NoeFlandre/osm-polygon-wikidata-only huggingface dataset:
Umm al Binni lake

Umm al Binni lake is a mostly dry lake within the Central Marshes in Maysan Governorate in southern Iraq. The 3.4-kilometre-wide (2.1 mi) lake is approximately 45 km (28 mi) northwest of the Tigris–Euphrates confluence. Because of its shape, location, and other details, it was first conjectured by Sharad Master, a geoarchaeologist, to represent an impact crater. However, these claims have been disputed, with other studies finding subsidence of the underlying rock a more plausible explanation. Evidence as an impact crater Based on the interpretation of satellite imagery, Sharad Master suggests the 3.4-kilometre-diameter (2.1 mi) dry lake may be an impact crater based on its nearly circular, slightly polygonal rim shape, and contrasting shape to other lakes in the region. However, the circularity of its shape has been disputed, with a 2018 study finding that the northeastern and southwestern sections of the lake rim were straight, corresponding to the directions of regional faulting. As to its origin, Masters rejects karst topography, salt doming, tectonic deformation, and igneous intrusion as well as possible bombing or man-made origins. However, a 2018 study concluded that the formation of the lake could be better explained by the subsidence of the underlying basement fault blocks, and that the southern part of the rim had been anthropogenically shaped. Details and historical context Master estimates the age of the crater to be less than 5000 years old, or between 2000 and 3000 BC, due to the deposition of sediments of the Tigris-Euphrates plain as a result of the 130–150 km (81–93 mi) seaward progradation of the Persian Gulf during that time period. Some relate this apparent impact site to the 2350 BC Middle East Anomaly. A lack of writings describing this event by well-known authors like Herodotus (484–425 BC) and Nearchus (360–300 BC) or later historians implies any impact may have occurred much earlier, between 2000 and 3000 BC. Climate change and impact effects It has been proposed that sudden climate changes and catastrophic events around 2200 BCE (including the collapse of the Sumerian civilisation) could be linked to a comet or asteroid impact. Master has conjectured that the alleged Umm al Binni impact could be responsible for this catastrophe, producing the energy equivalent to thousands of Hiroshima-sized bombs. Using equations describing impact effects based on work from Collins et al., Shoemaker, Glasstone & Dolan and others, Hamacher determined that an impacting bolide would have produced energy in the range of 190 to 750 megatons of TNT (for an asteroid and comet impact, respectively). For comparison, the Tunguska event was estimated to have an explosive force of about 10-15 megatons. See also 4.2-kiloyear event, c. 2200 BC Burckle Crater Great Flood (China), c. 2300 BC List of possible impact structures on Earth Tunguska event References External links Google Earth view (taken when the lake was completely dry)
Sherwana Castle

Sherwana Castle (Kurdish: قەڵای شێروانە, romanized: Qellay Şêrwane), also known as Shirwanah Castle, is a castle located in Kalar, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. Sherwana Castle is the ancestral home of the Jaff family. History It was built by Mohamed Pasha Jaff, Kurdish pasha serving the Ottoman Empire, during the 1800s. After the Mamluk Vali of Baghdad, Suleiaman Pasha, dealt a crushing defeat to the Persian occupation of Abbas Mirza Qajar of Northern Mesopotamia, and put to flight the Babans in 1850, Mohamed Pasha Jaff along with the Jaff nomads were allowed to dwell in the Shahrizor unharassed by the Ottomans or Persians in any way. A golden age began for the Jaff as they became a major power in all the region. Their nomadic caravans were allowed pasture from Khanaqin and Qizil Rubat to Pênciwên in the Shahrizor region of Kurdistan. In these regions Mohammed Pasha Jaff from his position of power began to crack down on all of his enemies from the Pro Baban Jaff under Aziz Beg Jaff, who was the son of Kai Khasrow Beg Jaff to the rival tribe of the Hemevand, who were anti Ottoman and anti-everything. He would erect a fortress on the banks of the Shirwan river to guard against all of these foes in 1866. This fortress is now known as the Şêrwane fortress. In 1868, he would be appointed by the Mamluk Vali Suliaman Pasha of Baghdad. The Jaff's rivals, Hamavands, would go to the Caucasus and fight under for the Russians against the Ottomans. The Russians would arm them and send them back to agitate the Shahrizor and create anarchy. Osman Pasha Jaff's son, would be given the residence of the fortress, as his father concerned himself with the affairs of Gulanbar and Halabja, Mohammed Ali Beg Jaff. During World War I the Jaff and the Kurds would fall into obscurity as most of the war took place in the South between the Ottomans and British, fighting a back forth battle around Kut, which the Ottomans would deal the British their worst defeat during the war. The British would finally get the upper hand through other fronts, the Palestine front especially. The Ottomans would sign the Treaty of Mudros in 1917. The British would then occupy Mesopotamia, and the Ottoman Empire would cease to exist. During the British Occupation of Iraq, much of the Kurdish population would revolt under Sheikh Mahmud Barzanji, whose power base was in Sulimania in 1918, 1922-1924, including segments of the Jaff tribe. The British would end up destroying many Palaces and Fortresses built by the Kurds. Sherwana Castle was the exception, since the British had good relations with the Jaff rulers. The castle was damaged due to military activity in the 1990s. Further damage occurred as the result of heavy rain in 2014 which affected the walls, causing them to crack. In 2017 an earthquake damaged 35% of the structure, including the cupola which partially collapsed. Restoration took place in 2018. See also List of castles in Iraq List of Kurdish castles References Further reading E. B. Soane, Notes on the Tribes of Southern Kurdistan, Baghdad, 1918 E. B. Soane, To Mesopotamia and Kurdistan in Disguise, London 1923 Hassan K. Jaff, ازاره في 1989 وامر بتعميره
Castillo de Sherwana

El castillo de Sherwana​ también conocido como el castillo de Shirwanah, se encuentra en Kalar, en la región de Kurdistán, al norte del país asiático de Irak. Denominado también castillo de «Qal’at Širwana», su construcción se remontaría al siglo XVIII.​ Véase también Castillo Historia de Irak Referencias Enlaces externos Wikimedia Commons alberga una categoría multimedia sobre Castillo de Sherwana.
Али ибн Аби Талиб

Алѝ ибн Абѝ Та̀либ (на арабски: علي بن أبي طالب), понякога изписван Али ибн Абу Талиб и Али бин Талеб, е сахабa и ислямски водач. Биография Братовчед е на пророка Мохамед и, женейки се за дъщеря му Фатима, той става и негов зет. За сунитите Али е 4-тият и предпоследен от праведните халифи. За шиитите Али е първият имам и първият законен наследник (халиф) на Пророка. Али е роден в Мека около 599 г. Според шиитите е роден в Каабата – най-святото място за мюсюлманите, докато сунитите оспорват това твърдение. Баща му Абу Талиб е член на рода Бану Хашим на арабското племе кураиши и чичо на Мохамед. Той приема в дома си осиротелия Мохамед и го отглежда заедно с Али като братя. Приема исляма на около 9 – 10-годишна възраст, което го прави първото момче приело исляма. Шиитите и някои сунити вярват, че Али е първият, повярвал на Мохамед и приел исляма. Освен него в спора за първенството е посочван Абу Бакр. Спор за наследство Спорът кой трябва да е наследник на Мохамед и водач на мюсюлманите е причина за разделението на сунити и шиити. Според сунитите законният наследник е Абу Бакр, който е и първият правоверен халиф, докато за шиитите законният наследник е Али, докато Абу Бакр е само узурпатор. Галерия Външни препратки В Кербала е убит внукът на Пророка – статия от проф. Цветан Теофанов Кратка биография на Али ибн Абу Талиб – статия от подрубриката Известни личности в Исляма на страницата Ислям. Пътят към Аллах.
Ali (kalif)

Ali ibn Abi Talib ali krajše Ali (arabsko علي بن أبي طالب‎: ʿAlī bin Abī Ṭālib) je bil bratranec in zet islamskega preroka Mohameda in v letih 656 do 661 kalif islamskega kalifata, * 13. radžab 21 pred hidžro (15. september 601), † 21. ramadan 40 po hidžri (29. januar 661). Ali je bil sin Abu Taliba in Fatime bint Asad. Bil je edini človek, rojen v Kaabi v Meki, najsvetejšem mestu islama, kar poudarjajo zlasti šiitski muslimani, in prvi moški, ki je sprejel islam. Po begu iz Meke v Medino (hidžra) leta 622 se je poročil z Mohamedovo hčerko Fatimo. V Meki je sodeloval v prvih napadih na karavane, kasneje pa v vseh spopadih porajajoče se islamske skupnosti. Mohamedovi prijatelji (ashabi) so ga leta 656 po umoru kalifa Utmana ibn Afana imenovali za njegovega naslednika. Alijeva vladavina se je končala z državljanskimi nemiri in njegovim umorom med molitvijo v Veliki mošeji v Kufi dva dni kasneje. Ali je pomembna verska, politična in duhovna osebnost tako za sunitske kot šiitske muslimane. Številni biografski viri so zaradi sektaštva do Alija pogosto pristranski, vsi pa se strinjajo, da je bil pobožen musliman, predan islamski stvari in voditelj, izbran skladno s Koranom in suno. Suniti imajo Alija za četrtega in zadnjega pravovernega kalifa (al-Khulafā’ur-Rāshidūn), šiiti pa, skladno z njihovo razlago Mohamedovega hadita v Ghadir Khummu, za prvega imama po Mohamedu. Šiiti razen tega verjamejo, da so Ali in vsi drugi šiitski imami iz Mohamedove družine (Ahl al-Bayt) pravoverni Mohamedovi nasledniki. Njihovo prepričanje je islamsko skupnost (ummah) razdelilo na sunitsko in šiitsko vejo. Njegova sinova sta bila Hasan ibn Ali in Husayn ibn Ali. Sklici Viri
Mosque of Salman al-Farsi

The Mosque of Salman al-Farsi (Arabic: مسجد سلمان الفارسي) is a mosque located in the city of Salman Pak, Al-Mada'in district, in the province of Diyala, in the Baghdad Governorate of Iraq. It contains the purported tomb of Salman al-Farsi, a Sahaba. It is historically a Sunni mosque, however, at some point of time the mosque was removed from the Sunni Endowment and given to the Shi'ite managements. History The mosque was established in 1950 over a pre-existing mausoleum dedicated to Salman al-Farsi which was already in existence before the 1920s. In 1931, the bodies of Jabir ibn Abdullah, Hudhayfah ibn al-Yaman, and Ali al-Tahir ibn Muhammad al-Baqir were exhumed due to their graves being water-logged, and the bodies were transferred to new tombs next to the old mausoleum. The report of the bodies being transferred is sometimes contested, however, as Jabir ibn Abdullah is reported to have died in Medina. Later in 1950, the mosque was established over the mausoleum and new tombs, with funding from the Iraqi government. Architecture In 2017, a new zarih was placed around the grave of Salman al-Farsi. The ceremony of the placement of the zarih was attended by Iraj Masjedi, the Iranian ambassador to Iraq, as well as several other Shi'ite clerics. Usage The mosque is visited because of the sacred tombs within it. However, the mosque also holds Qur'anic memorization courses as well as classes to study the Shari'ah law. Religious festivals are held in the mosque as well. Gallery See also Islam in Iraq List of mosques in Iraq References External links Media related to Mosque of Salman the Persian, Al-Mada'in at Wikimedia Commons
Salman al-Farsis moské

Salman al-Farsis moské (arabiska: مسجد سلمان الفارسي) är en moské och ett mausoleum i byn Salman Pak söder om Iraks huvudstad Bagdad. Moskén är uppkallad efter den islamiske profeten Muhammeds följeslagare Salman al-Farsi, som sägs vara begravd där. Moskén har historiskt sett varit sunnitiskt kontrollerad, men har under senare tid blivit shiitiskt kontrollerad. Salman al-Farsis helgedom attackerades år 2006 med två raketer. Galleri Referenser
Ain Sifni

Ain Sifni (auch Shekhan oder Sheikhan, arabisch عين سفني; syrisch ܥܝܢ ܣܦܢܐ, kurmandschi Şêxan) ist eine Stadt in der irakischen Provinz Ninawa. Sie ist der Hauptort des Distriktes Schechan und wurde im April 2003 von kurdischen Truppen eingenommen. Ain Sifni wird vorwiegend von Jesiden bewohnt. Das religiöse Oberhaupt der Jesiden, der Baba Scheich, lebt in Ain Sifni. Der Ort befindet sich in der Ninive-Ebene und gehört zu den umstrittenen Gebieten des Nordiraks. Geschichte Ein anderer Name der Stadt lautet Shekhan (kurmandschi Şêxan). Shekhan bedeutet wörtlich „Haus des Scheich“ oder sinngemäß „Land des Scheich“ (mit Scheich ist wohl der Baba Scheich der Jesiden gemeint, der dort lebt) und setzt sich aus den beiden Wörtern Şêx (dt. Scheich) und Xan (dt. Haus) in Kurmandschi zusammen. Bereits 1850 erwähnte Sir Austen Henry Layard auf seinen Reisen den Namen Ain Sifni als den ursprünglichen Namen des Ortes. Im Jahr 1975 wurden die Bewohner der Stadt durch die irakische Regierung vertrieben und zwangsumgesiedelt. Die größtenteils jesidische Bevölkerung der Stadt wurde teilweise in neu errichtete „Modelldörfer“ wie beispielsweise Mahad deportiert. Im Gegenzug wurden Araber und Kurden in Ain Sifni (Shekhan) angesiedelt. Persönlichkeiten Sheikh Ali Ilyas (* 1979), Baba Scheich der Jesiden Xurto Hacî Îsmaîl (1933–2020), ehemaliger Baba Scheich der Jesiden Siehe auch Ezidikhan Jesiden im Irak Einzelnachweise
Ain Sifni

Ain Sifni o Shejan (en kurdo: Şêxan شێخان)​​ es la capital del distrito de Shejan, anexionada de facto a la región del Kurdistán iraquí.​​ Su población es principalmente yazidíes con una minoría significativa de asirios. Es una de las principales ciudades sagradas de los yazidíes y funciona como capital para ellos ya que es la residencia del actual líder hereditario (Mīr, o príncipe) del pueblo yazidí, siendo el actual poseedor Tahseen Said. La ciudad es también la sede del distrito de Shejan en la gobernación de Nínive, en el norte de Irak.​ La ciudad está poblada principalmente por yazidíes, con una minoría de asirios cristianos.​​ Las iglesias son Mar Yusuf (San José), católica caldea y Mar Kyriakos, que pertenece a la Iglesia asiria de Oriente. Las lenguas que se hablan en la ciudad son el kurdo kurmanji, el árabe y el neoarameo asirio.​ Historia Desde el 10 de agosto de 2014, los refugiados yazidíes han estado huyendo a Ain Sifni y Lalish desde Sinjar a través de Siria después de que el Estado Islámico pusieran esa ciudad bajo asedio.​​​ Clima Ain Sifni tine un clima mediterráneo (clasificación climática de Köppen: Csa). Referencias Enlaces externos
Ain Sifni

Ain Sifni ou Ayn Sifni est une ville située dans la province de Ninive, dans le nord de l'Irak. Elle est peuplée majoritairement de Yazidis. Géographie Ain Sifni est située dans le district d'Al-Shikhan (en), dans le Kurdistan irakien, à environ 35 km au nord-nord-est de Mossoul, et à environ 375 km au nord-nord-ouest de Bagdad. La ville se trouve dans la Plaine de Ninive. Climat Ain Sifni possède un climat méditerranéen (classification de Köppen Csa). La température moyenne annuelle est de 18,6 °C. La moyenne des précipitations annuelles est de 748 mm. Histoire Notes et références Liens externes (en) Ain Sifni sur le site Geographic.org Météo à Ain Sifni sur le site AccuWeather Portail de l’Irak Portail du Kurdistan
Айн-Сифни

Айн-Сифни (араб. عين سفني‎, курд. عەين سفنى, ‘Eyn Sifnî, сир. ܥܝܢ ܣܦܢܐ) — город на севере Ирака, расположенный на территории мухафазы Найнава. Административный центр округа Эль-Шихан. Город является одним из центров компактного проживания иракских езидов (этноконфессиональной группы курдов). Географическое положение Город находится в северо-восточной части мухафазы, в горной местности, на высоте 520 метров над уровнем моря. Айн-Сифни расположен на расстоянии приблизительно 35 километров к северо-северо-востоку (NNE) от Мосула, административного центра провинции и на расстоянии 375 километров к северо-северо-западу (NNW) от Багдада, столицы страны. Население На 2012 год население города составляло 11 261 человека. Примечания
Base aérienne de Talil

La base aérienne de Talil, code IATA : XNH • code OACI : ORTL, en anglais : Ali Air Base), dénommée également base aérienne d'Imam Ali est une base militaire située près de Nassiriya en Irak. Situation Historique Utilisée par la force aérienne irakienne qui y entreposa quelques MiG et des hélicoptères d'attaques Mil Mi-24 jusqu'en 1991, elle a servi ensuite de base à l'US Air Force en 2003 jusqu'au retrait américain du pays en 2011. Elle est située à environ 310 kilomètres au sud de Bagdad et à 20 kilomètres au sud-ouest de Nassiriya. Pendant l'opération Desert Storm en 1991, la base avait été en grande partie neutralisée par les avions de la Coalition. En 2003, lors de l'invasion de l'Irak par les États-Unis, aucun aéronef irakien n'était ainsi en état de voler. L'aérodrome dispose de deux pistes mesurant 3 657 mètres et 2 956 mètres. Une tour de contrôle fut mise sur pied en 2010. Notes et références (en) Cet article est partiellement ou en totalité issu de l’article de Wikipédia en anglais intitulé « Ali Air Base » (voir la liste des auteurs). Liens externes (en) Tempête de sable sur la base aérienne d'Ali en 2010 (en) La base aérienne de Talil sur GlobalSecurity.org Portail de l’aéronautique Portail de l’Irak Portail des forces armées des États-Unis
Али (авиабаза)

Али́ (араб. قاعدة الإمام علي الجوية‎) — военная авиабаза, расположенная возле города Насирия (Ирак). По неизвестным причинам в 1990—2000-х годах в западных публикациях она упоминалась как Таллиль (англ. Tallil, араб. قاعدة طليل الجوية‎), хотя в реальности никогда не носила это название. Авиабаза была построена в 1970-х годах и активно использовалась военно-воздушными силами Ирака в период войны с Ираном (1980—1988). Во время войны в Персидском заливе (1991) база была занята американскими войсками. После завершения боевых действий иракская авиация её уже не использовала. В 2003 году база была вновь занята войсками США. По состоянию на 2008 год на ней базируется 407-я экспедиционная авиагруппа ВВС США (военно-транспортные самолёты C-130). На базе также присутствуют армейские подразделения, называющие её Кэмп-Аддер (англ. Camp Adder). Авиабаза имеет две взлётно-посадочные полосы (длиной 3650 и 2950 м). Поблизости от базы (внутри её периметра безопасности) находятся руины древнего шумерского города Ур, включая зиккурат в Уре. Примечания Ссылки Tallil Airbase (англ.) Архивная копия от 8 ноября 2017 на Wayback Machine (globalsecurity.org)
Cascada de Geli Ali Beg

Cascada de Geli Ali Beg (en àrab: شلال كلي علي بك) o salt d'aigua de Geli Ali Beg es troba al Kurdistan Iraquià que al seu torn es localitza a la part muntanyosa del nord del país a la regió del Kurdistan, al nord de la localitat d'Arbela. Aquesta cascada rep molts visitants i turistes de tot el país durant tot l'any. Referències
Geli Ali Beg Waterfall

Geli Ali Beg Waterfall (Kurdish: Geliyê Elî Beg ,گەلیی عەلی بەگ) is located in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, which lies some 130 km north of Erbil. The waterfall is named after the Yazidi prince of Sheikhan principality, Mîr Elî Beg who was executed during the Yazidi genocide by Soran Emirate by Prince Muhammad of Rawanduz at this valley at the end of 1833 for refusing to convert to Islam. It featured on the 5-dinar note issued 1978–1990. See also Yazidi genocide by the Soran Emirate (1832-1834) References
Cascada de Geli Ali Beg

Cascada de Geli Ali Beg​ (en árabe: شلال كلي علي بك) se encuentra en el Kurdistán Iraquí que a su vez se localiza en la parte montañosa del norte del país en la región del Kurdistán, al norte de la localidad de Erbil. Esta cascada recibe muchos visitantes y turistas de todo el país, durante todo el año. Véase también Geografía de Irak Geografía de Asia Referencias
Cascata de Geli Ali Beg

A Cascata de Geli Ali Beg (em árabe: شلال كلي علي بك) é uma queda de água no Curdistão Iraquiano, na parte montanhosa do norte do país, a cerca de 130km a norte da cidade de Erbil. Esta cascata recebe muitos visitantes e turistas de todo o país, durante todo o ano. Referências
Universität Kirkuk

Die Universität Kirkuk (arabisch جامعة كركوك, DMG Ǧāmiʿat Karkūk, englisch University of Kirkuk) ist eine staatliche Universität in Kirkuk im Norden des Irak. Sie wurde 2003 gegründet und untersteht dem irakischen Ministerium für Hochschulbildung und wissenschaftliche Forschung. 2026 hatte die Universität knapp 23.000 Studenten bei einem Frauenanteil von 57 Prozent. Geschichte Die Universität wurde am 17. Januar 2003 gegründet. Zu Beginn bestand sie aus vier Fakultäten: Rechtswissenschaft, Erziehungswissenschaften für Geisteswissenschaften, Naturwissenschaften und Krankenpflege. In den folgenden Jahren wurde die Hochschule schrittweise ausgebaut. Dazu gehörten unter anderem die Einrichtung von Abteilungen für Medizin, Ingenieurwesen und Landwirtschaft sowie 2007/08 eines College für Verwaltung und Wirtschaft. 2011/12 kam ein College für Erziehungswissenschaften in den Naturwissenschaften hinzu. Später wurden weitere Fachbereiche gegründet, darunter Zahnmedizin, Kunst, Informatik und Informationstechnologie sowie verschiedene medizinische und geisteswissenschaftliche Colleges. Fakultäten Nach Angaben der Universität bestehen unter anderem folgende Colleges bzw. Fakultäten: Medizin Zahnmedizin Pharmazie Krankenpflege Veterinärmedizin Ingenieurwissenschaften Naturwissenschaften Landwirtschaft Verwaltung und Wirtschaft Erziehungswissenschaften für Naturwissenschaften Heil- und Industriepflanzen Informatik und Informationstechnologie Sportwissenschaften Recht und Politikwissenschaft Erziehungswissenschaften für Geisteswissenschaften Erziehungswissenschaften für Frauen Grundschulpädagogik Kunst Medienwissenschaft Einzelnachweise
University of Kirkuk

The University of Kirkuk (Arabic: جامعة كركوك) is an Iraqi university established in 2003 in Kirkuk, Iraq. The University of Kirkuk included eight faculties/colleges when it was established in 2003. These were Engineering, Medicine, Law, Management & Economics, Science, Education, Nursing, and Agriculture. These Faculties has changed much since its inception, represented by the achievements of the mixed ethnic/religious students, in the various disciplines as well as academic/research programs provided by the faculty. After the creation of three new Colleges/Faculties of Medicine, Engineering and Agriculture, the college of Education was established with its five Departments: Qur'anic Sciences, Geography, Physical Education, Kurdish language, and Turkish Language. The Faculty of Sciences was established with four Departments: Biology, Physics, Chemistry, and Earth Sciences. In (2007-2008) the Faculty of Management and Economics was established to include the Departments of Business Administration and Statistics. Besides the development of the Faculty of Medicine with its nine disciplines/Branches: Microbiologist, Biochemistry, Surgery, Anatomy, Diseases, Internal Medicine, Physiology Medicine, Community Medicine. In the academic year (2008-2009), the Branch of Child Medicine was established. In the academic year (2009-2010), the Department of Mechanical Engineering was introduced to the College of Engineering. The UoK intends to exercise its best efforts to develop a cooperation program, establishing ties of friendship, promoting mutual academic/research collaboration, cultural and personnel/training exchanges, and working toward more specific and binding agreements. See also List of universities in Iraq External links University of Kirkuk website