Turcia

Turcia (Turcice Türkiye), rite Res publica Turcica (Turcice Türkiye Cumhuriyeti), est res publica Eurasiana in Asia Occidentali, praecipue in paeninsula Anatoliana et in Thracia Orientali in Europa Austrorientali sita. Finitur ab octo civitatibus: Bulgaria ad boreoccidentem; Graecia ad occidentem; Georgia ad boreorientem; Armenia, Atropatene (in exclavo Nakhchivan), et Irania ad orientem; atque Iraquia et Syria ad austrorientem. Mare Mediterraneum et Cyprus ad meridiem, mare Aegaeum ad occidentem, Pontus Euxinus ad septentriones patent. Propontis, Bosporus, et Hellespontus (quae una sunt Freta Turcica) finem inter Thraciam Orientalem et Anatoliam signant atque Europam et Asiam separant. Caput est Ancyra. Historia Res publica Turcia Imperio Ottomanico in partibus territorii eius mediis successit. Turcia, quae civitas sui iuris est, tertio die ante Kalendas Novembres anno 1923 a Mustapha Cemale Ataturco condita est. Cum Imperium Ottomanicum paene perisset et in Primo Bello Orbis Terrarum succumbisset, a victoribus occupata est. A quibus dum imperator (Turcice sultan) Mahometus VI, Vahdettin appellatus, adhibitus est, ne imperium se restitueret, Mustafa Kemala Pascha multis cum universis amicis civitatem servare temptavit, qua re rebellionem in Graecos Anatoliam in occidente occupantes a victoribus adiutos inferret. Bello gesto, imperium restituere noluit, sed Turcas in rempublicam convertere. Itaque ecclesiam a republica separari, abecedarium Latinum pro Arabico adhiberi iussit, multa effecit, ut respublica Turcica occidenti appropinquaret. Ataturco mortuo, Ismet Inönü reipublicae praefuit. Anno 1960 et 1980 summi exercitus viri novas res studuerunt feceruntque, quam ob rem respublica restituenda ab integro esset. Die 23 Iulii 1973, cum Bülent Ecevit reipublicae praestitit, copiae Turcicae Cyprum septentriones oppresserunt, ut palam dixerunt, ut Turcis succurrerint in Cypro, ubi adhuc sunt. Ibi respublica Turca Cypri septentrionalis condita est, quae a reliquibus terris orbis terrarum non agnoscitur, sed a Turcia tantum. Hoc tempore in Unionem Europaeam accipi cupit, sed scelera humanitatis committere crimini datum est Turciae. Incolae Turcarum circa 43385 milia in Turcia habitant, id est 49,5% populationis totius. Carduchi, quorum 35331 milia (40%) Turciae habitant, magna vel maior pars populationis in regionibus austroorientalibus sunt, quae Curdistania Turcica nominantur. Compositus harum gentium id effecit ut saepe confligatur, praecipue inter Turcas et Carduchos. Ceterae gentes Turciae sunt Circassi (circa 3000 milia), Arabi (circa 1770 milia), Georgiani, Lazi, Armeni ceterique. Magna Turcarum pars est Mohamedana. Plurimi autem Georgiani Graecique sunt Christiani orthodoxi.. Geographia Regiones Anno 1941 Ancyrae conventus geographicus primus septem regiones (Turcice: Bölge) Turciae cum viginti uno omnino sectionibus (Turcice: Bölüm), aspectu geographico constituit. Hae regiones sunt: Regio Propontis cum sectione Istrancae et sectione Agrianium et sectione Ergisci-Kocaeli et sectione Propontis Australis Regio Ponti Euxini cum sectione Ponti Euxini Occidentalis et sectione Ponti Euxini Mediani et sectione Ponti Euxini Orientalis Regio Maris Aegaei cum sectione Maris Aegaei et sectione Asiae Minoris Internae Occidentalis Regio Asiae Minoris Interioris cum sectione Iconii et sectione Sangarii Superioris et sectione Halysi Mediani et sectione Halysi Superioris Regio Asiae Minoris Orientalis cum sectione Euphratis Superioris et sectione Theodosiopolis-Anis et sectione Arsianiasis Superioris et sectione Vanis et sectione Hakkâris Regio Maris Mediterranei cum sectione Adanae et sectione Attaleae Regio Asiae Minoris Austroorientalis cum sectione Euphratis Mediani et sectione Tigris Urbes Flumina Lacus Lacus Van Lacus Boanensis Montes Divisio Reipublicae Turcicae administrativa Dividitur Respublica Turcica in provinciam octoginta unam. Notae Bibliographia Historia Findley, Carter Vaughn (2004). The Turks in World History. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 0-19-517726-6 Kinross, Patrick (1977). The Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire. Morrow. ISBN 0-688-03093-9 Mango, Andrew (2000). Atatürk: The Biography of the Founder of Modern Turkey. Overlook. ISBN 1-58567-011-1 Mango, Cyril (2002). The Oxford History of Byzantium. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 0-19-814098-3 Shaw, Stanford Jay; Kural Shaw, Ezel (1977). History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-29163-1 Wink, André (1990). Al Hind: The Making of the Indo Islamic World, Vol. 1, Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam, 7th–11th Centuries. Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 90-04-09249-8 Civilitas et consilium externum Grigoriadis, Ioannis N. (2006). "Upsurge amidst Political Uncertainty. Nationalism in post-2004 Turkey. SWP Research Paper 2006/RP 11, October 2006" (PDF). Berlin: Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik (German Institute for International and Security Affairs) Hale, William Mathew (1994). Turkish Politics and the Military. Routledge (UK). ISBN 0-415-02455-2 Kosebalaban, Hasan. 2011. Turkish Foreign Policy: Islam, Nationalism, and Globalization. Palgrave Macmillan. Rubin, Barry M.; Heper, Metin (2002). Political Parties in Turkey. Routledge (UK). ISBN 0-7146-5274-1 Coniunctiones externae et militia Bal, Idris (2004). Turkish Foreign Policy In Post Cold War Era. Universal Publishers. ISBN 1-58112-423-6 Cook, Steven A.; Sherwood-Randall, Elizabeth (15 Iunii 2006). "Generating Momentum for a New Era in U.S.-Turkey Relations" (PDF). Council on Foreign Relations Huston, James A. (1988). Outposts and Allies: U.S. Army Logistics in the Cold War, 1945–1953. Susquehanna University Press. ISBN 0-941664-84-8 Rubin, Barry M.; Çarkoglu, Ali (2003). Turkey and the European Union: Domestic Politics, Economic Integration, and International Dynamics. Routledge (UK). ISBN 0-7146-5402-7 Geographia et clima Turkish State Meteorological Service (2006). "Climate of Turkey". Turkish State Meteorological Service Oeconomia Kaminski, Bartolomiej; Ng, Francis (1 Maii 2006). "Turkey's evolving trade integration into Pan-European markets" (PDF). World Bank Nas, Tevfik F. (1992). Economics and Politics of Turkish Liberalization. Lehigh University Press. ISBN 0-934223-19-X Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2002). OECD Reviews of Regulatory Refom – Turkey: crucial support for economic recovery : 2002. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. ISBN 92-64-19808-3 World Bank (2005). "Turkey Labor Market Study" (PDF). World Bank Demographica Çarkoglu, Ali (2004). Religion and Politics in Turkey. Routledge (UK). ISBN 0-415-34831-5 Extra, Guus; Gorter, Durk (2001). The other languages of Europe: Demographic, Sociolinguistic and Educational Perspectives. Multilingual Matters. ISBN 1-85359-509-8 Shankland, David (2003). The Alevis in Turkey: The Emergence of a Secular Islamic Tradition. Routledge (UK). ISBN 0-7007-1606-8 "Türkiyedeki Kürtlerin Sayisi! (Number of Kurds in Turkey!)". Milliyet. 6 Iunii 2008 Turkish Statistical Institute (2000). "2000 Census, population by provinces and districts" (XLS). Turkish Statistical Institute Cultura Goodwin, Godfrey (2003). A History of Ottoman Architecture. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-27429-0 Kaya, Ibrahim (2003). Social Theory and Later Modernities: The Turkish Experience. Liverpool University Press. ISBN 0-85323-898-7 Bibliographia addita Feroz Ahmad, Geschichte der Türkei. Magnus, Essen 2005, ISBN 3-88400-433-6. Ciğdem Akkaya, Yasemin Özbek, Faruk Şen.1998. Länderbericht Türkei. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt. Gazi Çağlar.2004. Die Türkei zwischen Orient und Okzident. Eine politische Analyse ihrer Geschichte und Gegenwart. Unrast, Münster/ ISBN 3-89771-016-1. Bozarslan, Hamit. 2008. Turkey: Postcolonial discourse in a non-colonised state. In Historical Companion to Postcolonial Literatures: Continental Europe and its Colonies, ed. Poddar, Prem, et al. Edimburgi: Edinburgh University Press. Mango, Andrew. 2004. The Turks Today. Overlook. ISBN 1-58567-615-2. Cem Özdemir, Die Türkei. Politik, Religion, Kultur. Beltz & Gelberg, Weinheim 2008 ISBN 978-3-407-75343-4. Pope, Hugh, et Nicole Pope. 2004. Turkey Unveiled. Overlook. ISBN 1-58567-581-4. Revolinski, Kevin. 2006. The Yogurt Man Cometh: Tales of an American Teacher in Turkey. Citlembik. ISBN 9944-424-01-3. Roxburgh, David J., ed. 2005. Turks: A Journey of a Thousand Years, 600–1600. Londinii: Royal Academy of Arts. ISBN 1-903973-56-2. Christian Rumpf, Recht und Wirtschaft der Türkei. 2a ed. Global Local, Stuttgart 2009, ISBN 978-3-9811781-2-8. Stefan Stautner, Türkei. Europa oder Orient?: Repräsentation der Türkei zwischen Europa und Orient. Rhombos, Berlin 2004, ISBN 3-937231-33-1. Udo Steinbach, Die Türkei im 20. Jahrhundert. Schwieriger Partner Europas. Gustav Lübbe, Gladbaco Montensi 1996, ISBN 3-7857-0828-9. Udo Steinbach, Geschichte der Türkei. C. H. Beck, München 2007, 4a ed., ISBN 3-406-44743-0. Udo Steinbach, ed. 2012. Länderbericht Türkei. Bonnae: Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung. ISBN 978-3-8389-0282-1 Turkey: A Country Study. 1996. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. ISBN 0-8444-0864-6. Türkische Nachrichtenagentur: Türkei Almanach 2006. Ankara 2006, ISBN 975-19-3898-8. Nexus interni Çatalhöyük, Çayönü, Göbekli Tepe, Hacılar, Hallan Çemi, Nevali Çori Imperium Ottomanicum Eurymedon Index Fontium Latinorum de Turcis Kemal Ataturk Litterae Turcicae Nexus externi Situs publicus Praesidatus Reipublicae Turciae Bibliography Turkey. Muir S. Fairchild Research Information Center, Air University, zusammengestellt im September 2007 von Stephen B.T. Chun (engl.) Turcia ex UCB Libraries GovPubs De Turcia, apud BBC News De Turcia, apud Encyclopaedia Britannica Situs publicus de periegesi in Turcia, "Key Development Forecasts for Turkey," apud International Futures