Cemeteries

A cemetery is any place with graves, tombs and memorials. The range of types and appearances is vast, from extensive mausolea with huge architectural elaborations, to unmarked plots of ground with hardly a sign it is a resting place. In some cases royal memorials and tombs (see monarchies) may be the central point of vast grounds that might not always be known as a cemetery as such. Such sites are extensively visited for a wide range of reasons, depending on the local or national culture, they might be pilgrimage sites as well. == Pilgrimage == Some countries have extensive pilgrimage systems. Cemeteries and the tombs of special people within a religious or national context are connected with others. Sometimes the networks are well mapped and signed, others more mysterious and less obvious. To complicate the issue, some areas and places have very different ideas about pilgrimage, and deny the veracity of the process. People can be told 'no there is no special grave here', or even directed to not consider graves or tombs to be suitable to visit at all. The important part of becoming involved in pilgrimage is to research first. To make sure the cemetery or tomb is an acceptable place to visit and that there are no prohibitions. Some grave complexes have elaborate procedures for visitors to comply with, with restrictions on visiting times, and clothing. In some countries, where hierarchical social and political strictures exist, some graves can even be off limits, or distanced from public access. == Walls and structures == Some cemeteries in built up areas have massive walls and fences for protection from vandalism. The walls and the surrounding structures can say more about the history of the location than the actual tombs. In earlier times the walls and structures surrounding may have been built in relation to beliefs about things leaving the cemetery, as much as entering. The leave-no-trace principle is the same as for archaeological sites. The legal consequences for trespassing in restricted areas, damaging graves, or souveniring artifacts from graves might be harsh. Respect the laws and regulations of local authorities. A cenotaph is a grave-like monument over a deceased individual, or a group of deceased people, without any physical remains of those. They are typically erected to commemorate people whose remains have been lost; typical to deaths at sea, or at war. One notable example is the Cenotaph in London, commemorating dead British soldiers since World War I. A memorial does not necessarily resemble a grave. They can be abstract in shape, such as the spomeniks of the Balkans. The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier is a conceptual grave with the remains of an unidentified soldier from a specific war. These tombs can be found in many countries, dedicated to soldiers who died in the World Wars. A pantheon is a building containing graves of notable people. A notable example is the Panthéon in Paris. A mausoleum is a solitary grave building. Named for the grave of king Mausolus in Halicarnassus, which was one of the seven Wonders of the ancient world. Many iconic buildings are mausoleums, including the Pyramids of Giza, and the Taj Mahal. A necropolis (Greek for "city of the dead") is a cemetery outside a settlement, typical to ancient Greek and Roman cities. Some museums have exhibits of ancient remnants of human bodies, such as mummies, skeletons, or corpses accidentally conserved in bogs or ice, for educational purposes. Some of these people never got a dignified funeral, some of them have been looted from their graves. == Respect == Some cultures have very distinct beliefs about how or how not to visit graves, and it is well worth checking out acceptable practices. For instance some places have strict rules on not walking over or touching a grave or its coverings. In many cultures, dogs should not be allowed into the cemetery. Some places also have specified clothing types for people entering, in most cases pieces of clothing are available to hire at entries, or items considered not suitable can be kept at the entrances. Regardless, dress conservatively. Religious manners vary between faiths and countries; before you visit a cemetery of an unfamiliar religion, you should learn some basic etiquette of that religion, for instance by asking a local. Avoid taking photographs of grieving people. == Information and genealogy == Some cemeteries have custodians or caretakers who have information about the place or know where information can be found. Some cemeteries have museums, organised tours and guidebooks for tourists to find the graves of famous and significant people. Many older cemeteries and grave sites are archaeological sites as well. Due to the pressures of genealogical enthusiasts, or for other reasons, some cemeteries can provide burial lists and details. However, weathering of gravestones or headstones can wash away all information, and for some places, the site is so old, there are simply no people or publications available about the deceased buried there. == Funerals == The opportunity to be 'on site' during an important person's funeral or funeral procession can be a very special insight into a country or culture's attitude to people and their death. High status people in some countries have such elaborate funerals that to be a witness is something that is very memorable. There are usually protocols as to how close to death the funeral process is held, some events of burial are very close to death. Others require delays in numerical or calendrical auspiciousness. In parts of the world where the winter months involve the ground freezing and becoming difficult to dig in, families may wait until the spring thaw to hold an on-site burial. In some cold countries, the ground is warmed to allow digging despite the frost. Included in the protocols are the orders of precedence who precedes who in the sequence of mourners, some mausoleums and cemeteries have illustrations of the mourning processions of earlier deaths, where each allocated position in the mourning procession is identified. == Buy == There are limited ranges of cemetery souvenirs: usually guide books. Some cemeteries have meticulous and elaborate guidebooks. Some cemeteries have nearby shops för flower ornaments or lanterns to put on a grave. == Famous cemeteries == === Africa === ==== Egypt ==== 1 City of the Dead (Cairo). === Americas === ==== Argentina ==== 2 Recoleta Cemetery (Buenos Aires). ==== Brazil ==== 3 St. John the Baptist Cemetery (Cemitério de São João Batista) (Rio de Janeiro). Where important famous people who died in Rio de Janeiro are buried, including nine former presidents of Brazil and important musicians (such as Tom Jobim), writers (such as José de Alencar and Machado de Assis) and famous actresses (such as Carmen Miranda). ==== Mexico ==== 4 Mexico City National Cemetery (Mexico City). 5 Panteon Civil de Dolores (Mexico City). 6 Janitzio Cemetery (Panteon De Janitzio) (Janitzio). Famous for its Day of the Dead celebrations. ==== United States ==== 7 Arlington National Cemetery. 8 Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site (near Collinsville, Illinois). 9 Hillside Memorial Park Cemetery (Culver City). 10 Cave Hill Cemetery (Louisville). Victorian-era National Cemetery occupying 300 acres. 11 Green-Wood Cemetery (Brooklyn, New York City). National Historic Landmark and Revolutionary War battleground covering nearly 500 acres. 12 Los Angeles National Cemetery (West Los Angeles). occupying more than 100 acres. 13 Mount Auburn Cemetery (Cambridge and Watertown, Massachusetts). Served as inspiration for numerous rural cemeteries in North America. 14 St. Louis Cemetery No. 1 (Tremé, New Orleans). , 15 Saint Louis Cemetery No. 2. & 16 St. Louis Cemetery No. 3 (Mid-City, New Orleans). , three cemeteries with 18th and 19th century above ground tombs. 17 Woodlawn Cemetery (Bronx, New York City). National Historic Landmark covers more than 400 acres. ==== Canada ==== 18 Mount Pleasant Cemetery (Toronto/Midtown). spans 200 acres and it is also an arboretum. The cemetery is the final resting place of several former Prime Ministers and other prominent figures in Canadian and world history, including Sir Fredrick Banting and Charles Best, two of the co-discoverers of insulin. 19 Notre-Dame-des-Neiges Cemetery. and 20 Mount Royal Cemetery (Montreal). . Located on the slopes of Mount Royal, these two cemeteries are the final resting place of over 1 million people. === Asia === ==== China ==== 21 Babaoshan Revolutionary Cemetery (Beijing). 22 Cemetery of Confucius (Kong Lin) (Qufu). 23 Hong Kong Cemetery (Happy Valley Cemetery, Hong Kong Colonial Cemetery) (Hong Kong). 24 Macau Mosque and Cemetery (Macau). 25 Old Protestant Cemetery (Macau). 26 Zhalan Cemetery (Beijing). 27 Thirteen Ming Imperial Tombs (Beijing Northern Suburbs). 28 Eastern Qing Tombs (Tangshan, Hebei). 29 Western Qing Tombs (Baoding, Hebei). ==== India ==== 30 Nicholson Cemetery (Central Delhi). (updated Jul 2024) 31 Bhowanipore Cemetery (Bhawanipore Cemetery) (South Kolkata). Established in 1864, the cemetery is also the site of Commonwealth War Graves for soldiers of World War I and World War II (updated Jul 2024) 32 Jewish Cemetery of Kolkata (East Kolkata). (updated Jul 2024) 33 South Park Street Cemetery (Central Kolkata). (updated Jul 2024) ==== Indonesia ==== 34 Ereveld Leuwigajah (Cimahi). Largest Dutch war cemetery on Java containing the graves of both civilians and soldiers (updated Jul 2024) 35 Kalibata Heroes' Cemetery (Taman Makam Pahlawan Kalibata) (Jakarta/South). (updated Jul 2024) 36 Ereveld Candi (Makam Kehormatan Belanda di Candi) (Semarang). Dutch war cemetery containing the graves of almost 1,000 soldiers of the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army (KNIL), among other Dutch servicemen who died during the Indonesian National Revolution and Pacific War (updated Jul 2024) 37 Ereveld Kalibanteng (Makam Kehormatan Belanda di Kalibanteng) (Semarang). Dutch war cemetery mainly containing the graves of Dutch women and boys who died in Japanese-run internment camps (updated Jul 2024) 38 Giri Tunggal Heroes' Cemetery (Semarang). (updated Jul 2024) ==== Israel ==== 39 Mount of Olives Jewish Cemetery (East Jerusalem). famous cemetery with ancient funerary monuments. (updated Jul 2024) 40 Mount Herzl (Jerusalem/West). National cemetery. (updated Jul 2024) 41 Tombs of the Sanhedrin. (updated Jul 2024), ancient cemetery of the Sanhedrin, and 42 Sanhedria Cemetery (Jerusalem/Haredi). (updated Jul 2024), the modern-day burial ground located nearby. 43 Yarkon Cemetery (Petah Tikva). (updated Jul 2024) 44 Kiryat Shaul Cemetery (Tel Aviv/North). (updated Jul 2024) 45 Trumpeldor Cemetery (Tel Aviv/Center). (updated Jul 2024) historic cemetery containing the graves of prominent people from the 19th century. ==== Japan ==== 46 Chidorigafuchi National Cemetery (Tokyo/Chiyoda). (updated Jul 2024) 47 Zoshigaya Cemetery (Tokyo/Toshima). (updated Jul 2024) ==== Philippines ==== 48 Heroes Cemetery (Libingan ng mga Bayani) (Taguig). (updated Jul 2024) National burial place containing the graves of prominent government officials, military and other notable individuals. 49 Manila American Cemetery (Taguig). (updated Jul 2024) ==== South Korea ==== 50 Seoul National Cemetery (Seoul). (updated Jul 2024) ==== Thailand ==== 51 Royal Cemetery at Wat Ratchabophit (Bangkok/Rattanakosin). (updated Jul 2024) ==== Turkey ==== 52 Turkish State Cemetery (Ankara). with its monuments recalling the ancient Turkish structures of Central Asia, is where many major civilian and military figures of the republican era were interred, although notably Anıtkabir, the mausoleum of the founder of the republic, Kemal Atatürk, is a separate site. (updated Jul 2024) 53 Karacaahmet Cemetery (Istanbul/Asian Side). between Üsküdar and Kadıköy, an expanse of 300 hectares (740 acres) of cypress woodland, is the largest Turkish cemetery and its foundation in the 14th century predates the Fall of Constantinople. (updated Jul 2024) 54 Eyüp Cemetery (Eyüp Sultan Cemetery) (Istanbul). A footpath from the banks of the Golden Horn cuts through the Ottoman-era burial ground where the tradition dictates that the marble headstones of men are topped by a turban while those of women have floral designs. A gondola lift line passes over part of the cemetery as well. The massive and highly elaborate tombstones at the Ahlat Cemetery (on the Lake Van near Tatvan), carved out of local volcanic rocks, date back to the local Ahlatshah Kingdom of the 11th–12th centuries and are typical of the medieval Turkish art. 1 Gallipoli hosts several military cemeteries of soldiers from Turkey and the Commonwealth nations (Australia and New Zealand in particular) fallen during the Gallipoli Campaign of World War I. === Europe === ==== Armenia ==== 55 Noratus Cemetery (Noratus, Gavar, Lake Sevan Region). , near Sevan on the lake of the same name, has the world's largest collection of khachkars – Armenia's massive, highly elaborately carved traditional headstones with a cross in the centre. ==== Austria ==== Vienna (see Culture section about Death, and Zentralfriedhof) ==== Balkans ==== 56 Stećci Medieval Tombstones Graveyards. A UNESCO World Heritage Site, comprising of 28 sites mainly located in the south-eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina, though some are in Croatia, Montenegro and Serbia. About 60,000 medieval tombstones of the Stećak type have been found in the region, erected by many Christian denominations from the 12th to early 16th century, and include illustrations and epitaphs written mostly in the now extinct Bosnian Cyrillic alphabet. In 2016, 28 necropolises with a total of about 4,000 Stećak pieces were added to the UNESCO world heritage list. 57 Mirogoj Cemetery (Zagreb, Croatia). The beautiful central cemetery of Zagreb, opened in 1876. The mortuary, the impressive and picturesque arcades with the church of Christ the King make it one of the most impressive cemeteries in the world. The Croatian Day of the Dead is on November 1st. You may find the sight of hundreds of thousands of candles after nightfall impressive and worth seeing, but you may take note that on that day and a few preceding and following days the cemetery will be very busy and quite different from its usual peaceful appearance. (updated Jun 2015) ==== Bulgaria ==== 58 Central Sofia Cemetery / Orlandovtsi Cemetery (Централни софийски гробища or Орландовци) (Sofia). ==== Croatia ==== 59 Mirogoj Cemetery (Zagreb). ==== Czech Republic ==== 60 Old Jewish Cemetery (Starý židovský hřbitov) (Prague). 61 Vyšehrad Cemetery (Prague). ==== Finland ==== 62 Hietaniemi Cemetery (Helsinki). , with graves of many celebrities. 63 Malmi Cemetery (Helsinki). , the largest cemetery of Finland in terms of the number of burials. 64 Turku cemetery (Turku). , inaugurated in 1807, close to Malmi in number of graves. ==== France ==== 65 Père Lachaise Cemetery (Cimetière du Père-Lachaise) (20th arrondissement, Paris). several military cemeteries in Normandy, near the D-Day beaches ==== Greece ==== 66 First Cemetery of Athens (Πρώτο Νεκροταφείο Αθηνών) (Athens). ==== Hungary ==== 67 Kerepesi Cemetery / Fiume Road National Graveyard (Fiumei úti nemzeti sírkert) (Budapest). ==== Ireland ==== 68 Glasnevin Cemetery (Dublin). (updated Mar 2024) ==== Italy ==== 69 Protestant Cemetery or Non-Catholic Cemetery (Cimitero degli Inglesi or Cimitero Acattolico) (Rome). 70 Cemetery of San Michele (Il cimitero di San Michele) (Isola di San Michele). cemetery island of Venice 71 Brion Cemetery (Brion Tomb) (near Treviso). built by Carlo Scarpa, famous 20th century Italian architect. 72 Monterozzi necropolis (Necropoli dei Monterozzi) (east of Tarquinia). , Etruscan necropolis and UNESCO World Heritage Site. ==== Poland ==== 73 Powązki Cemetery (Cmentarz Powązkowski) (Wola, Warsaw). is the oldest and most famous cemetery in Warsaw. Established in 1790, many prominent figures in Polish history are buried in the cemetery, which is estimated to have over 1 million interments. Not to be confused with the Powązki Military Cemetery, located northwest of Powązki Cemetery in the Żoliborz district. 74 Rakowicki Cemetery (Cmentarz Rakowicki) (Old Town). is a historic necropolis in Kraków. Notable burials include the parents of Pope John Paul II. Pęksowy Brzyzek National Cemetery in Zakopane. ==== Portugal ==== 75 Cemetery of Pleasures (Cemitério dos Prazeres) (Lisbon). ==== Romania ==== 76 Merry Cemetery / Vesel Cemetery (Cimitirul Vesel) (Săpânța). 77 Ghencea Cemetery (Bucharest). ==== Russia ==== 78 Novodevichy Cemetery (Новодевичье кладбище) (Moscow). Shirokorechenskoye Kladbishche Cemetery (Mafia cemetery, Yekaterinburg) ==== Sweden ==== 79 Woodland Cemetery (Skogskyrkogården) (Söderort, Stockholm). A world heritage site notable for 20th-century cemetery design in a natural environment. Many Swedish celebrities are buried here, including actress Greta Garbo, and music producer Tim Bergling, also known as Avicii. 80 Norra Begravningsplatsen (The Northern Cemetery) (Solna, Stockholm). One of Scandinavia's largest cemeteries. Among famous Swedes buried here are Prime Minister Per Albin Hansson, actress Ingrid Bergman, humanitarian Folke Bernadotte, and fin-de-siècle writer August Strindberg. ==== Ukraine ==== 81 Lychakiv Cemetery (Личаківський цвинтар) (Lviv). ; Grave of Rabbi Nachman of Breslov in Uman, a major site of Chasidic pilgrimage. ==== United Kingdom ==== ===== England ===== Stonehenge Magnificent Seven - established in the 19th century to alleviate overcrowding in the parish burial grounds of London: 82 Abney Park Cemetery (Hackney, London). 83 Brompton Cemetery (Kensington and Chelsea). 84 Highgate Cemetery (north London). 85 Kensal Green Cemetery (Hammersmith and Fulham). 86 Nunhead Cemetery (All Saints' Cemetery) (Nunhead, London). 87 Tower Hamlets Cemetery (Bow Cemetery) (East London). 88 West Norwood Cemetery (Lambeth, London). 89 Brookwood Cemetery (Woking). ===== Scotland ===== 90 Glasgow Necropolis (Glasgow). 91 Greyfriars Kirkyard (Edinburgh/Old Town). === Oceania === ==== Australia ==== Gore Hill Memorial Cemetery in Sydney/Lower North Shore Macquarie Park Cemetery in Sydney/Macquarie Park Melbourne General Cemetery in Melbourne Old Nambour Cemetery in Nambour Toowong Cemetery in Brisbane == See also == Archaeology Buddhism Christianity Funeral travel Hinduism Islam Judaism