NoeFlandre/osm-polygon-wikidata-only huggingface dataset:
31st Motorized Infantry Division (People's Republic of China)

The 49th Infantry Division (Chinese: 步兵第49师) was a division of the Chinese People's Liberation Army. It was formed in March 1952 and in August designated as a light division of the national defense force. It was the second PRC infantry division numbered 49; the previous 49th Division had been disestablished in 1950–51. The division was organized from units and detachments of the 5th Army Group left in Guizhou province. The division was composed of: 145th Infantry Regiment; 146th Infantry Regiment (former 137th); 147th Infantry Regiment (former 141st); 307th Artillery Regiment. From April 1955 the division was put under the Kunming Military Region's control. From June 1957 the division was transferred to the Chengdu Military Region's control, but the division returned to the Kunming MR in May 1958. From April 1960 the division was renamed as the 49th Army Division (Chinese: 陆军第49师). From August 1967 to 1968, Anti-Aircraft Artillery Regiment, 49th Army Division was deployed to North Vietnam for air defense missions. In November 1969, the division was transferred to the newly formed 11th Army Corps and later redesignated as the 31st Army Division (Chinese: 陆军第31师). All its regiments were redesignated as follows: 91st Infantry Regiment (former 145th); 92nd Infantry Regiment (former 146th); 93rd Infantry Regiment (former 147th); Artillery Regiment (former 307th). During the 1984 Battle of Laoshan, the PLA launched their assault on Laoshan at 05:00 on 28 April after intense artillery bombardment. PLA forces were estimated to outnumber the size of PAVN ones. The PLA 40th Division of the 14th Army crossed the border section to the west of the Lô River, while the 31st Division took Hill 1200 on the eastern bank. In October 1985, the division was transferred to the 14th Army and renamed the 31st Motorized Infantry Division (Chinese: 摩托化步兵第31师), as a southern motorized infantry division. Anti-Aircraft Artillery Regiment, 31st Motorized Infantry Division was established. In 1998, the 91st Infantry Regiment merged with the 18th Tank Regiment, 5th Tank Division as the Armored Regiment, 31st Motorized Infantry Division. At the time, the division was composed of: 92nd Motorized Infantry Regiment; 93rd Motorized Infantry Regiment; Armored Regiment; Artillery Regiment; Anti-Aircraft Regiment. In 2013, the division was split into two brigades: the 31st Mechanized Infantry Brigade (Chinese: 机械化步兵第31旅) and 32nd Mountain Motorized Infantry Brigade (Chinese: 山地摩托化步兵第32旅). In April 2017, the 31st brigade was reorganized as the 31st Heavy Combined Arms Brigade (Chinese: 重型合成第31旅), while the 32nd Brigade was reorganized as the 32nd Mountain Combined Arms Brigade (Chinese: 山地合成第32旅). Both brigades are now part of the PLA 75th Group Army, stationed in Dali, Yunnan. References 中国人民解放军各步兵师沿革，http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_a3f74a990101cp1q.html O'Dowd, Edward C. (2007-04-16). Chinese Military Strategy in the Third Indochina War: The Last Maoist War. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-12267-7.
Ahai-Talsperre

Die Ahai-Talsperre (chin. 阿海水电站, Hanyu Pinyin āhǎi shuǐdiànzhàn, dt. Wasserkraftwerk Ahai) ist eine in Bau befindliche Talsperre mit einer Walzbeton-(RCC)-Gewichtsstaumauer am Jinsha Jiang (chin. Bezeichnung für den Oberlauf des Jangtsekiang) im Kreis Yulong, Präfektur Lijiang, Provinz Yunnan in der Volksrepublik China. Sie steht etwa 5 km von der Mündung des Cuiyu entfernt. Das Wasserkraftwerk wird mit fünf Francis-Turbinen mit je 400 MW Nennleistung ausgestattet, was einer Gesamtleistung von 2000 MW entspricht. Damit können jährlich schätzungsweise 8,887 Milliarden Kilowattstunden Strom generiert werden. Im Dezember 2011 begann der Einstau des Reservoirs und 2012 soll der erste Generator in Betrieb gehen. Die Baukosten betragen 13,6 Milliarden Renminbi oder 2 Milliarden US-Dollar. Siehe auch Liste von Wasserkraftwerken in China Liste von Talsperren in China Liste der größten Talsperren der Erde Liste der größten Stauseen der Erde Liste der größten Wasserkraftwerke der Erde Einzelnachweise Weblinks Ahai Hydroelectric Station (Memento vom 16. Juli 2007 im Internet Archive)
Ahai Dam

The Ahai Dam (阿海水电站) is a gravity dam on the Jinsha River in Yulong County, Lijiang Prefecture, Yunnan and in the river reach at about 5 km in the lower reaches of Cuiyu River mouth. Preliminary construction began in 2008 and construction on the dam superstructure and power station began in 2010. The dam's first generator was operational in December 2012, the third by May 2013. The fifth and final generator was commissioned on 9 June 2014. Background The dam section is a transverse valley with a water surface 60 to 150 m wide and low water level of 1048 m. The landforms on both banks are basically symmetrical. There is a measurement of about 50 m wide tableland and about 30 degrees above water surface in the left bank, and the slope in the right bank is about 27 degree and the slope above the elevation of 1500 m is about 48 degree. There is poor sand and soil materials and abundant limestone material satisfied with requirement of quality and reserves within 20 km in the dam area, which is qualified for setting up low dam according to existing geological data. In the light of topographic and geological conditions, the Ahai Dam section can be considered as local material dam type with low height of swell, suitable for connection of backwater with Liyuan cascade. The dam has normal water level of 1514 m, total reservoir capacity of 1.08 billion cubic meters and installed capacity of 2,000,000-2,200,000 kW. Now, a low-cost road to Niukexu has been opened to traffic, and there is only an about 5 km long path to the dam section. Environmental impact This project marked the first time representatives from Chinese environmental groups were invited to participate in the environmental impact assessment for a major hydropower project in China, according to the First Financial Daily. Representatives of the Institute for Public & Environmental Affairs and the Green Earth Volunteers took part in the meeting to conduct technical evaluation on environmental impact assessment for the dam on the Jinsha River on December 29–30, 2008 in Beijing. See also List of conventional hydroelectric power stations List of power stations in China References
Barrage d'Ahai

Le barrage d'Ahai est un barrage sur la rivière Jinsha (nom donné au cours supérieur du Yangzi Jiang), situé dans la province du Yunnan en Chine. Il est associé à une centrale hydroélectrique de 2 000 MW, comprenant 5 turbines de 400 MW chacune. Sa production électrique moyenne est estimée à 8 877 GWh/an. Il s'agit d'un barrage-poids en béton, d'une hauteur de 130 mètres. Il forme un lac de retenue d'un volume de 882 millions de m3[réf. nécessaire]. Sa construction a débuté en 2008, les turbines ont été installés en 2012 et 2013, et sa mise en service complète a eu lieu en juin 2014. Le coût de construction total a atteint 13,6 milliards de yuans[réf. nécessaire]. Cascade hydroélectrique du Jinsha moyen Le barrage d'Ahai est le quatrième barrage d'une cascade hydroélectrique sur le Jinsha moyen, qui en comportera huit au total : Longpan, Liangjiaren, Liyuan, Ahai, Jinanqiao, Longkaikou, Ludila et Guanyinyan. Sur cette section de 1 328 km entre Shigu et Panzhihua, le fleuve Yangzi Jiang chute de 1 570 mètres, offrant un potentiel hydroélectrique considérable. Voir aussi Hydroélectricité en Chine Liste des barrages hydroélectriques les plus puissants Yangzi Jiang Notes et références Portail des énergies renouvelables Portail du bâtiment et des travaux publics Portail de la Chine Portail des lacs et cours d'eau Portail des barrages
ГЕС Ахай

ГЕС Ахай (阿海水电站) — гідроелектростанція у центральній частині Китаю в провінції Юньнань. Знаходячись між ГЕС Ліюань (вище по течії) та ГЕС Цзинанькяо, входить до складу каскаду на одній з найбільших річок світу Янцзи (розташовується на ділянці її верхньої течії, котра носить назву Цзиньша). В межах проекту річку перекрили греблею із ущільненого котком бетону висотою 132 метра та довжиною 482 метра. На час будівництва воду відвели за допомогою двох тунелів з перетином 16х19 метрів. Гребля утримує витягнуте по долині Янцзи на 75,3 км водосховище із площею поверхні 22,7 км2, об'ємом 806 млн м3 (корисний об'єм 106 млн м3) та припустимим коливанням рівня у операційному режимі між позначками 1492 та 1504 метра НРМ. Під час повені об'єм може зростати до 882 млн м3. Пригреблевий машинний зал обладнали п'ятьма турбінами типу Френсіс потужністю по 400 МВт, які використовують напір від 63 до 88 метрів (номінальний напір 77 метрів) та забезпечують виробництво 8877 млн кВт-год електроенергії. Видача продукції відбувається по ЛЕП, розрахованій на роботу під напругою 500 кВ. Примітки
Eye of Spring Trade Center

The Eye of Spring Trade Center, also known as Dongfeng Plaza, is a complex of two skyscrapers on-hold in Kunming, China. The towers will be 100 storeys at 407 metres (1,335.3 ft) and 72 storeys at 326 metres (1,069.6 ft) tall. Once completed, they will be the tallest in Kunming and Yunnan province. The Eye of Spring complex is a part of the re-development of Dongfeng Square. Prior to the start of construction, The Historic Workers' Cultural Hall was demolished, the Dongfeng Square dug up, and work began on two underground metro stations on opposite sides of the square. Construction started in 2017 but was put on hold in Mid-2020, before construction resumed in 2021. See also List of tallest buildings in Kunming List of tallest buildings in China References
75th Group Army

The 75th Group Army (Chinese: 第七十五集团军; pinyin: Dì Qīshíwǔ Jítuánjūn), Unit 31663, formerly the 41st Group Army, is a military formation of the Chinese People's Liberation Army Ground Force (PLAGF). The 75th Group Army is one of thirteen total group armies of the PLAGF, the largest echelon of ground forces in the People's Republic of China, and one of two assigned to the nation's Southern Theater Command. Organization Pre-2017 121st Mountain Motorized Infantry Brigade (Chinese: 山地摩托化步兵第121旅) 122nd Mechanized Infantry Brigade (Chinese: 机械化步兵第122旅) 123rd Mechanized Infantry Division (Chinese: 机械化步兵第123师) 15th Armored Brigade (Chinese: 装甲第15旅) Artillery Brigade (Chinese: 炮兵旅) Air-Defense Brigade (Chinese: 防空旅) Army Aviation Regiment (Chinese: 陆军航空兵团) Boat Regiment (Chinese: 舟桥团) Chemical-Defense Regiment (Chinese: 防化团) Engineer Regiment (Chinese: 工兵团) Post-2017 31st Heavy Combined Arms Brigade (Chinese: 重型合成第31旅) (equipped with Type 96A tanks, ZBD-04 IFVs) 32nd Mountain Combined Arms Brigade (Chinese: 山地合成第32旅) 37th Light Combined Arms Brigade (Chinese: 轻型合成第37旅) 42nd Light Combined Arms Brigade (Chinese: 轻型合成第42旅) 122nd Medium Combined Arms Brigade (Chinese: 中型合成第122旅) - Stationed in Guilin, equipped with ZBL-08 and ZTL-11 123rd Heavy Combined Arms Brigade (Chinese: 重型合成第123旅) - Stationed in Guigang, equipped with ZTQ-15 and ZBD-86A 121st Air Assault Brigade (Chinese: 空中突击第121旅) 75th Special Operation Brigade (Chinese: 特种作战第75旅) 75th Artillery Brigade (Chinese: 炮兵第75旅) 75th Air-Defense Brigade (Chinese: 防空第75旅)(equipped with Tor-M1 and type 09 anti air system) 75th Engineer and Chemical-Defense Brigade (Chinese: 工兵防化第75旅) 75th Sustainment Brigade (Chinese: 勤务支援第75旅) References Further reading Dennis J. Blasko. "PLA Ground Forces: Moving Toward a Smaller, More Rapidly Deployable, Modern Combined Arms Force" The People's Liberation Army as Organization: Reference Volume v1.0, James C. Mulvenon and Andrew N. D. Yang eds. (Santa Monico: RAND; 2002)
Longhua-Tempel (Yao’an)

Der Longhua-Tempel (chinesisch 龙华寺, Pinyin Lónghuá sì, englisch Longhua Temple) oder Huofo-Tempel (chinesisch 活佛寺, Pinyin Huófó sì, englisch Living Buddha Temple – „Tempel des Lebenden Buddha“) in der Großgemeinde Guanglu am Fuß des Westberges (Xi Shan) im Kreis Yao’an des Autonomen Bezirks Chuxiong der Yi der chinesischen Provinz Yunnan ist ein buddhistischer Tempel aus der Tianyou-Ära (904–907) am Ende der Tang-Dynastie. Am 9. Juli 2009 wurde seine Haupthalle bei einem Erdbeben der Stärke 6,0 beschädigt. Der Longhua-Tempel steht seit 2006 auf der Liste der Denkmäler der Volksrepublik China (6-750). Weblink Erdbeben in der Provinz Yunnan im Südwesten Chinas Fußnoten
Yunnanyi Airport

Yunnanyi Airport, formerly known as Xiangyun Airport and during WWII as Beitun Airport, is a military airport in western Xiangyun County, Yunnan province, China. Throughout the Second World War, there were two airports in Xiangyun County: Yunnanyi Airport (after the nearby town, Yunnanyi) and Beitun Airport (北屯机场). The original Yunnanyi Airport was abandoned after 1949. Beitun Airport stayed in use, and was renamed Xiangyun Airport. Xiangyun Airport was later renamed again to become the current Yunnanyi Airport. History After Japan cut off the vital Allied Burma Road logistics line in 1942 during the Second Sino-Japanese War, the airfield was primarily used by transport squadrons operating C-46 Commando and C-47 Skytrain flying from India over "the Hump" until the opening of the Ledo Road in 1945. The transport aircraft unloaded supplies and equipment for the Chinese forces, mainly being food and ammunition. The original Yunnanyi Airport (also known as Yunnani or Siangyun Airfield) was used by the United States Army Air Forces Fourteenth Air Force as part of the China Defensive Campaign beginning in September 1944. In addition, USAAF F-4 (P-38 Lightning) aircraft flew combat reconnaissance missions over Japanese-held areas from the airport in late 1944 and early 1945. The Americans closed their facilities at the airport in July 1945. References
Kulturni krajolik šuma čaja planine Jingmai u Pu'eru

Drevna šuma čaja planine Jingmai je kulturni krajolik na planini Jingmai u općini Huimin pod jurisdikcijom autonomnog okruga Lancang Lahu, grada Pu'era, provincije Yunnan, na jugozapadu Narodne Republike Kine. Stabla na plantažama čaja uzgajaju tisućama godina preci lokalnih naroda Bulang i Dai. Zaštićeno područje površine od oko 28.000 km² (19.095,74 hektara) je 2023. god. upisan na UNESCO-ov popis mjesta svjetske baštine u Aziji kao „trenutno je najbolje očuvani, najstariji i najveći kultivirani drevni čajni vrt na svijetu”. Povijest sadnje čajevca u čajnom vrtu planine Jingmai može se pratiti do 696. godine, što je prije gotovo 1400 godina. Od 10. do 14. stoljeća, kada su se preci naroda Blang i Dai doselili na planinu Jingmai, otkrili su veliko područje divljih stabala čaja. Izgradili su sela u šumi i uzgajali stabla čaja oko sela, formirajući tradiciju uzgoja čaja ispod šume. Tijekom dinastija Ming i Qing, potaknuta prosperitetnom trgovinom čajem, opseg uzgoja čaja na planini Jingmai se proširio, a drevna šuma čaja postala je važan izvor prihoda za lokalne etničke skupine. Zaštićeno područje proizvodnje čaja se sastoji od devet tradicionalnih sela unutar starih čajnih nasada okruženih šumama i plantažama čaja. Tradicionalni uzgoj i drevni način pohrane čaja metoda je koja odgovara specifičnim uvjetima planinskog ekosustava i suptropske monsunske klime, u kombinaciji sa sustavom upravljanja koji održavaju lokalne autohtone zajednice. Drevni čaj Jingmai ima jedinstven izgled jednog pupoljka s velikim listovima, sa srebrnim vrhovima koji stoje uspravno. Listovi čaja su izvrsne kvalitete, s punim i mekim tijelom, punim bijelim dlačicama, slatkim i blagim mirisom, dugotrajnom i čistom aromom, jedinstvenim okusom, teškom bazom, slatkim i mirisnim okusom te izrazitim naknadnim okusom. Zasadi na crvenici su zaštićeni suptropskim monsunskim zimzelenim širokolisnim biljkama, među kojima su Simao Litsea cubeba i Toona redus, rijetke vrste drveća pod nacionalnom zaštitom drugog stupnja. Tradicionalne ceremonije i svečanosti čaja povezane su s vjerovanjem predaka kako duhovi žive na plantažama čaja i u lokalnoj fauni i flori, vjerovanjem koje je u srži ove kulturne tradicije. Izvori Vanjske poveznice
Чайные леса горы Цзинмай в Пуэре

Чайные леса горы Цзинмай в Пуэре — объект всемирного наследия ЮНЕСКО, расположенный на горе Цзинмай на юго-востоке автономного округа Ланьцан-Лаху, городского округа Пуэр, провинции Юньнань, Китай. Типичный представитель искусственно культивируемого древнего чайного леса. 17 сентября 2023 года культурный ландшафт древних чайных лесов горы Цзинмай был выбран в качестве объекта Всемирного культурного наследия на 45-й сессии Комитета всемирного наследия ЮНЕСКО. Обзор В деревне Цзинмай преобладают дайцы, а в деревне Манцзин — буланы. Чайный сад Цзинмай представляет собой модель ранней искусственной культуры выращивания крупнолистового чая Юньнань (чай Пуэр) предками двух вышеперечисленных народов. В настоящее время это наиболее хорошо сохранившийся в мире, старейший и крупнейший искусственно возделываемый древний чайный сад. С X по XIV века, когда предки народов булан и дай мигрировали на гору Цзинмай, они обнаружили большую территорию диких чайных деревьев. После постройки своих деревень, они начали высаживать чайные деревья вокруг своих жилищ. Традиционное выращивание древних чайных деревьев в подлеске — это метод, отвечающий специфическим условиям горной экосистемы и субтропического муссонного климата, в сочетании с системой управления, поддерживаемой местными коренными общинами. Во времена династий Мин и Цин, благодаря бурному развитию торговли чаем, масштабы посадки чайных деревьев на горе Цзинмай расширились, и древний чайный лес стал важным источником дохода для местных этнических групп. Элементы наследия культурного ландшафта древних чайных лесов горы Цзинмай включают 5 крупных древних чайных лесов, 5 древних деревень буланов и 4 — дайцев, а также 3 отдельных защитных леса. Общая площадь объекта наследия составляет 19 095,74 га, из них площадь территории наследия составляет 7 167,89 га, а площадь буферной зоны — 11 927,85 га. В зону наследия входят две административные деревни Цзинмай и Манцзин, находящиеся под юрисдикцией города Хуйминь. По оценкам, количество древних чайных деревьев на охраняемой территории превышает 1,2 миллиона. Признание объекта наследия Процесс признания древних чайных лесов на горе Цзинмай объектом наследия ЮНЕСКО занял 13 лет. Заявка была запущена в июне 2010 года и была включена в предварительный список всемирного наследия Китая в ноябре 2012 года. 17 сентября 2023 года культурный ландшафт древних чайных лесов горы Цзинмай был рассмотрен на 45-й сессии Комитета всемирного наследия ЮНЕСКО и включён в «Список всемирного наследия». Это первый объект всемирного наследия, посвящённый чаю. Примечания
Caopujie (köpinghuvudort i Kina, Yunnan Sheng, lat 24,94, long 102,38)

Caopujie (kinesiska: 草铺, 草铺街) är en köpinghuvudort i Kina. Den ligger i provinsen Yunnan, i den sydvästra delen av landet, omkring 34 kilometer sydväst om provinshuvudstaden Kunming. Antalet invånare är 23 895. Befolkningen består av 9 656 kvinnor och 14 239 män. Barn under 15 år utgör 19,0 %, vuxna 15-64 år 75 %, och äldre över 65 år 5,0 %. Runt Caopujie är det tätbefolkat, med 257 invånare per kvadratkilometer. Närmaste större samhälle är Lianran, 10,6 km öster om Caopujie. Trakten runt Caopujie består till största delen av jordbruksmark. Genomsnittlig årsnederbörd är 912 millimeter. Den regnigaste månaden är juni, med i genomsnitt 182 mm nederbörd, och den torraste är februari, med 9 mm nederbörd. Källor
Cibi Lake

Cibi Lake (Chinese: 茈碧湖; pinyin: Cíbì Hú) is a lake in Eryuan County, northwestern Yunnan Province, China. It lies about 73 km north of Dali City. It is fed by the Fengyu River and drains southward into the Erhai Lake via the Miju River (the upstream of it called Haiwei River).The lake is 6.1 km long and 0.75–2.5 km wide, with a 17 km shoreline. Notes
Demi-Gods and Semi-Devils film city

The Demi-Gods and Semi-Devils film city (天龍八部影視城, English: Tian Long Ba Bu Movie City) is an artificial Chinese ancient city built in Dali City, Yunnan, China. History The city was originally built to accommodate the shooting of the television series Demi-Gods and Semi-Devils (天龍八部). The city cost 110 million RMB to construct. The park covers an area size of 700 mu (畝). The park was opened in 2002 with different stages of constructions. Attractions The city has sections demonstrating different dynasties such as Song, Western Xia or Liao. Tourists can pick up replica weapons for closer examination. Visitors to the imperial palace can also pay a fee to don the emperor's robes and sit on the throne. References
Eastern and Western Pagodas

The Eastern and Western Pagodas (东寺塔与西寺塔; Dongsi Ta / Xisi Ta) are two pagodas, about 200 metres (660 ft) apart, in the Xishan District of Kunming, Yunnan, China. Also known as the Pagoda of the East Temple (25.0320°N 102.7106°E﻿ / 25.0320; 102.7106﻿ (Pagoda of the East Temple)) and the Pagoda of the West Temple (25.0319°N 102.7067°E﻿ / 25.0319; 102.7067﻿ (Pagoda of the West Temple)), they were constructed in the late eighth or early ninth century AD, under the rule of the Kingdom of Nanzhao. References
Gelantan Dam

The Gelantan Dam (戈兰滩大坝) is a gravity dam on the Lixian River, bordering the counties of Honghe and Jiangcheng in Yunnan Province, China. The primary purpose of the dam is hydroelectric power generation and it supports a 390 MW power station. Construction began in 2003, the river was diverted in 2006 and the first generator was commissioned in 2007, the last two in 2008. It is the sixth dam in the Lixian River cascade. See also List of dams and reservoirs in China List of major power stations in Yunnan References
Геланьтань

ГЕС Геланьтань (戈兰滩水电站) — гідроелектростанція на півдні Китаю у провінції Юньнань. Знаходячись між ГЕС Jufudu (вище по течії) та ГЕС Tukahe, входить до складу каскаду на річці Лісяньцзян (у В'єтнамі — Да), правій притоці Хонгхи (біля Хайфона впадає у Тонкінську затоку Південно-Китайського моря). У межах проекту річку перекрили греблею з ущільненого котком бетону висотою 113 метрів та довжиною 466 метрів, яка потребувала 1,35 млн м3 матеріалу. Ця споруда утримує водосховище з об'ємом 409 млн м3, в якому припустиме коливання рівня поверхні у операційному режимі між позначками 446 та 456 метрів НРМ (під час повені останній показник збільшується до 457,3 метра НРМ). Розташований на лівому березі Лісяньцзян за чверть кілометра від греблі машинний зал обладнали трьома турбінами типу Френсіс потужністю по 150 МВт, які забезпечують виробництво 2 млрд кВт-год електроенергії на рік. Примітки
Feilai Temple (Deqin County)

Feilai Temple (simplified Chinese: 飞来寺; traditional Chinese: 飛來寺; pinyin: Feīlaí Sì; Tibetan: ཇོ་བོ་ནམ་མཁའ་བཀྲ་ཤིས།) is a Buddhist temple located in Dêqên County, Yunnan, China. History The original temple dates back to 1614, during the 17th century in the late Ming dynasty (1368–1644). Architecture The existing main buildings include the Zisun Hall (子孙殿), Guansheng Hall (关圣殿; 'Hall of Saintly Emperor Guan'), Haichao Hall (海潮殿), wing-rooms, side rooms, and matching halls. Gallery References