NoeFlandre/osm-polygon-wikidata-only huggingface dataset:
Gran consiglio (Cina)

Il Gran consiglio o Junjichu (cinese tradizionale: 軍機處; cinese semplificato: 军机处; pinyin: Jūnjīchù; mancese latinizzato: coohai nashūn i ba), letteralmente "Consiglio dei segreti militari" dal mancese, fu un importante organismo di potere della dinastia Qing. Inizialmente si occupava solamente degli affari militari, ma ben presto il suo potere fu incrementato tanto da renderlo una sorta di consiglio privato per il sovrano, eclissando gradualmente lo Studio meridionale, rimanendo comunque un organismo non ufficiale nonostante il suo vasto potere. Era locato in un insignificante edificio appena al di fuori del palazzo della Purezza Celeste, nella Città Proibita. Storia Il Junjichu venne fondato nel 1729, quando l'jmperatore Yongzheng intraprese una spedizione militare contro gli dzungar; allora c'era la preoccupazione che la sede del gabinetto politico imperiale non assicurasse la massima segretezza militare. I membri del gabinetto più fidati vennero ammessi al nuovo Consiglio, anche se davvero pochi uomini ebbero questo privilegio. Allora il Junjichu aveva il nome di Ufficio dei segreti militari. Dopo la vittoria sugli dzungar, l'imperatore valutò che il Junjichu effettivamente aveva il vantaggio di superare l'inefficienza e la lentezza burocratiche che caratterizzavano il governo regolare; per questo l'ufficio passò dall'essere un'istituzione temporanea ad un vero e proprio Gran consiglio permanente, che si appropriò rapidamente dei poteri dello Studio meridionale, l'organismo che precedentemente aveva potere consultivo presso il sovrano e, di fatto, anche quello legislativo. Nel 1736, l'imperatore Qianlong volle restituire i poteri al governo regolare e abolì il Gran consiglio. Tuttavia, si rese conto ben presto che la burocrazia avrebbe ripreso il sopravvento e re-istituì il Junjichu nel 1738. Componenti Il numero dei componenti del Gran consiglio mutò varie volte nel tempo, passando da un minimo di tre consiglieri ad un numero superiore ai dieci consiglieri. Inizialmente vi furono ammessi solo cinesi Manciù, ma successivamente venne aperto anche agli han. Solitamente, i consiglieri erano cinque: due mancesi, due han e un membro della famiglia reale. A coordinare il Consiglio era un consigliere capo (領班軍機大臣, Lǐngbān jūnjī dàchén), anche se rimase sempre un titolo informale. Altri progetti Wikimedia Commons contiene immagini o altri file su Gran Consiglio Collegamenti esterni (EN) Grand Council, su Enciclopedia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Rada Wojenna (Cesarstwo chińskie)

Rada Wojenna – drugi, obok Sekretariatu Cesarskiego, najwyższy organ władzy ustawodawczej w Chinach za rządów dynastii Qing. Została utworzona w czasie jednej z kampanii przeciwko Dżungarom. Początkowo jej zadaniem było zapewnienie lepszej koordynacji prowadzonym działaniom wojennym, później zaczęła się zajmować wszystkimi ważniejszymi sprawami państwa. Ustalała liczebność armii i wysokość żołdu, redagowała teksty cesarskich dekretów i postanowień, a także wydawała wyroki w procesach politycznych szczególnej wagi. Jej liczebność nie była z góry ustalona, określał ją cesarz. Dominującą grupę stanowili w niej z reguły Mandżurowie, znacznie mniej było Hanów czy Mongołów. W 1911 została zastąpiona Najwyższą Tajną Radą. Bibliografia Historia nowożytna Chin. Warszawa: Wyd. "Książka i Wiedza", 1979.
Відомство військових таємниць

Ві́домство військо́вих таємни́ць, Цзюньцзі-чу (маньчж.: coohai nashūn i ba; спрощ.: 军机处; кит. трад.: 軍機處; піньїнь: Jūnjīchù, офіційно Banli Junji Shiwu Chu (кит. трад.: 辦理軍機事務處; Управління по роботі з конфіденційними військовими справами)) — найвищий орган військової та адміністративної влади у Китаї часів династії Цін. Створений у 1729 за наказом імператора Юнчжена під час джунгарсько-цінської війни під назвою Управління військових таємниць (кит.: 軍機房, Цзюньцзі-фан). У 1732 перейменований на Відомство (Цзюньцзі-чу). Спочатку був тимчасовою службою, що займалася військовими таємницями. Розташовувався біля покоїв імператора. У 1735 ліквідований, але за два роки відновлений. В подальшому перетворився на постійний урядовий інститут, що грав роль найвищого політичного органу в державі. Формувався з числа високопосадовців цінського уряду, з рівним представництвом маньчжурів і китайців. Ліквідований у 1911. В західній історіографії часто перекладається як Велика рада або Військова рада. Див. також Відомство Військове відомство Джерела та література Рубель В. А. Історія середньовічного Сходу: Курс лекцій: Навч. посібник. — К. : Либідь, 1997. — 462 с. — ISBN 5-325-00775-0. Непомнин О.Е. История Китая: Эпоха Цин. XVII — начало XX века. — Москва: Восточная литература, 2005. (рос.)
Kaiserlicher Ahnentempel

Der Kaiserliche Ahnentempel (太庙, Tàimiào, auch 明堂, Míngtáng genannt) ist eine historische Stätte aus der Zeit der Ming- und der Qing-Dynastie in Peking. Sie befindet sich in unmittelbarer Nachbarschaft der Verbotenen Stadt östlich des Tian’anmen-Tores. In dem Tempel opferten die Kaiser ihren Ahnen. Die Anlage umfasst Vorder-, Mittel- und Hinterhalle sowie weitere Nebenhallen zu beiden Seiten. 1924 wurde daraus der Friedenspark (Heping gongyuan). Seit 1950 trägt die Anlage den Namen Pekinger Kulturpalast der Werktätigen. Der kaiserliche Ahnentempel steht seit 1988 auf der Liste der Denkmäler der Volksrepublik China (3-80). Weblinks
Imperial Ancestral Temple

The Imperial Ancestral Temple, or Taimiao (simplified Chinese: 太庙; traditional Chinese: 太廟; pinyin: Tàimiào) of Beijing, is a historic site in the Imperial City, just outside the Forbidden City, where during both the Ming and Qing dynasties, sacrificial ceremonies were held on the most important festival occasions in honor of the imperial family's ancestors. The temple, which resembles the Forbidden City's ground plan, is a cluster of buildings in three large courtyards separated by walls. The main hall inside the temple is the Hall for Worship of Ancestors, which is one of only four buildings in Beijing to stand on a three-tiered platform, a hint that it was the most sacred site in imperial Beijing. It contains seats and beds for the tablets of emperors and empresses, as well as incense burners and offerings. On the occasion of large-scale ceremonies for worship of ancestors, the emperors would come here to participate. Flanking the courtyard in front of this hall are two long, narrow buildings. These were worship halls for various princes and courtiers. The Western Wing housed the spirit tablets of meritorious courtiers, while the Eastern Wing enshrined various princes of the Ming or Qing dynasty. Behind the Hall for Worship of Ancestors are two other main halls. The first was built in 1420 and used to store imperial spirit tablets. By the 1920s, the Imperial Ancestral Temple and its surrounding spaces had become a public park, and that public park today has been expanded from its original size and is now also known as the Working People's Cultural Palace (劳动人民文化宫; pinyin: Láodòng Rénmín Wénhuà Gōng). This park was extended based on the Imperial Ancestral Hall site, and the park is located east of Tiananmen, while the Zhongshan Park lies to the west. These two parks along with Beihai Park and Jingshan and several other parks have a deep historic tie with the Forbidden City. The temple platform was used in 1998 to stage performances of the opera Turandot. This was recorded and broadcast as Turandot at the Forbidden City. Images See also Nine Altars and Eight Temples Imperial City, Beijing Jongmyo (Seoul) Ise Grand Shrine Thế Miếu, Huế Triệu Tổ miếu, Huế References External links Official site Archived 2025-02-01 at the Wayback Machine Encyclopædia Britannica China.org
Templo Imperial Ancestral

El Templo Imperial Ancestral, Salón Ancestral o Taimiao (en chino tradicional, 太廟; en chino simplificado, 太庙; pinyin, Tàimiào) es un edificio histórico en el centro de Pekín, justo fuera de la Ciudad Prohibida, donde se celebraron ceremonias de sacrificios durante las dinastías Ming y Qing en las fiestas más importantes en honor a los ancestros de la familia imperial.​ El templo, que tiene una planta similar a la de la Ciudad Prohibida, es un grupo de edificios distribuidos en torno a tres grandes patios separados por muros. El salón principal del templo es el Salón del Culto de los Antepasados, que es uno de los cuatro edificios de Pekín que se elevan sobre una plataforma de tres niveles, indicio de que era el lugar más sagrado del Pekín imperial. Contiene lápidas de emperadores y emperatrices, así como incensarios y ofrendas. Con motivo de grandes ceremonias para el culto de los ancestros, los emperadores venían aquí para participar en ellas. Flanqueando el patio, frente a este salón, hay dos edificios largos y estrechos, que eran salas de culto para varios príncipes y cortesanos. La Ala Oeste albergaba las lápidas de cortesanos meritorios, y la Ala Este consagró varios príncipes de la Dinastía Qing. Detrás del Salón del Culto de los Antepasados hay dos otros salones. El primero de ellos se construyó en 1420 y almacenaba las lápidas de los ancestros imperiales. En la década de 1920, el Templo Ancestral Imperial y sus alrededores se convirtieron en un parque público, y aquel parque se ha expandido y ahora también se llama Palacio Cultural de los Trabajadores (劳动人民文化宫; pinyin: Láodòng Rénmín Wénhuà Gōng). El parque se extendió sobre la base del emplazamiento del Salón Ancestral Imperial, y se sitúa al este de Tiananmen, mientras que el Parque Zhongshan se sitúa al oeste. Estos dos parques, junto con el Parque Beihai y Jingshan y varios otros tienen una profunda relación histórica con la Ciudad Prohibida. Referencias Enlaces externos Wikimedia Commons alberga una categoría multimedia sobre Templo Imperial Ancestral. Página web oficial Encyclopædia Britannica China.org
Temple des ancêtres impériaux de Pékin

Le temple des ancêtres impériaux de Pékin (chinois : 北京太庙 ; pinyin : Běijīng tàimiào) est un temple dédié à la famille impériale chinoise. Il est situé près de la Cité interdite à Pékin en République populaire de Chine. Notes et références Portail de Pékin Portail du monde chinois • section histoire de la Chine
Tempio imperiale ancestrale

Il Tempio imperiale ancestrale, o Taimiao (in cinese 太庙S, TàimiàoP) di Pechino, è un sito storico della Città imperiale, appena fuori dalla Città Proibita, dove durante le dinastie Ming e Qing si tenevano cerimonie sacrificali nelle più importanti occasioni di festa in onore degli antenati della famiglia imperiale. Descrizione Il tempio, che ricorda la pianta della Città Proibita, è costituito da un gruppo di edifici in tre grandi cortili separati da mura. La sala principale all'interno del tempio è la Sala per il culto degli antenati, che è uno dei soli quattro edifici di Pechino a stare su una piattaforma a tre livelli, segno che era il luogo più sacro della Pechino imperiale. Contiene sedili e letti per le tavolette di imperatori e imperatrici, oltre a bruciaincensi e offerte. In occasione delle grandi cerimonie per il culto degli antenati, gli imperatori venivano qui. Fiancheggiando il cortile di fronte a questa sala ci sono due edifici lunghi e stretti. Questi contenevano sale di culto per principi e cortigiani. L'ala occidentale ospitava le lapidi dei cortigiani meritevoli, mentre quella orientale custodiva quelle dei principi della dinastia Ming e Qing. Dietro la Sala per il culto degli antenati ci sono altre due sale principali. La prima fu costruita nel 1420 ed è utilizzata per conservare le tavolette ancestrali imperiali. Dal 1920, il Tempio imperiale ancestrale e alcuni dei suoi spazi circostanti erano diventati un parco pubblico, e quel parco pubblico oggi è stato ampliato dalla sua dimensione originale ed è conosciuto anche come Palazzo della cultura popolare del lavoro (劳动人民文化宫; pinyin: Laodong Renmin Wénhuà Gong). Questo parco è stato ampliato e si trova a est di Tienanmen, mentre il Parco Zhongshan si trova a ovest. Questi due parchi insieme al Parco Beihai e Jingshei e molti altri parchi hanno un profondo legame storico con la Città Proibita. Galleria d'immagini Note Voci correlate Città imperiale Shejitan Jongmyo, Seul Ise Grande Santuario Altri progetti Wikimedia Commons contiene immagini o altri file su Tempio imperiale ancestrale Collegamenti esterni Sito ufficiale Archiviato il 1º febbraio 2025 in Internet Archive. Enciclopedia Britannica, su britannica.com. China.org, su china.org.cn.
Taimiao (Peking)

De Taimiao van de Verboden Stad of Taimiao van Peking is het gebouw dat vroeger gebruikt werd door de keizers van de Ming-dynastie en Qing-dynastie om voorouderverering te beoefenen. Het gebouw is een taimiao en staat in de Verboden Stad (Peking, Volksrepubliek China) ten oosten van de Tian'anmen. Het gebouw beslaat een oppervlakte van 139.650 m² en de plattegrond van het gebouw is rechthoekvormig. De Taimiao van de Verboden Stad wordt verdeeld in drie gebouwen: de voorhal, middenhal en achterhal. De gebouwen worden verbonden door tweemaal zeven stenen loopbruggen. Het gebouw bevat de volgende materialen: hout, steen, cement, verf, koper, metaal en glazuur. De Taimiao van de Verboden Stad is een van de meest goedbewaarde gebouwen van Peking die nog stammen van de Ming-dynastie. Geschiedenis Het oorspronkelijke gebouw werd gebouwd in het 18e regeerjaar van keizer Yongle in 1420. Tijdens het regeerjaar van de Ming-keizers Jiaqing, Wanli en de Qing-keizer Shunzhi werd het gebouw grondig gerestaureerd. Tijdens het eerste regeerjaar van keizer Qianlong (1736) werd het gebouwencomplex uitgebouwd. In 1924 werd de tuin rondom het gebouw hernoemd tot het Vredespark (和平公園). Sinds 1950 is het Pekingse Arbeiderscultuurpaleis gehuisvest in dit historische gebouw. Zie ook taimiao Verboden Stad Peking
Świątynia Cesarskich Przodków

Świątynia Cesarskich Przodków (太庙, pinyin Tàimiào) – dawna świątynia w Pekinie, położona po wschodniej stronie drogi łączącej Bramę Niebiańskiego Spokoju z Zakazanym Miastem, w której do upadku monarchii składano ofiary zmarłym cesarzom. Obecnie mieści się w niej Ludowy Pałac Kultury. Cały kompleks zajmuje powierzchnię 200,000 m². Świątynię wzniesiono w 1420 roku. Jej układ architektoniczny został pomyślany jako odwzorowanie układu pałacu cesarskiego w Zakazanym Mieście, z bramą i rzeczką o siedmiu mostkach włącznie. Składa się z trzech następujących po sobie dziedzińców oddzielonych murem, na których wznoszą się pawilony. W głównym, wznoszącym się na trzystopniowym tarasie Pawilonie Przednim, cesarze pięć razy do roku oraz z okazji ślubów i koronacji składali ofiary zmarłym przodkom. W Pawilonie Środkowym przechowywane były tabliczki z imionami zmarłych. W latach 20. XX wieku teren Taimiao został zamieniony w park miejski. W 1951 roku ulokowano tu siedzibę Ludowego Pałacu Kultury, a historyczne wnętrza zaadaptowano na potrzeby biblioteki, sali wystawowej, teatru i hali sportowej. Przypisy Bibliografia Wiesław Olszewski: Chiny. Zarys kultury. Poznań: Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM, 2003, s. 297. ISBN 83-232-1272-4. Linki zewnętrzne Oficjalna strona Ludowego Pałacu Kultury
Förfädernas tempel

Förfädernas tempel (太庙, Tàimiào) är ett historiskt tempel i centrala Peking i Kina. Templet uppfördes år 1420 under Mingdynastin och ligger precis utanför den Förbjudna staden strax nordost om Himmelska fridens torg. Under Ming- och Qingdynastin användes templet för offer till förfäderna. Offer kunde ske när en ny kejsare tillträdde eller efter lyckade strider. Regelbundna ceremonierna hölls även under årets första, fjärde, sjunde, tionde och tolfte månad. Centralt i templet finns tre stora hallar och utöver det ett kluster av byggnader uppdelade på tre gårdar separerade med murar. Templet är från år 1951 en allmän park (Working People's Cultural Palace, 劳动人民文化宫) Noter
Hanzhuang Township, Baoding

Hanzhuang Township (simplified Chinese: 韩庄乡; traditional Chinese: 韓莊鄉; pinyin: Hánzhuāng Xiāng) is a township of Beishi District, in the northeastern outskirts of Baoding, Hebei, People's Republic of China. As of 2011, it has 20 villages under its administration. In 1962, Tangut dharani pillars was discovered here. See also List of township-level divisions of Hebei References
Baizhifang Subdistrict

Baizhifang Subdistrict (Chinese: 白纸坊街道; pinyin: Báizhǐfāng Jiēdào) is a subdistrict on the southwest part of Xicheng District, Beijing, China. As of 2020, it has a total population of 82,022. This subdistrict got its name due to its historical status as a paper manufacturing hub. In 1272, the Ministry of Rites set up Baizhifang (Chinese: 白纸坊; lit. 'White Paper Workshop') as a producer of paper for government usage, and the surrounding area got the same name as the institution. History Administrative Division As of 2021, there are a total of 19 communities within the subdistrict: References
Jiuxianqiao Subdistrict

Jiuxianqiao Subdistrict (Chinese: 酒仙桥街道; pinyin: Jiǔxiānqiáo Jiēdào) is a subdistrict within Chaoyang District, Beijing, China. It borders Chuigezhuang Township to the north and east, Dongfeng Township to the south, Jiangtai Township to the west, Donghu and Wangjing Subdistrict to the northwest. As of 2020, it has a total population of 63,910. The subdistrict was named after Jiuxianqiao (Chinese: 酒仙桥; lit. 'Bridge of the Alcohol Immortal'), a bridge within the area. There is a local legend where an alcohol immortal accidentally dropped his liquor under the bridge, and the river started to produce a nice scent ever since. History Administrative Division As of 2021, the subdistrict has 11 communities under it: References
Wangsiying

Wangsiying Township (Chinese: 王四营乡; pinyin: Wángsìyíng Xiāng) is a township located on the southern part of Chaoyang District, Beijing, China. It borders Gaobeidian Township to the north, Dougezhuang to the east, Fatou Subdistrict and Shibalidian Township to the south, and Nanmofang Township to the west. In the year 2020, it has a total population of 127,268. The area was named Wangsiying (Chinese: 王四营; lit. 'Wang Four Barrack') after the village where the township government is located. The village in turn was named so for its origin as a station for military personnel. History Administrative Divisions In 2021, Wangsiying is composed of 11 subdivisions, with 5 residential communities and 6 villages. They are listed in the table below: See also List of township-level divisions of Beijing References
Yidongyuan

Yidongyuan (Chinese: 颐东苑社区; pinyin: Yídōngyuàn shèqū; lit. 'East Summer Palace Garden') is a government compound in Beijing, China which serves as the headquarters of the Ministry of State Security (MSS). The facility consists of an office complex and residential community occupying a full city block in the Xiyuan area of Beijing's Haidian District. Closed to the public, and separated by a perimeter wall, the secretive nondescript facility is believed to be staffed by approximately 10,000 intelligence officers and support staff. Unlike foreign counterparts such as the American CIA's George Bush Center for Intelligence, the SIS Building housing the British MI6, or the Lubyanka Building of Soviet KGB and Russian FSB, Yidongyuan is distinct in housing employees and their families in apartments on site. History Prior to the establishment of the MSS, Yidongyuan served as the headquarters of its predecessor agency. It was referred to in public settings obliquely as the "Organ in the Western Garden" (中直西苑机关; Zhōngzhí xīyuàn jīguān), a reference to its location in northwestern Beijing near the Western Garden (Xiyuan). Under secure circumstances, its name in plain language was 调查 部; Diàochá bù or 中调部; Zhōngtiáo bù, meaning "Central Investigation Department" (CID). By the time the MSS was stood up in 1983, the complex of former CID buildings had been extended and modernized in preparation to accommodate the new agency. Facilities The office of the minister of state security is on the seventh floor of a drab administrative building on the compound described as having architecture reminiscent of 1950s communist design. Within the compound there is a residential apartment block called Qián mén (前门), where many of the MSS staff and their families live. The facility's administrative division code is 110108013012. According to a notice from the State Taxation Administration, the facility contains an auto repair shop. Transportation A study of unusual pedestrian origin-destination flows in the International Journal of Geographical Information Science examined the Haidian district, noting an abnormally large unexplained flow toward a destination in the Yidongyuan area, confirming that the facility does have a large workforce, but stopping short of naming the facility or the nature of the work carried out in it. By car the facility can be reached by the 4th or 5th ring road, as it is situated between the two. For individuals utilizing public transit, the facility can be accessed via line 4 or line 16 of the Beijing Subway to Xiyuan station, as well as by a plethora of bus routes operated by Beijing Bus from the Xiyuan Bus Hub attached to the train station. See also Chinese intelligence activity abroad References
Xisanqi Subdistrict

Xisanqi Subdistrict (Chinese: 西三旗街道; pinyin: Xīsānqí Jiēdào) is a subdistrict inside of Haidian District, Beijing, China. It borders Huilongguan and Huoying Subdistricts to the north, Dongxiaokou and Dongsheng Towns to the east, Aoyuncun Subdistrict to the south, and Qinghe Subdistrict to the west. Its population was 157,643 in 2020. The name Xisanqi (Chinese: 西三旗; lit. 'West Three Banners') referred to the designation of the army stationed here during the Ming dynasty. History In 1952, the subdistrict was still part of Dongjiao District of Beijing, and it was transferred to Haidian District in 1956. It was formally founded as a subdistrict in 2000. Administrative Divisions Xisanqi Subdistrict was composed of 27 communities as of 2020: See also List of township-level divisions of Beijing References
Xinzhuang, Tianjin

Xinzhuang Town (simplified Chinese: 辛庄镇; traditional Chinese: 辛莊鎮; pinyin: Xīnzhuāng Zhèn) is a town located in the northwestern portion of Jinnan District, Tianjin, China. It borders Xinli and Jinqiao Subdistricts in the north, Xianshuigu Town in the east, Haitang Subdistrict in the south, Shuanggang Town in the west, and has an exclave north of Balitai Town. The town has 38,666 people residing within it as of 2010. The name "Xinzhuang" (Chinese: 辛庄; lit. 'Xin's Manor') refers to the Zhong Xinzhuang Village that hosts the town's government since 1969. Geography Xinzhuang is located to the south of Hai River. Tianjin Avenue (S125) and Jingu Road (S105) both pass through the town. History Administrative divisions In 2022, Xinzhuang Town is divided into 31 subdivisions, of which 11 are residential communities and 20 are villages. They are listed as follows: See also List of township-level divisions of Tianjin References
Xinzhuang, Tianjin

Xinzhuang (kinesiska: 辛庄, 辛庄镇) är en köping i Kina. Den ligger i storstadsområdet Tianjin, i den norra delen av landet, omkring 16 kilometer sydost om stadens centrum. Antalet invånare är 38 666. Befolkningen består av 16 072 kvinnor och 22 594 män. Barn under 15 år utgör 9,0 %, vuxna 15-64 år 84 %, och äldre över 65 år 5,0 %. Källor
Wangnianzhuang

Wangnianzhuang (kinesiska: 王辇庄) är en socken i norra Kina. Den ligger i stadsdistriktet Guye i staden Tangshan i provinsen Hebei, omkring 170 kilometer öster om huvudstaden Peking. Antalet invånare är 28 991. Befolkningen består av 14 372 kvinnor och 14 619 män. Barn under 15 år utgör 13,0 %, vuxna 15-64 år 75 %, och äldre över 65 år 10,0 %. Källor
Binhai, Hebei

Binhai (kinesiska: 滨海) är en köping i norra Kina. Den ligger i stadsdistriktet Caofeidian i staden Tangshan i provinsen Hebei, omkring 170 kilometer sydost om huvudstaden Peking. Antalet invånare är 16 537. Befolkningen består av 8 192 kvinnor och 8 345 män. Barn under 15 år utgör 13,0 %, vuxna 15-64 år 76 %, och äldre över 65 år 10,0 %. Källor