast and a surrounding countryside that forms part of the Erice DOC wine-producing region. Food and wine experiences, rural trails and walking routes across the Monte Erice area have contributed to the development of slower and experiential forms of tourism alongside traditional sightseeing. Public and institutional investment in Erice has focused on conservation within the historic centre alongside the expansion of sports, leisure and beachfront facilities. Major projects have included the restoration of the Elymian-Punic Walls of Erice and the Balio Gardens, programmes for the conservation of religious buildings, and improved accessibility within the medieval townscape. In the lower districts, investment has supported the development of a cycling park, accessible beachfront infrastructure and new recreational facilities. These include the Giardino dello Sport, a 35,000 m² seafront sports complex featuring a multi-purpose indoor hall, outdoor courts and pitches for team and racket sports, fitness areas and full visitor amenities. Erice also functions as a centre for conferences and specialist meetings, anchored by the facilities of the Ettore Majorana Foundation and Centre for Scientific Culture. The foundation operates multiple restored historic buildings across the town, including the Blackett Institute, which houses a large auditorium and lecture halls, alongside additional meeting spaces in former convents and palaces. Broader conferencing infrastructure includes venues such as the Palazzo Sales conference hall, which regularly hosts cultural heritage and environmental forums, and the historic Teatro Gebel Hamed, used for performances, lectures and large public events. Purpose-built demonstration kitchens support hospitality training in the historic centre and provide a venue for public cooking demonstrations. Erice’s historic setting, panoramic views, and association with the ancient sanctuary dedicated to Venus, the Roman goddess of love, have contributed to the development of wedding tourism as part of the local economy. Civil ceremonies are conducted by the municipality at designated venues, including the Castle of Venus. The town is supported by a substantial hospitality sector, with hotels, guesthouses and other accommodation facilities recorded in regional tourism statistics, alongside restaurants and catering services serving both visitors and event-related tourism. Agriculture and wine production While tourism now represents a major economic sector, agriculture has historically played a central role in the economy of Erice and continues to shape the surrounding landscape. The Arab traveller and geographer Ibn Jubayr, writing in the late 12th century during the reign of William II of Sicily, noted the presence of vineyards and cultivated fields on the mountain slopes surrounding the fortified town then known as Monte San Giuliano. In the modern era, agricultural activity has become increasingly structured around quality production systems, particularly viticulture and olive growing, forming an important component of the rural economy of the comune. Modern viticulture in the Erice area is regulated under the Erice DOC designation, established in 2004 as part of broader efforts to promote quality wine production in western Sicily. The Erice DOC forms part of the wider Val di Mazara wine region, a viticultural zone covering much of the island’s western half that includes several major appellations and has historically been associated with large-scale production, followed in recent decades by a transition toward higher-value, quality-focused winemaking. The Erice DOC permits the cultivation of both indigenous grape varieties, including Nero d’Avola and Grillo, and international varieties such as Syrah and Chardonnay, reflecting contemporary diversification within Sicilian viticulture. Alongside viticulture, olive cultivation remains a widespread agricultural activity in the Erice area, particularly on the lower slopes and plains surrounding the historic town. Local producers primarily cultivate traditional Sicilian varieties such as Nocellara del Belice and Cerasuola, which are well adapted to the region’s dry summer climate and contribute to the production of high-quality extra virgin olive oil. Olive growing, together with smaller-scale cultivation of almonds, figs and cereals, continues to form an important component of the rural economy of the comune. Since the late 20th century, agricultural enterprises in the Erice area have increasingly diversified their activities beyond primary production. In Sicily more broadly, agritourism and enotourism are recognised components of rural development policies that encourage farms to combine agricultural production with tourism services, including tastings, educational visits and accommodation. Academic research identifies diversification of Sicilian farms into tourism-related activities as a sustainable rural development pathway, particularly in western Sicily’s viticultural areas. Public sector and services Key public facilities that serve both Erice and Trapani are located in the lower district of Casa Santa. These include the Sant'Antonio Abate Hospital, the Stadio Polisportivo Provinciale, and the Polo Territoriale Universitario di Trapani, a satellite campus of the University of Palermo. Landmarks Key sites in Erice’s historic centre include: Elymian-Punic Walls: Ancient fortifications that once protected Eryx. They are considered among the most significant surviving examples of early Mediterranean defensive architecture, incorporating Elymian, Punic, and medieval construction phases. Castle of Venus: A Norman-era fortress built on the site of an ancient Temple of Venus Erycina, a Roman adaptation of the Greek goddess Aphrodite. The area has been associated with religious activity since antiquity and features archaeological remains from Elymian, Roman, and medieval periods. Chiesa Matrice: The main church of Erice built in the 14th century during the reign of King Frederick III. There are many other churches, monasteries, and oratories in the city, include the churches of San Giuliano and San Giovanni Battista. Cordici Museum: A civic museum housed in a former Franciscan convent, founded in 1876 to conserve artworks and archaeological finds from suppressed religious institutions and local collections. Its holdings include Elymian and Roman artifacts, sacred art, ethnographic objects, and Garibaldian-era weapons. Balio Towers: A group of medieval towers that served both defensive and administrative functions following the Norman conquest of southern Italy. They were the residence of the Bajulo, a royal official responsible for civil justice and taxation, and formed a gateway to the Castle of Venus. Pepoli Turret: A neo-Gothic retreat built between 1872 and 1880 by Count Agostino Pepoli as a place for study and cultural gatherings. Situated on a rocky outcrop east of the Balio Gardens, it blends medieval, Moorish, and Liberty architectural elements. Restored in 2014, it now serves as a multimedia museum and the “Observatory of Peace and Lighthouse of the Mediterranean”. Balio Gardens: Public gardens created in the 19th century by Count Agostino Pepoli on former grazing land adjacent to the Balio Towers. The gardens feature Mediterranean and exotic plantings, fountains, monuments, and viewpoints over Trapani and the surrounding coastline. Eugene P. Wigner Institute: A historically significant former convent turned conference venue that also hosts art exhibitions and cloister performances. Patrick M. S. Blackett Institute: Conference venue of the Ettore Majorana Foundation and Centre for Scientific Culture, housing a museum with the Erice Statement, and renowned for its panoramic views. Transport Road and air connections Erice is accessible by road from Trapani via the SP31 and SP3 provincial roads, and from Valderice via Via Erice. The A29 motorway provides onward connections to Palermo to the east. The SP31 begins in the city of Trapani and is particularly scenic; it is also the longest of the three access routes to the summit. The SP3, whose lower access point branches from the SS187, is notably steep and narrow and is therefore suitable primarily for experienced drivers. Via Erice, which ascends from Valderice, is the most modern of the three roads, featuring a series of hairpin bends with good visibility; it is also the route along which the annual Monterice hill climb car race is held in the summer. Air travel is served by two nearby airports: Vincenzo Florio Airport (Trapani–Birgi), located about 29 km (18 mi) south of Erice, and Falcone–Borsellino Airport (Palermo), approximately 90 km (56 mi) away. A new railway station at Trapani-Birgi Airport, part of a broader €13 billion in Sicilian rail infrastructure funded by Italy's National Recovery and Resilience Plan, will connect the airport to Trapani railway station and Palermo via the restored and electrified Palermo–Trapani line. As of March 2026, it is still in the final stages of completion. Cable car The Trapani–Erice Cable Car is a regular service that connects the lower district of Casa Santa to the historic centre, but may be suspended during periods of strong wind or periodic maintenance. While the cable car has improved vertical mobility, broader accessibility challenges persist in Erice's historic centre. Steep gradients, narrow streets, and uneven paving limit access for people with disabilities, while limited measures, including the introduction of an electric shuttle, illustrate the continuing challenge of balancing heritage conservation with accessibility. Bus and ferry services Bus transport between Erice and Trapani is sufficiently integrated, with metropolitan routes providing relatively frequent service across the two municipalities. These services nevertheless include connections to Trapani–Birgi Airport and to Palermo, although they generally require one or more bus transfers. Connections between the summit of Erice and its coastal area, particularly in the San Giuliano district, are also available, albeit with limited frequency. At the same time, redevelopment works are underway to improve local mobility infrastructure, including the construction of cycle paths along the San Giuliano seafront, which extend into the municipality of Trapani and continue as far as the historic center of the city. The redevelopment of the cruise terminal and island ferry facilities at the Port of Trapani—closely linked to the tourism economy of Erice’s historic centre—improves access for passengers arriving via the Aegadian Islands and Mediterranean cruise routes. Culture From the 18th century onward, Erice has attracted artists, writers, and travellers, becoming a recurring subject in European art and travel literature. Today the town maintains a cultural life that combines historic religious traditions, festivals, gastronomy, and an active programme of artistic and musical events linked to its convent history and historic spaces. Religious traditions Misteri di Erice – Held annually on Good Friday, this solemn procession re-enacts the Passion of Christ through a series of sculptural tableaux known as the Misteri that are carried through the streets of Erice by members of local guilds in traditional costume. The procession begins at the Church of San Giuliano, where the groups of sculptures are displayed before the ritual begins. Festa di Maria Santissima di Custonaci – Celebrated annually in late August, this festival honours Erice's patron saint, Maria Santissima di Custonaci. A highlight of the festivities is the "Consegna delle Chiavi d'Oro" (Presentation of the Golden Keys), during which the mayor symbolically entrusts the city's keys to the Madonna, followed by a procession through the historic centre involving local officials and representatives from neighbouring municipalities. EricèNatale – During the winter holiday season, the town hosts a Christmas market, nativity displays, concerts, and lights the town with Christmas decorations and pine trees. This is followed at New Year with live performances in Piazza della Loggia and fireworks at midnight. Festivals and cultural events Ericestate – Erice’s official summer cultural programme, held annually between June and September. Organised by the Comune di Erice, it features a broad calendar of events including concerts, theatre performances, art exhibitions, children’s activities, and food-and-wine initiatives. Events are staged across various venues in both the historic centre and the modern districts, including the Teatro Gebel Hamed, with the aim of promoting cultural participation and supporting tourism in the region. Festa FedEricina – A three-day medieval-themed festival held annually in September, dedicated to King Frederick III. Organised by the Gruppo Medievale MonteSanGiuliano – Erice with support from the Comune di Erice, it features historical parades, falconry displays, themed villages, and medieval banquets. The event attracts historical reenactment groups from across Sicily and abroad, and was first launched in 2015. The festival has been officially registered by the Central Institute for Intangible Heritage of the Italian Ministry of Culture as part of the national mapping of historical reenactments. Gastronomy Erice’s gastronomy reflects both a long-established local food culture and an internationally recognised contribution to the development of modern scientific approaches to cooking. The town's culinary history is shaped by a mix of aristocratic and monastic traditions from the 18th and 19th centuries. During this time, Erice served as a summer retreat for the nobility of Trapani, who brought with them professional chefs known as Monsù. These chefs, trained in French techniques, developed a "Baronial" cuisine featuring elaborate meat pies (timballi) and game dishes that often mixed sweet and savoury flavours. The town's convents also developed their own renowned pastry traditions. This was partly because noble families often sent their daughters to live in these cloistered communities, bringing their refined tastes with them. This tradition became especially associated with the former San Carlo monastery, and Erice’s pastry shops still preserve many of its almond-based recipes today. Among its best-known exponents is pastry chef Maria Grammatico, who learned in the monastery and offers short public pastry classes at her own Scuola di Arte Culinaria in the old town. In 1992, Erice hosted a series of workshops co-directed by physicist Nicholas Kurti and chemist Hervé This, which brought together scientists and professional chefs to study the physical and chemical processes underlying cooking practices, laying the foundations for the emergence of molecular gastronomy. The scientific approach developed in Erice was later adopted and popularised by chefs such as Ferran Adrià and Heston Blumenthal. The town also hosts public culinary demonstrations and masterclasses, these have included ones by American television chef Marc Murphy, Michelin-starred chef Giuseppe Costa, and television chef Fabio Potenzano; as well as chocolate masterclass with Belgian chefs Stijn Van Kerckhoven and Gilles Discart. These take place in purpose-built culinary laboratories called Officucina —professional teaching kitchens designed for food innovation projects and hands-on training in Erice's historic centre. Traditional foods of Erice reflect the town’s convent heritage and surrounding agricultural landscape, several of which are officially recognised as Prodotti agroalimentari tradizionali (P.A.T.) of Sicily. Local specialities include: Pasta reale di Erice, an almond paste confection with convent origins. Ericino, a firm, rind-covered cheese made from approximately 80% Valle del Belice sheep’s milk and 20% Cinisara cow’s milk. Busiate, a spiral pasta from the province of Trapani, still produced in Erice by local artisan workshops. Erice DOC wine, produced from vineyards on the slopes of Monte Erice that form part of the Val di Mazara wine region. Mufuletta, a soft round semolina bun often scented with fennel seeds and eaten warm on 11 November (St Martin’s Day); local tradition links it to medieval soldiers and the first tasting of the new wine. Borgo diVino in Tour stages an annual tasting weekend in the historic centre—typically in late August—featuring local and national wineries, street food, and live performances across venues such as Piazza della Loggia and Piazza San Giuliano. Literature Erice has featured in literary and historical writing since antiquity, when the ancient city of Eryx and its hilltop sanctuary were described by Greek and Roman authors. This tradition is commemorated by the Stele of Anchises at Pizzolungo, erected in 1930 to mark the 2,000th anniversary of Virgil's birth. Later, the town attracted the attention of European travellers and authors of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Among them were Sir Richard Colt Hoare, who identified the ancient Mons Eryx with Monte San Giuliano in A Classical Tour through Italy and Sicily (1819), George Dennis, who described the site and the Temple of Venus Erycina in A Handbook for Travellers in Sicily (1864), and Henry Swinburne, who referred to the mountain as "Erix, or Monte S. Giuliano" in Travels in the Two Sicilies (1790). In 1897 the English novelist Samuel Butler argued in The Authoress of the Odyssey that the poem was written by a young Sicilian woman from Trapani and that several episodes reflect the landscape of western Sicily; he identified Mount Eryx (Monte Erice) and Trapani with key points in Odysseus’s journey. Erice commemorates Butler with a street, Via Samuel Butler. Butler’s friend and literary executor Henry Festing Jones devoted four chapters of his travel book Diversions in Sicily (1909/1920) to Mount Eryx and Erice ("Monte San Giuliano", "The Madonna and the Personaggi", "The Universal Deluge", "The Return"), recording local customs, processions and the topography looking toward Trapani and the Egadi islands. Jones’s earlier Sicilian collection Castellinaria and Other Sicilian Diversions (1911) is dedicated to friends "di Monte Erice", reflecting the town’s role in the Anglo-Sicilian circle around Butler and Jones. Jones’s account includes lively descriptions of Erice’s religious life. In his chapter on Monte San Giuliano, he describes the Festa di Maria Santissima di Custonaci procession of 25 August 1901: "At 7.30 a brass band began to perambulate the town… at 8.30 the band entered the Matrice, and before Mass the sacred picture was unveiled." Commemoration of Butler also extended to the surrounding area: Jones notes that, by 1908, a hotel in nearby Calatafimi bore the name "Albergo Samuel Butler" and that the town kept his memory in a street name. In contemporary literary culture, the town is associated with the Premio Letterario Città di Erice, a literary prize that continues to promote writing and cultural engagement in the region, and hosts Bread Loaf in Sicily, the Sicilian edition of the long-running Bread Loaf Writers' Conference, an international literary workshop held annually in the town offering intensive courses, readings and lectures for writers. In 2024 the town was evoked in the BBC National Short Story Award shortlist, with Will Boast’s "The Barber of Erice" among the five stories selected for broadcast and discussion as part of that year’s award cycle. Erice also honours the Italian writer Carlo Levi (author of Cristo si è fermato a Eboli) with Via Carlo Levi. Film and television Erice has served as a filming location or creative inspiration for several film and television productions: At War with Love (In guerra per amore, 2016), a World War II romantic comedy directed by Pif (Pierfrancesco Diliberto), was filmed on location in Erice. La baronessa di Carini (2007), a television miniseries broadcast by RAI, included scenes filmed in Erice. Màkari (2021–), an Italian crime drama series, features Erice prominently in multiple episodes. The town inspired sets in the 2018 superhero film Aquaman, starring Jason Momoa; although no scenes were filmed on location, its architecture was digitally recreated after local authorities denied filming permission. Art Erice has been a frequent subject for painters and printmakers from the 18th to the 20th century, and continues to feature in both historical and contemporary artistic contexts. Louise-Joséphine Sarazin de Belmont, View of the Castello di San Giuliano, near Trapani, Sicily (c. 1824–1826), National Gallery of Art, Washington—an early Romantic view of the castle and cliffs above Trapani. The work is in the NGA’s collection. Jean-Claude Richard, abbé de Saint-Non, Voyage pittoresque ou Description des Royaumes de Naples et de Sicile (Paris, 1781–1786) includes engraved views of Sicilian sites; plates of Monte San Giuliano (Eryx) circulated widely in these volumes. Francesco Lojacono, Monte San Giuliano (c. 1875–1880), a landscape of present-day Erice attributed to Palermo’s Galleria d’Arte Moderna and reproduced on Google Arts & Culture. Alberto Pisa, colour plates of Monte San Giuliano in the travel book Sicily (London: A. & C. Black, 1911), part of the publisher’s illustrated series. Specific images include “Monte San Giuliano” and related street scenes. Michele Cortegiani, Le mura ciclopiche del Monte Erice (The Cyclopean Walls of Mount Erice, 1891), Palazzo dei Normanni, Palermo — a late-19th-century view of the ancient walls on Monte Erice; the canvas is recorded in the Royal Apartment’s Sala dei Paesaggi. Erice preserves significant religious art within its historic convent complexes. The Casa Santa di San Francesco di Sales contains a complete eighteenth-century fresco cycle illustrating episodes from the writings of Saint Francis de Sales, attributed to the Trapani painter Domenico La Bruna and executed between 1760 and 1762 as a unified decorative scheme covering the walls and vaulted ceiling. The nearby Cordici Museum preserves further examples of local and regional art, including medieval sculpture and paintings from the Renaissance and Baroque periods connected with Erice’s churches and convents. Erice has also hosted contemporary art through private collections and modern exhibitions in its historic spaces. The town is associated with the La Salerniana Collection, a modern and contemporary art collection established in Erice with a significant cross-section of Italian contemporary art including works by artists such as Carla Accardi, Pietro Consagra and Pino Pinelli alongside other figures reflecting post-war artistic developments. Erice has presented exhibitions featuring works by Andy Warhol and Mario Schifano in its historic venues, and site-wide installations such as Lobsteropolis in Erice by British artist Philip Colbert. Performing arts Erice supports a varied programme of live performing arts in historic venues across the town. The cloister of the Eugene P. Wigner Institute has hosted major musical events, including the first modern performance of Alessandro Scarlatti’s baroque opera Amor quando si fugge, allor si trova in 2025, conducted by Claudio Astronio in a production organised by the Mediterranean Music Association with choreography by Emiliano Pellisari and the No Gravity Dance Company. The same venue has also hosted exhibitions connected with operatic culture, including Puccini sui palcoscenici russi in August 2025, presenting rare archival materials tracing the performance history of operas by Giacomo Puccini on Russian stages. Live music also plays an important role in the town’s cultural life. Erice is a regular venue for the International Festival of Ancient Music, which brings internationally recognised early-music ensembles and soloists to historic spaces including the Wigner Institute, the Cordici Museum and local churches, presenting repertoires ranging from medieval to baroque music. The town also features in regional jazz circuits, hosting concerts by touring ensembles in summer performance programmes. The historic Teatro Gebel Hamed serves as Erice’s principal theatre and performance venue, staging theatre productions, concerts, dance performances and musical residencies throughout the year. Recent programming has included professional opera-theatre collaborations such as Winterreise – Viaggio d’Inverno, a staged interpretation of Franz Schubert’s song cycle presented by the Movin’Op company in collaboration with international cultural institutions. Sport ACES Europe (the European Capitals and Cities of Sport Federation) in 2025 officially designated the municipality of Erice as a European City of Sport for 2027. Erice manages or hosts a range of sporting facilities. The largest is the Stadio Polisportivo Provinciale in the Casa Santa district, a 10,000-seat ground that has served as the home stadium for Trapani Calcio. The town also includes the Giardino dello Sport, a 35,000 m² seafront sports park with multiple outdoor courts and pitches and a multi-purpose hall, the Porta Spada gymnasium, the Circolo Tennis at Viale delle Pinete, a municipal tennis and five-a-side football complex redeveloped in 2026 with a renovated second tennis court, LED floodlighting and an outdoor stage for cultural events, and the historic Campo San Nicola football ground. The municipality in 2025 also approved plans for a new multipurpose sports complex in the frazione of Napola, including a rugby and football field, padel courts and other facilities. The town is represented in national women’s volleyball by Pallavolo Erice, which has competed in Serie A2 and plays its home matches at the PalaShark arena in neighbouring Trapani. Football is played at amateur level on the municipal grounds, while local associations also field teams in tennis, basketball and athletics. Erice also hosts recurring sporting events, including the Cronoscalata Monte Erice, an automobile hillclimb established in 1954 that is among the historic hillclimb races in Italian motorsport and forms part of the national championship calendar, as well as running competitions such as the Erice Trail, a springtime trail-running event held on the slopes of Monte Erice. Cycling events also make use of the coastal cycle path along San Giuliano beach. People This list includes people born in Erice and figures closely associated with the town’s institutions and heritage. Arts and letters Ugo Antonio Amico (1831–1917), poet, humanist and educator. Antonino Cardillo (born 1975), architect. Vito Carvini (1644–1701), archpriest and historian; namesake of the Vito Carvini Municipal Library. Antonio Cordici (1586–1666), historian and early antiquarian; namesake of the Cordici Museum Giuseppe Vito Castronovo (1814–1893), Dominican priest, historian, and first director of the civic library. Maria Grammatico (born 1941), pastry chef, author, and custodian of Erice’s convent pastry tradition. Dario Maltese (born 1977), journalist and TV presenter. Marcello Mazzarella (born 1963), actor. Religion Albert of Trapani (c.1240–1307), Carmelite saint. Generally held to have been born in Trapani; several Ericine historians record a local tradition that his family palace in Erice—later adapted as the Spirito Santo (San Francesco) convent—was his birthplace. Luigi Rabatà (1443–1490), Blessed Carmelite priest; beatified in 1841. History and civic life Giuseppe Coppola (1821–1902), Risorgimento patriot who led volunteers from Erice in 1860. Pietro Ermelindo Lungaro (1910–1944), police officer and resistance member, killed in the Ardeatine massacre Nunzio Nasi (1850–1935), politician; twice a cabinet minister, later in the Aventine opposition; died in Erice. Rocco La Russa Peraino (1828–1860), physician and Risorgimento volunteer killed at the Ponte dell’Ammiraglio. Agostino Sieri Pepoli (1848–1910), patron and civic figure; commissioned the Balio Gardens and the Pepoli Turret in Erice. Francesco II Ventimiglia (c.1330–1391), Count of Geraci (“Four Vicars”); established the Spirito Santo convent complex in Erice (1360s). Science Antonino Zichichi (1929-2026), physicist; founder of the Ettore Majorana Foundation and Centre for Scientific Culture. Sport Alessandro Mazzara (born 2004), Olympic skateboarder. Fabrizio Alastra (born 1997), professional footballer (goalkeeper). Vittorio Bernardo (born 1986), professional footballer. Leonardo Loria (born 1999), professional footballer (goalkeeper). Adriano Montalto (born 1988), professional footballer. Alberto Rizzo (born 1997), professional footballer. Mario Titone (born 1988), professional footballer. Marco Toscano (born 1997), professional footballer. Marco Tumminello (born 1998), professional footballer. Gallery References External links Official promotional video of Erice – from the Comune di Erice on YouTube. Erice Virtual Tour