Ruwan ruwa na Kariba

Madatsar ruwa ta Kariba madatsar ruwa ce mai lanƙwasa biyu a cikin kwarin Kariba na kwarin kogin Zambezi tsakanin Zambia da Zimbabwe . Madatsar ruwan tana da 128 metres (420 ft)tsayin da 579 metres (1,900 ft) tsayi. Madatsar ruwan ta samar da Tafkin Kariba, wanda ya kai tsawon 280 kilometres (170 mi) kuma yana ɗaukar 185 cubic kilometres (150,000,000 acre⋅ft) na ruwa. Gine-gine An gina madatsar ruwan bisa umarnin Gwamnatin Tarayyar Rhodesia da Nyasaland, 'mallakar tarayya' a cikin Daular Burtaniya . Injiniyoyin ba da shawara, waɗanda suka haɗa da Gibb, Coyne, Sogei (Kariba) (PVT.) Limited, haɗin gwiwa na injiniyoyin ba da shawara, waɗanda suka haɗa da Sir Alexander Gibb &amp; Partners, wanda Sir Angus Paton ya jagoranta, da Coyne et Bellier, waɗanda André Coyne ya jagoranta, An gina madatsar ruwan siminti mai lanƙwasa biyu tsakanin 1955 da 1959 ta Cogefar-Impresit na Italiya akan farashin $135,000,000 don matakin farko tare da kogon wutar lantarki na Kariba South kawai. Ba a kammala ginin ƙarshe da ƙara kogon Kariba North Power ta Mitchell Construction ba sai a shekarar 1977, saboda matsalolin siyasa, jimillar kuɗin da ya kai $480,000,000. A lokacin ginin, ma'aikatan gini 86 sun rasa rayukansu. Sarauniya Elizabeth ce ta bude madatsar ruwa a hukumance a ranar 17 ga Mayu, 1960. Samar da wutar lantarki Madatsar ruwa ta Kariba tana samar 2,010 megawatts (2,700,000 hp)wutar lantarki mai zuwa sassan Zambia ( Copperbelt ) da Zimbabwe kuma tana samar da 6,400 gigawatt-hours (23,000 TJ) kowace shekara . Kowace ƙasa tana da nata tashar wutar lantarki a gefen arewa da kudu na madatsar ruwa, bi da bi. Tashar kudu mallakar Zimbabwe ta fara aiki tun 1960 kuma tana da janareto shida na 125 megawatts (168,000 hp)ƙarfin kowanne ga jimillar 750 megawatts (1,010,000 hp) . A ranar 11 ga Nuwamba, 2013, Ministan Kudi na Zimbabwe, Patrick Chinamasa, ya sanar da cewa za a ƙara yawan wutar lantarki a tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Kariba ta Zimbabwe (Kudancin) da megawatts 300. An tallafa wa kuɗin inganta tashar da rancen dala miliyan 319 daga China. Yarjejeniyar misali ne bayyananne na manufar "Look East" ta Zimbabwe, wadda aka amince da ita bayan ta yi rashin jituwa da ƙasashen Yamma. An fara gina faɗaɗa Kariba ta Kudu a tsakiyar shekarar 2014 kuma da farko ana sa ran kammala ta a shekarar 2019. A watan Maris na 2018, shugaba Emmerson Mnangagwa ya ba da umarnin kammala faɗaɗa tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Kariba South . Ƙara sabbin 150 megawatts (200,000 hp)injinan turbines sun ƙara ƙarfin aiki a wannan tasha zuwa 1,050 megawatts (1,410,000 hp) . Kamfanin Sinohydro ne ya yi aikin faɗaɗa aikin, akan kuɗin da ya kai dala miliyan 533 na Amurka. An fara aikin a shekarar 2014, kuma an kammala shi a watan Maris na 2018. Tashar arewa mallakar Zambia ta fara aiki tun shekarar 1976, kuma tana da janareto guda huɗu masu ƙarfin 150 megawatts (200,000 hp) kowanne don jimlar 600 megawatts (800,000 hp) ; aiki don faɗaɗa wannan ƙarfin da ƙarin 360 megawatts (480,000 hp) zuwa 960 megawatts (1,290,000 hp)an kammala a watan Disamba na 2013. An ƙara ƙarin janareto guda biyu masu ƙarfin MW 180. Wuri Gwamnatin Tarayyar Rhodesia da Nyasaland ce ta tsara kuma ta aiwatar da aikin Madatsar Ruwa ta Kariba. Sau da yawa ana kiranta da Tarayyar Afirka ta Tsakiya (CAF). CAF 'mulkin tarayya' ce a cikin Daular Burtaniya a kudancin Afirka wadda ta wanzu daga 1953 zuwa ƙarshen 1963, wadda ta ƙunshi tsohuwar mulkin mallaka ta Burtaniya ta Kudancin Rhodesia da kuma tsohuwar kariyar Birtaniya ta Arewacin Rhodesia da Nyasaland . Arewacin Rhodesia ta yanke shawarar a farkon 1953 (kafin a kafa Tarayyar) don gina madatsar ruwa a cikin yankinta, a kan Kogin Kafue, babban ma'ajiyar Zambezi . Da ya kusa da ma'adinan Copperbelt na Arewacin Rhodesia, wanda ke buƙatar ƙarin iko. Wannan zai zama aiki mai rahusa kuma mara girma, tare da ƙaramin tasirin muhalli. Kudancin Rhodesia, mafi arziki daga cikin ukun, ya yi adawa da madatsar ruwa ta Kafue kuma ya dage cewa a sanya madatsar ruwa a Kariba. Hakanan, ƙarfin madatsar ruwa ta Kafue ya yi ƙasa da na Kariba. Da farko, Kamfanin Wutar Lantarki na Tsakiyar Afirka ne ke kula da kuma kula da madatsar ruwan. Madatsar ruwan Kariba yanzu mallakar Hukumar Kogin Zambezi ce kuma ke gudanar da ita, wanda Zimbabwe da Zambia ke da shi tare kuma daidai gwargwado. Tun bayan samun 'yancin kan Zambia, an gina madatsun ruwa guda uku a Kogin Kafue: Madatsar ruwa ta Kafue Gorge Upper, Madatsar ruwa ta Kafue Gorge Lower da kuma Madatsar ruwa ta Itezhi-Tezhi . Tasirin Muhalli Matsugunin jama'a da sake tsugunar da su Ƙirƙirar ma'ajiyar ruwan ta tilasta wa kimanin mutanen Tonga 57,000 da ke zaune a gefen Zambezi su sake tsugunar da su a ɓangarorin biyu. Akwai ra'ayoyi daban-daban game da irin tallafin sake tsugunar da aka bai wa 'yan Tonga da suka rasa matsuguni. Marubucin Birtaniya David Howarth ya bayyana kokarin da aka yi a Arewacin Rhodesia: "Everything that a government can do on a meagre budget is being done. Demonstration gardens have been planted, to try to teach the Tonga more sensible methods of agriculture, and to try to find cash crops that they can grow. The hilly land has been plowed in ridge contours to guard against erosion. In Sinazongwe, an irrigated garden has grown a prodigious crop of pawpaws, bananas, oranges, lemons, and vegetables, and shown that the remains of the valley could be made prolific if only money could be found for irrigation. Cooperative markets have been organized, and Tonga are being taught to run them. Enterprising Tonga have been given loans to set themselves up as farmers. More schools have been built than the Tonga ever had before, and most of the Tonga are now within reach of dispensaries and hospitals." Masanin ilimin ɗan adam Thayer Scudder, wanda ya yi nazarin waɗannan al'ummomi tun ƙarshen shekarun 1950, ya rubuta: "Today, most are still 'development refugees'. Many live in less-productive, problem-prone areas, some of which have been so seriously degraded within the last generation that they resemble lands on the edge of the Sahara Desert." Marubuci ɗan Amurka Jacques Leslie, a cikin littafin Deep Water (2005), ya mayar da hankali kan halin da mutanen da Kariba Dam suka kora suka shiga, kuma ya ga yanayin bai canza ba tun daga shekarun 1970. A ra'ayinsa, Kariba ta kasance mafi munin bala'in sake gina madatsun ruwa a tarihin Afirka. Kamfanin Basilwizi Trust A ƙoƙarin sake mallakar rayuwarsu, mutanen yankin da madatsar ruwa ta Kariba ta kora sun kafa Asusun Basilwizi a shekarar 2002. Asusun yana neman inganta rayuwar mutanen yankin ta hanyar shirya ayyukan ci gaba da kuma yin aiki a matsayin hanyar sadarwa tsakanin mutanen kwarin Zambezi da kuma tsarin yanke shawara na ƙasarsu. Ilimin halittu na kogi Madatsar ruwa ta Kariba tana iko da kashi 90% na jimlar ruwan kogin Zambezi, wanda hakan ke canza yanayin muhallin da ke ƙasa sosai. Ceto namun daji Daga 1958 zuwa 1961, Operation Noah ya kama tare da kwashe kusan manyan dabbobi 6,000 da ƙananan dabbobi da yawa da ke fuskantar barazanar ruwan tafkin da ke tasowa. Ayyukan da aka yi kwanan nan A ranar 6 ga Fabrairu 2008, BBC ta ruwaito cewa ruwan sama mai ƙarfi zai iya haifar da sakin ruwa daga madatsar ruwa, wanda zai tilasta wa mutane 50,000 barin gidajensu. Yawan ambaliyar ruwa ya haifar da buɗe ƙofofin ambaliyar ruwa a watan Maris na 2010, wanda ya buƙaci a kwashe mutane 130,000 da ke zaune a yankin ambaliyar ruwa, kuma ya haifar da fargabar cewa ambaliyar ruwa za ta bazu zuwa yankunan da ke kusa. A watan Maris na 2014, a wani taro da Hukumar Kula da Kogin Zambezi ta shirya, injiniyoyi sun yi gargadin cewa harsashin madatsar ruwan ya raunana kuma akwai yiwuwar lalacewar madatsar ruwan sai dai idan an yi gyare-gyare. A ranar 3 ga Oktoba, 2014, BBC ta ruwaito cewa "Madatsar Ruwa ta Kariba tana cikin mawuyacin hali. An buɗe ta a shekarar 1959, an gina ta a kan wani katafaren dutse mai kama da basalt. Amma, a cikin shekaru 50 da suka gabata, ambaliyar ruwa daga hanyar magudanar ruwa ta lalata wannan dutsen, ta sassaka wani babban rami wanda ya lalata harsashin madatsar. ... injiniyoyi yanzu suna gargaɗin cewa ba tare da gaggawa ba, madatsar ruwa gaba ɗaya za ta ruguje. Idan hakan ta faru, bangon ruwa mai kama da tsunami zai ratsa kwarin Zambezi, ya isa kan iyakar Mozambique cikin awanni takwas. Ruwan zai mamaye madatsar ruwa ta Cahora Bassa ta Mozambique kuma ya lalata kashi 40% na ƙarfin wutar lantarki na kudancin Afirka. Tare da lalata namun daji a kwarin, Hukumar Kogin Zambezi ta kiyasta cewa rayuwar mutane miliyan 3.5 suna cikin haɗari." A watan Yunin 2015, Cibiyar Kula da Hadari ta Afirka ta Kudu ta kammala wani Rahoton Bincike kan Hadari mai taken Tasirin gazawar Madatsar Ruwa ta Kariba . Ta kammala da cewa: "Duk da cewa za mu iya muhawara kan ko Madatsar Ruwa ta Kariba za ta gaza, dalilin da ya sa za ta iya faruwa da kuma lokacin da za ta faru, babu shakka cewa tasirin da ke faruwa a duk fadin yankin zai yi muni." A watan Janairun 2016, an ruwaito cewa matakin ruwa a madatsar ruwan ya ragu zuwa kashi 12% na yawan ruwa. Matakan sun fadi da 5.58 metres (18.3 ft), wanda 1.75 metres (5 ft 9 in) sama da matakin aiki mafi ƙarancin wutar lantarki na ruwa. Rashin ruwan sama da kuma yawan amfani da ruwa da tashoshin wutar lantarki ke yi ya sa wurin ajiyar wutar ya zama babu kowa, wanda hakan ke ƙara yiwuwar cewa Zimbabwe da Zambia za su fuskanci ƙarancin ruwa. Duba kuma Dam ɗin Cahora Bassa Nyami Nyami Jerin manyan tashoshin wutar lantarki a duniya Jerin wuraren da aka ketare Kogin Zambezi Manazarta