NoeFlandre/osm-polygon-wikidata-only huggingface dataset:
Madhupur National Park

Madhupur National Park (Bengali: মধুপুর জাতীয় উদ্যান) is a major and one of the earliest national park in Bangladesh. Description Madhupur National Park covers an area of 8,436 ha (20,850 acres). The Forest was established as a national park by the Pakistan government in 1962 but, was officially declared as National park in 1982 under the Bangladesh wildlife (Preservation) Amendment Act of 1947. The park is located at Madhupur Upazila, Tangail District in the North region of the country. It is about 125 kilometres (78 mi) away from Dhaka. The local topography mainly consists of flat topped ridges (Chalas) intersected by numerous depressions (Baids). Climate The climate is generally moderate. The temperature rises up to 37 °C in May and drops down to minimum 10 °C in January. The park has a season of tropical monsoon from June to September every year. The soil is loamy, clay and sandy loam at various places. The altitude rises to 15 m (49 ft) above mean sea level. Biodiversity Flora The general walk in the forest is easy due to the flat terrain. About 40% of the forest area is covered with Sal (Shorea robusta) trees. Madhupur forest is considered one of the best Sal forests in the entire Bangladesh. The sal trees grow in association with Dillenia pentagyna, Lagerstroemia parviflora, Adina cordifolia, Miliusa velutina, Lannea coromandelica, Albizia spp., Bauhinia variegata, Spondias pinnata, Butea monosperma and Barringtonia acutangula. The undergrowth is shrubby, which includes Chromolaena odorata, Pennisetum setosum, Asparagus racemosus and Rauvolfia serpentina. Plantations of Teak Tectona grandis, Senna siamea, Morus spp., Terminalia arjuna and Syzygium cumini were made in the park area. 176 plant species were identified in the park, which include 73 tree species, 22 shrub species, 27 climbers, 45 medicinal plants, 8 grasses and 1 palm species. Fauna Since long back, Madhupur forest was rich in wildlife and was famous for tigers (now extinct). The fauna consists of 190 species which include 21 mammals, 140 birds, and 29 snakes. Human settlement There is large human habitation inside and along the National park area. Some 4500 Garo tribals were allowed for the settlement inside the park in 1968. In 1989, the human population was about 14,000. Paddy is primarily cultivated in plains and pineapple and cassava is cultivated as a commercial crop on higher lands. See also List of protected areas of Bangladesh References
Mainamati War Cemetery

The Mainamati War Cemetery (alternatively: Comilla War Cemetery) is a war cemetery and a memorial in Comilla, Bangladesh, for Second World War graves from nearby areas. The cemetery contains 736 Commonwealth burials. It was established and maintained by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission, to pay tribute to those who sacrificed their lives. It is situated in the Comilla Cantonment area. Gallery See also Chittagong War Cemetery References External links Cemetery details. Commonwealth War Graves Commission.
Madarsha Union

Madarsha Union (Bengali: মাদার্শা ইউনিয়ন) is a union parishad of Satkania Upazila in the Division of Chittagong, Bangladesh. It has an area of 21.29 square kilometres (8.22 sq mi). Geography The union total area is 21.29 square kilometres (8.22 sq mi). Madarsha Union is located in the south-western part of Satkania Upazila. The distance of this union from Upazila Sadar is about 10 kilometers. Eochia Union is to the north of this union, Satkania Municipality is to the east, Sonakania Union is to the south and Saral Union, Bailchhari Union and Kalipur Union of Banshkhali Upazila are to the west. Kurulia's Chara is flowing over the Madarsha Union. History The Madarsha Union was formed in 1943 during the British rule with the two present villages of Rampur and Madarsha. At that time the chairman of the union was called the village president. During the rule of Pakistan in 1950, the post of village president was declared as the chairman of the union council. In 1954, Oshiuddin Sarkar became the first village president. Abu Noyeem Mohammad Selim Chowdhury is the current Chairman of the Madarsha Union. In 2010, the then administrator separated Rampur village from Madarsha Union and formed a separate union called West Dhemsha Union to facilitate administrative work. Population According to the 2011 Bangladesh census, the total population of Madarsha Union was 38,266 at the time. Density 1600/km2 or 4200/mile2 . Administrative area Madarsha Union is the 7th union of Satkania Upazila. The administrative activities of this union are under Satkania Police Station. It is part of Jatiya Sangsad Constituency No. 292 of Chittagong-15. It is divided into 4 mouzas. The villages of this union are: Babunagar Rupnagar West Madrasha Middle Madarsha Southern Madrasha East Madrasha North Madrasha Education Literacy rate According to the educational survey, Madarsha Union's literacy rate was 48% as of 2001. Educational institutions There are three primary schools, one high school and three madrasa. These are: Primary schools Madarsha Government Primary School Babunagar Government Primary school Hajrat Shah Fakir Maulana (Rh.) Academy High School Madarsha Kholil-Sofura Adarsha High School Madrasa Baitush Sharaf Adarsha Mohila Madrasha Hajarat Abu Huraira (Rh.) Dhakhil Madrasha Baitush Sharaf Adarsha Ibtedayee Madrasa Health centers The union has the following community clinics: Somitighor Community Clinic Babunogor Community Clinic Religious places There are about 30 mosques, 4 Eidgahs and 7 shrines in Madarsha Union. Points of interest Playground of Mokkar Boli Khela Hilly region of Madarsha Union. Notable residents Abu Reza Muhammad Nezamuddin Nadwi (Member of Parliament, Bangladesh) A F M Khalid Hossain, Islamic scholar, researcher and writer. (born 1959) Md. Abu Taher - Vice-chancellor of The University of Chittagong. Chairmen The current chairman of Madarsha Union is Abul Hossain (Acting). List of Previous Chairmen of Madarsha See also Administrative geography of Bangladesh Satkania Upazila Purangor Union References
Musa Khan Mosque

The Musa Khan Mosque is a Sunni mosque, located in the southern part of Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh. Built during the Mughal era, in the 18th century, the Mughal style mosque holds significant historical value and is named after Musa Khan the son of one of the most prominent Baro-Bhuyans of medieval Bengal, Isa Khan. The mosque was founded by the grandson of Musa Khan, Diwan Munawar Khan. The three-domed mosque is currently situated in the University of Dhaka campus, beside Shahidullah Hall and behind the Curzon Hall. The mosque is now under significant threat due to a metro-rail project of the government of Bangladesh and is included in the list of 75 structures that may face serious consequences due to the metro-rail. Background The land of Bengal in medieval age was used to be ruled by approximately twelve landlords who were popularly known as Baro-Bhuyan in the history. Baro-Bhuyans were led by Isa Khan, a Muslim Rajput commander who conducted a series of successful military campaigns and successfully resisted the Mughal invasion in Bengal till his death. His capital was situated in Sonargaon of Narayanganj District. After his death in 1599, his son Musa Khan took over the control and continued his father's legacy to fight Mughals in the western and northern fronts but was eventually defeated by Mughal general Islam Khan I, and later became loyal to Mughals and served the Mughal army during the Tripura campaign. Musa Khan died a natural death in 1623 and was buried in Dhaka. His grandson, Diwan Munawar Khan, in remembrance of his grandfather, built a mosque beside Musa Khan's grave. Architecture The mosque has three domes and it built on a vaulted platform of approximately 3 metres (9.8 ft) high. The width of the platform varies from 14 to 17 metres (46 to 56 ft) high. Under the platform there are series of rooms which are badly damaged. The top of the stage can be reached by an extended staircase on the southwestern corner. The mosque proper occupies the western half of the platform. The four octagonal corner minarets with extra towers by their sides rise above the flat fortifications and end in compact cabins with domes on the top. Threat The Mughal structure, which is one of the rarest one of the country, is under threat due to a metro-rail project located adjacent to the mosque. The structure is among 75 structures with historical importance that has fallen under threat due to the project. Gallery See also Islam in Bangladesh List of mosques in Bangladesh List of archaeological sites in Bangladesh References External links Media related to Musa Khan Mosque at Wikimedia Commons
Musa Khan-moskee

De Musa Khan-moskee is een 18e-eeuwse moskee in het zuidelijke deel van de stad Dhaka in Bangladesh. De moskee is gebouwd door Diwan Munawar Khan, de kleinzoon van de leider Musa Khan waarnaar de moskee vernoemd is. Het bouwwerk bevindt zich op de campus van de Universiteit van Dhaka. De moskee heeft drie koepels en vier achthoekige hoektorens, en is gebouwd op een gewelfd platform van ongeveer drie meter hoog. De breedte van het platform varieert van 14 tot 17 meter. Onder het platform bevindt zich een aantal kamers. De bovenkant van het platform is te bereiken via een verlengde trap in de zuidwestelijke hoek.
Rangpur Zoo

Recreation Park and Rangpur Zoo, (Bengali: বিনোদন উদ্যান ও রংপুর চিড়িয়াখানা) is located in Rangpur, Bangladesh, is the largest zoo in North Bengal and the second largest in Bangladesh in terms of size. With an area of 21.51 acres (8.70 ha) of lush green trees and grasses, the zoo is located east side of Hanuman-tola road beside Police Line Road, not far from Rangpur District Administration Office. Rangpur Central Zoo is one of the recreation spots in Rangpur city. History It was established in 1989, and two years later on June 14, 1991, it was opened to exhibit 23 species of animals. On August 14, 1988, the construction work of Rangpur Zoo started on 21.51 acres (8.70 ha) of land in front of Police Lines School and College, at a cost of Tk 18 million. Attractions As of 2018, The zoo has 215 individual animals of 26 species, include Mammal, Aves and Reptilians. Many wild animals are available to attract the visitors. A few of them including 2 lions, 2 Bengal tiger, 1 hippopotamus, 2 crocodiles, 2 oysters, 3 peacocks, 1 bear, 1 keshowari, 1 horse, and 1 colobinae. There are different kinds of birds, including cassowary, vulture, turkey, parrots, peacocks, herons and so on. There is also a park, a lake, restaurant, and different kinds of local plants. Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET) had completed a digital survey and feasibility study of "Dhaka And Rangpur Zoo Modernization Project" to upgrade the facilities to international standard. See also List of zoos in Bangladesh References External links "Rangpur Zoo". Tripadvisor.
Язовир

Язовирът, наричан и водохранилище, е изкуствен воден басейн, създаден чрез изграждане на язовирна стена, която прегражда вода от даден водоизточник. Язовирите се създават, за да осигурят питейна вода на населението, да подсигурят вода за поливане в селското стопанство например, да се използват за енергийни нужди и други. В някои язовири се извършва зарибяване, както и стопански и любителски риболов. Язовирът има широко приложение при регулирането на колебанията на речния отток според нуждите от вода за напояване, водоснабдяване, производство на електроенергия. Малките речни бентови завирвания и водохранилища се наричат микроязовири, обемът вода в тях не позволява по-широкото им използване в стопанството и често подобни малки изкуствени езера се използват само за мелиорация на неголеми площи и за развъждане на риби. Мъртъв обем Мъртъв обем е най-ниската част от обема на водохранилище, изравнителен басейн и други водоеми, предназначена да задържа тлакове и наноси, както и да осигурява вземане на определено количество вода. Този обем не се използва за целите, за които е построен водоемът, и се изпразва през основните изпускатели само при прегледи, поправки и други. Критики Критиките към големи хидротехнически съоръжения: затлачване (събиращ се пясък в чашата на язовира), повишаването на подпочвените води, активизиране на свлачищата, спиране на миграцията на рибата (никаква (есетрова) риба не може да премине през стените), понижаване на кислорода във водата на реката, развитие на водорасли в застоялата вода на язовира, промяна на нивото на реката Язовири в България Основна статия: Списък на язовирите в България Някои от язовирите в България са: Батак Въча Бели Искър Белмекен Брягово Голям Беглик Доспат Душанци Жребчево Ивайловград Искър Йовковци Камчия Копринка Кърджали Малко Шарково Огняново Огоста Одринци Пасарел Пчелина Пясъчник Студена Студен Кладенец Съединение Тича Тополница Цонево Широка Поляна Външни препратки Язовирите в България // Българският туристически информационен сайт. Посетен на 21 октомври 2008.
Přehradní nádrž

Přehradní nádrž neboli přehrada je vodní nádrž, která vzniká umělým přehrazením údolí s vodním tokem přehradní hrází. Slouží k zásobování vodou, výrobě elektrické energie, ochraně před povodněmi, vyrovnávání průtoků, okrajově k rekreaci, vodním sportům, rybolovu aj. Rozdíl mezi rybníkem a přehradní nádrží spočívá ve způsobu (nebo převažujícím způsobu) využití obou typů vodních nádrží. Rybník, jak už z názvu vyplývá, slouží k chovu ryb a ostatní funkce, jako například retence vody a rekreace jsou jen okrajové nebo nejsou primární. Přehradní nádrž má naopak, v závislosti na důvodu vybudování, především účely vodárenské, energetické, retenční, závlahové, a jen okrajově pak je využívána k rekreaci, rybářství atd. Rybník bývá zpravidla mělčí a má menší rozlohu. Například Staňkovský rybník je však hluboký až 14 m a vodní nádrž Harcov je hluboká jen 13 m; či plocha rybníka Rožmberk je 489 ha, zatímco vodní nádrž Římov má plochu ani ne poloviční – 210 ha. Vodní doprava Vodní doprava přes přehrady je umožněna pomocí plavební komory, lodního výtahu nebo jeřábu pro lodě nebo obdobných transportních zařízení. Historie První přehrady se datují od časů starých Egypťanů před 5000 lety, kdy faraon Menes postavil hliněnou přehradu na řece Nilu. Historie moderních přehrad se odvozuje od Hooverovy přehrady na řece Colorado v USA postavené roku 1936. Nádrž, kterou tato přehrada tvoří, se rozkládá na ploše 639 km². Od té doby byly na řece Colorado vystavěny další 4 přehrady. Největší přehrady ve světě Největší nádrž co do objemu zadržované vody, Kariba na řece Zambezi, 180,6 km³. Někdy se jako největší nádrž uvádí Viktoriino jezero s objemem 2 760 km³, v tomto případě ovšem jde o kombinaci jezera a přehradní nádrže. Podobně je tomu u plochy nádrže, kdy největší plochu má nádrž na řece Volta v Ghaně (8 482 km²), ale Viktoriino jezero má plochu 68 870 km². Největší přehrady v Česku Orlík má z českých nádrží největší objem zadržované vody 703,8 mil. m³. Plochou vodní hladiny (48,7 km²) jej však překonává nádrž přehrady Lipno I. Odkazy Literatura PATERA, Adolf: Nádrže a vodohospodářské soustavy 20: malá antologie environmentálních textů ve vodním hospodářství. Praha : Vydavatelství ČVUT, 2002, 243 s. ISBN 80-01-02600-0 Související články Přehrada Vodní elektrárna Seznam nejvyšších hrází světa Seznam přehradních nádrží v Česku Vltavská kaskáda Světový den jezer Externí odkazy Obrázky, zvuky či videa k tématu přehradní nádrž na Wikimedia Commons Oficiální České stránky Archivováno 21. 1. 2019 na Wayback Machine. – další informace o přehradách Přehrady v Krušných horách na Krusnohorsky.cz
Reservoir

Et reservoir er et sted hvor store mængder af noget (oftest flydende) er opbevaret. Ofte refererer et reservoir til en kunstig sø brugt til at opbevare vand. Et grundvandsreservoir er en stor underjordisk beholdning af grundvand. I fysik betegner et partikelreservoir en stor beholdning af partikler, som ikke vil ændre egenskaber, hvis få partikler fjernes eller tilføres. På samme måde betegner et varmereservoir et stort system, der ikke vil ændre temperatur ved tilførsel eller fjernelse af relativt små mængder varmeenergi. Se også Oliefelt
Stausee

Ein Stausee, vor allem in Österreich auch Speicher genannt, ist ein künstlich angelegter See, der sich in einem Tal vor einem Absperrbauwerk (Staumauer oder Staudamm) durch das Aufstauen des Wassers eines oder mehrerer Flüsse bildet. Ein kleiner Stausee ohne stabile Temperaturschichtung wird auch als Staubecken, Stauteich oder Stauweiher bezeichnet. Grundlagen Stauseen kann man in zwei prinzipielle Gruppen teilen, zum einen in stehende Gewässer, also Seen im engeren Sinne, und sogenannte Laufstaue, also Staubereiche der Flusssperren. Der Übergang ist aber unscharf, da auch die meisten Stauseen von einer Fließgewässerströmung durchzogen sind. Je nach hydrographischen Klassierungssystem und Beschreibungsabsicht gelten manche Grenzfälle als See oder als Laufstau, und damit als Fließgewässerabschnitt. Ein Stausee ist Teil einer Stauanlage, wobei es sich hierbei in der Regel um eine Talsperre handelt. Bei flacher Fließgewässerstrecke können Stauseen Ausmaße bis zu mehreren hundert Kilometer Länge erreichen. Im Bergland und in Schluchten sind auch große Stauhöhen und damit Seetiefen von bis 300 Meter möglich. Im Gegensatz zu einem natürlichen See kann der Wasserstand in einem Stausee aufgrund der Speicherbewirtschaftung stark schwanken. In bestimmten Fällen kann der Stauraum auch vollkommen entleert werden. Auch natürliche Seen können durch ein Stauwehr in ihrer Speicherkapazität erweitert werden, wie etwa der Viktoriasee – hierbei ist der Übergang zwischen Stausee und Wasserstandsregulierung (für Wassermanagement und Hochwasserschutz) fließend. Die meisten natürlichen Seen, deren Ufer besiedelt sind, werden durch Auslasswehre bei Hoch- und Niederwasser (die je nach Seebecken ebenfalls zu enormen Pegelschwankungen führen können) reguliert, sind also künstlich überstaut. Dabei werden auch die Grenzen zwischen natürlichem und künstlichem Gewässer unscharf. Stauseen werden als Speicher für Speicherkraftwerke, insbesondere Pumpspeicherkraftwerke mit zusätzlicher künstlicher Rückspeisung, verwendet, als Trinkwasserstausee oder für landwirtschaftliches Nutzwasser (Bewässerungsanlage). Auch in der Fischzucht werden Stauseen als Fischteiche genutzt, genauso wie Mühlenteiche und viele künstliche Badeseen. Eine neuere Nutzung von Staubecken sind die Wasserspeicher, die für die Beschneiungsanlage für Kunstschnee in Skigebieten erstellt werden. Typischerweise liegen diese Speicher nicht im Tal, sondern höher, wie beispielsweise an einer Bergflanke. Nebenwirkungen Siehe auch Reservoir Liste der größten Stauseen der Erde Liste der Stauseen in Österreich Liste der Speicherseen in der Schweiz Liste der größten Talsperren der Erde Liste von Talsperren in Deutschland Liste von Talsperren der Welt Literatur Dietrich Uhlmann, Wolfgang Horn: Ökologie von Stauseen. In: Biologie in unserer Zeit 36(2), 2006, ISSN 0045-205X, S. 92–101. Weblinks Einzelnachweise
Bacino (idraulica)

Il bacino o invaso è una struttura artificiale, che ha lo scopo di contenere una notevole massa d'acqua. Più dettagliatamente, è l'area che con i suoi deflussi superficiali contribuisce alla portata attraverso un'assegnata sezione del corso d'acqua. Applicazioni Lo scopo del bacino è quello di raccogliere notevoli quantità d'acqua allo scopo di poterne disporre per usi sia nell'industria, che in agricoltura. Il principale uso industriale che si fa dei bacini è legato alla produzione di energia idroelettrica, mediante apposite centrali idroelettriche. Per tale applicazione, si hanno un bacino di carico, dove viene raccolta l'acqua che giungerà dalle opere di presa alle turbine tramite le condotte forzate, e un bacino di calma, dove le acque turbolente appena uscite dalla centrale vengono fatte placare prima della reimmissione nel flusso normale del fiume. Un altro tipo di bacino è detto bacino di decantazione e serve a contenere un liquido (solitamente risultato di un processo industriale) che, prima di poter essere riutilizzato o sottoposto ad ulteriori processi, deve decantare (ovvero alcuni residui in sospensione devono depositarsi per gravità sul fondo). Mentre gli esempi precedenti di bacini sono tali, per cui per la maggior parte del tempo essi sono riempiti totalmente o parzialmente, si hanno anche casi in cui il bacino viene mantenuto per lo più vuoto, in modo da essere impiegato per raccogliere grandi quantità di acqua in corrispondenza di eventi eccezionali, quali le piene; quest'ultimo tipo di bacino è detto bacino di espansione o invaso di emergenza. Voci correlate Bottaccio Diga Diga foranea Bacino idroelettrico Lago artificiale Lago di cava Altri progetti Wikimedia Commons contiene immagini o altri file su bacino artificiale Collegamenti esterni (EN) reservoir, su Enciclopedia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Stuwmeer

Een stuwmeer ontstaat doordat de loop van een rivier wordt onderbroken. Een natuurlijk stuwmeer ontstaat doordat de loop van een rivier op natuurlijke wijze wordt onderbroken, bijvoorbeeld door een sneeuwlawine, ijsvorming of een aardverschuiving. Doordat het water zich erachter ophoopt zal het ooit eens ergens tot een doorbraak moeten komen. Geologisch onderzoek heeft uitgewezen dat zich na afloop van de laatste ijstijd in Noord-Amerika op deze wijze meerdere gigantische overstromingen hebben voorgedaan. Een kunstmatig stuwmeer ontstaat na ingrijpen van de mens zoals de aanleg van een stuwdam. Redenen voor de aanleg kunnen zijn als regulator en voorraad voor irrigatie of drinkwater of voor de opwekking van elektriciteit. Met het grote verval dat op deze manier ontstaat kan een turbine worden aangedreven die een generator laat draaien. Op deze manier wordt schone elektrische energie opgewekt. Ook is gebleken dat de aanleg van stuwmeren de zeespiegelstijging tegengaat. Wereldwijd is ongeveer 10.800 km³ (10,8 biljoen ton) water opgeslagen in kunstmatige stuwmeren. Als al dit water onmiddellijk weer in zee terecht zou komen, zou de zeespiegel wereldwijd 3 centimeter stijgen. Zonder stuwdammen zou de stijging van het zeeniveau als gevolg van de opwarming van de Aarde groter zijn dan de nu waargenomen stijging. Nadelen van het bouwen van extreem grote dammen met dito meren tot gevolg zijn: landbouwgrond en waardevolle natuurgebieden verdwijnen onder het water; bewoners van het te inunderen gebied moet alternatieve woonruimte aangeboden worden, vaak in de vorm van transmigratiedorpen; de migratie van vissen wordt geblokkeerd; het meegevoerde sediment wordt voor de dam tegengehouden, hierdoor wordt landbouwgrond stroomafwaarts niet verrijkt (zie bijvoorbeeld de Aswandam) of de wateropslagcapaciteit wordt verminderd (voorbeeld: Sanmenxiadam); de schade bij het doorbreken van grote dammen is enorm. De noodzakelijke verplaatsing kan voor bewoners grote, ook emotionele impact hebben zoals beschreven wordt in het lied La maison est en ruine van de Franse zanger Michel Delpech. Voorbeelden Het Karibameer in Zambia en Zimbabwe is het met een volume van 185 km³ het grootste stuwmeer ter wereld. Qua wateroppervlak zijn het Voltameer (8500 km²) in Ghana en het Smallwood Reservoir (6527 km²) in Canada de grootste ter wereld. Het enige stuwmeer in Nederland is de Cranenweyer in de Anstelvallei in Kerkrade. Galerij