Dam din Cahora Bassa

Dam din Cahora Bassa madatsar ruwa ce a fadin Kogin Zambezi, wanda ke cikin Mozambique . An kammala shi a shekara ta 1979, an gina tafkin da ya samo asali, Tafkin Cahora Bassa, musamman don tsara wutar lantarki ta al'ada don amfani a Afirka ta Kudu. Dam din Cahora Bassa yana daya daga cikin manyan madatsun ruwa guda biyu a kan Zambezi, ɗayan kuma shine Dam din Kariba . An fara aikin ne a shekarar 1969 kuma, bayan muhawara mai yawa ta siyasa, ya fara zuwa kan layi a shekarar 1979. Gwamnatocin Mozambique da Portugal ne suka mallake su, daga samun 'yancin kai har zuwa shekara ta 2007, kashi goma sha takwas cikin dari na madatsar ruwan da tafkinsa mallakar Mozambique ne kuma kashi tamanin da biyu cikin dari na Portugal. A shekara ta 2007, Portugal ta sayar da rabonta zuwa kashi 15. Dam din Cahora Bassa shine mafi girman tashar wutar lantarki a kudancin Afirka kuma mafi inganci [ana buƙatar ambaton] tashar samar da wutar lantarki a Mozambique. Tarihi Kafin a fara ginin, 'yan asalin ƙasar sun yi zanga-zanga game da madatsar ruwan a kokarin riƙe mallakar da / ko amfani da gonar su. Lokacin da aka ba da umarnin fara gini a shekarar 1969, Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Portugal a Mozambique ta tilasta wa 'yan asalin ƙasar su fita daga gidajensu da ƙauyukansu don ma'aikatan Portugal da Turai su sami wurin zama yayin gini. Gwamnatin Portugal ta gina wani karamin gari ga dukkan 'Yan kwangila, masu lantarki, da injiniyoyi a saman gidajen Mozambique. Ba a ba da diyya ga manoma da aka fitar da su ba saboda asarar dukiyarsu. A cikin 2021, an yi iƙirarin cewa sama da manoma miliyan ɗaya da ke zaune a kogi sun sami mummunar tasiri daga madatsar ruwan; kuma fiye da mutane 42,000 sun rasa muhallinsu. Baya ga samar da wutar lantarki, ana sa ran cewa sunan Zambezi zai haifar da aikin gona mai ban ruwa, karuwar zaman Turai da fitar da ma'adanai, inganta sadarwa da sufuri a ko'ina cikin kwarin, da rage abubuwan ambaliyar ruwa sakamakon sakamakon ruwan sama mai ban mamaki kuma wani lokacin ruwan sama mai yawa. Ginin ya fara ne a shekarar 1969, wanda gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta ba da izini, kuma madatsar ruwan ta fara cikawa a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1974 kuma tana da mita 12 kawai (39 a ƙasa da cikakken matakin samarwa a cikin watanni shida. A lokacin ginin, an lalata dogon layin watsa wutar lantarki a cikin shekaru 16 na yakin basasar Mozambican wanda ya ƙare a shekarar 1992. An yi iƙirarin cewa gwamnatin wariyar launin fata ta Afirka ta Kudu ta goyi bayan ci gaban madatsar ruwan don murkushe dakarun 'yan tawaye masu adawa da mulkin mallaka kamar FRELIMO da abokinsa, African National Congress (ANC). An gina madatsar ruwan ne don samar da wutar lantarki ga gonakin Afirka ta Kudu, ma'adinai, da birane. Tun da madatsar ruwan ta canja wutar lantarki da ta kirkira zuwa Afirka ta Kudu, tana karbar wutar lantarki daga 'yan asalin da suka riƙe wasu ƙasashensu. A shekara ta 2009, an ruwaito cewa 'yan asalin suna gwagwarmaya don samun wutar lantarki da samar da ruwan sha mai tsabta. Bayyanawa Ganuwar madatsar ruwan tana da mita 171 (561 da tsawon mita 303 (994 . Gidan tafkin ya kai matsakaicin kusan kilomita 250 (160 tsawo da kilomita 38 (24 faɗin, ambaliyar ruwa ta mamaye yanki na kilomita 2,700 (1,000 sq tare da matsakaicin zurfin mita 20.9 (69 . Kafin shekara ta 2010, matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ya kasance santimita 94 (37 in); kuma yana raguwa. 2016, matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ya kasance 64 centimeters (25 in). An ba da shawarar cewa idan matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ya ci gaba da raguwa, masu aiki da madatsar ruwa na iya rufe kwarara zuwa wasu ko duk turbines. Yin haka zai adana ruwa da makamashi har sai tafkin ya cika don ba da damar ruwa ya juya turbines kuma ya samar da karin wutar lantarki. Samun wasu ko duk turbines zai haifar da wasu sassan Afirka ta Kudu su rasa makamashi. A lokacin rufe shuka, Songo da Apollo za su sami wani ɓangare na makamashi da ke zuw tashoshin mai canzawa. Wadannan wurare har yanzu za su iya amfani da wutar lantarki saboda makamashi da aka adana a cikin na'urar da ake kira accumulator ko ta amfani da hanyar famfo. Ana yin wannan hanyar ta hanyar yin famfo ruwa a cikin tafki kuma a bar shi ya shiga cikin turbine lokacin da ake buƙatar makamashi. Har ila yau, tafkin yana kula da kamun kifi mai amfani, yana tallafawa fiye da Hippos 4,000, kuma yana ba da mahimman wurin zama ga tsuntsaye masu yawa. Tashar wutar lantarki Tsarin Cahora Bassa shine mafi girman tsarin samar da wutar lantarki a kudancin Afirka, tare da wutar lantarki mai karfin 415 megawatts (557,000 hp)injinan turbines . Yawancin wutar lantarki da ake samarwa ana fitar da su zuwa Afirka ta Kudu, wanda tsarin Cahora Bassa HVDC ke yi, wani tsari na layukan wutar lantarki kai tsaye . Tsarin ya haɗa da tashoshin juyawa guda biyu, ɗaya a Songo a Mozambique ɗayan kuma a Apollo a Afirka ta Kudu. Masana'antar tana samar da 1,450 megawatts (1,940×10^3 hp) daga ruwan da ke ratsa injinan turbines guda biyar. Ana canja wannan wutar lantarki sama da 1,800 kilometres (1,100 mi) na layukan wutar lantarki kai tsaye masu ƙarfi waɗanda ke gudana daga Songo zuwa ga hanyoyin wutar lantarki na Afirka ta Kudu. Akwai layukan wutar lantarki guda biyu a jere tsakanin waɗannan tashoshin guda biyu, waɗanda suka kai 1,400 kilometres (870 mi), wanda 900 kilometres (560 mi) yana cikin yankin Mozambique. Waɗannan layukan HVDC suna aiki a kan 533 kV kuma a yankin Mozambique suna da hasumiyai kusan 4,200. Sabuntawa da haɓakawa A watan Disamba na 2022, Hidroeléctrica de Cahora Bassa (HCB), mai kula da tashar wutar lantarki, ya sami rancen dala miliyan 125 don gyara da kuma sabunta kayayyakin more rayuwa da tsarin aiki na madatsar ruwa. Mai tuntubar EPC don gyaran wani kamfani ne da ya kunshi Sweco daga Sweden da Intertechne Consultores daga Brazil . Ana sa ran gyaran zai kiyaye karfin samar da wutar lantarki na tashar wutar lantarki a 2,075 megawatts (2.783×10^6 hp) , har zuwa 2050 a mafi ƙarancin farashi. Ana sa ran aikin gyaran zai ƙare a 2025. manazarta