Ruwa mai laushi

Rand Water (wanda aka fi sani da Rand Water Board) mai Amfani da ruwa ne na Afirka ta Kudu wanda ke ba da ruwan sha ga lardin Gauteng da sauran yankuna na ƙasar kuma shine mafi girman mai amfani da ruwan a Afirka. Ana samun ruwa daga tushe da yawa kuma ana tsarkake shi kuma ana ba da shi ga masana'antu, hakar ma'adinai da ƙananan hukumomi kuma yana da hannu a tsabtace ruwa. Tarihi Witwatersrand yana zaune a kan Highveld na Afirka ta Kudu kuma ya ƙunshi mafi yawan ciyawa tare da ruwan sama na rani tare da matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara na 784mm. : Dutsen Witwatersrand ya kai kilomita 96 daga gabas zuwa yamma tare da koguna a arewacin tudun da ke gudana zuwa arewa zuwa Limpopo da cikin Tekun Indiya yayin da koguna da ke kudu da tudun ke gudana kudu zuwa cikin Vaal da Kogin Orange da Tekun Atlantika. : 210 Koguna a cikin Witwatersrand sun bushe a cikin hunturu sabili da haka sun kasance tushen ruwa mara kyau kuma semiarid tare da ciyawa da ƙasa da ta fi dacewa da kiwon shanu da tumaki kafin gano zinariya. An gano zinariya a Witwatersrand a watan Maris na shekara ta 1886 kuma al'ummomi da yawa za su bunkasa cikin sauri daga alfarwa, zuwa ƙauyuka, garuruwa kuma a ƙarshe zuwa cikin birni da ake kira Johannesburg . :">: 213 Da yake a kan ruwa na tsarin koguna biyu, yankin koyaushe ba shi da ruwa ga masana'antu da al'umma masu girma. : 214 Bayan Yaƙin Anglo-Boer na Biyu (1899-1902), gwamnatin Burtaniya ta mallaki mulkin mallaka na Transvaal kuma tare da buƙatar dawo da hakar zinariya zuwa matakan kafin yaƙin. Gwamnatin Transvaal ta yanke shawarar tsakiya gudanar da albarkatun ruwa a kan Witwatersrand kuma an kafa Hukumar Ruwa ta Rand a ranar 8 ga Mayu 1903 tare da aiwatar da Dokar Ruwa ta Ruwa ta Rundunar Ruwa ta 32 . Kwamitin zai kunshi mambobi goma sha ɗaya da Gwamnan Transvaal Colony, Majalisar Birnin Johannesburg, Chamber of Mines da sauran kananan hukumomi suka ba da shawarar a lokacin kuma zai haɗu da duk sauran kamfanoni a halin yanzu suna samar da ruwa har zuwa wannan batu. : Mambobin farko goma sha ɗaya sun kunshi mambobi biyar daga Chamber of Mines, uku daga garin Johannesburg, ɗaya daga Germiston / Boksburg, ɗaya daga Springs kuma ɗaya daga Krugersdorp / Roodepoort. : 56 Zai fara aiki a cikin 1905. Daga baya membobin sun karu zuwa 34 yayin da Benoni ya shiga a 1906, Railways a 1914, Brakpan a 1920, Randfontein a 1929, Nigel a 1935 da Pretoria da Vereeniging a 1944. Maɓuɓɓugar ruwa An samo maɓuɓɓugar ruwa na farko don garin Johannesburg mai girma daga 'spruit' ko rafi guda uku, ɗaya a wani spruit a Fordsburg wanda har yanzu yake gudana a ƙarshen yammacin titin Kwamishinan, rafi da ake kira Natalspruit a ƙarshen gabashin titin Kwamishinoni kusa da Jeppestown da kuma maɓuɓuɓɓuga a kan tudun Parktown inda Babban Asibitin Johannesburg ke tsaye. Yayin da hakar ma'adinai da gari suka fadada don haka bukatar ta karu kuma an kafa kungiyoyi biyu don samar da ruwa. Kamfanin Ruwa na Braamfontein tare da rijiyoyi biyu a yankin Parktown ya samar da garin da Vierfontein Syndicate wanda ke samar da hakar ma'adinai da ruwan sha yayin da tallafin farko don samar da ruwa ya zo ta hanyar Sivewright Concession na 1887 wanda ya kafa Kamfanin Rubuce-rubuce da Bincike na Johannesburg. Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Kudu (ZAR) ta ba James Sivewright izinin samar da ruwa ga garin Johannesburg amma izinin bai tilasta kamfaninsa ya samar da shi ba. : 52 A shekara ta 1889, Sivewright ya sayar da izininsa ga Johannesburg Waterworks, Estate and Exploration Company Limited, wanda Barney Barnato ya mallaka. Kamfanin ya gina madatsar Ruwa a wani shafin da ke Doornfontein na yanzu inda Filin wasa na Ellis Park yake yanzu sannan ya zuba ruwa zuwa tafkin a kan tudun Saratoga Avenue a kusurwar Harrow Road kuma an ce wannan wadataccen nauyi ya samar da 3,409,569L a lokacin ruwan sama. : 53 Jama'ar garin, waɗanda Hukumar Lafiya ke gudanarwa a wannan lokacin, an shigar da su a cikin 1892 game da rashin isasshen ruwa da farashinsa, 15s a kowace galan da 5s a kowane wata don aunawa. : 53 An ce Kamfanin Ruwa na Johannesburg yana samar da 4,091,400L a rana ta 1895 amma dole ne ya yi amfani da alfadarai da kekuna don jigilar ruwa zuwa sassa mafi girma na garin a lokacin fari a wannan shekarar kuma duk ruwa har yanzu dole ne a tafasa kafin amfani. Tsarin samarwa Rand Water yana ba da ruwan sha ga manyan birane da ƙananan hukumomi, masana'antu da hakar ma'adinai a Gauteng, da sassa na Mpumalanga, Free State, da lardunan Arewa maso Yamma. Rand Water yana da hanyar sadarwar ruwa na 3 500 km na bututun mai, tafkuna 60, samar da lita miliyan 4 520 na ruwa a kowace rana ga abokan ciniki daban-daban. Hedikwatar ta tana cikin unguwar Glenvista . Manazarta