Maayo Kariba

Baraas Kariba ko baraas arko beton ɓuuɓɗo laabi ɗiɗi e nder ŋoral Kariba e nder maayo Zambezi hakkunde Sammbi e Simmbaabwee. Baraas oo ina jogii meeteruuji 128 (420 ft) toowɗi e 579 meeteruuji (1 900 ft) njuuteendi. Baraas oo ina waɗi maayo Kariba, ngo njaajeendi mum tolnii e 280 kiloomeeteer (170 miil), ngo ina jogii 185 kiloomeeteer kuuɓtodinɗo (150 000 000 acre⋅ft) ndiyam. Mahugo Baraas oo mahiraa ko e yamiroore laamu fedde Rodesi e Nyasaland, ‘koloni fedde’ e nder laamu Angalteer. Injiniyankooɓe wallitooɓe ɓee, ɓeen ngoni Gibb, Coyne, Sogei (Kariba) (PVT.) Limited, fedde nde innjiniyankooɓe wallitooɓe ɓee kawri, tawi ina jeyaa heen Sir Alexander Gibb & Partners, mo Sir Angus Paton ardii kippu mum, e Coyne et Bellier, mo kippu mum ardii André3 Coy. Baras arc beton curvature double oo mahaa ko hakkunde 1955 e 1959 ko Cogefar-Impresit mo Itali[3] e njoɓdi 135 000 000 dolaar ngam daawal gadanal ngal tawa ko e caalli doole Kariba Sud tan. Pewnugol timmungol e ɓeydugol caalli Kariba North Power ɗi Mitchell Construction[4] waɗi ɗii, timminaaka haa hitaande 1977, sabu caɗeele politik ɓurɗe heewde, tawi ko 480 000 000 dolaar njoɓata. E nder mahdi ndii, 86 gollotooɓe e mahdi ndii maayi heen. Baraas oo udditaa ko laamɗo debbo biyeteeɗo Elizabeth, yumma laamɗo debbo oo, ñalnde 17 lewru nduu hitaande 1960. Ko ƴellitaare doole Baraas Kariba ina rokka 2 010 megawatt (2 700 000 hp) kuuraa e nder nokkuuji Sammbi (Copperbelt) e Simmbaabwee fof, ina rokka 6 400 gigawatt-waktu (23 000 TJ) hitaande kala. Leydi kala ina jogii nokku mum to bannge worgo e bannge worgo baraas oo. Stasiyoŋ fuɗnaange jeyaaɗo e Zimbaabwee ina golloo gila 1960, ina joginoo jeneratooruuji jeegom (6) baawɗi 125 megawatt (168 000 hp) gooto heen fof ina tolnoo e 750 megawatt (1 010 000 hp). Ñalnde 11 noowammbar 2013 ko jaagorgal kaalis leydi Zimbaabwee, hono Patrick Chinamasa, habri wonde mbaawka e nder wertallo ndiyam Zimbaabwee (Fuɗnaange) Kariba maa ɓeyde fotde 300 megawatt. Njeeygu moƴƴitingol nokku oo ina wallita e ñamaande 319 miliyoŋ dolaar ummoraade e leydi Siin. Nanondiral ngal ko yeru laaɓtuɗo e politik Zimbaabwee "Ƴeew Fuɗnaange", mo ɓe ƴetti caggal nde ɓe ngoppidi e leyɗeele hirnaange. Pewnugol dow yaajde Kariba Sud fuɗɗii ko e cakkital hitaande 2014, e fuɗɗoode ina ɗaminaa maa timmu e hitaande 2019. E lewru marse 2018, hooreejo leydi ndii, hono Emmerson Mnangagwa, yamiri yo ɓeydugol timmungol nokku ɗo kuuraa ndiyam Kariba Sud woni ɗoo. Ɓeydagol turbineeji ɗiɗi kesi 150 megawatt (200 000 pk) ɓeydii semmbe e ndeeɗoo jolngo haa 1 050 megawatt (1 410 000 pk). Golle yaajnude ɗee ko Sinohydro waɗi ɗum, tawi ko 533 miliyoŋ dolaar Amerik. Golle ɗee puɗɗii ko e hitaande 2014, ɗe njoofi ko e lewru marse 2018. Staasiyoŋ worgo jeyaaɗo e leydi Sammbi ina golloo gila 1976, ina jogii jeneratooruuji nay 150 megawatt (200 000 pk) gooto heen fof ina tolnoo e 600 megawatt (800 000 pk) ; golle ngam yaajtinde ngaal doole e ɓeydagol 360 megawatt (480 000 hp) haa 960 megawatt (1 290 000 hp) njoofi ko e lewru desaambar 2013. Generaaluuji ɗiɗi goɗɗi 180 MW ɓeydaama heen. Wakere Eɓɓaande baraas Kariba ndee ko laamu fedde Rodesi e Nyasaland yuɓɓini ɗum, waɗi ɗum. Fedde nde heewnoo innireede ko Fedde Afrik hakkundeejo (CAF). CAF ko ‘koloni fedde’ e nder Laamaandi Angalteer to Afrik worgo gonɗo tuggi 1953 haa 1963, tawi ina jeyaa heen koloni Angalteer ɓooyɗo laamɗo hoore mum, hono Rodesi Fuɗnaange, e gonnooɗo protektoraat Angalteer to Rodesi worgo e Nyasaland. Fuɗnaange Rodesi fellitiino ko adii ɗuum e hitaande 1953 (ko adii nde Fedde ndee sosetee) mahde baraas e nder leydi mum, e dow maayo Kafue, ngo woni ko e maayo Zambezi mawngo. Maa ɗum ɓurno ɓadaade Copperbelt (Copperbelt) to Rodesi worgo, mo nganndu-ɗaa ina sokli doole ɓurɗe heewde. Ɗumɗoo noon maa won eɓɓaande ɓurnde hoybude e ɓurnde famɗude mawnde, tawa batte mum ina pamɗi e weeyo. Fombina Rhodesia, ɓurɗo alɗude e tati ɗii, salii baraas Kafue, wiyi yo baraas oo waɗe e nokku Kariba. Kadi, mbaawka baraas Kafue ina famɗi no feewi e mbaawka baraas Kariba. E fuɗɗoode, ko fedde doole Afrik hakkundeejo toppitii baraas oo, toppitii ɗum. Jooni noon, baraas Kariba oo ko laamu maayo Zambezi jeyi ɗum, ina huutoroo ɗum, ko Zimbaabwee e Zambie fof njogii ɗum e dow potal. Gila Zambie heɓi jeytaare mum, baraasuuji tati mahaa e maayo Kafue : baraasuuji dowri Kafue Gorge, baraasuuji lesɗi e baraasuuji Itezhi-Tezhi. Batte mum e nokkuuji Koɗki yimɓe e koɗki mum en Sosde weendu nduu addani fotde 57 000 neɗɗo Tonga hoɗɓe e saraaji Zambezi banngeeji ɗiɗi ɗii fof hoɗde. Yiyngooji keewɗi ina ngoodi ko fayti e no ballal koɗki rokkirtee Tonga mo ɓe ngummii. Winndiyanke Angalteer biyeteeɗo David Howarth siftinii darnde to Rodesi worgo : "Kala ko laamu waawi waɗde e bidsee seeɗa ina waɗee. Jardiiji seppooji mbaɗaama, ngam etaade jannginde Tonga laabi ndema ɓurɗi laaɓtude, e etaade heɓde geɗe kaalis ɗe ɓe mbaawi remde. Leydi ndi koɗki ndii ina remee e nder contours ridge ngam reende e mborosaaji. E nder Sinagarowri a de pawpaws, banaanaaji, oraas, limoŋ, e hollirde wonde heddiiɓe e falnde ndee ina mbaawi waɗeede e ɓuuɓri so tawii ko kaalis tan waawi heɓde ngam ndiyam luumooji Koperatiif ina yuɓɓinee, e Tonga ina njannginee ngam dogginde ɗum en ko adii nde Enterprising Tonga ina ndokkee ñamaale ngam sosde koye mum en ko ɓuri heewde e built e Tonga hannde ina mbaawi yettaade diisnondiral e opitaaluuji." Annduɗo anthropologie biyeteeɗo Thayer Scudder, jannguɗo ɗeen renndooji gila e darorɗe kitaale 1950, winndii : "Hande, ko ɓuri heewde e maɓɓe ko 'mooliiɓe ƴellitaare'. Heewɓe ina nguuri e nokkuuji ɗi ngalaa ko njibini, ɗi ngalaa caɗeele, won heen ko ŋakkiraa no feewi e nder yontaaji ɓennuɗi ɗii, haa ɗi nanndi e leyɗeele gonɗe e daande maayo Saharaa." Winndiyanke Ameriknaajo biyeteeɗo Jacques Leslie, e nder deftere mum Deep Water (2005), ƴetti konngol e caɗeele yimɓe ɓe baraas Kariba ummini, tawi ngonka kaa waylaaki no feewi gila e kitaale 1970. E miijo makko, Kariba ina heddii e musiiba ɓurɗo bonde e daartol Afrik, koɗki dammbugal. Hooreejo Basilwizi Baraas oo no yiyraa e leydi Zimbaabwee nii E nder eɓɓoore ngam heɓtude nguurndam mum en, yimve nokku oo, vurve moxxude e nder vursugol dammbugal Kariba, sosi fedde wiyeteende Basilwizi Trust e hitaande 2002. Fedde nde ina yizi ko vuri heewde e vamtaare nguurndam yimve e nder nokku hee, rewrude e yuvvinde evvooje vamtaare e wonde laawol hakkunde yimve leydi Zambezi process Valley- maɓɓe. Ekoloji maayo Dam Kariba ina jogii 90% e ndiyam maayo Zambezi, ɗum noon ina wayla ekolosii dowri no feewi. Hisnude kulle ladde Tuggi 1958 haa 1961, Operation Noah nanngi, itti ko ina tolnoo e 6 000 daabaaji mawɗi e daabaaji tokoosi keewɗi, tawi ina hulɓinii ndiyam maayo ngoo. Golle cakkitiiɗe Ñalnde 6 feebariyee 2008, BBC hollitii wonde toɓooli mawɗi ina mbaawi addande ndiyam yaltude e baraas oo, ɗum addanta 50 000 neɗɗo wonɓe les maayo ngoo yaltude.[28] Ɓeydagol toɓɓe addani udditgol dame ilam e lewru marse 2010, ɗum addani 130 000 neɗɗo hoɗɓe e nokku ilam oo yaltude, ɗum addani ɗum en hulde wonde ilam ɗam ina waawi saabaade nokkuuji ɓadiiɗi ɗii.[29] E lewru marse 2014, e nder batu ngu njuɓɓudi maayo Zambezi yuɓɓini, injiniyankooɓe njeertinii wonde tuugnorgal baraas oo ina famɗi, ina waawi tawa baraas oo ina waawi bonnude so wonaa tawa feewnitaama. Ñalnde 3 oktoobar 2014 BBC habrii wonde "Baraas Kariba ina woni e ngonka bonka. Udditaa e hitaande 1959, ngal mahaa ko e dow leeso basalt nannduɗo e tiiɗngo. Kono, e nder duuɓi 50 jawtuɗi ɗii, ɓulli ummoriiɗi e ɓulli ɗii njiytaani oon kaaƴe, ina ceerti e warcu' crater mawɗo mo les... so tawii feewnitaaki ko yaawi, baraas oo fof maa ustoy so ɗuum waɗii, koɗorɗe ndiyam nannduɗe e tsunami ina ɓuuɓtoo e nder falnde Zambezi, ina yettoo keeri Mosammbik e nder waktuuji jeetati daabaaji ladde nder falnde, laamu maayo Zambezi limti dow yonkiiji 3.5 miliyon yimbe don mari haaje." E lewru suwee 2015, Duɗal toppitiingal ko fayti e riisuuji Afrik worgo timminii ciimtol wiɗto riisuuji tiitoonde mum ko batte ŋakkeende baraas Kariba. Nde joofniri ko : "So tawii en mbaawii haalde so tawii baraas Kariba oo ina waawi ustaade, hol ko waɗi ɗum ina waawi waɗde e hol nde ɗum waɗata, sikke alaa heen batte mum e nder diiwaan hee fof ina mbaawi bonnude."[32] E lewru Yarkomaa 2016, hollitaama wonde ndiyam e baraas oo ustii haa 12% e mbaawka mum. Toɓɓe ɗee njippiima e 5,58 meeter (18,3 ft), ɗum woni 1,75 meeter tan (5 ft 9 in) dow toɓɓere gollorde ɓurnde famɗude ngam semmbe ndiyam. Toɓooli seeɗa e huutoraade ndiyam ɓurɗam heewde e laanaaji diwooje, addani ndiyam ɗam ɓadtaade, ɗum addani yimɓe miijaade wonde Zimbaabwee e Zambie fof ina njogori dañde ŋakkeende ndiyam.[33] E lewru sulyee e suwee 2018, jaaynde wiyeteende The Lusaka Times hollitii wonde golle puɗɗiima jowitiiɗe e poolgu plunge e ɓuuɓri e nder mahol baraas oo.[34][35] Ñalnde 22 feebariyee 2019 Bloomberg hollitii "Zambie ustii peewnugol semmbe ndiyam to baraas Kariba sabu ustaare ndiyam e yaawre" kono "Zammbie ina ɗaminaa taƴgol semmbe sabu ŋakkeende".[36] Ñalnde 5 lewru bowte e ndeen hitaande, ndeen winndannde hollitii wonde lowre ndee ina ɓadii ustaade, ina gasa tawa ina foti dartinde peewnugol semmbe ndiyam. Haa e lewru noowammbar 2020, tolno ndiyam e nder weendu Kariba ina heddii e 25% e mbaawka mum, ko ina wona feccere e lewru noowammbar 2019.[38] Laamu maayo Zambezi hollitii wonde ina jogii hoolaare e limtooji toɓooli e nder yontere toɓooli 2020/2021, ina rokka ndiyam ɓeydaɗam ngam peewnugol semmbe. E oon sahaa, weendu nduu ina joginoo 15,77 miliyaar meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo ndiyam, tawi laabi ndiyam ɗii ina njooɗii hedde 478,30 meeteer (1 569,23 ft), ko ɓuri seeɗa e mbaawka ɓurka famɗude ngam heɓde semmbe 475,50 meeteer (1 560,04 ft). Haalaama e lewru feebariyee 2022 wonde golle moƴƴitingol ina njokki gila 2017 e baraas Kariba. Hukuuma maayo Zambezi (ZRA) hollitii wonde golle eɓɓaande moƴƴitingol baraas Kariba (KDRP), tawi ina jeyaa heen darnde ngam moƴƴitinde poolgu plunge e mahngo dame ɓuuɓɗe, ina poti joofde e hitaande 2025. Goomu moƴƴitingol baraas oo ko laamu Orop, S Uwesh (Union Banke) ina njoɓa ɗum Banke Afrik ngam ɓamtaare (AfDB), tawi laamuuji Zambie e Zimbaabwee ina mballita heen kaalis keewɗo. Faandaare eɓɓaande ndee ko tabitinde njuɓɓudi njuɓɓudi baraas Kariba, ngam tabitinde ƴellitaare doole duumotooɗe ko adii fof ngam nafoore hoɗɓe e Zimbaabwee e Zambie e nokkuuji ɓurɗi yaajde e renndo ƴellitaare Afrik worgo. Golle peewnugol poolgu nguu ina njogii vursugol mawngol e nder poolgu ngu jooni ngu ngam wallitde dartagol poolgu ngu e reentaade vursugol walla vursugol vursugol e nder nokkuuji vurzi famzude feewde e vursugol baraas oo. Ngol gollal mbayliigu maa timmin e mahngo cofferdam mo ndiyam waawataa huutoraade ngam timminde golle mbayliigu e nder ngonkaaji joorɗi. Kiriis semmbe sabu yooro e ŋakkeende ndiyam jokki haa lewru Yarkomaa 2023, tawi ndiyam ina ustoo haa 1% tan e mbaawka mum, yaltinnde mum ina famɗi fotde 800 MW e nder feccere ñalawma. Huutortooɓe semmbeeji gollorɗe njiɗii waɗde 250 MW e dow maayo Kariba ngam ɓeydude hoolaare kuuraa. Tuugnorgal