NoeFlandre/osm-polygon-wikidata-only huggingface dataset:
Tapa Sardār

Tapa Sardār (persisch تپه سردار, DMG Tappe-ye Sar-dār, ‚Feldherrenhügel‘), auch Tepe Sardar, ist die Ruine eines großen buddhistischen Stupa-Kloster-Komplexes mit einem hinduistischen Schrein, die sich vier Kilometer südöstlich der Stadt Ghazni befindet. Von 1959 bis 1977 wurde der Komplex von Archäologen des IsMEO erforscht. Literatur Mauricio Taddei, Giovanni Verardi: Tapa Sardār Second Preliminary report. In: East and West. vol. 28, No. 1/4, Dezember 1978, S. 33–135. J. E. Van Lohuizen-De Leeuw (Hrsg.): South Asian Archaeology: Papers from the Third International. Band 3, Leiden 1975. A. Filigenzi: Ritual Forms, Cult Objects. Tapa Sardar at the Crossroads of Places and Phases of the Buddhist ecumene. In: A. Filigenzi, R. Giunta (Hrsg.): Italian Archaeological Mission in Afghanistan 1957–2007. Fifty Years of Research in the Heart of Eurasia. Proceedings of the symposium held in the Istituto Italiano per l’Africa e l’Oriente, Rome. Rome 2009, S. 59–75. A. Filigenzi: Late Buddhist Art in Archaeological Context: Some Reflections on the Sanctuary of Tapa Sardar. In: C. Bautze-Picron (Hrsg.): Religion and Art. New Issues in Indian Iconography and Iconology. Proceedings of the 18th conference of the European Association of South Asian Archaeologists, London 2005. Vol. 1, London 2008, S. 49–62. A. Filigenzi: The Dāna and the Pātra. Evidence from the Archaeological Context of Tapa Sardar. In: C. Bautze-Picron (Hrsg.): Miscellanies about the Buddha Image. South Asian Archaeology 2007. Special Session 1 (BAR International Series 1888). Oxford 2008, S. 11–24. A. Filigenzi: The Buddhist Site of Tapa Sardar. In: A. Filigenzi, R. Giunta (Hrsg.): Italian Archaeological Mission in Afghanistan 1957–2007. Fifty Years of Research in the Heart of Eurasia. Proceedings of the symposium held in the Istituto Italiano per l’Africa e l’Oriente, Rome. Rome 2009, S. 41–57. Weblinks BBC von 15. März 2001 Taliban zerstörten die 16m große Buddha-Statue von Tape-Sardar in der Provinz Ghazni AFGHANISTAN: 7th Century Buddhist shrine destroyed Einzelnachweise
Palác sultána Mas'úda III.

Palác sultána Mas'úda III. je ghaznavidský palác v Ghazní v Afghánistánu. Byl postaven v roce 1112 sultánem Mas'údem III. (1099–⁠1114/5), synem Ibrahima z Ghazny. Popis Na zdi paláce je napsána báseň v perském a kúfském písmu, a také v arabštině. Nachází se zde mramorový oblouk se jménem sultána. Na západní straně paláce je umístěn malý hřbitov, na kterém stojí klenutý zijarát Ibrahima z Ghazny. Galerie Odkazy Reference V tomto článku byl použit překlad textu z článku Palace of Sultan Mas'ud III na anglické Wikipedii. Externí odkazy Obrázky, zvuky či videa k tématu Palác sultána Mas'úda III. na Wikimedia Commons Italské vykopávky paláce
Palača sultana Masuda III.

Palača sultana Masuda III. je bila gaznavidska palača v Gazniju v Afganistanu. Palačo je leta 1112 zgradil sultan Masūd III. (1099-1114/5), sin Ibrahima iz Gaznija. Opis Obstaja del podstavka nad podstavkom s pesmijo v perzijski in kufski pisavi in ena v arabščini. Obstaja marmorni obok z imenom sultana. Na tem mestu je majhno pokopališče, ki vključuje kupolasti zijarat Ibrahima iz Gazne na zahodni strani palače. Sklici Zunanje povezave Italian excavation of the Palace
Kala-e-Bóst

Kala-e-Bóst (persky: قلعه بست), také romanizovaně Kalaj Búst, je pevnost v Bóstu v provincii Hilmand v Afghánistánu, postavená před 3 000 lety. Nachází se poblíž soutoku řek Hilmand a Arghandáb, půl hodiny jízdy jižně od Laškargáhu. Kala-e-Bóst je známá svým dekorativním obloukem z 11. století, který se objevuje na bankovce o hodnotě 100 afghánských afghání. Oblouk je součástí pozůstatků mešity. Dějiny V roce 2006 byla zahájena výstavba dlážděné cesty vedoucí z jižního Laškargáhu k oblouku Kala-e-Bóst (známý čtenářům knihy Karavany Jamese A. Michenera jako Kala Bíst.) Od dubna 2008 bylo možné sestoupit do prastaré šachty asi 6 metrů široké a 61 metrů hluboké, s řadou tmavých postranních místností a točitým schodištěm. V roce 2020 byly na pevnosti zahájeny restaurátorské práce. V roce 2021 se stala domovem pro stovky lidí, kteří uprchli před Tálibánem. Odkazy Reference V tomto článku byl použit překlad textu z článku Qala-e-Bost na anglické Wikipedii. Související články Seznam hradů a zámků v Afghánistánu Externí odkazy Obrázky, zvuky či videa k tématu Kala-e-Bóst na Wikimedia Commons
Fort of Bost

The Fort of Bost, locally referred to as Qala-e-Bost (Dari: قلعه بست; Pashto: بست کلا), is a fortification near Lashkargah in the Helmand Province of Afghanistan, which is believed by some to have been built approximately 3,000 years ago. It has been visited by many locals and foreign tourists throughout history. The archaeological site covers an area of around 10 kilometers (or 8 miles). The Fort of Bost is located at 31° 30’ 02″ N, 64° 21’ 24″ E near the convergence of the Helmand and Arghandab rivers, about 6 miles south of Lashkargah. The site is famous for its 11th century decorative arch, which appears on the 100 afghani note (Afghan currency). The arch is part of the remains of an ancient mosque. Those who visited the fortress described it as a thriving community, with many fresh fruit and date palm trees in the area. History In 2006, construction began on a cobblestone road from the south of Lashkargah to the Qala-e-Bost Arch (known to readers of James A. Michener's Caravans as Qala Bist.) As of April 2008, it was possible to descend into an ancient shaft about 20 feet across and 200 feet deep, with a series of dark side rooms and a spiral staircase leading to the bottom. In 2020, restoration work started on the fort. In 2021, it became home to hundreds of people who fled from Taliban clashes. Architecture All that stands of the Fort of Bost today is the 11th-century pointed arch, standing at 25 meters high. It is built with baked carved bricks, a type of ornamentation, decorated in geometric patterns and stucco insets. It included calligraphic inscriptions. The arch, Fort of Bost, belonged to an Iwan of a religious building. There are also ruins of an imposing fortress, mud brick walls of private houses from the Islamic Period. Fort of Bost is a monumental remanent that depicts how Islamic architecture was essential to their civilization. See also List of castles in Afghanistan Tourism in Afghanistan References External links Picture of Qala-e-Bost Castle Qala-e-Bost images
Qala-e-Bost

Il forte di Bost, noto nella regione con il nome Qala-e-Bost (in dari قلعه بست; in persiano بست کلا‎), è una fortificazione realizzata nei pressi di Lashkar Gah e nella provincia di Helmand, in Afghanistan, che secondo alcuni sarebbe stata costruita circa 3 000 anni fa. Nel corso della storia è stato visitato da molti abitanti del posto e da turisti stranieri. Il sito archeologico si estende su un'area vasta circa 10 chilometri. Il forte di Bost si trova a ridosso della confluenza dei fiumi Helmand e Arghandab, a circa mezz'ora di auto a sud di Lashkargah. Il sito è famoso per il suo arco decorativo risalente all'XI secolo, il quale compare sulla banconota da 100 afghani (la valuta afghana). L'arco fa parte dei resti di un'antica moschea ed è circondato da colture di palme da dattero. Storia Nel 2006 è iniziata la costruzione di una strada in acciottolato che conduce dal sud di Lashkar Gah all'arco di Qala-e-Bost (noto ai lettori del romanzo Caravans di James A. Michener come Qala Bist). Nell'aprile del 2008 divenne possibile discendere in un antico pozzo di circa 6 metri di diametro e 200 metri di profondità, con una serie di stanze laterali buie e una scala a chiocciola che conduce al fondo. Nel 2020 sono iniziati i lavori di restauro del forte. Nel 2021, è diventato rifugio di centinaia di persone fuggite dagli scontri con i talebani. Note Altri progetti Wikimedia Commons contiene immagini o altri file su Qala-e-Bost
Balkh University

Balkh University (Dari: پوهنتون بلخ; Pashto: د بلخ پوهنتون) is the largest public university in Mazar-i-Sharif, which is the capital of Balkh Province in northern Afghanistan. Established in 1986, the university has about 18,000 students. Its current chancellor is Mufti Mohammad Sharif Osmani. His predecessor was Mawlawi Zia ul Haq Zia Karimi. Balkh University is controlled by the Ministry of Higher Education, which is headquartered in Kabul. It is the third-largest in Afghanistan after Kabul University and Nangarhar University. Faculties include medicine, engineering, economics, journalism, literature, law and science. Printing and publishing scientific journal entitled "Balkh Scientific Journal" and "Marafat" which in both of them publish the works and research of lecturers. Balkh University has monthly outlook (News paper, of cultural and analysis of Balkh University) and Balkh Journalistic monthly newspaper (Department of Journalism outlook. The students have access to the university's library. Furthermore, the university has dedicated facilities for sports, physical education and sporting events. As part of its contributions to the rebuilding of Afghanistan, the government of Pakistan expanded the university by adding the Liaquat Ali Khan Faculty of Engineering, a 10 million dollar separate block, completed in 2012. Following the Taliban takeover in 2021, one of the university's professors, Frozan Safi, was killed after taking part in demonstrations against the regime. See also List of universities in Afghanistan References External links Official website New chancellor appointed for Balkh University on YouTube Balkh university students concerned about their lessons on YouTube
Universidad de Balj

La Universidad de Balj es una universidad pública ubicada en Mazari Sharif, capital de la provincia de Provincia de Balj, Afganistán. Historia La universidad fue fundada el 16 de marzo de 1988, durante el periodo de la Republica Democrática de Afganistán, bajo la presidencia de Mohammad Najibullah. Tras la intervención liderada por Estados Unidos en Afganistán en 2001, la Universidad de Balkh recibió apoyo académico e institucional de universidades estadounidenses y pakistaníes, orientado a la reconstrucción de infraestructura, la modernización de programas educativos y la capacitación del personal docente.​ Hacia 2008, la universidad contaba con aproximadamente 5.500 estudiantes, lo que la convertía en la tercera universidad más grande del país, después de la Universidad de Kabul y la Universidad de Nangarhar. La información disponible sobre la matricula, estructura académica y funcionamiento posterior a esa fecha es limitada, especialmente tras los cambios políticos ocurridos en Afganistán desde 2021, por lo que se requieren fuentes actualizadas. Facultades La Universidad de Balj inició oficialmente sus actividades en 1989 con cuatro facultades: Ingeniería; Literatura y Humanidades; Economía; Agricultura. Ese mismo año se agregó la de Medicina. Ya con el Estado Islámico, se agregaron la de Ley y Ciencia Política (1993) y la de la Sharia (1994). En 2004 se le incorporó el Instituto Pedagógico (fundado en 1987), bajo el nombre de Facultad de Educación.​ Acuerdos con otras instituciones Mediante el Programa de Fortalecimiento de Educación Superior, patrocinado por el Banco Mundial, la Universidad de Balj estableció varios acuerdos de cooperación académica:​ con la Universidad Estatal de Kansas (EUA); con el Instituto Técnico de Asia; acuerdo trilateral académico entre la Universidad de Balj, la Estatal de Kansas y la Universidad Selyúcida (Turquía); con la Universidad Técnica de Berlín en Tecnologías de la Información; asimismo, también le beneficia el acuerdo del Ministerio de Educación Superior de Afganistán y la Universidad Ruhr de Bochum (Alemania) sobre cooperación académica con las facultades de economía de las universidades afganas. Referencias
Universidade de Balkh

A Universidade de Balkh ou, na sua forma portuguesa, de Bactro (Persa: دانشگاه بلخ) está localizado na Mazar-e Sharif, capital da Província de Balkh, no norte do Afeganistão. Fundada em 1986, a universidade tem atualmente cerca de 4.000 estudantes e é a segunda maior no Afeganistão após a Universidade de Cabul. Faculdades inclui medicina, engenharia, economia, jornalismo, literatura, direito e ciências. Os Estados Unidos e a Alemanha, que leva ISAF em Balkh, tendo recentemente anunciado em janeiro 2009 uma expansão da Universidade Balkh, a um custo de mais de 300 milhões de dólares. Ligações Externas Professors assist university's rebuilding effort Pakistan grants $10m for Balkh University
Abul Fazl Shrine

The Abul Fazl Shrine (Pashto/Dari: زیارت ابوالفضل) is a Shi'ite Islamic shrine and mosque, located in Murad Khane, Kabul, Afghanistan. The mosque-shrine complex is named in honour of Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak, a Grand Vizier of the 16th-century Mughal emperor Akbar (r. 1556 – 1605). Incidents On 6 December 2011, as a part of the 2011 Afghanistan Ashura bombings, a suicide bomber killed an estimated 70 people, including women and children, at the mosque during an unprecedented wave of violence against minority Shi'ites in Afghanistan. The building was packed with people celebrating Ashura, an important Shia Muslim holiday which marks the death of Hussein, the grandson of the prophet Muhammad, in the battle of Karbala in Iraq in 680 CE. Other attacks took place on the same day at Mazar-e-Sharif, killing four people, and in Kandahar, where five people were injured. The fatalities were estimated to have totalled 74 people, with more than 160 people injured. The Pakistan-based Lashkar-e-Jhangvi claimed responsibility for the attacks. On 21 February 2023 the mosque-shrine complex was hit with a massive blast; however, there were no casualties. See also Shia Islam in Afghanistan List of mosques in Afghanistan References
Zarnegar Park

Zarnegar Park (Dari: پارک زرنگار, Park-e Zarnegar) is an urban park in the center of Kabul, Afghanistan, north of the river. The park, a popular landmark, has a green hill in its center with trees and decorated with flowers. A large pavilion is located in the park which serves as Abdur Rahman Khan's resting place. History The park itself was developed in the late 1950s after the government's demolishing of several state owned buildings at the site. About 50 million afghanis were spent on developing the park, in a very central location of the city. The name "Zarnegar" (Dari: زرنگار, meaning adorned with gold) is taken from the pavilion that existed here since the 19th century. The park became a very popular hotspot for civilians and local students who would meet and relax on the grass and benches. Soldiers from the garrison would also often come here, listening to Radio Afghanistan's public address system. In more recent years, the park has been a popular place used by protestors and campaigners. Mausoleum The pavilion inside the park was built around 1892 by the then-Emir of Afghanistan, Abdur Rahman Khan, designed by architects from Kandahar. The house served as a personal guest house; after Rahman's death, his son Habibullah Khan decided to bury him here. The historic 1921 treaty between Afghanistan under Amanullah Khan and the United Kingdom, a follow-up to the Treaty of Rawalpindi, was signed at this palace. Sir Henry Dobbs led the British delegation while Mahmud Tarzi led the Afghan side. The mausoleum was restored in 2005 by the Aga Khan Trust for Culture. Location It is located between several major roads and landmarks of the city. On its western side were the Spinzar Hotel and the ministries of Information as well as Education buildings. To the north is the Lycée Esteqlal, while to the east was the former Hotel Kabul with its own small park. Since 2012, the Abdul Rahman Mosque touches the park to the south-west. References
Herat Citadel

The Citadel of Herat (Dari: قلعه هرات), locally known as Arg-e Herat (Dari: ارگ هرات), or Qala-ye Ikhtiaruddin (Dari: قلعه اختیارالدين), is a fort located in the center of Herat in Afghanistan. History The citadel dates back to 330 BC, when Alexander the Great and his army arrived to Afghanistan after the Battle of Gaugamela. Many empires have used the fort as their headquarters over the last 2,000 years, during which it was destroyed and rebuilt many times. From decades of wars and neglect, the citadel began to crumble but in recent years several international organizations decided to completely rebuild it. The National Museum of Herat is also housed inside the citadel, while the Afghan Ministry of Information and Culture is the caretaker of the whole premises. Recent restoration The citadel of Herat was completely renovated between 2006 and 2011. The latest restoration involved hundreds of Afghan craftsmen and funds from the Aga Khan Trust for Culture and about $2.4 million from the U.S. and German governments. About 1,100 items from the Herat region are stored inside the museum at the citadel and many have been on display. At a ceremony in October 2011, U.S. Ambassador Ryan Crocker stated that: "Until 35 years ago, tourists from around the world came here to experience heritage, history and incomparable national landscapes... We look forward to the day when Afghans and visitors from around the world will once again come here to learn about Afghanistan's rich history and enjoy the great hospitality and beauty that this land and its people have to offer." Also present on the occasion was Afghan-expert Nancy Dupree and this is what she had to say: "I've been here many times, but it was crumbling... This is impressive.... I think the most exciting thing is to see something finally accomplished. I have seen so many half-finished things." Gallery References External links
Cittadella di Herat

La cittadella di Herat (in pashtu سکندرۍ کلا ‎; in dari ارگ هرات; detta anche Arg) è ritenuta essere l'edificio più antico della città afghana di Herat. La struttura si trova all'interno delle antiche mura cittadine e aveva un proprio sistema di fortificazioni con 4 entrate, ognuna delle quali era posta di fronte a una porta della città. Dal XIV secolo è nota come Qalʿa-ye Eḵtiār-al-Din, in onore dell'omonimo condottiero kartide. La sua area si estendeva per 18 x 42 m su un terrazzo rialzato. Storia Si ritiene che la cittadella sorga sulle fondamenta di un forte costruito per volere di Alessandro Magno. Il complesso odierno venne edificato durante il regno di Shah Rukh nel 1415, dopo che Tamerlano aveva distrutto quel poco che era stato lasciato da Gengis Khan. Il complesso subì ingenti danni nel corso dei secoli, dovuti ai diversi saccheggiamenti perpetrati dai vari conquistatori e dai furti delle preziose travi del tetto e dei mattoni cotti da parte della popolazione locale. Nel 1953 il comandante dell'esercito di Herat ne ordinò la completa distruzione ai fini di dislocare la sua sede operativa nella periferia cittadina. Tuttavia, la struttura restò indenne grazie al tempestivo intervento del re Mohammed Zahir Shah, e negli anni '70 venne inaugurato un profondo processo di restauro che venne completato appena due mesi prima dell'invasione sovietica dell'Afghanistan. La cittadella ha continuato a svolgere le funzioni di sede di potere, presidio militare e prigione fino al 2005, quando il Ministero del Turismo afghano lo ha reso un sito di interesse permettendone l'accesso ai visitatori stranieri. Descrizione La cittadella è costruita su un tumulo artificiale e si estende per 250 metri da est a ovest. Le sue 18 torri si ergono a oltre 30 metri sopra il livello stradale, con mura spesse 2 metri. Un tempo un fossato completava le difese sino al 2003, quando si è deciso di realizzare un parco pubblico al suo posto. In passato la facciata esterna presentava un'incisione cufica di una poesia che esaltava la grandezza della struttura: "Che non sia mai alterato dai tremori del tempo che la circonda". Gran parte di queste piastrelle sono andate perdute, ad eccezione di una piccola parte sita sulle mura esposte a nordovest che viene chiamata Torre timuride. L'ingresso principale si trova a ovest e porta al recinto inferiore della struttura. Nel recinto superiore invece si trova la parte più fortificata dell'edificio e e dispone di pozzi propri, utilizzati per consentire ai difensori di resistere agli assedi. A sinistra del cortile principale c'è un piccolo hammam con pareti dipinte con motivi floreali e faunistici (pavoni). La cinta muraria è sormontata da merli dai quali è possibile scorgere i minareti del Complesso Musalla e gli ultimi resti delle antiche mura cittadine. Descrizione di Robert Byron La cittadella di Herat è descritta da Robert Byron nel diario di viaggio La via per l'Oxiana: Note Altri progetti Wikimedia Commons contiene immagini o altri file su Cittadella di Herat Collegamenti esterni (EN) Cittadella di Herat, su Structurae.
Hakim al-Termizi

Abu Abdulah Mohamed ibn Ali at-Tirmizi, znan kot al-Hakim al-Tirmizi (uzbeško: الحيم اتيرمذي, Al Hakim at Termizi; arabsko: الحسين الترمذي‎) je bil vodilni predstavnik srednjeazijskega sufizma in avtor približno osemdesetih del. Zaradi globine znanja in širine pogleda je prejel častni vzdevek al-Hakim (modri), * ni znano, Termiz, zdaj Uzbekistan, † 932, Termiz, Uzbekistan. Biografija Al-Termizi je bil rojen v Termizu. Od osmega leta starosti je marljivo študiral verouk, pri osemindvajsetih pa se je odpravil na romanje v Meko. Po vrnitvi je začel študirati sufizem pri takratnih priznanih sufističnih šejkih Abu Turabu al-Nahšabiju, Jahji al-Džaliju, Ahmedu ibn Hadravajhiju in drugih. V njegovem življenju je pomembno vlogo igrala tudi njegova žena, ki je delila njegove verske poglede. Med al-Termizijevimi učenci sta pomembna Abu Ali al-Džuzdžani in Abu Bakr al-Varak, ki sta pomembno prispevala k nadaljevanju njegovih naukov. Nekatere al-Termizijeve ideje je prevzel še en znan sufijski mislec, Ibn Arabi. V svojih pridigah in spisih, kot sta Ilal aš-Šarija in Khatm al-Avlija, je al-Termizi razpravljal o pomenu muslimanskih obredov, ljubezni do Boga, kategorijah mistikov in "pečatu svetnikov", ki je obstajal vzporedno s "pečatom prerokov". Z učinkovito enačitvijo svetnikov (avlija) s preroki je al-Termizi izzval nezadovoljstvo med pravniki (fakih) in oblastmi. Zaradi nezadovoljstva je bil prisiljen pobegniti pred preganjanjem in se preseliti v Balh in od tam v Nišapur, kjer je pridobil številne podpornike. Zaradi spremenjenih političnih razmer se je lahko vrnil v Termiz, kjer je umrl. Nad njegovim grobom je bil postavljen Termizijev mavzolej. Svetovni nazor V svojih delih se je al-Termizi ukvarjal z vprašanji duše, njenih stanj in gibanj. Razvil je nauke o metodah samoizboljševanja in ukrotitvi nafsa (nagonov), o trpljenju kot očiščenju grehov in tako naprej, kar je imelo globok vpliv na kasnejšo sufijsko psihologijo. Bil je eden prvih, ki je teoretično utemeljil sufijske koncepte svetnikov (avlija). Po al-Termiziju je najvišje znanje, dostopno človeku, mistična ma'rifa (gnoza), ki jo je enačil z božansko svetlobo (nur), ki je v srcih ljudi. Za razliko od običajnega znanja (ilm), ki je zreducirano na razlago in uporabo določb islamskega prava (šerijata), ma'rifa razume skriti pomen stvari in navsezadnje samo božansko bistvo. Al-Termizi je verjel, da je ma'rifa brezmejna milost, ki jo Bog podarja svojim izbrancem, in je ni mogoče pridobiti z učenjem. Ma'rifa je na voljo sufijskim svetnikom, katerih duše so očiščene posvetnih navezanosti in katerih misli so usmerjene k Bogu, ni pa dostopna navadnim vernikom. Sklici Viri