Scapa Flow

Scapa Flow ( atau ; daripada bahasa purba Scandinavia Skalpaflói, bermaksud "bay of the long isthmus") ialah kawasan perairan di Pulau Orkney, Scotland, yang dilindungi oleh pulau-pulau Tanah Besar Orkney, Graemsay, Burray, South Ronaldsay dan Hoy. Perairan yang terlindung ini telahpun digunakan oleh kapal-kapal semenjak zaman prasejarah dan ia memainkan peranan penting dalam pengembaraan, perdagangan dan konflik selama berabad - terutamanya semasa Perang Dunia. Satu konsultasi dalam pengurusan pengimbang air pada tahun 2013 mengukur definisi yang biasa digunakan Pihak Berkuasa Pelabuhan Scapa Flow pada 324.5 kilometer persegi (125.3 bt2) dan hanya dibawah 1 bilion meter padu air. Rujukan dan sumber Rujukan Sumber George, S. C. (1981). Jutland to Junkyard. Edinburgh: Paul Harris Publishing. ISBN 0-86228-029-X. Describes the scuttling of the High Seas Fleet. Thomson, William P. L. (2008). The New History of Orkney. Edinburgh: Birlinn. ISBN 978-1-84158-696-0. Wood, Lawson (2007). Scapa Flow Dive Guide. AquaPress Publishing. ISBN 1-905492-04-9. A comprehensive guide to diving the wrecks and reefs of Scapa Flow. Bacaan lanjut Booth, Tony. Cox's Navy: Salvaging the German High Seas Fleet at Scapa Flow 1924-1931. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Maritime, 2005. ISBN 978-1-8441-5181-3 Brown, Malcolm & Patricia Meehan. Scapa Flow. London: Pan Books, 2002. ISBN 1-4050-0785-0. Konstam, Angus. Scapa Flow: The Defences of Britain's Great Fleet Anchorage 1914-45. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2009. ISBN 978-1-8460-3366-7 Dive Scapa Flow by Rod Macdonald. Whittles Publishing ISBN 978-184995-290-3 Pautan luar Scapa Flow Visitor Centre and Museum Scapa Flow website by North Walls Community School Scuttling of the High Seas Fleet at Scapa Flow About the shipwrecks at Scapa Flow Listing of German and scuttled ships. Scapa Flow Marine Archaeology Project Orkney Wireless Museum (in Kirkwall) Ness Battery: A WWII coast battery near Stromness Website for Orkney Defence Interest Network