La Défense

La Défense (French: [la defɑ̃s] ) is a major business district situated in the Greater Paris metropolitan area in Île-de-France, at the western end of the French capital’s historic axis. The district is home to the headquarters of numerous major French and foreign multinationals, as well as that of the Paris Bourse (Euronext) and European Banking Authority - which represents 3,500,000 square metres (38,000,000 sq ft) of office space. Served by six high-capacity rail lines (RER A, RER E, Metro Line 1, Transilien lines L and U, and Tramway T2), numerous bus and coach routes, and soon by two new stations on Line 15 of the Grand Paris Express, and possibly by Line 18, which would connect it directly to Orly Airport and the Paris-Saclay research-intensive and business cluster, home to the HEC Paris and École Polytechnique campus, amongst other institutions, La Défense is one of the main transport hubs in the Paris region . In 2025, La Défense was home to 2,800 companies, around 200,000 employees, 75,000 students and 50,000 residents, spread across 61 high-rise buildings . In 1981, the opening of Les Quatre Temps, still the most visited shopping centre in France (220 stores, 48 restaurants and a 24-screen movie theatre), established it as a major commercial hub in the Paris region. Plenitude Arena, the largest indoor arena in Europe, was inaugurated in 2017. La Défense is also visited by 8,000,000 tourists each year and houses an open-air museum. The district is located at the westernmost extremity of the 10-kilometre-long (6.2 mi) Axe historique ("historical axis") of Paris, which starts at the Louvre in Central Paris and continues along the Champs-Élysées, well beyond the Arc de Triomphe along the Avenue de la Grande Armée before culminating at La Défense. The district is centred in an orbital motorway straddling the Hauts-de-Seine department communes of Courbevoie, La Garenne-Colombes, Nanterre and Puteaux. History La Défense takes its name from the statue La Défense de Paris by Louis-Ernest Barrias, which was erected in 1883 to commemorate the soldiers who defended Paris during the Franco-Prussian War. In September 1958, the Public Establishment for Installation of La Défense (EPAD) buildings (of which the Esso Tower was the first) were constructed and began to slowly replace the city's factories, shanties, and even a few farms. The Centre of New Industries and Technologies (CNIT) was built and first used in 1958. These "first generation" skyscrapers were all very similar in appearance, limited to a height of 100 metres (330 ft). In 1966, the Nobel Tower was the first office skyscraper built in the area. In 1970, the RER line A railway was opened from La Défense to Étoile. In 1974, a contract for a Défense-Cergy high-speed hovercraft train was signed and soon abandoned. In the early 1970s, in response to great demand, a second generation of buildings began to appear, but the economic crisis in 1973 nearly halted all construction in the area. A third generation of towers began to appear in the early 1980s. The biggest shopping centre in Europe (at the time), the Quatre Temps, was created in 1981. In 1982, the EPAD launched the Tête Défense competition to find a monument to complete the Axe historique, which eventually led to the construction of Grande Arche at the west end of the quarter. During the same period, hotels were constructed, the CNIT was restructured, and in 1992, Line 1 of the Paris Métro was extended to La Défense, which made the area readily accessible to more of the city. On Bastille Day 1990, French electronic composer Jean-Michel Jarre staged an ambitious concert at the site, using the Grande Arche and three of the area's towers as projection screens, and building a pyramidal stage above the road. The free concert, titled Paris la Défense, attracted two million spectators, stretching all the way back to the Arc de Triomphe. This beat Jarre's own previous world record for the largest attendance for a musical concert. After Jean Michel Jarre, German DJ Sash! and the singer La Trec set the video clip for their song Stay at La Défense in 1997. After a stagnation in new development in the mid-1990s, La Défense is once again expanding and is now the largest purpose-built business district in Europe. Major corporations headquartered at La Défense include Neuf Cegetel, Société Générale, TotalEnergies, Aventis, Areva, and Arcelor. The tallest skyscraper, the Tour First belongs to AXA, constructed in 1974. It is 231 metres (758 ft) high, has 50 floors, and is the highest inhabited building in the Paris area. This title was previously held by the Tour Montparnasse, which was the tallest inhabited building until the Tour First was renovated between 2007 and 2011, bringing it to its current height from a previous 159 metres (522 ft); the tallest structure in Paris is the Eiffel Tower. On 9 September 2008, La Défense celebrated its 50th anniversary with a huge fireworks display. In December 2005, Bernard Bled, CEO and chairman of EPAD (La Defense Management and Development Office) announced an ambitious nine-year development plan called "La Defense 2006–2015". This important modernisation plan has to give a new dimension to the district and focuses on four main axes: regenerate outdated skyscrapers, allow new buildings, improve the balance between offices and residential housing, and make the transport of local employees from their homes to La Défense easier. There are three aims: building 150,000 square metres (1,600,000 ft2) of offices within demolition/rebuilding projects, building 300,000 square metres (3,200,000 ft2) of offices within new projects, and building 100,000 square metres (1,100,000 ft2) of housing. In July 2006, the government confirmed this plan, which has to be carried out around 2015. It is justified by the strong estate pressure, which plays in favour of building new skyscrapers near Paris. Those constructions have the advantage of being more economical than small buildings. But it will have to overcome some difficulties: the French economy faced a short-term slowdown; the government is trying to balance tertiary sector employment in the whole region again, because today La Défense concentrates a major part of those jobs; and traffic is already saturated in the district, while it would need huge investments to extend transport infrastructures. It launched high-profile international competitions and/or construction approval of several key 300-to-320-metre (980 to 1,050 ft) tall sustainable development-style skyscrapers such as Tour Signal, Tour Phare, Hermitage Plaza, and Tour Generali. During said December 2005 Press Conference, EPAD released to the public an elaborate 3D animation film titled La Défense 2016. Education Paris La Défense brings together the cluster of Leonardo da Vinci University Center, the IA Institut, a campus of EPITA and 4 business schools: EDC Paris Business School, ESSEC Business School, ICN Graduate Business School and IESEG School of Management. It is also home to the European School of Paris-La Défense, an international primary and secondary school that was accredited as a European School in 2020. Area specifications Divided into 4 major sectors 1,400 acres (5.7 km2) 3,500,000 square metres (38,000,000 sq ft) of offices 310,000 square metres (3,300,000 sq ft) of flagstone and sidewalk 245,000 square metres (2,640,000 sq ft) of shops (including the 140,000 square metres (1,500,000 sq ft) Westfield Les Quatre Temps Shopping Mall) 110,000 square metres (1,200,000 sq ft) of greenery 180,000 employees 70,000 students 50,000 residents 2,600 hotel rooms 1,500 businesses 500+ companies 150 restaurants 61 skyscrapers, 76m (250 ft) average building height Open-air museum Besides the representative architecture, the area also houses an open-air museum with 70 statues and pieces of modern art, including the following works: Highrise buildings Completed highrise buildings above 50 m (164 ft) (1967–2025) Upcoming highrise buildings (2025–2030) Canceled projects Tour Sans Fins (1989): 425 m (1,394 ft) Hermitage Plaza (2022): 323 m (1,060 ft) Tour Generali (2011): 319 m (1,047 ft) Tour Signal (2009): 301 m (988 ft) Tour Phare (2018): 296 m (971 ft) See also Plenitude Arena List of tallest buildings and structures in the Paris region List of tourist attractions in Paris References Further reading Schaugg, Johannes: High-Rise Buildings – La Défense, Books on Demand 2009, ISBN 978-3-8391-4523-4. External links Satellite image from Google Maps La Défense de Paris Site officiel de l'EPAD (Établissement Public pour l'Aménagement de la Défense) (in French) Connecting-Paris, web site created by the Chamber of commerce and industry of Paris to help companies setting up in La Defense (in English) Expatriates Magazine, A printed publication distributed within various corporations situated in La Defense helping international employees integrate within the workplace and city (in English) Les bâtiments de la Défense (in French) Structurae: Structural engineering and architecture guide to Paris-La Défense (in English)