QV55

QV55, also known as the tomb of Amun-her-khepeshef, is an ancient Egyptian tomb in the Valley of the Queens, in the Theban Necropolis, built for Prince Amun-her-khepeshef, a son of Ramesses III, and dated to the Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt. Owner The owner of the tomb is Amun-her-khepeshef, a son of Ramesses III. A scene from the tomb shows the prince behind his father Ramesses III, who is led by the goddess Hathor. In the same scene, Amun-her-khepeshef wears the sidelock of youth, identified as a sign of youth. In the scenes of the antechamber and burial chamber, Ramesses III is the main figure and performs the offerings, while the prince appears as a secondary figure, shown as a child with the sidelock of youth. History QV55 is attributed to Amenherkhepshef and is dated to the Twentieth Dynasty. The modern history of the tomb includes its discovery and photographic documentation by the Italian Archaeological Mission in 1904, the study by the Franco-Egyptian mission of the CNRS and the Supreme Council of Antiquities in 1988 and 1994, and the research, planning and conservation assessment activities carried out in the Valley of the Queens by the Getty Conservation Institute and the Supreme Council of Antiquities between 2006 and 2011. After the discovery, photographs were taken of the entrance, the antechamber, the burial chamber, the sarcophagus and the painted scenes; these photographs are preserved in the photographic archive of the Museo Egizio. QV55, QV52 and QV44 were recorded as lighted and open to visitors during observations of bat colonies carried out as part of the conservation assessment of the Valley of the Queens. Excavations Ernesto Schiaparelli followed the trace of an ancient dam and in 1904 located the upper part of the tomb's entrance ramp. At the time of discovery, part of the plastered wall that originally closed the entrance was still in place. At the beginning of the excavation, the entrance was blocked by stones: one photograph in the series preserved at the Museo Egizio documents the removal of the fill in front of the entrance. The Italian Archaeological Mission built enclosure walls, a vault over the entrance and a heavy metal door. A photograph dated 1905-1914 documents the entrance to the tomb covered by a modern brick structure built by the Italian Archaeological Mission. The marble plaque placed by Schiaparelli along the route of the southwestern wadi commemorates the discovery of the tomb. In the excavation photographs of 1904, the prince's pink granite sarcophagus is documented in the burial chamber, while other images in the same series record the painted walls of the antechamber and burial chamber. Description Exterior The tomb is located at the western end of the main wadi of the Valley of the Queens and is oriented along a northeast-southwest axis. The Theban Mapping Project plan gives the orientation of the main axis as 239° 27' 44". The tomb is cut into greyish marl rich in chert. The rock is described as generally of good quality, and for this reason it did not require extensive filling. The jambs of some doors are partly reconstructed in concrete. Interior A long entrance ramp leads to chamber C, from which side chamber E opens to the north. Chamber C is followed by corridor G, with side chamber I to the north. The route ends in rear chamber K, which contains the granite sarcophagus. The position and dimensions of the sarcophagus are marked as approximate in the Theban Mapping Project plan. Decoration Many painted sunk-relief plasters survive in the tomb. Some parts of the decoration remained unfinished: side chamber E was plastered but not painted, while rear chamber K preserves only a base layer of plaster. The ceiling may also have been unfinished, since only a layer of black paint was applied to it. The south wall of the antechamber has two scenes with Ramesses III and the prince: on the left the king is with Isis, and on the right he is with Hathor. At the entrance to the burial chamber, Isis and Nephthys are represented with the water sign in their hands, welcoming the deceased into the underworld. Chamber G is decorated with four gate guardians, corresponding to gates 5-8 of chapter 145 of the Book of the Dead. Above the entrance to the rear chamber are a winged sun disk and two uraei around the cartouches of Ramesses III. Side chamber I and rear hall K are undecorated, while images of Isis and Nephthys are placed at the entrance to chamber K. Finds At the time of discovery the tomb was empty, except for a few funerary objects and an unfinished sarcophagus. The sarcophagus was found in chamber G and was relocated to chamber K to allow passage through the narrow space. A mummified fetus, found in the Valley of Prince Ahmose (QV88), was placed in chamber K around 1974 and moved to chamber E in February 2010. See also Valley of the Queens Amun-her-khepeshef (20th dynasty) Ramesses III References Bibliography Demas, Martha; Agnew, Neville, eds. (2012). Valley of the Queens Assessment Report: A Collaborative Project of the Getty Conservation Institute and the Supreme Council of Antiquities, Egypt. Vol. 1: Conservation and Management Planning. Los Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute. ISBN 9781937433406. Demas, Martha; Agnew, Neville, eds. (2016). Valley of the Queens Assessment Report: A Collaborative Project of the Getty Conservation Institute and the Supreme Council of Antiquities, Egypt. Vol. 2: Assessment of 18th, 19th, and 20th Dynasty Tombs. Los Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute. ISBN 9781937433369. External links QV 55, Tomb of Amonherkhepeshef – Museo Egizio Photographic Archive QV 55 - Amenherkhepshef, Dyn. XX – Theban Mapping Project plan